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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Benna_Sims
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Anne Benna Sims
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["1 Timeline","2 Early life","3 Professional career","4 Footnotes","5 Reviews","5.1 Paul Taylor's Airs","5.2 Antony Tudor's Undertow","6 External links"]
|
American danseuse
Anne Benna Sims was the first African-American danseuse at American Ballet Theatre and the first African-American soloist in the company's history. Sims' professional career began with Les Grands Ballets Canadiens where she danced in the corps de ballet. In 1972 she was invited to join the Geneva Opera Ballet by company director Alfonso Cata, who became her mentor. When Cata assumed the director position of the Frankfurt Opera Ballet, he offered Sims a position as a soloist. One year later, Sims became a principal dancer. In 1977, Sims returned to the United States and joined the Eglevsky Ballet Company as a principal dancer. In 1978, she performed in Ballet on Broadway. Sims, who joined American Ballet Theatre in late 1978, became the first African American female to hold a contract with the ABT company.
Timeline
Les Grands Ballets Canadiens (1972)
Geneva Opera Ballet (1973-1975)
Frankfurt Opera Ballet: Principal (1975-1977)
Eglevsky Ballet Company: Principal (1977-1978)
American Ballet Theatre (1978)
Early life
Sim's father, an architect, and mother, an opera buff, exposed the Sims children to all forms of art. At age ten Sims started ballet classes at the Long Island Institute of Music in Queens on Parsons Blvd., under the tutelage of Helene Vinson. (Another notable student was Ted Agress, who went on to perform in Broadway musical theater.) Those studies were supplemented with summer training at the ABT school under Michael Maule, Patricia Wilde, and Madame Swoboda; and at the New Dance Group Studio with Peter Saul and Margaret Craske. Her sister, Lowery Stokes Sims, is museum curator.
Sims graduated from Bishop Reilly High School in 1970. After graduating high school, Sims was accepted into the trainee program at Harkness House under David Howard and Maria Vegh. She had also trained with Helen Greenford and Elizabeth Carrol in ballet; Luigi in jazz and Teresita La Tana in Spanish dance.
Professional career
Sims' professional career began with Les Grands Ballet Canadiens, where she danced in the corps de ballet. Sims danced with Les Grands Ballets Canadiens in 1972. Eventually, Sims was told that there was not much of a future for black dancers in ballet and that Harkness was not looking for her type.
Sims was introduced to Alfonso Cata in 1972. After watching a class, Cata told Sims, "I hate your dancing. You are a big girl who moves too small". Cata then offered Sims a contract with the Geneva Ballet. Since then, Cata has become her mentor, a good friend and ally who taught the "bronze beauty" to move like a big girl that she was.
Cata took over the directorship of the Frankfurt Ballet in Germany. Sims was invited as a soloist. One year later, she was promoted to principal dancer. She spent four years with the company and achieved much acclaim in ballets by Balanchine, Butler, and Cata. German dance critic Wilfried Hofmann began to refer to Sims as the ‘Judith Jamison of ballet'.
Sims grew her repertoire with castings that were on opposite ends of the movement spectrum. She played both the "cool" second violin in Balanchine's Concerto Barocco, and the world-weary lady in pursuit of a bored gentleman in Cata's Ragtime.
Sims returned to the United States in 1977 and accepted a principal contract from the Eglevsky Ballet Company. In May 1978, Dustin Hoffman and Alfonso Cata presented her in the highly successful Ballet on Broadway at the Beacon Theatre. Shortly thereafter, Sims auditioned for the famed American Ballet Theatre and was offered a corps de ballet contract.
ABT was very impressed with Sims' skills. In 1978, Anne Benna Sims officially joined the American Ballet Theatre as the first African American female to hold a contract with the company. She was the first African-American danseuse at American Ballet Theatre and the first African-American soloist in the company's history. In a 2014 interview, Misty Copeland said that Sims was part of the “corps de ballet,” or a member of the larger dance troupe, first. "I haven’t been doing the 'white' acts of Swan Lake or Giselle, but there is a bit of slush in the 'Snow' section of Peter Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker Suite" says Sims.
Though Sims started in the corps de ballet of ABT, her first principal role was Cybele/Medusa in Antony Tudor's Undertow with Peter Fonseca, a "demanding dramatic ballet". During rehearsals, reminded her often that everyone who has ever danced this role has been a recognized classic ballerina" just in case the public did not except her. She was also in the first cast of the company premiere of Paul Taylor's Airs.
At ABT she was in the first cast of the company premiere of Paul Taylor's Airs (reconstructed by Eileen Cropley); other members of the cast were Lisa Rinehart, Janet Shibata, Rebecca Wright, Brian Adams, Warren Conover and Robert La Fosse. She had earlier been featured in a revival of Antony Tudor's Undertow with Peter Fonseea.
Footnotes
^ Jet, March 19, 1981, p. 64.
^ Misty Copeland bio on BlackPast.org
^ "Anne Benna Sims". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ "Anne Benna Sims". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ "Anne Benna Sims". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ "Anne Benna Sims". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ "Anne Benna Sims". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ "Anne Benna Sims". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). "Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). "Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ "1978 – Anne Benna Sims joins American Ballet Theatre". MOBBallet.org. November 25, 2019. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). "Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). "Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). "Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). "Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). "Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ "1978 – Anne Benna Sims joins American Ballet Theatre". MOBBallet.org. November 25, 2019. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ "Little Known Black History Fact: Nora Kimball". Black America Web. May 26, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). "Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). "Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ "Anne Benna Sims". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^ "ABT website". Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
Reviews
Paul Taylor's Airs
^ Anna Kisselgoff, "Ballet: Taylor's 'Airs' and 'Sylphides'", The New York Times, April 23, 1981.
Antony Tudor's Undertow
^ Theatre World, Glenne Currie, The Hour, June 5, 1979.
^ Anna Kisselgoff, "Dance: 'Petrouchka' and Two Debuts", The New York Times, May 30, 1979.
External links
Review by Brenda Dixon in Dance Research Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Spring 1990), pp. 31–32, University of Illinois Press, of Black Dance: An Annotated Bibliography by Alice J. Adamczyk, New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1989.
|
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Eventually, Sims was told that there was not much of a future for black dancers in ballet and that Harkness was not looking for her type.[12]Sims was introduced to Alfonso Cata in 1972. After watching a class, Cata told Sims, \"I hate your dancing. You are a big girl who moves too small\". Cata then offered Sims a contract with the Geneva Ballet. Since then, Cata has become her mentor, a good friend and ally who taught the \"bronze beauty\" to move like a big girl that she was.[13]Cata took over the directorship of the Frankfurt Ballet in Germany. Sims was invited as a soloist. One year later, she was promoted to principal dancer. She spent four years with the company and achieved much acclaim in ballets by Balanchine, Butler, and Cata. German dance critic Wilfried Hofmann began to refer to Sims as the ‘Judith Jamison of ballet'.[14]Sims grew her repertoire with castings that were on opposite ends of the movement spectrum. She played both the \"cool\" second violin in Balanchine's Concerto Barocco, and the world-weary lady in pursuit of a bored gentleman in Cata's Ragtime.[15]Sims returned to the United States in 1977 and accepted a principal contract from the Eglevsky Ballet Company. In May 1978, Dustin Hoffman and Alfonso Cata presented her in the highly successful Ballet on Broadway at the Beacon Theatre. Shortly thereafter, Sims auditioned for the famed American Ballet Theatre and was offered a corps de ballet contract.[16]ABT was very impressed with Sims' skills. In 1978, Anne Benna Sims officially joined the American Ballet Theatre as the first African American female to hold a contract with the company.[17] She was the first African-American danseuse at American Ballet Theatre and the first African-American soloist in the company's history. In a 2014 interview, Misty Copeland said that Sims was part of the “corps de ballet,” or a member of the larger dance troupe, first.[18] \"I haven’t been doing the 'white' acts of Swan Lake or Giselle, but there is a bit of slush in the 'Snow' section of Peter Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker Suite\" says Sims.[19]Though Sims started in the corps de ballet of ABT, her first principal role was Cybele/Medusa in Antony Tudor's Undertow with Peter Fonseca, a \"demanding dramatic ballet\". During rehearsals, [Antony Tudor] reminded her often that everyone who has ever danced this role has been a recognized classic ballerina\" just in case the public did not except her.[20] She was also in the first cast of the company premiere of Paul Taylor's Airs.[21]At ABT she was in the first cast of the company premiere of Paul Taylor's Airs (reconstructed by Eileen Cropley); other members of the cast were Lisa Rinehart, Janet Shibata, Rebecca Wright, Brian Adams, Warren Conover and Robert La Fosse.[22][Airs 1] She had earlier been featured in a revival of Antony Tudor's Undertow with Peter Fonseea.[Undertow 1][Undertow 2]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Jet, March 19, 1981, p. 64.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MrYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Misty Copeland bio on 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ROUTES\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"1978 – Anne Benna Sims joins American Ballet Theatre\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mobballet.org/index.php/2019/11/25/1978-anne-benna-sims-joins-american-ballet-theatre/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Little Known Black History Fact: Nora Kimball\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//blackamericaweb.com/2015/05/26/little-known-black-history-fact-nora-kimball/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Anne Benna Sims\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mobballet.org/index.php/2017/08/22/anne-benna-sims/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"ABT website\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100613025606/http://abt.org/education/archive/ballets/airs.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.abt.org/education/archive/ballets/airs.html"}],"text":"^ Jet, March 19, 1981, p. 64.\n\n^ Misty Copeland bio on BlackPast.org\n\n^ \"Anne Benna Sims\". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.\n\n^ \"Anne Benna Sims\". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.\n\n^ \"Anne Benna Sims\". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.\n\n^ \"Anne Benna Sims\". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.\n\n^ \"Anne Benna Sims\". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.\n\n^ \"Anne Benna Sims\". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.\n\n^ Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). \"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.\n\n^ Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). \"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.\n\n^ \"1978 – Anne Benna Sims joins American Ballet Theatre\". MOBBallet.org. November 25, 2019. Retrieved November 29, 2020.\n\n^ Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). \"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.\n\n^ Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). \"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.\n\n^ Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). \"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.\n\n^ Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). \"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.\n\n^ Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). \"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.\n\n^ \"1978 – Anne Benna Sims joins American Ballet Theatre\". MOBBallet.org. November 25, 2019. Retrieved November 29, 2020.\n\n^ \"Little Known Black History Fact: Nora Kimball\". Black America Web. May 26, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2020.\n\n^ Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). \"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.\n\n^ Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). \"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.\n\n^ \"Anne Benna Sims\". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.\n\n^ \"ABT website\". Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved March 23, 2010.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_Benna_Sims&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Anna Kisselgoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Kisselgoff"},{"link_name":"\"Ballet: Taylor's 'Airs' and 'Sylphides'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1981/04/23/arts/ballet-taylor-s-airs-and-sylphides.html"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_Benna_Sims&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Theatre World, Glenne Currie, The Hour, June 5, 1979.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1916&dat=19790605&id=No80AAAAIBAJ&sjid=-G0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1296,672412"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"Dance: 'Petrouchka' and Two Debuts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1979/05/30/archives/dance-petrouchka-and-two-debuts.html"}],"text":"Paul Taylor's Airs[edit]\n\n\n^ Anna Kisselgoff, \"Ballet: Taylor's 'Airs' and 'Sylphides'\", The New York Times, April 23, 1981.\n\n \n\n\nAntony Tudor's Undertow[edit]\n\n\n^ Theatre World, Glenne Currie, The Hour, June 5, 1979.\n\n^ Anna Kisselgoff, \"Dance: 'Petrouchka' and Two Debuts\", The New York Times, May 30, 1979.","title":"Reviews"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Anne Benna Sims\". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mobballet.org/index.php/2017/08/22/anne-benna-sims/","url_text":"\"Anne Benna Sims\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anne Benna Sims\". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mobballet.org/index.php/2017/08/22/anne-benna-sims/","url_text":"\"Anne Benna Sims\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anne Benna Sims\". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mobballet.org/index.php/2017/08/22/anne-benna-sims/","url_text":"\"Anne Benna Sims\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anne Benna Sims\". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mobballet.org/index.php/2017/08/22/anne-benna-sims/","url_text":"\"Anne Benna Sims\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anne Benna Sims\". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mobballet.org/index.php/2017/08/22/anne-benna-sims/","url_text":"\"Anne Benna Sims\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anne Benna Sims\". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mobballet.org/index.php/2017/08/22/anne-benna-sims/","url_text":"\"Anne Benna Sims\""}]},{"reference":"Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). \"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/","url_text":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\""}]},{"reference":"Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). \"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/","url_text":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\""}]},{"reference":"\"1978 – Anne Benna Sims joins American Ballet Theatre\". MOBBallet.org. November 25, 2019. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mobballet.org/index.php/2019/11/25/1978-anne-benna-sims-joins-american-ballet-theatre/","url_text":"\"1978 – Anne Benna Sims joins American Ballet Theatre\""}]},{"reference":"Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). \"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/","url_text":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\""}]},{"reference":"Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). \"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/","url_text":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\""}]},{"reference":"Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). \"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/","url_text":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\""}]},{"reference":"Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). \"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/","url_text":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\""}]},{"reference":"Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). \"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/","url_text":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\""}]},{"reference":"\"1978 – Anne Benna Sims joins American Ballet Theatre\". MOBBallet.org. November 25, 2019. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mobballet.org/index.php/2019/11/25/1978-anne-benna-sims-joins-american-ballet-theatre/","url_text":"\"1978 – Anne Benna Sims joins American Ballet Theatre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Little Known Black History Fact: Nora Kimball\". Black America Web. May 26, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://blackamericaweb.com/2015/05/26/little-known-black-history-fact-nora-kimball/","url_text":"\"Little Known Black History Fact: Nora Kimball\""}]},{"reference":"Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). \"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/","url_text":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\""}]},{"reference":"Raines, Walter (September 7, 2020). \"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\". routes-mag.com. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/","url_text":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anne Benna Sims\". MOBBallet.org. August 22, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mobballet.org/index.php/2017/08/22/anne-benna-sims/","url_text":"\"Anne Benna Sims\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABT website\". Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved March 23, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100613025606/http://abt.org/education/archive/ballets/airs.html","url_text":"\"ABT website\""},{"url":"http://www.abt.org/education/archive/ballets/airs.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MrYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64","external_links_name":"Jet, March 19, 1981, p. 64."},{"Link":"http://www.blackpast.org/aah/copeland-misty-1982","external_links_name":"Misty Copeland bio on BlackPast.org"},{"Link":"https://mobballet.org/index.php/2017/08/22/anne-benna-sims/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Benna Sims\""},{"Link":"https://mobballet.org/index.php/2017/08/22/anne-benna-sims/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Benna Sims\""},{"Link":"https://mobballet.org/index.php/2017/08/22/anne-benna-sims/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Benna Sims\""},{"Link":"https://mobballet.org/index.php/2017/08/22/anne-benna-sims/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Benna Sims\""},{"Link":"https://mobballet.org/index.php/2017/08/22/anne-benna-sims/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Benna Sims\""},{"Link":"https://mobballet.org/index.php/2017/08/22/anne-benna-sims/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Benna Sims\""},{"Link":"https://routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/","external_links_name":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\""},{"Link":"https://routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/","external_links_name":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\""},{"Link":"https://mobballet.org/index.php/2019/11/25/1978-anne-benna-sims-joins-american-ballet-theatre/","external_links_name":"\"1978 – Anne Benna Sims joins American Ballet Theatre\""},{"Link":"https://routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/","external_links_name":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\""},{"Link":"https://routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/","external_links_name":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\""},{"Link":"https://routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/","external_links_name":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\""},{"Link":"https://routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/","external_links_name":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\""},{"Link":"https://routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/","external_links_name":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\""},{"Link":"https://mobballet.org/index.php/2019/11/25/1978-anne-benna-sims-joins-american-ballet-theatre/","external_links_name":"\"1978 – Anne Benna Sims joins American Ballet Theatre\""},{"Link":"https://blackamericaweb.com/2015/05/26/little-known-black-history-fact-nora-kimball/","external_links_name":"\"Little Known Black History Fact: Nora Kimball\""},{"Link":"https://routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/","external_links_name":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\""},{"Link":"https://routes-mag.com/issue-1980-4-4/","external_links_name":"\"Theatre: Anne Benna Sims: Pirouettes | 1980-4 | ROUTES\""},{"Link":"https://mobballet.org/index.php/2017/08/22/anne-benna-sims/","external_links_name":"\"Anne Benna Sims\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100613025606/http://abt.org/education/archive/ballets/airs.html","external_links_name":"\"ABT website\""},{"Link":"http://www.abt.org/education/archive/ballets/airs.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/23/arts/ballet-taylor-s-airs-and-sylphides.html","external_links_name":"\"Ballet: Taylor's 'Airs' and 'Sylphides'\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1916&dat=19790605&id=No80AAAAIBAJ&sjid=-G0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1296,672412","external_links_name":"Theatre World, Glenne Currie, The Hour, June 5, 1979."},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1979/05/30/archives/dance-petrouchka-and-two-debuts.html","external_links_name":"\"Dance: 'Petrouchka' and Two Debuts\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1477740","external_links_name":"in Dance Research Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Spring 1990), pp. 31–32, University of Illinois Press"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_China_%26_South_Sea_Bank
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China & South Sea Bank
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["1 See also"]
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "China & South Sea Bank" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Former bank in ChinaThe China & South Sea Bank Limited (中南銀行) was established in 1921 in Shanghai as a commercial bank. It was founded by Huang Yizhu (黃奕住) (Oei Ik Tjoe) and Xu Jingren (徐靜仁) who were overseas Chinese from Indonesia. The bank became one of the few Chinese owned banks to gain public confidence and its banknotes were widely circulated in Shanghai and Hong Kong. The bank continued its mainland operations until September 1951, when its assets were nationalised by the government of the People's Republic of China.
The bank established a branch in Hong Kong in 1934. This branch continued to operate until 2001, when it was absorbed by the Bank of China (Hong Kong).
See also
Banks portal
Four Northern Banks
Bank of China
People's Bank of China
vteBank of ChinaDivisions andsubsidiariesCurrent
Bank of China (Canada)
BOC Hong Kong (Holdings)
Bank of China (Hong Kong)
Bank of China Insurance
BOC Aviation
BOC International
Defunct andformer
Bank of China Group
The China & South Sea Bank
China State Bank
Chiyu Banking Corporation
Hua Chiao Commercial Bank
Kincheng Banking Corporation
Kwangtung Provincial Bank
The National Commercial Bank
Po Sang Bank
Sin Hua Bank
Yien Yieh Commercial Bank
People
Chang Kia-ngau
T. V. Soong
Pei-yuan Chia
Liu Jinbao
Xiao Gang
Places andbuildings
Bank of China Building (Hong Kong)
Bank of China Building (Macau)
Bank of China Building (Shanghai)
Bank of China Building (Singapore)
Bank of China Centre (Hong Kong)
Bank of China Mansion (Qingdao)
Bank of China Tower (Hong Kong)
Bank of China Tower (Shanghai)
History
Da-Qing Bank
banknotes
Other
JETCO
Category
Commons
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huang Yizhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huang_Yizhu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oei Ik Tjoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oei_Ik_Tjoe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xu Jingren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Jingren"},{"link_name":"overseas Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"nationalised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Bank of China (Hong Kong)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China_(Hong_Kong)"}],"text":"Former bank in ChinaThe China & South Sea Bank Limited (中南銀行) was established in 1921 in Shanghai as a commercial bank. It was founded by Huang Yizhu (黃奕住) (Oei Ik Tjoe) and Xu Jingren (徐靜仁) who were overseas Chinese from Indonesia. The bank became one of the few Chinese owned banks to gain public confidence and its banknotes were widely circulated in Shanghai and Hong Kong. The bank continued its mainland operations until September 1951, when its assets were nationalised by the government of the People's Republic of China.The bank established a branch in Hong Kong in 1934. This branch continued to operate until 2001, when it was absorbed by the Bank of China (Hong Kong).","title":"China & South Sea Bank"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Banks portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Banks"},{"title":"Four Northern Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Northern_Banks"},{"title":"Bank of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China"},{"title":"People's Bank of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bank_of_China"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bank_of_China"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bank_of_China"},{"title":"Bank of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China"},{"title":"Bank of China (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China#Canada"},{"title":"Bank of China (Hong Kong)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China_(Hong_Kong)"},{"title":"Bank of China Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China_Insurance"},{"title":"BOC Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOC_Aviation"},{"title":"BOC International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOC_International"},{"title":"Bank of China Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China_Group"},{"title":"The China & South Sea Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_China_%26_South_Sea_Bank"},{"title":"China State Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_State_Bank"},{"title":"Chiyu Banking Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyu_Banking_Corporation"},{"title":"Hua Chiao Commercial Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Chiao_Commercial_Bank"},{"title":"Kincheng Banking Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kincheng_Banking_Corporation"},{"title":"Kwangtung Provincial Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwangtung_Provincial_Bank"},{"title":"The National Commercial Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Commercial_Bank"},{"title":"Po Sang Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_Sang_Bank"},{"title":"Sin Hua Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_Hua_Bank"},{"title":"Yien Yieh Commercial Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yien_Yieh_Commercial_Bank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HK_Bank_of_China_Tower_View.jpg"},{"title":"Chang Kia-ngau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Kia-ngau"},{"title":"T. V. Soong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._V._Soong"},{"title":"Pei-yuan Chia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pei-yuan_Chia"},{"title":"Liu Jinbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Jinbao"},{"title":"Xiao Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Gang"},{"title":"Bank of China Building (Hong Kong)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China_Building_(Hong_Kong)"},{"title":"Bank of China Building (Macau)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China_Building,_Macau"},{"title":"Bank of China Building (Shanghai)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China_Building,_Shanghai"},{"title":"Bank of China Building (Singapore)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China_Building_(Singapore)"},{"title":"Bank of China Centre (Hong Kong)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China_Centre"},{"title":"Bank of China Mansion (Qingdao)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China_Mansion,_Qingdao"},{"title":"Bank of China Tower (Hong Kong)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China_Tower_(Hong_Kong)"},{"title":"Bank of China Tower (Shanghai)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China_Tower,_Shanghai"},{"title":"Da-Qing Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da-Qing_Bank"},{"title":"banknotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Da_Qing_Bank"},{"title":"JETCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JETCO"},{"title":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bank_of_China"},{"title":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bank_of_China"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacional_de_Guadalajara
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Club Deportivo Nacional
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["1 History","1.1 Amateur era","1.2 1924–25 title match","1.3 1925–26 first title","2 1930s championships","2.1 Copa Aviación","2.2 League titles","3 1940s","4 1950s","5 1960s Primera División de México","5.1 Primera División de México statistics","6 After of the Primera División relegation","7 Present day","8 Honors","8.1 Amateur","8.2 Professional era","8.3 Other titles","9 See also","10 Footnotes"]
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Mexican association football club
Football clubNacionalFull nameClub Deportivo Nacional, A. C.Nickname(s)Pericos (parrots)Founded1916 GroundClub Deportivo ImperioZapopan, Jalisco, MexicoCapacity500ChairmanJosé Alberto Cortés GarcíaManagerLuis Octavio TorresLeagueLiga TDP – Group XII2020–2120th – Group X
Home colours
Away colours
Club Deportivo Nacional is a Mexican football team founded in Guadalajara, Jalisco, México in 1916. The club won its first title in 1922, playing in the second division. It also won seven Liga Amateurs de Jalisco between the 1925–1926 and 1938–1939 seasons, which is the second most years won by a team, behind C.D. Guadalajara, who have won 13. The club has played in the most important leagues in the country and currently plays in the Liga TDP.
History
Amateur era
The club's origins date back to 1915 in the barrio (neighborhood) of Mexicaltzingo in the city of Guadalajara, Jalisco when Club Unico split into two clubs. It joined the Liga de Jalisco second division in 1919 where they played until 1922 when they won and were allowed to join the league's first division. However, the league made it difficult for the club to join and made them play an exhibition match to prove they were worthiness to play in the first division. Once allowed in, the club went on to win seven titles in 1925–1926, 1926–1927, 1930–1931, 1931–1932, 1933–1934, 1936–1937 and 1938–1939, which puts them behind only C.D. Guadalajara, who won 13.
1924–25 title match
In the 1923–24 tournament the club finished second in the league thanks to Alfonso Ávila, Lorenzo Camarena, Rafael Fierro, Juan Valencia, Manuel Benavides, Simón García, Juan Vázquez, Teófilo Zúñiga, Luis Valencia, Miguel Alatorre, and Daniel Gómez, along with Isabel Huerta, Francisco Espinosa, Francisco Fierro and Hilario López.
After the tournament ended, the club made its first appearance in Mexico City where they played a friendly series with Real Club España, which they lost. Later, Club Deportivo Nacional went on to play another friendly cup series against local club Club Alianza, this time winning and taking home the Copa Latino-Nacional.
In the 1924–25 tournament, the club finished tied with C.D. Guadalajara, so a championship match was organized which took place on 5 April 1925. The Estadio Felipe Martínez Sandoval was filled to capacity, causing a disturbance due to the number of supporters both inside and outside the stadium. It led to the soldiers shooting warning shots into the sky to try to keep order.
The first goal was scored by Anastasio Prieto from C.D. Guadalajara. In the second half, Zuavo from Nacional scored the equalizer. Close to the end of the game a penalty was called in favor of C.D. Guadalajara, which Nacional protested and some players, in their rage, decided to leave the field. The referee decided that the game must continue regardless. Back-up goalkeeper Francisco Fierros did not leave and so the penalty was executed by Anastasio Prieto, who had scored the first goal for C.D. Guadalajara. This time he was not as fortunate, and his penalty was blocked. The players who had exited decided to return to the game, and a few minutes later the referee called full-time. The draw would have given El Nacional the title, which players from C.D. Guadalajara protested, claiming that the goalkeeper who had blocked the penalty was not a legal player as no substitution had been made. The referee decided to take this to the league's federation, who decided that the game should be played again. So the game was replayed on 20 April that same year. The first half finished with no goals scored. In the second half a penalty was called for El Nacional. The penalty was missed after the ball hit the goal post and so the game remained 0–0. At the end of the game, a long pass was made from the C.D. Guadalajara goalkeeper to Higinio "El Perico" Huerta who, in one swift move, headed the ball and scored the only goal giving C.D. Guadalajara the title. With this, the league's first rivalry was born.
The line-ups for the clubs were as follows:
C.D. Guadalajara: F. Prieto, D. Huerta, Arias, J. Aceves, G. Prieto, Pellat, Aceves, A. Prieto, Carranza, González, H. Huerta.
El Nacional: A. Ávila, L. Camarena, R. Fierros, Benavides, López, García, Zúñiga, Valencia, Alatorre, D. Gómez, J. Vázquez.
1925–26 first title
In the 1925–26 tournament, after having lost the match against C.D. Guadalajara the year prior, the club reinforced its squad by signing new players: Aurelio "Mortero" Delgado, Lorenzo González, José María Chávez and Antonio Casillas. The club managed to win its first title after beating F.C. Atlas in May 1926 with a score of 3–2. For that match, the Nacional supporters once again filled the stadium to capacity, but there were not as many incidents as the year before. The club finished with 17 points, two more than the runner-up C.D. Guadalajara; F.C. Atlas finished with 13. Club Deportivo Nacional did not lose any games during the tournament.
1930s championships
Copa Aviación
In 1928, with the inauguration of Campo de Aviación a series was organized with Selección Jalisco, who represented the league from Jalisco, against Guerra y Marina from Mexico City. There were players from El Nacional in both clubs. Hilario López was playing for Guerra y Marina. The trophy was donated by then-Mexican president Lázaro Cárdenas. Selección Jalisco won and took that trophy, which later was giving to El Nacional in 1930–31 after the club won the first division league title as well as the third division inferior league.
League titles
After star player Lorenzo Camarena followed in the footsteps of Hilario López and left the club to join Mexico City's Guerra y Marina, the club brought in new players José "Carbonero" Sánchez, José Sánchez Mut, Teódoro alba, Lorenzo González, "El Salero", Manuel Vázquez que junto con Luis Valencia, Juan Vázquez, Aurelio Delgado, R. Sánchez, Delfino Ríos, "El Sihuín" y "El Talache". The last two came from Atlético Latino. El Nacional went on to win the 1930–1931 and 1931–1932 league titles.
In the 1933–34 season, the club managed to win the league's title for the fifth time, this time under the management of Luis Valencia, Juan Vázquez and Ramón Sánchez. The roster included Francisco y Enrique Múñoz, Antonio Rodríguez, Juan Salcido, J. Jesús Ruelas, Hermilo Zamora, Manuel García, José Luna, José Guzmán, Jesús López "Moco III", Juan López "Moco II", Rosalío Morales, J. Trinidad González, Santos Sandoval with Luis Valencia as team captain.
At the end of the tournament, the club had its first international match against Chilean team Audax Italiano, who was on an off-season tour through Mexico playing with top clubs in the country's capital. Audax Italiano also played matches against Club Latino and Guadalajara. The match took place in April 1933 with a cup donated by Alfonso Rosales and José María Martínez, the owners of Club Nacional. The match finished with a 2–2 draw. In a friendly gesture, they decided to split the cup in two, an agreement that Audax Italiano did not initially agree with.
The club ended the 1930s by winning their sixth and seventh league titles in 1937–1938 and 1939–1940, and finished second in the 1935–1936 tournament. This gave them five league titles and various friendly cups in the 1930s.
1940s
The club started the decade by finishing as the runners-up in 1940–1941. With President Manuel P. Carrillo, the club was invited to play in the Liga Amateur Del Distrito Federal, Mexico City's top football league at the time. The league decided to get the best players from the local league and let them play for Selección Jalisco, which would represent all clubs from Jalisco in Mexico City until 1942–1943, when the country organized their first professional league. With the professionalization of football in Mexico, the Jalisco league lost important clubs.
In 1945, Alfonso Rosales, José T. Meza and Mateo Zepeda took over the then-dismantled club that had many of their top players leaving to join clubs that offered them more money. Club Deportivo Nacional was purchased along with a group of reduced collaborators, José Ramírez being the most important.
From 1946 to 1951, Daniel Jaime and his sons took ownership and tried hard to promote it and place it in the best leagues in Mexico. The club kept producing good players, such as Jesús "Chuco" Ponce and Tomás Balcázar, standouts who later went on to be part of the Campeonísimo with C.D. Guadalajara in the 1960s.
1950s
From 1951 to 1954, Antonio Casilla was the club's owner and saw it struggle during his ownership. In 1954, he sold the club to J. Guadalupe Vargas, who went on to register the club in the Segunda División Profesional, finally putting them in the professional leagues in Mexico. The club made it official on 26 February 1956 and played in their first tournament later in the year.
The club's first game was played on 18 July 1956, against Club Celaya, who defeated them 2–1. El Nacional did not win a single match until the third round when the beat Club de Fútbol Laguna 4–3. It played in the second division from 1956 to 1961 when the club won the championship and was awarded a promotion to the first division.
1960s Primera División de México
The club played its first Primera División de México tournament in the 1960–1961 season. It finished with seven wins, nine draws, ten losses, and thirty scored goals and from an allowed 44. This gave them 23 points. The team was tied for eighth with Jaibos Tampico and Atlante F.C. That same year Club Universidad Nacional was promoted and CD Zacatepec was relegated to the second division.
In the 1962–1963 tournament, the club finished sixth overall with nine wins, nine draws, eight losses, scoring 37 goals from an allowed 43. This put them nine points shy of their crosstown rival CD Oro, who finished with 37 points. That same year, CD Zacatepec was promoted after a year in the inferior division and Jaibos Tampico was relegated to the second division.
In the 1963–1964 tournament, the club finished last in the league with four wins, four draws, 18 losses, totaling 12 points. They scored 26 goals from allowed 71. The club had the worst goal differential in the league after allowing 45 more goals than they scored. Cruz Azul (Jasso), the Little White Bunnys (2nd Division Champion) and Veracruz Red Sharks (2nd place in a promotion tournament) were promoted, which increased the number of teams to 16, in which Nacional was first, and thus not relegated.
In the 1964–1965 tournament, the club finished 14th, last in the league with a record of six wins, ten draws, 14 losses, and scored 29 goals from an allowed 50, for a total of 22 points. El Nacional started the tournament by losing against Club América 2–1 then losing 3–0 to Club León in the third round. They lost 2–1 to Atletico Morelia, in the fourth, lost 2–0 to C.F. Monterrey, in the 5th round and lost again to Deportivo Toluca F.C. 2–0. In the sixth round, the club was humiliated after losing 6–1 to CD Oro and, as if that was not enough, in round 7 the club lost 5–1 to Club Universidad Nacional. In the round 8 the club finally earned their first point after drawing 0–0 with Necaxa. The club was relegated to the second division that year, the club's last season in the Primera División de México to date.
Primera División de México statistics
GP
W
D
L
GF
GA
Pts
DIF
108
26
32
50
122
198
84
−74
Gp – Games Played
W – Wins
D – Draws
L – Loss
GF – Goals For
GA – Goals Allowed
Pts – Points
DIF – Difference
After of the Primera División relegation
After its relegation from the First Division in 1965, the team had an opportunity to return to the top category in 1970, that year a special tournament was played for the celebration of the FIFA World Cup in Mexico and the subsequent expansion of the first division to 18 clubs. Nacional qualified for the final phase of the tournament along with Puebla, Naucalpan and Unión de Curtidores, however, the Guadalajara team finished the stage in third place, so they were left without the promotion, which was won by Puebla.
After the failed attempt to promote in 1970, the team entered into financial problems, so it began to change fields, leaving the Estadio Jalisco to move to the Estadio Tecnológico de la U. de G., later, in 1976 the club moved to the town of Ciudad Guzmán, to about 120 kilometers from Guadalajara, since the local city council offered support for the team. However, the team failed to gain enough fans and support, so in 1979 it was dissolved after selling its license to Satélites de Tulancingo.
After the dissolution of the original team in 1979, the club has reappeared on several occasions in the Third Division, in 2017 the team was reestablished with the help of the PALMAC organization, so the team was called Nacional PALMAC, finally in 2019 the club recovered its original name with which it has competed since that year.
Present day
The club has participated on and off the pitch in the Mexican second and third divisions. Its squad is mostly made up of young players trying to bring the club back to its former glory. It also has a female football club that plays in the city of Guadalajara.
Honors
Amateur
Liga Occidental De Jalisco (7) 1925–1926, 1926–1927, 1930–1931, 1931–1932, 1933–1934, 1936–1937, 1938–1939
Professional era
Segunda División de México: 1960–1961
Copa México de Segunda División de México 1958
Campeón de Campeones de Segunda División de México 1958
Other titles
Liga Interzona No. 16: 1958–1959, 1961–1962
Copa Leguer Lizaldi: 1961, 1962
See also
Segunda División de México
C. D. Guadalajara
Primera División de México
Tercera División de México
Footnotes
^ "MedioTiempo Article" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
^ a b c d "Stats from the primera division: All time Standings list from 1902".
^ Alejandro, Jorge (2 May 2019). "El Puebla, la historia de dos campeonato y dos descensos 75 aniversario El Sol de Puebla". El Sol de Puebla (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 September 2020.
^ hemerotecainformador. com. mx/ Dated: 19 September 1993, Titulo:El Informador, Country: México Archived 20 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
Authority control databases
VIAF
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It joined the Liga de Jalisco second division in 1919 where they played until 1922 when they won and were allowed to join the league's first division. However, the league made it difficult for the club to join and made them play an exhibition match to prove they were worthiness to play in the first division. Once allowed in, the club went on to win seven titles in 1925–1926, 1926–1927, 1930–1931, 1931–1932, 1933–1934, 1936–1937 and 1938–1939, which puts them behind only C.D. Guadalajara, who won 13.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Real Club España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Club_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"C.D. Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"Estadio Felipe Martínez Sandoval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Felipe_Mart%C3%ADnez_Sandoval"},{"link_name":"warning shots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warning_shot"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation"},{"link_name":"goal post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_post"},{"link_name":"C.D. Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara"}],"sub_title":"1924–25 title match","text":"In the 1923–24 tournament the club finished second in the league thanks to Alfonso Ávila, Lorenzo Camarena, Rafael Fierro, Juan Valencia, Manuel Benavides, Simón García, Juan Vázquez, Teófilo Zúñiga, Luis Valencia, Miguel Alatorre, and Daniel Gómez, along with Isabel Huerta, Francisco Espinosa, Francisco Fierro and Hilario López.After the tournament ended, the club made its first appearance in Mexico City where they played a friendly series with Real Club España, which they lost. Later, Club Deportivo Nacional went on to play another friendly cup series against local club Club Alianza, this time winning and taking home the Copa Latino-Nacional.In the 1924–25 tournament, the club finished tied with C.D. Guadalajara, so a championship match was organized which took place on 5 April 1925. The Estadio Felipe Martínez Sandoval was filled to capacity, causing a disturbance due to the number of supporters both inside and outside the stadium. It led to the soldiers shooting warning shots into the sky to try to keep order.[citation needed]The first goal was scored by Anastasio Prieto from C.D. Guadalajara. In the second half, Zuavo from Nacional scored the equalizer. Close to the end of the game a penalty was called in favor of C.D. Guadalajara, which Nacional protested and some players, in their rage, decided to leave the field. The referee decided that the game must continue regardless. Back-up goalkeeper Francisco Fierros did not leave and so the penalty was executed by Anastasio Prieto, who had scored the first goal for C.D. Guadalajara. This time he was not as fortunate, and his penalty was blocked. The players who had exited decided to return to the game, and a few minutes later the referee called full-time. The draw would have given El Nacional the title, which players from C.D. Guadalajara protested, claiming that the goalkeeper who had blocked the penalty was not a legal player as no substitution had been made. The referee decided to take this to the league's federation, who decided that the game should be played again. So the game was replayed on 20 April that same year. The first half finished with no goals scored. In the second half a penalty was called for El Nacional. The penalty was missed after the ball hit the goal post and so the game remained 0–0. At the end of the game, a long pass was made from the C.D. Guadalajara goalkeeper to Higinio \"El Perico\" Huerta who, in one swift move, headed the ball and scored the only goal giving C.D. Guadalajara the title. With this, the league's first rivalry was born.The line-ups for the clubs were as follows:C.D. Guadalajara: F. Prieto, D. Huerta, Arias, J. Aceves, G. Prieto, Pellat, Aceves, A. Prieto, Carranza, González, H. Huerta.\nEl Nacional: A. Ávila, L. Camarena, R. Fierros, Benavides, López, García, Zúñiga, Valencia, Alatorre, D. Gómez, J. Vázquez.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C.D. Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"F.C. Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Atlas"}],"sub_title":"1925–26 first title","text":"In the 1925–26 tournament, after having lost the match against C.D. Guadalajara the year prior, the club reinforced its squad by signing new players: Aurelio \"Mortero\" Delgado, Lorenzo González, José María Chávez and Antonio Casillas. The club managed to win its first title after beating F.C. Atlas in May 1926 with a score of 3–2. For that match, the Nacional supporters once again filled the stadium to capacity, but there were not as many incidents as the year before. The club finished with 17 points, two more than the runner-up C.D. Guadalajara; F.C. Atlas finished with 13. Club Deportivo Nacional did not lose any games during the tournament.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1930s championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco"},{"link_name":"Guerra y Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Marte"},{"link_name":"Guerra y Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Marte"},{"link_name":"Lázaro Cárdenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas"}],"sub_title":"Copa Aviación","text":"In 1928, with the inauguration of Campo de Aviación a series was organized with Selección Jalisco, who represented the league from Jalisco, against Guerra y Marina from Mexico City. There were players from El Nacional in both clubs. Hilario López was playing for Guerra y Marina. The trophy was donated by then-Mexican president Lázaro Cárdenas. Selección Jalisco won and took that trophy, which later was giving to El Nacional in 1930–31 after the club won the first division league title as well as the third division inferior league.","title":"1930s championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guerra y Marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Marte"},{"link_name":"team captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_captain"},{"link_name":"Audax Italiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audax_Italiano"},{"link_name":"Audax Italiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audax_Italiano"},{"link_name":"draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Audax Italiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audax_Italiano"}],"sub_title":"League titles","text":"After star player Lorenzo Camarena followed in the footsteps of Hilario López and left the club to join Mexico City's Guerra y Marina, the club brought in new players José \"Carbonero\" Sánchez, José Sánchez Mut, Teódoro alba, Lorenzo González, \"El Salero\", Manuel Vázquez que junto con Luis Valencia, Juan Vázquez, Aurelio Delgado, R. Sánchez, Delfino Ríos, \"El Sihuín\" y \"El Talache\". The last two came from Atlético Latino. El Nacional went on to win the 1930–1931 and 1931–1932 league titles.In the 1933–34 season, the club managed to win the league's title for the fifth time, this time under the management of Luis Valencia, Juan Vázquez and Ramón Sánchez. The roster included Francisco y Enrique Múñoz, Antonio Rodríguez, Juan Salcido, J. Jesús Ruelas, Hermilo Zamora, Manuel García, José Luna, José Guzmán, Jesús López \"Moco III\", Juan López \"Moco II\", Rosalío Morales, J. Trinidad González, Santos Sandoval with Luis Valencia as team captain.At the end of the tournament, the club had its first international match against Chilean team Audax Italiano, who was on an off-season tour through Mexico playing with top clubs in the country's capital. Audax Italiano also played matches against Club Latino and Guadalajara. The match took place in April 1933 with a cup donated by Alfonso Rosales and José María Martínez, the owners of Club Nacional. The match finished with a 2–2 draw. In a friendly gesture, they decided to split the cup in two, an agreement that Audax Italiano did not initially agree with.The club ended the 1930s by winning their sixth and seventh league titles in 1937–1938 and 1939–1940, and finished second in the 1935–1936 tournament. This gave them five league titles and various friendly cups in the 1930s.","title":"1930s championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco"},{"link_name":"Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalisco"},{"link_name":"Campeonísimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeon%C3%ADsimo"},{"link_name":"C.D. Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Guadalajara"}],"text":"The club started the decade by finishing as the runners-up in 1940–1941. With President Manuel P. Carrillo, the club was invited to play in the Liga Amateur Del Distrito Federal, Mexico City's top football league at the time. The league decided to get the best players from the local league and let them play for Selección Jalisco, which would represent all clubs from Jalisco in Mexico City until 1942–1943, when the country organized their first professional league. With the professionalization of football in Mexico, the Jalisco league lost important clubs.In 1945, Alfonso Rosales, José T. Meza and Mateo Zepeda took over the then-dismantled club that had many of their top players leaving to join clubs that offered them more money. Club Deportivo Nacional was purchased along with a group of reduced collaborators, José Ramírez being the most important.From 1946 to 1951, Daniel Jaime and his sons took ownership and tried hard to promote it and place it in the best leagues in Mexico. The club kept producing good players, such as Jesús \"Chuco\" Ponce and Tomás Balcázar, standouts who later went on to be part of the Campeonísimo with C.D. Guadalajara in the 1960s.","title":"1940s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Segunda División Profesional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_Profesional"},{"link_name":"Club Celaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Celaya"},{"link_name":"Club de Fútbol Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Laguna"}],"text":"From 1951 to 1954, Antonio Casilla was the club's owner and saw it struggle during his ownership. In 1954, he sold the club to J. Guadalupe Vargas, who went on to register the club in the Segunda División Profesional, finally putting them in the professional leagues in Mexico. The club made it official on 26 February 1956 and played in their first tournament later in the year.The club's first game was played on 18 July 1956, against Club Celaya, who defeated them 2–1. El Nacional did not win a single match until the third round when the beat Club de Fútbol Laguna 4–3. It played in the second division from 1956 to 1961 when the club won the championship and was awarded a promotion to the first division.","title":"1950s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Primera División de México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsssf._com-2"},{"link_name":"Atlante F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlante_F.C."},{"link_name":"Club Universidad Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional"},{"link_name":"CD Zacatepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Zacatepec"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsssf._com-2"},{"link_name":"CD Oro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Oro"},{"link_name":"CD Zacatepec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Zacatepec"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsssf._com-2"},{"link_name":"goal differential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_differential"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rsssf._com-2"},{"link_name":"Club América","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Am%C3%A9rica"},{"link_name":"Club León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Atletico Morelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canaries_Morelia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C.F. Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._Monterrey"},{"link_name":"Deportivo Toluca F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_Toluca_F.C."},{"link_name":"CD Oro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Oro"},{"link_name":"Club Universidad Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Universidad_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Necaxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necaxa"},{"link_name":"Primera División de México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico"}],"text":"The club played its first Primera División de México tournament in the 1960–1961[2] season. It finished with seven wins, nine draws, ten losses, and thirty scored goals and from an allowed 44. This gave them 23 points. The team was tied for eighth with Jaibos Tampico and Atlante F.C. That same year Club Universidad Nacional was promoted and CD Zacatepec was relegated to the second division.In the 1962–1963[2] tournament, the club finished sixth overall with nine wins, nine draws, eight losses, scoring 37 goals from an allowed 43. This put them nine points shy of their crosstown rival CD Oro, who finished with 37 points. That same year, CD Zacatepec was promoted after a year in the inferior division and Jaibos Tampico was relegated to the second division.In the 1963–1964[2] tournament, the club finished last in the league with four wins, four draws, 18 losses, totaling 12 points. They scored 26 goals from allowed 71. The club had the worst goal differential in the league after allowing 45 more goals than they scored. Cruz Azul (Jasso), the Little White Bunnys (2nd Division Champion) and Veracruz Red Sharks (2nd place in a promotion tournament) were promoted, which increased the number of teams to 16, in which Nacional was first, and thus not relegated.In the 1964–1965[2] tournament, the club finished 14th, last in the league with a record of six wins, ten draws, 14 losses, and scored 29 goals from an allowed 50, for a total of 22 points. El Nacional started the tournament by losing against Club América 2–1 then losing 3–0 to Club León in the third round. They lost 2–1 to Atletico Morelia, in the fourth, lost 2–0 to C.F. Monterrey, in the 5th round and lost again to Deportivo Toluca F.C. 2–0. In the sixth round, the club was humiliated after losing 6–1 to CD Oro and, as if that was not enough, in round 7 the club lost 5–1 to Club Universidad Nacional. In the round 8 the club finally earned their first point after drawing 0–0 with Necaxa. The club was relegated to the second division that year, the club's last season in the Primera División de México to date.","title":"1960s Primera División de México"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Primera División de México statistics","text":"Gp – Games Played\nW – Wins\nD – Draws\nL – Loss\nGF – Goals For\nGA – Goals Allowed\nPts – Points\nDIF – Difference","title":"1960s Primera División de México"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"special tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Mexican_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_season"},{"link_name":"Puebla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Puebla"},{"link_name":"Unión de Curtidores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_Curtidores"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Guzm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_TDP"}],"text":"After its relegation from the First Division in 1965, the team had an opportunity to return to the top category in 1970, that year a special tournament was played for the celebration of the FIFA World Cup in Mexico and the subsequent expansion of the first division to 18 clubs. Nacional qualified for the final phase of the tournament along with Puebla, Naucalpan and Unión de Curtidores, however, the Guadalajara team finished the stage in third place, so they were left without the promotion, which was won by Puebla.[3]After the failed attempt to promote in 1970, the team entered into financial problems, so it began to change fields, leaving the Estadio Jalisco to move to the Estadio Tecnológico de la U. de G., later, in 1976 the club moved to the town of Ciudad Guzmán, to about 120 kilometers from Guadalajara, since the local city council offered support for the team. However, the team failed to gain enough fans and support, so in 1979 it was dissolved after selling its license to Satélites de Tulancingo.After the dissolution of the original team in 1979, the club has reappeared on several occasions in the Third Division, in 2017 the team was reestablished with the help of the PALMAC organization, so the team was called Nacional PALMAC, finally in 2019 the club recovered its original name with which it has competed since that year.","title":"After of the Primera División relegation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara"}],"text":"The club has participated on and off the pitch in the Mexican second and third divisions. Its squad is mostly made up of young players trying to bring the club back to its former glory. It also has a female football club that plays in the city of Guadalajara.","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liga Occidental De Jalisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Occidental_De_Jalisco"}],"sub_title":"Amateur","text":"Liga Occidental De Jalisco (7) 1925–1926, 1926–1927, 1930–1931, 1931–1932, 1933–1934, 1936–1937, 1938–1939","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Segunda División de México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"Copa México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"Segunda División de México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Campeón de Campeones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campe%C3%B3n_de_Campeones"},{"link_name":"Segunda División de México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico"}],"sub_title":"Professional era","text":"Segunda División de México: 1960–1961\nCopa México de Segunda División de México 1958[4]\nCampeón de Campeones de Segunda División de México 1958","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other titles","text":"Liga Interzona No. 16: 1958–1959, 1961–1962\nCopa Leguer Lizaldi: 1961, 1962","title":"Honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"MedioTiempo Article\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120713153151/http://foro.mediotiempo.com/showthread.php?t=43982"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//foro.mediotiempo.com/showthread.php?t=43982"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rsssf._com_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rsssf._com_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rsssf._com_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rsssf._com_2-3"},{"link_name":"\"Stats from the primera division: All time Standings list from 1902\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tablesm/mexhist.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"El Puebla, la historia de dos campeonato y dos descensos 75 aniversario El Sol de Puebla\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.elsoldepuebla.com.mx/deportes/el-puebla-la-historia-de-dos-campeonato-y-dos-descensos-75-aniversario-el-sol-de-puebla-club-puebla-futbol-deportes-el-puebla-de-la-franja-3449752.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"hemerotecainformador. com. mx/ Dated: 19 September 1993, Titulo:El Informador, Country: México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www."},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071020025208/http://www./"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q669164#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/880145857928023020436"}],"text":"^ \"MedioTiempo Article\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2008.\n\n^ a b c d \"Stats from the primera division: All time Standings list from 1902\".\n\n^ Alejandro, Jorge (2 May 2019). \"El Puebla, la historia de dos campeonato y dos descensos 75 aniversario El Sol de Puebla\". El Sol de Puebla (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 September 2020.\n\n^ hemerotecainformador. com. mx/ Dated: 19 September 1993, Titulo:El Informador, Country: México Archived 20 October 2007 at the Wayback MachineAuthority control databases \nVIAF","title":"Footnotes"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Segunda División de México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico"},{"title":"C. D. Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._D._Guadalajara"},{"title":"Primera División de México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico"},{"title":"Tercera División de México","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico"}]
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[{"reference":"\"MedioTiempo Article\" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120713153151/http://foro.mediotiempo.com/showthread.php?t=43982","url_text":"\"MedioTiempo Article\""},{"url":"http://foro.mediotiempo.com/showthread.php?t=43982","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stats from the primera division: All time Standings list from 1902\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/mexhist.html","url_text":"\"Stats from the primera division: All time Standings list from 1902\""}]},{"reference":"Alejandro, Jorge (2 May 2019). \"El Puebla, la historia de dos campeonato y dos descensos 75 aniversario El Sol de Puebla\". El Sol de Puebla (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elsoldepuebla.com.mx/deportes/el-puebla-la-historia-de-dos-campeonato-y-dos-descensos-75-aniversario-el-sol-de-puebla-club-puebla-futbol-deportes-el-puebla-de-la-franja-3449752.html","url_text":"\"El Puebla, la historia de dos campeonato y dos descensos 75 aniversario El Sol de Puebla\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120713153151/http://foro.mediotiempo.com/showthread.php?t=43982","external_links_name":"\"MedioTiempo Article\""},{"Link":"http://foro.mediotiempo.com/showthread.php?t=43982","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/mexhist.html","external_links_name":"\"Stats from the primera division: All time Standings list from 1902\""},{"Link":"https://www.elsoldepuebla.com.mx/deportes/el-puebla-la-historia-de-dos-campeonato-y-dos-descensos-75-aniversario-el-sol-de-puebla-club-puebla-futbol-deportes-el-puebla-de-la-franja-3449752.html","external_links_name":"\"El Puebla, la historia de dos campeonato y dos descensos 75 aniversario El Sol de Puebla\""},{"Link":"http://www./","external_links_name":"hemerotecainformador. com. mx/ Dated: 19 September 1993, Titulo:El Informador, Country: México"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071020025208/http://www./","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/880145857928023020436","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esine
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Esine
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["1 Twin Towns - Sister Cities","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 45°55′35″N 10°15′6″E / 45.92639°N 10.25167°E / 45.92639; 10.25167Comune in Lombardy, ItalyEsine
ÉdenComuneComune di EsineTown hallLocation of Esine
EsineLocation of Esine in ItalyShow map of ItalyEsineEsine (Lombardy)Show map of LombardyCoordinates: 45°55′35″N 10°15′6″E / 45.92639°N 10.25167°E / 45.92639; 10.25167CountryItalyRegionLombardyProvinceBrescia (BS)FrazioniPlemo, SaccaArea • Total30 km2 (10 sq mi)Elevation286 m (938 ft)Population (2011) • Total5,389 • Density180/km2 (470/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code25040Dialing code0364Patron saintConversione di San PaoloSaint day25 gennaioWebsiteOfficial website
Parish church
Location of Esine in Val Camonica
Esine (Camunian: Éden) is a comune in the province of Brescia, in the Italian region Lombardy, in the Camonica valley, located 43 kilometres (27 miles) north of Brescia.
It is bounded by other communes of Berzo Inferiore, Bovegno, Cividate Camuno, Darfo Boario Terme, Gianico, Piancogno.
Twin Towns - Sister Cities
Esine is twinned with:
Civitanova Marche in Italy (since 1989)
References
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ ISTAT Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Civitanova Marche - Twin Towns". © 2008 Comune di CIVITANOVA MARCHE - Piazza XX Settembre n.93 - 62012 - Civitanova Marche (MC). Retrieved 2008-12-04.
vteComuni of Val Camonica
Angolo Terme
Artogne
Berzo Demo
Berzo Inferiore
Bienno
Borno
Braone
Breno
Capo di Ponte
Cedegolo
Cerveno
Ceto
Cevo
Cimbergo
Cividate Camuno
Corteno Golgi
Costa Volpino
Darfo Boario Terme
Edolo
Esine
Gianico
Incudine
Losine
Lovere
Lozio
Malegno
Malonno
Monno
Niardo
Ono San Pietro
Ossimo
Paisco Loveno
Paspardo
Pian Camuno
Piancogno
Pisogne
Ponte di Legno
Prestine
Rogno
Saviore dell'Adamello
Sellero
Sonico
Temù
Vezza d'Oglio
Vione
vteLombardy · Comuni of the Province of Brescia
Acquafredda
Adro
Agnosine
Alfianello
Anfo
Angolo Terme
Artogne
Azzano Mella
Bagnolo Mella
Bagolino
Barbariga
Barghe
Bassano Bresciano
Bedizzole
Berlingo
Berzo Demo
Berzo Inferiore
Bienno
Bione
Borgo San Giacomo
Borgosatollo
Borno
Botticino
Bovegno
Bovezzo
Brandico
Braone
Breno
Brescia
Brione
Caino
Calcinato
Calvagese della Riviera
Calvisano
Capo di Ponte
Capovalle
Capriano del Colle
Capriolo
Carpenedolo
Castegnato
Castel Mella
Castelcovati
Castenedolo
Casto
Castrezzato
Cazzago San Martino
Cedegolo
Cellatica
Cerveno
Ceto
Cevo
Chiari
Cigole
Cimbergo
Cividate Camuno
Coccaglio
Collebeato
Collio
Cologne
Comezzano-Cizzago
Concesio
Corte Franca
Corteno Golgi
Corzano
Darfo Boario Terme
Dello
Desenzano del Garda
Edolo
Erbusco
Esine
Fiesse
Flero
Gambara
Gardone Riviera
Gardone Val Trompia
Gargnano
Gavardo
Ghedi
Gianico
Gottolengo
Gussago
Idro
Incudine
Irma
Iseo
Isorella
Lavenone
Leno
Limone sul Garda
Lodrino
Lograto
Lonato del Garda
Longhena
Losine
Lozio
Lumezzane
Maclodio
Magasa
Mairano
Malegno
Malonno
Manerba del Garda
Manerbio
Marcheno
Marmentino
Marone
Mazzano
Milzano
Moniga del Garda
Monno
Monte Isola
Monticelli Brusati
Montichiari
Montirone
Mura
Muscoline
Nave
Niardo
Nuvolento
Nuvolera
Odolo
Offlaga
Ome
Ono San Pietro
Orzinuovi
Orzivecchi
Ospitaletto
Ossimo
Padenghe sul Garda
Paderno Franciacorta
Paisco Loveno
Paitone
Palazzolo sull'Oglio
Paratico
Paspardo
Passirano
Pavone del Mella
Pertica Alta
Pertica Bassa
Pezzaze
Pian Camuno
Piancogno
Pisogne
Polaveno
Polpenazze del Garda
Pompiano
Poncarale
Ponte di Legno
Pontevico
Pontoglio
Pozzolengo
Pralboino
Preseglie
Prestine
Prevalle
Provaglio Val Sabbia
Provaglio d'Iseo
Puegnago del Garda
Quinzano d'Oglio
Remedello
Rezzato
Roccafranca
Rodengo-Saiano
Roncadelle
Rovato
Roè Volciano
Rudiano
Sabbio Chiese
Sale Marasino
Salò
San Felice del Benaco
San Gervasio Bresciano
San Paolo
San Zeno Naviglio
Sarezzo
Saviore dell'Adamello
Sellero
Seniga
Serle
Sirmione
Soiano del Lago
Sonico
Sulzano
Tavernole sul Mella
Temù
Tignale
Torbole Casaglia
Toscolano-Maderno
Travagliato
Tremosine
Trenzano
Treviso Bresciano
Urago d'Oglio
Vallio Terme
Valvestino
Verolanuova
Verolavecchia
Vestone
Vezza d'Oglio
Villa Carcina
Villachiara
Villanuova sul Clisi
Vione
Visano
Vobarno
Zone
Authority control databases International
FAST
National
Germany
Israel
United States
This article on a location in the Province of Brescia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Parish church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Chiesa_della_conversione_di_S_Paolo_-_Esine_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/220px-Chiesa_della_conversione_di_S_Paolo_-_Esine_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Location of Esine in Val Camonica","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Map_of_comune_of_Esine_in_Val_Camonica_%28LG%29.jpg/220px-Map_of_comune_of_Esine_in_Val_Camonica_%28LG%29.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsall-class
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Edsall-class destroyer escort
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["1 Hull numbers","1.1 Fate","1.2 Destroyed or damaged in combat","1.3 Transferred to US Coast Guard from 1951 to 1954","1.4 Transferred to other countries","1.5 Notable ships of class","2 Ships in Class","3 References","4 External links"]
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Class of American destroyer escorts
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USS Edsall
Class overview
NameEdsall class
Builders
Consolidated Steel, TX
Brown Shipbuilding, TX
Operators
United States Navy
United States Coast Guard
Mexican Navy
Philippine Navy
Tunisian National Navy
Republic of Vietnam Navy
Vietnam People's Navy
Preceded byCannon class
Succeeded byRudderow class
In commission1943–2015
Planned85
Completed85
Lost5
Retired84
Scrapped75
Preserved1
General characteristics
TypeDestroyer escort
Displacement
1,253 tons standard
1,590 tons full load
Length306 ft (93.3 m)
Beam36 ft 7 in (11.2 m)
Draft10 ft 5 in (3.2 m)
Propulsion2-shaft Fairbanks-Morse geared diesel engines, 6,000 bhp (4,500 kW)
Speed21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph)
Range10,800 nmi (20,000 km; 12,400 mi) at 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph)
Complement186
Sensors and processing systems1 × SC radar
Armament
3 × single 3 in (76 mm)/50 guns
1 × twin 40 mm AA guns
8 × single 20 mm AA guns
1 × triple 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes
8 × depth charge projectors
1 × depth charge projector (hedgehog)
2 × depth charge tracks
The Edsall-class destroyer escorts were destroyer escorts built primarily for ocean antisubmarine escort service during World War II. The lead ship, USS Edsall, was commissioned on 10 April 1943 at Orange, Texas. The class was also known as the FMR type from their Fairbanks-Morse reduction-geared diesel drive, with a type of engine used in the submarines of the time. The FMR's substitution for a diesel-electric power plant was the essential difference from the predecessor Cannon ("DET") class. This was the only World War II destroyer escort class in which all the ships originally ordered were completed as United States Navy destroyer escorts. Destroyer escorts were regular companions escorting the vulnerable cargo ships. Late in the war, plans were made to replace the 3-inch (76 mm) guns with 5-inch (127 mm) guns, but only Camp was refitted (after a collision). In total, all 85 were completed by two shipbuilding companies: Consolidated Steel Corporation, Orange, Texas (47), and Brown Shipbuilding, Houston, Texas (38). Most were en route to the Pacific Theater when Japan surrendered. One of the ships participated in Operation Dragoon and two were attacked by German guided missiles.
Hull numbers
A total of 85 Edsall-class destroyer escorts were built.
DE-129 through DE-152 Consolidated Steel Corporation, Orange, Texas
DE-238 through DE-255 Brown Shipbuilding, Houston, Texas
DE-316 through DE-338 Consolidated Steel Corporation, Orange, Texas
DE-382 through DE-401 Brown Shipbuilding, Houston, Texas
Fate
Destroyed or damaged in combat
USS Frederick C. Davis (DE-136) – sunk 24 April 1945 by U-546 in the North Atlantic
USS Fiske (DE-143) – sunk 2 August 1944 by U-804 north of the Azores
USS Leopold (DE-319) – torpedoed 9 March 1944 by U-255 south of Iceland
USS Menges (DE-320) – torpedoed 20 April 1944 by U-371 off Algiers, damaged
USS Holder (DE-401) – damaged 11 April 1944 off Algiers by German aircraft
Transferred to US Coast Guard from 1951 to 1954
USS Lansing in 1963
USS Newell (DE-322) – redesignated WDE-422
USS Falgout (DE-324) – redesignated WDE-424
USS Lowe (DE-325) – redesignated WDE-425
USS Finch (DE-328) – redesignated WDE-428
USS Koiner (DE-331) – redesignated WDE-431
USS Forster (DE-334) – redesignated WDE-434
USS Ramsden (DE-382) – redesignated WDE-482
USS Richey (DE-385) – redesignated WDE-485
USS Vance (DE-387) – redesignated WDE-487
USS Lansing (DE-388) – redesignated WDE-488
USS Durant (DE-389) – redesignated WDE-489
USS Chambers (DE-391) – redesignated WDE-491
Transferred to other countries
USS Hurst (DE-250) – transferred to the Mexican Navy as Comodoro Manuel Azueta (A06), last of class in active service (decommissioned 2015)
USS Camp (DE-251) – transferred to South Vietnam as Tran Hung Dao. Later, to Philippines as BRP Rajah Lakandula (PF-4)
USS Thomas J. Gary (DE-326) – transferred to Tunisia
USS Forster (DE-334) – transferred to South Vietnam as Tran Khanh Du. Later, captured by North Vietnam and used as training vessel
Notable ships of class
USS Pillsbury (DE-133) sister ship of USS Pope. Was in TG 22.3 with Pope and participated in the capture of U-boat U-505.
USS Joyce (DE-317) Participated in the sinking of U-boat U-550.
USS Peterson (DE-152) Also participated in the sinking of U-boat U-550.
USS Pope (DE-134) was in Task Force 22.3 that was centered on escort carrier USS Guadalcanal, which captured German U-boat U-505.
USS Flaherty (DE-135) was in TG 22.3 with Pope, Pillsbury and Chatelain and participated in the capture of U-505.
USS Frederick C. Davis (DE-136) and USS Herbert C. Jones (DE-137) each received a Navy Unit Commendation for action during the Anzio campaign.
USS Frost (DE-144) sank 5 German U-boats and awarded Presidential Unit Citation, 7 battle stars.
USS Chatelain (DE-149) was in TG 22.3 with Pope and Pillsbury and participated in the capture of U-505.
USS Stewart (DE-238) – the sole surviving example of the Edsall-class; a museum ship in Galveston, Texas.
USS Kretchmer (DE-329) received a Navy Unit Commendation for action three days after the war ended.
USS Stanton (DE-247) won two battle stars in a single engagement sinking two U-boats with the USS Frost (DE-144).
Ships in Class
Construction data
Ship name
Hull no.
Builder
Laid down
Launched
Commissioned
Decommissioned
Fate
Edsall
DE-129
Consolidated Steel Corporation, Orange, Texas
2 July 1942
1 November 1942
10 April 1943
11 June 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 June 1968, sold for scrap in July 1969
Jacob Jones
DE-130
16 June 1942
29 November 1942
29 April 1943
26 July 1946
Struck from Navy List 2 January 1971, sold for scrap 22 August 1973
Hammann) (ex-Langley)
DE-131
10 July 1942
13 December 1942
17 May 1943
24 October 1945
Struck from Navy List 1 October 1972, sold for scrap 18 January 1974
Robert E. Peary
DE-132
30 June 1942
2 January 1943
31 May 1943
13 June 1947
Struck from Navy List 1 July 1966, sold for scrap 6 September 1967
Pillsbury
DE-133
18 July 1942
10 January 1943
7 June 1943
1 May 1947
Reclassified DER-133 in August 1954. Struck from Navy List 1 July 1965, sold for scrap in 1966
15 March 1955
20 June 1960
Pope
DE-134
14 July 1942
12 January 1943
25 June 1943
17 May 1946
Struck from Navy List 2 January 1971, sold for scrap 22 August 1973
Flaherty
DE-135
7 November 1942
17 January 1943
26 June 1943
17 June 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 April 1965, sold for scrap 4 November 1966
Frederick C. Davis
DE-136
9 November 1942
24 January 1943
14 July 1943
—
Torpedoed and sunk by German U-546 in Western Atlantic on 24 April 1945
Herbert C. Jones
DE-137
30 November 1942
19 January 1943
21 July 1943
2 May 1947
Struck from Navy List 1 July 1972, sold for scrap 19 July 1973
Douglas L. Howard
DE-138
8 December 1942
24 January 1943
29 July 1943
17 June 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 October 1972, sold for scrap 14 May 1974
Farquhar
DE-139
14 December 1942
13 February 1943
5 August 1943
14 June 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 October 1972, sold for scrap 21 March 1974
J. R. Y. Blakely
DE-140
16 December 1942
7 March 1943
16 August 1943
14 June 1946
Struck from Navy List 2 January 1971, sold for scrap 22 August 1973
Hill
DE-141
21 December 1942
28 February 1943
16 August 1943
7 June 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 October 1972, sold for scrap 18 January 1974
Fessenden
DE-142
4 January 1943
9 March 1943
25 August 1943
24 June 1946
Reclassified DER-142 1 October 1951. Struck from Navy List 1 September 1966, sunk as a target off Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on 20 December 1967
4 March 1952
30 June 1960
Fiske
DE-143
4 January 1943
14 March 1943
25 August 1943
—
Torpedoed and sunk by German U-804 north of the Azores on 2 August 1944
Frost
DE-144
13 January 1943
21 March 1943
30 August 1943
18 June 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 April 1965, sold for scrap 29 December 1966
Huse
DE-145
11 January 1943
23 March 1943
30 August 1943
27 March 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 August 1973, sold for scrap 24 June 1974
3 August 1951
30 June 1965
Inch
DE-146
19 January 1943
4 April 1943
8 September 1943
17 May 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 October 1972, sold for scrap 21 March 1974
Blair
DE-147
19 January 1943
6 April 1943
13 September 1943
28 June 1946
Reclassified DER-147 1 November 1956. Struck from Navy List 1 December 1972, sold for scrap 20 September 1974
5 October 1951
13 November 1956
2 December 1957
15 June 1960
Brough
DE-148
22 January 1943
10 April 1943
18 September 1943
22 March 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 November 1965, sold for scrap 13 October 1966
7 September 1951
30 June 1965
Chatelain
DE-149
25 January 1943
21 April 1943
22 September 1943
14 June 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 August 1973, sold for scrap 24 June 1974
Neunzer
DE-150
29 January 1943
27 April 1943
27 September 1943
January 1947
Struck from Navy List 1 July 1972, sold for scrap 1 November 1973
Poole
DE-151
13 February 1943
8 May 1943
29 September 1943
January 1947
Struck from Navy List 2 January 1971, sold for scrap 30 January 1974
Peterson
DE-152
28 February 1943
15 May 1943
29 September 1943
1 May 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 August 1973, sold for scrap in 1974
2 May 1952
June 1965
Stewart
DE-238
Brown Shipbuilding, Houston, Texas
15 July 1942
22 November 1942
31 May 1943
January 1947
Struck from Navy List 1 October 1972; Donated as a museum ship in Galveston, Texas on 25 June 1974
Sturtevant
DE-239
15 July 1942
3 December 1942
16 June 1943
24 March 1946
Reclassified DER-239 1 November 1956. Struck from Navy List 1 December 1972, sold for scrap 20 September 1973
3 August 1951
31 October 1956
5 October 1957
June 1960
Moore
DE-240
20 July 1942
21 December 1942
1 July 1943
30 June 1947
Struck from Navy List 1 August 1973, sunk as a target off Virginia on 13 June 1975
Keith (ex-Scott)
DE-241
4 August 1942
21 December 1942
19 July 1943
20 September 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 November 1972, sold for scrap in 1973
Tomich
DE-242
15 September 1942
28 December 1942
27 July 1943
20 September 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 November 1972, sold for scrap 20 January 1974
J. Richard Ward (ex-James R. Ward)
DE-243
30 September 1942
6 January 1943
5 July 1943
13 June 1946
Struck from Navy List 2 January 1971, sold for scrap 10 April 1972
Otterstetter
DE-244
9 November 1942
19 January 1943
6 August 1943
21 September 1946
Reclassified DER-244 in December 1951. Struck from Navy List 1 August 1974, sunk as a target off Puerto Rico on 15 February 1976
6 June 1952
20 June 1960
Sloat
DE-245
21 November 1942
21 January 1943
16 August 1943
6 August 1947
Struck from Navy List 2 January 1971, sold for scrap 10 April 1972
Snowden
DE-246
7 December 1942
19 February 1943
23 August 1943
29 March 1946
Struck from Navy List 23 September 1968, sunk as a target off Newport, Rhode Island 23 June 1969
6 June 1951
August 1960
2 October 1961
23 September 1968
Stanton
DE-247
7 December 1942
21 February 1943
7 August 1943
2 June 1947
Struck from Navy List 1 December 1970
Swasey
DE-248
30 December 1942
18 March 1943
31 August 1943
15 January 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 November 1972, sold for scrap 30 January 1974
Marchand
DE-249
30 December 1942
20 March 1943
8 September 1943
25 April 1947
Struck from Navy List 2 January 1971, sold for scrap 30 January 1974
Hurst
DE-250
27 January 1943
14 April 1943
30 August 1943
1 May 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 December 1972. Transferred to Mexico as Comodoro Manual Azueta on 1 October 1973
Camp
DE-251
27 January 1943
16 April 1943
16 September 1943
1 May 1946
Reclassified DER-251 21 October 1951. Transferred to South Vietnam as Tran Hung Dao 13 February 1971. Struck from Navy List while in South Vietnamese service on 30 December 1975. Escaped to the Philippines and transferred to the Philippine Navy as Rajah Lakandula 5 April 1976
31 July 1956
13 February 1971
Howard D. Crow
DE-252
6 February 1943
26 April 1943
27 September 1943
22 May 1946
Struck from Navy List 23 September 1968, sold for scrap in October 1970
6 July 1951
23 September 1968
Pettit
DE-253
6 February 1943
28 April 1943
23 September 1943
6 May 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 August 1973, sunk as a target off Puerto Rico on 30 September 1974
Ricketts
DE-254
16 March 1943
10 May 1943
5 October 1943
17 April 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 November 1972, sold for scrap 18 January 1974
Sellstrom
DE-255
16 March 1943
12 May 1943
12 October 1943
13 June 1946
Reclassified DER-255 21 October 1955. Struck from Navy List 1 November 1965, sold for scrap in April 1967
1 October 1956
June 1960
Harveson
DE-316
Consolidated Steel Corporation, Orange, Texas
9 March 1943
22 May 1943
12 October 1943
9 May 1947
Reclassified DER-316 13 September 1950. Struck from Navy List 1 December 1966, sunk as a target off California on 10 October 1967
12 February 1951
30 June 1960
Joyce
DE-317
8 March 1943
26 May 1943
30 September 1943
1 May 1946
Reclassified DER-317 13 September 1950. Struck from Navy List 1 December 1972, sold for scrap 11 September 1973
28 February 1951
17 June 1960
Kirkpatrick
DE-318
15 March 1943
5 June 1943
23 October 1943
1 May 1946
Reclassified DER-318 1 October 1951. Struck from Navy List 1 August 1974, sold for scrap 12 March 1975
23 February 1952
24 June 1960
Leopold
DE-319
24 March 1943
12 June 1943
18 October 1943
—
Torpedoed and sunk by German U-255 south of Iceland on 10 March 1944
Menges
DE-320
22 March 1943
15 June 1943
26 October 1943
January 1947
Torpedoed in stern by German U-371 in the Gulf of Bougie on 3 May 1944; stern repaired at Brooklyn Navy Yard using the stern of the damaged Holder and returned to service 26 September 1944. Struck from Navy List 2 January 1971, sold for scrapping 10 April 1972.
Mosley
DE-321
6 April 1943
26 June 1943
30 October 1943
15 March 1946
Struck from Navy List 2 January 1971, sold for scrap 22 August 1973
Newell
DE-322
5 April 1943
29 June 1943
30 October 1943
20 November 1945
Commissioned into the United States Coast Guard as USCGC Newell (WDE-422) on 20 July 1951. Decommissioned from the USCG and returned to the US Navy 1 June 1954. Reclassified DER-322 1 November 1956. Struck from Navy List 23 September 1968, sold for scrap 15 December 1971
20 August 1957
21 September 1968
Pride
DE-323
12 April 1943
3 July 1943
13 November 1943
26 April 1946
Commissioned into the United States Coast Guard as USCGC Pride (WDE-423) on 20 July 1951. Decommissioned from the USCG and returned to the US Navy 1 June 1954. Struck from Navy List 2 January 1971, sold for scrap 30 January 1974
Falgout
DE-324
26 May 1943
24 July 1943
15 November 1943
18 April 1947
Commissioned into the United States Coast Guard as USCGC Falgout (WDE-424) on 24 August 1951. Decommissioned from the USCG and returned to the US Navy 21 May 1954. Reclassified DER-324 28 October 1954. Struck from Navy List 1 June 1975, sunk as a target off California 12 January 1977
30 June 1955
10 October 1969
Lowe
DE-325
24 May 1943
28 July 1943
22 November 1943
1 May 1946
Commissioned into the United States Coast Guard as USCGC Lowe (WDE-425) on 20 July 1951. Decommissioned from the USCG and returned to the US Navy 1 June 1954. Reclassified DER-325 28 October 1954. Struck from Navy List 23 September 1968, sold for scrap 3 September 1969
15 January 1955
23 September 1968
Thomas J. Gary (ex-Gary)
DE-326
15 June 1943
21 August 1943
27 November 1943
7 March 1947
Renamed from Gary 1 January 1945 to free the name for Light Cruiser CL-147. Reclassified DER-326 1 November 1956. Struck from Navy List 22 October 1973. Transferred to Tunisia and renamed President Bourgiba on 22 October 1973
2 August 1957
22 October 1973
Brister (ex-O'Toole)
DE-327
14 June 1943
24 August 1943
30 November 1943
4 October 1946
Reclassified DER-327 21 October 1955. Struck from Navy List 23 September 1968, sold for scrap 3 November 1971
21 July 1956
21 September 1968
Finch
DE-328
29 June 1943
28 August 1943
13 December 1943
4 October 1946
Commissioned into the United States Coast Guard as USCGC Finch (WDE-428) on 21 August 1951. Decommissioned from the USCG and returned to the US Navy 23 April 1954. Reclassified DER-328 21 October 1955. Struck from Navy List 1 February 1974, sold for scrap 27 September 1974
17 September 1956
1 October 1973
Kretchmer
DE-329
28 June 1943
31 August 1943
27 December 1943
20 September 1946
Reclassified DER-329 21 October 1955. Struck from Navy List 30 September 1973, sold for scrap 14 May 1974
22 September 1956
1 October 1973
O'Reilly
DE-330
29 July 1943
2 October 1943
28 December 1943
15 June 1946
Struck from Navy List 15 January 1971, sold for scrap 10 April 1972
Koiner
DE-331
26 July 1943
5 October 1943
27 December 1943
4 October 1946
Commissioned into the United States Coast Guard as USCGC Koiner (WDE-431) on 20 June 1951. Decommissioned from the USCG and returned to the US Navy 14 May 1954. Reclassified DER-328 28 October 1954. Struck from Navy List 23 September 1968, sold for scrap 3 September 1969
26 August 1955
23 September 1968
Price
DE-332
24 August 1943
30 October 1943
12 January 1944
16 May 1947
Reclassified DER-332 21 October 1955. Struck from Navy List 1 August 1974, sold for scrap 12 March 1975
1 August 1956
30 June 1960
Strickland
DE-333
23 August 1943
2 November 1943
10 January 1944
15 June 1946
Reclassified DER-333 1 October 1951. Struck from Navy List 1 December 1972, sold for scrap 10 September 1974
2 February 1952
17 June 1960
Forster
DE-334
31 August 1943
13 November 1943
25 January 1944
15 June 1946
Commissioned into the United States Coast Guard as USCGC Forster (WDE-434) on 29 June 1951. Decommissioned from the USCG and returned to the US Navy 25 May 1954. Reclassified DER-334 21 October 1955. Struck from Navy List 25 September 1971. Transferred to South Vietnam and renamed Tran Khanh Du on 25 September 1971. Captured by North Vietnam and renamed Dai Ky 29 April 1975, retained in Vietnamese service after fall of South Vietnam
23 October 1956
25 September 1971
Daniel
DE-335
30 August 1943
16 November 1943
24 January 1944
12 April 1946
Struck from Navy List 15 January 1971, sold for scrap 30 January 1974
Roy O. Hale
DE-336
13 September 1943
20 November 1943
3 February 1944
11 July 1946
Reclassified DER-336 21 October 1955. Struck from Navy List 1 August 1974, sold for scrap 12 March 1975
29 January 1957
15 July 1963
Dale W. Peterson
DE-337
25 October 1943
22 December 1943
17 February 1944
27 March 1946
Struck from Navy List 2 January 1971, sold for scrap 10 April 1972
Martin H. Ray
DE-338
27 October 1943
29 December 1943
28 February 1944
March 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 May 1966, sold for scrap 30 March 1967
Ramsden
DE-382
Brown Shipbuilding, Houston, Texas
26 March 1943
24 May 1943
19 October 1943
13 June 1946
Commissioned into the United States Coast Guard as USCGC Ramsden (WDE-482) on 1 April 1952. Decommissioned from the USCG and returned to the US Navy 28 June 1954. Reclassified DER-382 1 November 1956. Struck from Navy List 1 August 1974, later sunk as a target
10 December 1957
23 June 1960
Mills
DE-383
26 March 1943
26 May 1943
12 October 1943
14 June 1946
Reclassified DER-383 on 1 November 1956. Struck from Navy List 1 August 1974, sold for scrap 12 March 1975
3 October 1957
27 October 1970
Rhodes
DE-384
19 April 1943
29 June 1943
25 October 1943
13 June 1946
Reclassified DER-384 on 28 October 1954. Struck from Navy List 1 August 1974, sold for scrap 12 March 1975
1 August 1955
10 July 1963
Richey
DE-385
19 April 1943
30 June 1943
30 October 1943
January 1947
Commissioned into the United States Coast Guard as USCGC Richey (WDE-485) on 1 April 1952. Decommissioned from the USCG and returned to the US Navy 28 June 1954. Struck from Navy List 30 June 1968, sunk as a target off California in July 1969
Savage
DE-386
30 April 1943
15 July 1943
29 October 1943
13 June 1946
Reclassified DER-386 on 28 October 1954. Struck from Navy List 1 June 1975, sunk as a target off California 25 October 1982
18 February 1955
17 October 1969
Vance
DE-387
30 April 1943
16 July 1943
1 November 1943
27 February 1946
Commissioned into the United States Coast Guard as USCGC Vance (WDE-487) on 9 May 1952. Decommissioned from the USCG and returned to the US Navy 16 June 1954. Reclassified DER-387 21 October 1955. Struck from Navy List 1 June 1975, later sunk as a target in 1985
5 October 1956
10 October 1969
Lansing
DE-388
15 May 1943
2 August 1943
10 November 1943
25 April 1946
Commissioned into the United States Coast Guard as USCGC Lansing (WDE-488) on 15 June 1952. Decommissioned from the USCG and returned to the US Navy 29 March 1954. Reclassified DER-388 21 October 1955. Struck from Navy List 1 February 1974, sold for scrap 16 August 1974
18 December 1956
21 May 1965
Durant
DE-389
15 May 1943
3 August 1943
16 November 1943
27 February 1946
Commissioned into the United States Coast Guard as USCGC Durant (WDE-489) on 9 May 1952. Decommissioned from the USCG and returned to the US Navy 16 June 1954. Reclassified DER-389 7 December 1955. Struck from Navy List 1 April 1974, sold for scrap 16 August 1974
7 December 1956
June 1964
Calcaterra
DE-390
28 May 1943
16 August 1943
17 November 1943
1 May 1946
Reclassified DER-390 28 October 1954. Struck from Navy List 2 July 1973, sold for scrap 14 May 1974
12 September 1955
2 July 1973
Chambers
DE-391
28 May 1943
17 August 1943
22 November 1943
22 April 1946
Commissioned into the United States Coast Guard as USCGC Chambers (WDE-491) on 11 June 1952. Decommissioned from the USCG and returned to the US Navy 30 July 1954. Reclassified DER-391 28 October 1954. Struck from Navy List 1 March 1975, sold for scrap 24 September 1975
1 June 1955
20 June 1960
Merrill
DE-392
1 July 1943
29 August 1943
27 November 1943
1 May 1946
Struck from Navy List 2 April 1971, sold for scrap 30 September 1974
Haverfield
DE-393
1 July 1943
30 August 1943
29 November 1943
30 June 1947
Reclassified DER-393 2 September 1954. Struck from Navy List 2 June 1969, sold for scrap 15 December 1971
4 January 1955
2 June 1969
Swenning
DE-394
17 July 1943
13 September 1943
1 December 1943
18 June 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 July 1972, sold for scrap 17 January 1974
Willis
DE-395
17 July 1943
14 September 1943
10 December 1943
14 June 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 July 1972, sold for scrap later in 1972
Janssen
DE-396
4 August 1943
4 October 1943
18 December 1943
19 June 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 July 1972, sold for scrap 15 October 1973
Wilhoite
DE-397
4 August 1943
5 October 1943
16 December 1943
19 June 1946
Reclassified DER-397 2 September 1954. Struck from Navy List 2 July 1969, sold for scrap 19 July 1972
29 January 1955
2 July 1969
Cockrill
DE-398
31 August 1943
29 October 1943
24 December 1943
21 June 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 August 1973, sunk as a target off Florida on 19 November 1974
Stockdale
DE-399
31 August 1943
30 October 1943
31 December 1943
15 June 1946
Struck from Navy List 1 July 1972, sunk as a target off Florida on 24 May 1974
Hissem
DE-400
6 October 1943
26 December 1943
13 January 1944
15 June 1946
Reclassified DER-400 21 October 1955. Struck from Navy List 1 June 1975, sunk as a target off California on 24 February 1982
31 August 1956
15 May 1970
Holder
DE-401
6 October 1943
27 December 1943
18 January 1944
13 September 1944
Torpedoed by German aircraft northeast of Algiers on 11 April 1944. Struck from Navy List 23 September 1944. Stern used to repair Menges. Remainder of ship sold for scrap 19 June 1947
References
^ Rivet, Eric; Stenzel, Michael (22 April 2011). "Classes of Destroyer Escorts". History of Destroyer Escorts. Destroyer Escort Historical Museum. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2012. Except for the propulsion, the EDSALL class was nearly identical to the CANNON class in every respect. This fourth class of destroyer escort mounted a direct drive diesel configuration that proved to be extremely reliable.
^ U.S. Destroyers, an illustrated design history by Norman Friedman, ISBN 1-55750-442-3 Chapter 7
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edsall class destroyer escorts.
List of Edsall Class Destroyer Escorts
USS Fessenden DE/DER-142
Destroyers OnLine: The Destroyer Escorts
Edsall class at Destroyer History Foundation
vteEdsall-class destroyer escorts
Edsall
Jacob Jones
Langley / Hammann
Robert E. Peary
Pillsbury
Pope
Flaherty
Frederick C. Davis
Herbert C. Jones
Douglas L. Howard
Farquhar
J.R.Y. Blakely
Hill
Fessenden
Fiske
Frost
Huse
Inch
Blair
Brough
Chatelain
Neunzer
Poole
Peterson
Stewart
Sturtevant
Moore
Scott / Keith
Tomich
James R. Ward / J. Richard Ward
Otterstetter
Sloat
Snowden
Stanton
Swasey
Marchand
Hurst
Camp
Howard D. Crow
Pettit
Ricketts
Sellstrom
Harveson
Joyce
Kirkpatrick
Leopold
Menges
Mosley
Newell
Pride
Falgout
Lowe
Gary / Thomas J. Gary
Brister
Finch
Kretchmer
O'Reilly
Koiner
Price
Strickland
Forster
Daniel
Roy O. Hale
Dale W. Peterson
Martin H. Ray
Ramsden
Mills
Rhodes
Richey
Savage
Vance
Lansing
Durant
Calcaterra
Chambers
Merrill
Haverfield
Swenning
Willis
Janssen
Wilhoite
Cockrill
Stockdale
Hissem
Holder
Post-World War II operators United States Coast Guard
Newell
Pride
Falgout
Lowe
Finch
Kretchmer
Koiner
Forster
Ramsden
Richey
Vance
Lansing
Durant
Chambers
Mexican Navy
Commodore Manuel Azueta / Commodore Manuel Azueta Perillos (ex-Hurst)
Philippine Navy
Rajah Lakandula (ex-Trần Hưng Đạo)
Tunisian National Navy|Tunisian Navy
President Bourguiba / Indakh (ex-Thomas J. Gary)
Republic of Vietnam Navy
Trần Hưng Đạo (ex-Camp)
Trần Khánh Dư (ex-Forster)
Vietnam People's Navy
Dai Ky (ex-Trần Khánh Dư)
Preceded by: Cannon class
Followed by: Rudderow class
List of destroyer escorts of the United States Navy
vteUnited States naval ship classes of World War IIAircraft carriers
Lexington
RangerS
Yorktown
WaspS
Essex
MidwayC
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Independence
SaipanC
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Long Island
Charger
Bogue
Sangamon
Casablanca
Commencement Bay
Battleships
Wyoming
New York
Nevada
Pennsylvania
New Mexico
Tennessee
Colorado
North Carolina
South Dakota
Iowa
MontanaX
Large cruisers
Alaska
Heavy cruisers
Pensacola
Northampton
Portland
New Orleans
WichitaS
Baltimore
Oregon CityC
Des MoinesC
Light cruisers
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Brooklyn
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Cleveland
FargoC
JuneauC
WorcesterC
CL-154X
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Asheville
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St. AugustineS
VixenS
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Wickes
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Buckley
Cannon
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Rudderow
John C. Butler
Patrol frigates
Asheville
Tacoma
Patrol boats
Action
PT boat
Minelayers
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WassucS
MonadnockS
MiantonomahS
TerrorS
KeokukS
SalemS
WeehawkenS
Camanche
Chimo
Minesweepers
Lapwing
Raven
Auk
EagleS
Hawk
Admirable
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R
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Barracuda
ArgonautS
Narwhal
DolphinS
Cachalot
Porpoise
Salmon
Sargo
Tambor
Mackerel
Gato
Balao
Tench
Tankers
T1 tanker
T2 tanker
T3 tanker
Cargo ships
Liberty
Victory
Haskell
Andromeda
Arcturus
Artemis
Tolland
Alstede
Aldebaran
Adria
Acubens
Arctic
Denebola
Hyades
Mizar
Auxiliary ships
Ammunition
Floating drydock
Repair dock
Barracks
Collier
Combat stores
Destroyer tender
Depot
High-speed transport
Hospital
Ice cream barge
Net laying
Motor torpedo boat tender
Reefer
Oiler
Repair
Seaplane tender
Submarine tender
Underway replenishment
C
Completed after the war
S
Single ship of class
X
Cancelled
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"destroyer escorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"USS Edsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Edsall_(DE-129)"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Fairbanks-Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairbanks-Morse"},{"link_name":"reduction-geared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear"},{"link_name":"submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon-class_destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Camp"},{"link_name":"Consolidated Steel Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Steel_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Brown Shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Operation Dragoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragoon"},{"link_name":"German guided missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_guided_weapons_of_World_War_II"}],"text":"The Edsall-class destroyer escorts were destroyer escorts built primarily for ocean antisubmarine escort service during World War II. The lead ship, USS Edsall, was commissioned on 10 April 1943 at Orange, Texas. The class was also known as the FMR type from their Fairbanks-Morse reduction-geared diesel drive, with a type of engine used in the submarines of the time. The FMR's substitution for a diesel-electric power plant was the essential difference from the predecessor Cannon (\"DET\") class.[1] This was the only World War II destroyer escort class in which all the ships originally ordered were completed as United States Navy destroyer escorts.[2] Destroyer escorts were regular companions escorting the vulnerable cargo ships. Late in the war, plans were made to replace the 3-inch (76 mm) guns with 5-inch (127 mm) guns, but only Camp was refitted (after a collision). In total, all 85 were completed by two shipbuilding companies: Consolidated Steel Corporation, Orange, Texas (47), and Brown Shipbuilding, Houston, Texas (38). Most were en route to the Pacific Theater when Japan surrendered. One of the ships participated in Operation Dragoon and two were attacked by German guided missiles.","title":"Edsall-class destroyer escort"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Consolidated Steel Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Steel_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Orange, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brown Shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"}],"text":"A total of 85 Edsall-class destroyer escorts were built.DE-129 through DE-152 Consolidated Steel Corporation, Orange, Texas\nDE-238 through DE-255 Brown Shipbuilding, Houston, Texas\nDE-316 through DE-338 Consolidated Steel Corporation, Orange, Texas\nDE-382 through DE-401 Brown Shipbuilding, Houston, Texas","title":"Hull numbers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fate","title":"Hull numbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Frederick C. Davis (DE-136)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Frederick_C._Davis"},{"link_name":"U-546","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-546"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"USS Fiske (DE-143)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Fiske_(DE-143)"},{"link_name":"U-804","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-804"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"USS Leopold (DE-319)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Leopold"},{"link_name":"U-255","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-255"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"USS Menges (DE-320)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Menges"},{"link_name":"U-371","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-371"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"USS Holder (DE-401)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Holder_(DE-401)"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"}],"sub_title":"Destroyed or damaged in combat","text":"USS Frederick C. Davis (DE-136) – sunk 24 April 1945 by U-546 in the North Atlantic\nUSS Fiske (DE-143) – sunk 2 August 1944 by U-804 north of the Azores\nUSS Leopold (DE-319) – torpedoed 9 March 1944 by U-255 south of Iceland\nUSS Menges (DE-320) – torpedoed 20 April 1944 by U-371 off Algiers, damaged\nUSS Holder (DE-401) – damaged 11 April 1944 off Algiers by German aircraft","title":"Hull numbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Lansing_(DER-388)_underway_off_the_coast_of_Oahu_on_16_November_1963_(KN-7281).jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Newell (DE-322)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Newell"},{"link_name":"USS Falgout (DE-324)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Falgout"},{"link_name":"USS Lowe (DE-325)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lowe"},{"link_name":"USS Finch (DE-328)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Finch_(DE-328)"},{"link_name":"USS Koiner (DE-331)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Koiner"},{"link_name":"USS Forster (DE-334)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Forster"},{"link_name":"USS Ramsden (DE-382)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ramsden"},{"link_name":"USS Richey (DE-385)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Richey"},{"link_name":"USS Vance (DE-387)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vance"},{"link_name":"USS Lansing (DE-388)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lansing"},{"link_name":"USS Durant (DE-389)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Durant"},{"link_name":"USS Chambers (DE-391)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chambers"}],"sub_title":"Transferred to US Coast Guard from 1951 to 1954","text":"USS Lansing in 1963USS Newell (DE-322) – redesignated WDE-422\nUSS Falgout (DE-324) – redesignated WDE-424\nUSS Lowe (DE-325) – redesignated WDE-425\nUSS Finch (DE-328) – redesignated WDE-428\nUSS Koiner (DE-331) – redesignated WDE-431\nUSS Forster (DE-334) – redesignated WDE-434\nUSS Ramsden (DE-382) – redesignated WDE-482\nUSS Richey (DE-385) – redesignated WDE-485\nUSS Vance (DE-387) – redesignated WDE-487\nUSS Lansing (DE-388) – redesignated WDE-488\nUSS Durant (DE-389) – redesignated WDE-489\nUSS Chambers (DE-391) – redesignated WDE-491","title":"Hull numbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Hurst (DE-250)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hurst_(DE-250)"},{"link_name":"Mexican Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Navy"},{"link_name":"USS Camp (DE-251)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Camp"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"BRP Rajah Lakandula (PF-4)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRP_Rajah_Lakandula"},{"link_name":"USS Thomas J. Gary (DE-326)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Thomas_J._Gary"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"USS Forster (DE-334)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Forster"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"North Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam"}],"sub_title":"Transferred to other countries","text":"USS Hurst (DE-250) – transferred to the Mexican Navy as Comodoro Manuel Azueta (A06), last of class in active service (decommissioned 2015)\nUSS Camp (DE-251) – transferred to South Vietnam as Tran Hung Dao. Later, to Philippines as BRP Rajah Lakandula (PF-4)\nUSS Thomas J. Gary (DE-326) – transferred to Tunisia\nUSS Forster (DE-334) – transferred to South Vietnam as Tran Khanh Du. Later, captured by North Vietnam and used as training vessel","title":"Hull numbers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Pillsbury (DE-133)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pillsbury_(DE-133)"},{"link_name":"U-505","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-505"},{"link_name":"USS Joyce (DE-317)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Joyce"},{"link_name":"U-550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-550"},{"link_name":"USS Peterson (DE-152)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Peterson_(DE-152)"},{"link_name":"U-550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-550"},{"link_name":"USS Pope (DE-134)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pope_(DE-134)"},{"link_name":"USS Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Guadalcanal_(CVE-60)"},{"link_name":"USS Flaherty (DE-135)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Flaherty"},{"link_name":"USS Frederick C. Davis (DE-136)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Frederick_C._Davis"},{"link_name":"USS Herbert C. Jones (DE-137)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Herbert_C._Jones"},{"link_name":"Anzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shingle"},{"link_name":"USS Frost (DE-144)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Frost"},{"link_name":"Presidential Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"battle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_stars"},{"link_name":"USS Chatelain (DE-149)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chatelain"},{"link_name":"USS Stewart (DE-238)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stewart_(DE-238)"},{"link_name":"Galveston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"USS Kretchmer (DE-329)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Kretchmer"},{"link_name":"Navy Unit Commendation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Unit_Commendation"},{"link_name":"USS Stanton (DE-247)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stanton"}],"sub_title":"Notable ships of class","text":"USS Pillsbury (DE-133) sister ship of USS Pope. Was in TG 22.3 with Pope and participated in the capture of U-boat U-505.\nUSS Joyce (DE-317) Participated in the sinking of U-boat U-550.\nUSS Peterson (DE-152) Also participated in the sinking of U-boat U-550.\nUSS Pope (DE-134) was in Task Force 22.3 that was centered on escort carrier USS Guadalcanal, which captured German U-boat U-505.\nUSS Flaherty (DE-135) was in TG 22.3 with Pope, Pillsbury and Chatelain and participated in the capture of U-505.\nUSS Frederick C. Davis (DE-136) and USS Herbert C. Jones (DE-137) each received a Navy Unit Commendation for action during the Anzio campaign.\nUSS Frost (DE-144) sank 5 German U-boats and awarded Presidential Unit Citation, 7 battle stars.\nUSS Chatelain (DE-149) was in TG 22.3 with Pope and Pillsbury and participated in the capture of U-505.\nUSS Stewart (DE-238) – the sole surviving example of the Edsall-class; a museum ship in Galveston, Texas.\nUSS Kretchmer (DE-329) received a Navy Unit Commendation for action three days after the war ended.\nUSS Stanton (DE-247) won two battle stars in a single engagement sinking two U-boats with the USS Frost (DE-144).","title":"Hull numbers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ships in Class"}]
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[{"image_text":"USS Lansing in 1963","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/USS_Lansing_%28DER-388%29_underway_off_the_coast_of_Oahu_on_16_November_1963_%28KN-7281%29.jpg/220px-USS_Lansing_%28DER-388%29_underway_off_the_coast_of_Oahu_on_16_November_1963_%28KN-7281%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Rivet, Eric; Stenzel, Michael (22 April 2011). \"Classes of Destroyer Escorts\". History of Destroyer Escorts. Destroyer Escort Historical Museum. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2012. Except for the propulsion, the EDSALL class was nearly identical to the CANNON class in every respect. This fourth class of destroyer escort mounted a direct drive diesel configuration that proved to be extremely reliable.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191229164511/http://www.ussslater.org/history/dehistory/history_classes.html","url_text":"\"Classes of Destroyer Escorts\""},{"url":"http://www.ussslater.org/history/dehistory/history_classes.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191229164511/http://www.ussslater.org/history/dehistory/history_classes.html","external_links_name":"\"Classes of Destroyer Escorts\""},{"Link":"http://www.ussslater.org/history/dehistory/history_classes.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061012131222/http://users3.ev1.net/~de238/stewart/edsall_list.html","external_links_name":"List of Edsall Class Destroyer Escorts"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/06/142.htm","external_links_name":"USS Fessenden DE/DER-142"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080515202328/http://destroyersonline.com/usndd/detypes.htm","external_links_name":"Destroyers OnLine: The Destroyer Escorts"},{"Link":"http://destroyerhistory.org/de/edsallclass/","external_links_name":"Edsall class"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090219202357/http://destroyerhistory.org/","external_links_name":"Destroyer History Foundation"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:92.17.199.182
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User talk:92.17.199.182
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["1 Welcome!","2 CS1 error on Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (film)","3 Merry Christmas","4 CS1 error on Racial views of Winston Churchill","5 January 2024","6 CS1 error on Zulu (1964 film)"]
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Again, welcome! Peaceray (talk) 17:48, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
CS1 error on Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (film)
Hello, I'm Qwerfjkl (bot). I have automatically detected that this edit performed by you, on the page Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (film), may have introduced referencing errors. They are as follows:
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Thanks, Qwerfjkl (bot) (talk) 19:09, 20 December 2023 (UTC)
Merry Christmas
Merry Christmas and a Prosperous 2024!
Hello 92.17.199.182, may you be surrounded by peace, success and happiness on this seasonal occasion. Spread the WikiLove by wishing another user a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past, a good friend, or just some random person. Sending you heartfelt and warm greetings for Christmas and New Year 2024. Happy editing,
‑‑Neveselbert (talk · contribs · email) 17:34, 25 December 2023 (UTC)
Spread the love by adding {{subst:Seasonal Greetings}} to other user talk pages.
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CS1 error on Racial views of Winston Churchill
Hello, I'm Qwerfjkl (bot). I have automatically detected that this edit performed by you, on the page Racial views of Winston Churchill, may have introduced referencing errors. They are as follows:
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Thanks, Qwerfjkl (bot) (talk) 21:14, 30 December 2023 (UTC)
January 2024
Hello, I'm Waxworker. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so. You can have a look at referencing for beginners. If you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Waxworker (talk) 22:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
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CS1 error on Zulu (1964 film)
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operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:Qwerfjkl/Botpreload&editintro=User:Qwerfjkl/boteditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:Qwerfjkl&preloadtitle=Qwerfjkl%20(bot)%20%E2%80%93%2092.17.199.182§ion=new&preloadparams%5b%5d=Zulu_(1964_film)&preloadparams%5b%5d=1195187704"},{"link_name":"Qwerfjkl (bot)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Qwerfjkl_(bot)"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Qwerfjkl_(bot)"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Welcome![edit]Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions, such as the one you made on An Unearthly Child. I greatly appreciate your constructive edits on Wikipedia. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages you might like to see:The five pillars of Wikipedia\nContributing to Wikipedia\nHow to edit a page\nHelp pages\nHow to write a great article\nHow to create your first article (using the Article Wizard if you wish)\nSimplified Manual of Style\nRecent changes patrolYou are welcome to continue editing without logging in. If you like, you can create an account. Doing so is free, requires no personal information, and provides several benefits, such as the ability to create articles. For a full outline and explanation of the benefits that come with creating an account, please see this page. If you edit without a username, your IP address (92.17.199.182) is used to identify you instead.In any case, I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your comments on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, check out Wikipedia:Questions, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question and then place {{helpme}} before the question on this page.Again, welcome! Peaceray (talk) 17:48, 11 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]CS1 error on Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (film)[edit]Hello, I'm Qwerfjkl (bot). I have automatically detected that this edit performed by you, on the page Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (film), may have introduced referencing errors. They are as follows:A \"bare URL and missing title\" error. References show this error when they do not have a title. Please edit the article to add the appropriate title parameter to the reference. (Fix | Ask for help)Please check this page and fix the errors highlighted. If you think this is a false positive, you can report it to my operator.\nThanks, Qwerfjkl (bot) (talk) 19:09, 20 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Merry Christmas[edit]‑‑Neveselbert (talk · contribs · email) 17:34, 25 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]CS1 error on Racial views of Winston Churchill[edit]Hello, I'm Qwerfjkl (bot). I have automatically detected that this edit performed by you, on the page Racial views of Winston Churchill, may have introduced referencing errors. They are as follows:A \"bare URL\" error. References show this error when one of the URL-containing parameters cannot be paired with an associated title. Please edit the article to add the appropriate title parameter to the reference. (Fix | Ask for help)Please check this page and fix the errors highlighted. If you think this is a false positive, you can report it to my operator.\nThanks, Qwerfjkl (bot) (talk) 21:14, 30 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]January 2024[edit]Hello, I'm Waxworker. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so. You can have a look at referencing for beginners. If you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Waxworker (talk) 22:33, 7 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you change genres in pages without discussion or sources, as you did at Amelia (film). Binksternet (talk) 22:10, 15 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]CS1 error on Zulu (1964 film)[edit]Hello, I'm Qwerfjkl (bot). I have automatically detected that this edit performed by you, on the page Zulu (1964 film), may have introduced referencing errors. They are as follows:A \"bare URL and missing title\" error. References show this error when they do not have a title. Please edit the article to add the appropriate title parameter to the reference. (Fix | Ask for help)Please check this page and fix the errors highlighted. If you think this is a false positive, you can report it to my operator.\nThanks, Qwerfjkl (bot) (talk) 18:35, 12 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:92.17.199.182"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taisho_Station_(Osaka)
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Taishō Station (Osaka)
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["1 Lines","2 Layout","3 Train services in off-peak hours","4 Surrounding area","5 Bus routes (Taishobashi)","6 History","7 Adjacent stations","8 References"]
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This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Taishō Station" Osaka – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Railway and metro station in Osaka, Japan
Taisho Station大正駅Entrance to the JR West portion of the stationGeneral informationOperated by JR West Osaka MetroLine(s)
Osaka Loop Line
Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line
Platforms2 side platforms (JR West)1 island platform (Osaka Metro)Tracks4Connections Bus stopOther informationStation code
JR-O16 (Osaka Loop Line)
N 11 (Nagahori Tsurumi-Ryokuchi Line)
HistoryOpened
25 April 1961 (JR West)
29 August 1997 (Osaka Metro)
Services
Preceding station
Osaka Metro
Following station
Terminus
Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line
Dome-mae Chiyozaki N 12 towards Kadoma-minami
LocationTaisho StationLocation within Osaka PrefectureShow map of Osaka PrefectureTaisho StationTaisho Station (Japan)Show map of Japan
Taisho Station (大正駅, Taishō-eki) is a combined railway station and metro station located in Taishō-ku, Osaka, Japan. The station is served by the Osaka Loop Line and the Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line.
Lines
JR West Osaka Loop Line (34°39′55.87″N 135°28′47.91″E / 34.6655194°N 135.4799750°E / 34.6655194; 135.4799750 (Taisho Station (JR West)))
Osaka Metro
Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line (N11) (34°39′58.03″N 135°28′44.59″E / 34.6661194°N 135.4790528°E / 34.6661194; 135.4790528 (Taisho Station (Osaka Municipal Subway)))
Layout
3FJR West platforms
Side platform, doors will open on the left
Platform 2
→ O Osaka Loop Line clockwise (Bentenchō) →
Platform 1
← O Osaka Loop Line counterclockwise (Ashiharabashi)
Side platform, doors will open on the left
2F
JR West station mezzanine
JR West faregates, ticket machines, station agent
1F
Street level
Exit/Entrance; transfer between JR West and Osaka Metro stations
B1F
Osaka Metro mezzanine
Osaka Metro faregates, ticket machines, station agent
B2F Metro platforms
Platform 1
→ Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line toward Kadoma-minami (Dome-mae Chiyozaki) →
Island platform, doors will open on the right
Platform 2
← Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line termination platforn
JR West Osaka Loop Line
JR West station has two side platforms serving two tracks elevated, administrated by Shin-Imamiya Station. IC ride cards ICOCA, PiTaPa and other 8 brands are accepted.
1
■ Osaka Loop Line
counterclockwise-bound for Shin-Imamiya, Tennōji, Nara, Kansai Airport and Wakayama
2
■ Osaka Loop Line
clockwise-bound for Nishikujō and Ōsaka
Osaka Metro Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line
Subway station has an island platform fenced with platform gates between two tracks under the ground level. IC ride cards PiTaPa, ICOCA and other 8 brands and Surutto KANSAI ride cards are accepted.
1
■ Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line
for Shinsaibashi, Kyōbashi and Kadoma-minami (for embarking passengers)
2
■ Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line
only for disembarking passengers
Trains arrive at Platform 2 and disembark passengers, and return at the sidetracks in the south of the station, then enter Platform 1 as ones for Kadoma-minami.
Train services in off-peak hours
JR West Osaka Loop Line
12 clockwise-bound trains go to Osaka, of which:
4 are local trains and stop at every station.
8 are rapid services and stop at Bentencho, Nishikujo and every station from Fukushima.
12 counterclockwise-bound trains go to Tennoji, of which:
4 are local trains to Tsuruhashi.
4 are Yamatoji rapid services to Nara via the Yamatoji Line, 2 of which continue to Kamo.
4 are Kansai Airport rapid services to Kansai Airport and Kishuji rapid services to Wakayama via the Hanwa Line.
Osaka Metro Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line
8 or 9 trains go to Kadoma-minami (every 7 minutes).
Surrounding area
Osaka Dome (a 7-minute walk from JR West station)
Taisho Post Office
Taisho Bridge
Iwasaki Bridge
Onami Bridge
Bus routes (Taishobashi)
Buses are operated by Osaka City Bus. See the external link for details of Taishobashi Bus Stop.
Route 51 for Tempozan via Bentencho-ekimae and Daisan Tottei-mae / for Dome-mae Chiyozaki
Route 60 for Tempozan via Sakaigawa and Subway Asashiobashi / for Namba (Takashimaya)
Route 70 for Nishi-Funamachi via Taisho Kuyakusho-mae and Daiumbashi-dori / for Dome-mae Chiyozaki
Route 70 Express for Nishi-Funamachi via Taisho Kuyakusho-mae and Daiumbashi-dori / for Dome-mae Chiyozaki
Route 71 for Tsurumachi Yonchome via Taisho Kuyakusho-mae and Daiumbashi-dori / for Namba
Route 76 for Subway Suminoekoen / for Dome-mae Chiyozaki
Route 87 for Tsurumachi Yonchome via Shin-Chitose / for Namba
Route 90 for Tsurumachi Yonchome via Taisho Kuyakusho-mae and Daiumbashi-dori / for Nodahanshin-mae
Route 91 for Tsurumachi Yonchome via Taisho Kuyakusho-mae and Daiumbashi-dori / for Dome-mae Chiyozaki
Route 91 Express for Tsurumachi Yonchome via Taisho Kuyakusho-mae and Daiumbashi-dori / for Dome-mae Chiyozaki
Route 94 for Tsurumachi Yonchome via Chishima Koen-mae and Daiumbashi-dori / for Dome-mae Chiyozaki
Route 98 for Taisho Kuyakusho-mae via Shin-Chitose / for Dome-mae Chiyozaki
History
Station numbering was introduced to the JR West facilities in March 2018 with Taisho being assigned station number JR-O16.
Adjacent stations
«
Service
»
West Japan Railway Company (JR West) Osaka Loop Line
Limited Express Kuroshio: Does not stop at this station
Kansai Airport Limited Express Haruka: Does not stop at this station
Bentenchō
Local
Ashiharabashi
Bentenchō
Regional Rapid Service
Ashiharabashi
Bentenchō
Direct Rapid Service (Clockwise trains only)
Ashiharabashi
Bentenchō
Yamatoji Rapid Service
Shin-Imamiya
Bentenchō
Rapid Service
Shin-Imamiya
Bentenchō
Kansai Airport Rapid Service
Shin-Imamiya
Bentenchō
Kishuji Rapid Service
Shin-Imamiya
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taishō Station (Osaka).
References
^ "近畿エリアの12路線 のべ300駅に「駅ナンバー」を導入します！" . westjr.co.jp (in Japanese). 20 July 2016. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
^ "「駅ナンバー」一覧表" (PDF). westjr.co.jp (in Japanese). 20 July 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
vteStations on the Osaka Loop Line
(Outer track for Kyōbashi<<) Ōsaka
Fukushima
Noda
Nishikujō (>>JR Yumesaki Line)
Bentenchō
Taishō
Ashiharabashi
Imamiya
Shin-Imamiya
Tennōji (>>Yamatoji Line, Hanwa Line)
Teradachō
Momodani
Tsuruhashi
Tamatsukuri
Morinomiya
Ōsakajōkōen
Kyōbashi
Sakuranomiya
Temma
Ōsaka (>>Inner track for Nishikujō)
O
vteStations on the Osaka Metro Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line
Taishō
Dome-mae Chiyozaki
Nishi-Nagahori
Nishiōhashi
Shinsaibashi
Nagahoribashi
Matsuyamachi
Tanimachi Rokuchōme
Tamatsukuri
Morinomiya
Osaka Business Park
Kyōbashi
Gamō-yonchōme
Imafuku-Tsurumi
Yokozutsumi
Tsurumi-ryokuchi
Kadoma-minami
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_station"},{"link_name":"Taishō-ku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taish%C5%8D-ku,_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Osaka Loop Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Loop_Line"},{"link_name":"Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagahori_Tsurumi-ryokuchi_Line"}],"text":"Railway and metro station in Osaka, JapanTaisho Station (大正駅, Taishō-eki) is a combined railway station and metro station located in Taishō-ku, Osaka, Japan. The station is served by the Osaka Loop Line and the Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line.","title":"Taishō Station (Osaka)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"JR West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Japan_Railway_Company"},{"link_name":"Osaka Loop Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Loop_Line"},{"link_name":"34°39′55.87″N 135°28′47.91″E / 34.6655194°N 135.4799750°E / 34.6655194; 135.4799750 (Taisho Station (JR West))","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Taish%C5%8D_Station_(Osaka)¶ms=34_39_55.87_N_135_28_47.91_E_type:railwaystation_region:JP&title=Taisho+Station+%28JR+West%29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Metro"},{"link_name":"Osaka Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Metro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagahori_Tsurumi-ryokuchi_Line"},{"link_name":"Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagahori_Tsurumi-ryokuchi_Line"},{"link_name":"34°39′58.03″N 135°28′44.59″E / 34.6661194°N 135.4790528°E / 34.6661194; 135.4790528 (Taisho Station (Osaka Municipal Subway))","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Taish%C5%8D_Station_(Osaka)¶ms=34_39_58.03_N_135_28_44.59_E_type:railwaystation_region:JP&title=Taisho+Station+%28Osaka+Municipal+Subway%29"}],"text":"JR West Osaka Loop Line (34°39′55.87″N 135°28′47.91″E / 34.6655194°N 135.4799750°E / 34.6655194; 135.4799750 (Taisho Station (JR West)))\n Osaka Metro\n Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line (N11) (34°39′58.03″N 135°28′44.59″E / 34.6661194°N 135.4790528°E / 34.6661194; 135.4790528 (Taisho Station (Osaka Municipal Subway)))","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"side platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_platforms"},{"link_name":"island platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"},{"link_name":"platform gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_screen_doors"}],"text":"JR West Osaka Loop LineJR West station has two side platforms serving two tracks elevated, administrated by Shin-Imamiya Station. IC ride cards ICOCA, PiTaPa and other 8 brands are accepted.Osaka Metro Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi LineSubway station has an island platform fenced with platform gates between two tracks under the ground level. IC ride cards PiTaPa, ICOCA and other 8 brands and Surutto KANSAI ride cards are accepted.Trains arrive at Platform 2 and disembark passengers, and return at the sidetracks in the south of the station, then enter Platform 1 as ones for Kadoma-minami.","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"JR West Osaka Loop Line\n12 clockwise-bound trains go to Osaka, of which:\n4 are local trains and stop at every station.\n8 are rapid services and stop at Bentencho, Nishikujo and every station from Fukushima.\n12 counterclockwise-bound trains go to Tennoji, of which:\n4 are local trains to Tsuruhashi.\n4 are Yamatoji rapid services to Nara via the Yamatoji Line, 2 of which continue to Kamo.\n4 are Kansai Airport rapid services to Kansai Airport and Kishuji rapid services to Wakayama via the Hanwa Line.Osaka Metro Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line\n\n8 or 9 trains go to Kadoma-minami (every 7 minutes).","title":"Train services in off-peak hours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osaka Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Dome"}],"text":"Osaka Dome (a 7-minute walk from JR West station)\nTaisho Post Office\nTaisho Bridge\nIwasaki Bridge\nOnami Bridge","title":"Surrounding area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osaka City Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Municipal_Transportation_Bureau"},{"link_name":"the external link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kotsu.city.osaka.lg.jp/foreign/english/BusStops.html"}],"text":"Buses are operated by Osaka City Bus. See the external link for details of Taishobashi Bus Stop.Route 51 for Tempozan via Bentencho-ekimae and Daisan Tottei-mae / for Dome-mae Chiyozaki\nRoute 60 for Tempozan via Sakaigawa and Subway Asashiobashi / for Namba (Takashimaya)\nRoute 70 for Nishi-Funamachi via Taisho Kuyakusho-mae and Daiumbashi-dori / for Dome-mae Chiyozaki\nRoute 70 Express for Nishi-Funamachi via Taisho Kuyakusho-mae and Daiumbashi-dori / for Dome-mae Chiyozaki\nRoute 71 for Tsurumachi Yonchome via Taisho Kuyakusho-mae and Daiumbashi-dori / for Namba\nRoute 76 for Subway Suminoekoen / for Dome-mae Chiyozaki\nRoute 87 for Tsurumachi Yonchome via Shin-Chitose / for Namba\nRoute 90 for Tsurumachi Yonchome via Taisho Kuyakusho-mae and Daiumbashi-dori / for Nodahanshin-mae\nRoute 91 for Tsurumachi Yonchome via Taisho Kuyakusho-mae and Daiumbashi-dori / for Dome-mae Chiyozaki\nRoute 91 Express for Tsurumachi Yonchome via Taisho Kuyakusho-mae and Daiumbashi-dori / for Dome-mae Chiyozaki\nRoute 94 for Tsurumachi Yonchome via Chishima Koen-mae and Daiumbashi-dori / for Dome-mae Chiyozaki\nRoute 98 for Taisho Kuyakusho-mae via Shin-Chitose / for Dome-mae Chiyozaki","title":"Bus routes (Taishobashi)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Station numbering was introduced to the JR West facilities in March 2018 with Taisho being assigned station number JR-O16.[1][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taishō Station (Osaka)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Taish%C5%8D_Station_(Osaka)"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taishō Station (Osaka).","title":"Adjacent stations"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"近畿エリアの12路線 のべ300駅に「駅ナンバー」を導入します！\" [\"Station numbers\" will be introduced at a total of 300 stations on 12 lines in the Kinki area!]. westjr.co.jp (in Japanese). 20 July 2016. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221116010608/https://www.westjr.co.jp/press/article/2016/07/page_8973.html","url_text":"\"近畿エリアの12路線 のべ300駅に「駅ナンバー」を導入します！\""},{"url":"https://www.westjr.co.jp/press/article/2016/07/page_8973.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"「駅ナンバー」一覧表\" [\"Station number\" list] (PDF). westjr.co.jp (in Japanese). 20 July 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221116010610/https://www.westjr.co.jp/press/article/items/160720_01_ekinumber.pdf","url_text":"\"「駅ナンバー」一覧表\""},{"url":"https://www.westjr.co.jp/press/article/items/160720_01_ekinumber.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Resistance_Fighters
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International Federation of Resistance Fighters – Association of Anti-Fascists
|
["1 History","1.1 FIR today","2 Organization","2.1 Structure","2.2 General Assemblies","3 Members","4 FIR Bulletin","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "International Federation of Resistance Fighters – Association of Anti-Fascists" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Anti-Axis resistance veterans organization
International Federation of Resistance Fighters (FIR)Founded1951Vienna, AustriaTypeNon-governmental organizationFocusAnti-fascismLocationBerlinArea served EuropeMethodcampaigningOfficial language English, German, FrenchKey peopleVilmos Hanti, President, Ulrich Schneider, Secretary GeneralWebsitewww.fir.at
The International Federation of Resistance Fighters – Association of Anti-Fascists also known by its French initials FIR (Fédération Internationale des Résistantes - Association des Antifascistes) is an organization of veterans of the anti-Axis resistance fighters, partisans, members of the anti-Hitler coalition. During the Cold War, the work of the FIR was closely connected with issues of peace, disarmament, understanding and cooperation of countries of different political systems. The FIR gave the former resistance fighters a voice against the policy of military confrontation and the real threat of war. Member organizations in West and East took numerous initiatives to end the policy of confrontation.
History
The FIR was founded in June 1951 in Vienna. It was formed by an earlier organization called the International Federation of Former Political Prisoners; the latter organization had been founded in Paris in 1947. (Other sources say 1946.)
1961 USSR stamp marking the 10th anniversary of the FIR
In the following decades, FIR organized conferences on medical, political and historical themes. The aim was also to prove that the "destruction of German fascism was not only the work of Army organizations, but that the role of partisans and resistance fighters were kept in good memory". To 'preserve the memory of the post-war generations', FIR set-up a historical commission, which published a total of ten “International issues of the resistance movement”, studies of the antifascist resistance fight in various European countries, including reports on the city uprisings in Paris, Prague and northern Italy as well as documents on the resistance in the concentration and extermination camps. and 'the international participation in the national liberation struggle in various European countries', with a specific attention to the Jewish resistance movement. The stated aim of this memory was 'the historical education of young generations'.
The medical and social conferences of the FIR highlighted the health consequences of persecution in Nazi prisons and the medical consequences for family members and the enforcement of appropriate compensation. There were repeated argumentation with social supply points about how long-term health damage by the prison time can be evaluated. Physicians sat for the interests of a former persecuted and with the stated intent to assure those that appropriate care and financial compensation was given.
A key task was the 'fight against the resurgence of neo-fascist organizations and political restoration, particularly in the Federal Republic of Germany'. FIR 'repeatedly documented the reality of fascist crimes, to show what were the inhuman results of such a policy'. Also, as neo-Nazi graffiti 'became increasingly impertinent in Germany' and the desecration of the Cologne synagogue in December 1959, FIR suggested to convene an “International Conference against the resurgence of Nazism and anti-Semitism”. Together with the International League for Human Rights, the Union of Israeli Jewish communities in Italy, the ANPPIA and ANED, FIR organized this conference in March 1960 in Florence, which was attended by 130 delegates from 13 countries.
A further step in the battle against the 'forces of the past' were found in the campaign against the HIAG (“Aid Society of former member of the Waffen-SS”), initiated by the FIR the International meeting against the re-emergence of Nazism and Fascism in October 1963 in Florence. Under pressure from the FIR, HIAG called off their planned 'European Convention'.
During the seventies, FIR supported the creation of a system of common security and cooperation in Europe. Along with other veterans’ organizations, particularly the World Veterans Federation (FMAC), FIR organized a “world meeting of former combatants for Disarmament” in 1979 in Rome.
FIR today
In 2004, at the XIII regular congress in Berlin, FIR adopted a new statute that allowed the 'integration of young anti-fascists'; since that time, the organization is named “International Federation of Resistance Fighters – Association of Anti-fascists” (FIR).
Today, the FIR incorporate member organizations in more than 25 European countries and Israel. The political circumstances have changed, but the main problem is fixed in the slogan “never again”. This was interpreted to mean to "disclose the historical truth about the resistance struggle, the reality of fascism and the role of the anti-Hitler coalition, the allied forces", "including the Soviet soldiers" who "bore the brunt of the war" – the destruction of the fascist barbarism".
Due to various activities and initiatives for disarmament and international cooperation, the Secretary General of the United Nations, on 15 September 1987, designated FIR as “Peace Messenger”. FIR is also the only antifascist organization officially accredited at the EU Transparency Register.
At the Prague-conference in 2016 the FIR awarded the Dutch anti-fascist Max van den Berg with their Michiel van der Borcht-prize for his life-long achievements.
The FIR supported the AFVN protests against honoring former Third Reich soliders killed in action, at the largest Nazi cemetery in Europe, in the Ysselsteyn Nazi cemetery where over 31,000 former (mainly German) Axis war dead are burided. The FIR also supports their ongoing protests and actions in favour of restricting trade in 'Nazi paraphernalia'.
Organization
Structure
The federation is currently structured with national associations gathered in an Advisory Council – and an Executive Committee made of 10 members.
The 27th Regular congress, hold in Prague on 18/19 November 2016, confirmed Vilmos Hanti in his role of President of the federation and elected Filippo Giuffrida Repaci, General Michail A. Moiseev and Christos Tzintsilonis as Vicepresidents. Dr Ulrich Scheider was confirmed as Secretary General and Heinz Siefritz as Finance Secretary. The other members of the Executive Committee are Jean Cardoen, Alessandro Pollio Salimbeni, Nikolai Royanov and Gregori Touglidis.
General Assemblies
Vienna, June 1951
Vienna, November 1954
Vienna, November 1958 (first session); March 1959 (second session)
Warsaw, December 1962
Budapest, December 1965
Athens, October 19 – 20, 2007
Berlin, January 9 – 10, 2010
Sofia, Bulgaria October 4 – 6, 2013
Prague, Czech Republic November 18 – 20, 2016
Reggio Emilia, Italy November 29–30, 2019
Members
With the introduction of a new regulation, approved during the 13th congress, in 2004 FIR allowed a generational change of the directive members of the association, that, in 2015 counted about 1,000,000 affiliated, through the members of the national associations.
Red countries have at least one member of the FIR
Albania - Veteranët e Luftës Antifashiste Nacionalçlirimtare Shqiptare
Austria - Vereinigung österreichischer Freiwilliger in der spanischen Republik
Austria - Bundesverband österreichischer Widerstandskämpfer und Antifaschisten
Belarus - Veterans Organisation of the Republic of Belarus
Belgium - Comité d’Action de la Résistance – Aktie Raad van de Weerstand
Bosnia-Herzegovina - Udruženje veterana Narodnooslobodilačkog i antifašističkog rata Bosne i Hercegovine (1941-1945)
Bulgaria - БЪЛГАРСКИ АНТИФАШИСТКИ СЪЮЗ / Union Antifasciste Bulgarie
Croatia - Savez Antifasistisckih Boraca i Antifasista Republike Hrvatske
Cyprus - Cyprus Veterans Association World War II / Σύνδεσμος Βετεράνων Κύπρου Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος
Cyprus - Pancyprian Democratic Resistance Association / Παγκύπρια Ένωση Δημοκρατικής Αντίστασης
Czech Republic - Svaz bojovníků za svobodu/Verband der Freiheitskämpfer
Denmark - FIR Danmark/FIR Denmark
France - Association Nationale des Cheminots Anciens Combattants
France - Union des Juifs pour la Résistance et l’Ent’aide
France - Association Nationale des Anciens Combattants de la Résistance
France - Comité International de Ravensbrück
France - Amicale des Anciens Guerrilleros Espanols en France
France - Comite Internationale Sachsenhausen
Germany - Verband Deutscher in der Resistance, in den Streikräften der Antihilterkoalition
Germany - Internationales Sachsenhausen Komitee
Germany - Lagergemeinschaft Ravensbrück/ Freundeskreise
Germany - Förderverein Gedenkstätte Steinwache / Internationales Rombergpark Komitee
Germany - Kämpfer und Freunde der Spanischen Republik 1936-1939
Germany - Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes – Bund der Antifaschisten
Germany - Arbeitsgemeinschaft Neuengamme
Germany - Jenischer Bund in Deutschland
Greece - Panellínia Énosi Agonistón tis Ethnikís Antístasis / Union Panhellénique des Combattants de la Résistance Nationale
Greece - Panellínia énosi machitón tis Mésis Anatolís / Panhelleic ligue of Middle East-Fighters
Greece - Orgánosi gia tin katapolémisi tis máchis tis ethnikís prostasías / Organisation Panhellénique des Combattants de la Résistance Nationale
Greece - Panellínia Énosi Syndikalistón tis Ethnikís Antístasis / Ligue Panhellénique des Combattants de la Résistance Nationale
Greece - Panellínia Politistikí Etaireía Apogónous kai Fíloi tou Ethnikoú Anthektikoú kai Dimokratikoú Stratoú / Panhellenic Cultural Society Descendants and Friends of National Resistant and Democratic Army
Greece - Panellínia Omospondía Antistasiakón Organóseon / Panhellenic Federation of Resistance Organisations
Hungary - Magyar Ellenállók és Antifasiszták Szövetségének / Verband der ungarischen Widerstandskämpfer und Antifaschisten- Gemeinsam für Demokratie
Israel - Association of Disabled Veterans of Fight against nazism
Israel - Organization of Partisans Underground Fighters and Ghetto Rebels in Israel
Israel - Veterans Union of World War II – Fighters Against Nazism
Italy - Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia
Italy - Associazione Partigiani Matteotti del Piemonte
Latvia - Latvijas Tirailieru un partizānu 130. korpusa veterānu asociācija / Assoc. des Anciens Combattants du 130e Corps d’Armée de Tirailleurs Lettons et des Partisans
Luxembourg - Les Amis des Brigades Internationales Luxembourg
Luxembourg - Comite International de Sachsenhausen
North Macedonia - Sojuz na veterani od nacionalnata osloboditelna i antifašistička vojna na Makedonija 1941 - 1945 godina / Union of Veterans from the national liberation and antifascist war of Macedonia 1941 – 1945
Netherlands - Vereniging Landlijk Kontakt-Groep Verzetsgepensioneerden (40-45)
Netherlands - Antifascistische oud-Verzetsstrijders Nederland / Bond van Antifascisten
Poland - Polski Zwiazek Bylych Wiezniów Politycznych Hitlerowskich Wiezién I Obozów Koncentracyjnych
Portugal - União de Resistentes Antifascistas Portugueses
Romania - Asociatia Antifascistilor din Romania
Russia - Rossiyskiy obshchestvennyy komitet byvshikh voinov / Russisches gesellschaftliches Komitee der ehemaligen Kriegsteilnehmer
Russia - International Association of Veterans Organizations
Serbia - Saveza udruženja boraca narodnooslobodilackog rata Srbije 1941-1945
Slovakia - Slovensky Svaz Protifasistict Bojovnikot Ustiedny Vybor
Slovenia - Zvezo združenj borcev za vrednote NOB
Spain - Amicale de Mauthausen y otros campos
Spain - Associación Brigadas Internationales (Voluntarios de la Libertad)
Spain - Associación de Ex-Presos y Represaliados Politicos Antifranquistas
Spain - Associacio Catalana d’Expresos Politics
Ukraine - All-Ukrainian Union of War Veterans
FIR Bulletin
FIR monthly publishes a magazine named “FIR Bulletin” in three languages. The magazine focuses on historical-political issues; it contributes to notify events related to the European and International resistance.
See also
World Veterans Federation
World Federation of Trade Unions
Women's International Democratic Federation
World Federation of Democratic Youth
International Union of Students
International Organization of Journalists
International Association of Democratic Lawyers
World Federation of Scientific Workers
World Peace Council
Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade
References
^ Facts about international Communist front organisations p. 85
^ Hoover Institution Yearbook on international communist affairs 1966 Stanford, Calif., Hoover Institution Press. p.511 (Yearbook on International Communist Affairs series)
^ Transparency Register
^ "Nederlander Max van den Berg (85) ontvangt hoogste antifascistische prijs in Praag".
^ a b c d e Yearbook on international communist affairs 1966 p.513
^ Bulletin of the International Federation of Resistance (FIR) – Association of Anti-Fascists #12 November 2007
^ Bulletin of the International Federation of Resistance (FIR) – Association of Anti-Fascists #19 February 2010
^ Successful congress in Sofia
^ On the way to Congress in Prague
^ Successful congress of FIR in Reggio Emilia
^ "DRAFD e.V. - Verband Deutscher in der Résistance, in den Streitkräften der Antihitlerkoalition und der Bewegung "Freies Deutschland" e.V." Retrieved 2014-04-09.
^ FIR Bulletin.
External links
Official website
"Memorandum by the World Veterans'Federation and the International Federation of Resistance Fighters concerning Articles 41 and 42 of draft Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 (CDDH/III/INF.213), 27 April 1976" (PDF). Official Records of the Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts. Vol. XVII. pp. 221–225. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
Internationale Föderation der Widerstandskampfer (International Federation of Resistance Fighters), report, 1961
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Poland
Academics
CiNii
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"}],"text":"Anti-Axis resistance veterans organizationThe International Federation of Resistance Fighters – Association of Anti-Fascists also known by its French initials FIR (Fédération Internationale des Résistantes - Association des Antifascistes) is an organization of veterans of the anti-Axis resistance fighters, partisans, members of the anti-Hitler coalition. During the Cold War, the work of the FIR was closely connected with issues of peace, disarmament, understanding and cooperation of countries of different political systems. The FIR gave the former resistance fighters a voice against the policy of military confrontation and the real threat of war. Member organizations in West and East took numerous initiatives to end the policy of confrontation.","title":"International Federation of Resistance Fighters – Association of Anti-Fascists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2629_stamp_(10th_anniversary_of_the_International_Federation_of_Resistance_Fighters._FIR._The_Soviet_War_Memorial,_Berlin%27s_Treptower_Park).jpg"}],"text":"The FIR was founded in June 1951 in Vienna. It was formed by an earlier organization called the International Federation of Former Political Prisoners; the latter organization had been founded in Paris in 1947.[1] (Other sources say 1946.[2])1961 USSR stamp marking the 10th anniversary of the FIRIn the following decades, FIR organized conferences on medical, political and historical themes. The aim was also to prove that the \"destruction of German fascism was not only the work of Army organizations, but that the role of partisans and resistance fighters were kept in good memory\". To 'preserve the memory of the post-war generations', FIR set-up a historical commission, which published a total of ten “International issues of the resistance movement”, studies of the antifascist resistance fight in various European countries, including reports on the city uprisings in Paris, Prague and northern Italy as well as documents on the resistance in the concentration and extermination camps. and 'the international participation in the national liberation struggle in various European countries', with a specific attention to the Jewish resistance movement. The stated aim of this memory was 'the historical education of young generations'.The medical and social conferences of the FIR highlighted the health consequences of persecution in Nazi prisons and the medical consequences for family members and the enforcement of appropriate compensation. There were repeated argumentation with social supply points about how long-term health damage by the prison time can be evaluated. Physicians sat for the interests of a former persecuted and with the stated intent to assure those that appropriate care and financial compensation was given.A key task was the 'fight against the resurgence of neo-fascist organizations and political restoration, particularly in the Federal Republic of Germany'. FIR 'repeatedly documented the reality of fascist crimes, to show what were the inhuman results of such a policy'. Also, as neo-Nazi graffiti 'became increasingly impertinent in Germany' and the desecration of the Cologne synagogue in December 1959, FIR suggested to convene an “International Conference against the resurgence of Nazism and anti-Semitism”. Together with the International League for Human Rights, the Union of Israeli Jewish communities in Italy, the ANPPIA and ANED, FIR organized this conference in March 1960 in Florence, which was attended by 130 delegates from 13 countries.A further step in the battle against the 'forces of the past' were found in the campaign against the HIAG (“Aid Society of former member of the Waffen-SS”), initiated by the FIR the International meeting against the re-emergence of Nazism and Fascism in October 1963 in Florence. Under pressure from the FIR, HIAG called off their planned 'European Convention'.During the seventies, FIR supported the creation of a system of common security and cooperation in Europe. Along with other veterans’ organizations, particularly the World Veterans Federation (FMAC), FIR organized a “world meeting of former combatants for Disarmament” in 1979 in Rome.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peace Messenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N87/205/74/IMG/N8720574.pdf?OpenElement"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Max van den Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_van_den_Berg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ysselsteyn Nazi cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ysselsteyn_Nazi_cemetery&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"FIR today","text":"In 2004, at the XIII regular congress in Berlin, FIR adopted a new statute that allowed the 'integration of young anti-fascists'; since that time, the organization is named “International Federation of Resistance Fighters – Association of Anti-fascists” (FIR).Today, the FIR incorporate member organizations in more than 25 European countries and Israel. The political circumstances have changed, but the main problem is fixed in the slogan “never again”. This was interpreted to mean to \"disclose the historical truth about the resistance struggle, the reality of fascism and the role of the anti-Hitler coalition, the allied forces\", \"including the Soviet soldiers\" who \"bore the brunt of the war\" – the destruction of the fascist barbarism\".Due to various activities and initiatives for disarmament and international cooperation, the Secretary General of the United Nations, on 15 September 1987, designated FIR as “Peace Messenger”. FIR is also the only antifascist organization officially accredited at the EU Transparency Register.[3]At the Prague-conference in 2016 the FIR awarded the Dutch anti-fascist Max van den Berg with their Michiel van der Borcht-prize for his life-long achievements.[4]The FIR supported the AFVN protests against honoring former Third Reich soliders killed in action, at the largest Nazi cemetery in Europe, in the Ysselsteyn Nazi cemetery where over 31,000 former (mainly German) Axis war dead are burided. The FIR also supports their ongoing protests and actions in favour of restricting trade in 'Nazi paraphernalia'.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Filippo Giuffrida Repaci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Giuffrida_Repaci"}],"sub_title":"Structure","text":"The federation is currently structured with national associations gathered in an Advisory Council – and an Executive Committee made of 10 members.The 27th Regular congress, hold in Prague on 18/19 November 2016, confirmed Vilmos Hanti in his role of President of the federation and elected Filippo Giuffrida Repaci, General Michail A. Moiseev and Christos Tzintsilonis as Vicepresidents. Dr Ulrich Scheider was confirmed as Secretary General and Heinz Siefritz as Finance Secretary. The other members of the Executive Committee are Jean Cardoen, Alessandro Pollio Salimbeni, Nikolai Royanov and Gregori Touglidis.","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"General Assemblies","text":"Vienna, June 1951[5]\nVienna, November 1954[5]\nVienna, November 1958 (first session); March 1959 (second session)[5]\nWarsaw, December 1962[5]\nBudapest, December 1965[5]\nAthens, October 19 – 20, 2007[6]\nBerlin, January 9 – 10, 2010[7]\nSofia, Bulgaria October 4 – 6, 2013[8]\nPrague, Czech Republic November 18 – 20, 2016[9]\nReggio Emilia, Italy November 29–30, 2019[10]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FIRmembers.png"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bosnia-Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Internationales Sachsenhausen Komitee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationales_Sachsenhausen_Komitee"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes – Bund der Antifaschisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigung_der_Verfolgten_des_Naziregimes_%E2%80%93_Bund_der_Antifaschisten"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANPI"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"}],"text":"With the introduction of a new regulation, approved during the 13th congress, in 2004 FIR allowed a generational change of the directive members of the association, that, in 2015 counted about 1,000,000 affiliated, through the members of the national associations.Red countries have at least one member of the FIRAlbania - Veteranët e Luftës Antifashiste Nacionalçlirimtare Shqiptare\n Austria - Vereinigung österreichischer Freiwilliger in der spanischen Republik\n Austria - Bundesverband österreichischer Widerstandskämpfer und Antifaschisten\n Belarus - Veterans Organisation of the Republic of Belarus\n Belgium - Comité d’Action de la Résistance – Aktie Raad van de Weerstand\n Bosnia-Herzegovina - Udruženje veterana Narodnooslobodilačkog i antifašističkog rata Bosne i Hercegovine (1941-1945)\n Bulgaria - БЪЛГАРСКИ АНТИФАШИСТКИ СЪЮЗ / Union Antifasciste Bulgarie\n Croatia - Savez Antifasistisckih Boraca i Antifasista Republike Hrvatske\n Cyprus - Cyprus Veterans Association World War II / Σύνδεσμος Βετεράνων Κύπρου Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος\n Cyprus - Pancyprian Democratic Resistance Association / Παγκύπρια Ένωση Δημοκρατικής Αντίστασης\n Czech Republic - Svaz bojovníků za svobodu/Verband der Freiheitskämpfer\n Denmark - FIR Danmark/FIR Denmark\n France - Association Nationale des Cheminots Anciens Combattants\n France - Union des Juifs pour la Résistance et l’Ent’aide\n France - Association Nationale des Anciens Combattants de la Résistance\n France - Comité International de Ravensbrück\n France - Amicale des Anciens Guerrilleros Espanols en France\n France - Comite Internationale Sachsenhausen\n Germany - Verband Deutscher in der Resistance, in den Streikräften der Antihilterkoalition[11]\n Germany - Internationales Sachsenhausen Komitee\n Germany - Lagergemeinschaft Ravensbrück/ Freundeskreise\n Germany - Förderverein Gedenkstätte Steinwache / Internationales Rombergpark Komitee\n Germany - Kämpfer und Freunde der Spanischen Republik 1936-1939\n Germany - Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes – Bund der Antifaschisten\n Germany - Arbeitsgemeinschaft Neuengamme\n Germany - Jenischer Bund in Deutschland\n Greece - Panellínia Énosi Agonistón tis Ethnikís Antístasis / Union Panhellénique des Combattants de la Résistance Nationale\n Greece - Panellínia énosi machitón tis Mésis Anatolís / Panhelleic ligue of Middle East-Fighters\n Greece - Orgánosi gia tin katapolémisi tis máchis tis ethnikís prostasías / Organisation Panhellénique des Combattants de la Résistance Nationale\n Greece - Panellínia Énosi Syndikalistón tis Ethnikís Antístasis / Ligue Panhellénique des Combattants de la Résistance Nationale\n Greece - Panellínia Politistikí Etaireía Apogónous kai Fíloi tou Ethnikoú Anthektikoú kai Dimokratikoú Stratoú / Panhellenic Cultural Society Descendants and Friends of National Resistant and Democratic Army\n Greece - Panellínia Omospondía Antistasiakón Organóseon / Panhellenic Federation of Resistance Organisations\n Hungary - Magyar Ellenállók és Antifasiszták Szövetségének / Verband der ungarischen Widerstandskämpfer und Antifaschisten- Gemeinsam für Demokratie\n Israel - Association of Disabled Veterans of Fight against nazism\n Israel - Organization of Partisans Underground Fighters and Ghetto Rebels in Israel\n Israel - Veterans Union of World War II – Fighters Against Nazism\n Italy - Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia\n Italy - Associazione Partigiani Matteotti del Piemonte\n Latvia - Latvijas Tirailieru un partizānu 130. korpusa veterānu asociācija / Assoc. des Anciens Combattants du 130e Corps d’Armée de Tirailleurs Lettons et des Partisans\n Luxembourg - Les Amis des Brigades Internationales Luxembourg\n Luxembourg - Comite International de Sachsenhausen\n North Macedonia - Sojuz na veterani od nacionalnata osloboditelna i antifašistička vojna na Makedonija 1941 - 1945 godina / Union of Veterans from the national liberation and antifascist war of Macedonia 1941 – 1945\n Netherlands - Vereniging Landlijk Kontakt-Groep Verzetsgepensioneerden (40-45)\n Netherlands - Antifascistische oud-Verzetsstrijders Nederland / Bond van Antifascisten\n Poland - Polski Zwiazek Bylych Wiezniów Politycznych Hitlerowskich Wiezién I Obozów Koncentracyjnych\n Portugal - União de Resistentes Antifascistas Portugueses\n Romania - Asociatia Antifascistilor din Romania\n Russia - Rossiyskiy obshchestvennyy komitet byvshikh voinov / Russisches gesellschaftliches Komitee der ehemaligen Kriegsteilnehmer\n Russia - International Association of Veterans Organizations\n Serbia - Saveza udruženja boraca narodnooslobodilackog rata Srbije 1941-1945\n Slovakia - Slovensky Svaz Protifasistict Bojovnikot Ustiedny Vybor\n Slovenia - Zvezo združenj borcev za vrednote NOB\n Spain - Amicale de Mauthausen y otros campos\n Spain - Associación Brigadas Internationales (Voluntarios de la Libertad)\n Spain - Associación de Ex-Presos y Represaliados Politicos Antifranquistas\n Spain - Associacio Catalana d’Expresos Politics\n Ukraine - All-Ukrainian Union of War Veterans","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"FIR monthly publishes a magazine named “FIR Bulletin” in three languages.[12] The magazine focuses on historical-political issues; it contributes to notify events related to the European and International resistance.","title":"FIR Bulletin"}]
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[{"image_text":"1961 USSR stamp marking the 10th anniversary of the FIR","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/The_Soviet_Union_1961_CPA_2629_stamp_%2810th_anniversary_of_the_International_Federation_of_Resistance_Fighters._FIR._The_Soviet_War_Memorial%2C_Berlin%27s_Treptower_Park%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Red countries have at least one member of the FIR","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/FIRmembers.png/400px-FIRmembers.png"}]
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[{"title":"World Veterans Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Veterans_Federation"},{"title":"World Federation of Trade Unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions"},{"title":"Women's International Democratic Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation"},{"title":"World Federation of Democratic Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth"},{"title":"International Union of Students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Students"},{"title":"International Organization of Journalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_of_Journalists"},{"title":"International Association of Democratic Lawyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Democratic_Lawyers"},{"title":"World Federation of Scientific Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers"},{"title":"World Peace Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Peace_Council"},{"title":"Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_of_the_Abraham_Lincoln_Brigade"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Nederlander Max van den Berg (85) ontvangt hoogste antifascistische prijs in Praag\".","urls":[{"url":"http://afvn.nl/oud/actueel/Nederlander_Max_van_den_Berg_ontvangt_hoogste_antifascistische_prijs_in_Praag.htm","url_text":"\"Nederlander Max van den Berg (85) ontvangt hoogste antifascistische prijs in Praag\""}]},{"reference":"\"DRAFD e.V. - Verband Deutscher in der Résistance, in den Streitkräften der Antihitlerkoalition und der Bewegung \"Freies Deutschland\" e.V.\" Retrieved 2014-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.drafd.de/","url_text":"\"DRAFD e.V. - Verband Deutscher in der Résistance, in den Streitkräften der Antihitlerkoalition und der Bewegung \"Freies Deutschland\" e.V.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Memorandum by the World Veterans'Federation and the International Federation of Resistance Fighters concerning Articles 41 and 42 of draft Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 (CDDH/III/INF.213), 27 April 1976\" (PDF). Official Records of the Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts. Vol. XVII. pp. 221–225. Retrieved 2014-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/RC-records_Vol-17.pdf","url_text":"\"Memorandum by the World Veterans'Federation and the International Federation of Resistance Fighters concerning Articles 41 and 42 of draft Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 (CDDH/III/INF.213), 27 April 1976\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22International+Federation+of+Resistance+Fighters+%E2%80%93+Association+of+Anti-Fascists%22","external_links_name":"\"International Federation of Resistance Fighters – Association of Anti-Fascists\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22International+Federation+of+Resistance+Fighters+%E2%80%93+Association+of+Anti-Fascists%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22International+Federation+of+Resistance+Fighters+%E2%80%93+Association+of+Anti-Fascists%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22International+Federation+of+Resistance+Fighters+%E2%80%93+Association+of+Anti-Fascists%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22International+Federation+of+Resistance+Fighters+%E2%80%93+Association+of+Anti-Fascists%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22International+Federation+of+Resistance+Fighters+%E2%80%93+Association+of+Anti-Fascists%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.fir.at/","external_links_name":"www.fir.at"},{"Link":"https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N87/205/74/IMG/N8720574.pdf?OpenElement","external_links_name":"Peace Messenger"},{"Link":"http://ec.europa.eu/transparencyregister/public/consultation/displaylobbyist.do?id=241644214670-52/","external_links_name":"Transparency Register"},{"Link":"http://afvn.nl/oud/actueel/Nederlander_Max_van_den_Berg_ontvangt_hoogste_antifascistische_prijs_in_Praag.htm","external_links_name":"\"Nederlander Max van den Berg (85) ontvangt hoogste antifascistische prijs in Praag\""},{"Link":"http://fir.vvn-bda.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/32/2013/06/bulletin_12_en.pdf","external_links_name":"Bulletin of the International Federation of Resistance (FIR) – Association of Anti-Fascists #12 November 2007"},{"Link":"http://fir.vvn-bda.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/32/2013/06/bulletin_19_en.pdf","external_links_name":"Bulletin of the International Federation of Resistance (FIR) – Association of Anti-Fascists #19 February 2010"},{"Link":"http://www.fir.at/en/2013/10/07/erfolgreicher-kongress-in-sofia/","external_links_name":"Successful congress in Sofia"},{"Link":"http://fir.at/en/2016/10/28/fir-on-the-way-to-the-xvii-regular-congress-in-prague/","external_links_name":"On the way to Congress in Prague"},{"Link":"https://www.fir.at/en/2019/12/05/english-successful-congress-of-fir-in-reggio-emilia/","external_links_name":"Successful congress of FIR in Reggio Emilia"},{"Link":"http://www.drafd.de/","external_links_name":"\"DRAFD e.V. - Verband Deutscher in der Résistance, in den Streitkräften der Antihitlerkoalition und der Bewegung \"Freies Deutschland\" e.V.\""},{"Link":"http://fir.at/en/fir-bulletins/","external_links_name":"FIR Bulletin."},{"Link":"https://www.fir.at/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/RC-records_Vol-17.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Memorandum by the World Veterans'Federation and the International Federation of Resistance Fighters concerning Articles 41 and 42 of draft Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 (CDDH/III/INF.213), 27 April 1976\""},{"Link":"http://americanjewisharchives.org/collections/ms0361/ms0361h.html","external_links_name":"Internationale Föderation der Widerstandskampfer (International Federation of Resistance Fighters), report, 1961"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000098815320","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/146577932","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1002871-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263037505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50001054","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/a0000002512751","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA17639595?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/069453632","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Moore_(writer)
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Tim Moore (writer)
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["1 Personal life","2 Bibliography","3 References","4 External links"]
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British travel writer and humorist
For other uses, see Tim Moore (disambiguation).
Tim Moore in 2015
Tim Moore (born 18 May 1964 in Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire) is a British travel writer and humourist. He was educated at Latymer Upper School in Hammersmith. In addition to his nine published travelogues to date, his writings have appeared in various publications including Esquire, The Sunday Times, The Independent, The Observer and the Evening Standard. He was also briefly a journalist for the Teletext computer games magazine Digitiser, under the pseudonym Mr Hairs, alongside Mr Biffo (aka comedy and sitcom writer Paul Rose.)
His book Frost On My Moustache is an account of a journey in which the author attempts to emulate Lord Dufferin's fearless spirit and enthusiastic adventuring, but comes to identify far more with Dufferin's permanently miserable butler, Wilson, as portrayed in Dufferin's travel book Letters From High Latitudes. The book title refers to a joke Moore retells to his Scandinavian shipmates: "An Eskimo calls out a repair man to check his car. The mechanic checks under the bonnet and then offers a diagnosis: "Looks like you've blown a seal, mate." "No," says the driver, nervously fingering his upper lip, "it's just frost on my moustache.""
In 2004, Moore presented an ITV programme based on his book Do Not Pass Go, a travelogue of his journey around the locations that appear on a British Monopoly board.
In 2014, Moore released his 9th book, Gironimo! Riding the Very Terrible 1914 Tour of Italy, which recounts his 2012 recreation of the difficult 1914 Giro d'Italia. For the recreation he used a period bicycle and wore a reproduction period costume. The book was featured as Book of the Week on BBC Radio 4 in May 2014.
Personal life
Moore lives in Chiswick, West London with his Icelandic partner Birna Helgadóttir and their three children. He is also a brother-in-law of Agnar Helgason and Asgeir Helgason, and son-in-law of Helgi Valdimarsson.
Bibliography
Frost on my Moustache: The Arctic Exploits of a Lord and a Loafer (1999) (ISBN 0-224-07780-5)
Continental Drifter: Taking the Low Road with the First Grand Tourist (ISBN 0-09-947194-9) (2000) (published in the U.S. as The Grand Tour: The European Adventure of a Continental Drifter) (ISBN 0-312-30047-6)
French Revolutions: Cycling the Tour de France (2001) (ISBN 0-09-943382-6)
Do Not Pass Go: From the Old Kent Road to Mayfair (2002) (ISBN 0-09-943386-9)
Spanish Steps: Travels With My Donkey (2004) (ISBN 0-09-947194-9) (published in the USA as Travels with My Donkey: One Man and His Ass on a Pilgrimage to Santiago) (ISBN 0-312-32083-3)
Nul Points (2006) (ISBN 0-224-07780-5)
I Believe in Yesterday: My Adventures in Living History (2008) (ISBN 0-224-07781-3)
You are Awful (But I Like You): Travels in Unloved Britain (2012) (ISBN 0-224-09011-9)
Gironimo! Riding the Very Terrible 1914 Tour of Italy (2014) (ISBN 978-0224092074)
The Cyclist Who Went Out in the Cold: Adventures Along the Iron Curtain (2016) (ISBN 978-0224100205)
Another Fine Mess: Across the USA in a Ford Model T (2018) (ISBN 978-1787290297)
Vuelta Skelter: Riding the Remarkable 1941 Tour of Spain (2021) (ISBN 978-1787333055)
References
^ Moore, T., French Revolutions, as above
^ "Tim Moore - AP Watt, Literary Agents". www.apwatt.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 October 2006. Retrieved 6 September 2007.
^ "Frost on my Moustache: The Arctic Exploits of a Lord and a Loafer". www.bookiverse.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2017.
^ "Book Of The Week: Gironimo! Riding The Very Terrible 1914 Tour Of Italy". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Tim Moore (writer).
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
National
Norway
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tim Moore (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Moore_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tim_Moore_2015_01_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipping_Norton,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"travel writer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_writing"},{"link_name":"Latymer Upper School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latymer_Upper_School"},{"link_name":"Esquire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(UK)"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"Evening Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Standard"},{"link_name":"Teletext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletext"},{"link_name":"Digitiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitiser"},{"link_name":"Mr Biffo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rose_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Lord Dufferin's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Dufferin"},{"link_name":"Letters From High Latitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_From_High_Latitudes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV1"},{"link_name":"Monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_(game)"},{"link_name":"1914 Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"For other uses, see Tim Moore (disambiguation).Tim Moore in 2015Tim Moore (born 18 May 1964[1] in Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire[2]) is a British travel writer and humourist. He was educated at Latymer Upper School in Hammersmith. In addition to his nine published travelogues to date, his writings have appeared in various publications including Esquire, The Sunday Times, The Independent, The Observer and the Evening Standard. He was also briefly a journalist for the Teletext computer games magazine Digitiser, under the pseudonym Mr Hairs, alongside Mr Biffo (aka comedy and sitcom writer Paul Rose.)His book Frost On My Moustache is an account of a journey in which the author attempts to emulate Lord Dufferin's fearless spirit and enthusiastic adventuring, but comes to identify far more with Dufferin's permanently miserable butler, Wilson, as portrayed in Dufferin's travel book Letters From High Latitudes. The book title refers to a joke Moore retells to his Scandinavian shipmates: \"An Eskimo calls out a repair man to check his car. The mechanic checks under the bonnet and then offers a diagnosis: \"Looks like you've blown a seal, mate.\" \"No,\" says the driver, nervously fingering his upper lip, \"it's just frost on my moustache.\"\"[3]In 2004, Moore presented an ITV programme based on his book Do Not Pass Go, a travelogue of his journey around the locations that appear on a British Monopoly board.In 2014, Moore released his 9th book, Gironimo! Riding the Very Terrible 1914 Tour of Italy, which recounts his 2012 recreation of the difficult 1914 Giro d'Italia. For the recreation he used a period bicycle and wore a reproduction period costume. The book was featured as Book of the Week on BBC Radio 4 in May 2014.[4]","title":"Tim Moore (writer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chiswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiswick"},{"link_name":"West London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Icelandic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Agnar Helgason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnar_Helgason"},{"link_name":"Asgeir Helgason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asgeir_Helgason"},{"link_name":"Helgi Valdimarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgi_Valdimarsson"}],"text":"Moore lives in Chiswick, West London with his Icelandic partner Birna Helgadóttir and their three children. He is also a brother-in-law of Agnar Helgason and Asgeir Helgason, and son-in-law of Helgi Valdimarsson.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-224-07780-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-07780-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-09-947194-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-947194-9"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-30047-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-30047-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-09-943382-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-943382-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-09-943386-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-943386-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-09-947194-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-947194-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-312-32083-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-32083-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-224-07780-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-07780-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-224-07781-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-07781-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-224-09011-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-09011-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0224092074","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0224092074"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0224100205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0224100205"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1787290297","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1787290297"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1787333055","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1787333055"}],"text":"Frost on my Moustache: The Arctic Exploits of a Lord and a Loafer (1999) (ISBN 0-224-07780-5)\nContinental Drifter: Taking the Low Road with the First Grand Tourist (ISBN 0-09-947194-9) (2000) (published in the U.S. as The Grand Tour: The European Adventure of a Continental Drifter) (ISBN 0-312-30047-6)\nFrench Revolutions: Cycling the Tour de France (2001) (ISBN 0-09-943382-6)\nDo Not Pass Go: From the Old Kent Road to Mayfair (2002) (ISBN 0-09-943386-9)\nSpanish Steps: Travels With My Donkey (2004) (ISBN 0-09-947194-9) (published in the USA as Travels with My Donkey: One Man and His Ass on a Pilgrimage to Santiago) (ISBN 0-312-32083-3)\nNul Points (2006) (ISBN 0-224-07780-5)\nI Believe in Yesterday: My Adventures in Living History (2008) (ISBN 0-224-07781-3)\nYou are Awful (But I Like You): Travels in Unloved Britain (2012) (ISBN 0-224-09011-9)\nGironimo! Riding the Very Terrible 1914 Tour of Italy (2014) (ISBN 978-0224092074)\nThe Cyclist Who Went Out in the Cold: Adventures Along the Iron Curtain (2016) (ISBN 978-0224100205)\nAnother Fine Mess: Across the USA in a Ford Model T (2018) (ISBN 978-1787290297)\nVuelta Skelter: Riding the Remarkable 1941 Tour of Spain (2021) (ISBN 978-1787333055)","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
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| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Birmingham
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Anglican Diocese of Birmingham
|
["1 Cathedral","2 Bishops","3 Archdeaconries and deaneries","4 Churches","4.1 Not in a deanery","4.2 Deanery of Aston","4.3 Deanery of Coleshill","4.4 Deanery of Polesworth","4.5 Deanery of Solihull","4.6 Deanery of Sutton Coldfield","4.7 Deanery of Yardley and Bordesley","4.8 Deanery of Central Birmingham","4.9 Deanery of Edgbaston","4.10 Deanery of Handsworth","4.11 Deanery of King's Norton","4.12 Deanery of Moseley","4.13 Deanery of Shirley","4.14 Deanery of Warley","5 Safeguarding controversy","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Diocese of the Church of England
For the English Catholic diocese, see Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Birmingham. For the American Catholic diocese, see Roman Catholic Diocese of Birmingham in Alabama.
Diocese of BirminghamDioecesis BirminghamiensisCoat of armsFlagLocationEcclesiastical provinceCanterburyArchdeaconriesAston, BirminghamStatisticsParishes162Churches195InformationDenominationChurch of EnglandEstablished1905CathedralCathedral Church of Saint PhilipLanguageEnglishCurrent leadershipBishopMichael Volland, Bishop of BirminghamSuffraganAnne Hollinghurst, Bishop of AstonArchdeaconsJenny Tomlinson, Archdeacon of BirminghamArchdeacon of Aston (vacant)Websitebirmingham.anglican.org
The Diocese of Birmingham is a diocese founded in 1905 in the Church of England's Province of Canterbury, covering the north-west of the traditional county of Warwickshire, the south-east of the traditional county of Staffordshire and the north-east of the traditional county of Worcestershire (now the central section of the West Midlands and small parts of south Staffordshire, north Warwickshire and north Worcestershire) in England.
Cathedral
The see is in the centre of the City of Birmingham, where the seat of the diocese is located at the Cathedral Church of Saint Philip.
The 18th-century parish church of Saint Philip in Birmingham was elevated to cathedral status in 1905 when the see was founded, on 13 January 1905. Previously the area had been part of the Diocese of Worcester.
Bishops
Besides the diocesan Bishop of Birmingham (Michael Volland) and the Bishop suffragan of Aston (Anne Hollinghurst; which see was created in 1954), there are three retired bishops resident in (or near) the diocese who are licensed to serve as honorary assistant bishops:
2002–present: Maurice Sinclair is a retired Presiding Bishop of the Southern Cone living in Selly Park.
2003–present: Mark Santer is a retired diocesan Bishop of Birmingham living in Moseley.
2005–present: Iraj Mottahedeh is a retired diocesan Bishop of Iran who lives in Church Aston, Shropshire, in the neighbouring Lichfield diocese.
Since 1994, alternative episcopal oversight (for parishes in the diocese who reject the ministry of women priests) is provided by the provincial episcopal visitor, the Bishop suffragan of Oswestry (since 2023 Paul Thomas), who is licensed as an honorary assistant bishop of the diocese in order to facilitate his work there.
Archdeaconries and deaneries
The former deaneries of Yardley and Bordesley were merged in 2000. Central Birmingham was known as Birmingham City until 1996 and then Birmingham City Centre until 2004.
Diocese
Archdeaconries
Rural Deaneries
Paid clergy
Churches
Population
People/clergy
People/church
Churches/clergy
Diocese of Birmingham
Archdeaconry of Aston
Deanery of Aston
7
10
94,960
13,566
9,496
1.43
Deanery of Coleshill
15
18
137,541
9,169
7,641
1.2
Deanery of Polesworth
7
18
39,549
5,650
2,197
2.57
Deanery of Solihull
13
13
77,632
5,972
5,972
1
Deanery of Sutton Coldfield
14
14
102,817
7,344
7,344
1
Deanery of Yardley & Bordesley
9
16
206,603
22,956
12,913
1.78
Archdeaconry of Birmingham
Deanery of Central Birmingham
11.5*
9*
51,631*
4,490
5,737
0.78
Deanery of Edgbaston
14
13
129,568
9,255
9,967
0.93
Deanery of Handsworth
9.5
14
164,792
17,347
11,771
1.47
Deanery of King's Norton
14
17
125,538
8,967
7,385
1.21
Deanery of Moseley
15
16
134,813
8,988
8,426
1.07
Deanery of Shirley
12
15
112,341
9,362
7,489
1.25
Deanery of Warley
7
11
121,861
17,409
11,078
1.57
Total/average
148
184
1,499,646
10,133
8,150
1.24
*including Cathedral
Churches
Last fully updated 8 September 2018.
Not in a deanery
Benefice
Churches
Link
Clergy
Population served
Ref
Cathedra
Cathedral of St Philip, Birmingham (1715)
Dean: Matt Thompson
Canon Liturgist: Josephine Houghton
Canon Missioner: Andy Delmege
5,310
Deanery of Aston
Benefice
Churches
Link
Clergy
Population served
Ref
Aston (St James) (St Peter and St Paul) and Nechells
SS Peter & Paul, Aston (MED)
St James, Aston (1891)
St Matthew, Nechells (1839)
Vicar: Philip Nott
Associate Vicar: Becky Jones
Curate (NSM): Giyanow Kayla
23,808
Erdington (St Barnabas)
St Barnabas, Erdington (1822)
Vicar: Freda Evans
Curate: Siobhan Bridge
17,167
Erdington (St Chad)
St Chad, Erdington (1914)
Vicar: Nic Blackwell
7,232
Erdington Christ the King
St Martin, Perry Common
St Margaret, Short Heath
Vicar: Ruth Souter
19,137
Gravelly Hill (All Saints)
All Saints, Gravelly Hill (1900)
Vicar/Priest-in-Charge: Richard Walker-Hill
17,313
Stockland Green (St Mark)
St Mark, Stockland Green (1908)
Pype Hayes (St Mary the Virgin)
St Mary the Virgin, Pype Hayes (1929)
Vicar: Vacant
10,303
Deanery of Coleshill
Benefice
Churches
Link
Clergy
Population served
Ref
Castle Bromwich (St Clement)
St Clement of Alexandria, Castle Bromwich
Vicar: Stuart Carter
Curate: Andi Thomas
12,593
Castle Bromwich (St Mary and St Margaret)
SS Mary & Margaret, Castle Bromwich
Rector: Mark Hopkins
7,559
Chelmsley Wood (St Andrew)
St Andrew, Chelmsley Wood
Rector: Michael Harmon
NSM: Helene Harmon
16,194
Garretts Green (St Thomas) and Tile Cross
St Thomas, Garretts Green
Vicar: Vacant
NSM: Susan Larkin
19,423
St Peter, Tile Cross
Hodge Hill (St Philip and St James)
SS Philip & James, Hodge Hill
Team Rector: Alastair Barrett
Curate: Jenni Crewes
NSM: Sally Nash
19,008
Kingshurst (St Barnabas)
St Barnabas, Kingshurst
Vicar: Jo Johnson
8,882
Lea Hall (St Richard)
St Richard, Lea Hall
Vicar: Paul Bracher
8,389
Marston Green (St Leonard)
St Leonard, Marston Green
Vicar: Penny Harrison
Curate: Joseph Roberts
6,793
Coleshill (St Peter and St Paul)
SS Peter & Paul, Coleshill
Vicar: Nick Parker
6,717
Maxstoke (St Michael and All Angels)
St Michael & All Angels, Maxstoke
Shard End (All Saints)
All Saints, Shard End (1954)
Vicar: Anthony Clucas
11,532
Sheldon (St Giles)
St Giles, Sheldon (MED)
Hon. Priest-in-Charge: Alexandra Lavin
Curate: Mandy Harris
14,906
Water Orton (St Peter and St Paul)
SS Peter & Paul, Water Orton (MED)
Vicar: Paul Tullett
3,444
The Whitacres, Lea Marston, and Shustoke
St John the Baptist, Lea Marton
St Cuthbert, Shustoke
St Giles, Nether Whitacre
St Leonard, Over Whitacre
Rector: Becky Stephens
2,101
Deanery of Polesworth
Benefice
Churches
Link
Clergy
Population served
Ref
All Souls, North Warwickshire, Comprising Austrey, Newton Regis, Seckington, Shuttington, and Warton
St Nicholas, Austrey
St Mary, Newton Regis
All Saints, Seckington
St Matthew, Shuttington
Holy Trinity, Warton
Rector: Stephen Banks
3,360
Amington (St Editha)
St Editha, Amington (MED)
Vicar: Ben Green
8,250
Baddesley Ensor (St Nicholas) with Grendon
St Nicholas, Baddesley Ensor
All Saints, Grendon
Vicar: Roger Chamberlain
3,537
Baxterley (Not Known) with Hurley and Wood End and Merevale with Bentley
Baxterley Parish Church (MED)
Resurrection, Hurley (1861)
St Michael & All Angels, Wood End (1906)
St Mary the Virgin, Merevale (MED)
Priest-in-Charge: John White
NSM: Carole Young
8,055
Kingsbury (St Peter and St Paul)
SS Peter & Paul, Kingsbury (MED)
Dordon (St Leonard)
St Leonard, Dordon
St Mary, Freasley
Vicar: Ann Simmons
3,192
Dosthill (St Paul)
St Paul, Dosthill (1870)
Vicar: Louise Shaw
NSM: Mark Waterstreet
6,158
Polesworth (St Editha)
Abbey Church of St Editha, Polesworth (MED)
St John, Birchmoor
Vicar: Philip Wells
6,997
Deanery of Solihull
Benefice
Churches
Link
Clergy
Population served
Ref
Balsall Common (St Peter)
St Peter, Balsall Common
Vicar: Peter Thomas
5,459
Barston (St Swithin)
St Swithin, Barston
Priest-in-Charge/Rector: Stuart Dimes
3,061
Hampton-In-Arden (St Mary and St Bartholomew) with Bickenhill St Peter
SS Mary & Bartholomew, Hampton-in-Arden
St Peter, Bickenhill (MED)
Elmdon (St Nicholas) (St Stephen's Church Centre) (Valley Church Centre)
St Nicholas, Elmdon (MED)
St Stephen's Church Centre, Elmdon
Rector: Toby Crowe
8,887
Hobs Moat (St Mary)
St Mary, Hobs Moat
Priest-in-Charge: Linda Granner
10,508
Knowle (St John the Baptist) (St Lawrence & St Anne)
SS John the Baptist, Lawrence & Anne, Knowle (MED)
Vicar: Michael Parker
Curate: Matt Simpson
Curate: Elizabeth Peachey
NSM: Sue Ashton
9,165
Olton (St Margaret)
St Margaret, Olton
Vicar: Dominic Wright
NSM: Susan Chandler
11,019
Solihull (Catherine De Barnes) (St Alphege) (St Helen) (St Michael)
St Alphege, Solihull
St Helen, Solihull
St Michael, Solihull
Team Rector: Jane Kenchington
Team Vicar: Simon Marshall
Team Vicar: Helen Greenham
Curate: Samuel Gibson
NSM: Roy Murray
28,526
Temple Balsall (St Mary)
St Mary the Virgin, Temple Balsall (MED)
Vicar: Kathleen Lloyd Roberts
1,007
Deanery of Sutton Coldfield
Benefice
Churches
Link
Clergy
Population served
Ref
Boldmere (St Michael)
St Michael, Boldmere
Vicar: Gary Birchall
Curate: Catherine Walker
NSM: Emma Sykes
14,291
Castle Vale (St Cuthbert of Lindisfarne) with Minworth
St Cuthbert of Lindisfarne, Castle Vale (1973)
St George the Martyr, Minworth (1909)
Vicar: James Cope
11,470
Curdworth (St Nicholas and St Peter Ad Vincula) (St George), Middleton and Wishaw
SS Nicholas & Peter ad Vincula, Curdworth (MED)
St John the Baptist, Middleton (MED)
St Chad, Wishaw (MED)
Rector: Vacant
1,981
Four Oaks (All Saints)
All Saints, Four Oaks (1908)
Vicar: David Leahy
Curate: Jonathan Flitcroft
6,498
Hill (St James)
St James, Hill (1835)
Vicar: A. Daniel Ramble
NSM: Judith Ramble
12,269
Maney (St Peter)
St Peter, Maney (1877)
Vicar: Matthew Rhodes
6,003
Sutton Coldfield (Holy Trinity)
Holy Trinity, Sutton Coldfield (MED)
Rector: John Routh
10,736
Sutton Coldfield (St Chad)
St Chad, Sutton Coldfield (pre-1927)
Vicar: Jonathan Nicholas
14,461
Sutton Coldfield (St Columba)
St Columba, Sutton Coldfield
Vicar: Beccy Allen
6,767
Walmley (St John the Evangelist)
St John the Evangelist, Walmley
Vicar: Patrick Doel
Curate: Adrian Evans
Curate: Ben Cook
13,340
Wylde Green (Emmanuel)
Emmanuel, Wylde Green (1909)
Priest-in-Charge: John Bridge
5,001
Deanery of Yardley and Bordesley
Benefice
Churches
Link
Clergy
Population served
Ref
Acocks Green (St Mary)
St Mary the Virgin, Acocks Green (1864)
Vicar: Andrew Bullock
15,747
Bordesley (St Benedict)
St Benedict, Bordesley (1898)
Priest-in-Charge: Roger Sheppard
10,850
Saltley (St Saviour) and Washwood Heath
St Saviour, Saltley (1848)
St Mark, Washwood Heath (1890)
Vicar: Alan Thompson
28,747
Small Heath (All Saints)
All Saints, Small Heath (1893)
Vicar: Julian Sampson
25,580
Sparkbrook (Christ Church)
Christ Church, Sparkbrook (1867)
Priest-in-Charge: Richard Sudworth
7,000
Sparkhill (St John the Evangelist)
St John the Evangelist, Sparkhill (1888)
Vicar: Vacant
20,694
Springfield (St Christopher)
St Christopher, Springfield (1906)
Vicar: Tom Thomas
7,638
Stechford (All Saints) (St Andrew)
All Saints, Stechford (1897)
Vicar: Griphus Gakuru
12,616
Tyseley (St Edmund)
St Edmund, Tyseley
Vicar: Vacant
11,048
Ward End Holy Trinity (St Margaret) with Bordesley Green
Christ Church, Ward End
St Margaret, Ward End
Vicar: Vacant
Curate: Susan Barter
27,753
St Paul, Bordesley Green (1912)
Yardley (St Cyprian) Hay Mill
St Cyprian, Hay Mills (1860)
Priest-in-Charge: Vacant
21,470
Yardley, South (St Michael and All Angels)
St Michael & All Angels, South Yardley
Yardley (St Edburgha)
St Edburgha, Yardley (MED)
Vicar: William Sands
17,460
Deanery of Central Birmingham
Benefice
Churches
Link
Clergy
Population served
Ref
Birmingham (St George)
St George, Newtown
Priest-in-Charge: Alison Cozens
6,837
Birmingham (St Luke)
St Luke, Gas Street
Priest-in-Charge: Tim Hughes
Curate: Amanda Howett
Curate: Nick Drake
Curate: Chris Mitton
10,839
Birmingham (St Martin-In-The-Bull-Ring) with Bordesley St Andrew
St Martin in the Bull Ring, Birmingham (MED)
Rector: Jeremy Allcock
NSM: Elsie Blair-Chappell
4,083
Birmingham (St Paul)
St Paul, Birmingham (1777)
Priest-in-Charge: Andrew Gorham
4,565
Highgate (St Alban the Martyr and St Patrick)
St Alban the Martyr, Highgate (1881)
Vicar: Gerry Sykes
4,481
Ladywood (St John the Evangelist) (St Peter)
St John the Evangelist, Ladywood (1852)
Vicar: Ian Harper
Curate: Ivor Lewis
11,030
Sparkbrook (St Agatha) with Balsall Heath St Barnabas
St Agatha, Sparkbrook (1899)
St Barnabas, Balsall Heath (1898)
Hon. Priest-in-Charge: John Luff
4,486
Deanery of Edgbaston
Benefice
Churches
Link
Clergy
Population served
Ref
Bartley Green (St Michael and All Angels)
St Michael & All Angels, Bartley Green (1838)
Vicar: Ruth Atkinson
14,906
Edgbaston (St Augustine)
St Augustine of Hippo, Edgbaston (1867)
Vicar: Matthew Tomlinson
8,843
Edgbaston (St Bartholomew)
St Bartholomew, Edgbaston (MED)
Vicar: Nick Tucker
9,260
Edgbaston (St George with St Michael) (St Michael's Hall)
St George, Edgbaston (1836)
Vicar: Samuel Gibson
3,807
Edgbaston (St Germain)
St Germain, Edgbaston (1915)
Vicar: Vacant
NSM: Sarah Hayes
6,650
Harborne (St Faith and St Laurence)
SS Faith & Laurence, Harborne (1937)
Vicar: Priscilla White
8,784
Harborne (St Peter)
St Peter, Harborne (MED)
Vicar: Graeme Richardson
10,825
Harborne Heath (St John the Baptist)
St John the Baptist, Harborne
Vicar: Leonard Browne
Curate: Fiona Robertson
7,080
Quinton Road West (St Boniface)
St Boniface, Quinton
Vicar: Raymond Yates
NSM: Janet Knox
10,198
Quinton, the (Christ Church)
Christ Church, Quinton (1840)
Rector: Jennifer Arnold
Curate: Rachel Heathfield
NSM: Andrew Wells
17,361
Selly Oak (St Mary)
St Mary, Selly Oak (1860)
Vicar: Jim Cox
NSM: Jayne Adams
NSM: David Parker
10,893
Summerfield (Christ Church) (Cavendish Road Hall)
Christ Church, Summerfield (1883)
Vicar: Peter Sainsbury
10,745
Weoley Castle (St Gabriel)
St Gabriel, Weoley Castle (1934)
Vicar: Fiona Harrison-Smith
10,216
Deanery of Handsworth
Benefice
Churches
Link
Clergy
Population served
Ref
Birchfield (Holy Trinity)
Holy Trinity, Birchfield (1863)
Vicar: Evadne Pitts
17,809
Hamstead (St Bernard)
St Bernard, Hamstead
Priest-in-Charge: Denise Jones
6,136
Hamstead (St Paul)
St Paul, Hamstead (1865)
Vicar: Vacant
14,970
Handsworth (St Andrew)
St Andrew, Handsworth (1894)
Vicar/Priest-in-Charge: Douglas Machiridza
NSM (St James, GNAC): Jaisher Chaudhary
NSM (St James): Wayne Hamilton
31,328
Handsworth (St James)
St James, Handsworth (1838)
Handsworth (Good News Asian Church) Proprietary Chapel
Good News Asian Church, Handsworth
Birmingham (Bishop Latimer with All Saints)
Bishop Latimer Memorial, Winson Green (1903)
Priest-in-Charge/Vicar: Vacant
NSM (St Michael): Jaisher Chaudhary
19,786
Handsworth (St Michael) (St Peter)
St Michael, Handsworth (1851)
Handsworth (St Mary) Epiphany
St Mary, Handsworth (MED)
Rector: Robert Stephen
14,834
Kingstanding (St Luke)
St Luke, Kingstanding
Vicar: Barry Smart
16,156
Kingstanding (St Mark)
St Mark, Kingstanding (1952)
Vicar: Philip Calvert
8,921
Perry Barr (St John the Evangelist)
St John the Evangelist, Perry Barr (1831)
Vicar: Barrie Scott
Curate: Laura Ward
12,242
Perry Beeches (St Matthew)
St Matthew, Perry Beeches (1939)
Vicar: Adam Romanis
14,568
Lozells (St Paul and St Silas)
SS Paul & Silas, Lozells
Priest-in-Charge: Alison Cozens (see above)
8,042
Deanery of King's Norton
Benefice
Churches
Link
Clergy
Population served
Ref
Allens Cross (St Bartholomew)
St Bartholomew, Allen's Cross (1938)
Priest-in-Charge: Anne Ladd
Curate: Nick Ladd
14,795
Cofton Hackett (St Michael) with Barnt Green
St Michael & All Angels, Cofton Hackett (MED)
St Andrew, Barnt Green
Vicar: Rob Fieldson
Curate: Sheridan Gidney
3,569
Cotteridge (St Agnes)
The Cotteridge Church (Meth/CofE/URC) (1898)
Minister: Michael Claridge
NSM: Roger Collins
4,680
Frankley (St Leonard)
St Leonard, Frankley (MED)
St Christopher, Holly Hill
Priest-in-Charge: Jane Platt
8,427
Kings Norton (St Nicolas)
St Nicolas, Kings Norton (MED)
Immanuel, Kings Norton
Hawkesley Church
Team Rector: Lawrence Wright
Curate: Catherine Matlock
NSM: Eliakim Ikechukwu
28,374
Lickey (Holy Trinity)
Holy Trinity, Lickey (1855)
St Catherine, Blackwell
Vicar: Vacant
4,292
Longbridge (St John the Baptist)
St John the Baptist, Longbridge
Vicar: Colin Corke
9,233
Northfield (St Laurence)
St Laurence, Northfield (MED)
Rector: Janet Craven
NSM: David Pycock
15,713
Rednal (St Stephen the Martyr)
St Stephen the Martyr, Rednal (1951)
Vicar: Thomas Sotonwa
NSM: Stephen Jones
7,166
Rubery (St Chad)
St Chad, Rubery (1895)
Vicar: Claire Turner
Curate: Sean Clancy
9,725
Shenley Green (St David)
St David, Shenley Green (1962)
Vicar: Mark Bennett
9,165
West Heath (St Anne)
St Anne, West Heath
Vicar: Vacant
10,399
Deanery of Moseley
Benefice
Churches
Link
Clergy
Population served
Ref
Balsall Heath (St Paul) and Edgbaston
St Paul, Balsall Heath (1852)
SS Mary & Ambrose, Edgbaston (1891)
Vicar: Paul Leckey
18,375
Billesley Common (Holy Cross)
Holy Cross, Billesley Common
Vicar: Debra Collins
9,486
Bournville (St Francis)
St Francis of Assisi, Bournville (1913)
Vicar: Peter Babington
Curate: Gail Rogers
8,062
Brandwood (St Bede)
St Bede, Brandwood
Vicar: Andrew Delmege
8,996
Hazelwell (St Mary Magdalen)
St Mary Magdalen, Hazelwell
Vicar: Moira Forbes
6,496
Highters Heath (Immanuel)
Immanuel, Highters Heath
Vicar: Vacant
9,608
Kings Heath (All Saints)
All Saints, King's Heath (1860)
Vicar: David Warbrick
12,613
Moseley (St Agnes)
St Agnes, Moseley (1883)
Vicar: Philip Ansell
10,083
Moseley (St Anne) (St Mary)
St Mary, Moseley (MED)
St Anne, Moseley (1874)
Vicar: Duncan Strathie
Curate: Hazel White
NSM: Conan Chitham-Mosley
14,346
Selly Park (Christ Church)
Christ Church, Selly Park (1977)
Vicar: Geoff Latham
5,503
Selly Park (St Stephen) (St Wulstan)
St Stephen, Selly Park (1870)
St Wulstan, Selly Park
Vicar: Chris Hobbs
Curate: Andy Martin
14,099
Stirchley (Ascension)
Ascension, Stirchley (1898)
Vicar: Catherine Grylls
6,256
Yardley Wood (Christ Church)
Christ Church, Yardley Wood (1848)
Vicar: Lydia Gaston
10,890
Deanery of Shirley
Benefice
Churches
Link
Clergy
Population served
Ref
Dorridge (St Philip)
St Philip, Dorridge
St James, Bentley Heath
Vicar: Timothy Hill-Brown
Curate: Jonathan Tattersall
Hon. Curate: Rachel Hill-Brown
9,411
Hall Green (Church of the Ascension)
Ascension, Hall Green (1704)
Vicar: Nejib Boumenjel
14,839
Hall Green (St Michael)
St Michael, Hall Green
Priest-in-Charge/Vicar: Martin Stephenson
Curate (St Peter): Jess Foster
23,505
Hall Green (St Peter)
St Peter, Hall Green (1923)
Lapworth (St Mary the Virgin)
St Mary the Virgin, Lapworth
Rector: Patrick Gerard
1,611
Baddesley Clinton (St Michael)
St Michael, Baddesley Clinton
Packwood (St Giles) with Hockley Heath
St Giles, Packwood
St Thomas, Nuthurst
Vicar: Marc Catley
2,657
Salter Street (St Patrick)
St Patrick, Salter Street (1840)
Vicar: Julie Humphries
12,732
Shirley (St James the Great)
St James the Great, Shirley (1831)
St John the Divine, Shirley
Christ the King, Shirley
Vicar: Peter Law-Jones
Curate: Paul Day
35,412
Tanworth (St Mary Magdalene)
St Mary Magdalene, Tanworth-in-Arden (MED)
Vicar: Paul Cudby
2,460
Wythall (St Mary)
St Mary, Wythall (1862)
Vicar: Vacant
Curate: Michelle Parton
9,714
Deanery of Warley
Benefice
Churches
Link
Clergy
Population served
Ref
Bearwood (St Mary the Virgin)
St Mary the Virgin, Bearwood (1888)
Vicar: Anthony Perry
6,811
Blackheath (St Paul)
St Paul, Blackheath (1869)
Vicar/Priest-in-Charge: Mike Sermon
Curate (Blackheath): Arif Anees
23,970
Rounds Green (St James)
St James, Rounds Green
Oldbury (Christ Church), Langley, and Londonderry
Christ Church, Oldbury
St John & Michael, Langley
St Mark, Londonderry
Vicar: Kathy Evans
27,664
Rowley Regis (St Giles)
St Giles, Rowley Regis (MED)
Vicar: Vacant
17,777
Smethwick (Old Church)
Smethwick Old Church (1732)
Vicar: Deb Buckley
8,973
Smethwick (Resurrection) (St Stephen and St Michael)
Holy Trinity, Smethwick (1846)
Vicar: David Gould
NSM: Nick Ross
15,924
Smethwick (St Matthew with St Chad)
St Matthew, Smethwick (1855)
Hon. Priest-in-Charge: Lucille Arlidge
10,199
Warley Woods (St Hilda)
St Hilda, Warley Woods (1906)
Vicar: Jennifer Crewes
10,543
Safeguarding controversy
In December 2018 the diocese was criticised for its use of a Non-disclosure Agreement (NDA) in relation to an abuse case. The survivor described the ten-year process since her first complaint as "haphazard" and claimed she was warned by an unnamed bishop not to talk to the media as it wouldn't be "very godly". The diocese carried out an independent review which delivered damning findings about the handling of her case by the (then) Bishop of Birmingham, David Urquhart, and then forced the survivor to sign the NDA before she was permitted to see the review into her own case. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, had previously questioned the legitimacy of these agreements in March 2018 at the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse A non-disclosure agreement seems to me to be dangerous because it creates suspicion, 'Why are you doing an NDA? Surely you're trying to cover something up'. The Bishop of Buckingham, Alan Wilson, commenting on the scandal said it was the fourth "corrupt and destructive" non-disclosure agreement (NDA) that had come to his attention since September.
They seem inherently abusive, mainly used to provide a carpet under which to sweep abuse. If people really want them they should be time-limited with reasons.
He said he was unable to share details of the other cases but that some were "complete shockers". The Diocese of Birmingham said the NDA had been used to ensure that those who read the report did not share information provided by other contributors who wanted to remain anonymous. A Church of England spokesperson stated that guidance would be sent to all dioceses to discourage use of these agreements. The bishop and the diocese apologised to the survivor and her husband.
See also
Christianity portalEngland portal
Religion in Birmingham
References
^ "No. 27754". The London Gazette. 13 January 1905. pp. 311–312.
^ http://www.birmingham.anglican.org/content/content_information_contact.asp Section: Honorary Assistant Bishops
^ "Sinclair, Rt Rev. Maurice Walter". Who's Who. Vol. 2014 (December 2013 online ed.). A & C Black. Retrieved 25 April 2014. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "Santer, Rt Rev. Mark". Who's Who. Vol. 2014 (December 2013 online ed.). A & C Black. Retrieved 25 April 2014. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^
"Iraj Kalimi Mottahedeh". Crockford's Clerical Directory (online ed.). Church House Publishing. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
^ "Holloway Simon~A Bridge and a Plough". Issuu. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
^ "Deanery of Central Birmingham". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ken Eames (26 January 2022). Church of England parish map (Map). ArcGIS Online. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
^ "CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF ST PHILIP". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Aston (St James) (St Peter and St Paul) and Nechells". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Erdington (St Barnabas)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Erdington (St Chad)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Erdington Christ the King". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Gravelly Hill (All Saints)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Stockland Green (St Mark)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Pype Hayes (St Mary the Virgin)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Castle Bromwich (St Clement)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Castle Bromwich (St Mary and St Margaret)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Chelmsley Wood (St Andrew)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Garretts Green (St Thomas) and Tile Cross". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Hodge Hill (St Philip and St James)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Kingshurst (St Barnabas)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Lea Hall (St Richard)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Marston Green (St Leonard)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Coleshill (St Peter and St Paul)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Maxstoke (St Michael and All Angels)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Shard End (All Saints)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Sheldon (St Giles)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Water Orton (St Peter and St Paul)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Whitacres, Lea Marston, and Shustoke, The". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of All Souls, North Warwickshire, Comprising Austrey, Newton Regis, Seckington, Shuttington, and Warton". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Amington (St Editha)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Baddesley Ensor (St Nicholas) with Grendon". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Baxterley (Not Known) with Hurley and Wood End and Merevale with Bentley". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Kingsbury (St Peter and St Paul)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Dordon (St Leonard)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Dosthill (St Paul)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Polesworth (St Editha)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Balsall Common (St Peter)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Barston (St Swithin)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Hampton-In-Arden (St Mary and St Bartholomew) with Bickenhill St Peter". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Elmdon (St Nicholas) (St Stephen's Church Centre) (Valley Church Centre)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Hobs Moat (St Mary)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Knowle (St John the Baptist) (St Lawrence and St Anne)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Olton (St Margaret)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Solihull (Catherine De Barnes) (St Alphege) (St Helen) (St Michael)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Temple Balsall (St Mary)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Boldmere (St Michael)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Castle Vale (St Cuthbert of Lindisfarne) with Minworth". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Curdworth (St Nicholas and St Peter Ad Vincula) (St George), Middleton and Wishaw". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Four Oaks (All Saints)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Hill (St James)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Maney (St Peter)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Sutton Coldfield (Holy Trinity)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Sutton Coldfield (St Chad)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Sutton Coldfield (St Columba)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Walmley (St John the Evangelist)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Wylde Green (Emmanuel)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Acocks Green (St Mary)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Bordesley (St Benedict)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Saltley (St Saviour) and Washwood Heath". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Small Heath (All Saints)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Sparkbrook (Christ Church)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Sparkhill (St John the Evangelist)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Springfield (St Christopher)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Stechford (All Saints) (St Andrew)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Tyseley (St Edmund)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Ward End Holy Trinity (St Margaret) with Bordesley Green". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Yardley (St Cyprian) Hay Mill". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Yardley, South (St Michael and All Angels)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Yardley (St Edburgha)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Birmingham (St George)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Birmingham (St Luke)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Birmingham (St Martin-In-The-Bull-Ring) with Bordesley St Andrew". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Birmingham (St Paul)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Highgate (St Alban the Martyr and St Patrick)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Ladywood (St John the Evangelist) (St Peter)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Sparkbrook (St Agatha) with Balsall Heath St Barnabas". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Bartley Green (St Michael and All Angels)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Edgbaston (St Augustine)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Edgbaston (St Bartholomew)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Edgbaston (St George with St Michael) (St Michael's Hall)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Edgbaston (St Germain)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Harborne (St Faith and St Laurence)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Harborne (St Peter)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Harborne Heath (St John the Baptist)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Quinton Road West (St Boniface)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Quinton, the (Christ Church)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Selly Oak (St Mary)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Summerfield (Christ Church) (Cavendish Road Hall)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Weoley Castle (St Gabriel)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Birchfield (Holy Trinity)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Hamstead (St Bernard)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Hamstead (St Paul)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Handsworth (St Andrew)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Handsworth (St James)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "Handsworth (Good News Asian Church) Proprietary Chapel". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Birmingham (Bishop Latimer with All Saints)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Handsworth (St Michael) (St Peter)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Handsworth (St Mary) Epiphany". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Kingstanding (St Luke)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Kingstanding (St Mark)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Perry Barr (St John the Evangelist)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Perry Beeches (St Matthew)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Lozells (St Paul and St Silas)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Allens Cross (St Bartholomew)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Cofton Hackett (St Michael) with Barnt Green". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Cotteridge (St Agnes)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Frankley (St Leonard)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Kings Norton (St Nicolas)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Lickey, the (Holy Trinity)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Longbridge (St John the Baptist)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Northfield (St Laurence)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Rednal (St Stephen the Martyr)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Rubery (St Chad)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Shenley Green (St David)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of West Heath (St Anne)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Balsall Heath (St Paul) and Edgbaston". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Billesley Common (Holy Cross)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Bournville (St Francis)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Brandwood (St Bede)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Hazelwell (St Mary Magdalen)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Highters Heath (Immanuel)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Kings Heath (All Saints)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Moseley (St Agnes)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Moseley (St Anne) (St Mary)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Selly Park (Christ Church)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Selly Park (St Stephen) (St Wulstan)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Stirchley (Ascension)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Yardley Wood (Christ Church)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Dorridge (St Philip)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Hall Green (Church of the Ascension)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Hall Green (St Michael)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Hall Green (St Peter)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Lapworth (St Mary the Virgin)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Baddesley Clinton (St Michael)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Packwood (St Giles) with Hockley Heath". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Salter Street (St Patrick)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Shirley (St James the Great)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Tanworth (St Mary Magdalene)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Wythall (St Mary)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Bearwood (St Mary the Virgin)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Blackheath (St Paul)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Rounds Green (St James)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Oldbury (Christ Church), Langley, and Londonderry". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Rowley Regis (St Giles)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Smethwick (Old Church)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Smethwick (Resurrection) (St Stephen and St Michael)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Smethwick (St Matthew with St Chad)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "The Benefice of Warley Woods (St Hilda)". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ "Church of England gags abuse victim with NDA". Channel 4. 5 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^ "Case of vicar said to have stripped off clothes in front of woman 'hushed up by Church of England'". The Telegraph. 5 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^ "Church cover-up claims over 'sex pest Harborne vicar who walked around naked'". Birmingham Mail. 6 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^ "Birmingham diocese defends gagging order for survivor". Church Times. 6 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
Church of England statistics 2002 Archived 3 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine
Terry Slater, 2005, A Centenary History of the Diocese of Birmingham, Phillimore, Chichester
External links
Diocesan website
Churches in the Diocese of Birmingham ("A Church Near You")
vteAnglican dioceses in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Isle of Man and Channel IslandsChurch of England(list of dioceses)Provinceof Canterbury
Bath and Wells
Birmingham
Bristol
Canterbury
Chelmsford
Chichester
Coventry
Derby
Ely
Europe
Exeter
Gloucester
Guildford
Hereford
Leicester
Lichfield
Lincoln
London
Norwich
Oxford
Peterborough
Portsmouth
Rochester
St Albans
St Edmundsbury and Ipswich
Salisbury
Southwark
Truro
Winchester
Worcester
Provinceof York
Blackburn
Carlisle
Chester
Durham
Leeds
Liverpool
Manchester
Newcastle
Sheffield
Sodor and Man
Southwell and Nottingham
York
Church in Wales
Bangor
Llandaff
Monmouth
St Asaph
St Davids
Swansea and Brecon
Scottish Episcopal Church
Aberdeen and Orkney
Argyll and The Isles
Brechin
Edinburgh
Glasgow and Galloway
Moray, Ross and Caithness
St Andrews, Dunkeld and Dunblane
Church of IrelandProvince of Armagh
Armagh
Clogher
Connor
Derry and Raphoe
Down and Dromore
Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh
Province of Dublin
Cashel and Ossory
Cork, Cloyne and Ross
Dublin and Glendalough
Tuam, Limerick and Killaloe
Meath and Kildare
vteDiocese of Birmingham
St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham
Bishop's Croft, Harborne
Diocesan Office, Birmingham
Office holders
Michael Volland, Bishop of Birmingham
Anne Hollinghurst, Bishop suffragan of Aston
AEO: Paul Thomas, Bishop suffragan of Oswestry & Rob Munro, Bishop suffragan of Ebbsfleet
Matt Thompson, Dean of Birmingham
Jenny Tomlinson, Archdeacon of Birmingham
Archdeacon of Aston (vacant)
Historic offices
Provost of Birmingham (1931–2000; see Dean of Birmingham)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Birmingham in Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Birmingham_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Province of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"traditional county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"For the English Catholic diocese, see Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Birmingham. For the American Catholic diocese, see Roman Catholic Diocese of Birmingham in Alabama.The Diocese of Birmingham is a diocese founded in 1905 in the Church of England's Province of Canterbury, covering the north-west of the traditional county of Warwickshire, the south-east of the traditional county of Staffordshire and the north-east of the traditional county of Worcestershire (now the central section of the West Midlands and small parts of south Staffordshire, north Warwickshire and north Worcestershire) in England.","title":"Anglican Diocese of Birmingham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"City of Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Cathedral Church of Saint Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Philip%27s_Cathedral,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Saint Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Worcester"}],"text":"The see is in the centre of the City of Birmingham, where the seat of the diocese is located at the Cathedral Church of Saint Philip.The 18th-century parish church of Saint Philip in Birmingham was elevated to cathedral status in 1905 when the see was founded, on 13 January 1905.[1] Previously the area had been part of the Diocese of Worcester.","title":"Cathedral"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop of Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Michael Volland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Volland"},{"link_name":"Bishop suffragan of Aston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Aston"},{"link_name":"Anne Hollinghurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hollinghurst"},{"link_name":"honorary assistant bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_assistant_bishop"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Maurice Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"Presiding Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Southern Cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_the_Southern_Cone_of_America"},{"link_name":"Selly Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selly_Park"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mark Santer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Santer"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Moseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Iraj Mottahedeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraj_Mottahedeh"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Church Aston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Aston"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Lichfield diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Lichfield"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"alternative episcopal oversight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_episcopal_oversight"},{"link_name":"provincial episcopal visitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_episcopal_visitor"},{"link_name":"Bishop suffragan of Oswestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Oswestry"},{"link_name":"Paul Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Thomas_(bishop)"}],"text":"Besides the diocesan Bishop of Birmingham (Michael Volland) and the Bishop suffragan of Aston (Anne Hollinghurst; which see was created in 1954), there are three retired bishops resident in (or near) the diocese who are licensed to serve as honorary assistant bishops:[2][dead link]2002–present: Maurice Sinclair is a retired Presiding Bishop of the Southern Cone living in Selly Park.[3]\n2003–present: Mark Santer is a retired diocesan Bishop of Birmingham living in Moseley.[4]\n2005–present: Iraj Mottahedeh is a retired diocesan Bishop of Iran who lives in Church Aston, Shropshire, in the neighbouring Lichfield diocese.[5]Since 1994, alternative episcopal oversight (for parishes in the diocese who reject the ministry of women priests) is provided by the provincial episcopal visitor, the Bishop suffragan of Oswestry (since 2023 Paul Thomas), who is licensed as an honorary assistant bishop of the diocese in order to facilitate his work there.","title":"Bishops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The former deaneries of Yardley and Bordesley were merged in 2000.[6] Central Birmingham was known as Birmingham City until 1996 and then Birmingham City Centre until 2004.[7]*including Cathedral","title":"Archdeaconries and deaneries"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Last fully updated 8 September 2018.","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Not in a deanery","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Deanery of Aston","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Deanery of Coleshill","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Deanery of Polesworth","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Deanery of Solihull","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Deanery of Sutton Coldfield","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Deanery of Yardley and Bordesley","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Deanery of Central Birmingham","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Deanery of Edgbaston","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Deanery of Handsworth","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Deanery of King's Norton","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Deanery of Moseley","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Deanery of Shirley","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Deanery of Warley","title":"Churches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Non-disclosure Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"David Urquhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Urquhart_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Justin Welby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Welby"},{"link_name":"Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Inquiry_into_Child_Sexual_Abuse"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Buckingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Buckingham"},{"link_name":"Alan Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Wilson_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"}],"text":"In December 2018 the diocese was criticised for its use of a Non-disclosure Agreement (NDA) in relation to an abuse case. The survivor described the ten-year process since her first complaint as \"haphazard\" and claimed she was warned by an unnamed bishop not to talk to the media as it wouldn't be \"very godly\". The diocese carried out an independent review which delivered damning findings about the handling of her case by the (then) Bishop of Birmingham, David Urquhart, and then forced the survivor to sign the NDA before she was permitted to see the review into her own case. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, had previously questioned the legitimacy of these agreements in March 2018 at the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual AbuseA non-disclosure agreement seems to me to be dangerous because it creates suspicion, 'Why are you doing an NDA? Surely you're trying to cover something up'.The Bishop of Buckingham, Alan Wilson, commenting on the scandal said it was the fourth \"corrupt and destructive\" non-disclosure agreement (NDA) that had come to his attention since September.They seem inherently abusive, mainly used to provide a carpet under which to sweep abuse. If people really want them they should be time-limited with reasons.He said he was unable to share details of the other cases but that some were \"complete shockers\". The Diocese of Birmingham said the NDA had been used to ensure that those who read the report did not share information provided by other contributors who wanted to remain anonymous. A Church of England spokesperson stated that guidance would be sent to all dioceses to discourage use of these agreements. The bishop and the diocese apologised to the survivor and her husband.[151][152][153][154]","title":"Safeguarding controversy"}]
|
[]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"title":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"title":"England portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:England"},{"title":"Religion in Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Birmingham"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"No. 27754\". The London Gazette. 13 January 1905. pp. 311–312.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27754/page/311","url_text":"\"No. 27754\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Sinclair, Rt Rev. Maurice Walter\". Who's Who. Vol. 2014 (December 2013 online ed.). A & C Black. Retrieved 25 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U34994","url_text":"\"Sinclair, Rt Rev. Maurice Walter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"}]},{"reference":"\"Santer, Rt Rev. Mark\". Who's Who. Vol. 2014 (December 2013 online ed.). A & C Black. Retrieved 25 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U33865","url_text":"\"Santer, Rt Rev. Mark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"}]},{"reference":"\"Iraj Kalimi Mottahedeh\". Crockford's Clerical Directory (online ed.). Church House Publishing. Retrieved 18 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/clergydetail?clergyid=21172","url_text":"\"Iraj Kalimi Mottahedeh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crockford%27s_Clerical_Directory","url_text":"Crockford's Clerical Directory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_House_Publishing","url_text":"Church House Publishing"}]},{"reference":"\"Holloway Simon~A Bridge and a Plough\". Issuu. Retrieved 8 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/thesheffieldcentre/docs/holloway-simon-a-bridge-and-a-plough","url_text":"\"Holloway Simon~A Bridge and a Plough\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deanery of Central Birmingham\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1121/central-birmingham","url_text":"\"Deanery of Central Birmingham\""}]},{"reference":"\"CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF ST PHILIP\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/-196/st-philip","url_text":"\"CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF ST PHILIP\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Aston (St James) (St Peter and St Paul) and Nechells\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/865/the-benefice-of-aston-(st-james)-(st-peter-and-st-paul)-and-nechells","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Aston (St James) (St Peter and St Paul) and Nechells\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Erdington (St Barnabas)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/89218/the-benefice-of-erdington-(st-barnabas)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Erdington (St Barnabas)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Erdington (St Chad)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/89219/the-benefice-of-erdington-(st-chad)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Erdington (St Chad)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Erdington Christ the King\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/960/the-benefice-of-erdington-christ-the-king","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Erdington Christ the King\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Gravelly Hill (All Saints)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/966/the-benefice-of-gravelly-hill-(all-saints)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Gravelly Hill (All Saints)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Stockland Green (St Mark)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1081/the-benefice-of-stockland-green-(st-mark)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Stockland Green (St Mark)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Pype Hayes (St Mary the Virgin)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/89220/the-benefice-of-pype-hayes-(st-mary-the-virgin)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Pype Hayes (St Mary the Virgin)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Castle Bromwich (St Clement)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/929/the-benefice-of-castle-bromwich-(st-clement)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Castle Bromwich (St Clement)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Castle Bromwich (St Mary and St Margaret)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/930/the-benefice-of-castle-bromwich-(st-mary-and-st-margaret)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Castle Bromwich (St Mary and St Margaret)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Chelmsley Wood (St Andrew)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/933/the-benefice-of-chelmsley-wood-(st-andrew)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Chelmsley Wood (St Andrew)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Garretts Green (St Thomas) and Tile Cross\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/965/the-benefice-of-garretts-green-(st-thomas)-and-tile-cross","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Garretts Green (St Thomas) and Tile Cross\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Hodge Hill (St Philip and St James)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/987/the-benefice-of-hodge-hill-(st-philip-and-st-james)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Hodge Hill (St Philip and St James)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Kingshurst (St Barnabas)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/991/the-benefice-of-kingshurst-(st-barnabas)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Kingshurst (St Barnabas)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Lea Hall (St Richard)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/999/the-benefice-of-lea-hall-(st-richard)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Lea Hall (St Richard)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Marston Green (St Leonard)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1009/the-benefice-of-marston-green-(st-leonard)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Marston Green (St Leonard)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Coleshill (St Peter and St Paul)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/936/the-benefice-of-coleshill-(st-peter-and-st-paul)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Coleshill (St Peter and St Paul)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Maxstoke (St Michael and All Angels)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1010/the-benefice-of-maxstoke-(st-michael-and-all-angels)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Maxstoke (St Michael and All Angels)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Shard End (All Saints)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1047/the-benefice-of-shard-end-(all-saints)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Shard End (All Saints)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Sheldon (St Giles)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1049/the-benefice-of-sheldon-(st-giles)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Sheldon (St Giles)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Water Orton (St Peter and St Paul)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1097/the-benefice-of-water-orton-(st-peter-and-st-paul)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Water Orton (St Peter and St Paul)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Whitacres, Lea Marston, and Shustoke, The\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1101/the-benefice-of-whitacres,-lea-marston,-and-shustoke,-the","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Whitacres, Lea Marston, and Shustoke, The\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of All Souls, North Warwickshire, Comprising Austrey, Newton Regis, Seckington, Shuttington, and Warton\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1021/the-benefice-of-all-souls,-north-warwickshire,-comprising-austrey,-newton-regis,-seckington,-shuttin","url_text":"\"The Benefice of All Souls, North Warwickshire, Comprising Austrey, Newton Regis, Seckington, Shuttington, and Warton\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Amington (St Editha)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1054/the-benefice-of-amington-(st-editha)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Amington (St Editha)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Baddesley Ensor (St Nicholas) with Grendon\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/870/the-benefice-of-baddesley-ensor-(st-nicholas)-with-grendon","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Baddesley Ensor (St Nicholas) with Grendon\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Baxterley (Not Known) with Hurley and Wood End and Merevale with Bentley\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/880/the-benefice-of-baxterley-(not-known)-with-hurley-and-wood-end-and-merevale-with-bentley","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Baxterley (Not Known) with Hurley and Wood End and Merevale with Bentley\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Kingsbury (St Peter and St Paul)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/990/the-benefice-of-kingsbury-(st-peter-and-st-paul)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Kingsbury (St Peter and St Paul)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Dordon (St Leonard)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/943/the-benefice-of-dordon-(st-leonard)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Dordon (St Leonard)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Dosthill (St Paul)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/945/the-benefice-of-dosthill-(st-paul)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Dosthill (St Paul)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Polesworth (St Editha)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1031/the-benefice-of-polesworth-(st-editha)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Polesworth (St Editha)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Balsall Common (St Peter)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/871/the-benefice-of-balsall-common-(st-peter)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Balsall Common (St Peter)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Barston (St Swithin)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/877/the-benefice-of-barston-(st-swithin)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Barston (St Swithin)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Hampton-In-Arden (St Mary and St Bartholomew) with Bickenhill St Peter\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/972/the-benefice-of-hampton-in-arden-(st-mary-and-st-bartholomew)-with-bickenhill-st-peter","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Hampton-In-Arden (St Mary and St Bartholomew) with Bickenhill St Peter\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Elmdon (St Nicholas) (St Stephen's Church Centre) (Valley Church Centre)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/956/the-benefice-of-elmdon-(st-nicholas)-(st-stephen's-church-centre)-(valley-church-centre)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Elmdon (St Nicholas) (St Stephen's Church Centre) (Valley Church Centre)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Hobs Moat (St Mary)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/986/the-benefice-of-hobs-moat-(st-mary)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Hobs Moat (St Mary)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Knowle (St John the Baptist) (St Lawrence and St Anne)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/994/the-benefice-of-knowle-(st-john-the-baptist)-(st-lawrence-and-st-anne)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Knowle (St John the Baptist) (St Lawrence and St Anne)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Olton (St Margaret)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1025/the-benefice-of-olton-(st-margaret)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Olton (St Margaret)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Solihull (Catherine De Barnes) (St Alphege) (St Helen) (St Michael)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1070/the-benefice-of-solihull-(catherine-de-barnes)-(st-alphege)-(st-helen)-(st-michael)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Solihull (Catherine De Barnes) (St Alphege) (St Helen) (St Michael)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Temple Balsall (St Mary)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1088/the-benefice-of-temple-balsall-(st-mary)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Temple Balsall (St Mary)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Boldmere (St Michael)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/917/the-benefice-of-boldmere-(st-michael)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Boldmere (St Michael)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Castle Vale (St Cuthbert of Lindisfarne) with Minworth\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/931/the-benefice-of-castle-vale-(st-cuthbert-of-lindisfarne)-with-minworth","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Castle Vale (St Cuthbert of Lindisfarne) with Minworth\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Curdworth (St Nicholas and St Peter Ad Vincula) (St George), Middleton and Wishaw\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/941/the-benefice-of-curdworth-(st-nicholas-and-st-peter-ad-vincula)-(st-george),-middleton-and-wishaw","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Curdworth (St Nicholas and St Peter Ad Vincula) (St George), Middleton and Wishaw\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Four Oaks (All Saints)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/961/the-benefice-of-four-oaks-(all-saints)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Four Oaks (All Saints)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Hill (St James)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/985/the-benefice-of-hill-(st-james)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Hill (St James)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Maney (St Peter)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1008/the-benefice-of-maney-(st-peter)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Maney (St Peter)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Sutton Coldfield (Holy Trinity)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1083/the-benefice-of-sutton-coldfield-(holy-trinity)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Sutton Coldfield (Holy Trinity)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Sutton Coldfield (St Chad)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1084/the-benefice-of-sutton-coldfield-(st-chad)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Sutton Coldfield (St Chad)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Sutton Coldfield (St Columba)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1085/the-benefice-of-sutton-coldfield-(st-columba)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Sutton Coldfield (St Columba)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Walmley (St John the Evangelist)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1091/the-benefice-of-walmley-(st-john-the-evangelist)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Walmley (St John the Evangelist)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Wylde Green (Emmanuel)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1104/the-benefice-of-wylde-green-(emmanuel)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Wylde Green (Emmanuel)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Acocks Green (St Mary)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/858/the-benefice-of-acocks-green-(st-mary)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Acocks Green (St Mary)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Bordesley (St Benedict)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/922/the-benefice-of-bordesley-(st-benedict)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Bordesley (St Benedict)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Saltley (St Saviour) and Washwood Heath\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1041/the-benefice-of-saltley-(st-saviour)-and-washwood-heath","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Saltley (St Saviour) and Washwood Heath\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Small Heath (All Saints)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1056/the-benefice-of-small-heath-(all-saints)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Small Heath (All Saints)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Sparkbrook (Christ Church)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1072/the-benefice-of-sparkbrook-(christ-church)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Sparkbrook (Christ Church)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Sparkhill (St John the Evangelist)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1077/the-benefice-of-sparkhill-(st-john-the-evangelist)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Sparkhill (St John the Evangelist)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Springfield (St Christopher)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1078/the-benefice-of-springfield-(st-christopher)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Springfield (St Christopher)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Stechford (All Saints) (St Andrew)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1079/the-benefice-of-stechford-(all-saints)-(st-andrew)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Stechford (All Saints) (St Andrew)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Tyseley (St Edmund)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1090/the-benefice-of-tyseley-(st-edmund)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Tyseley (St Edmund)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Ward End Holy Trinity (St Margaret) with Bordesley Green\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1093/the-benefice-of-ward-end-holy-trinity-(st-margaret)-with-bordesley-green","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Ward End Holy Trinity (St Margaret) with Bordesley Green\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Yardley (St Cyprian) Hay Mill\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1106/the-benefice-of-yardley-(st-cyprian)-hay-mill","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Yardley (St Cyprian) Hay Mill\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Yardley, South (St Michael and All Angels)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1071/the-benefice-of-yardley,-south-(st-michael-and-all-angels)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Yardley, South (St Michael and All Angels)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Yardley (St Edburgha)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1107/the-benefice-of-yardley-(st-edburgha)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Yardley (St Edburgha)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Birmingham (St George)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/899/the-benefice-of-birmingham-(st-george)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Birmingham (St George)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Birmingham (St Luke)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/903/the-benefice-of-birmingham-(st-luke)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Birmingham (St Luke)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Birmingham (St Martin-In-The-Bull-Ring) with Bordesley St Andrew\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/909/the-benefice-of-birmingham-(st-martin-in-the-bull-ring)-with-bordesley-st-andrew","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Birmingham (St Martin-In-The-Bull-Ring) with Bordesley St Andrew\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Birmingham (St Paul)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/910/the-benefice-of-birmingham-(st-paul)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Birmingham (St Paul)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Highgate (St Alban the Martyr and St Patrick)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/920/the-benefice-of-highgate-(st-alban-the-martyr-and-st-patrick)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Highgate (St Alban the Martyr and St Patrick)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Ladywood (St John the Evangelist) (St Peter)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/995/the-benefice-of-ladywood-(st-john-the-evangelist)-(st-peter)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Ladywood (St John the Evangelist) (St Peter)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Sparkbrook (St Agatha) with Balsall Heath St Barnabas\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1075/the-benefice-of-sparkbrook-(st-agatha)-with-balsall-heath-st-barnabas","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Sparkbrook (St Agatha) with Balsall Heath St Barnabas\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Bartley Green (St Michael and All Angels)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/878/the-benefice-of-bartley-green-(st-michael-and-all-angels)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Bartley Green (St Michael and All Angels)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Edgbaston (St Augustine)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/949/the-benefice-of-edgbaston-(st-augustine)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Edgbaston (St Augustine)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Edgbaston (St Bartholomew)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/951/the-benefice-of-edgbaston-(st-bartholomew)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Edgbaston (St Bartholomew)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Edgbaston (St George with St Michael) (St Michael's Hall)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/952/the-benefice-of-edgbaston-(st-george-with-st-michael)-(st-michael's-hall)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Edgbaston (St George with St Michael) (St Michael's Hall)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Edgbaston (St Germain)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/953/the-benefice-of-edgbaston-(st-germain)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Edgbaston (St Germain)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Harborne (St Faith and St Laurence)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/980/the-benefice-of-harborne-(st-faith-and-st-laurence)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Harborne (St Faith and St Laurence)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Harborne (St Peter)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/981/the-benefice-of-harborne-(st-peter)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Harborne (St Peter)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Harborne Heath (St John the Baptist)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/982/the-benefice-of-harborne-heath-(st-john-the-baptist)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Harborne Heath (St John the Baptist)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Quinton Road West (St Boniface)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1033/the-benefice-of-quinton-road-west-(st-boniface)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Quinton Road West (St Boniface)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Quinton, the (Christ Church)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1034/the-benefice-of-quinton,-the-(christ-church)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Quinton, the (Christ Church)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Selly Oak (St Mary)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1043/the-benefice-of-selly-oak-(st-mary)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Selly Oak (St Mary)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Summerfield (Christ Church) (Cavendish Road Hall)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1082/the-benefice-of-summerfield-(christ-church)-(cavendish-road-hall)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Summerfield (Christ Church) (Cavendish Road Hall)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Weoley Castle (St Gabriel)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1098/the-benefice-of-weoley-castle-(st-gabriel)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Weoley Castle (St Gabriel)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Birchfield (Holy Trinity)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/885/the-benefice-of-birchfield-(holy-trinity)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Birchfield (Holy Trinity)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Hamstead (St Bernard)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/971/the-benefice-of-hamstead-(st-bernard)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Hamstead (St Bernard)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Hamstead (St Paul)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/973/the-benefice-of-hamstead-(st-paul)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Hamstead (St Paul)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Handsworth (St Andrew)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/974/the-benefice-of-handsworth-(st-andrew)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Handsworth (St Andrew)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Handsworth (St James)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/975/the-benefice-of-handsworth-(st-james)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Handsworth (St James)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Handsworth (Good News Asian Church) Proprietary Chapel\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1238/prop-chapel-of-handsworth-(good-news-asian-church)-proprietary-chapel","url_text":"\"Handsworth (Good News Asian Church) Proprietary Chapel\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Birmingham (Bishop Latimer with All Saints)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/888/the-benefice-of-birmingham-(bishop-latimer-with-all-saints)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Birmingham (Bishop Latimer with All Saints)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Handsworth (St Michael) (St Peter)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/978/the-benefice-of-handsworth-(st-michael)-(st-peter)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Handsworth (St Michael) (St Peter)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Handsworth (St Mary) Epiphany\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/976/the-benefice-of-handsworth-(st-mary)-epiphany","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Handsworth (St Mary) Epiphany\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Kingstanding (St Luke)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/992/the-benefice-of-kingstanding-(st-luke)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Kingstanding (St Luke)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Kingstanding (St Mark)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/993/the-benefice-of-kingstanding-(st-mark)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Kingstanding (St Mark)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Perry Barr (St John the Evangelist)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1028/the-benefice-of-perry-barr-(st-john-the-evangelist)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Perry Barr (St John the Evangelist)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Perry Beeches (St Matthew)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1029/the-benefice-of-perry-beeches-(st-matthew)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Perry Beeches (St Matthew)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Lozells (St Paul and St Silas)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1005/the-benefice-of-lozells-(st-paul-and-st-silas)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Lozells (St Paul and St Silas)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Allens Cross (St Bartholomew)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/859/the-benefice-of-allens-cross-(st-bartholomew)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Allens Cross (St Bartholomew)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Cofton Hackett (St Michael) with Barnt Green\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/935/the-benefice-of-cofton-hackett-(st-michael)-with-barnt-green","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Cofton Hackett (St Michael) with Barnt Green\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Cotteridge (St Agnes)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/937/the-benefice-of-cotteridge-(st-agnes)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Cotteridge (St Agnes)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Frankley (St Leonard)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/962/the-benefice-of-frankley-(st-leonard)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Frankley (St Leonard)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Kings Norton (St Nicolas)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/989/the-benefice-of-kings-norton-(st-nicolas)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Kings Norton (St Nicolas)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Lickey, the (Holy Trinity)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1001/the-benefice-of-lickey,-the-(holy-trinity)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Lickey, the (Holy Trinity)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Longbridge (St John the Baptist)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1003/the-benefice-of-longbridge-(st-john-the-baptist)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Longbridge (St John the Baptist)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Northfield (St Laurence)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1022/the-benefice-of-northfield-(st-laurence)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Northfield (St Laurence)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Rednal (St Stephen the Martyr)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1035/the-benefice-of-rednal-(st-stephen-the-martyr)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Rednal (St Stephen the Martyr)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Rubery (St Chad)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1038/the-benefice-of-rubery-(st-chad)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Rubery (St Chad)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Shenley Green (St David)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1050/the-benefice-of-shenley-green-(st-david)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Shenley Green (St David)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of West Heath (St Anne)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1099/the-benefice-of-west-heath-(st-anne)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of West Heath (St Anne)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Balsall Heath (St Paul) and Edgbaston\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/874/the-benefice-of-balsall-heath-(st-paul)-and-edgbaston","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Balsall Heath (St Paul) and Edgbaston\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Billesley Common (Holy Cross)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/883/the-benefice-of-billesley-common-(holy-cross)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Billesley Common (Holy Cross)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Bournville (St Francis)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/926/the-benefice-of-bournville-(st-francis)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Bournville (St Francis)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Brandwood (St Bede)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/927/the-benefice-of-brandwood-(st-bede)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Brandwood (St Bede)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Hazelwell (St Mary Magdalen)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/983/the-benefice-of-hazelwell-(st-mary-magdalen)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Hazelwell (St Mary Magdalen)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Highters Heath (Immanuel)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/984/the-benefice-of-highters-heath-(immanuel)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Highters Heath (Immanuel)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Kings Heath (All Saints)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/988/the-benefice-of-kings-heath-(all-saints)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Kings Heath (All Saints)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Moseley (St Agnes)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1013/the-benefice-of-moseley-(st-agnes)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Moseley (St Agnes)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Moseley (St Anne) (St Mary)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1016/the-benefice-of-moseley-(st-anne)-(st-mary)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Moseley (St Anne) (St Mary)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Selly Park (Christ Church)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1045/the-benefice-of-selly-park-(christ-church)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Selly Park (Christ Church)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Selly Park (St Stephen) (St Wulstan)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1044/the-benefice-of-selly-park-(st-stephen)-(st-wulstan)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Selly Park (St Stephen) (St Wulstan)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Stirchley (Ascension)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1080/the-benefice-of-stirchley-(ascension)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Stirchley (Ascension)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Yardley Wood (Christ Church)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1108/the-benefice-of-yardley-wood-(christ-church)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Yardley Wood (Christ Church)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Dorridge (St Philip)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/944/the-benefice-of-dorridge-(st-philip)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Dorridge (St Philip)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Hall Green (Church of the Ascension)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/968/the-benefice-of-hall-green-(church-of-the-ascension)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Hall Green (Church of the Ascension)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Hall Green (St Michael)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/964/the-benefice-of-hall-green-(st-michael)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Hall Green (St Michael)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Hall Green (St Peter)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/969/the-benefice-of-hall-green-(st-peter)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Hall Green (St Peter)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Lapworth (St Mary the Virgin)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/998/the-benefice-of-lapworth-(st-mary-the-virgin)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Lapworth (St Mary the Virgin)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Baddesley Clinton (St Michael)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/868/the-benefice-of-baddesley-clinton-(st-michael)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Baddesley Clinton (St Michael)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Packwood (St Giles) with Hockley Heath\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1027/the-benefice-of-packwood-(st-giles)-with-hockley-heath","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Packwood (St Giles) with Hockley Heath\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Salter Street (St Patrick)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/91647/the-benefice-of-salter-street-(st-patrick)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Salter Street (St Patrick)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Shirley (St James the Great)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/91649/the-benefice-of-shirley-(st-james-the-great)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Shirley (St James the Great)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Tanworth (St Mary Magdalene)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1086/the-benefice-of-tanworth-(st-mary-magdalene)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Tanworth (St Mary Magdalene)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Wythall (St Mary)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1105/the-benefice-of-wythall-(st-mary)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Wythall (St Mary)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Bearwood (St Mary the Virgin)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1062/the-benefice-of-bearwood-(st-mary-the-virgin)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Bearwood (St Mary the Virgin)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Blackheath (St Paul)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/916/the-benefice-of-blackheath-(st-paul)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Blackheath (St Paul)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Rounds Green (St James)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1036/the-benefice-of-rounds-green-(st-james)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Rounds Green (St James)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Oldbury (Christ Church), Langley, and Londonderry\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1024/the-benefice-of-oldbury-(christ-church),-langley,-and-londonderry","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Oldbury (Christ Church), Langley, and Londonderry\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Rowley Regis (St Giles)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1037/the-benefice-of-rowley-regis-(st-giles)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Rowley Regis (St Giles)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Smethwick (Old Church)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1058/the-benefice-of-smethwick-(old-church)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Smethwick (Old Church)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Smethwick (Resurrection) (St Stephen and St Michael)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1067/the-benefice-of-smethwick-(resurrection)-(st-stephen-and-st-michael)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Smethwick (Resurrection) (St Stephen and St Michael)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Smethwick (St Matthew with St Chad)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1064/the-benefice-of-smethwick-(st-matthew-with-st-chad)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Smethwick (St Matthew with St Chad)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Benefice of Warley Woods (St Hilda)\". www.crockford.org.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crockford.org.uk/places/1094/the-benefice-of-warley-woods-(st-hilda)","url_text":"\"The Benefice of Warley Woods (St Hilda)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Church of England gags abuse victim with NDA\". Channel 4. 5 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channel4.com/news/church-of-england-gags-abuse-victim-with-nda","url_text":"\"Church of England gags abuse victim with NDA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Case of vicar said to have stripped off clothes in front of woman 'hushed up by Church of England'\". The Telegraph. 5 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/12/05/church-england-embroiled-nda-controversy-allegedly-hushing-findings/","url_text":"\"Case of vicar said to have stripped off clothes in front of woman 'hushed up by Church of England'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Church cover-up claims over 'sex pest Harborne vicar who walked around naked'\". Birmingham Mail. 6 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/church-cover-up-claims-over-15515078","url_text":"\"Church cover-up claims over 'sex pest Harborne vicar who walked around naked'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birmingham diocese defends gagging order for survivor\". Church Times. 6 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2018/7-december/news/uk/birmingham-diocese-defends-gagging-order-for-survivor","url_text":"\"Birmingham diocese defends gagging order for survivor\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPNdB
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EPNdB
|
["1 Computation of EPNdB","2 See also","3 References"]
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Effective perceived noise in decibels (EPNdB) or Effective Perceived Noise Level (EPNL) is a measure of the relative noisiness of an individual aircraft pass-by event. It is used for aircraft noise certification and applies to an individual aircraft, not the noise exposure from an airport. Separate ratings are stated for takeoff, overflight and landing events, and represent the integrated power sum of noisiness during the event. Instantaneous value of noisiness is computed with the PNL or PNdB metric over the period within which the noise from the aircraft is within 10 dB of the maximum noise (usually at the point of closest approach.) It is defined, with computational instructions, in Annex 16 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation and in Part 36 of the US Federal Aviation Regulations. The scaling is such that the EPNdB rating represents the integrated noisiness over a ten-second period; EPNdB of 100 dB means that the event has the same integrated noisiness as a 100 PNdB sound lasting ten seconds. Direct comparison with A-weighted sound pressure level, which is used for many other environmental sound measurements, is not possible because PNdB is a noisiness metric rather than a sound pressure metric.
It is important to make the distinction between loudness and noisiness. The same kinds of analytical methods are used but instead of using equal-loudness contours, equal-noisiness contours are derived and used instead.
The EPNdB metric is only used in the US for aircraft certification purposes. In Australia and Canada, it's the basis for the ANEF and NEF noise exposure forecast used in place of the DNL and Day-evening-night metrics used in the US and Europe respectively.
Computation of EPNdB
Detailed information on measurement of aircraft acoustic signature to meet the requirements of Annex 16 is found in ICAO Document 9501 and IEC 61265. Data acquisition in one-third-octave bands is required, followed by processing to yield a logarithmically-scaled value in decibels relative to a sound pressure of 20 micropascals for each one-third-octave band. The individual band sound pressure levels are converted to "noy" values which are then summed in the manner of Stevens' MKVI loudness to yield a total noy value. Noy is a linear unit of noisiness like sone is for loudness, and is then converted into PNL or PNdB (the terms are interchangeable) which is a logarithmic unit like phon which is the logarithmic unit for loudness. EPNdB is the integrated PNdB value over the duration of the pass-by event, normalized to a 10-second event duration using Stevens's power law. The frequency weighting function in the "noy" curves is very close to the old D-weighting curve.
See also
Aircraft noise
Noise pollution
Noise measurement
References
^ https://store.icao.int/annex-16-environmental-protection-volume-1-aircraft-noise.html
^ Bottcher, Jan. (2004) Noise certification workshop, Session II. Aircraft Noise Certification.
^ "eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations". www.ecfr.gov.
^ Kryter, Karl (1985). The Effects of Noise on Man, 2nd ed.
^ Environmental Technical Manual, Volume I. Procedures for the Noise Certification of Aircraft. (2012) International Civil Aviation Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection.
^ "IEC 61265:1995 - IEC Webstore". webstore.iec.ch.
^ Environmental Technical Manual, Volume I. Procedures for the Noise Certification of Aircraft. (2012) International Civil Aviation Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"equal-loudness contours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour"},{"link_name":"DNL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day-night_average_sound_level"}],"text":"It is important to make the distinction between loudness and noisiness. The same kinds of analytical methods are used[4] but instead of using equal-loudness contours, equal-noisiness contours are derived and used instead.The EPNdB metric is only used in the US for aircraft certification purposes. In Australia and Canada, it's the basis for the ANEF and NEF noise exposure forecast used in place of the DNL and Day-evening-night metrics used in the US and Europe respectively.","title":"EPNdB"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acoustic signature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_signature"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Stevens' MKVI loudness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevens%27s_power_law"},{"link_name":"sone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sone"},{"link_name":"phon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phon"},{"link_name":"Stevens's power law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevens%27s_power_law"},{"link_name":"D-weighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-weighting"}],"text":"Detailed information on measurement of aircraft acoustic signature to meet the requirements of Annex 16 is found in ICAO Document 9501[5] and IEC 61265.[6] Data acquisition in one-third-octave bands is required, followed by processing to yield a logarithmically-scaled value in decibels relative to a sound pressure of 20 micropascals for each one-third-octave band. The individual band sound pressure levels are converted to \"noy\" values[7] which are then summed in the manner of Stevens' MKVI loudness to yield a total noy value. Noy is a linear unit of noisiness like sone is for loudness, and is then converted into PNL or PNdB (the terms are interchangeable) which is a logarithmic unit like phon which is the logarithmic unit for loudness. EPNdB is the integrated PNdB value over the duration of the pass-by event, normalized to a 10-second event duration using Stevens's power law. The frequency weighting function in the \"noy\" curves is very close to the old D-weighting curve.","title":"Computation of EPNdB"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Aircraft noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_noise"},{"title":"Noise pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution"},{"title":"Noise measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_measurement"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations\". www.ecfr.gov.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?rgn=div5&node=14:1.0.1.3.19","url_text":"\"eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations\""}]},{"reference":"Kryter, Karl (1985). The Effects of Noise on Man, 2nd ed.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"IEC 61265:1995 - IEC Webstore\". webstore.iec.ch.","urls":[{"url":"https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/5076","url_text":"\"IEC 61265:1995 - IEC Webstore\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://store.icao.int/annex-16-environmental-protection-volume-1-aircraft-noise.html","external_links_name":"https://store.icao.int/annex-16-environmental-protection-volume-1-aircraft-noise.html"},{"Link":"http://www.icao.int/Meetings/EnvironmentalWorkshops/Documents/NoiseCertificationWorkshop-2004/BIP_2_2_jb.pdf","external_links_name":"Noise certification workshop, Session II. Aircraft Noise Certification"},{"Link":"http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?rgn=div5&node=14:1.0.1.3.19","external_links_name":"\"eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations\""},{"Link":"https://store.icao.int/en/annex-16-environmental-protection-volume-i-aircraft-noise","external_links_name":"Environmental Technical Manual, Volume I. Procedures for the Noise Certification of Aircraft"},{"Link":"https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/5076","external_links_name":"\"IEC 61265:1995 - IEC Webstore\""},{"Link":"http://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Documents/Publications/Doc_9501_Volume_I.pdf","external_links_name":"Environmental Technical Manual, Volume I. Procedures for the Noise Certification of Aircraft"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Hanzlik
|
Bill Hanzlik
|
["1 College career","2 Professional career","3 Coaching career","4 Personal life","5 Head coaching record","6 References","7 External links"]
|
American basketball player and coach
Bill HanzlikPersonal informationBorn (1957-12-06) December 6, 1957 (age 66)Middletown, Ohio, U.S.Listed height6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)Listed weight185 lb (84 kg)Career informationHigh school
Lake Oswego (Lake Oswego, Oregon)
Beloit Memorial (Beloit, Wisconsin)
CollegeNotre Dame (1976–1980)NBA draft1980: 1st round, 20th overall pickSelected by the Seattle SuperSonicsPlaying career1980–1990PositionShooting guard / small forwardNumber22, 24Career historyAs player:1980–1982Seattle SuperSonics1982–1990Denver NuggetsAs coach:1991–1996Charlotte Hornets (assistant)1996–1997Atlanta Hawks (assistant)1997–1998Denver Nuggets
Career highlights and awards
NBA All-Defensive Second Team (1986)
Career NBA statisticsPoints5,414 (7.2 ppg)Rebounds2,058 (2.8 rpg)Assists2,058 (2.8 apg)
Stats at NBA.comStats at Basketball-Reference.com
William Henry Hanzlik (born December 6, 1957) is an American former professional basketball player and coach.
College career
A 6'7" guard, Hanzlik played college basketball at the University of Notre Dame. He was selected for the 1980 US Men's Olympic Team, which did not compete due to the US's boycott of the Moscow Games. However, in 2007 he did receive one of 461 Congressional Gold Medals created especially for the spurned athletes.
Professional career
He was selected with the 20th pick of the 1980 NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics. A defensive specialist, at the time of his selection Hanzlik had the lowest college scoring average (7.2 ppg) for any player selected in the first round of the draft. Hanzlik played in the NBA for ten years – two with the Sonics and eight with the Denver Nuggets. He was a 1986 All-Defense second team selection. Coach Doug Moe often assigned Hanzlik to the opposing team's toughest player to guard, regardless of position, even once defending 7'4" center Ralph Sampson, with success. He worked as an assistant with the Charlotte Hornets and Atlanta Hawks in the 1990s.
Coaching career
In 1997, Hanzlik (then an assistant with Atlanta) was tabbed to replace Dick Motta as head coach of the Denver Nuggets. He coached the Nuggets for one year, posting an 11–71 record (only two games better than the all-time worst team, the 1972–73 Philadelphia 76ers). He was fired at the end of the season and replaced with Mike D'Antoni. To date, Hanzlik owns the worst full-season record for a rookie coach in NBA history.
Personal life
In 1986, he and Ray Baker formed the Gold Crown Foundation, a non-profit that operates year-round sports programs for area youths. After his dismissal as coach of the Nuggets, he decided to spend more time with the Foundation along with his family and four children.
He later became an analyst on Nuggets television broadcasts.
Head coaching record
Legend
Regular season
G
Games coached
W
Games won
L
Games lost
W–L %
Win–loss %
Playoffs
PG
Playoff games
PW
Playoff wins
PL
Playoff losses
PW–L %
Playoff win–loss %
Team
Year
G
W
L
W–L%
Finish
PG
PW
PL
PW–L%
Result
Denver
1997–98
82
11
71
.134
7th in Midwest
—
—
—
—
—
Career
82
11
71
.134
—
—
—
—
References
^ Caroccioli, Tom; Caroccioli, Jerry (2008). Boycott: Stolen Dreams of the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games. Highland Park, IL: New Chapter Press. pp. 243–253. ISBN 978-0942257403.
^ Jensen-De Hart, Debra. "New faces featured in sports hall of fame". Beloit Daily News. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
^ Hanzlik accepts post as Hornets' assistant
^ "Bill Hanzlik". Colorado Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
^ "Bill Hanzlik: A True Man For Others". RJ MEDIA NOW. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
^ "Summer Olympics 2000 No harm, no foul for Hanzlik". www.espn.com. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
External links
Player stats at Basketball-Reference
Coach stats at Basketball-Reference
vteDenver Nuggets head coaches
Bob Bass (1967–1969)
John McLendon (1969)
Joe Belmont (1969–1970)
Stan Albeck (1970–1971)
Alex Hannum (1971–1974)
Larry Brown (1974–1979)
Donnie Walsh (1979–1980)
Doug Moe (1980–1990)
Paul Westhead (1990–1992)
Dan Issel (1992–1995)
Gene Littles # (1995)
Bernie Bickerstaff (1995–1996)
Dick Motta (1996–1997)
Bill Hanzlik (1997–1998)
Mike D'Antoni (1998–1999)
Dan Issel (1999–2001)
Mike Evans # (2001–2002)
Jeff Bzdelik (2002–2004)
Michael Cooper # (2004–2005)
George Karl (2004–2013)
Brian Shaw (2013–2015)
Melvin Hunt # (2015)
Michael Malone (2015– )
# denotes interim head coach
vte1980 NBA draftFirst round
Joe Barry Carroll
Darrell Griffith
Kevin McHale
Kelvin Ransey
James Ray
Mike O'Koren
Mike Gminski
Andrew Toney
Michael Brooks
Ronnie Lester
Kiki Vandeweghe
Mike Woodson
Rickey Brown
Wes Matthews
Reggie Johnson
Charles Whitney
Larry Drew
Don Collins
John Duren
Bill Hanzlik
Monti Davis
Chad Kinch
Carl Nicks
Second round
Larry Smith
Jeff Ruland
Sam Worthen
John Stroud
Craig Shelton
Louis Orr
Kenny Natt
Wayne Robinson
David Lawrence
Bruce Collins
Roosevelt Bouie
Rick Mahorn
DeWayne Scales
Butch Carter
Terry Stotts
Michael Wiley
Dick Miller
Jawann Oldham
Kim Belton
Billy Williams
Clyde Austin
Brad Branson
Arnette Hallman
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Opali%C5%84ski_(1575%E2%80%931623)
|
Andrzej Opaliński (1575–1623)
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[]
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Andrzej Opaliński" 1575–1623 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Andrzej Opaliński (1575–1623), of Łodzia coat of arms, was a Polish–Lithuanian nobleman and Catholic priest. Bishop of Poznań from 1607 till his death in 1623.
Son of the Great and Court Crown Marshal, Andrzej Opaliński (1540–1593).
Supporter of king Sigismund III Vasa.
Preceded byWawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki
Bishop of Poznań 1607–1623
Succeeded byJan Wężyk
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Poland
People
Deutsche Biographie
This biography of a Polish noble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Polish Catholic bishop or archbishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaiti_Division_I_Basketball_League
|
Kuwaiti Division I Basketball League
|
["1 Teams","2 Champions","3 Finals and final standings","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Kuwaiti Division I Basketball LeagueSportBasketballNo. of teams12CountryKuwaitContinentAsiaMost recentchampion(s)Kuwait SC (14th title) (2022–23)Most titlesKuwait SC(14 titles)Official websitewww.asia-basket.com/Kuwait/basketball.asp
The Kuwaiti Division I Basketball League is the highest professional basketball league in Kuwait. The most decorated team in the league is Kuwait SC, who have won fourteen national titles.
Teams
Al Kuwait SC
Al Arabi
Al Jahraa
Al Nasar
Al Qadsia
Al Sahel
Al Salmiyah
Al Shabab
Al Sulaibikhat
Al Tadhamon
Al Yarmook
Kazma
Champions
The following teams have won the Division 1 championship:
2004: Kuwait SC
2012: Kazma
2013: Kuwait SC
2014: Kuwait SC
2015: Kuwait SC
2016: Qadsia SC
2017: Kuwait SC
2020: Kuwait SC
2021: Kuwait SC
2022: Kuwait SC
2023: Kuwait SC
Finals and final standings
Season
Champions
Runners-up
Finals score
Third place
Ref.
2011–12
Kazma
Kuwait SC
2–1
–
2012–13
Kuwait SC (8)
Qadsia
League standings
Kazma
2013–14
Kuwait SC (9)
Qadsia
3–0
–
2014–15
Kuwait SC (10)
Qadsia
2–1
–
2015–16
Qadsia (1)
Kuwait SC
Round-robin
Kazma
2019–20
Kuwait SC (11)
Qadsia
Kazma
2020–21
Kuwait SC (12)
Kazma
83–61
Qadsia
2021–22
Kuwait SC (13)
Kazma
3–0
Al-Jahra
2022–23
Kuwait SC (14)
Kazma
104–85
Qadsia
References
^ "KUNA : Kuwait SC crowned champion of basketball league '22-23 - Sports - 31/05/2023". www.kuna.net.kw. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
^ "Kuwaiti Division 1 Basketball, News, Teams, Scores, Stats, Standings, Awards - asia-basket". www.asia-basket.com. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
^ "Kuwait SC crowned the basketball champions". Kuwait Times. 1 June 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
External links
AsiaBasket.com League Page
vteMen's basketball leagues
FIBA
FIBA Intercontinental Cup
National Basketball Association
NBA vs. international teams
NBA vs. EuroLeague
Africa
Algeria
Angola
2nd
Benin
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Nicaragua
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Uruguay
Venezuela
Asia
Bahrain
China
NBL
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India
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Iran
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Japan
Jordan
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Kuwait
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Europe
Albania
2nd
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Armenia
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2nd – RS
Bulgaria
Croatia
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Denmark
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Netherlands
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Norway
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2nd
Portugal
2nd
Romania
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2nd
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2nd
3rd
4th
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
2nd
3rd
Sweden
2nd
3rd
Switzerland
2nd
Turkey
2nd
3rd
Ukraine
2nd
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
InternationaltournamentsAfrica
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Kuwait SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_SC_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Kuwaiti Division I Basketball League is the highest professional basketball league in Kuwait. The most decorated team in the league is Kuwait SC, who have won fourteen national titles.[1]","title":"Kuwaiti Division I Basketball League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Kuwait SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Kuwait_SC_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Al Jahraa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jahra_SC_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kazma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazma_SC_(basketball)"}],"text":"Al Kuwait SC\nAl Arabi\nAl Jahraa\nAl Nasar\nAl Qadsia\nAl Sahel\nAl Salmiyah\nAl Shabab\nAl Sulaibikhat\nAl Tadhamon\nAl Yarmook\nKazma","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kuwait SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_SC_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kazma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazma_SC_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kuwait SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_SC_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kuwait SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_SC_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kuwait SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_SC_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Qadsia SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qadsia_SC_(basketball)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kuwait SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_SC_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kuwait SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_SC_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kuwait SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_SC_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kuwait SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_SC_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Kuwait SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_SC_(basketball)"}],"text":"The following teams have won the Division 1 championship:[2]2004: Kuwait SC\n2012: Kazma\n2013: Kuwait SC\n2014: Kuwait SC\n2015: Kuwait SC\n2016: Qadsia SC\n2017: Kuwait SC\n2020: Kuwait SC\n2021: Kuwait SC\n2022: Kuwait SC\n2023: Kuwait SC","title":"Champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Finals and final standings"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"KUNA : Kuwait SC crowned champion of basketball league '22-23 - Sports - 31/05/2023\". www.kuna.net.kw. Retrieved 3 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=3097487&Language=en","url_text":"\"KUNA : Kuwait SC crowned champion of basketball league '22-23 - Sports - 31/05/2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kuwaiti Division 1 Basketball, News, Teams, Scores, Stats, Standings, Awards - asia-basket\". www.asia-basket.com. Retrieved 16 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asia-basket.com/Kuwait/basketball-League-D1.aspx","url_text":"\"Kuwaiti Division 1 Basketball, News, Teams, Scores, Stats, Standings, Awards - asia-basket\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kuwait SC crowned the basketball champions\". Kuwait Times. 1 June 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kuwaittimes.com/kuwait-sc-crowned-the-basketball-champions/","url_text":"\"Kuwait SC crowned the basketball champions\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.asia-basket.com/Kuwait/basketball.asp","external_links_name":"www.asia-basket.com/Kuwait/basketball.asp"},{"Link":"https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=3097487&Language=en","external_links_name":"\"KUNA : Kuwait SC crowned champion of basketball league '22-23 - Sports - 31/05/2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.asia-basket.com/Kuwait/basketball-League-D1.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Kuwaiti Division 1 Basketball, News, Teams, Scores, Stats, Standings, Awards - asia-basket\""},{"Link":"https://www.kuwaittimes.com/kuwait-sc-crowned-the-basketball-champions/","external_links_name":"\"Kuwait SC crowned the basketball champions\""},{"Link":"https://www.asia-basket.com/Kuwait/basketball.aspx","external_links_name":"AsiaBasket.com League Page"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marija_of_Rascia
|
Marija of Rascia
|
["1 Sources"]
|
A Serbian noblewoman and daughter of Uroš I
Marija of Rascia (Serbian: Marija Raška; Latin: Maria) was a noble in mediaeval Serbia (Rascia). Born as a daughter of Uroš I, Grand Prince of Serbia, Marija was a lady of high birth and married a nobleman.
Marija depicted at the Znojmo Rotunda
Marija's sister was Helena, Queen of Hungary.
Husband of Marija was Duke Conrad II of Znojmo, a Bohemian prince and a member of the Přemyslid dynasty. In Czech, Marija is known as Marie Srbská, and her name is sometimes given as Mary in English sources. Issue of Conrad and Marija:
Ernest
Conrad II, Duke of Bohemia
Helena of Znojmo
Sources
^ Marija Vukanović
^ Marija (Serbian Cyrillic: Марија)
^ Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (1987). Magyarország története: Elozmenyek es Magyar tortenet 1242-IG (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-05-1518-4.
Kalić, Јovanka (1986). "Кнегиња Марија". Зограф: Часопис за средњовековну уметност. 17: 21–35.
vteVukanović dynastyMain ruling members
Vukan
Marko
Uroš I
Uroš II
Beloš
Desa
Tihomir
Stefan Nemanja
Other ruling members
Stefan Vukan
Zavida
Stracimir
Miroslav
Toljen
Petar
Andrija
Radoslav
Female members
Helena, Queen of Hungary
Maria of Serbia, Duchess of Znojmo
Consorts
Anna Diogenissa
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Serbia (Rascia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Uroš I, Grand Prince of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_I,_Grand_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maria_Serbska.jpg"},{"link_name":"Helena, Queen of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_of_Serbia,_Queen_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Conrad II of Znojmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_II_of_Znojmo"},{"link_name":"Přemyslid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Conrad II, Duke of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Helena of Znojmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_of_Znojmo"}],"text":"Marija of Rascia[1] (Serbian: Marija Raška;[2] Latin: Maria) was a noble in mediaeval Serbia (Rascia). Born as a daughter of Uroš I, Grand Prince of Serbia, Marija was a lady of high birth and married a nobleman.Marija depicted at the Znojmo RotundaMarija's sister was Helena, Queen of Hungary.[3]Husband of Marija was Duke Conrad II of Znojmo, a Bohemian prince and a member of the Přemyslid dynasty. In Czech, Marija is known as Marie Srbská, and her name is sometimes given as Mary in English sources. Issue of Conrad and Marija:Ernest\nConrad II, Duke of Bohemia\nHelena of Znojmo","title":"Marija of Rascia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Magyarország története: Elozmenyek es Magyar tortenet 1242-IG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DZAMAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-963-05-1518-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-05-1518-4"},{"link_name":"Kalić, Јovanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovanka_Kali%C4%87"},{"link_name":"\"Кнегиња Марија\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=vd9NAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Vukanovi%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Vukanovi%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vukanovi%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Vukanović dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vukanovi%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Vukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vukan,_Grand_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Marko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marko_of_Ra%C5%A1ka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Uroš I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_I,_Grand_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Uroš II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_II,_Grand_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Beloš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belo%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Desa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desa,_Grand_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Tihomir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihomir_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Stefan Nemanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Nemanja"},{"link_name":"Stefan Vukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Vukan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zavida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavida"},{"link_name":"Stracimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stracimir_Zavidovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Miroslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_of_Hum"},{"link_name":"Toljen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toljen_of_Hum"},{"link_name":"Petar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar,_Prince_of_Hum"},{"link_name":"Andrija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrija,_Prince_of_Hum"},{"link_name":"Radoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radoslav,_Lord_of_Hum"},{"link_name":"Helena, Queen of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_of_Serbia,_Queen_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Maria of Serbia, Duchess of Znojmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Anna Diogenissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Diogenissa"}],"text":"^ Marija Vukanović\n\n^ Marija (Serbian Cyrillic: Марија)\n\n^ Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (1987). Magyarország története: Elozmenyek es Magyar tortenet 1242-IG (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-05-1518-4.Kalić, Јovanka (1986). \"Кнегиња Марија\". Зограф: Часопис за средњовековну уметност. 17: 21–35.vteVukanović dynastyMain ruling members\nVukan\nMarko\nUroš I\nUroš II\nBeloš\nDesa\nTihomir\nStefan Nemanja\nOther ruling members\nStefan Vukan\nZavida\nStracimir\nMiroslav\nToljen\nPetar\nAndrija\nRadoslav\nFemale members\nHelena, Queen of Hungary\nMaria of Serbia, Duchess of Znojmo\nConsorts\nAnna Diogenissa","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Marija depicted at the Znojmo Rotunda","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Maria_Serbska.jpg/100px-Maria_Serbska.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (1987). Magyarország története: Elozmenyek es Magyar tortenet 1242-IG (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-05-1518-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DZAMAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Magyarország története: Elozmenyek es Magyar tortenet 1242-IG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-05-1518-4","url_text":"978-963-05-1518-4"}]},{"reference":"Kalić, Јovanka (1986). \"Кнегиња Марија\". Зограф: Часопис за средњовековну уметност. 17: 21–35.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovanka_Kali%C4%87","url_text":"Kalić, Јovanka"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vd9NAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"\"Кнегиња Марија\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DZAMAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Magyarország története: Elozmenyek es Magyar tortenet 1242-IG"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vd9NAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Кнегиња Марија\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit
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2021 Russia–United States summit
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["1 History","2 Background","2.1 Venue","3 Agenda","4 Delegations","4.1 United States delegation","4.2 Russian delegation","5 Meeting sessions","5.1 Topics discussed","6 Followup","6.1 Press conferences","6.2 Reactions","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Meeting between Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin in Geneva on 16 June 2021
2021 Russia–United States summitAntony Blinken, Joe Biden, Vladimir Putin and Sergey Lavrov (left to right) during the summitHost country SwitzerlandDate16 June 2021Venue(s)Villa La GrangeCitiesGenevaParticipants Joe Biden Antony Blinken Vladimir Putin Sergey Lavrov
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This article is part of a series aboutVladimir Putin
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The 2021 Russia–United States summit (also known as Geneva 2021 or the Biden–Putin summit) was a summit meeting between United States President Joe Biden and Russian President Vladimir Putin on 16 June 2021, in Geneva, Switzerland.
History
Two summits were held in Geneva during the Cold War. In July 1955, the leaders of Britain, France, the Soviet Union and the United States discussed global security. In November 1985, US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev discussed diplomatic relations and nuclear weaponry.
Background
US Vice President Joe Biden and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in Moscow, Russia in March 2011
Prior to the summit, Biden and Putin had met once, in Moscow in March 2011, when Biden was vice president and Putin was prime minister. After an official group meeting Biden characterized in his memoir as "argumentative," he and Putin met privately, with Biden saying "Mr. Prime Minister, I’m looking into your eyes," (a reference to a 2001 meeting between Putin and President Bush, who later said "I looked the man in the eye...I was able to get a sense of his soul"). Biden continued, "I don’t think you have a soul." Putin replied, "We understand each other."
As vice president, Biden had urged then Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko to eliminate middlemen such as Ukrainian oligarch Dmytro Firtash from the country's natural gas industry, and to reduce the country's reliance on imports of Russian natural gas. Putin reportedly influenced the appointment of Firtash, who had been fighting extradition to the US on bribery and organised crime charges.
Two months before the summit, the Biden administration took measures to punish Russia for hostile activities such as interference in the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections. National security advisor Jake Sullivan said the measures included "a mix of tools seen and unseen," including financial sanctions.
In May 2021, the Biden administration waived CAATSA sanctions on the company behind Russia's Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline to Germany and its chief executive. Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov welcomed the move as "a chance for a gradual transition toward the normalisation of our bilateral ties".
Speaking to American military personnel in Britain en route to the summit, Biden said, "We're not seeking conflict with Russia. We want a stable predictable relationship. I've been clear: the United States will respond in a robust and meaningful way if the Russian government engages in harmful activities." He added he would "meet with Mr. Putin to let him know what I want him to know."
Days before the talks, Putin again denied responsibility for cyberattacks on meat processing companies in the US. He has previously said the accusations were an attempt to provoke conflict ahead of the summit. Russian criminal gangs were accused of the ransomware attacks.
Russia also has longstanding concerns about plans to expand the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. Meeting with NATO allies in Brussels two days before the summit, Biden refuted an assertion by Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky that NATO had agreed to admit Ukraine to the alliance. Ukrainian allegiance has been a persistently contentious issue between Russia and the United States.
By the eve of the summit, Biden stood by his decision to not participate in a post-summit joint press conference with Putin, following the advice of Russian experts to avoid any attempt by Putin to appear as though he had gotten the better of Biden.
Venue
The Villa La Grange in Geneva, the venue of the summit
The summit was held in the historic Villa la Grange, an 18th-century building overlooking Lake Geneva. Swiss police and soldiers closed parklands surrounding the villa in the lead-up to the event, installing barricades and barbed wire.
Agenda
The summit was expected to set the direction of the relationship between Russia and the Biden administration. It was the first face-to-face meeting between the two men since Biden took office in January. However, officials from both countries downplayed chances beforehand of a dramatic breakthrough in relations.
Of high importance on the anticipated agenda were talks on nuclear arms control. In June 2021, Biden's national security adviser, Jake Sullivan, said that "What we are looking to do is for the two presidents to be able to send a clear signal to their teams on questions of strategic stability so that we can make progress on arms control and other nuclear areas to reduce tension and instability in that aspect of the relationship."
Biden said before the summit that he would raise the issue of human rights. This was expected potentially to include the poisoning and imprisonment of Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny. Cybersecurity was also expected to be discussed, as in recent years both Russia and the United States have repeatedly violated a 25-nation pact to not attack the infrastructure of other nations in peacetime or protect cybercriminals.
Other topics for discussion were expected to include interference in elections, and the sovereignty of Ukraine. On the basis of past phone calls between the two men, US officials planned for the talks to be prolonged.
Russia said it expected to discuss COVID-19 pandemic, global conflicts, terrorism and reducing the number of nuclear weapons. The two leaders agreed in January to extend for five years the New START nuclear nonproliferation treaty.
In the run-up to the summit, numerous local organizations announced demonstrations. The Geneva authorities refused to issue rally permits in several cases, which led to criticism, arguing that the refusal was a violation of fundamental rights at the political level.
Delegations
United States delegation
President of the United States, Joe Biden
Secretary of State, Antony Blinken
National Security Advisor, Jake Sullivan
Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, Victoria Nuland
United States Ambassador to Russia, John Sullivan
National Security Council Top Russia Advisor, Eric Green
National Security Council Top Russia Advisor, Stergos Kaloudis
Russian delegation
President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin
Russian Foreign Affairs Minister, Sergey Lavrov
Russian Ambassador to the US, Anatoly Antonov
Foreign Affairs Assistant to the President, Yuri Ushakov
Kremlin Press Secretary, Dmitry Peskov
Chief of the Russian General Staff, Valery Gerasimov
Deputy Foreign Affairs Minister, Sergei Ryabkov
Deputy Kremlin Chief of Staff, Dmitry Kozak
Special Representative of the Russian President for the Syrian Settlement, Alexander Lavrentyev
Meeting sessions
The talks lasted three and a half hours in total, which was less time than had been scheduled. Biden gave Putin a custom-made pair of sunglasses and crystal sculpture of a bison as gifts.
The first session was a small meeting with Blinken and Lavrov also attending. The second session included more aides.
Topics discussed
An agreement was reached to begin dialogues about nuclear weapons controls and cybersecurity. Russia and the US will also return ambassadors to each other. There were no breakthroughs however on the issues of Ukraine and the imprisonment of Navalny.
Followup
Press conferences
After the summit, Biden told reporters he "warned" Putin about the consequences of any future ransomware attacks, and that "human rights violations" were undermining Russia's "international status".
At a separate press conference, Putin said the talks were constructive and without hostility but he criticized the United States for its "repression" against "peaceful protesters" that stormed the U.S. Capitol and said that he does not want movements like Black Lives Matter to gain traction in Russia, citing their "disorderly" conduct.
Reactions
The day after the summit, Putin praised the outcome and complimented Biden as an astute and shrewd negotiator.
See also
Switzerland portalRussia portalUnited States portal
Détente
Russia–United States relations
2018 Russia–United States summit
List of Russia–United States summits
List of Soviet Union–United States summits
Presidency of Joe Biden#Foreign affairs
Russia under Vladimir Putin
References
^ a b "Statement by White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki on the Meeting Between President Joe Biden and President Vladimir Putin of Russia". whitehouse.gov. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
^ a b Walters, Joanna (10 June 2021). "Biden set to meet Putin in 18th-century Swiss villa for first summit". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
^ Deadlock. East-West Tensions Stymie Geneva Meet, 1955/10/31 (1955). Universal Newsreel. 1955. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (December 15, 2020). "Biden to Face a Confrontational Russia in a World Changed From His Time in Office". New York Times.
^ Becker, Jo; Bogdanich, Walt; Haberman, Maggie; Protess, Ben (November 25, 2019). "Why Giuliani Singled Out 2 Ukrainian Oligarchs to Help Look for Dirt". The New York Times.
^ Anin, Stephen Grey, Tom Bergin, Sevgil Musaieva, Roman (November 26, 2014). "SPECIAL REPORT-Putin's allies channelled billions to Ukraine oligarch". Reuters – via www.reuters.com.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Exclusive: How a Ukrainian Oligarch Wanted by U.S. Authorities Helped Giuliani Attack Biden". Time.
^ Barnes, Julian E.; Sanger, David E.; Jakes, Lara (April 15, 2021). "Biden Administration to Impose Tough Sanctions on Russia". The New York Times.
^ "Biden Says He Waived Nord Stream Sanctions Because It's Finished". Bloomberg. May 25, 2021.
^ "Putin-Biden Summit Set for June 16 in Geneva". The Moscow Times. May 25, 2021.
^ "Nord Stream 2: Biden waives US sanctions on Russian pipeline". BBC News. May 20, 2021.
^ Kevin Liptak (9 June 2021). "Biden warns he'll tell Putin 'what I want him to know' as he defines goals of foreign tour". CNN.
^ "Putin denies accusations of cyberattacks by Russia against U.S." Interfax. Interfax News Agency. June 4, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
^ Basu, Zachary (June 14, 2021). "Putin denies Russia is behind cyberattacks ahead of Biden summit". Axios.
^ Geneva Sands and Arlette Saenz (9 May 2021). "Criminal group originating from Russia believed to be behind pipeline cyberattack". CNN.
^ "JBS: FBI says Russia-linked group hacked meat supplier". BBC News. June 3, 2021.
^ "Biden rallies NATO support ahead of confrontation with Putin". AP NEWS. June 14, 2021.
^ Wingrove, Josh (June 14, 2021). "Biden Says Ukraine Has Work to Do on Corruption to Get Into NATO". Bloomberg News.
^ Maegan Vazquez (15 June 2021). "Why Biden and Putin won't hold a joint press conference". CNN.
^ a b c Bose, Nandita; Mohammed, Arshad (May 25, 2021). "Biden, Putin to meet on June 16 amid disagreements". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
^ "At an arms control crossroads, Biden and Putin face choices". Associated Press. June 13, 2021.
^ "Biden to press Putin on respecting human rights in Geneva". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. May 31, 2021. Retrieved June 11, 2021.
^ Zurcher, Anthony (May 25, 2021). "Biden-Putin summit: Awkward conversation looms in Geneva". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
^ Nakashima, Ellen (June 12, 2021). "Russia, U.S. and other countries reach new agreement against cyber hacking, even as attacks continue". The Washington Post.
^ "How Not To Prevent a Cyberwar With Russia". Wired. June 18, 2019.
^ Liptak, Kevin; Zeleny, Jeff; Collins, Kaitlan (June 9, 2021). "Biden takes lead role he's always craved in high-stakes first trip abroad as president". CNN. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
^ "Putin says he hopes Geneva summit will help improve ties with the U.S." Fortune. June 4, 2021.
^ "Putin and Biden confirm extension of New START treaty". POLITICO. January 27, 2021.
^ "Biden-Putin Gipfel: Warum Genf beschuldigt wird, die Meinungsfreiheit zu vergessen". watson.ch. June 16, 2021.
^ a b c d e f Zeleny, Jeff (June 16, 2021). "U.S. Delegation Taking Part in Expanded Talks". CNN. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
^ Lemire, Jonathan; Madhani, Aamer; Isachenkov, Vladimer (June 16, 2021). "First round of Biden-Putin talks is over". Associated Press. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
^ a b c d e f g h i Chernova, Anna; Ullah, Zahra (June 16, 2021). "These are the Russian officials in the room with Putin for the second meeting". CNN. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
^ a b c d "Biden and Putin discuss cybersecurity and human rights at Geneva summit". CBS News. ViacomCBS. 17 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
^ a b "Biden and Putin praise Geneva summit talks but discord remains". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 17 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
^ a b "Biden rejects Putin's 'ridiculous comparison' between Capitol rioters and Alexei Navalny at summit – live". The Guardian. 17 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
^ "Putin sees 'double standard' in US Capitol riot prosecutions". BBC News. 5 June 2021.
^ "Putin compares BLM to opposition groups, foreign entities in Russia". 16 June 2021.
^ "Putin praises summit result, calls Biden a tough negotiator". AP NEWS. June 17, 2021.
External links
The Biden-Putin meet in Geneva is a spill-words summit - Chitra Subramaniam
Wikiquote has quotations related to 2021 Russia–United States summit.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2021 Russia–United States summit.
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SWIFT ban against Russian banks
Ukraine Recovery Conference
Versailles declaration
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15th BRICS summit
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Consecration of Russia
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Finland–NATO relations
Finland–Russia border barrier
Iron diplomacy
Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia
Recognition of Russia as a terrorist state
Removal of monuments and memorials
Streets renamed
Ukraine Square, Oslo
Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion
Sweden–NATO relations
Swedish anti-terrorism bill
PublicProtests
In Ukraine
in Russian-occupied Ukraine
demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin
ArmWomenNow
Ukrainian Artistic Front
In Russia
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Anti-War Committee
Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople
Congress of People's Deputies
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Russian Action Committee
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State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason
White-blue-white flag
In Belarus
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Great Translation Movement
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Companies
Address of the Russian Union of Rectors
Boycott of Russia and Belarus
"Do not buy Russian goods!"
E.N.O.T. Corp.
Igor Mangushev
McDonald's in Russia
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NashStore
People's Satellite
Starlink satellites
Stop Bloody Energy
Wagner Group
Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev
Death of Nemes Tarimo
Yale CELI List of Companies
Technology
Anonymous and the invasion
alerts.in.ua
DDoS attacks on Romania
DeepStateMap.Live
IT Army of Ukraine
Killnet
Liveuamap
Open-source intelligence
peacenotwar
Russian Asset Tracker
Squad303
Ukraine Siren Alerts
Wikipedia
threat to block in Russia
detention of Mark Bernstein
Spies
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Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families
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Open letter from Nobel laureates
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True Russia
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journalists killed
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Russian debt default
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Education
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Environmental impact
Eurovision Song Contest 2022
Russia
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List of notable deaths
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art theft and looting
damaged cultural sites
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Ukrainian refugee crisis
Sobieskiego 100
UN Commission of Inquiry
UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission
Terms and phrases
"And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from"
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"Orc"
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"Russia is here forever "
"Russian warship, go fuck yourself"
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"Special military operation"
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"Without you"
Popular cultureSongs
12
Bakhmut Fortress
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City of Mary
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Královec Region
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North Atlantic Fella Organization
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Vladimir Putin's meeting table
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"Z" military symbol
Key peopleUkrainians
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speeches during the invasion
visit to the United States
visit to the United Kingdom
visits to Europe
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Related
2023 North Korea–Russia summit
2024 Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash
Anti-Russian sentiment
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Belgorod accidental bombing
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Category
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"summit meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_(meeting)"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"}],"text":"The 2021 Russia–United States summit (also known as Geneva 2021 or the Biden–Putin summit) was a summit meeting between United States President Joe Biden and Russian President Vladimir Putin on 16 June 2021, in Geneva, Switzerland.","title":"2021 Russia–United States summit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"July 1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"November 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Soviet General Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"}],"text":"Two summits were held in Geneva during the Cold War. In July 1955, the leaders of Britain, France, the Soviet Union and the United States discussed global security.[3] In November 1985, US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev discussed diplomatic relations and nuclear weaponry.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vice_President_Joe_Biden_greets_Russian_Prime_Minister_Vladimir_Putin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Petro Poroshenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko"},{"link_name":"Dmytro Firtash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmytro_Firtash"},{"link_name":"reliance on imports of Russian natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"Jake Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"CAATSA sanctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act"},{"link_name":"Nord Stream 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_Stream_2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Sergei Ryabkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Ryabkov"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"cyberattacks on meat processing companies in the US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JBS_S.A._cyberattack"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"ransomware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransomware"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"expand the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations#Future_enlargement_plans_of_NATO_to_Ukraine_and_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Volodymyr Zelensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelensky"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"US Vice President Joe Biden and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in Moscow, Russia in March 2011Prior to the summit, Biden and Putin had met once, in Moscow in March 2011, when Biden was vice president and Putin was prime minister. After an official group meeting Biden characterized in his memoir as \"argumentative,\" he and Putin met privately, with Biden saying \"Mr. Prime Minister, I’m looking into your eyes,\" (a reference to a 2001 meeting between Putin and President Bush, who later said \"I looked the man in the eye...I was able to get a sense of his soul\"). Biden continued, \"I don’t think you have a soul.\" Putin replied, \"We understand each other.\"[4]As vice president, Biden had urged then Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko to eliminate middlemen such as Ukrainian oligarch Dmytro Firtash from the country's natural gas industry, and to reduce the country's reliance on imports of Russian natural gas. Putin reportedly influenced the appointment of Firtash, who had been fighting extradition to the US on bribery and organised crime charges.[5][6][7]Two months before the summit, the Biden administration took measures to punish Russia for hostile activities such as interference in the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections. National security advisor Jake Sullivan said the measures included \"a mix of tools seen and unseen,\" including financial sanctions.[8]In May 2021, the Biden administration waived CAATSA sanctions on the company behind Russia's Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline to Germany and its chief executive.[9][10] Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov welcomed the move as \"a chance for a gradual transition toward the normalisation of our bilateral ties\".[11]Speaking to American military personnel in Britain en route to the summit, Biden said, \"We're not seeking conflict with Russia. We want a stable predictable relationship. I've been clear: the United States will respond in a robust and meaningful way if the Russian government engages in harmful activities.\" He added he would \"meet with Mr. Putin to let him know what I want him to know.\"[12]Days before the talks, Putin again denied responsibility for cyberattacks on meat processing companies in the US. He has previously said the accusations were an attempt to provoke conflict ahead of the summit.[13][14] Russian criminal gangs were accused of the ransomware attacks.[15][16]Russia also has longstanding concerns about plans to expand the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. Meeting with NATO allies in Brussels two days before the summit, Biden refuted an assertion by Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky that NATO had agreed to admit Ukraine to the alliance. Ukrainian allegiance has been a persistently contentious issue between Russia and the United States.[17][18]By the eve of the summit, Biden stood by his decision to not participate in a post-summit joint press conference with Putin, following the advice of Russian experts to avoid any attempt by Putin to appear as though he had gotten the better of Biden.[19]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Villa_La_Grange.jpg"},{"link_name":"Villa La Grange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_La_Grange"},{"link_name":"Villa la Grange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_La_Grange"},{"link_name":"Lake Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Geneva"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walters-2"}],"sub_title":"Venue","text":"The Villa La Grange in Geneva, the venue of the summitThe summit was held in the historic Villa la Grange, an 18th-century building overlooking Lake Geneva. Swiss police and soldiers closed parklands surrounding the villa in the lead-up to the event, installing barricades and barbed wire.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bos-Moh-20"},{"link_name":"nuclear arms control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament"},{"link_name":"strategic stability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_stability"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Alexei Navalny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Navalny"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"interference in elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"sovereignty of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bos-Moh-20"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bos-Moh-20"},{"link_name":"New START","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_START"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"The summit was expected to set the direction of the relationship between Russia and the Biden administration. It was the first face-to-face meeting between the two men since Biden took office in January. However, officials from both countries downplayed chances beforehand of a dramatic breakthrough in relations.[20]Of high importance on the anticipated agenda were talks on nuclear arms control. In June 2021, Biden's national security adviser, Jake Sullivan, said that \"What we are looking to do is for the two presidents to be able to send a clear signal to their teams on questions of strategic stability so that we can make progress on arms control and other nuclear areas to reduce tension and instability in that aspect of the relationship.\"[21]Biden said before the summit that he would raise the issue of human rights.[22] This was expected potentially to include the poisoning and imprisonment of Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny.[23] Cybersecurity was also expected to be discussed, as in recent years both Russia and the United States have repeatedly violated a 25-nation pact to not attack the infrastructure of other nations in peacetime or protect cybercriminals.[24][25]Other topics for discussion were expected to include interference in elections, and the sovereignty of Ukraine.[20] On the basis of past phone calls between the two men, US officials planned for the talks to be prolonged.[26]Russia said it expected to discuss COVID-19 pandemic, global conflicts, terrorism and reducing the number of nuclear weapons.[27][20] The two leaders agreed in January to extend for five years the New START nuclear nonproliferation treaty.[28]In the run-up to the summit, numerous local organizations announced demonstrations. The Geneva authorities refused to issue rally permits in several cases, which led to criticism, arguing that the refusal was a violation of fundamental rights at the political level.[29]","title":"Agenda"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Delegations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Delegation-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Antony Blinken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Blinken"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Delegation-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Jake Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Delegation-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Victoria Nuland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Nuland"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Delegation-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"John Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Sullivan_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Delegation-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Delegation-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaloudis-31"}],"sub_title":"United States delegation","text":"President of the United States, Joe Biden[30]\n Secretary of State, Antony Blinken[30]\n National Security Advisor, Jake Sullivan[30]\n Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, Victoria Nuland[30]\n United States Ambassador to Russia, John Sullivan[30]\n National Security Council Top Russia Advisor, Eric Green[30]\n National Security Council Top Russia Advisor, Stergos Kaloudis[31]","title":"Delegations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"President of the Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delegation-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Sergey Lavrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delegation-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Anatoly Antonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Antonov"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delegation-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Yuri Ushakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Ushakov"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delegation-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Peskov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Peskov"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delegation-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Valery Gerasimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Gerasimov"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delegation-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Sergei Ryabkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Ryabkov"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delegation-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Kozak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Kozak"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delegation-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Alexander Lavrentyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Lavrentyev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delegation-32"}],"sub_title":"Russian delegation","text":"President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin[32]\n Russian Foreign Affairs Minister, Sergey Lavrov[32]\n Russian Ambassador to the US, Anatoly Antonov[32]\n Foreign Affairs Assistant to the President, Yuri Ushakov[32]\n Kremlin Press Secretary, Dmitry Peskov[32]\n Chief of the Russian General Staff, Valery Gerasimov[32]\n Deputy Foreign Affairs Minister, Sergei Ryabkov[32]\n Deputy Kremlin Chief of Staff, Dmitry Kozak[32]\n Special Representative of the Russian President for the Syrian Settlement, Alexander Lavrentyev[32]","title":"Delegations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS01-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC01-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardlive-35"}],"text":"The talks lasted three and a half hours in total,[33] which was less time than had been scheduled. Biden gave Putin a custom-made pair of sunglasses and crystal sculpture of a bison as gifts.[34]The first session was a small meeting with Blinken and Lavrov also attending. The second session included more aides.[35]","title":"Meeting sessions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS01-33"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardlive-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC01-34"}],"sub_title":"Topics discussed","text":"An agreement was reached to begin dialogues about nuclear weapons controls and cybersecurity.[33][35] Russia and the US will also return ambassadors to each other. There were no breakthroughs however on the issues of Ukraine and the imprisonment of Navalny.[34]","title":"Meeting sessions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Followup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS01-33"},{"link_name":"stormed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack"},{"link_name":"Black Lives Matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBS01-33"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Press conferences","text":"After the summit, Biden told reporters he \"warned\" Putin about the consequences of any future ransomware attacks, and that \"human rights violations\" were undermining Russia's \"international status\".[33]At a separate press conference, Putin said the talks were constructive and without hostility but he criticized the United States for its \"repression\" against \"peaceful protesters\" that stormed the U.S. Capitol and said that he does not want movements like Black Lives Matter to gain traction in Russia, citing their \"disorderly\" conduct.[33][36][37]","title":"Followup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Reactions","text":"The day after the summit, Putin praised the outcome and complimented Biden as an astute and shrewd negotiator.[38]","title":"Followup"}]
|
[{"image_text":"US Vice President Joe Biden and Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in Moscow, Russia in March 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vice_President_Joe_Biden_greets_Russian_Prime_Minister_Vladimir_Putin.jpg/220px-Vice_President_Joe_Biden_greets_Russian_Prime_Minister_Vladimir_Putin.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Villa La Grange in Geneva, the venue of the summit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Villa_La_Grange.jpg/220px-Villa_La_Grange.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Switzerland portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Switzerland"},{"title":"Russia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Russia"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Détente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9tente"},{"title":"Russia–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"title":"2018 Russia–United States summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit"},{"title":"List of Russia–United States summits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summits"},{"title":"List of Soviet Union–United States summits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits"},{"title":"Presidency of Joe Biden#Foreign affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden#Foreign_affairs"},{"title":"Russia under Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Statement by White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki on the Meeting Between President Joe Biden and President Vladimir Putin of Russia\". whitehouse.gov. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/05/25/statement-by-white-house-press-secretary-jen-psaki-on-the-meeting-between-president-joe-biden-and-president-vladimir-putin-of-russia/","url_text":"\"Statement by White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki on the Meeting Between President Joe Biden and President Vladimir Putin of Russia\""}]},{"reference":"Walters, Joanna (10 June 2021). \"Biden set to meet Putin in 18th-century Swiss villa for first summit\". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jun/09/biden-putin-summit-villa-switzerland-venue","url_text":"\"Biden set to meet Putin in 18th-century Swiss villa for first summit\""}]},{"reference":"Deadlock. 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AP NEWS. June 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-europe-summits-d86605a1c60be7c9ca856028030b961b","url_text":"\"Putin praises summit result, calls Biden a tough negotiator\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/05/25/statement-by-white-house-press-secretary-jen-psaki-on-the-meeting-between-president-joe-biden-and-president-vladimir-putin-of-russia/","external_links_name":"\"Statement by White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki on the Meeting Between President Joe Biden and President Vladimir Putin of Russia\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jun/09/biden-putin-summit-villa-switzerland-venue","external_links_name":"\"Biden set to meet Putin in 18th-century Swiss villa for first summit\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/1955-10-31_Deadlock","external_links_name":"Deadlock. East-West Tensions Stymie Geneva Meet, 1955/10/31 (1955)"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/15/us/politics/biden-russia-trump-putin.html","external_links_name":"\"Biden to Face a Confrontational Russia in a World Changed From His Time in Office\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/25/us/giuliani-ukraine-oligarchs.html","external_links_name":"\"Why Giuliani Singled Out 2 Ukrainian Oligarchs to Help Look for Dirt\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-capitalism-gas-special-report-pix-idUSL3N0TF4QD20141126","external_links_name":"\"SPECIAL REPORT-Putin's allies channelled billions to Ukraine oligarch\""},{"Link":"https://time.com/5699201/exclusive-how-a-ukrainian-oligarch-wanted-by-u-s-authorities-helped-giuliani-attack-biden/","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive: How a Ukrainian Oligarch Wanted by U.S. Authorities Helped Giuliani Attack 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tour\""},{"Link":"https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/71972/","external_links_name":"\"Putin denies accusations of cyberattacks by Russia against U.S.\""},{"Link":"https://www.axios.com/putin-interview-highlights-biden-summit-ef635f91-43c6-4693-9787-f92f4231e174.html","external_links_name":"\"Putin denies Russia is behind cyberattacks ahead of Biden summit\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/09/politics/colonial-pipeline-cyberattack-restart-plan/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Criminal group originating from Russia believed to be behind pipeline cyberattack\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57338896","external_links_name":"\"JBS: FBI says Russia-linked group hacked meat supplier\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/government-and-politics-donald-trump-joe-biden-china-russia-962ddadf219a8ff0412d662163a33d81","external_links_name":"\"Biden rallies NATO support ahead of confrontation with Putin\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-14/biden-says-ukraine-has-work-to-do-on-corruption-to-get-into-nato","external_links_name":"\"Biden Says Ukraine Has Work to Do on Corruption to Get Into NATO\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/15/politics/why-biden-and-putin-will-not-hold-a-joint-press-conference/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Why Biden and Putin won't hold a joint press conference\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/biden-putin-meet-geneva-june-16-2021-05-25/","external_links_name":"\"Biden, Putin to meet on June 16 amid disagreements\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/government-and-politics-joe-biden-europe-7993656455f5c0fc8600ac38285b21e7","external_links_name":"\"At an arms control crossroads, Biden and Putin face choices\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-press-putin-respecting-human-rights-during-geneva-meeting-2021-05-30/","external_links_name":"\"Biden to press Putin on respecting human rights in Geneva\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57244860","external_links_name":"\"Biden-Putin summit: Awkward conversation looms in Geneva\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/russia-us-un-cyber-norms/2021/06/12/9b608cd4-866b-11eb-bfdf-4d36dab83a6d_story.html","external_links_name":"\"Russia, U.S. and other countries reach new agreement against cyber hacking, even as attacks continue\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/story/russia-cyberwar-escalation-power-grid/","external_links_name":"\"How Not To Prevent a Cyberwar With Russia\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/09/politics/joe-biden-leaves-for-international-trip/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Biden takes lead role he's always craved in high-stakes first trip abroad as president\""},{"Link":"https://fortune.com/2021/06/04/vladimir-putin-joe-biden-us-russia-relations-geneva-summit/","external_links_name":"\"Putin says he hopes Geneva summit will help improve ties with the U.S.\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.eu/article/putin-and-biden-confirm-extension-of-new-start-treaty/","external_links_name":"\"Putin and Biden confirm extension of New START treaty\""},{"Link":"https://www.watson.ch/schweiz/romandie/237426193-gipfeltreffen-genf-kanton-wird-beschuldigt-grundrechte-zu-vergessen","external_links_name":"\"Biden-Putin Gipfel: Warum Genf beschuldigt wird, die Meinungsfreiheit zu vergessen\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/jeffzeleny/status/1405165917240188930","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Delegation Taking Part in Expanded Talks\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-europe-summits-health-coronavirus-pandemic-8126c24c511c258f4fc7e4f424bb8e70","external_links_name":"\"First round of Biden-Putin talks is over\""},{"Link":"https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/biden-putin-meeting-geneva-updates-intl/index.html?tab=all","external_links_name":"\"These are the Russian officials in the room with Putin for the second meeting\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/video/biden-putin-summit-today-cybersecurity-human-rights-recap-analysis/#x","external_links_name":"\"Biden and Putin discuss cybersecurity and human rights at Geneva summit\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57504755?at_medium=custom7&at_custom2=tw","external_links_name":"\"Biden and Putin praise Geneva summit talks but discord remains\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2021/jun/16/joe-biden-vladimir-putin-us-russia-summit-meeting-geneva-ukraine-live-updates?page=with:block-60ca70fd8f08bfe0ccb13ebe","external_links_name":"\"Biden rejects Putin's 'ridiculous comparison' between Capitol rioters and Alexei Navalny at summit – live\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57366668","external_links_name":"\"Putin sees 'double standard' in US Capitol riot prosecutions\""},{"Link":"https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/558751-putin-compares-blm-to-opposition-groups-foreign-entities-in-russia","external_links_name":"\"Putin compares BLM to opposition groups, foreign entities in Russia\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-europe-summits-d86605a1c60be7c9ca856028030b961b","external_links_name":"\"Putin praises summit result, calls Biden a tough negotiator\""},{"Link":"https://theprobe.in/the-biden-putin-meet-in-geneva-is-a-spill-words-summit/","external_links_name":"The Biden-Putin meet in Geneva is a spill-words summit"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwapwa_language
|
Pwapwâ language
|
["1 References"]
|
Austronesian language spoken in New Caledonia
PwapwaNative toVoh, New CaledoniaNative speakers40 (2006 census)Language familyAustronesian
Malayo-PolynesianOceanicSouthern OceanicNew Caledonian – LoyaltiesNew CaledonianNorthern New CaledonianNorth Northern?PwapwaLanguage codesISO 639-3popGlottologpwap1237ELPPwapwâPwapwâ is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
Pwapwa (also known as Poapoa or Neukaledonien) is a nearly extinct New Caledonian language of New Caledonia, in the commune of Voh.
References
^ Pwapwa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
vteLanguages of New CaledoniaOfficial language
French
IndigenouslanguagesNewCaledonianNorthern
Caac
Cèmuhî
Drehu
Fwâi
Haveke
Iaai
Jawe
Kumak
Nemi
Nengone
Nyâlayu
Paicî
Pije
Pwaamei
Pwapwâ
Vamale
Yuanga
Southern
Ajië
Arhâ
Arhö
Ndrumbea
Neku
Numèè
Orowe
Sîchë
Tîrî
Xârâcùù
Xârâgurè
Other
Haeke
Polynesian
West Uvean
Non-indigenouslanguage
Javanese
vteSouthern Oceanic languagesNorthVanuatuTorres–Banks
Hiw
Lo-Toga
Lehali
Löyöp
Mwotlap
Volow
Lemerig
Vera’a
Vurës
Mwesen
Mota
Nume
Dorig
Koro
Olrat
Lakon
Mwerlap
Maewo–Ambae–North Pentecost
Sun̄wadia
Sun̄wadaga
Baetora
Duidui
Northeast Ambae
Raga
South Pentecost
Ske
Apma
Sa
Espiritu Santo
Cape Cumberland
Nokuku
Tolomako
Wusi
Akei
Tasiriki
Tangoa
Araki
Tiale
Merei
Kiai
M̈av̈ea
Tutuba
Aore
Tamambo
Mores
Shark Bay
Sakao
NuclearSouthernOceanicCentral Vanuatu
Northeast Malakula
Vao
Vovo
Mpotovoro
Dirak
Malua Bay
V’ënen Taut
Tape
Larevat
Neve’ei
Naman
Navava
Nevwervwer
Unua
Pangkumu
Banam Bay
Aulua
Lendamboi
Nasarian
Axamb
Avok
Maskelynes
Port Sandwich
Sinesip
Naha’ai
Ninde
North Ambrym
West Ambrym
South Ambrym
Lewo
Lamen
Bierebo
Baki
Mkir
Bieria
Nakanamanga
Nguna
Namakir
South Efate
South VanuatuErromango
Sie / Erromangan
Sorung †
Ifo (Utaha) †
Ura
Tanna
Kwamera (South Tanna)
Southwest Tanna
Lenakel (West Tanna)
Whitesands (East Tanna)
North Tanna
Aneityum
Loyalties–New CaledoniaLoyalty Islands
Drehu
Iaai
Nengone
New CaledonianSouthern
Ndrumbea
Numèè
Xârâcùù
Xârâgurè
Tîrî
Zire †
Ajië
Arhö
Arhâ
Neku
Orowe
Northern
Vamale
Haveke
Haeke
Cèmuhî
Paicî
Pwaamei
Pwapwa
Bwatoo
Hmwaveke
Waamwang
Fwâi
Jawe
Nemi
Pije
Caac
Kumak
Yuanga
Nyâlayu
* indicates proposed status ? indicates classification dispute† indicates extinct status
vteAustronesian languagesFormosan languagesRukaic
Rukai
Tsouic
Tsou
Kanakanavu
Saaroa
NorthernAtayalic
Atayal
Seediq
NorthwestFormosan
Saisiyat
Pazeh †
Kulon †
Thao
Babuza
Favorlang †
Papora-Hoanya †
EastKavalanic
Basay †
Kavalan
Luilang †
Ami
Amis
Sakizaya
Siraiyac
Siraya †
Taivoan †
Southern ?
Puyuma
Paiwan
Bunun
Malayo–PolynesianWestern branches of Malayo–PolynesianPhilippine(linkage) ?Batanic (Bashiic)
Itbayat
Ivatan
Yami
Northern Luzon
Arta
Dicamay Agta †
Ilocano
Cagayan Valley
Atta
Cagayan Agta
Ga'dang
Gaddang
Ibanag
Isnag
Itawis
Yogad
Meso-Cordilleran
Northern Alta
Southern Alta
Central Cordilleran
Balangao
Bontoc
Ifugao
Isinai
Itneg
Kalinga
Kankanaey
Tuwali
Southern Cordilleran
Bugkalot
Ibaloi
Iwaak
Kalanguya
Karao
Pangasinan
Central Luzon
Kapampangan
Hatang Kayi (Remontado)
Sambalic
Abellen
Ambala
Mag-antsi
Bolinao
Botolan
Mag-indi
Mariveleño
Sambal
Northern Mindoro
Alangan
Iraya
Tadyawan
Greater CentralPhilippineSouthern Mindoro
Buhid
Hanunoo
Tawbuid
Central PhilippineTagalogic
Filipino
Kasiguranin
Tagalog
Old Tagalog †
Batangueño
Bikol
Albay Bikol
Central Bikol
Isarog Agta
Mount Iraya Agta
Mount Iriga Agta
Pandan Bikol
Rinconada
Bisayan
Akeanon
Asi
Bantayanon
Baybay
Butuanon
Caluyanon
Capiznon
Cebuano
Boholano
Old Cebuano †
Cuyonon
Hiligaynon
Kabalian
Karay-a
Karolanos
Magahat
Masbateño
Northern Sorsogon
Onhan
Porohanon
Ratagnon
Romblomanon
Southern Sorsogon
Sulod
Surigaonon
Tausug
Waray
Mansakan
Davawenyo
Kalagan
Kamayo
Mamanwa
Mandaya
Mansaka
(unclassified)
Ata †
Palawanic
Aborlan Tagbanwa
Batak
Central Tagbanwa
Palawano
Taaw't Bato
Subanen
Western Subanon
Danao
Iranun
Maguindanao
Maranao
Manobo
Agusan
Ata Manobo
Binukid
Cotabato Manobo
Higaonon
Ilianen
Kagayanen
Kamigin
Matigsalug
Obo
Sarangani
Tagabawa
Western Bukidnon
Gorontalo–Mongondow
Bintauna
Bolango
Buol
Gorontalo
Kaidipang
Lolak
Mongondow
Ponosakan
Suwawa
Kalamian
Agutaynen
Calamian Tagbanwa
Bilic
Blaan
Tboli
Teduray
Sangiric
Bantik
Ratahan
Sangirese
Talaud
Minahasan
Tombulu
Tondano
Tonsawang
Tonsea
Tontemboan
Other branches
Ati
Klata
Umiray Dumaget
Manide–Alabat
Inagta Alabat
Manide
Greater Barito *Barito
Malagasy
Bushi
Deyah
Malang
Witu
Balangan
Ma'anyan
Paku
Lawangan
Kohin
Dohoi
Siang
Bakumpai
Ngaju
Ampanang
Tunjung
Sama–Bajaw
Abaknon
Bajaw
Mapun
Pangutaran Sama
Sama
West Coast Bajaw
Yakan
Basap *GreaterNorth Borneo *North Borneo *Northeast Sabah *
Ida'an
Bonggi
Molbog ?
Southwest Sabah *GreaterDusunic *Bisaya–Lotud
Brunei Bisaya
Lotud
Dusunic
Kadazandusun
Central Dusun
Coastal Kadazan
Kuijau
Eastern Kadazan
Kota Marudu Talantang
Rungus / Momogun
Klias River Kadazan
Paitanic
Tombonuwo
Kinabatangan
Abai Sungai
Serudung
GreaterMurutic *
Tatana ?
Papar
Murutic
Tagol
Timugon
Keningau
Selungai
Sembakung
Baukan
Okolod
Paluan
Ganaʼ
Kalabakan
Nonukan Tidong
Sesayap Tidong
North Sarawak *
Kenyah / Bakung
Sebob
Tutoh
Umaʼ Lasan
Wahau Kenyah
Penan ?
Kelabit
Lengilu
Lundayeh
Sa'ban
Tring
Berawan
Belait
Kiput
Narom
Tutong
Bintulu
Central Sarawak
Kajaman
Lahanan
Sekapan
Daro-Matu
Kanowit–Tanjong
Melanau
Bukitan
Punan Batu
Sian
Ukit
Burusu
Bah-Biau Punan
Sajau
Punan Merap
Bukat
Seru †
Lelak †
Kayanic
Kayan
Bahau
Modang
Segai
Hovongan
Aoheng
Aput
Punan
Krio Dayak
Murik
Land Dayak
Bakatiʼ
Sara
Laraʼ
Bukar–Sadong
Biatah
Tringgus
Jagoi
Jangkang
Kembayan
Semandang
Ribun
Benyaduʼ
Sanggau
Malayo–Chamic *Aceh–Chamic
Acehnese
Cham dialects
Chru
Haroi
Jarai
Rade
Roglai
Tsat
Iban–MalayanIbanic
Iban
Keninjal ?
Mualang
Remun
Seberuang
Malay
Malaysian
Indonesian
Minangkabau
Brunei/Kedayan Malay
Bamayo
Banjar
Berau Malay
Bangka Malay
Bengkulu
Col
Duanoʼ
Haji
Jambi Malay
Jakun
Kedah Malay
Kendayan / Selako ?
Kutai Malay
Kaur
Kerinci
Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Kubu
Orang Laut
Lubu
Musi
Negeri Sembilan Malay
Orang Kanaq
Orang Seletar
Pahang Malay
Pekal
Perak Malay
Pontianak Malay
Reman Malay
Sarawak Malay
Temuan
Terengganu Malay
Urak Lawoi'
Sundanese
Sundanese
Old Sundanese †
Baduy
Bantenese
Cirebonese
Rejang ?
Rejang
Moklenic ?
Moken
Moklen
Sumatran *Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
Enggano ?
Gayo
Mentawai
Nias
Sikule
Simeulue
Batak
Alas
Angkola
Dairi
Karo
Simalungun
Toba
Mandailing
Nasal ?
Lampungic
Lampung
Lampung Nyo
Lampung Api
Komering
Javanese
Javanese
Kawi / Old Javanese †
Banyumasan
Osing
Tenggerese
Madurese
Madurese
Kangean
Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa
Balinese
Sasak
Sumbawa
CelebicBungku–Tolaki
Bahonsuai
Bungku
Kodeoha
Kulisusu
Moronene
Mori Bawah
Mori Atas
Padoe
Rahambuu
Tolaki
Tomadino
Waru
Wawonii
Muna–Buton
Bonerate
Busoa
Cia-Cia
Kaimbulawa
Kumbewaha
Lasalimu
Liabuku
Muna
Pancana
Tukang Besi
Saluan–Banggai
Andio
Balantak
Banggai
Batui
Bobongko
Saluan
Tomini–Tolitoli *
Balaesang
Boano ?
Dampelas
Dondo
Lauje
Pendau
Taje
Tajio
Tomini
Totoli ?
Kaili–Wolio *Kaili–Pamona
Kaili
Mbelala
Moma
Pamona
Rampi
Sarudu
Sedoa
Topoiyo
Uma
Wotu–Wolio
Kalao
Kamaru
Laiyolo
Ledo Kaili *
Wolio
Wotu
South SulawesiBugis
Buginese
Campalagian
Embaloh
Taman
Makassar
Makassarese
Bentong
Coastal Konjo
Highland Konjo
Selayar
Seko–Badaic *Seko
Budong-Budong
Panasuan
Seko Padang
Seko Tengah
Badaic
Bada
Behoa
Napu
Northern
Mamuju
Mandar
Massenrempulu
Duri
Enrekang
Maiwa
Malimpung
Pitu Ulunna Salu
Aralle-Tabulahan
Bambam
Dakka
Pannei
Ulumandaʼ
Toraja
Kalumpang
Mamasa
Pattae'
Lawa
Talondoʼ ?
Toraja-Saʼdan
Lemolang
Isolates
Chamorro
Palauan
Central Malayo-Polynesian languagesBima
Bima
Sumba–FloresSumba–HawuSavu
Hawu
Dhao
Sumba
Kambera
Mamboru
Anakalangu
Wanukaka
Pondok
Baliledo
Wejewa
Lamboya
Kodi
Gaura
Western Flores
Komodo
Manggarai
Riung
Rembong
Rajong
Kepoʼ
Wae Rana
Palu'e
Ende
Lio
Nagé-Kéo
Ngadha
Rongga
Soʼa
Flores–Lembata
Sika
Kedang
Lamaholot
Lamaholot
Alorese
Lamatuka
Lewo Eleng
Levuka
South Lembata
Lamalera
Lewotobi
Adonara
Ile Ape
Mingar
Selaru
Selaru
Seluwasan
Kei–Tanimbar ?
Kei
Fordata
Yamdena
Onin
Sekar
Uruangnirin
Aru
Barakai
Batuley
Dobel
Karey
Koba
Kola
Lola
Lorang
Manombai
Mariri
Tarangan
Ujir
Timoric *
Helong
Tetum
Idalaka
Central Timor *
Kemak
Tukudede
Mambai
Bekais
Wetar–Galoli ?
Wetar
Galoli
Atauran
Kawaimina
Kairui
Waimoa
Midiki
Naueti ?
Habun ?
Luangic–Kisaric ?
Romang
Kisar
Leti
Luang
Makuva
Rote–Meto
Bilba
Dengka
Lole
Ringgou
Dela-Oenale
Termanu
Tii
Uab Meto
Amarasi
Babar
West Damar
Dawera-Daweloor
North Babar
Dai
Masela
Serili
Southeast Babar
Emplawas
Imroing
Telaʼa
Southwest Maluku
East Damar
Teun
Nila
Serua
Kowiai ?
Kowiai
Central Maluku *
Teor-Kur
West
Ambelau
Buru
Lisela
Hukumina †
Moksela †
Sula
Mangole
Taliabo
East
Banda
Bati
Geser
Watubela
Bobot
Masiwang
Hoti †
Benggoi
Salas
Liana
Nunusaku
Kayeli †
Nuaulu
Huaulu
Manusela
Wemale
Yalahatan
Piru Bay ?
Asilulu
Luhu
Manipa
Wakasihu
Boano
Sepa-Teluti
Paulohi
Kaibobo
Hitu
Tulehu
Laha
Seit-Kaitetu
Kamarian †
Haruku
Amahai
Nusa Laut
Saparua
Latu
Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languagesSHWNG
Tandia †
Mor
Waropen
Warembori ?
Yoke ?
Halmahera SeaAmbel–Biga
Ambel
Biga
Maya–Matbat
Ma'ya
Matbat
Maden
Maden
Fiawat
As
As
South Halmahera
Gane
Taba
Buli
Maba
Patani
Sawai
Gebe
CenderawasihBiakic
Biak
Dusner †
Meoswar
Roon
Yapen
Ambai
Ansus
Marau
Wamesa
Wooi
Munggui
Papuma
Pom
Serui-Laut
Kurudu
Wabo
Southwest
Yaur
Yerisiam
Umar
OceanicAdmiralty
Yapese ?
Eastern
Manus
Baluan-Pam
Lenkau
Lou
Nauna
Penchal
Western
Northern Kaniet †
Southern Kaniet †
Seimat
Wuvulu
Aua
Saint Matthias
Mussau-Emira
Tenis
TemotuUtupua
Amba
Asumboa
Tanimbili
Vanikoro
Teanu
Lovono
Tanema
Reefs–Santa Cruz
Äiwoo
Engdewu / Nanggu
Natügu / Santa Cruz
Nalögo
Noipx
SoutheastSolomonicGela–Guadalcanal
Bugotu
Gela
Lengo
Birao
Ghari
Malango
Talise
Malaita–San Cristobal
Longgu
Sa'a
Arosi
Fagani
Bauro
Kahua
Owa
Marau Wawa ? †
Toʼabaita
Baelelea
Baeggu
Fataleka
Lau
Kwara'ae
Wala
Gula'alaa
Kwaio
Dori'o
ꞋAreꞌare
Oroha
WesternOceanicMeso–MelanesianWillaumez
Bola
Bulu
Meramera
Nakanai
Bali-Vitu
Bali
Vitu
New Ireland–NorthwestSolomonicTungag–Nalik
Kara
Laxudumau
Nalik
Tiang
Tigak
Tungag
Tabar
Lihir
Madara
Notsi
Madak
Barok
Lavatbura–Lamusong
Madak
St. George
Bilur
Fanamaket
Guramalum †
Kandas
Konomala
Label
Lungalunga
Niwer Mil
Patpatar
Ramoaaina
Siar
Sursurunga
Tangga
Tolai
NorthwestSolomonic
Babatana
Bannoni
Blablanga
Cheke Holo
Gao
Ghanongga
Hahon
Hakö
Halia
Hoava
Kazukuru †
Kokota
Kusaghe
Laghu †
Lungga
Marovo
Mono-Alu
Nduke
Nehan
Papapana
Petats
Piva
Ririo
Roviana
Saposa
Simbo
Solos
Teop
Tinputz
Torau
Ughele
Uruava †
Vaghua
Vangunu
Varisi
Zabana
Zazao
Tomoip
NorthNew GuineaSarmi–Jayapura ?
Anus
Bonggo
Kayupulau
Liki
Masimasi
Ormu
Podena
Kaptiau
Sobei
Tarpia
Tobati
Wakde
Yamna
Schouten
Arop-Sissano
Sera
Sissano
Ulau-Suain
Tumleo
Yakamul
Kaiep
Kairiru
Terebu
Biem
Kis
Manam
Medebur
Sepa
Wogeo
Huon Gulf
Bukawa
Kela
Yabem
Aribwatsa †
Aribwaung
Adzera
Dangal
Duwet
Labu
Maralango
Mari
Musom
Nafi
Silisili
Wampar
Wampur
Hote
Iwal
Kapin
Kumalu
Mangga Buang
Mapos Buang
Mumeng
Piu
Vehes
Yamap
Numbami
Ngero–Vitiaz
Bariai
Gitua
Kove
Lusi
Malalamai
Mutu
Awad Bing
Bilibil
Gedaged
Marik
Matukar
Mindiri
Takia
Wab
Lamogai
Mouk-Aria
Aigon
Karore
Kaulong †
Miu
Sengseng
Aiklep
Akolet
Apalik
Avau
Bebeli
Gimi
Lesing-Gelimi
Mangseng
Solong
Lote
Mamusi
Mengen
Arop-Lukep
Karnai
Malasanga
Mur Pano
Mato
Ronji
Amara
Maleu
Mbula
Sio
Tami
Papuan TipNuclear
ʼAuhelawa
Buhutu
Bwanabwana
Oya'oya
Saliba
Suau
Unubahe
Wagawaga
Bwaidoka
Diodio
Iamalele
Iduna
Koluwawa
Maiadomu
Bunama
Boselewa
Dobu
Duau
Galeya
Molima
Mwatebu
Sewa Bay
Dawawa
Kakabai
Are
Arifama-Miniafia
Doga
Gapapaiwa
Ghayavi
Kaninuwa
Ubir
Gweda
Haigwai
Maiwala
Minaveha
Taupota
Tawala
Yakaikeke
Anuki
Gumawana
Kilivila–Misima
Budibud
Kilivila
Misima
Muyuw
Nimoa–Sudest
Nimoa
Sudest
SouthernOceanicNorthVanuatuTorres–Banks
Dorig
Hiw
Koro
Lakon
Lehali
Lemerig
Lo-Toga
Löyöp
Mota
Mwerlap
Mwesen
Mwotlap
Nume
Olrat
Vera’a
Volow
Vurës
Maewo–Ambae–North Pentecost
Baetora
Duidui
Northeast Ambae
Raga
Sun̄wadaga
Sun̄wadia
South Pentecost
Apma
Sa
Ske
Sowa †
Espiritu Santo
Akei
Aore †
Araki
Cape Cumberland
Nokuku
Kiai
M̈av̈ea
Merei-Tiale
Mores
Sakao
Shark Bay
Tamambo
Tangoa
Tasiriki
Tolomako
Tutuba
Wusi
NuclearSouthernOceanicCentral Vanuatu
North Efate
Nafsan
Efatese
Eton
Lelepa
Makura
Daakaka
Dalkalaen
Lonwolwol
Paamese
Port Vato
Southeast Ambrym
Epi
Baki
Bierebo
Bieria
Lamen
Lewo
Maii
Malakula
Aulua
Avava
Aveteian
Axamb
Big Nambas
Botovro
Burmbar
Bwenelang
Larëvat
Lendamboi
Litzlitz
Malfaxal
Malua Bay
Maskelynes
Nahavaq
Nasarian
Nasvang
Nāti
Navwien
Nese
Neve'ei
Neverver
Ninde
Nisvai
Nitita
Port Sandwich
Rerep
Sörsörian
Tape
Tirax
Unua
Northeast Malakula
Vao
Vivti
Rutan
Alovas
Najit
Njav
South VanuatuErromango
Erromanga / Sie
Sorung †
Ura
Utaha / Ifo †
Tanna
Kwamera / South Tanna
Lenakel / West Tanna
North Tanna
Southwest Tanna
Whitesands / East Tanna
Aneityum
Loyalties–New CaledoniaLoyalty Islands
Drehu
Iaai
Nengone
New CaledonianSouthern
Ajië
Arhâ
Arhö
Ndrumbea
Neku
Numèè
Orowe
Tîrî
Xârâcùù
Xârâgurè
Zire †
Northern
Bwatoo
Caac
Cèmuhî
Fwâi
Haeke
Haveke
Hmwaveke
Jawe
Kumak
Nemi
Nyâlayu
Paicî
Pije
Pwaamei
Pwapwâ
Vamale
Waamwang †
Yuanga
Micronesian
Nauruan
NuclearMicronesian
Gilbertese
Kosraean
Marshallese
Chuukic–PohnpeicChuukic
Carolinian
Chuukese
Mapia †
Mortlockese
Namonuito
Pááfang
Puluwatese
Satawalese
Sonsorol
Tanapag
Tobian
Ulithian
Woleaian
Pohnpeic
Mokilese
Ngatikese
Pingelapese
Pohnpeian
CentralPacificWest
Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua
Rotuman
Western Fijian
East
Fijian
Gone Dau
Lauan
Lomaiviti
PolynesianNuclearPolynesian
Kapingamarangi
Nuguria
Nukumanu
Nukuoro
Ontong Java
Sikaiana
Takuu
Tuvaluan
Samoic
Niuatoputapu †
Samoan
Tokelauan
Eastern
Austral
Cook Islands Māori
Hawaiian
Mangareva
Māori
Moriori †
Marquesan
Penrhyn
Rakahanga-Manihiki
Rapa
Rapa Nui
Tahitian
Tuamotuan
Futunic
Anuta
Emae
Futuna-Aniwa / West Futunan
Futunan / East Futunan
Mele-Fila
Pukapukan
Rennellese
Tikopia
Wallisian / East Uvean
West Uvean
Tongic
Niuafoʻou ?
Niuean
Tongan
* indicates proposed status ? indicates classification dispute† indicates extinct status
This article about Southern Oceanic languages is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This New Caledonia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Caledonian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonian_languages"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Voh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voh"}],"text":"Pwapwa (also known as Poapoa or Neukaledonien) is a nearly extinct New Caledonian language of New Caledonia, in the commune of Voh.","title":"Pwapwâ language"}]
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[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/pwap1237","external_links_name":"pwap1237"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2525","external_links_name":"Pwapwâ"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/pop/","external_links_name":"Pwapwa"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pwapw%C3%A2_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pwapw%C3%A2_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Robey
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Simon Robey
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Business career","3 Other roles","4 Recognition","5 Personal life","6 Notes","7 References"]
|
British investment banker
SirSimon RobeyBornSimon Christopher Townsend Robey (1960-07-05) 5 July 1960 (age 63)NationalityBritishEducationReed's SchoolAlma materMagdalen College, OxfordOccupationInvestment bankerSpouseVictoria HullChildren3
Sir Simon Christopher Townsend Robey (born 5 July 1960) is a British investment banker and supporter of cultural organisations.
Early life and education
Robey was adopted as a child and grew up in Cambridge. He has described himself as an 'odd child', with a 'fairly nerdy' upbringing. He attended Reed's School in Cobham before moving onto Magdalen College, Oxford as a choral scholar to read English.
Business career
Robey worked for several investment banks. Latterly he worked for 25 years at Morgan Stanley, becoming co-chairman of global mergers and acquisition.
In 2013 he joined with Simon Robertson, a former Goldman Sachs banker, to form Robertson Robey Associates. Later in that year Simon Warshaw joined. In 2014 Robertson split from the group, leaving Robey and Warshaw to rebrand the firm as Robey Warshaw, with Robey’s former Morgan Stanley colleague Philip Apostolides also joining the firm.
Other roles
Robey joined the board of the Royal Opera House on 1 July 2006, and was its chair from 2008 until 2017. In 2016 he also became the chair of Aldeburgh Music (now known as Snape Maltings).
Recognition
Robey was knighted in the Queen's Birthday Honours for 2016 "for services to Music".
Personal life
Robey is married to Victoria Hull. She was previously married to Richard Sharp, BBC chairman and a former investment banker. He has three daughters from his previous marriage, and three step-children from her previous marriage.
He owns Bramfield Hall, a 16th-century, Grade II*-listed building in Suffolk. The property had been owned by the Rabett family for 450 years until Robey acquired it.
Notes
References
^ "Simon Christopher Townsend ROBEY - Personal Appointments". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk. Companies House. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
^ "The FT's City List: Sir Simon Robey". Financial Times. ft.com. September 2016.
^ "Lend us a tenor says Royal Opera House chairman". Evening Standard. 20 May 2013.
^ a b "UK dealmaker Robey tops £100m in pay since leaving Morgan Stanley". Financial Times. 14 December 2019.
^ Raghavan, Anita (2 June 2016). "Former Morgan Stanley Deal Makers Reunite on Exchange Merger". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
^ Hellier, David (19 September 2015). "The beer's on them: Robey Warshaw, the tiny bank at the heart of a mega-merger". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
^ Schäfer, Daniel (3 April 2014). "Conscious uncoupling of three Simons forms two new boutiques". Financial Times. ISSN 0307-1766. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
^ "ROYAL OPERA HOUSE COVENT GARDEN FOUNDATION - Officers". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk. Companies House. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
^ "ROYAL OPERA HOUSE ENTERPRISES LIMITED - Officers". beta.companieshouse.gov.uk. Companies House. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
^ "Boards and Committees — Royal Opera House". www.roh.org.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
^ "Lend us a tenor says Royal Opera House chairman". Evening Standard. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
^ "Birthday Honours lists 2016 - Publications". www.gov.uk. HM Government. 11 June 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
^ a b "Business profile: The discreet charm of a City prodigy". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
^ a b c Neate, Rupert (2 February 2021). "Sir Simon Robey: the accidental banker adding George Osborne to the fold". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
^ Historic England. "Bramfield Hall (Grade II*) (1377230)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
This British biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Mesa_Gateway_Airport
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Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport
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["1 History","2 Board of directors","3 Facilities","4 Airlines and destinations","4.1 Passenger","4.2 Other","4.3 Training","5 Statistics","5.1 Top destinations","5.2 Annual traffic","5.3 Airline market share","6 Future plans","6.1 East Side Terminal plans","6.2 Private Development","7 Ground transportation","8 Historic landmarks","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
|
Airport in Mesa, Arizona, United States, serving the Greater Phoenix area
Not to be confused with Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport or Falcon Field (Arizona).
Phoenix–Mesa Gateway AirportIATA: AZAICAO: KIWAFAA LID: IWASummaryAirport typePublicOwner/OperatorPhoenix Mesa Gateway Airport AuthorityServesPhoenix metropolitan areaLocationMesa, ArizonaOperating base forAllegiant AirBuilt1941Elevation AMSL1,384 ft / 422 mCoordinates33°18′28″N 111°39′20″W / 33.30778°N 111.65556°W / 33.30778; -111.65556Websitegatewayairport.comMapsFAA airport diagramRunways
Direction
Length
Surface
ft
m
12C/30C
10,201
3,109
Asphalt/concrete
12L/30R
9,300
2,835
Concrete
12R/30L
10,401
3,170
Concrete
Statistics (2023)Aircraft operations254,599 (for year ending December 31, 2022)Based aircraft72Passenger volume1,875,300 (2023)Source: Federal Aviation Administration
Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport (IATA: AZA, ICAO: KIWA, FAA LID: IWA), formerly Williams Gateway Airport (1994–2008) and Williams Air Force Base (1948–1993), is an international airport in the southeastern area of Mesa, Arizona, 20 miles (17 nmi; 32 km) southeast of Phoenix, in Maricopa County. The airport, owned and operated by the Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport Authority, is a reliever airport for Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. It is a base for Allegiant Air.
The FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2007–2011 called Phoenix–Mesa Gateway a reliever airport, which is a general aviation airport used to relieve congestion at a large airline airport. Allegiant Air began scheduled service from Mesa in October 2007. Phoenix Mesa Gateway Airport reports the airport had 1,772,678 passenger boardings in 2019. Most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, but Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport has different codes for each. The aviation community generally uses the FAA code of IWA, while commercial passenger-flight organizations use the IATA code of AZA.
History
Airport entrance showing the former name
Baggage-claim facility
The airport was built in 1941 as Higley Field. It was renamed Williams Field on February 24, 1942, in honor of Arizona native First Lieutenant Charles Linton Williams (1898–1927), who was killed while serving with the 19th Pursuit Squadron at Wheeler Field, Oahu, when he had to ditch his Boeing PW-9A, 26-353, in the Pacific Ocean about a mile off of Fort DeRussy. The fort was located in the then-named Territory of Hawaii (Hawaii would become a state in 1959). In 1948, Williams Field was acquired by the US military and renamed Williams Air Base. It was a flight-training field during World War II.
In 1948, Williams became the first jet training base. In 1966, it was the first site of the Undergraduate Pilot Training program. The 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended closing the base, and it closed in 1993.
As the base was being shut down, growing traffic at Sky Harbor International Airport in Phoenix was figured to warrant an alternative airport. The runway was expanded to accommodate airliners, and the facility opened in 1994 as Williams Gateway Airport. Bids were submitted by some airlines to begin flights almost immediately.
In 2004, charter airline Ryan International Airlines began MD-82 flights to Bullhead City International Airport in Bullhead City, Arizona, next to Laughlin, Nevada, and many resorts. Shortly thereafter, the airport once again became a flight training center to take advantage of the area's clear weather .
On July 31, 2007, the low-cost Las Vegas–based carrier Allegiant Air announced plans to open a focus city at Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport, connecting the Phoenix area to 13 cities. Service commenced on October 25, 2007, with cities being added until November 21, 2007. In a September 17, 2007, press release, the Williams Gateway Airport Authority governing board approved a name change for Williams Gateway Airport effective October 15 to Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport.
On June 16, 2015, after Elite Airways announced non-stop flights from San Diego and Salt Lake City to Phoenix–Mesa, Allegiant threatened to leave the airport. This was primarily due to the incentives the airport offered to Elite. If Allegiant were to leave, it would consider relocating to the nearby Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport.
On January 21, 2017, Phoenix–Mesa welcomed its first international flight and first two international destinations, as WestJet inaugurated its seasonal service to Calgary and Edmonton, Alberta. WestJet had seen success at Phoenix Sky Harbor for years, with Calgary and Edmonton being the first- and sixth-most popular international destinations at Sky Harbor, respectively. From Mesa, WestJet flew nonstop to Calgary; its subsidiary Swoop flew nonstop to Edmonton and Winnipeg. In May 2023, it was announced that WestJet and Swoop would not return for seasonal flights for the 2023–24 season, citing low profitability. A third Canadian airline, ultra-low-cost carrier Flair Airlines, previously announced in March 2023 that it would move its Phoenix–Canada operations to Sky Harbor in October.
On May 3, 2021, Phoenix–Mesa Gateway welcomed Avelo Airlines, which is based at Hollywood Burbank Airport. The service was short-lived and the airline's final flight to/from Phoenix–Mesa was on August 16, 2021.
In 2022, a new control tower was added to help with increased air traffic to the airport.
Board of directors
In 1994, the Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport Authority was established with a three-member board with representation from the three cities immediately adjacent to the then-named Williams Field. The original governing board consisted of the mayors of the towns of Gilbert and Queen Creek and the city of Mesa. Reflecting the growth of the airport, the Gila River Indian Community joined the board in 1995, with the cities of Phoenix and Apache Junction subsequently joining in 2006 and 2013.
Facilities
The airport covers 3,020 acres (1,220 ha) and has three parallel paved runways:
12C/30C: 10,201 ft × 150 ft (3,109 m × 46 m), asphalt/concrete
12L/30R: 9,300 ft × 150 ft (2,835 m × 46 m), concrete
12R/30L: 10,401 ft × 150 ft (3,170 m × 46 m), concrete
In the year ending December 31, 2022, the airport had 254,599 aircraft operations averaging 697 per day, with 80% general aviation, 14% air taxi, 5% airline, and 2% military. At that time, 72 aircraft were based at the airport – 21 single-engine, 38 jet, and 13 helicopter.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
AirlinesDestinations Allegiant Air Appleton, Billings, Bismarck, Boise, Bozeman, Cedar Rapids/Iowa City, Chicago/Rockford, Cincinnati, Des Moines, Eugene, Fargo, Fayetteville/Bentonville, Flint, Grand Island, Grand Rapids, Houston–Hobby, Idaho Falls, Las Vegas, Missoula, Peoria, Provo, Rapid City, Sioux Falls, South Bend, Spokane, Springfield/Branson, St. Cloud, Tri-Cities (WA), WichitaSeasonal: Belleville/St. Louis, Bellingham, Fort Wayne, Glacier Park/Kalispell, Grand Forks, Great Falls, Medford, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minot, Moline/Quad Cities, Omaha, Portland (OR), Toledo, Traverse City, Tulsa
Sun Country Airlines Seasonal: Minneapolis/St. Paul
Other
Air Evac International (Medevac airline)
Fighter Combat International
Training
Advanced Training Systems International
ATP Flight School
Aviation Performance Solutions
University of North Dakota Aerospace Foundation
Chandler–Gilbert Community College
Statistics
Top destinations
Busiest domestic routes from AZA(December 2022 – November 2023)
Rank
City
Passengers
Carriers
1
Provo, Utah
104,000
Allegiant
2
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
49,000
Allegiant
3
Fargo, North Dakota
47,000
Allegiant
4
Bismarck, North Dakota
32,000
Allegiant
4
Cedar Rapids, Iowa
32,000
Allegiant
4
Appleton, Wisconsin
32,000
Allegiant
7
Grand Rapids, Michigan
31,000
Allegiant
8
Idaho Falls, Idaho
30,000
Allegiant
9
Des Moines, Iowa
29,000
Allegiant
10
Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota
27,000
Allegiant, Sun Country
Annual traffic
Total Yearly Traffic at AZA (2001 - 2023)
Year
Passengers
Year
Passengers
Year
Passengers
2001
0
2011
953,337
2021
1,532,150
2002
0
2012
1,382,070
2022
1,888,410
2003
0
2013
1,359,032
2023
1,875,300
2004
0
2014
1,240,993
2024
2005
0
2015
1,281,741
2025
2006
0
2016
1,351,827
2026
2007
0
2017
1,360,713
2027
2008
350,661
2018
1,526,578
2028
2009
573,480
2019
1,772,678
2029
2010
799,674
2020
1,149,657
2030
Airline market share
Top airlines at AZA (December 2022 - November 2023)
Rank
Airline
Passengers
Market Share
1
Allegiant Airlines
1,793,000
98.20%
2
Sun Country Airlines
32,740
1.80%
Future plans
The number of passengers has increased greatly since Allegiant Air started operations. IWA/AZA did not anticipate this growth within the first year. Due to an increase from 14,588 enplanements in 2007 to 159,481 in 2008, facilities were becoming crowded. To alleviate this problem, extensive renovations and expansions were completed within the existing west side terminal, adding nearly 70,000 square feet (6,500 m2) of new space. This added eight gates since IWA/AZA was established in 1994. The airport broke ground on an expansion plan in early 2013, to increase gates to ten. However, because IWA/AZA is running out of real estate on the west side of the airfield, a halt to further expansions will occur until East terminal facilities are built.
East Side Terminal plans
In response to the expansion issues, PMGAA began planning for a new east terminal. The plan, titled Gateway 2030, was developed in June 2012. The Gateway 2030 plan outlines the process, major findings, and recommendations associated with the cost feasible phasing approach to the development of approximately 700 acres (280 ha) of airport property and the supporting city infrastructure critical to ensure its success" (IWA, 2012b). The plan will be implemented in four phases. With the completion of phase one, IWA/AZA will be able to accommodate 1.5 million enplanements (3 million passengers). Much of phase one will address infrastructure for the new terminal. The addition will include access roads, parking, taxiways, aprons capable of Group III and IV aircraft, and the new 300,000 square feet (28,000 m2) pier concept terminal. The new terminal will have 14 gates, constructed to make room for 12 Group III aircraft and two Group IV aircraft.
Phase two has yet to be planned in detail, but will add another pier terminal to the main concourse, adding up to six gates, parking for 10,500 vehicles, and a 1,000 feet (300 m) extension of RW 12L/30R. Phase two will enable IWA/AZA to handle 2.2 million enplanements. Phase three for the Gateway 2030 plan will add another pier terminal and second level to the main concourse and will create an additional eight gates, a new apron, more parking, and an additional taxiway.
Phase three will focus on privately owned retail, office, and hotel buildings that will be located on airport property. Phase three will allow IWA to accommodate 5 million enplanements.
Phase four will complete the 2030 plan, allowing IWA able to handle 10 million enplanements (20 million passengers) annually with a total of 60 gates and 21,000 vehicle parking spaces. Phase four will likely not be undertaken until 2030 or beyond, making cost estimates nearly impossible.
Due to the changing market, phase two, three, and four are likely to change. Gateway 2030 is estimated to cost more than $1.4 billion.
Private Development
On November 9, 2021, Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation announced that the airport would be the site for the West Coast Service Center Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) facility. The construction cost would be more than $100 million and include a 225,000-square-foot (20,900 m2) facility in Phase One.
On July 14, 2022, Virgin Galactic announced it had signed a long-term lease for a new final assembly manufacturing facility for its next-generation Delta class spaceships. The facility will be capable of producing up to six spaceships per year and will bring hundreds of highly skilled aerospace engineering and manufacturing jobs to the area.
Ground transportation
By road, the airport terminal is served by Sossaman Road. Travelers can access Sossaman Road by exiting at either Hawes or Power Road, which are fed by the Arizona State Route Loop 202, and turning onto Ray Road.
There are several taxis, limousine, ride share and shuttle companies to local hotels, the nearby ASU Polytechnic Campus and downtown Mesa. Multiple car rental agencies are available inside of the arrivals lobby.
Valley Metro bus route 184 stops at the terminal building before heading north to Mesa.
Travelers can park at the hourly or daily parking lots and walk to the terminal. There is also an economy lot, south of the airfield, which is served by a complimentary shuttle to the main terminal.
Historic landmarks
Williams Air Force Base (now part of Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport) in Mesa, Arizona(NRHP = National Register of Historic Places)(MHP = Mesa Historic Properties)
Housing Storage Supply Warehouse at Williams Air Force Base (now Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus), constructed in December 1941 by the Del E. Webb Construction Company. The warehouse is significant for its association with the construction of Williams Air Force Base on the land on which Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport and the Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus are now located. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places – 1995. Reference 95000746.
Water Tower at Williams Air Force Base (now Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus). The water tower was constructed in the winter of 1941–1942 by the Del E. Webb Construction Company. It was part of the historical Williams Air Force Base on the land on which Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport and the Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus are now located. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places – 1995. Reference 95000745.
The Base Flagpole, built in December 1941, is significant for its symbolic and traditional association with the origins and history of Williams Air Force Base (now Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport). The pole was erected by the Del E. Webb Construction Company. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places – 1995 Reference 95000744.
Marker of the historic flagpole
Demountable Hangar, located at the North Apron, Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport (formerly Williams AFB). Built in 1942 and designed by the Del E. Webb Construction Company to resemble an enlisted aviator badge of the Army Air Force. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995, ref. #95000743.
Ammo Bunker (S-1007), SW of Vosler Dr. (formerly Alaska Dr.), at Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus (formerly Williams AFB). Built in 1942 by the Del E. Webb Construction Company. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places ref: 95000748.
Ammo Bunker (S-1008), SW of Vosler Dr. (formerly Alaska Dr.), at Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus (formerly Williams AFB). Built in 1942 by the Del E. Webb Construction Company. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places ref: 95000759.
Civil Engineering Maintenance Shop, also known as S-735, located on Unity Ave. (Jct. of 11th and A Sts.), at Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus (formerly Williams AFB). Listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1995, ref: #95000747.
See also
Arizona portalAviation portal
Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport
Williams Air Force Base
Arizona World War II Army Airfields
List of airports in Arizona
References
^ a b c d FAA Airport Form 5010 for IWA PDF effective February 24, 2024, AirportIQ 5010, GCR Inc.
^ "Airport Passenger Traffic-Tourism AZ". Airport Passenger Traffic. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
^ National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems: 2007–2011, FAA, October 6, 2006
^ a b "Allegiant Air announces new base in Phoenix–Mesa", Press release, Allegiant Air, July 31, 2007, archived from the original on October 12, 2007
^ Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport Media Guide (PDF), Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport Authority, April 1, 2011
^ "The Southeast Valley Insider", The Arizona Republic, March 30, 2006
^ "Allegiant Airlines threatens to leave Mesa Gateway Airport - ABC15 Arizona". Archived from the original on June 18, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
^ "Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport May Get Dumped By Allegiant Air". KJZZ. June 16, 2015.
^ "Report". bizjournals.com.
^ "Allegiant Air may depart Gateway airport for Sky Harbor". washingtontimes.com.
^ "Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport to welcome first international flight". January 19, 2017.
^ "U.S. International Air Passenger and Freight Statistics Report". August 13, 2012.
^ Michael Salerno (May 24, 2023). "This Arizona airport is losing some international flights. What travelers should know". Arizona Republic.
^ Estes, Christina. "Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport names control tower after John McCain III". KJZZ. Retrieved April 21, 2023.
^ "Airport Authority Approves City of Apache Junction Membership". By Brian Sexton(Primary). Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport Authority. July 29, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
^ "IWA airport data at skyvector.com". skyvector.com. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
^ "Allegiant service from St. Cloud to Phoenix area to continue year-round". The Star Tribune. November 10, 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
^ "Allegiant offers new flights starting in November 2023". FOX4Now.
^ "Arizona Air Ambulance & Medical Transport". AirEvac International. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
^ Phoenix, AZ: Phoenix – Mesa Gateway (AZA) Scheduled Services except Freight/Mail, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, United States Department of Transportation, May 2021, retrieved November 14, 2023
^ "Airport Passenger Traffic". Airport Passenger Traffic. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
^ "RITA | BTS | Transtats". Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Retrieved November 14, 2023.
^ "Gateway 2030: A Vision for the Northeast Area Development" (PDF), Press release, Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport, June 30, 2012, archived from the original (PDF) on October 14, 2012
^ Siebenmark, Jerry (November 9, 2021). "Gulfstream To Open Mesa Service Center in Arizona". Aviation International News. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
^ Shumaker, Scott (May 22, 2022). "Airport clears Gulfstream hub for landing". The Mesa Tribune. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
^ Dominguez, Maritza; Wiles, Russ (July 14, 2022). "Virgin Galactic will open spaceship manufacturing facility in Mesa". azcentral. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
^ "Transportation – Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport". www.gatewayairport.com. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
^ "184 Power Rd | Valley Metro". www.valleymetro.org. November 14, 2017. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
^ "Parking – Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport". www.gatewayairport.com. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
External links
Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport, official website
Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport (IWA) at Arizona DOT airport directory
Williams Air Force Base at GlobalSecurity.org
FAA Airport Diagram (PDF), effective June 13, 2024
FAA Terminal Procedures for IWA, effective June 13, 2024
Resources for this airport:
FAA airport information for IWA
AirNav airport information for KIWA
ASN accident history for CHD
FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker
NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days
SkyVector aeronautical chart, Terminal Procedures
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Sky_Harbor_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Falcon Field (Arizona)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Field_(Arizona)"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"Williams Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"international airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_airport"},{"link_name":"Mesa, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Maricopa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Sky_Harbor_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Allegiant Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegiant_Air"},{"link_name":"reliever airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliever_airport"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allegiant-4"},{"link_name":"location identifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-codes-5"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport or Falcon Field (Arizona).Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport (IATA: AZA, ICAO: KIWA, FAA LID: IWA), formerly Williams Gateway Airport (1994–2008) and Williams Air Force Base (1948–1993), is an international airport in the southeastern area of Mesa, Arizona, 20 miles (17 nmi; 32 km) southeast of Phoenix, in Maricopa County.[1] The airport, owned and operated by the Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport Authority, is a reliever airport for Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. It is a base for Allegiant Air.The FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2007–2011 called Phoenix–Mesa Gateway a reliever airport, which is a general aviation airport used to relieve congestion at a large airline airport.[3] Allegiant Air began scheduled service from Mesa in October 2007.[4] Phoenix Mesa Gateway Airport reports the airport had 1,772,678 passenger boardings in 2019. Most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, but Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport has different codes for each. The aviation community generally uses the FAA code of IWA, while commercial passenger-flight organizations use the IATA code of AZA.[5]","title":"Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Williams_Gateway_sign.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoenix_Mesa_Gateway_Airport.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wheeler Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_Field"},{"link_name":"Boeing PW-9A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_PW-9A"},{"link_name":"Fort DeRussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_DeRussy_(Hawaii)"},{"link_name":"Territory of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Williams Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Undergraduate Pilot Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_Pilot_Training"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Base_Realignment_and_Closure_Commission"},{"link_name":"charter airline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_airline"},{"link_name":"Ryan International Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_International_Airlines"},{"link_name":"MD-82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC-9"},{"link_name":"Bullhead City International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullhead_City_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bullhead City, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullhead_City,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Laughlin, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughlin,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"focus city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focus_city"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allegiant-4"},{"link_name":"Elite Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_Airways"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindbergh_Field"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"WestJet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WestJet"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Swoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swoop_(airline)"},{"link_name":"Flair Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flair_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Avelo Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avelo_Airlines"},{"link_name":"control tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_tower"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Airport entrance showing the former nameBaggage-claim facilityThe airport was built in 1941 as Higley Field. It was renamed Williams Field on February 24, 1942, in honor of Arizona native First Lieutenant Charles Linton Williams (1898–1927), who was killed while serving with the 19th Pursuit Squadron at Wheeler Field, Oahu, when he had to ditch his Boeing PW-9A, 26-353, in the Pacific Ocean about a mile off of Fort DeRussy. The fort was located in the then-named Territory of Hawaii (Hawaii would become a state in 1959). In 1948, Williams Field was acquired by the US military and renamed Williams Air Base. It was a flight-training field during World War II.In 1948, Williams became the first jet training base. In 1966, it was the first site of the Undergraduate Pilot Training program.[6] The 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended closing the base, and it closed in 1993.As the base was being shut down, growing traffic at Sky Harbor International Airport in Phoenix was figured to warrant an alternative airport. The runway was expanded to accommodate airliners, and the facility opened in 1994 as Williams Gateway Airport. Bids were submitted by some airlines to begin flights almost immediately.In 2004, charter airline Ryan International Airlines began MD-82 flights to Bullhead City International Airport in Bullhead City, Arizona, next to Laughlin, Nevada, and many resorts. Shortly thereafter, the airport once again became a flight training center to take advantage of the area's clear weather .On July 31, 2007, the low-cost Las Vegas–based carrier Allegiant Air announced plans to open a focus city at Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport, connecting the Phoenix area to 13 cities. Service commenced on October 25, 2007, with cities being added until November 21, 2007.[4] In a September 17, 2007, press release, the Williams Gateway Airport Authority governing board approved a name change for Williams Gateway Airport effective October 15 to Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport.On June 16, 2015, after Elite Airways announced non-stop flights from San Diego and Salt Lake City to Phoenix–Mesa, Allegiant threatened to leave the airport.[7] This was primarily due to the incentives the airport offered to Elite.[8] If Allegiant were to leave, it would consider relocating to the nearby Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport.[9][10]On January 21, 2017, Phoenix–Mesa welcomed its first international flight and first two international destinations, as WestJet inaugurated its seasonal service to Calgary and Edmonton, Alberta.[11] WestJet had seen success at Phoenix Sky Harbor for years, with Calgary and Edmonton being the first- and sixth-most popular international destinations at Sky Harbor, respectively.[12] From Mesa, WestJet flew nonstop to Calgary; its subsidiary Swoop flew nonstop to Edmonton and Winnipeg. In May 2023, it was announced that WestJet and Swoop would not return for seasonal flights for the 2023–24 season, citing low profitability. A third Canadian airline, ultra-low-cost carrier Flair Airlines, previously announced in March 2023 that it would move its Phoenix–Canada operations to Sky Harbor in October.[13]On May 3, 2021, Phoenix–Mesa Gateway welcomed Avelo Airlines, which is based at Hollywood Burbank Airport. The service was short-lived and the airline's final flight to/from Phoenix–Mesa was on August 16, 2021.In 2022, a new control tower was added to help with increased air traffic to the airport.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Queen Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Creek,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Gila River Indian Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_River_Indian_Community"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Apache Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Junction,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In 1994, the Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport Authority was established with a three-member board with representation from the three cities immediately adjacent to the then-named Williams Field. The original governing board consisted of the mayors of the towns of Gilbert and Queen Creek and the city of Mesa. Reflecting the growth of the airport, the Gila River Indian Community joined the board in 1995, with the cities of Phoenix and Apache Junction subsequently joining in 2006 and 2013.[15]","title":"Board of directors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"air taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_taxi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-1"}],"text":"The airport covers 3,020 acres (1,220 ha) and has three parallel paved runways:[1][16]12C/30C: 10,201 ft × 150 ft (3,109 m × 46 m), asphalt/concrete\n12L/30R: 9,300 ft × 150 ft (2,835 m × 46 m), concrete\n12R/30L: 10,401 ft × 150 ft (3,170 m × 46 m), concreteIn the year ending December 31, 2022, the airport had 254,599 aircraft operations averaging 697 per day, with 80% general aviation, 14% air taxi, 5% airline, and 2% military. At that time, 72 aircraft were based at the airport – 21 single-engine, 38 jet, and 13 helicopter.[1]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Passenger","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medevac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medevac"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Air Evac International (Medevac airline)[19]\nFighter Combat International","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ATP Flight School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_Flight_School"},{"link_name":"Aviation Performance Solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Performance_Solutions"},{"link_name":"University of North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Aerospace Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Odegard_School_of_Aerospace_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Chandler–Gilbert Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler%E2%80%93Gilbert_Community_College"}],"sub_title":"Training","text":"Advanced Training Systems International\nATP Flight School\nAviation Performance Solutions\nUniversity of North Dakota Aerospace Foundation\nChandler–Gilbert Community College","title":"Airlines and destinations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top destinations","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Annual traffic","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Airline market share","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The number of passengers has increased greatly since Allegiant Air started operations. IWA/AZA did not anticipate this growth within the first year. Due to an increase from 14,588 enplanements in 2007 to 159,481 in 2008, facilities were becoming crowded. To alleviate this problem, extensive renovations and expansions were completed within the existing west side terminal, adding nearly 70,000 square feet (6,500 m2) of new space. This added eight gates since IWA/AZA was established in 1994. The airport broke ground on an expansion plan in early 2013, to increase gates to ten. However, because IWA/AZA is running out of real estate on the west side of the airfield, a halt to further expansions will occur until East terminal facilities are built.","title":"Future plans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"East Side Terminal plans","text":"In response to the expansion issues, PMGAA began planning for a new east terminal. The plan, titled Gateway 2030, was developed in June 2012.[23] The Gateway 2030 plan outlines the process, major findings, and recommendations associated with the cost feasible phasing approach to the development of approximately 700 acres (280 ha) of airport property and the supporting city infrastructure critical to ensure its success\" (IWA, 2012b). The plan will be implemented in four phases. With the completion of phase one, IWA/AZA will be able to accommodate 1.5 million enplanements (3 million passengers). Much of phase one will address infrastructure for the new terminal. The addition will include access roads, parking, taxiways, aprons capable of Group III and IV aircraft, and the new 300,000 square feet (28,000 m2) pier concept terminal. The new terminal will have 14 gates, constructed to make room for 12 Group III aircraft and two Group IV aircraft.Phase two has yet to be planned in detail, but will add another pier terminal to the main concourse, adding up to six gates, parking for 10,500 vehicles, and a 1,000 feet (300 m) extension of RW 12L/30R. Phase two will enable IWA/AZA to handle 2.2 million enplanements. Phase three for the Gateway 2030 plan will add another pier terminal and second level to the main concourse and will create an additional eight gates, a new apron, more parking, and an additional taxiway.Phase three will focus on privately owned retail, office, and hotel buildings that will be located on airport property. Phase three will allow IWA to accommodate 5 million enplanements.Phase four will complete the 2030 plan, allowing IWA able to handle 10 million enplanements (20 million passengers) annually with a total of 60 gates and 21,000 vehicle parking spaces. Phase four will likely not be undertaken until 2030 or beyond, making cost estimates nearly impossible.Due to the changing market, phase two, three, and four are likely to change. Gateway 2030 is estimated to cost more than $1.4 billion.","title":"Future plans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfstream_Aerospace_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Virgin Galactic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Galactic"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Private Development","text":"On November 9, 2021, Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation announced that the airport would be the site for the West Coast Service Center Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) facility.[24] The construction cost would be more than $100 million and include a 225,000-square-foot (20,900 m2) facility in Phase One.[25]On July 14, 2022, Virgin Galactic announced it had signed a long-term lease for a new final assembly manufacturing facility for its next-generation Delta class spaceships. The facility will be capable of producing up to six spaceships per year and will bring hundreds of highly skilled aerospace engineering and manufacturing jobs to the area.[26]","title":"Future plans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona State Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route"},{"link_name":"Loop 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_202"},{"link_name":"ASU Polytechnic Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University_Polytechnic_campus"},{"link_name":"Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Valley Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Metro"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"By road, the airport terminal is served by Sossaman Road. Travelers can access Sossaman Road by exiting at either Hawes or Power Road, which are fed by the Arizona State Route Loop 202, and turning onto Ray Road.There are several taxis, limousine, ride share and shuttle companies to local hotels, the nearby ASU Polytechnic Campus and downtown Mesa. Multiple car rental agencies are available inside of the arrivals lobby.[27]Valley Metro bus route 184 stops at the terminal building before heading north to Mesa.[28]Travelers can park at the hourly or daily parking lots and walk to the terminal. There is also an economy lot, south of the airfield, which is served by a complimentary shuttle to the main terminal.[29]","title":"Ground transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Williams Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Air_Force_Base"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mesa-WAFB_Housing_Storage_Supply_Warehouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Del E. Webb Construction Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_E._Webb_Construction_Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mesa-WAFB_Water_Tower.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mesa-WAFB_Flagpole-1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mesa-WAFB_Flagpole_Marker.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mesa-WAFB_Demountable_Hangar-1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Army Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Air_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mesa-WAFB_AMMO_Bunker-(S-1007)-1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mesa-WAFB_AMMO_Bunker-(S-1008)-2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mesa-WAFB_Civil_Engineering_Maintenence_Shop.JPG"}],"text":"Williams Air Force Base (now part of Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport) in Mesa, Arizona(NRHP = National Register of Historic Places)(MHP = Mesa Historic Properties)\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHousing Storage Supply Warehouse at Williams Air Force Base (now Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus), constructed in December 1941 by the Del E. Webb Construction Company. The warehouse is significant for its association with the construction of Williams Air Force Base on the land on which Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport and the Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus are now located. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places – 1995. Reference 95000746.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWater Tower at Williams Air Force Base (now Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus). The water tower was constructed in the winter of 1941–1942 by the Del E. Webb Construction Company. It was part of the historical Williams Air Force Base on the land on which Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport and the Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus are now located. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places – 1995. Reference 95000745.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Base Flagpole, built in December 1941, is significant for its symbolic and traditional association with the origins and history of Williams Air Force Base (now Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport). The pole was erected by the Del E. Webb Construction Company. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places – 1995 Reference 95000744.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMarker of the historic flagpole\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDemountable Hangar, located at the North Apron, Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport (formerly Williams AFB). Built in 1942 and designed by the Del E. Webb Construction Company to resemble an enlisted aviator badge of the Army Air Force. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995, ref. #95000743.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAmmo Bunker (S-1007), SW of Vosler Dr. (formerly Alaska Dr.), at Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus (formerly Williams AFB). Built in 1942 by the Del E. Webb Construction Company. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places ref: 95000748.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAmmo Bunker (S-1008), SW of Vosler Dr. (formerly Alaska Dr.), at Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus (formerly Williams AFB). Built in 1942 by the Del E. Webb Construction Company. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places ref: 95000759.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCivil Engineering Maintenance Shop, also known as S-735, located on Unity Ave. (Jct. of 11th and A Sts.), at Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus (formerly Williams AFB). Listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1995, ref: #95000747.","title":"Historic landmarks"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Airport entrance showing the former name","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Williams_Gateway_sign.jpg/220px-Williams_Gateway_sign.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baggage-claim facility","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenix_Mesa_Gateway_Airport.jpg/220px-Phoenix_Mesa_Gateway_Airport.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Arizona portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Arizona"},{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Sky_Harbor_International_Airport"},{"title":"Williams Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Air_Force_Base"},{"title":"Arizona World War II Army Airfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_World_War_II_Army_Airfields"},{"title":"List of airports in Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Arizona"}]
|
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Phoenix%E2%80%93Mesa_Gateway_Airport¶ms=33_18_28_N_111_39_20_W_region:US_type:airport","external_links_name":"33°18′28″N 111°39′20″W / 33.30778°N 111.65556°W / 33.30778; -111.65556"},{"Link":"http://gatewayairport.com/","external_links_name":"gatewayairport.com"},{"Link":"https://www.gcr1.com/5010ReportRouter/default.aspx?airportID=IWA","external_links_name":"FAA Airport Form 5010 for IWA"},{"Link":"https://tourism.az.gov/data-trends/airport-passenger-traffic/","external_links_name":"\"Airport Passenger Traffic-Tourism AZ\""},{"Link":"http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/npias/reports/index.cfm?sect=2007","external_links_name":"National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems: 2007–2011"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012170754/http://www.allegiantair.com/aaNews20070731b.php","external_links_name":"\"Allegiant Air announces new base in Phoenix–Mesa\""},{"Link":"http://allegiantair.com/aaNews20070731b.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.phxmesagateway.org/content/marketing/WGAA%20Media%20Guide.pdf","external_links_name":"Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport Media Guide"},{"Link":"http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/mesa/articles/0330evinsider0330Z11.html","external_links_name":"\"The Southeast Valley Insider\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150618053709/http://www.abc15.com/news/region-southeast-valley/mesa/allegiant-airlines-threatens-to-leave-mesa-gateway-airport","external_links_name":"\"Allegiant Airlines threatens to leave Mesa Gateway Airport - ABC15 Arizona\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc15.com/news/region-southeast-valley/mesa/allegiant-airlines-threatens-to-leave-mesa-gateway-airport","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://kjzz.org/content/153682/phoenix-mesa-gateway-airport-may-get-dumped-allegiant-air","external_links_name":"\"Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport May Get Dumped By Allegiant Air\""},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2015/06/17/allegiant-upset-with-mesa-incentive-offer-to-rival.html","external_links_name":"\"Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jun/17/allegiant-air-may-depart-gateway-airport-for-sky-h/","external_links_name":"\"Allegiant Air may depart Gateway airport for Sky Harbor\""},{"Link":"http://ktar.com/story/1429006/phoenix-mesa-gateway-airport-to-welcome-first-international-flight/","external_links_name":"\"Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport to welcome first international flight\""},{"Link":"http://www.transportation.gov/policy/aviation-policy/us-international-air-passenger-and-freight-statistics-report","external_links_name":"\"U.S. International Air Passenger and Freight Statistics Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.azcentral.com/story/travel/airlines/2023/05/24/phoenix-mesa-gateway-airport-loses-canada-flights/70247979007/","external_links_name":"\"This Arizona airport is losing some international flights. What travelers should know\""},{"Link":"https://kjzz.org/content/1804768/phoenix-mesa-gateway-airport-names-control-tower-after-john-mccain-iii","external_links_name":"\"Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport names control tower after John McCain III\""},{"Link":"http://www.phxmesagateway.org/PressRelease.aspx?id=55","external_links_name":"\"Airport Authority Approves City of Apache Junction Membership\""},{"Link":"https://skyvector.com/airport/IWA/Phoenix-Mesa-Gateway-Airport","external_links_name":"\"IWA airport data at skyvector.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.startribune.com/allegiant-service-from-st-cloud-to-phoenix-area-to-continue-year-round/600318855/","external_links_name":"\"Allegiant service from St. Cloud to Phoenix area to continue year-round\""},{"Link":"https://www.fox4now.com/charlotte-county/allegiant-offers-new-flights-starting-in-november-2023","external_links_name":"\"Allegiant offers new flights starting in November 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.airevacinternational.com/locations/arizona/","external_links_name":"\"Arizona Air Ambulance & Medical Transport\""},{"Link":"https://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?20=E&Nv42146=NmN&Nv42146_anzr=cu1r0vA,%20Nm:%20cu1r0vA%20-%20Zr5n%20Tn6r9nB&pn44vr4=SNPgf","external_links_name":"Phoenix, AZ: Phoenix – Mesa Gateway (AZA) Scheduled Services except Freight/Mail"},{"Link":"https://tourism.az.gov/data-trends/airport-passenger-traffic/","external_links_name":"\"Airport Passenger Traffic\""},{"Link":"https://www.transtats.bts.gov/airports.asp?20=E&Nv42146=NmN&Nv42146_anzr=cu1r0vA,%20Nm:%20cu1r0vA%20-%20Zr5n%20Tn6r9nB&pn44vr4=SNPgf","external_links_name":"\"RITA | BTS | Transtats\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121014234255/http://phxmesagateway.org/Documents/Current%20Planning%20Studies/Gateway%202030%20Executive%20Summary.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Gateway 2030: A Vision for the Northeast Area Development\""},{"Link":"http://www.phxmesagateway.org/Documents/Current%20Planning%20Studies/Gateway%202030%20Executive%20Summary.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2021-11-09/gulfstream-open-mesa-service-center-arizona","external_links_name":"\"Gulfstream To Open Mesa Service Center in Arizona\""},{"Link":"https://www.themesatribune.com/news/airport-clears-gulfstream-hub-for-landing/article_6ab09410-d8b0-11ec-a19b-338ab1cb2eff.html","external_links_name":"\"Airport clears Gulfstream hub for landing\""},{"Link":"https://www.azcentral.com/story/money/business/jobs/2022/07/14/virgin-atlantic-sister-company-open-aerospace-factory-mesa/10064353002/","external_links_name":"\"Virgin Galactic will open spaceship manufacturing facility in Mesa\""},{"Link":"https://www.gatewayairport.com/transportation","external_links_name":"\"Transportation – Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport\""},{"Link":"https://www.valleymetro.org/maps-schedules/184","external_links_name":"\"184 Power Rd | Valley Metro\""},{"Link":"https://www.gatewayairport.com/parking","external_links_name":"\"Parking – Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport\""},{"Link":"http://www.gatewayairport.com/","external_links_name":"Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport"},{"Link":"http://www.azdot.gov/MPD/Airport_Development/airports/airports_list.asp?FAA=IWA","external_links_name":"Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport (IWA)"},{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/williams.htm","external_links_name":"Williams Air Force Base"},{"Link":"https://aeronav.faa.gov/d-tpp/2406/00074AD.PDF","external_links_name":"FAA Airport Diagram"},{"Link":"https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/digital_products/dtpp/search/results/?cycle=2407&ident=IWA","external_links_name":"FAA Terminal Procedures for IWA"},{"Link":"https://nfdc.faa.gov/nfdcApps/services/ajv5/airportDisplay.jsp?airportId=IWA","external_links_name":"airport information for IWA"},{"Link":"http://www.airnav.com/airport/KIWA","external_links_name":"airport information for KIWA"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/airport/airport.php?id=CHD","external_links_name":"accident history for CHD"},{"Link":"https://flightaware.com/resources/airport/KIWA","external_links_name":"airport information"},{"Link":"https://flightaware.com/live/airport/KIWA","external_links_name":"live flight tracker"},{"Link":"https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/weather/current/KIWA.html","external_links_name":"current"},{"Link":"https://w1.weather.gov/data/obhistory/KIWA.html","external_links_name":"past three days"},{"Link":"https://skyvector.com/?id=KIWA&zoom=2","external_links_name":"aeronautical chart"},{"Link":"https://skyvector.com/airport/IWA","external_links_name":"Terminal Procedures"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/307474673","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2014045598","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Historical_Society
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History Colorado
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["1 Overview","2 The History Colorado Center","3 Preservation programs","4 History","5 Historic sites and museums","6 Centennial Farms and Ranches","7 State Historian's Council","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
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Historical society
The History Colorado Center in Denver is operated by History Colorado.
History Colorado is a historical society that was established in 1879 as the State Historical Society of Colorado, also known as the Colorado Historical Society. History Colorado is a 501(c)(3) organization and an agency of the State of Colorado under the Department of Higher Education.
Overview
History Colorado offers the public access to cultural and heritage resources of Colorado, including museums and special programs for individuals and families, collection stewardship of Colorado's historic treasures, educational resources for schools, students and teachers, services related to preservation, archaeology and history, and the Stephen H. Hart Research Library.
History Colorado's statewide activities support tourism, historic preservation, education, and research related to Colorado's rich western history, offering the public unique opportunities to interact with Colorado history through its network of museums, which offer both exhibitions and special programs for adults and children.
History Colorado also works with schools across Colorado to provide classrooms and teachers with resources and curriculum related to Colorado history, and offers local communities resources that help them to enrich historical-related community-based programs.
History Colorado publishes the quarterly magazine Colorado Heritage (formerly The Colorado Magazine).
The History Colorado Center
In 2012, the agency opened the new state history museum of Colorado, the History Colorado Center. As History Colorado's headquarters, the History Colorado Center is designed to be a tourist destination, a museum, as well as a center for civic programs and discussion. The building houses core and traveling exhibitions, education/public programs, the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, the State Historical Fund, the Stephen H. Hart Research Library, and other History Colorado functions. Located at 12th and Broadway in Denver's Golden Triangle Museum District, this is a building that was designed and constructed by an all-Colorado team: Tryba Architects, Trammell Crow Company and Hensel Phelps Construction Company. History Colorado is a Smithsonian Affiliate. At the building's April 2012 opening ceremony, Smithsonian Affiliations Director Harold Closter described the History Colorado Center as "the first great history museum of the twenty-first century."
Preservation programs
History Colorado has cared for the historic treasures of the state for more than 130 years and has directed over a quarter of a billion dollars in grants for statewide preservation and education to all regions of the state. Through the State Historical Fund historic preservation grants program, History Colorado has awarded millions in competitive grants to all 64 counties across Colorado. As the State Historic Preservation Office, the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation handles the processing and documenting of statewide archaeological and historic preservation-related projects. Through its various offices, programs, and services, History Colorado exerts a significant economic, cultural and civic impact and continues as a vital entity to the progress and development of Colorado.
The Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (OAHP) oversees a number of program areas:
The Colorado State Register of Historic Properties
The State Historical Fund. The fund was created in 1990 through a state constitutional amendment allowing limited gaming in the towns of Black Hawk, Central City, and Cripple Creek. A proportion of the tax revenues from gaming is used for historic preservation in Colorado. Applications for projects for potential funding are assessed through a competitive process.
History
The State Historical Society of Colorado was founded in 1879 and currently owns and maintains thirteen historic sites and museums at ten locations around the state. It is both a nonprofit agency and a part of the state department of higher education. The Colorado Historical Society is an affiliate within the Smithsonian Affiliations program and is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. The central offices of History Colorado are based in Denver.
Historic sites and museums
History Colorado administers the following historic sites and museums:
History Colorado Center, Denver
Byers-Evans House Museum, Denver
El Pueblo History Museum, Pueblo
Fort Garland Museum and Pike's Stockade, Fort Garland
Fort Vasquez Museum, Platteville
Georgetown Loop Historic Mining & Railroad Park, Georgetown
Grant-Humphreys Mansion, Denver
Healy House Museum and Dexter Cabin, Leadville
Trinidad History Museum, Trinidad
Ute Indian Museum, Montrose
Centennial Farms and Ranches
History Colorado provides designations of centennial farms and centennial ranches that have been in one family for more than 100 years. For example, Salt Works Ranch in Park County.
State Historian's Council
History Colorado has named a historian to "preserve, interpret and share Colorado's past." The State Historian's Council was established in 2018 to provide state-wide support for historical preservation and understanding. The title of State Historian rotates among the members of the council on Colorado Day.
The council includes:
Dr. Jared Orsi
Dr. Claire Oberon Garcia
Dr. Nicki Gonzales
Dr. Thomas J. Noel (Emeritus)
Dr. Susan Schulten
Dr. William Wei (scholar)
See also
Colorado 1870-2000
History of Colorado
References
^ "Dedication stone unveiled at History Colorado Center honors two governors". 7 October 2011.
^ "Colorado Heritage Magazine | History Colorado". Retrieved 2018-03-31.
^ "Ceremony marks completion of History Colorado Center construction". 7 October 2011.
^ "History Colorado Center in Denver opens window to the state's past". 28 April 2012.
^ "Museum bosses with Denver roots now represent the Mile High City at the Smithsonian". 25 July 2013.
^ "Griego: History Colorado Center focuses on an "emotional, visceral" experience of the state's stories". 19 March 2012.
^ Program Areas, Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Colorado Historical Society, USA.
^ Colorado State Register of Historic Properties. Archived 2012-04-24 at the Wayback Machine Colorado Historical Society Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. Retrieved 10-8-2011.
^ State Historical Fund, Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Colorado Historical Society, USA.
^ a b About CHS, Colorado Historical Society, USA.
^ Tom Noel, Noel: Where the ghost of A.E. still roams, The Denver Post, 10/25/2009.
^ Article, Telluride Daily Planet, 10/14/2009.
^ "History Colorado Becomes Smithsonian Affiliate". Community News. Denver Metro Newswire. 2010. Retrieved 15 Jul 2011.
^ Historic sites, History Colorado, USA.
^ "State Historian's Council". History Colorado.
External links
History Colorado website
History Colorado Center website
Office of Archaeology & Historic Preservation and State Historical Fund website
vteHistorical societies of the U.S. statesNortheastNew England
Connecticut Museum of Culture and History
Maine Historical Society
Massachusetts Historical Society
New Hampshire Historical Society
Rhode Island Historical Society
Vermont Historical Society
Mid-Atlantic
Delaware Historical Society
Historical Society of Washington, D.C.
Maryland Historical Society
New Jersey Historical Society
New-York Historical Society
Historical Society of Pennsylvania
MidwestEast North Central
Illinois State Historical Society
Indiana Historical Society
Historical Society of Michigan
Ohio History Connection
Wisconsin Historical Society
West North Central
State Historical Society of Iowa
Kansas Historical Society
Minnesota Historical Society
State Historical Society of Missouri
Missouri Historical Society
Nebraska State Historical Society
State Historical Society of North Dakota
South Dakota State Historical Society
SouthSouth Atlantic
Florida Historical Society
Georgia Historical Society
North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office
South Carolina Historical Society
Virginia Historical Society
West Virginia Division of Culture and History
East South Central
Alabama Historical Commission
Kentucky Historical Society
Mississippi Historical Society
Tennessee Historical Commission
West South Central
Arkansas Historical Association
Louisiana Historical Society
Oklahoma Historical Society
Texas State Historical Association
WestMountain
Arizona Historical Society
History Colorado
Idaho State Historical Society
Montana Historical Society
Nevada Historical Society
Historical Society of New Mexico
Utah State Historical Society
Wyoming State Historical Society
Pacific
Alaska Historical Society
California Historical Society
Hawaiian Historical Society
Oregon Historical Society
Washington State Historical Society
vteWestern U.S. historical societiesMountainArizona
Arizona Historical Society (Tempe)
ColoradoDenver
Colorado Aviation Historical Society
History Colorado
Pueblo
Bessemer Historical Society
Pueblo Historical Aircraft Society
Others
Adventures in Preservation (Boulder)
Society for French Historical Studies (Colorado Springs)
St. Vrain Historical Society (Longmont)
IdahoIdaho State Historical Society (Moscow)MontanaHelena
Montana Historical Society
Society of Montana Pioneers
Nevada
Las Vegas Historical Society (Las Vegas)
New Mexico
New Mexico Historic Preservation Division (Santa Fe)
UtahSalt Lake City
Church History Library
Daughters of Utah Pioneers
Utah State Historical Society
Others
Mormon History Association (Heber City)
Utah Aviation Hall of Fame (Roy)
Wyoming
Wyoming Division of State Parks and Historic Sites (Cheyenne)
PacificCaliforniaBerkeley
Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association
Berkeley Historical Society
La Jolla
Association of Ancient Historians
La Jolla Historical Society
Los Angeles
Association of Moving Image Archivists
Chinese Historical Society of Southern California
Getty Conservation Institute
Los Angeles Conservancy
Society for the Preservation of Downtown Los Angeles
West Adams Heritage Association
San Diego
The Conference on Faith and History
San Diego History Center
Save Our Heritage Organisation
San Francisco
California Historical Society
GLBT Historical Society
Native Sons of the Golden West
San Francisco Museum and Historical Society
Society of California Pioneers
Santa Clara
South Bay Historical Railroad Society
Western Society for French History
Others
American Aviation Historical Society (Santa Ana)
California Register of Historical Resources (Sacramento)
California Trolley and Railroad Corporation (San Jose)
Fort Tejon Historical Association (Kern County)
H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society (Glendale)
Hayward Area Historical Society (Hayward)
Humboldt County Historical Society (Eureka)
IT History Society (Tiburon)
Oakland Heritage Alliance (Oakland)
Pajaro Valley Historical Association (Watsonville)
Perris Valley Historical and Museum Association (Perris)
San Buenaventura Conservancy (Ventura)
San Fernando Valley Historical Society (Mission Hills)
San Joaquin County Historical Society and Museum (Lodi)
Santee Historical Society Museum (Santee)
Silicon Valley Historical Association (Menlo Park)
Whittier Conservancy (Whittier)
Hawaii
Hawaiian Historical Society (Honolulu)
Oregon
Association for Recorded Sound Collections (Eugene)
Oregon Electric Railway Historical Society
Oregon Historical Society (Portland)
Restore Oregon (Eugene)
WashingtonOlympia
Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation
Washington Women's History Consortium
Seattle
Historic Seattle
Puget Sound Maritime Historical Society
Tacoma
American Society for Environmental History
Washington State Historical Society
Others
Disability History Association (Mountlake Terrace)
Eastside Heritage Center (Bellevue)
Mercer Island Historical Society (Mercer Island)
United States Lighthouse Society (Hansville)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HistoryColoradoCenter1.jpg"},{"link_name":"History Colorado Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Colorado_Center"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"501(c)(3) organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)(3)_organization"},{"link_name":"agency of the State of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Colorado"}],"text":"The History Colorado Center in Denver is operated by History Colorado.History Colorado is a historical society that was established in 1879 as the State Historical Society of Colorado, also known as the Colorado Historical Society. History Colorado is a 501(c)(3) organization and an agency of the State of Colorado under the Department of Higher Education.","title":"History Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"History Colorado offers the public access to cultural and heritage resources of Colorado, including museums and special programs for individuals and families, collection stewardship of Colorado's historic treasures, educational resources for schools, students and teachers, services related to preservation, archaeology and history, and the Stephen H. Hart Research Library.[1]History Colorado's statewide activities support tourism, historic preservation, education, and research related to Colorado's rich western history, offering the public unique opportunities to interact with Colorado history through its network of museums, which offer both exhibitions and special programs for adults and children.History Colorado also works with schools across Colorado to provide classrooms and teachers with resources and curriculum related to Colorado history, and offers local communities resources that help them to enrich historical-related community-based programs.History Colorado publishes the quarterly magazine Colorado Heritage (formerly The Colorado Magazine).[2]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 2012, the agency opened the new state history museum of Colorado, the History Colorado Center.[3][4] As History Colorado's headquarters, the History Colorado Center is designed to be a tourist destination, a museum, as well as a center for civic programs and discussion. The building houses core and traveling exhibitions, education/public programs, the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, the State Historical Fund, the Stephen H. Hart Research Library, and other History Colorado functions. Located at 12th and Broadway in Denver's Golden Triangle Museum District, this is a building that was designed and constructed by an all-Colorado team: Tryba Architects, Trammell Crow Company and Hensel Phelps Construction Company. History Colorado is a Smithsonian Affiliate.[5] At the building's April 2012 opening ceremony, Smithsonian Affiliations Director Harold Closter described the History Colorado Center as \"the first great history museum of the twenty-first century.\"[6]","title":"The History Colorado Center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Colorado State Register of Historic Properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Register_of_Historic_Properties"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHS-OAHP-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Central City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_City,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Cripple Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripple_Creek,_Colorado"}],"text":"History Colorado has cared for the historic treasures of the state for more than 130 years and has directed over a quarter of a billion dollars in grants for statewide preservation and education to all regions of the state. Through the State Historical Fund historic preservation grants program, History Colorado has awarded millions in competitive grants to all 64 counties across Colorado. As the State Historic Preservation Office, the Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation handles the processing and documenting of statewide archaeological and historic preservation-related projects. Through its various offices, programs, and services, History Colorado exerts a significant economic, cultural and civic impact and continues as a vital entity to the progress and development of Colorado.The Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (OAHP) oversees a number of program areas:[7]The Colorado State Register of Historic Properties[8]\nThe State Historical Fund.[9] The fund was created in 1990 through a state constitutional amendment allowing limited gaming in the towns of Black Hawk, Central City, and Cripple Creek. A proportion of the tax revenues from gaming is used for historic preservation in Colorado. Applications for projects for potential funding are assessed through a competitive process.","title":"Preservation programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historic sites and museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Historic_sites_and_museums"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ch-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ch-10"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Affiliations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Affiliations"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHS-13"},{"link_name":"American Alliance of Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Alliance_of_Museums"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"}],"text":"The State Historical Society of Colorado was founded in 1879 and currently owns and maintains thirteen historic sites and museums at ten locations around the state.[10][11][12] It is both a nonprofit agency and a part of the state department of higher education.[10] The Colorado Historical Society is an affiliate within the Smithsonian Affiliations program [13] and is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. The central offices of History Colorado are based in Denver.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"History Colorado Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Colorado_Center"},{"link_name":"Byers-Evans House Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byers-Evans_House_Museum"},{"link_name":"El Pueblo History Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pueblo_History_Museum"},{"link_name":"Pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Fort Garland Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Garland_Museum"},{"link_name":"Pike's Stockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike%27s_Stockade"},{"link_name":"Fort Garland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Garland"},{"link_name":"Fort Vasquez Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Vasquez_Museum"},{"link_name":"Platteville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platteville,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Georgetown Loop Historic Mining & Railroad Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown_Loop_Historic_Mining_%26_Railroad_Park"},{"link_name":"Georgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Grant-Humphreys Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant-Humphreys_Mansion"},{"link_name":"Healy House Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healy_House_Museum"},{"link_name":"Dexter Cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_Cabin"},{"link_name":"Leadville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadville,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Trinidad History Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_History_Museum"},{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Ute Indian Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ute_Indian_Museum"},{"link_name":"Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrose,_Colorado"}],"text":"History Colorado administers the following historic sites and museums:[14]History Colorado Center, Denver\nByers-Evans House Museum, Denver\nEl Pueblo History Museum, Pueblo\nFort Garland Museum and Pike's Stockade, Fort Garland\nFort Vasquez Museum, Platteville\nGeorgetown Loop Historic Mining & Railroad Park, Georgetown\nGrant-Humphreys Mansion, Denver\nHealy House Museum and Dexter Cabin, Leadville\nTrinidad History Museum, Trinidad\nUte Indian Museum, Montrose","title":"Historic sites and museums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salt Works Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Works_Ranch"},{"link_name":"Park County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_County,_Colorado"}],"text":"History Colorado provides designations of centennial farms and centennial ranches that have been in one family for more than 100 years. For example, Salt Works Ranch in Park County.","title":"Centennial Farms and Ranches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jared Orsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jared_Orsi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Claire Oberon Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claire_Oberon_Garcia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nicki Gonzales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Gonzales"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Noel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_J._Noel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Susan Schulten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Schulten"},{"link_name":"William Wei (scholar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Wei_(scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"History Colorado has named a historian to \"preserve, interpret and share Colorado's past.\" The State Historian's Council was established in 2018 to provide state-wide support for historical preservation and understanding. The title of State Historian rotates among the members of the council on Colorado Day.[15]The council includes:Dr. Jared Orsi\nDr. Claire Oberon Garcia\nDr. Nicki Gonzales\nDr. Thomas J. Noel (Emeritus)\nDr. Susan Schulten\nDr. William Wei (scholar)","title":"State Historian's Council"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The History Colorado Center in Denver is operated by History Colorado.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HistoryColoradoCenter1.jpg/220px-HistoryColoradoCenter1.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Colorado 1870-2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_1870-2000_(book)"},{"title":"History of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Colorado"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Dedication stone unveiled at History Colorado Center honors two governors\". 7 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.denverpost.com/ci_19064208?IADID=Search-www.denverpost.com-www.denverpost.com","url_text":"\"Dedication stone unveiled at History Colorado Center honors two governors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colorado Heritage Magazine | History Colorado\". Retrieved 2018-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historycolorado.org/colorado-heritage-magazine","url_text":"\"Colorado Heritage Magazine | History Colorado\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ceremony marks completion of History Colorado Center construction\". 7 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.denverpost.com/ci_19067785?IADID=Search-www.denverpost.com-www.denverpost.com","url_text":"\"Ceremony marks completion of History Colorado Center construction\""}]},{"reference":"\"History Colorado Center in Denver opens window to the state's past\". 28 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.denverpost.com/ci_20505876/history-colorado-center-denver-opens-window-states-past?IADID=Search-www.denverpost.com-www.denverpost.com","url_text":"\"History Colorado Center in Denver opens window to the state's past\""}]},{"reference":"\"Museum bosses with Denver roots now represent the Mile High City at the Smithsonian\". 25 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.denverpost.com/ci_23733775/from-mile-high-city-smithsonian-denver-represents-d?IADID=Search-www.denverpost.com-www.denverpost.com","url_text":"\"Museum bosses with Denver roots now represent the Mile High City at the Smithsonian\""}]},{"reference":"\"Griego: History Colorado Center focuses on an \"emotional, visceral\" experience of the state's stories\". 19 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.denverpost.com/griego/ci_20210878/history-colorado-center-focuses-an-emotional-visceral-experience?IADID=Search-www.denverpost.com-www.denverpost.com","url_text":"\"Griego: History Colorado Center focuses on an \"emotional, visceral\" experience of the state's stories\""}]},{"reference":"\"History Colorado Becomes Smithsonian Affiliate\". Community News. Denver Metro Newswire. 2010. Retrieved 15 Jul 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://denvermetronewswire.com/community-news/history-colorado-becomes-smithsonian-affiliate/","url_text":"\"History Colorado Becomes Smithsonian Affiliate\""}]},{"reference":"\"State Historian's Council\". History Colorado.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historycolorado.org/state-historians-council","url_text":"\"State Historian's Council\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.denverpost.com/ci_19064208?IADID=Search-www.denverpost.com-www.denverpost.com","external_links_name":"\"Dedication stone unveiled at History Colorado Center honors two governors\""},{"Link":"https://www.historycolorado.org/colorado-heritage-magazine","external_links_name":"\"Colorado Heritage Magazine | History Colorado\""},{"Link":"http://www.denverpost.com/ci_19067785?IADID=Search-www.denverpost.com-www.denverpost.com","external_links_name":"\"Ceremony marks completion of History Colorado Center construction\""},{"Link":"http://www.denverpost.com/ci_20505876/history-colorado-center-denver-opens-window-states-past?IADID=Search-www.denverpost.com-www.denverpost.com","external_links_name":"\"History Colorado Center in Denver opens window to the state's past\""},{"Link":"http://www.denverpost.com/ci_23733775/from-mile-high-city-smithsonian-denver-represents-d?IADID=Search-www.denverpost.com-www.denverpost.com","external_links_name":"\"Museum bosses with Denver roots now represent the Mile High City at the Smithsonian\""},{"Link":"http://www.denverpost.com/griego/ci_20210878/history-colorado-center-focuses-an-emotional-visceral-experience?IADID=Search-www.denverpost.com-www.denverpost.com","external_links_name":"\"Griego: History Colorado Center focuses on an \"emotional, visceral\" experience of the state's stories\""},{"Link":"http://www.coloradohistory-oahp.org/programareas/programindex.htm","external_links_name":"Program Areas"},{"Link":"http://oahp.historycolorado.org/programareas/register/1503/sr.htm","external_links_name":"Colorado State Register of Historic Properties."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120424230753/http://oahp.historycolorado.org/programareas/register/1503/sr.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.coloradohistory-oahp.org/programareas/shf/shfindex.htm","external_links_name":"State Historical Fund"},{"Link":"http://www.coloradohistory.org/about_chs/about_chs.htm","external_links_name":"About CHS"},{"Link":"http://www.denverpost.com/headlines/ci_13621780","external_links_name":"Noel: Where the ghost of A.E. still roams"},{"Link":"http://www.telluridenews.com/articles/2009/10/14/business/doc4ad52a0a9884e723180076.txt","external_links_name":"Article"},{"Link":"http://www.telluridenews.com/","external_links_name":"Telluride Daily Planet"},{"Link":"http://denvermetronewswire.com/community-news/history-colorado-becomes-smithsonian-affiliate/","external_links_name":"\"History Colorado Becomes Smithsonian Affiliate\""},{"Link":"http://www.historycolorado.org/museums","external_links_name":"Historic sites"},{"Link":"https://www.historycolorado.org/state-historians-council","external_links_name":"\"State Historian's Council\""},{"Link":"http://www.historycolorado.org/","external_links_name":"History Colorado website"},{"Link":"http://www.historycoloradocenter.org/","external_links_name":"History Colorado Center website"},{"Link":"https://www.historycolorado.org/office-archaeology-historic-preservation-and-state-historical-fund","external_links_name":"Office of Archaeology & Historic Preservation and State Historical Fund website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Le_Mans_Series_season
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2009 Le Mans Series
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["1 Schedule","2 Teams and drivers","2.1 LMP1","2.2 LMP2","2.3 GT1","2.4 GT2","3 Season results","4 Championship Standings","5 Teams Championships","5.1 LMP1 Standings","5.2 LMP2 Standings","5.3 GT1 Standings","5.4 GT2 Standings","6 Drivers Championships","6.1 LMP1 Standings","6.2 LMP2 Standings","6.3 GT1 Standings","6.4 GT2 Standings","7 References","8 External links"]
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2009 Le Mans Series
Previous
2008
Next
2010
The 2009 Le Mans Series was the sixth season of Automobile Club de l'Ouest's Le Mans Series. It was contested over five events between 5 April and 13 September 2009.
Aston Martin Racing trio Jan Charouz, Tomáš Enge and Stefan Mücke finished every race on the podium en route to the LMP1 championship. In LMP2, the pro-amateur pairing of Olivier Pla and Miguel Amaral won the title, with two class wins. Yann Clairay and Patrice Goueslard shared the honours in GT1, driving for former skier Luc Alphand's team. In the tightest battle out of the classes, Marc Lieb and Richard Lietz took GT2 honours by a single point ahead of JMW Motorsport pairing Rob Bell and Gianmaria Bruni.
Schedule
On 10 October 2008, the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) announced a preliminary 2009 schedule consisting of five rounds. The 1000 km of Algarve in Portugal notionally replaced the 1000 km of Monza, while the rest of the events from 2008 remain. In a first for the Le Mans series, the Algarve ran at night. A second testing event was added to the schedule later, consisting of two days in April at the Bugatti Circuit in Le Mans, France.
Rnd
Race
Circuit
Date
–
Test Session
Paul Ricard HTTT
8–9 March
1
1000 km of Catalunya
Circuit de Catalunya
5 April
–
Test Session
Bugatti Circuit
25–26 April
2
1000 km of Spa
Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps
10 May
3
1000 km of Algarve
Autódromo Internacional do Algarve
1 August
4
1000 km of Nürburgring
Nürburgring
23 August
5
1000 km of Silverstone
Silverstone Circuit
13 September
Sources:
Teams and drivers
LMP1
Entrant
Car
Engine
Tyre
No.
Drivers
Rounds
Aston Martin Racing
Lola-Aston Martin B09/60
Aston Martin 6.0 L V12
M
007
Jan Charouz
All
Tomáš Enge
All
Stefan Mücke
All
009
Harold Primat
All
Darren Turner
All
Miguel Ramos
1–3
AMR Eastern Europe
008
Chris Buncombe
4–5
Stuart Hall
4–5
Miguel Ramos
4–5
Scuderia Lavaggi
Lavaggi LS1
AER P32C 4.0 L Turbo V8
D
3
Wolfgang Kaufmann
2, 4
Giovanni Lavaggi
2, 4
Team LNT
Ginetta-Zytek GZ09S
Zytek ZJ458 4.5 L V8
M
5
Greg Mansell
5
Nigel Mansell
5
Lawrence Tomlinson
5
22
Robbie Kerr
2
Guy Smith
2
Lawrence Tomlinson
2
Team Peugeot Total
Peugeot 908 HDi FAP
Peugeot HDi 5.5 L Turbo V12(Diesel)
M
7
Christian Klien
2
Nicolas Minassian
2
Simon Pagenaud
2
9
David Brabham
2
Marc Gené
2
Alexander Wurz
2
Team Oreca Matmut AIM
Courage-Oreca LC70E
AIM YS5.5 5.5 L V10
M
10
Bruno Senna
1
Stéphane Ortelli
1
11
Nicolas Lapierre
1
Olivier Panis
1
Oreca 01
10
Bruno Senna
2–3
Stéphane Ortelli
2
Tiago Monteiro
3
Nicolas Lapierre
5
Olivier Panis
5
11
Nicolas Lapierre
2–3
Olivier Panis
2–3
Signature Plus
Courage-Oreca LC70E
Judd GV5.5 S2 5.5 L V10
M
12
Franck Mailleux
All
Pierre Ragues
All
Speedy Racing Team Sebah Automotive
Lola B08/60
Aston Martin 6.0 L V12
M
13
Andrea Belicchi
All
Marcel Fässler
All
Nicolas Prost
All
Kolles
Audi R10 TDI
Audi TDI 5.5 L Turbo V12(Diesel)
M
14
Andrew Meyrick
All
Charles Zwolsman Jr.
All
Michael Krumm
1
Narain Karthikeyan
2–5
15
Christijan Albers
All
Christian Bakkerud
All
Giorgio Mondini
2–4
Pescarolo Sport
Pescarolo 01
Judd GV5.5 S2 5.5 L V10
M
16
Jean-Christophe Boullion
All
Christophe Tinseau
All
Emmanuel Collard
4
17
João Barbosa
1–2
Bruce Jouanny
1–2
Strakka Racing
Ginetta-Zytek GZ09S
Zytek ZJ458 4.5 L V8
M
23
Nick Leventis
All
Danny Watts
All
Peter Hardman
1–2
LMP2
Entrant
Car
Engine
Tyre
No.
Drivers
Rounds
OAK Racing Team Mazda France
Pescarolo 01
Mazda MZR-R 2.0 L Turbo I4
D
24
Richard Hein
All
Jacques Nicolet
All
35
Karim Ajlani
All
Matthieu Lahaye
All
RML
Lola B08/86
Mazda MZR-R 2.0 L Turbo I4
M
25
Thomas Erdos
All
Mike Newton
All
Bruichladdich-Bruneau Team
Radical SR9
AER P07 2.0 L Turbo I4
D
26
Pierre Bruneau
All
Stuart Moseley
1–2
Nigel Greensall
1
Jonathan Coleman
2
Tim Greaves
3, 5
Francesco Sini
3–5
Michael Vergers
4
Ibañez Racing Service
Courage LC75
AER P07 2.0 L Turbo I4
D
28
William Cavailhès
All
Frédéric Da Rocha
All
José Ibañez
All
Racing Box
Lola B08/80
Judd DB 3.4 L V8
M
29
Andrea Ceccato
1–4
Filippo Francioni
1–4
Giacomo Piccini
1–4
30
Thomas Biagi
1–4
Matteo Bobbi
1–4
Andrea Piccini
1–4
Team Essex
Porsche RS Spyder Evo
Porsche MR6 3.4 L V8
M
31
Emmanuel Collard
2
Casper Elgaard
2
Kristian Poulsen
2
Team Barazi-Epsilon
Zytek 07S/2
Zytek 2ZG348 3.4 L V8
M
32
Juan Barazi
2
Fernando Rees
2
Speedy Racing Team Sebah Automotive
Lola B08/80
Judd DB 3.4 L V8
M
33
Jonny Kane
All
Xavier Pompidou
All
Benjamin Leuenberger
2–5
WR Salini
WR LMP2008
Zytek ZG348 3.4 L V8
D
37
Philippe Salini
All
Stéphane Salini
All
Tristan Gommendy
1–2, 4–5
Bruce Jouanny
3
Pegasus Racing
Courage-Oreca LC75
AER P07 2.0 L Turbo I4
A
38
Julien Schell
1–2, 4–5
Philippe Thirion
1–2, 4–5
Jean-Christophe Metz
4–5
KSM
Lola B07/46
Mazda MZR-R 2.0 L Turbo I4
D
39
Matthew Marsh
1–2
Hideki Noda
1–2
Francesco Sini
1–2
Quifel ASM Team
Ginetta-Zytek GZ09S/2
Zytek ZG348 3.4 L V8
D
40
Miguel Amaral
All
Olivier Pla
All
GAC Racing Team
Zytek 07S/2
Zytek ZG348 3.4 L V8
M
41
Claude-Yves Gosselin
1–3, 5
Karim Ojjeh
1–3, 5
Philipp Peter
1–3, 5
Ranieri Randaccio
Lucchini LMP2/08
Nicholson-McLaren 3.3 L V8
D
42
Ranieri Randaccio
1–2
Raffaele Giammaria
1
Glauco Solieri
2
Q8 Oils Hache Team
Lucchini LMP2/08
Judd XV675 3.4 L V8
D
43
Máximo Cortés
All
Fabrizio Armetta
1
Enrico Moncada
1
Pierre Combot
2
Nil Montserrat
2
Carmen Jordá
3–5
Fonsi Nieto
3–5
Team WFR
Embassy WF01
Zytek ZG348 3.4 L V8
D
45
Jody Firth
5
Warren Hughes
5
Darren Manning
5
GT1
Entrant
Car
Engine
Tyre
No.
Drivers
Rounds
Larbre Compétition
Saleen S7-R
Ford 7.0 L V8
M
50
Roland Bervillé
1, 3–5
Sébastien Dumez
1, 3–5
Steve Zacchia
1
Stéphane Lémeret
3
Laurent Groppi
4–5
ARC Bratislava Kaneko Racing
Saleen S7-R
Ford 7.0 L V8
D
51
Paul Daniels
1
Sean Edwards
1
Miro Konôpka
1
IPB Spartak Racing
Lamborghini Murciélago R-GT
Lamborghini 6.0 L V12
M
55
Peter Kox
1–2
Roman Rusinov
1
Erik Janiš
2
Filip Salaquarda
2
Gigawave Motorsport
Aston Martin DBR9
Aston Martin 6.0 L V12
M
60
Peter Kox
5
Ryan Sharp
5
Jetalliance Racing
Aston Martin DBR9
Aston Martin 6.0 L V12
M
66
Thomas Gruber
2
Lukas Lichtner-Hoyer
2
Alex Müller
2
Luc Alphand Aventures
Chevrolet Corvette C6.R
Chevrolet LS7R 7.0 L V8
D
72
Yann Clairay
All
Patrice Goueslard
All
Luc Alphand
1–2
Julien Jousse
3–5
GT2
Entrant
Car
Engine
Tyre
No.
Drivers
Rounds
IMSA Performance Matmut
Porsche 997 GT3-RSR
Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6
M
76
Raymond Narac
All
Patrick Pilet
All
Team Felbermayr-Proton
Porsche 997 GT3-RSR
Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6
M
77
Marc Lieb
All
Richard Lietz
All
Horst Felbermayr Jr.
2, 5
88
Francisco Cruz Martins
All
Horst Felbermayr Jr.
All
Christian Ried
All
Advanced Engineering
Ferrari F430 GT2
Ferrari 4.0 L V8
M
78
Peter Bamford
2, 4–5
Matt Griffin
2, 4–5
Reiter Engineering
Lamborghini Gallardo LP560
Lamborghini 5.2 L V10
M
79
Christophe Bouchut
2
Albert von Thurn und Taxis
2
Easyrace
Ferrari F430 GT2
Ferrari 4.0 L V8
P
81
Paolo Maurice Basso
All
Roberto Plati
All
Gianpaolo Tenchini
All
Team Modena
Ferrari F430 GT2
Ferrari 4.0 L V8
M
84
Antonio García
All
Leo Mansell
All
Jaime Melo
2–3, 5
Toni Vilander
4
Snoras Spyker Squadron
Spyker C8 Laviolette GT2-R
Audi 4.0 L V8
M
85
Tom Coronel
All
Benjamin Leuenberger
1
Peter Dumbreck
2
Jaroslav Janiš
3–5
Drayson Racing
Aston Martin V8 Vantage GT2
Aston Martin 4.5 L V8
M
87
Jonny Cocker
All
Paul Drayson
All
Hankook Farnbacher Racing
Ferrari F430 GT2
Ferrari 4.0 L V8
H
89
Allan Simonsen
1–4
Christian Montanari
1, 5
Pierre Kaffer
2–5
FBR
Ferrari F430 GT2
Ferrari 4.0 L V8
M
90
Pierre Ehret
All
Anthony Beltoise
1, 3–5
Dominik Farnbacher
2–5
91
Andrea Montermini
1–2, 4–5
Gabrio Rosa
1–2, 4–5
Giacomo Petrobelli
1–2
Giacomo Ricci
4
Niki Cadei
5
JMW Motorsport
Ferrari F430 GT2
Ferrari 4.0 L V8
D
92
Rob Bell
All
Gianmaria Bruni
All
Prospeed Competition
Porsche 997 GT3-RSR
Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6
M
94
Paul Daniels
2
Markus Palttala
2
Virgo Motorsport
Ferrari F430 GT2
Ferrari 4.0 L V8
D
96
Michael McInerney
1–2
Sean McInerney
1–2
Michael Vergers
1–2
JMB Racing
Ferrari F430 GT2
Ferrari 4.0 L V8
M
99
John Hartshorne
All
Romain Iannetta
1
Johan-Boris Scheier
1, 4
Plamen Kralev
2
Manuel Rodrigues
2
César Campaniço
3
Albert von Thurn und Taxis
3
Peter Kutemann
4–5
Stéphane Daoudi
5
Season results
Overall winners in bold.
Rnd.
Circuit
LMP1 Winning Team
LMP2 Winning Team
GT1 Winning Team
GT2 Winning Team
Results
LMP1 Winning Drivers
LMP2 Winning Drivers
GT1 Winning Drivers
GT2 Winning Drivers
1
Catalunya
No.007 Aston Martin Racing
No.30 Racing Box
No.55 IPB Spartak Racing
No.77 Felbermayr-Proton
Results
Jan Charouz Tomáš Enge Stefan Mücke
Matteo Bobbi Andrea Piccini Thomas Biagi
Peter Kox Roman Rusinov
Marc Lieb Richard Lietz
2
Spa
No.7 Team Peugeot Total
No.31 Team Essex
No.72 Luc Alphand Aventures
No.77 Felbermayr-Proton
Results
Nicolas Minassian Simon Pagenaud Christian Klien
Casper Elgaard Kristian Poulsen Emmanuel Collard
Luc Alphand Patrice Goueslard Yann Clairay
Marc Lieb Richard Lietz Horst Felbermayr, Sr.
3
Algarve
No.16 Pescarolo Sport
No.40 Quifel ASM Team
No.72 Luc Alphand Aventures
No.92 JMW Motorsport
Results
Jean-Christophe Boullion Christophe Tinseau
Miguel Amaral Olivier Pla
Julien Jousse Patrice Goueslard Yann Clairay
Rob Bell Gianmaria Bruni
4
Nürburgring
No.007 Aston Martin Racing
No.40 Quifel ASM Team
No.50 Larbre Compétition
No.77 Felbermayr-Proton
Results
Jan Charouz Tomáš Enge Stefan Mücke
Miguel Amaral Olivier Pla
Roland Berville Sébastien Dumez Laurent Groppi
Marc Lieb Richard Lietz
5
Silverstone
No.10 Team Oreca AIM
No.33 Speedy Racing Team Sebah
No.60 Gigawave Motorsport
No.92 JMW Motorsport
Results
Olivier Panis Nicolas Lapierre
Benjamin Leuenberger Xavier Pompidou Jonny Kane
Ryan Sharp Peter Kox
Rob Bell Gianmaria Bruni
Source:
Championship Standings
Points were awarded to the top 8 finishers in the order of 10-8-6-5-4-3-2-1. One bonus point was also awarded for winning pole position (denoted by bold). Cars which failed to complete 70% of the winner's distance were not awarded points. Drivers who did not drive for at least 45 minutes did not receive points. Entries which changed an engine prior to the two race minimum were penalized two points, with a four-point penalty for every subsequent engine change.
Teams Championships
The top two finishers in each teams championship earned automatic entry to the 2010 24 Hours of Le Mans.
LMP1 Standings
Pos
No.
Team
Chassis
Engine
Rnd 1
Rnd 2
Rnd 3
Rnd 4
Rnd 5
Penalty
Total
1
007
Aston Martin Racing
Lola-Aston Martin B09/60
Aston Martin 6.0 L V12
1
3
2
1
3
-2
39
2
16
Pescarolo Sport
Pescarolo 01
Judd GV5.5 S2 5.5 L V10
2
2
1
Ret
10
26
3
10
Team Oreca Matmut AIM
Courage-Oreca LC70E
AIM YS5.5 5.5 L V10
3
23
Oreca 01
AIM YS5.5 5.5 L V10
Ret
3
1
4
009
Aston Martin Racing
Lola-Aston Martin B09/60
Aston Martin 6.0 L V12
Ret
5
5
2
4
21
5=
13
Speedy Racing Team Sebah
Lola B08/60
Aston Martin 6.0 L V12
7
8
Ret
6
2
14
5=
12
Signature Plus
Courage-Oreca LC70E
Judd GV5.5 S2 5.5 L V10
4
9
6
5
7
14
7
14
Kolles
Audi R10 TDI
Audi TDI 5.5 L Turbo V12 (Diesel)
8
6
NC
4
6
12
8=
7
Team Peugeot Total
Peugeot 908 HDi FAP
Peugeot HDi 5.5 L Turbo V12 (Diesel)
1
11
8=
11
Team Oreca Matmut AIM
Courage-Oreca LC70E
AIM YS5.5 5.5 L V10
Ret
11
Oreca 01
AIM YS5.5 5.5 L V10
4
3
10=
008
AMR Eastern Europe
Lola-Aston Martin B09/60
Aston Martin 6.0 L V12
3
9
6
10=
15
Kolles
Audi R10 TDI
Audi TDI 5.5 L Turbo V12 (Diesel)
Ret
7
Ret
Ret
5
6
12
23
Strakka Racing
Ginetta-Zytek GZ09S
Zytek ZJ458 4.5 L V8
5
12
Ret
Ret
8
-2
4
13
17
Pescarolo Sport
Pescarolo 01
Judd GV5.5 S2 5.5 L V10
6
Ret
3
–
3
Scuderia Lavaggi
Lavaggi LS1
AER P32C 4.0 L Turbo V8
NC
Ret
0
–
22
Team LNT
Ginetta-Zytek GZ09S
Zytek ZJ458 4.5 L V8
11
0
–
9
Team Peugeot Total
Peugeot 908 HDi FAP
Peugeot HDi 5.5 L Turbo V12 (Diesel)
10
0
–
5
Team LNT
Ginetta-Zytek GZ09S
Zytek ZJ458 4.5 L V8
11
-2
0
LMP2 Standings
Pos
No.
Team
Chassis
Engine
Rnd 1
Rnd 2
Rnd 3
Rnd 4
Rnd 5
Penalty
Total
1
40
Quifel ASM Team
Ginetta-Zytek GZ09S/2
Zytek ZG348 3.4 L V8
2
7
1
1
Ret
33
2
33
Speedy Racing Team Sebah
Lola B08/80
Judd DB 3.4 L V8
7
2
5
7
1
-2
24
3
29
Racing Box
Lola B08/80
Judd DB 3.4 L V8
3
DSQ
2
2
23
4
30
Racing Box
Lola B08/80
Judd DB 3.4 L V8
1
Ret
4
6
-2
16
5
41
GAC Racing Team
Zytek 07S/2
Zytek ZG348 3.4 L V8
8
Ret
3
5
5
15
6
24
OAK Racing Team
Pescarolo 01
Mazda MZR-R 2.0 L Turbo I4
6
DNS
8
4
3
-2
13
7
31
Team Essex
Porsche RS Spyder Evo
Porsche MR6 3.4 L V8
1
11
8
35
OAK Racing Team
Pescarolo 01
Mazda MZR-R 2.0 L Turbo I4
5
3
6
3
Ret
-10
9
9
26
Bruichladdich-Bruneau Team
Radical SR9
AER P07 2.0 L Turbo I4
4
DSQ
10
Ret
6
8
10
38
Pegasus Racing
Courage-Oreca LC75
AER P07 2.0 L Turbo I4
Ret
4
8
8
7
11=
37
WR Salini
WR LMP2008
Zytek ZG348 3.4 L V8
9
6
9
Ret
9
3
11=
45
Team WFR
Embassy WF01
Zytek ZG348 3.4 L V8
4
-2
3
13
39
KSM
Lola B07/46
Mazda MZR-R 2.0 L Turbo I4
Ret
5
-2
2
14
28
Ibañez Racing Service
Courage LC75
AER P07 2.0 L Turbo I4
Ret
Ret
NC
9
7
-2
0
–
43
Q8 Oils Hache Team
Lucchini LMP2/08
Judd XV675 3.4 L V8
Ret
NC
Ret
Ret
NC
0
–
32
Team Barazi-Epsilon
Zytek 07S/2
Zytek 2ZG348 3.4 L V8
DSQ
0
–
42
Ranieri Randaccio
Lucchini LMP2/08
Nicholson-McLaren 3.3 L V8
Ret
Ret
-2
0
–
25
RML
Lola B08/86
Mazda MZR-R 2.0 L Turbo I4
Ret
Ret
7
Ret
2
-14
0
GT1 Standings
Pos
No.
Team
Chassis
Engine
Rnd 1
Rnd 2
Rnd 3
Rnd 4
Rnd 5
Penalty
Total
1
72
Luc Alphand Aventures
Chevrolet Corvette C6.R
Chevrolet LS7.R 7.0 L V8
2
1
1
2
3
44
2
50
Larbre Compétition
Saleen S7-R
Ford 7.0 L V8
3
2
1
2
34
3
55
IPB Spartak Racing
Lamborghini Murciélago R-GT
Lamborghini 6.0 L V12
1
2
18
4
60
Gigawave Motorsport
Aston Martin DBR9
Aston Martin 6.0 L V12
1
10
5
66
Jetalliance Racing
Aston Martin DBR9
Aston Martin 6.0 L V12
3
7
–
51
ARC Bratislava Kaneko
Saleen S7-R
Ford 7.0 L V8
Ret
0
GT2 Standings
Pos
No.
Team
Chassis
Engine
Rnd 1
Rnd 2
Rnd 3
Rnd 4
Rnd 5
Penalty
Total
1
77
Team Felbermayr-Proton
Porsche 997 GT3-RSR
Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6
1
1
8
1
7
36
2
92
JMW Motorsport
Ferrari F430 GT2
Ferrari 4.0 L V8
2
3
1
9
1
35
3
84
Team Modena
Ferrari F430 GT2
Ferrari 4.0 L V8
5
2
3
8
4
24
4
90
FBR
Ferrari F430 GT2
Ferrari 4.0 L V8
4
4
4
3
NC
21
5
89
Hankook Farnbacher Racing
Ferrari F430 GT2
Ferrari 4.0 L V8
3
Ret
5
4
5
20
6
76
IMSA Performance Matmut
Porsche 997 GT3-RSR
Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6
Ret
6
2
5
3
-2
19
7
85
Snoras Spyker Squadron
Spyker C8 Laviolette GT2-R
Audi 4.0 L V8
Ret
5
Ret
2
2
-6
14
8=
99
JMB Racing
Ferrari F430 GT2
Ferrari 4.0 L V8
6
Ret
6
12
12
6
8=
91
FBR
Ferrari F430 GT2
Ferrari 4.0 L V8
Ret
Ret
6
6
6
10
88
Team Felbermayr-Proton
Porsche 997 GT3-RSR
Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6
7
11
Ret
7
8
5
11
81
Easyrace
Ferrari F430 GT2
Ferrari 4.0 L V8
10
Ret
7
11
11
2
12=
87
Drayson Racing
Aston Martin V8 Vantage GT2
Aston Martin 4.5 L V8
8
7
Ret
NC
Ret
-2
1
12=
96
Virgo Motorsport
Ferrari F430 GT2
Ferrari 4.0 L V8
9
8
1
–
78
Advanced Engineering
Ferrari F430 GT2
Ferrari 4.0 L V8
9
10
10
0
–
95
James Watt Automotive
Porsche 997 GT3-RSR
Porsche 3.8 L Flat-6
9
0
–
94
Prospeed Competition
Porsche 997 GT3-RSR
Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6
10
0
–
79
Reiter Engineering
Lamborghini Gallardo LP560
Lamborghini 5.2 L V10
NC
0
Drivers Championships
LMP1 Standings
Jan Charouz, Tomáš Enge and Stefan Mücke won the LMP1 class title for Aston Martin Racing.
Pos
Driver
Team
Rnd 1
Rnd 2
Rnd 3
Rnd 4
Rnd 5
Penalty
Total
1=
Jan Charouz
Aston Martin Racing
1
3
2
1
3
-2
39
1=
Tomáš Enge
Aston Martin Racing
1
3
2
1
3
-2
39
1=
Stefan Mücke
Aston Martin Racing
1
3
2
1
3
-2
39
4=
Jean-Christophe Boullion
Pescarolo Sport
2
2
1
Ret
1
26
4=
Christophe Tinseau
Pescarolo Sport
2
2
1
Ret
1
26
6=
Nicolas Lapierre
Team Oreca Matmut AIM
Ret
4
4
1
22
6=
Olivier Panis
Team Oreca Matmut AIM
Ret
4
4
1
22
8=
Darren Turner
Aston Martin Racing
Ret
5
5
2
4
21
8=
Harold Primat
Aston Martin Racing
Ret
5
5
2
4
21
10=
Marcel Fässler
Speedy Racing Team Sebah
7
8
Ret
6
2
14
10=
Andrea Belicchi
Speedy Racing Team Sebah
7
8
Ret
6
2
14
10=
Nicolas Prost
Speedy Racing Team Sebah
7
8
Ret
6
2
14
10=
Miguel Ramos
Aston Martin Racing
Ret
5
5
14
AMR Eastern Europe
3
9
10=
Pierre Ragues
Signature Plus
4
9
6
5
7
14
10=
Franck Mailleux
Signature Plus
4
9
6
5
7
14
16=
Bruno Senna
Team Oreca Matmut AIM
3
Ret
3
12
16=
Charles Zwolsman Jr.
Kolles
8
6
NC
4
6
12
16=
Andrew Meyrick
Kolles
8
6
NC
4
6
12
19=
Nicolas Minassian
Team Peugeot Total
1
11
19=
Simon Pagenaud
Team Peugeot Total
1
11
19=
Christian Klien
Team Peugeot Total
1
11
19=
Narain Karthikeyan
Kolles
6
NC
4
6
11
23=
Stéphane Ortelli
Team Oreca Matmut AIM
3
Ret
6
23=
Tiago Monteiro
Team Oreca Matmut AIM
3
6
23=
Stuart Hall
AMR Eastern Europe
3
9
6
23=
Chris Buncombe
AMR Eastern Europe
3
9
6
23=
Christijan Albers
Kolles
Ret
7
Ret
Ret
5
6
23=
Christian Bakkerud
Kolles
Ret
7
Ret
Ret
5
6
29=
Nick Leventis
Strakka Racing
5
12
Ret
Ret
8
-2
4
29=
Danny Watts
Strakka Racing
5
12
Ret
Ret
8
-2
4
31=
Peter Hardman
Strakka Racing
5
12
-2
3
31=
Bruce Jouanny
Pescarolo Sport
6
Ret
3
31=
João Barbosa
Pescarolo Sport
6
Ret
3
34
Giorgio Mondini
Kolles
7
Ret
Ret
2
35
Michael Krumm
Kolles
8
1
LMP2 Standings
Miguel Amaral and Olivier Pla won the LMP2 class title for Quifel ASM.
Pos
Driver
Team
Rnd 1
Rnd 2
Rnd 3
Rnd 4
Rnd 5
Penalty
Total
1=
Miguel Amaral
Quifel ASM Team
2
7
1
1
Ret
33
1=
Olivier Pla
Quifel ASM Team
2
7
1
1
Ret
33
3=
Xavier Pompidou
Speedy Racing Team Sebah
7
2
5
7
1
-2
24
3=
Jonny Kane
Speedy Racing Team Sebah
7
2
5
7
1
-2
24
5=
Andrea Ceccato
Racing Box
3
DSQ
2
2
23
5=
Filippo Francioni
Racing Box
3
DSQ
2
2
23
5=
Giacomo Piccini
Racing Box
3
DSQ
2
2
23
8
Benjamin Leuenberger
Speedy Racing Team Sebah
2
5
7
1
-2
22
9=
Matteo Bobbi
Racing Box
1
Ret
4
6
-2
16
9=
Andrea Piccini
Racing Box
1
Ret
4
6
-2
16
9=
Thomas Biagi
Racing Box
1
Ret
4
6
-2
16
12=
Karim Ojjeh
GAC Racing Team
8
Ret
3
5
5
15
12=
Philipp Peter
GAC Racing Team
8
Ret
3
5
5
15
14=
Jacques Nicolet
OAK Racing
6
DNS
8
4
3
-2
13
14=
Richard Hein
OAK Racing
6
DNS
8
4
3
-2
13
16=
Casper Elgaard
Team Essex
1
11
16=
Kristian Poulsen
Team Essex
1
11
16=
Emmanuel Collard
Team Essex
1
11
19=
Matthieu Lahaye
OAK Racing
5
3
6
3
Ret
-10
9
19=
Karim Ajlani
OAK Racing
5
3
6
3
Ret
-10
9
21
Pierre Bruneau
Bruichladdich-Bruneau Team
4
DSQ
10
Ret
6
8
22=
Julien Schell
Pegasus Racing
Ret
4
8
8
7
22=
Philippe Thirion
Pegasus Racing
Ret
4
8
8
7
24=
Stuart Moseley
Bruichladdich-Bruneau Team
4
DSQ
5
24=
Nigel Greensall
Bruichladdich-Bruneau Team
4
5
24=
Francesco Sini
KSM
Ret
5
-2
5
Bruichladdich-Bruneau Team
10
Ret
6
24=
Claude-Yves Gosselin
GAC Racing Team
8
Ret
5
(5)
5
28=
Darren Manning
Team WFR
4
-2
3
28=
Warren Hughes
Team WFR
4
-2
3
28=
Stéphane Salini
WR Salini
9
6
9
Ret
9
3
28=
Philippe Salini
WR Salini
9
6
9
Ret
9
3
28=
Tristan Gommendy
WR Salini
9
6
Ret
9
3
28=
Tim Greaves
Bruichladdich-Bruneau Team
10
6
3
34=
Hideki Noda
KSM
Ret
5
-2
2
34=
Matthew Marsh
KSM
Ret
5
-2
2
34=
Jean-Christophe Metz
Pegasus Racing
8
8
2
37=
José Ibañez
Ibañez Racing Service
Ret
Ret
NC
9
7
-2
0
37=
William Cavailhès
Ibañez Racing Service
Ret
Ret
NC
9
7
-2
0
37=
Frédéric Da Rocha
Ibañez Racing Service
Ret
Ret
NC
9
7
-2
0
GT1 Standings
Pos
Driver
Team
Rnd 1
Rnd 2
Rnd 3
Rnd 4
Rnd 5
Penalty
Total
1=
Patrice Goueslard
Luc Alphand Aventures
2
1
1
2
3
44
1=
Yann Clairay
Luc Alphand Aventures
2
1
1
2
3
44
3
Roland Bervillé
Larbre Compétition
3
2
1
2
34
4
Peter Kox
IPB Spartak Racing
1
2
28
Gigawave Motorsport
1
5
Julien Jousse
Luc Alphand Aventures
1
2
3
25
6
Laurent Groppi
Larbre Compétition
1
2
20
7
Luc Alphand
Luc Alphand Aventures
2
1
19
8
Sébastien Dumez
Larbre Compétition
3
(2)
1
(2)
18
9=
Roman Rusinov
IPB Spartak Racing
1
10
9=
Ryan Sharp
Gigawave Motorsport
1
10
11=
Filip Salaquarda
IPB Spartak Racing
2
8
11=
Erik Janiš
IPB Spartak Racing
2
8
11=
Stéphane Lémeret
Larbre Compétition
2
8
14=
Lukas Lichtner-Hoyer
Jetalliance Racing
3
7
14=
Thomas Gruber
Jetalliance Racing
3
7
16
Steve Zacchia
Larbre Compétition
3
6
GT2 Standings
Marc Lieb and Richard Lietz won the GT2 class title for Felbermayr-Proton.
Pos
Driver
Team
Rnd 1
Rnd 2
Rnd 3
Rnd 4
Rnd 5
Penalty
Total
1=
Marc Lieb
Team Felbermayr-Proton
1
1
8
1
7
36
1=
Richard Lietz
Team Felbermayr-Proton
1
1
8
1
7
36
3=
Rob Bell
JMW Motorsport
2
3
1
9
1
35
3=
Gianmaria Bruni
JMW Motorsport
2
3
1
9
1
35
5=
Antonio García
Team Modena
5
2
3
8
4
24
5=
Leo Mansell
Team Modena
5
2
3
8
4
24
7
Pierre Ehret
FBR
4
4
4
3
NC
21
8=
Jaime Melo
Team Modena
2
3
4
19
8=
Patrick Pilet
IMSA Performance Matmut
Ret
6
2
5
3
-2
19
8=
Raymond Narac
IMSA Performance Matmut
Ret
6
2
5
3
-2
19
11=
Allan Simonsen
Hankook Team Farnbacher
3
Ret
5
4
16
11=
Anthony Beltoise
FBR
4
4
3
NC
16
11=
Dominik Farnbacher
FBR
4
4
3
NC
16
14=
Tom Coronel
Snoras Spyker Squadron
Ret
5
Ret
2
2
-6
14
14=
Pierre Kaffer
Hankook Team Farnbacher
Ret
5
4
5
14
16=
Jaroslav Janiš
Snoras Spyker Squadron
Ret
2
2
-6
10
16=
Christian Montanari
Hankook Team Farnbacher
3
5
10
18=
John Hartshorne
JMB Racing
6
Ret
6
12
12
6
18=
Andrea Montermini
FBR
Ret
Ret
6
6
6
18=
Gabrio Rosa
FBR
Ret
Ret
6
6
6
21=
Horst Felbermayr Jr.
Team Felbermayr-Proton
7
11
Ret
7
8
5
21=
Christian Ried
Team Felbermayr-Proton
7
11
Ret
7
8
5
21=
Francisco Cruz Martins
Team Felbermayr-Proton
7
11
Ret
7
8
5
24
Peter Dumbreck
Snoras Spyker Squadron
5
4
25=
Albert von Thurn und Taxis
Reiter Engineering
NC
3
JMB Racing
6
25=
Johan-Boris Scheier
JMB Racing
6
12
3
25=
Romain Ianetta
JMB Racing
6
3
25=
César Campaniço
JMB Racing
6
3
25=
Niki Cadei
FBR
6
3
30=
Maurice Basso
Easyrace
10
Ret
7
11
11
2
30=
Roberto Plati
Easyrace
10
Ret
7
11
11
2
30=
Gianpaolo Tenchini
Easyrace
10
Ret
7
11
11
2
33=
Paul Drayson
Drayson Racing
8
7
Ret
NC
Ret
-2
1
33=
Jonny Cocker
Drayson Racing
8
7
Ret
NC
Ret
-2
1
33=
Sean McInerney
Virgo Motorsport
9
8
1
33=
Michael McInerney
Virgo Motorsport
9
8
1
33=
Michael Vergers
Virgo Motorsport
9
8
1
33=
Toni Vilander
Team Modena
8
1
References
^ a b "The 2009 calendar is ready!". Automobile Club de l'Ouest. 2008-10-10. Archived from the original on 2008-11-19. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
^ a b "Five races and two tests". Le Mans Series. 2009-01-06. Archived from the original on 2009-05-25. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
^ "European Le Mans Series Calendar 2009". Motorsport Stats. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^ "LeMans Series (LMS) - Season 2009: Results". Speedsport Magazine. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^ "LeMans Series (LMS) - 2009: Point standings". Speedsport Magazine. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
External links
Le Mans Series
vteEuropean Le Mans SeriesMain topics
Automobile Club de l'Ouest
24 Hours of Le Mans
FIA World Endurance Championship
Classic Endurance Racing
Le Mans Cup
Classes
LMP Classes
list
LM GTE
LMGT3 (from 2024)
Le Mans Prototype Challenge
2009 Cup
Seasons
2001 (only season)
2003 (one event)
2004
2005
2006
2007
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Statistics
Champions
Circuits
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Mans Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mans_Series"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Le_Mans_Series"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Le_Mans_Series"},{"link_name":"Automobile Club de l'Ouest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_Club_de_l%27Ouest"},{"link_name":"Le Mans Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mans_Series"},{"link_name":"Aston Martin Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Martin_Racing"},{"link_name":"Jan Charouz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Charouz"},{"link_name":"Tomáš Enge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Enge"},{"link_name":"Stefan Mücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_M%C3%BCcke"},{"link_name":"Olivier Pla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Pla"},{"link_name":"Miguel Amaral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Amaral"},{"link_name":"Yann Clairay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yann_Clairay"},{"link_name":"Luc Alphand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Alphand"},{"link_name":"Marc Lieb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Lieb"},{"link_name":"Richard Lietz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lietz"},{"link_name":"Rob Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bell_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Gianmaria Bruni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianmaria_Bruni"}],"text":"2009 Le Mans Series\n\nPrevious\n2008\nNext\n2010The 2009 Le Mans Series was the sixth season of Automobile Club de l'Ouest's Le Mans Series. It was contested over five events between 5 April and 13 September 2009.Aston Martin Racing trio Jan Charouz, Tomáš Enge and Stefan Mücke finished every race on the podium en route to the LMP1 championship. In LMP2, the pro-amateur pairing of Olivier Pla and Miguel Amaral won the title, with two class wins. Yann Clairay and Patrice Goueslard shared the honours in GT1, driving for former skier Luc Alphand's team. In the tightest battle out of the classes, Marc Lieb and Richard Lietz took GT2 honours by a single point ahead of JMW Motorsport pairing Rob Bell and Gianmaria Bruni.","title":"2009 Le Mans Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Automobile Club de l'Ouest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_Club_de_l%27Ouest"},{"link_name":"1000 km of Algarve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000_km_of_Algarve"},{"link_name":"1000 km of Monza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000_km_Monza"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schedule-1"},{"link_name":"Bugatti Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugatti_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Le Mans, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mans,_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bugatti-2"}],"text":"On 10 October 2008, the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) announced a preliminary 2009 schedule consisting of five rounds. The 1000 km of Algarve in Portugal notionally replaced the 1000 km of Monza, while the rest of the events from 2008 remain. In a first for the Le Mans series, the Algarve ran at night.[1] A second testing event was added to the schedule later, consisting of two days in April at the Bugatti Circuit in Le Mans, France.[2]","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teams and drivers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"LMP1","title":"Teams and drivers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"LMP2","title":"Teams and drivers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"GT1","title":"Teams and drivers"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"GT2","title":"Teams and drivers"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Overall winners in bold.","title":"Season results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pole position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_position"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009Points-5"}],"text":"Points were awarded to the top 8 finishers in the order of 10-8-6-5-4-3-2-1. One bonus point was also awarded for winning pole position (denoted by bold).[5] Cars which failed to complete 70% of the winner's distance were not awarded points. Drivers who did not drive for at least 45 minutes did not receive points. Entries which changed an engine prior to the two race minimum were penalized two points, with a four-point penalty for every subsequent engine change.","title":"Championship Standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 24 Hours of Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"}],"text":"The top two finishers in each teams championship earned automatic entry to the 2010 24 Hours of Le Mans.","title":"Teams Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"LMP1 Standings","title":"Teams Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"LMP2 Standings","title":"Teams Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"GT1 Standings","title":"Teams Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"GT2 Standings","title":"Teams Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Drivers Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lola_Aston_Martin_DBR1-2_Spa_2009.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jan Charouz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Charouz"},{"link_name":"Tomáš Enge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Enge"},{"link_name":"Stefan Mücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_M%C3%BCcke"},{"link_name":"Aston Martin Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Martin_Racing"}],"sub_title":"LMP1 Standings","text":"Jan Charouz, Tomáš Enge and Stefan Mücke won the LMP1 class title for Aston Martin Racing.","title":"Drivers Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GinettaZytek_ASM_41_Spa2009.JPG"},{"link_name":"Miguel Amaral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Amaral"},{"link_name":"Olivier Pla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Pla"}],"sub_title":"LMP2 Standings","text":"Miguel Amaral and Olivier Pla won the LMP2 class title for Quifel ASM.","title":"Drivers Championships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"GT1 Standings","title":"Drivers Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Felbermayr-Proton_Porsche_997_GT3-RSR_Lietz_Spa_2009.JPG"},{"link_name":"Marc Lieb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Lieb"},{"link_name":"Richard Lietz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lietz"}],"sub_title":"GT2 Standings","text":"Marc Lieb and Richard Lietz won the GT2 class title for Felbermayr-Proton.","title":"Drivers Championships"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Jan Charouz, Tomáš Enge and Stefan Mücke won the LMP1 class title for Aston Martin Racing.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lola_Aston_Martin_DBR1-2_Spa_2009.JPG/220px-Lola_Aston_Martin_DBR1-2_Spa_2009.JPG"},{"image_text":"Miguel Amaral and Olivier Pla won the LMP2 class title for Quifel ASM.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/GinettaZytek_ASM_41_Spa2009.JPG/220px-GinettaZytek_ASM_41_Spa2009.JPG"},{"image_text":"Marc Lieb and Richard Lietz won the GT2 class title for Felbermayr-Proton.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Felbermayr-Proton_Porsche_997_GT3-RSR_Lietz_Spa_2009.JPG/220px-Felbermayr-Proton_Porsche_997_GT3-RSR_Lietz_Spa_2009.JPG"}]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cajon
|
El Cajon, California
|
["1 Name","2 History","3 Geography","3.1 Climate","4 Demographics","4.1 2010","4.2 2000","4.3 Household income","4.4 Ethnic groups","5 Government","5.1 State and federal representation","6 Economy","6.1 Top employers","7 Schools","7.1 Public elementary schools","7.2 Public middle schools","7.3 Public high schools","7.4 Private schools","7.5 Colleges","8 Places of interest","8.1 Annual events","8.2 Visitor attractions","8.3 Airports","9 Notable people","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 32°47′54″N 116°57′36″W / 32.79833°N 116.96000°W / 32.79833; -116.96000City in the state of California, United States
"El Cajon" redirects here. For other uses, see El Cajon (disambiguation).
City in California, United StatesEl Cajon, California
El CajónCity
FlagSealMotto: "The Valley of Opportunity"Location of El Cajon in San Diego County, CaliforniaEl Cajon, CaliforniaLocation in the United StatesCoordinates: 32°47′54″N 116°57′36″W / 32.79833°N 116.96000°W / 32.79833; -116.96000Country United StatesState CaliforniaCounty San DiegoIncorporatedNovember 12, 1912Government • MayorBill WellsArea • Total14.51 sq mi (37.58 km2) • Land14.51 sq mi (37.58 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) 0%Elevation433 ft (132 m)Population (2020) • Total106,215 • Rank67th in California298th in the United States • Density7,300/sq mi (2,800/km2)Time zoneUTC−8 (Pacific) • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)ZIP Codes92019–92022, 92090Area code619FIPS code06-21712GNIS feature IDs1652701, 2410406Websitewww.ci.el-cajon.ca.us
El Cajon (/ɛl kəˈhoʊn/ el kə-HOHN, Latin American Spanish: ; Spanish: El Cajón, meaning "the box") is a city in San Diego County, California, United States, 17 mi (27 km) east of Downtown San Diego. The city takes its name from Rancho El Cajón, which was named for the box-like shape of the valley that surrounds the city, and the origin of the city's common nickname "the Box".
Name
El Cajon takes its name from Rancho El Cajón, which was owned by the family of Don Miguel de Pedrorena, a Californio ranchero and signer of the California Constitution.
El Cajón, Spanish for "the box", was first recorded on September 10, 1821, as an alternative name for sitio rancho Santa Mónica to describe the "boxed-in" nature of the valley in which it sat. The name appeared on maps in 1873 and 1875, shortened to "Cajon", until the modern town developed, in which the post office was named "El Cajon".
In 1905, the name was once again expanded to "El Cajon" under the insistence of California banker and historian Zoeth Skinner Eldredge.
History
During Spanish rule (1769–1821), the government encouraged settlement of territory now known as California by the establishment of large land grants called ranchos, from which the English word "ranch" is derived. Land grants were made to the Roman Catholic Church, which set up numerous missions throughout the region. In the early 19th century, mission padres' search for pastureland led them to the El Cajon Valley. Surrounding foothills served as a barrier to straying cattle and a watershed to gather the sparse rainfall. For years, the pasturelands of El Cajon supported the cattle herds of the mission and its native Indian converts.
Titles to plots of land were not granted to individuals until the Mexican era (1821–1846). The original intent of the 1834 secularization legislation was to have church property divided among the former mission Indians, but most of the grants were actually made to rich "Californios" of Spanish background who had long been casting envious eyes on the vast holdings of the Roman Catholic missions. In 1845, California Governor Pio Pico confiscated the lands of Mission San Diego de Alcala. He granted 11 square leagues (about 48,800 acres or 19,700 ha) of the El Cajon Valley to Dona Maria Antonio Estudillo, daughter of José Antonio Estudillo, alcalde of San Diego, to repay a $500 government obligation. The grant was originally called Rancho Santa Monica and encompassed present-day El Cajon, Bostonia, Santee, Lakeside, Flinn Springs, and the eastern part of La Mesa. It also contained the 28-acre (11 ha) Rancho Cañada de los Coches grant. Maria Estudillo was the wife of Don Miguel Pedrorena (1808–1850), a native of Madrid, Spain, who had come to California from Peru in 1838 to operate a trading business.
With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican–American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho El Cajon was filed by Thomas W. Sutherland, guardian of Pedrorena's heirs (his son, Miguel, and his three daughters, Victoria, Ysabel, and Elenain) with the Public Land Commission in 1852, confirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court, and the grant was patented in 1876. In 1868, Los Angeles land developer Isaac Lankershim bought the bulk of the Pedrorena's Rancho El Cajon holdings and employed Major Levi Chase, a former Union Army officer, as his agent. Chase received from Lankershim 7,624 acres (3,090 ha) known as the Chase Ranch. Lankershim hired Amaziah Lord Knox (1833–1918), a New Englander whom he had met in San Francisco, to manage Rancho El Cajon. In 1876, Knox established a hotel there to serve the growing number of people traveling between San Diego and Julian, where gold had been discovered in 1869. Room and board for a guest and horse cost $1 a night. The area became known as Knox's Corners and was later renamed. By 1878 there were 25 families living in the valley and a portion of the hotel lobby became the valley post office with Knox as the first postmaster.
El Cajon was incorporated as a city in 1912. For the first half of the 20th century, El Cajon was known for its grape, avocado, and citrus agriculture.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Frontier Town, Big Oak Ranch, was a tourist attraction, featuring a typical frontier-town theme park and a periodic simulated shootout. The park closed around 1980 and is being used for residential housing.
Cajon Speedway was a 70-acre race track (28 ha) that operated from 1961 to 2005, which was founded by Earle Brucker Jr. of the El Cajon Stock Car Racing Association. One of his sons, Steve Brucker, later took over ownership of the track. Though closing after the death of Steve Brucker, it is a historic museum featuring the original entrance sign with the slogan "The fastest 3/8-mile paved oval in the West."
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 14.4 square miles (37 km2), all land. It is bordered by San Diego and La Mesa on the west, Spring Valley on the south, Santee on the north, and unincorporated San Diego County on the east. It includes the neighborhoods of Fletcher Hills, Bostonia, and Rancho San Diego.
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, El Cajon straddles areas of Mediterranean climate (Csa) and semiarid climate (BSh). As a result, it is often described as "arid Mediterranean" and "semiarid steppe". Like most inland areas in Southern California, the climate varies dramatically within a short distance, known as microclimate. El Cajon's climate has greater extremes compared to coastal San Diego. The farther east from the coast, the more arid the climate gets, until one reaches the mountains, where precipitation increases due to orographic uplift.
Temperature variations between night and day tend to be moderate with an average difference of 24 °F (13 °C) during the summer, and an average difference of 26 °F (14 °C) during the winter.
The annual average precipitation at El Cajon is 11.63 inches (295.4 mm). Rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the winter, but rare in summer. The wettest month of the year is February with an average rainfall of 2.61 inches (66 mm).
The record high temperature was 114 °F (46 °C) on September 5, 2020. The record low temperature was 19 °F (−7 °C) on January 8, 1913. The wettest year was 1941 with 28.14 inches (715 mm) and the driest year was 1989 with 1.51 inches (38 mm). The most rainfall in one month was 11.43 inches (290 mm) in January 1993. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 5.60 inches (142 mm) on January 27, 1916. A rare snowfall in November 1992 totaled 0.3 inches (7.6 mm). Three inches (7.6 cm) of snow covered the ground in January 1882.
Climate data for El Cajon, California (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1979–present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
93(34)
95(35)
98(37)
104(40)
104(40)
107(42)
113(45)
107(42)
114(46)
106(41)
99(37)
93(34)
114(46)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
83.8(28.8)
84.3(29.1)
86.8(30.4)
91.1(32.8)
92.0(33.3)
94.0(34.4)
98.7(37.1)
100.4(38.0)
102.5(39.2)
97.7(36.5)
90.9(32.7)
82.0(27.8)
104.8(40.4)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
69.3(20.7)
69.2(20.7)
71.3(21.8)
74.5(23.6)
76.2(24.6)
80.8(27.1)
86.1(30.1)
88.6(31.4)
87.3(30.7)
81.0(27.2)
75.2(24.0)
68.5(20.3)
77.3(25.2)
Daily mean °F (°C)
55.9(13.3)
56.8(13.8)
59.7(15.4)
62.6(17.0)
66.1(18.9)
70.1(21.2)
74.7(23.7)
76.6(24.8)
74.7(23.7)
68.3(20.2)
61.2(16.2)
55.1(12.8)
65.1(18.4)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
42.5(5.8)
44.4(6.9)
48.0(8.9)
50.7(10.4)
55.9(13.3)
59.4(15.2)
63.3(17.4)
64.7(18.2)
62.1(16.7)
55.6(13.1)
47.1(8.4)
41.7(5.4)
53.0(11.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
33.1(0.6)
36.0(2.2)
39.3(4.1)
43.0(6.1)
48.8(9.3)
53.4(11.9)
57.5(14.2)
58.8(14.9)
54.2(12.3)
45.5(7.5)
37.2(2.9)
32.3(0.2)
31.2(−0.4)
Record low °F (°C)
26(−3)
28(−2)
30(−1)
36(2)
43(6)
46(8)
50(10)
50(10)
49(9)
35(2)
29(−2)
25(−4)
25(−4)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.32(59)
2.61(66)
1.92(49)
0.75(19)
0.30(7.6)
0.06(1.5)
0.16(4.1)
0.02(0.51)
0.11(2.8)
0.54(14)
1.01(26)
1.83(46)
11.63(295)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
5.6
7.0
5.1
3.5
2.2
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.6
1.7
3.4
5.5
36.2
Source: NOAA
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1920469—19301,050123.9%19401,47140.1%19505,600280.7%196037,618571.8%197052,27339.0%198073,89241.4%199088,69320.0%200094,8697.0%201099,4784.9%2020106,2156.8%U.S. Decennial Census
2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that El Cajon had a population of 99,478. The racial makeup of El Cajon was 43,746 (41.6%) White, 6,306 (6.3%) African American, 835 (0.8%) Native American, 3,561 (3.6%) Asian (1.7% Filipino, 0.5% Chinese, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.2% Japanese, 0.1% Indian, 0.1% Korean, 0.6% other), 495 (0.5%) Pacific Islander, 26,498 (26.6%) from other races, and 6,832 (6.9%) from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 31,542 persons (30.4%).
About one-third of El Cajon residents are foreign-born. In particular, the city has a large Iraqi immigrant population, consisting of both Arabs and Chaldean Catholics; both groups are among the largest such communities in the country.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau 2008-2010 Estimate, 7,537 residents self identify as Arabs (7.6%; mainly Iraqi), and 6,409 (6.4%) are Chaldean Catholic Assyrians. In 2017, a spokesperson for the city of El Cajon estimated that 15,000 to 20,000 Chaldo-Assyrians live in the city.
In 2010, El Cajon had the highest poverty rate in San Diego County among adults, at 29.7%, and children, at 36.5%.
2000
As of the census of 2000, 94,869 people, 34,199 households, and 23,152 families were residing in the city. The population density was 6,510.6 inhabitants per square mile (2,513.8/km2). There were 35,190 housing units at an average density of 2,415.0 per square mile (932.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 42.9% White, 5.4% African American, 1.0% Native American, 2.8% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 24.1% from other races], and 6.0% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 29.2% of the population.
Of the 34,199 households, 37.0% had children under 18 living with them, 46.0% were married couples living together, 16.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.3% were not families. About 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.70, and the average family size was 3.21.
In the city, the age distribution was 27.9% under 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 31.3% from 25 to 44, 18.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who were 65 or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.2 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $35,566, and for a family was $40,045. Males had a median income of $32,498 versus $25,320 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,698. About 13.5% of families and 16.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.1% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over.
Household income
According to estimates by the San Diego Association of Governments, the median household income of El Cajon in 2005 was $47,885 (not adjusted for inflation). When adjusted for inflation (1999 dollars; comparable to Census data above), the median household income was $38,884.
Ethnic groups
As of 2012, it had an estimated 40,000 Iraqi Americans. Included are members of different religious and ethnic groups originating from Iraq. The Iran-Iraq War prompted the first immigration, and it continued due to the Persian Gulf War and then the U.S. Invasion of Iraq and the resulting conflict.
Government
Until 2012, El Cajon was a general law city operating under a council-manager system. In June 2012, the voters adopted a city charter, changing its status to chartered city. El Cajon is governed by a five-member city council, on which the mayor also sits. Starting in 2018, four councilmembers are elected from single-member districts and the mayor is elected at-large.
On October 24, 2013, Mayor Mark Lewis resigned his position after coming under criticism for remarks he made about El Cajon's Chaldean community. Many notable figures including Congressman Juan Vargas and Neighborhood Market Association President Mark Arabo called for his resignation. Lewis resigned shortly after due to health issues. On November 12, the city council appointed Councilman Bill Wells, who had been serving as mayor pro tem. The vote of the council was 4–0; Wells recused himself. He was elected to a full four-year term as mayor in November 2014 and re-elected in November 2018.
In 2024, councilmembers were Gary Kendrick (district 1), Michelle Metschel (district 2), Steve Goble (district 3), and Phil Ortiz (district 4). All council terms end in December 2024 except for Kendrick's, which ends in December 2026.
El Cajon's city manager is Graham Mitchell.
State and federal representation
In the California State Legislature, El Cajon is in the 39th Senate District, represented by Democrat Toni Atkins. The northern half of the city is in the 78th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Chris Ward, and the southern half of the city is in the 79th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Akilah Weber.
In the United States House of Representatives, El Cajon is in California's 51st congressional district, represented by Democrat Sara Jacobs.
Economy
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2019)
The Parkway Plaza shopping mall is located in El Cajon.
Top employers
According to the city's 2014 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:
#
Employer
# of Employees
1
Cajon Valley Union School District
1,412
2
GKN Aerospace Chem-tronics
859
3
Grossmont–Cuyamaca Community College District
712
4
City of El Cajon
450
5
Grossmont Union High School District
431
6
Taylor Guitars
400
7
Country Hills Health Care & Rehabilitation Center
357
8
University Mechanical and Engineering Contractors
352
9
The Home Depot
339
10
Walmart
260
Schools
Cajon Valley Union School District operates public elementary and middle schools. Grossmont Union High School District operates public high schools.
Public elementary schools
Anza Elementary
Avocado Elementary
Blossom Valley Elementary
Bostonia Elementary
Chase Avenue Elementary
Crest Elementary
Dehesa School
Fletcher Hills Elementary
Flying Hills Elementary
Fuerte Elementary
Jamacha Elementary
Johnson Elementary
Lexington Elementary
Madison Elementary
Magnolia Elementary
Meridian Elementary
Naranca Elementary
Rancho San Diego Elementary
Rios Elementary
Vista Grande Elementary
W.D. Hall Elementary
Public middle schools
Cajon Valley Middle School
Greenfield Middle School
Hillsdale Middle School
Los Coches Creek Middle School
Montgomery Middle School
Public high schools
Chaparral High School
Christian High School
El Cajon Valley High School
Granite Hills High School
Grossmont High School
Grossmont Middle College High School
IDEA Center High School
Valhalla High School
Steele Canyon high school
Private schools
Foothills Christian Schools (Preschool, middle school, and high school campuses)
Colleges
Advanced Training
Cuyamaca College
Grossmont College
San Diego Christian College
Seminary of Mar Abba the Great of the Chaldean Catholic Church
Places of interest
Annual events
On a Saturday in May, the city celebrates its diversity with a free family-friendly event called "America on Main Street". The festival replaces a previous city-sponsored event called the International Friendship Festival, which ran from 1991 to 2003. Both festivals highlight the city's identity as a "mini-United Nations", with 30% of its population being immigrants from Iraq, Somalia, Syria, Turkey, and other countries.
El Cajon's annual Mother Goose Parade has been held on the Sunday before Thanksgiving every year since 1946. Organizers claim it is the largest parade in San Diego County. It features more than 100 entries, including "motorized floats, marching bands and drill units, equestrians, clowns, performing artists, giant helium balloons, specialty vehicles, and Santa Claus."
Visitor attractions
Visitor attractions in and around El Cajon include the Water Conservation Garden and Butterfly Garden at Cuyamaca College, Sycuan Casino, Summers Past Farms, and the Parkway Plaza Mall.
Airports
Gillespie Field
Notable people
This article's list of residents may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they merit inclusion in this article AND are residents, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (May 2019)
Lester Bangs, Rolling Stone rock critic
William Bengen, certified financial planner who proposed the 4 percent draw-down rule in retirement planning
Kurt Bevacqua, former Major League Baseball player
Aaron Boone, former Major League Baseball player
Bob Boone, former Major League Baseball player
Bret Boone, former Major League Baseball player
Tony Clark, former Major League Baseball player
Kevin Correia, former Major League Baseball player
William John Cox (Billy Jack Cox), public interest attorney, political activist, El Cajon police officer 1962-68
Dave Dravecky, former Major League Baseball player
Amy Finley, host of The Gourmet Next Door on Food Network Channel
Geoff Geary, former Major League Baseball player
Brian Giles, former Major League Baseball player
Marcus Giles, former Major League Baseball player
Broc Glover, professional motocross racer
Brian Graham, former Minor League Baseball player
A.J. Griffin, current Major League Baseball player
Ryan Hansen, actor
Mike Hartley, former Major League Baseball player
Chris Holder, former Minor League Baseball player
David Jeremiah, Christian minister
Jimmie Johnson, seven-time NASCAR champion
Ricky Johnson, motocross racer
Joe Kennedy, former Major League Baseball player
Jean Landis, aviator
David Lee, volleyball Olympic gold medalist
Darrell Long, noted American Computer Scientist and Engineer
Greg Louganis, Olympic diver, 1984 and 1988 gold medalist
Mark Malone, former NFL football player and sportscaster
Glen Morgan, film director
Joe Musgrove, current Major League Baseball player
Swen Nater, former NBA basketball player
Alfred Olango, shooting victim
Grant Roberts, former Major League Baseball player
Brian Sipe, former NFL football player
Shane Spencer, former Major League Baseball player
Kyle Stowers , Current Major League Baseball player
Tommy Vardell, former NFL football player
Brandon Whitt, former NASCAR driver
Katie Wilkins, Team USA Olympic volleyball player
James Wong, television producer
Frank Zappa, musician
Barry Zito, former Major League Baseball player
See also
California portal
References
^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
^ "City Council: Overview". City of El Cajon. Retrieved April 28, 2023.
^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
^ "El Cajon". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
^ "Quick Facts: El Cajon city, California". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
^ Figueroa, Teri (December 7, 2020). "Fiscal: Víctima en El Cajón fue apuñalada 101 veces" . San Diego Union-Tribune en Español (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^ El Cajon city history Archived June 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ Gudde, Erwin G. (2004). California place names : the origin and etymology of current geographical names (4th ed., rev. and enl. ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. pp. 58, 119. ISBN 978-0-520-24217-3.
^ City of El Cajon, "The Downtown El Cajon Arch," Archived May 5, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved April 24, 2011; a copy is archived by WebCite® at
^ City of El Cajon, text of plaque on the Memorial Arch at intersection of Main and Magnolia Streets, 2009.
^ Hellmann, Paul T. (2005). Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Taylor & Francis. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-203-99700-0.
^ "Tomatoes" (PDF). www.ncmg.ucanr.org. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
^ Federal Writers Project of the Works Progress Administration (April 16, 2013). San Diego in the 1930s: The WPA Guide to America's Finest City. University of California Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-520-95465-6.
^ Gehlken, Michael (July 6, 2013). "Sports site No. 8: Cajon Speedway". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
^ "Earle Brucker Jr., 83, longtime operator of Cajon Speedway". San Diego Union-Tribune. April 2, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
^ El Cajon Monthly Climate Summary; El Cajon Yale Ranch Monthly Climate Summary. Western Regional Climate Center. |access-date = February 26, 2013
^ "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
^
"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: El Cajon, CA". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ a b c "2010 Census P.L. 94-171 Summary File Data". United States Census Bureau.
^ a b c Vore, Adrian (May 28, 2017). "Number of immigrants didn't seem correct for El Cajon - The San Diego Union-Tribune". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
^ "El Cajon Sees Rise In Iraqi Refugee Population". ABC10 News. September 28, 2010. Archived from the original on July 22, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ Burleigh, Nina (April 10, 2012). "Shaima Alawadi's Murder: A Hate Crime Against Women?". Time. Retrieved December 22, 2019.
^ Gupta, Arun (April 7, 2012). "Shaima Alawadi's murder: Hate crime or honor killing?". Salon. Retrieved December 22, 2019.
^ "Presidential Primary Election, Tuesday, June 5, 2012" (PDF). San Diego County Registrar of Voters. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
^ "Elected officials". City of El Cajon. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
^ "District Elections Information | El Cajon, CA". www.cityofelcajon.us. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
^ Pearlman, Karen (November 13, 2013). "Council names Wells El Cajon's new mayor". San Diego Union Tribune. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
^ Pearlman, Karen (October 24, 2013). "El Cajon Mayor Mark Lewis resigns". San Diego Union Tribune.
^ Alford, Abbie (November 12, 2013). "El Cajon appoints mayor before packed crowd". CBS-8. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
^ "City Council | El Cajon, CA". www.elcajon.gov. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
^ "Final Maps". We Draw the Lines CA. 2020 California Citizens Redistricting Commission. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
^ "Final Maps". We Draw the Lines CA. 2020 California Citizens Redistricting Commission. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
^ "CAFR FY14-Govt Wide FS". www.elcajon.gov. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
^ Home. Foothills Christian Schools. Retrieved on March 8, 2018. "Foothills Christian Preschool 315 W Bradley Ave El Cajon, CA 92020" and "Foothills Christian Middle School 350 Cypress Lane Suite C El Cajon, CA 92020" and "Foothills Christian High School 2321 Dryden Road El Cajon, CA 92020"
^ Pearlman, Karen (May 1, 2017). "America on Main Street May 20 in El Cajon". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
^ Pearlman, Karen (November 11, 2016). "Mother Goose Parade marches into El Cajon Nov. 20". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on November 13, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
^ "Things to Do in El Cajon". TripAdvisor. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
^ "Robert Christgau: Lester Bangs, 1948-1982". www.robertchristgau.com. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
^ Zwerin, Mike (December 8, 1993). "Zappa's Talent for Fun". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to El Cajon, California.
Official website
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Cajon (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cajon_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ɛl kəˈhoʊn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"el kə-HOHN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[el kaˈxon]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"San Diego County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Downtown San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Rancho El Cajón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_El_Cajon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Cajon_city_history-7"}],"text":"City in the state of California, United States\"El Cajon\" redirects here. For other uses, see El Cajon (disambiguation).City in California, United StatesEl Cajon (/ɛl kəˈhoʊn/ el kə-HOHN, Latin American Spanish: [el kaˈxon]; Spanish: El Cajón,[6] meaning \"the box\") is a city in San Diego County, California, United States, 17 mi (27 km) east of Downtown San Diego. The city takes its name from Rancho El Cajón, which was named for the box-like shape of the valley that surrounds the city, and the origin of the city's common nickname \"the Box\".[7]","title":"El Cajon, California"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miguel_Pedrorena.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rancho El Cajón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_El_Cajon"},{"link_name":"Miguel de Pedrorena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Pedrorena"},{"link_name":"Californio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californio"},{"link_name":"California Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Zoeth Skinner Eldredge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoeth_Skinner_Eldredge"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"El Cajon takes its name from Rancho El Cajón, which was owned by the family of Don Miguel de Pedrorena, a Californio ranchero and signer of the California Constitution.El Cajón, Spanish for \"the box\", was first recorded on September 10, 1821, as an alternative name for sitio rancho Santa Mónica to describe the \"boxed-in\" nature of the valley in which it sat. The name appeared on maps in 1873 and 1875, shortened to \"Cajon\", until the modern town developed, in which the post office was named \"El Cajon\".In 1905, the name was once again expanded to \"El Cajon\" under the insistence of California banker and historian Zoeth Skinner Eldredge.[8]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1834 secularization legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_secularization_act_of_1833"},{"link_name":"Californios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californios"},{"link_name":"Pio Pico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pio_Pico"},{"link_name":"Mission San Diego de Alcala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Diego_de_Alcala"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Estudillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Estudillo"},{"link_name":"Miguel Pedrorena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Pedrorena"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"Isaac Lankershim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Lankershim"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian,_California"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cajon Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajon_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Earle Brucker Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_Brucker_Jr."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sdut-15"}],"text":"During Spanish rule (1769–1821), the government encouraged settlement of territory now known as California by the establishment of large land grants called ranchos, from which the English word \"ranch\" is derived. Land grants were made to the Roman Catholic Church, which set up numerous missions throughout the region. In the early 19th century, mission padres' search for pastureland led them to the El Cajon Valley. Surrounding foothills served as a barrier to straying cattle and a watershed to gather the sparse rainfall. For years, the pasturelands of El Cajon supported the cattle herds of the mission and its native Indian converts.Titles to plots of land were not granted to individuals until the Mexican era (1821–1846). The original intent of the 1834 secularization legislation was to have church property divided among the former mission Indians, but most of the grants were actually made to rich \"Californios\" of Spanish background who had long been casting envious eyes on the vast holdings of the Roman Catholic missions. In 1845, California Governor Pio Pico confiscated the lands of Mission San Diego de Alcala. He granted 11 square leagues (about 48,800 acres or 19,700 ha) of the El Cajon Valley to Dona Maria Antonio Estudillo, daughter of José Antonio Estudillo, alcalde of San Diego, to repay a $500 government obligation. The grant was originally called Rancho Santa Monica and encompassed present-day El Cajon, Bostonia, Santee, Lakeside, Flinn Springs, and the eastern part of La Mesa. It also contained the 28-acre (11 ha) Rancho Cañada de los Coches grant. Maria Estudillo was the wife of Don Miguel Pedrorena (1808–1850), a native of Madrid, Spain, who had come to California from Peru in 1838 to operate a trading business.With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican–American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho El Cajon was filed by Thomas W. Sutherland, guardian of Pedrorena's heirs (his son, Miguel, and his three daughters, Victoria, Ysabel, and Elenain) with the Public Land Commission in 1852, confirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court, and the grant was patented in 1876. In 1868, Los Angeles land developer Isaac Lankershim bought the bulk of the Pedrorena's Rancho El Cajon holdings and employed Major Levi Chase, a former Union Army officer, as his agent. Chase received from Lankershim 7,624 acres (3,090 ha) known as the Chase Ranch. Lankershim hired Amaziah Lord Knox (1833–1918), a New Englander whom he had met in San Francisco, to manage Rancho El Cajon. In 1876, Knox established a hotel there to serve the growing number of people traveling between San Diego and Julian, where gold had been discovered in 1869. Room and board for a guest and horse cost $1 a night. The area became known as Knox's Corners and was later renamed.[9][10] By 1878 there were 25 families living in the valley and a portion of the hotel lobby became the valley post office with Knox as the first postmaster.El Cajon was incorporated as a city in 1912.[11] For the first half of the 20th century, El Cajon was known for its grape, avocado, and citrus agriculture.[12][13]In the 1960s and 1970s, Frontier Town, Big Oak Ranch, was a tourist attraction, featuring a typical frontier-town theme park and a periodic simulated shootout. The park closed around 1980 and is being used for residential housing.Cajon Speedway was a 70-acre race track (28 ha) that operated from 1961 to 2005, which was founded by Earle Brucker Jr. of the El Cajon Stock Car Racing Association. One of his sons, Steve Brucker, later took over ownership of the track. Though closing after the death of Steve Brucker, it is a historic museum featuring the original entrance sign with the slogan \"The fastest 3/8-mile paved oval in the West.\"[14][15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"La Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mesa,_California"},{"link_name":"Spring Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Valley,_San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Santee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santee,_California"},{"link_name":"Fletcher Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Hills"},{"link_name":"Bostonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostonia,_California"},{"link_name":"Rancho San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_San_Diego,_California"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 14.4 square miles (37 km2), all land. It is bordered by San Diego and La Mesa on the west, Spring Valley on the south, Santee on the north, and unincorporated San Diego County on the east. It includes the neighborhoods of Fletcher Hills, Bostonia, and Rancho San Diego.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microclimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microclimate"},{"link_name":"orographic uplift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orographic_uplift"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Under the Köppen climate classification, El Cajon straddles areas of Mediterranean climate (Csa) and semiarid climate (BSh). As a result, it is often described as \"arid Mediterranean\" and \"semiarid steppe\". Like most inland areas in Southern California, the climate varies dramatically within a short distance, known as microclimate. El Cajon's climate has greater extremes compared to coastal San Diego. The farther east from the coast, the more arid the climate gets, until one reaches the mountains, where precipitation increases due to orographic uplift.[citation needed]Temperature variations between night and day tend to be moderate with an average difference of 24 °F (13 °C) during the summer, and an average difference of 26 °F (14 °C) during the winter.The annual average precipitation at El Cajon is 11.63 inches (295.4 mm). Rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the winter, but rare in summer. The wettest month of the year is February with an average rainfall of 2.61 inches (66 mm).The record high temperature was 114 °F (46 °C) on September 5, 2020. The record low temperature was 19 °F (−7 °C) on January 8, 1913. The wettest year was 1941 with 28.14 inches (715 mm) and the driest year was 1989 with 1.51 inches (38 mm). The most rainfall in one month was 11.43 inches (290 mm) in January 1993. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 5.60 inches (142 mm) on January 27, 1916. A rare snowfall in November 1992 totaled 0.3 inches (7.6 mm).[16] Three inches (7.6 cm) of snow covered the ground in January 1882.Climate data for El Cajon, California (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1979–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n93(34)\n\n95(35)\n\n98(37)\n\n104(40)\n\n104(40)\n\n107(42)\n\n113(45)\n\n107(42)\n\n114(46)\n\n106(41)\n\n99(37)\n\n93(34)\n\n114(46)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n83.8(28.8)\n\n84.3(29.1)\n\n86.8(30.4)\n\n91.1(32.8)\n\n92.0(33.3)\n\n94.0(34.4)\n\n98.7(37.1)\n\n100.4(38.0)\n\n102.5(39.2)\n\n97.7(36.5)\n\n90.9(32.7)\n\n82.0(27.8)\n\n104.8(40.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n69.3(20.7)\n\n69.2(20.7)\n\n71.3(21.8)\n\n74.5(23.6)\n\n76.2(24.6)\n\n80.8(27.1)\n\n86.1(30.1)\n\n88.6(31.4)\n\n87.3(30.7)\n\n81.0(27.2)\n\n75.2(24.0)\n\n68.5(20.3)\n\n77.3(25.2)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n55.9(13.3)\n\n56.8(13.8)\n\n59.7(15.4)\n\n62.6(17.0)\n\n66.1(18.9)\n\n70.1(21.2)\n\n74.7(23.7)\n\n76.6(24.8)\n\n74.7(23.7)\n\n68.3(20.2)\n\n61.2(16.2)\n\n55.1(12.8)\n\n65.1(18.4)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n42.5(5.8)\n\n44.4(6.9)\n\n48.0(8.9)\n\n50.7(10.4)\n\n55.9(13.3)\n\n59.4(15.2)\n\n63.3(17.4)\n\n64.7(18.2)\n\n62.1(16.7)\n\n55.6(13.1)\n\n47.1(8.4)\n\n41.7(5.4)\n\n53.0(11.7)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n33.1(0.6)\n\n36.0(2.2)\n\n39.3(4.1)\n\n43.0(6.1)\n\n48.8(9.3)\n\n53.4(11.9)\n\n57.5(14.2)\n\n58.8(14.9)\n\n54.2(12.3)\n\n45.5(7.5)\n\n37.2(2.9)\n\n32.3(0.2)\n\n31.2(−0.4)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n26(−3)\n\n28(−2)\n\n30(−1)\n\n36(2)\n\n43(6)\n\n46(8)\n\n50(10)\n\n50(10)\n\n49(9)\n\n35(2)\n\n29(−2)\n\n25(−4)\n\n25(−4)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n2.32(59)\n\n2.61(66)\n\n1.92(49)\n\n0.75(19)\n\n0.30(7.6)\n\n0.06(1.5)\n\n0.16(4.1)\n\n0.02(0.51)\n\n0.11(2.8)\n\n0.54(14)\n\n1.01(26)\n\n1.83(46)\n\n11.63(295)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n5.6\n\n7.0\n\n5.1\n\n3.5\n\n2.2\n\n0.6\n\n0.6\n\n0.4\n\n0.6\n\n1.7\n\n3.4\n\n5.5\n\n36.2\n\n\nSource: NOAA[17][18]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCensus2010CA-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vore-21"},{"link_name":"Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_American"},{"link_name":"Chaldean Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Assyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_People"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCensus2010CA-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vore-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCensus2010CA-20"}],"sub_title":"2010","text":"The 2010 United States Census reported that El Cajon had a population of 99,478. The racial makeup of El Cajon was 43,746 (41.6%) White, 6,306 (6.3%) African American, 835 (0.8%) Native American, 3,561 (3.6%) Asian (1.7% Filipino, 0.5% Chinese, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.2% Japanese, 0.1% Indian, 0.1% Korean, 0.6% other), 495 (0.5%) Pacific Islander, 26,498 (26.6%) from other races, and 6,832 (6.9%) from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 31,542 persons (30.4%).[20]About one-third of El Cajon residents are foreign-born.[21] In particular, the city has a large Iraqi immigrant population, consisting of both Arabs and Chaldean Catholics; both groups are among the largest such communities in the country.[22]\nAccording to the U.S. Census Bureau 2008-2010 Estimate, 7,537 residents self identify as Arabs (7.6%; mainly Iraqi), and 6,409 (6.4%) are Chaldean Catholic Assyrians.[20] In 2017, a spokesperson for the city of El Cajon estimated that 15,000 to 20,000 Chaldo-Assyrians live in the city.[21]In 2010, El Cajon had the highest poverty rate in San Diego County among adults, at 29.7%, and children, at 36.5%.[20]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-23"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000","text":"As of the census[23] of 2000, 94,869 people, 34,199 households, and 23,152 families were residing in the city. The population density was 6,510.6 inhabitants per square mile (2,513.8/km2). There were 35,190 housing units at an average density of 2,415.0 per square mile (932.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 42.9% White, 5.4% African American, 1.0% Native American, 2.8% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 24.1% from other races], and 6.0% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 29.2% of the population.Of the 34,199 households, 37.0% had children under 18 living with them, 46.0% were married couples living together, 16.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.3% were not families. About 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.70, and the average family size was 3.21.In the city, the age distribution was 27.9% under 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 31.3% from 25 to 44, 18.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who were 65 or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.2 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.The median income for a household in the city was $35,566, and for a family was $40,045. Males had a median income of $32,498 versus $25,320 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,698. About 13.5% of families and 16.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.1% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Diego Association of Governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Association_of_Governments"},{"link_name":"median household income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_household_income"},{"link_name":"inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation"}],"sub_title":"Household income","text":"According to estimates by the San Diego Association of Governments, the median household income of El Cajon in 2005 was $47,885 (not adjusted for inflation). When adjusted for inflation (1999 dollars; comparable to Census data above), the median household income was $38,884.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Cajon,_California&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Americans"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"religious and ethnic groups originating from Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Iran-Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"U.S. Invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Ethnic groups","text":"As of 2012[update], it had an estimated 40,000 Iraqi Americans.[24] Included are members of different religious and ethnic groups originating from Iraq. The Iran-Iraq War prompted the first immigration, and it continued due to the Persian Gulf War and then the U.S. Invasion of Iraq and the resulting conflict.[25]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"general law city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_law_city"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"city council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cajon_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Chaldean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac_Americans"},{"link_name":"Juan Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Vargas"},{"link_name":"Mark Arabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Arabo"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"pro tem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_tempore"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Until 2012, El Cajon was a general law city operating under a council-manager system. In June 2012, the voters adopted a city charter, changing its status to chartered city.[26] El Cajon is governed by a five-member city council, on which the mayor also sits.[27] Starting in 2018, four councilmembers are elected from single-member districts and the mayor is elected at-large.[28]On October 24, 2013, Mayor Mark Lewis resigned his position after coming under criticism for remarks he made about El Cajon's Chaldean community. Many notable figures including Congressman Juan Vargas and Neighborhood Market Association President Mark Arabo called for his resignation.[29] Lewis resigned shortly after due to health issues.[30] On November 12, the city council appointed Councilman Bill Wells, who had been serving as mayor pro tem. The vote of the council was 4–0; Wells recused himself.[31] He was elected to a full four-year term as mayor in November 2014 and re-elected in November 2018.[32]In 2024, councilmembers were Gary Kendrick (district 1), Michelle Metschel (district 2), Steve Goble (district 3), and Phil Ortiz (district 4). All council terms end in December 2024 except for Kendrick's, which ends in December 2026.El Cajon's city manager is Graham Mitchell.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"the 39th Senate District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_39th_State_Senate_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Toni Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Atkins"},{"link_name":"the 78th Assembly District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_78th_State_Assembly_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Chris Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Ward_(California_politician)"},{"link_name":"the 79th Assembly District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_79th_State_Assembly_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Akilah Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akilah_Weber"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"California's 51st congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_51st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Sara Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"State and federal representation","text":"In the California State Legislature, El Cajon is in the 39th Senate District, represented by Democrat Toni Atkins. The northern half of the city is in the 78th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Chris Ward, and the southern half of the city is in the 79th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Akilah Weber.[33]In the United States House of Representatives, El Cajon is in California's 51st congressional district, represented by Democrat Sara Jacobs.[34]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parkway Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkway_Plaza"}],"text":"The Parkway Plaza shopping mall is located in El Cajon.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Top employers","text":"According to the city's 2014 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[35] the top employers in the city are:","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cajon Valley Union School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajon_Valley_Union_School_District"},{"link_name":"Grossmont Union High School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossmont_Union_High_School_District"}],"text":"Cajon Valley Union School District operates public elementary and middle schools. Grossmont Union High School District operates public high schools.","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Public elementary schools","text":"Anza Elementary\nAvocado Elementary\nBlossom Valley Elementary\nBostonia Elementary\nChase Avenue Elementary\nCrest Elementary\nDehesa School\nFletcher Hills Elementary\nFlying Hills Elementary\nFuerte Elementary\nJamacha Elementary\nJohnson Elementary\nLexington Elementary\nMadison Elementary\nMagnolia Elementary\nMeridian Elementary\nNaranca Elementary\nRancho San Diego Elementary\nRios Elementary\nVista Grande Elementary\nW.D. Hall Elementary","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Public middle schools","text":"Cajon Valley Middle School\nGreenfield Middle School\nHillsdale Middle School\nLos Coches Creek Middle School\nMontgomery Middle School","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chaparral High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral_High_School_(El_Cajon)"},{"link_name":"Christian High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_High_School_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"El Cajon Valley High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cajon_Valley_High_School"},{"link_name":"Granite Hills High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite_Hills_High_School_(El_Cajon,_California)"},{"link_name":"Grossmont High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossmont_High_School"},{"link_name":"Grossmont Middle College High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossmont_Middle_College_High_School"},{"link_name":"Valhalla High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valhalla_High_School_(El_Cajon,_California)"}],"sub_title":"Public high schools","text":"Chaparral High School\nChristian High School\nEl Cajon Valley High School\nGranite Hills High School\nGrossmont High School\nGrossmont Middle College High School\nIDEA Center High School\nValhalla High SchoolSteele Canyon high school","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foothills Christian Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothills_Christian_Schools"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Private schools","text":"Foothills Christian Schools (Preschool, middle school, and high school campuses[36])","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Advanced Training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Training"},{"link_name":"Cuyamaca College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyamaca_College"},{"link_name":"Grossmont College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grossmont_College"},{"link_name":"San Diego Christian College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Christian_College"},{"link_name":"Seminary of Mar Abba the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary_of_Mar_Abba_the_Great"}],"sub_title":"Colleges","text":"Advanced Training\nCuyamaca College\nGrossmont College\nSan Diego Christian College\nSeminary of Mar Abba the Great of the Chaldean Catholic Church","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vore-21"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Annual events","text":"On a Saturday in May, the city celebrates its diversity with a free family-friendly event called \"America on Main Street\". The festival replaces a previous city-sponsored event called the International Friendship Festival, which ran from 1991 to 2003. Both festivals highlight the city's identity as a \"mini-United Nations\", with 30% of its population being immigrants from Iraq, Somalia, Syria, Turkey, and other countries.[37][21]El Cajon's annual Mother Goose Parade has been held on the Sunday before Thanksgiving every year since 1946. Organizers claim it is the largest parade in San Diego County. It features more than 100 entries, including \"motorized floats, marching bands and drill units, equestrians, clowns, performing artists, giant helium balloons, specialty vehicles, and Santa Claus.\"[38]","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuyamaca College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyamaca_College"},{"link_name":"Parkway Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkway_Plaza"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Visitor attractions","text":"Visitor attractions in and around El Cajon include the Water Conservation Garden and Butterfly Garden at Cuyamaca College, Sycuan Casino, Summers Past Farms, and the Parkway Plaza Mall.[39]","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gillespie Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillespie_Field"}],"sub_title":"Airports","text":"Gillespie Field","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lester Bangs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Bangs"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"William Bengen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bengen"},{"link_name":"certified financial planner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_financial_planner"},{"link_name":"retirement planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement_planning"},{"link_name":"Kurt Bevacqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Bevacqua"},{"link_name":"Aaron Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Boone"},{"link_name":"Bob Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Boone"},{"link_name":"Bret Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret_Boone"},{"link_name":"Tony Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Clark"},{"link_name":"Kevin Correia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Correia"},{"link_name":"William John Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Cox"},{"link_name":"Dave Dravecky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Dravecky"},{"link_name":"Amy Finley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Finley"},{"link_name":"Geoff Geary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Geary"},{"link_name":"Brian Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Giles"},{"link_name":"Marcus Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Giles"},{"link_name":"Broc Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broc_Glover"},{"link_name":"Brian Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Graham_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"A.J. Griffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.J._Griffin"},{"link_name":"Ryan Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Hansen"},{"link_name":"Mike Hartley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hartley_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Chris Holder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Holder"},{"link_name":"David Jeremiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jeremiah"},{"link_name":"Jimmie Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Johnson"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Ricky Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Joe Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Kennedy_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Jean Landis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Landis"},{"link_name":"David Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lee_(volleyball)"},{"link_name":"Darrell Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Long"},{"link_name":"Greg Louganis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Louganis"},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Mark Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Malone"},{"link_name":"Glen Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Joe Musgrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Musgrove"},{"link_name":"Swen Nater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swen_Nater"},{"link_name":"Alfred Olango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Alfred_Olango"},{"link_name":"Grant Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Brian Sipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Sipe"},{"link_name":"Shane Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Kyle Stowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Stowers"},{"link_name":"Tommy Vardell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Vardell"},{"link_name":"Brandon Whitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Whitt"},{"link_name":"Katie Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"James Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wong_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Frank Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Barry Zito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Zito"}],"text":"Lester Bangs, Rolling Stone rock critic[40]\nWilliam Bengen, certified financial planner who proposed the 4 percent draw-down rule in retirement planning\nKurt Bevacqua, former Major League Baseball player\nAaron Boone, former Major League Baseball player\nBob Boone, former Major League Baseball player\nBret Boone, former Major League Baseball player\nTony Clark, former Major League Baseball player\nKevin Correia, former Major League Baseball player\nWilliam John Cox (Billy Jack Cox), public interest attorney, political activist, El Cajon police officer 1962-68\nDave Dravecky, former Major League Baseball player\nAmy Finley, host of The Gourmet Next Door on Food Network Channel\nGeoff Geary, former Major League Baseball player\nBrian Giles, former Major League Baseball player\nMarcus Giles, former Major League Baseball player\nBroc Glover, professional motocross racer\nBrian Graham, former Minor League Baseball player\nA.J. Griffin, current Major League Baseball player\nRyan Hansen, actor\nMike Hartley, former Major League Baseball player\nChris Holder, former Minor League Baseball player\nDavid Jeremiah, Christian minister\nJimmie Johnson, seven-time NASCAR champion\nRicky Johnson, motocross racer\nJoe Kennedy, former Major League Baseball player\nJean Landis, aviator\nDavid Lee, volleyball Olympic gold medalist\nDarrell Long, noted American Computer Scientist and Engineer\nGreg Louganis, Olympic diver, 1984 and 1988 gold medalist\nMark Malone, former NFL football player and sportscaster\nGlen Morgan, film director\nJoe Musgrove, current Major League Baseball player\nSwen Nater, former NBA basketball player\nAlfred Olango, shooting victim\nGrant Roberts, former Major League Baseball player\nBrian Sipe, former NFL football player\nShane Spencer, former Major League Baseball player\nKyle Stowers , Current Major League Baseball player\nTommy Vardell, former NFL football player\nBrandon Whitt, former NASCAR driver\nKatie Wilkins, Team USA Olympic volleyball player\nJames Wong, television producer\nFrank Zappa, musician[41]\nBarry Zito, former Major League Baseball player","title":"Notable people"}]
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[{"image_text":"El Cajon takes its name from Rancho El Cajón, which was owned by the family of Don Miguel de Pedrorena, a Californio ranchero and signer of the California Constitution.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Miguel_Pedrorena.jpg/170px-Miguel_Pedrorena.jpg"},{"image_text":"San Diego County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_California_highlighting_San_Diego_County.svg/87px-Map_of_California_highlighting_San_Diego_County.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"California portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:California"}]
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[{"reference":"\"California Cities by Incorporation Date\". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc","url_text":"\"California Cities by Incorporation Date\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Agency_Formation_Commission","url_text":"Local Agency Formation Commissions"},{"url":"http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"City Council: Overview\". City of El Cajon. Retrieved April 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elcajon.gov/your-government/elected-officials/city-council","url_text":"\"City Council: Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_06.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"El Cajon\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved November 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1652701","url_text":"\"El Cajon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Quick Facts: El Cajon city, California\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/elcajoncitycalifornia","url_text":"\"Quick Facts: El Cajon city, California\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Figueroa, Teri (December 7, 2020). \"Fiscal: Víctima en El Cajón fue apuñalada 101 veces\" [District Attorney: El Cajon victim was stabbed 101 times]. San Diego Union-Tribune en Español (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/en-espanol/noticias/policiaca/articulo/2020-12-07/fiscal-victima-en-el-cajon-fue-apunalada-101-veces","url_text":"\"Fiscal: Víctima en El Cajón fue apuñalada 101 veces\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210504211228/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/en-espanol/noticias/policiaca/articulo/2020-12-07/fiscal-victima-en-el-cajon-fue-apunalada-101-veces","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gudde, Erwin G. (2004). California place names : the origin and etymology of current geographical names (4th ed., rev. and enl. ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. pp. 58, 119. ISBN 978-0-520-24217-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24217-3","url_text":"978-0-520-24217-3"}]},{"reference":"Hellmann, Paul T. (2005). Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Taylor & Francis. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-203-99700-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-99700-0","url_text":"978-0-203-99700-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Tomatoes\" (PDF). www.ncmg.ucanr.org. Retrieved June 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ncmg.ucanr.org/files/183442.pdf","url_text":"\"Tomatoes\""}]},{"reference":"Federal Writers Project of the Works Progress Administration (April 16, 2013). San Diego in the 1930s: The WPA Guide to America's Finest City. University of California Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-520-95465-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WqRau492FDcC&pg=PA113","url_text":"San Diego in the 1930s: The WPA Guide to America's Finest City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95465-6","url_text":"978-0-520-95465-6"}]},{"reference":"Gehlken, Michael (July 6, 2013). \"Sports site No. 8: Cajon Speedway\". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved March 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sports/sdut-travel-top-50-speedway-el-cajon-jimmie-johnson-2013jul06-htmlstory.html","url_text":"\"Sports site No. 8: Cajon Speedway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Earle Brucker Jr., 83, longtime operator of Cajon Speedway\". San Diego Union-Tribune. April 2, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-1s2carnotes224447-earle-brucker-jr-83-longtime-ope-2009apr02-story.html","url_text":"\"Earle Brucker Jr., 83, longtime operator of Cajon Speedway\""}]},{"reference":"\"NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=sgx","url_text":"\"NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: El Cajon, CA\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00042706&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","url_text":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: El Cajon, CA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census P.L. 94-171 Summary File Data\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/census_2010/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/California/","url_text":"\"2010 Census P.L. 94-171 Summary File Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Vore, Adrian (May 28, 2017). \"Number of immigrants didn't seem correct for El Cajon - The San Diego Union-Tribune\". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved November 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sd-me-readersrepnb-0528-story.html","url_text":"\"Number of immigrants didn't seem correct for El Cajon - The San Diego Union-Tribune\""}]},{"reference":"\"El Cajon Sees Rise In Iraqi Refugee Population\". ABC10 News. September 28, 2010. Archived from the original on July 22, 2013. Retrieved May 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130722053007/http://www.10news.com/news/el-cajon-sees-rise-in-iraqi-refugee-population","url_text":"\"El Cajon Sees Rise In Iraqi Refugee Population\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC10_News","url_text":"ABC10 News"},{"url":"https://www.10news.com/news/el-cajon-sees-rise-in-iraqi-refugee-population","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Burleigh, Nina (April 10, 2012). \"Shaima Alawadi's Murder: A Hate Crime Against Women?\". Time. Retrieved December 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ideas.time.com/2012/04/10/shaima-alawadis-murder-a-hate-crime-against-women/","url_text":"\"Shaima Alawadi's Murder: A Hate Crime Against Women?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"}]},{"reference":"Gupta, Arun (April 7, 2012). \"Shaima Alawadi's murder: Hate crime or honor killing?\". Salon. Retrieved December 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.salon.com/2012/04/07/shaima_alawadis_murder_hate_crime_or_honor_killing/","url_text":"\"Shaima Alawadi's murder: Hate crime or honor killing?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(magazine)","url_text":"Salon"}]},{"reference":"\"Presidential Primary Election, Tuesday, June 5, 2012\" (PDF). San Diego County Registrar of Voters. Retrieved October 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.co.san-diego.ca.us/voters/Eng/archive/201206bull.pdf","url_text":"\"Presidential Primary Election, Tuesday, June 5, 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elected officials\". City of El Cajon. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184413/http://www.ci.el-cajon.ca.us/about/elected_officials.html","url_text":"\"Elected officials\""},{"url":"http://www.ci.el-cajon.ca.us/about/elected_officials.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"District Elections Information | El Cajon, CA\". www.cityofelcajon.us. Retrieved December 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofelcajon.us/your-government/elected-officials/district-elections-information","url_text":"\"District Elections Information | El Cajon, CA\""}]},{"reference":"Pearlman, Karen (November 13, 2013). \"Council names Wells El Cajon's new mayor\". San Diego Union Tribune. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140508025945/http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/nov/13/tp-council-names-wells-el-cajons-new-mayor/","url_text":"\"Council names Wells El Cajon's new mayor\""},{"url":"http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/nov/13/tp-council-names-wells-el-cajons-new-mayor/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pearlman, Karen (October 24, 2013). \"El Cajon Mayor Mark Lewis resigns\". San Diego Union Tribune.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Alford, Abbie (November 12, 2013). \"El Cajon appoints mayor before packed crowd\". CBS-8. Retrieved November 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbs8.com/story/23952498/el-cajon-appoints-mayor-before-packed-crowd","url_text":"\"El Cajon appoints mayor before packed crowd\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Council | El Cajon, CA\". www.elcajon.gov. Retrieved June 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elcajon.gov/your-government/elected-officials/city-council","url_text":"\"City Council | El Cajon, CA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final Maps\". We Draw the Lines CA. 2020 California Citizens Redistricting Commission. Retrieved May 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wedrawthelinesca.org/final_maps","url_text":"\"Final Maps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final Maps\". We Draw the Lines CA. 2020 California Citizens Redistricting Commission. Retrieved May 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wedrawthelinesca.org/final_maps","url_text":"\"Final Maps\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAFR FY14-Govt Wide FS\". www.elcajon.gov. Retrieved June 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elcajon.gov/home/showdocument?id=3368","url_text":"\"CAFR FY14-Govt Wide FS\""}]},{"reference":"Pearlman, Karen (May 1, 2017). \"America on Main Street May 20 in El Cajon\". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved November 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/communities/east-county/sd-se-elcajon-mainstreet-20170424-story.html","url_text":"\"America on Main Street May 20 in El Cajon\""}]},{"reference":"Pearlman, Karen (November 11, 2016). \"Mother Goose Parade marches into El Cajon Nov. 20\". San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on November 13, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/communities/east-county/sd-me-mothergoose-20161107-story.html","url_text":"\"Mother Goose Parade marches into El Cajon Nov. 20\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161113122420/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/communities/east-county/sd-me-mothergoose-20161107-story.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Things to Do in El Cajon\". TripAdvisor. Retrieved November 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g32331-Activities-El_Cajon_California.html","url_text":"\"Things to Do in El Cajon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Christgau: Lester Bangs, 1948-1982\". www.robertchristgau.com. Retrieved June 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/rock/bangs-82.php","url_text":"\"Robert Christgau: Lester Bangs, 1948-1982\""}]},{"reference":"Zwerin, Mike (December 8, 1993). \"Zappa's Talent for Fun\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/08/style/08iht-zappa.html","url_text":"\"Zappa's Talent for Fun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Bombs
|
Under the Bombs
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Release","4 Critical response","5 Awards","6 References","7 External links"]
|
2007 Lebanese filmUnder the bombs - تحت القصفPoster used in the Venice daysDirected byPhilippe AractingiWritten byPhilippe Aractingi Michel LeviantProduced byPhilippe Aractingi Hervé Chabalier François Cohen-Séat Henri Magalon Paul RaphaëlStarringNada Abou Farhat Georges KhabbazCinematographyNidal Abdel KhalekMusic byRené Aubry Lazare BoghossianDistributed byLions Gate Films {US}Release dates
September 2, 2007 (2007-09-02) (Venice Film Festival)
December 13, 2007 (2007-12-13) (Lebanon)
Running time98 minutesCountryLebanonLanguagesArabicFrenchBox office$488,227
Under the Bombs (French: Sous les bombes, Arabic: تحت القصف; taht alqasf) is a 2007 Lebanese drama film directed by Philippe Aractingi. The film is set in Lebanon at the end of the 2006 Lebanon War.
Plot
Although she grew up in Lebanon, wealthy Lebanese Muslim Zeina Nasrueddi (Nada Abu Farhat) has been living in Dubai with her architect husband and son, Karim. Marital difficulties led her to send her son to spend the summer with her sister Maha in Lebanon. When the 2006 Lebanon War began she traveled to Beirut via Turkey. In order to find her son, she hires Lebanese Christian taxi driver Tony (Georges Khabbaz) to drive her to Southern Lebanon. In their search for Maha and Karim, they encounter the devastation wrought by the war and learn each other's personal secrets, including the fact that Tony's brother was a member of the South Lebanon Army and is now living in exile in Israel.
Cast
Nada Abou Farhat as Zeina
Georges Khabbaz as Tony
Release
Under the Bombs was one of two films shown at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival on the 2006 Lebanon War. The other was Guy Nattiv and Erez Tadmor's Strangers.
The film was presented in 2008 as part of the Giornate degli Autori - Venice days, a parallel section of the Venice film festival.
Critical response
Jonathan Curiel of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film the Chronicle's highest rating, stating that "Aractingi, a Lebanese director, has - with the help of superb performances by Khabbaz and Abou Farhat - made a work that deftly navigates complicated truths."
Awards
2008: Venice Days – Giornate degli Autori—Arca Cinema Giovani Award: Best Film “Other Visions” and the Eiuc Human Rights Film Award
Jury Junior Prize at Festival International du Film Francophone de Namur
Critics Prize and NETPAC Prize NETPAC at International Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival
Gold Muhr and the Best Actress Award (Nada Abou Farhat) at the Dubai Film Festival
Prix Coup de Coeur, Best Music Award and Audience Award at Luchon International Film and TV Festival.
References
^ "SOUS LES BOMBES". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2011-07-25.
^ Israel-Lebanon war sparks 'human' films at Sundance
^ a b Venice Days 2007
^ San Francisco Chronicle Review
External links
Official website
Philippe Aractingi: 'I wanted to present war differently'
Under the bombs at IMDb
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Lebanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Philippe Aractingi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Aractingi"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"2006 Lebanon War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War"}],"text":"Under the Bombs (French: Sous les bombes, Arabic: تحت القصف; taht alqasf) is a 2007 Lebanese drama film directed by Philippe Aractingi. The film is set in Lebanon at the end of the 2006 Lebanon War.","title":"Under the Bombs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lebanese Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Nada Abu Farhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nada_Abu_Farhat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"2006 Lebanon War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Georges Khabbaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Khabbaz"},{"link_name":"Southern Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"South Lebanon Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"}],"text":"Although she grew up in Lebanon, wealthy Lebanese Muslim Zeina Nasrueddi (Nada Abu Farhat) has been living in Dubai with her architect husband and son, Karim. Marital difficulties led her to send her son to spend the summer with her sister Maha in Lebanon. When the 2006 Lebanon War began she traveled to Beirut via Turkey. In order to find her son, she hires Lebanese Christian taxi driver Tony (Georges Khabbaz) to drive her to Southern Lebanon. In their search for Maha and Karim, they encounter the devastation wrought by the war and learn each other's personal secrets, including the fact that Tony's brother was a member of the South Lebanon Army and is now living in exile in Israel.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georges Khabbaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Khabbaz"}],"text":"Nada Abou Farhat as Zeina\nGeorges Khabbaz as Tony","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008 Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_at_the_2008_Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"2006 Lebanon War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War"},{"link_name":"Strangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangers_(2007_Israeli_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Venice film festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_film_festival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-venice-3"}],"text":"Under the Bombs was one of two films shown at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival on the 2006 Lebanon War. The other was Guy Nattiv and Erez Tadmor's Strangers.[2]The film was presented in 2008 as part of the Giornate degli Autori - Venice days, a parallel section of the Venice film festival.[3]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Jonathan Curiel of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film the Chronicle's highest rating, stating that \"Aractingi, a Lebanese director, has - with the help of superb performances by Khabbaz and Abou Farhat - made a work that deftly navigates complicated truths.\"[4]","title":"Critical response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Festival International du Film Francophone de Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_International_du_Film_Francophone_de_Namur"},{"link_name":"International Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Antalya_Golden_Orange_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Dubai Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-venice-3"}],"text":"2008: Venice Days – Giornate degli Autori—Arca Cinema Giovani Award: Best Film “Other Visions” and the Eiuc Human Rights Film Award\nJury Junior Prize at Festival International du Film Francophone de Namur\nCritics Prize and NETPAC Prize NETPAC at International Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival\nGold Muhr and the Best Actress Award (Nada Abou Farhat) at the Dubai Film Festival\nPrix Coup de Coeur, Best Music Award and Audience Award at Luchon International Film and TV Festival.[3]","title":"Awards"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"SOUS LES BOMBES\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2011-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&id=_fSOUSLESBOMBES01","url_text":"\"SOUS LES BOMBES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_Gambia
|
List of ambassadors of the United States to the Gambia
|
["1 Ambassadors","2 Notes","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Ambassador of the United States to the GambiaSeal of the United States Department of StateIncumbentSharon L. Cromersince March 18, 2022NominatorThe President of the United StatesAppointerThe Presidentwith Senate advice and consentInaugural holderMercer Cookas Ambassador Extraordinary and PlenipotentiaryFormationMay 18, 1965WebsiteU.S. Embassy - Banjul
This is a list of United States ambassadors to the Gambia, the first of who was appointed on May 18, 1965, exactly three months after it attained independence from the United Kingdom.
Ambassadors
U.S. diplomatic terms
Career FSO After 1915, The United States Department of State began classifying ambassadors as career Foreign Service Officers (FSOs) for those who have served in the Foreign Service for a specified amount of time.Political appointee A person who is not a career foreign service officer, but is appointed by the president (often as a reward to political friends).Appointed The date that the ambassador took the oath of office; also known as "commissioning". It follows confirmation of a presidential appointment by the Senate, or a Congressional recess appointment by the president. In the case of a recess appointment, the ambassador requires subsequent confirmation by the Senate to remain in office.Presented credentials The date that the ambassador presented his letter of credence to the head of state or appropriate authority of the receiving nation. At this time the ambassador officially becomes the representative of his country. This would normally occur a short time after the ambassador's arrival on station. The host nation may reject the ambassador by not receiving the ambassador's letter, but this occurs only rarely.Terminated mission Usually the date that the ambassador left the country. In some cases a letter of recall is presented, ending the ambassador's commission, either as a means of diplomatic protest or because the diplomat is being reassigned elsewhere and replaced by another envoy.Chargé d'affaires The person in charge of the business of the embassy when there is no ambassador commissioned to the host country.Ad interim Latin phrase meaning "for the time being", "in the meantime".
Name
Title
Appointed
Presented credentials
Terminated mission
Notes
Mercer Cook - Non-career appointee
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
May 18, 1965
August 9, 1965
July 1, 1966
William R. Rivkin - Non-career appointee
October 13, 1966
January 16, 1967
March 19, 1967
Died in office
L. Dean Brown - Career FSO
October 18, 1967
January 18, 1968
August 15, 1970
G. Edward Clark - Career FSO
October 12, 1970
November 24, 1970
October 16, 1973
O. Rudolph Aggrey - Career FSO
November 23, 1973
January 17, 1974
July 10, 1977
Herman J. Cohen - Career FSO
June 24, 1977
March 29, 1978
July 21, 1980
Larry Gordon Piper - Career FSO
June 30, 1980
August 21, 1980
August 23, 1982
Owen W. Roberts
Chargé d'Affaires ad interim
August 23, 1982
June 1983
P. Wesley Kriebel
July 1983
November 1983
Alan Logan
November 1983
April 1984
Edward Brynn
May 1984
June 20, 1984
Robert Thomas Hennemeyer - Career FSO
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
May 11, 1984
June 20, 1984
June 27, 1986
Herbert E. Horowitz - Career FSO
September 12, 1986
October 24, 1986
November 4, 1989
Jimmie Stone
Chargé d'Affaires ad interim
November 4, 1989
January 1990
A. Donald Bramante
January 1990
December 31, 1990
Arlene Render - Career FSO
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
October 22, 1990
December 31, 1990
August 8, 1993
Andrew J. Winter - Career FSO
July 11, 1993
October 29, 1993
May 31, 1995
Gerald W. Scott - Career FSO
December 28, 1995
February 16, 1996
June 27, 1998
George Williford Boyce Haley - Political appointee
June 29, 1998
October 15, 1998
July 14, 2001
Jackson McDonald - Career FSO
October 1, 2001
November 29, 2001
May 26, 2004
Joseph D. Stafford III - Career FSO
July 2, 2004
September 15, 2004
June 5, 2007
Barry L. Wells - Political appointee
October 29, 2007
February 13, 2008
May 13, 2009
Pamela Ann White – Career FSO
October 1, 2010
November 29, 2010
June 2, 2012
Edward M. Alford – Career FSO
July 5, 2012
November 5, 2012
July 28, 2013
Patricia Alsup – Career FSO
October 15, 2015
January 13, 2016
September 18, 2018
Richard Carlton Paschall III - Career FSO
January 2, 2019
April 9, 2019
February 15, 2022
Sharon L. Cromer – Career FSO
December 18, 2021
March 18, 2022
present
Notes
^ During Cook's tenure as non-resident Ambassador, the Embassy in Bathurst (now Banjul) was established September 9, 1965, with John G. Gossett as Chargé d'Affaires ad interim.
^ "Ambassador Richard Carlton Paschall III (Bio)". U.S. Embassy in The Gambia. 2019-03-15. Retrieved 2019-04-12.
^ Dampha, Ebrima (2019-04-11). "New US Ambassador presents credentials". The Standard Newspaper. Retrieved 2019-04-12.
See also
The Gambia–United States relations
Foreign relations of the Gambia
Ambassadors of the United States
Notes
^ a b c d e f Also accredited to Senegal; resident at Dakar.
References
United States Department of State: Background notes on the Gambia
This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.
External links
United States Department of State: Chiefs of Mission for The Gambia
United States Department of State: The Gambia
United States Embassy in Banjul
vte Ambassadors of the United StatesCurrent countries
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_International_Pfeffer_Peace_Award
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Widad Akrawi
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["1 Biography","2 Dedication to human rights","2.1 Continuing activism","2.2 Pfeffer Peace Prize","2.3 Pacem in Terris Pace and Freedom Award","2.4 International Simply Woman Harmony Award","3 Humanitarian initiatives and peace and security efforts","3.1 Arms Trade Treaty","3.2 Prohibition against torture","3.3 Created bridges to Arabic-speaking audiences","3.4 Gender-based violence","3.5 Peace initiatives","3.6 Global refugee crisis","3.7 Toxic remnants of war","3.8 Defending victims of ISIL","3.9 Executions","3.10 Human trafficking","4 Status and membership","5 Bibliography","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Kurdish health expert and activist
Widad Akreyiویداد ئاکرەییWidad Akreyi addressing the UN, 2010EducationGenetics and inherited disease (M.A.); Global health and cancer epidemiology (PhD)Known forAdvocate for human rights, peace and justice, author, Arms Trade Treaty, UN Declaration of Commitment to End Sexual Violence in Conflict, UN Resolution 2117Awards
Pacem in Terris Award
Pfeffer Peace Prize
Davenport Mayor Medal
Woman Harmony Award
Woman of the Year 2020
Special Prize for bridging gap between cultures
Websitewidad.org
Widad Akreyi is a Kurdish health expert and human rights activist. She has co-founded the human rights organization Defend International and is the author of several books about both health issues and human rights.
Akreyi holds a master's degree in genetics and a PhD in international health and epidemiology. Violations of human rights that occurred during the Iraqi government offensive against the Kurds in 1974, as well as during the Al-Anfal Campaign are thought to have shaped her life.
She has been listed as one of the winners of the Fellowship of Reconciliation peace awards, where she was called "outspoken peace activist" and the "first young woman of Middle Eastern descent" to engage in advocacy relating to illicit trade of small arms and light weapons, gender-based violence, chemical and biological disarmament, conventional disarmament and international security.
In 2013, Akreyi was awarded the "Special Prize for bridging the gap between civilisations" by the National Organisation for Future Generations for making valuable contributions to humanity through the creation of a culture of coexistence. When she received the International Pfeffer Peace Award in 2014, she dedicated it to the residents of Kobane and Sinjar and the persecuted Christians in the Middle East. In 2017, she was presented with the Davenport mayor medal and the Pacem in Terris Award for "her selfless commitment to human rights for all."
In 2018, she received the International Simply Woman Harmony Award for devoting her life to defending human rights, and in 2020 she was handpicked as a woman of the year 2020.
Biography
Akreyi was born into a secular family in Kurdistan region, Iraq. In her early and her teenage years, she resisted every effort made by members of the Baath Party to induce her to gain her trust and become a member, which caused her to be blacklisted for a period of time.
In 1986, she moved to Erbil where she studied civil engineering with a focus on designing roads and bridges at the Salahaddin University. In 1988 she was secretly involved in documenting torture and other violations of human rights throughout Iraq. The following year, she became politically involved in various struggles for human rights, peace, social justice, democratic governance and ethnic reconciliation. Her advocacy of anti-authoritarianism and her criticism of the use of excessive force against civilians were not without risk and threat to her life and the lives of her family members. Her involvement in these issues became more intense after the Al-Anfal Campaign, also known as the Kurdish Genocide. Despite difficult times, she managed to complete her B.Sc. in 1990.
After the first Gulf War, when the Iraqi regime regained control of the Kurdistan region through an offensive in spring 1991, she was forced to leave her country.
In the diaspora, Akreyi earned a master's degree in genetics and genomics and a PhD degree in global health and cancer epidemiology. She has served as a clinical geneticist, researching inherited diseases.
Akreyi is the co-founder of Defend International, an NGO whose mission is "to respond to grave violations of human rights and of International Humanitarian Law, monitor the implementation of preventive measures that are designed to end impunity for the perpetrators of these crimes, conduct medical research that may either directly or indirectly improve the health standard of communities, and to promote peace and democracy through cultural relations and diplomacy."
Dedication to human rights
Akreyi's passion for human rights started many years ago when she advocated for her classmates at her school. As she grew up, she helped to establish a secret working group against torture in Iraq, dedicated to collecting evidence of torture and other human rights abuses. In 1987, she was secretly interviewing the victims and their families. She raised awareness about the impacts of torture and other violations of human rights on civilians. In 1990, she was engaged in advocating for gender equality and women's empowerment in the Middle East and North Africa region. She then co-founded a regional Women's Working Group and organised programs to enhance women's participation in peace-building and post-conflict reconstruction.
Continuing activism
In the diaspora, Akreyi launched campaigns, wrote articles and spoke in panel discussions on human rights, international conventions and peace. In 2005, she was elected, among Arabic-speaking bloggers from around the world, as the MENA region's most prominent blogger. She was awarded the prestigious title of "Queen Blogger" for two years until she resigned. Her first involvement with Amnesty International was in 1994, when she started to do volunteer work. In March 2006, the International Secretariat of Amnesty International thanked her for her efforts in support of Amnesty's campaigns, especially her effective use of the internet as a tool for human rights education and mobilisation. In February 2006, she was appointed as "Stop Torture" ambassador for Amnesty International. She was elected in the executive committee of Amnesty International in April 2006.
In June 2006, Akreyi co-chaired the first regional conference on control arms held in Cairo and was part of a delegation of high-profile activists who met with policy-makers at the Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Egyptian Parliament. In June 2007, she quit Amnesty International and co-founded Defend International. Same year, she was elected as a co-chair of the Women's Working Group on MENA Region.
It is observed that Akreyi has created partner agreements with leading NGOs like the International Action Network on Small Arms, Cluster Munition Coalition and the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves. She has launched campaigns to defend the rights of writers, civil society activists, children (child/forced marriages), girls, women's rights defenders, students, professors, prisoners on death row and prisoners on hunger strikes. She has over 20 years of experiences in the areas of human rights, gender equality, women's empowerment, grassroots organising, intercultural communication, strategic planning, international security, peace and international conventions.
Widad Akreyi has worked for a strong and effective Arms Trade Treaty. Her research on MENA countries, lobbying, and advocacy helped bring about sweeping changes in the voting process in 2006, 2008 and 2013.
Akreyi has worked for a new Declaration of Commitment to End Sexual Violence in Conflict - a goal that was achieved in September 2013.
Akreyi has lobbied for the adoption of a resolution exclusively dedicated to illicit transfer, destabilising accumulation and misuse of small arms and light weapons around the world - a goal that was achieved in September 2013 by the adoption of Resolution 2117 (2013) Dedicated to Question of Small Arms and Light Weapons.
The momentum Dr. Akreyi created in favor of a UN resolution on a strong and an effective Arms Trade Treaty, her commitment to combat armed gender-based violence, and her successful lobbying for the adoption of the new UN Declaration of Commitment to End Sexual Violence in Conflict as well as the UN Resolution 2117 exclusively dedicated to illicit transfer, destabilizing accumulation and misuse of small arms and light weapons around the World are outstanding contributions to shifting the current culture of violence, and we are grateful for her work.
Pfeffer Peace Prize
Widad Akreyi received the 2014 International Pfeffer Peace Award in October 2014
Akreyi has been awarded the 2014 International Pfeffer Peace Award for "creating momentum in favor of a UN resolution on a strong and an effective Arms Trade Treaty to prevent the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons that might be used for acts of genocide, crimes against humanity, or terrorism," as well as for lobbying for the "UN Declaration of Commitment to End Sexual Violence in Conflict and the UN Resolution 2117 dedicated to halting illicit transfer, destabilizing accumulation, and misuse of small arms and light weapons" around the world.
Following the announcement by the US Fellowship of Reconciliation on 18 September 2014, the award was presented to her on 13 October 2014 by Rev. Lucas Johnson, International Coordinator for the International Fellowship of Reconciliation. Akreyi dedicated the award to the 50 million refugees who have been displaced as a direct result of conflict, persecution or the irresponsible transfer of conventional arms, and particularly mentioned the Yazidis, Christians, and all residents of Kobanê region.
Pacem in Terris Pace and Freedom Award
External videos Pacem In Terris Peace and Freedom Award 2017: Dr. Widad Akreyi
Widad received the Pacem in Terris Award in 2017 for committing her life's mission to peace and justice, advocating "for human dignity for all in the Middle East," alleviating "suffering and promoting peace and equal rights and opportunities for all," and for documenting crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing, torture and other human rights violations, as well as for her "pursuit of justice through medical research and the monitoring of peace initiatives." The Quad-City Times stated that she "earned her place among the world's brightest brokers of peace."
The 47th Pacem in Terris (Peace on Earth) Peace and Freedom Award was presented to Akreyi on 22 October 2017 by Bishop Thomas Zinkula of the Diocese of Davenport during a ceremony in Christ the King Chapel on the St. Ambrose University. Following her acceptance of the award she gave a speech about what she has witnessed, "moving some in the audience to tears." She cautioned the audience that easy solutions to the crises around the globe are not possible and said that "We must remember compassion is contagious. The more we spread it the more people will cherish it and share it."
Your mission has been to save lives, alleviate suffering and promoting peace and equal rights and opportunities for all..... Your findings regarding crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing have brought horrific acts to light for all the world to see. You embody the words of Pope John XXIII in his encyclical Pacem in Terris as a 'spark of light, a center of love, a vivifying leaven' to your sisters and brothers around the world.
The mayor of Davenport, Iowa has presented Akreyi with the Davenport medal.
International Simply Woman Harmony Award
External videos International Woman Harmony Award 2018 Akreyi Widad
On 23 November 2018, Akreyi was awarded the International Simply Woman Harmony Award in Italy for her struggle against violations of human rights and gender-based violence.
Humanitarian initiatives and peace and security efforts
Arms Trade Treaty
In 2005, Akreyi began advocating for a UN resolution on a strong and an effective Arms Trade Treaty to prevent the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons that might be used for acts of genocide, crimes against humanity, or terrorism.
Prohibition against torture
In 2005, she joined a campaign to require a prohibition against torture in the Danish criminal code. She has served as ambassador of Amnesty International's "Stop Torture" campaign.
Created bridges to Arabic-speaking audiences
Since 2005 she has been engaged in online discussions, blogging and other interactive techniques through which she was able to create online bridges to Arabic speaking audiences by becoming part of online dialogue and debate. In 2006, the International Secretariat of Amnesty International praised her activities in support of Amnesty's campaigns, noting that her involvement boosted Amnesty's "chances of success."
In 2008, Akreyi joined an international campaign against Eid aerial firing.
Gender-based violence
In March 2008, she joined the international campaign to end gender-based violence at gunpoint.
In a press release published in February 2013, Akreyi called on UN negotiators of the Arms Trade Treaty to include a legally-binding provision to prevent armed gender-based violence, noting the importance of maintaining the "momentum created over the last seven years" in favor of a strong and an effective Arms Trade Treaty. "We aim to provide new directions to assist in developing policy measures that counter the harmful impacts that illicit trade in small arms and light weapons have on vulnerable populations, especially on women and children" said Akreyi.
The commitment to combat gender-based violence is a crucial investment in healthy minds and bodies; it is the first step towards creating inclusive, equitable, productive and healthy societies. We need an integrated approach to end violence against females, and as civil society we are ready to provide direction and assist in the development of a global norm that counter the far-reaching impacts of gender-based violence on lives and livelihoods.
Widad Akreyi's statement published by Everywoman Everywhere Coalition
In December 2014, Akreyi joined the Everywoman Everywhere Coalition at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government's Carr Center for Human Rights Policy. This "highly diverse coalition is driven by survivors and practitioners, with more than 50 active working group members from more than 44 countries including every continent and major geographic area" and has "come together with a singular goal: Mobilization and execution of a global, grassroots-up campaign for a universal legal tool, such as a UN Convention or Additional Protocol, that empowers every woman and girl access to legal remedy should her rights to personal security be violated." In her statement released by the EEC, she had pointed out that "violence against females is a worldwide pandemic that devastates victims, threatens families, intensifies inequality, weakens societies and undermines global efforts to combat poverty through sustainable development," and she was listed as a policy advisor.
Peace initiatives
Armed violence and peace cannot coexist. We need to overcome the challenges and seek practical solutions. We must replace the culture of war with the culture of peace.
Widad Akreyi, addressing UN 4th Biennial Meeting of States
In June 2010, she addressed the UN Fourth Biennial Meeting of States, in New York to consider the implementation of the Programme of Action to prevent, combat, and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects. She shared her views on the importance of investing in a "Culture of Peace," expressing her concerns about the proliferation of illicit trade in SALW around the world, which has significantly "intensified armed conflicts and made the proliferation of peace difficult" to achieve.
Today, we have a chance to make a difference, not only in the lives and future of the civilians witnessing these steps, but also in the lives of the generations yet to be born.
Widad Akreyi on possible peace deal between Turkey and Kurds
In a press release published in March 2013, she welcomed the Kurdish leader's call for cease-fire; she urged the Turkish authorities not to waste a historic opportunity and called on Scandinavian countries to take the lead in negotiating a peace deal in Turkey. In a statement released two days after the 2015 Ankara bombings, she asked President Barack Obama to urge the Turkish Prime Minister to show respect for the victims of the peace rally and declare a ceasefire with the Kurdistan Workers' Party, which had already declared a unilateral ceasefire. She also asked Federica Mogherini to help end the armed violence between Turkey and the Kurds.
I have to admit that the sight of the refugees and their children has left me sleepless many nights... I am deeply saddened every time I see that people of all faiths who lived peacefully side by side are no longer tolerating each other. The brutality and misconduct they face daily is unimaginable… With their struggle to survive, comes all the horrible memories that will follow them for the rest of their lives.
Widad Akreyi interviewed on Syrian crisis
When the Syrian crisis first erupted, she decided to advocate for a peaceful solution to the conflict. In an interview conducted in October 2013, she emphasised the massive human cost of the prevailing crisis in Syria and underlined that the conflict has radically influenced regional security and the proliferation of small arms and light weapons, making any global attempt to regulate the illicit trade in conventional weapons out of reach. She characterised the crisis as a "humanitarian tragedy of historic proportions," before urging the international community to do whatever possible to bring the crisis to an end in a peaceful and diplomatic manner.
Global refugee crisis
On the occasion of the World Refugee Day 2013, she underscored the significant contributions of resettled refugees to their new communities while expressing concern about the safety and well-being of all displaced populations. "Their challenges are many, but common for all refugees, asylum seekers, and internally displaced persons is that they have either limited or no control over their own lives... Although the world is possibly facing the worst economic crisis in its history, we must not forget the plight of refugees around the world. The international community has a responsibility to protect the rights of vulnerable asylum seekers, refugees, and returnees. We call on Member States, humanitarian agencies, and other stakeholders involved in refugee protection to ensure high standards of protection for displaced persons in neighboring countries," said Akreyi.
Widad Akreyi during a beach event held by Defend International in September 2015 to remember the victims of the global refugee crisis
On 4 September 2015, Akreyi organized moments of silence or prayer to honor the victims of the global refugee crisis unfolding on the shores of Europe and elsewhere. People worldwide paid tribute in memory of Alan Kurdi, his brother, his mother, their loved-ones, thousands of children who had lost their lives fleeing armed conflicts and over 2,500 refugees who had died in summer 2015 attempting to cross the Mediterranean to Europe. During a beach memorial, Akreyi expressed condolences to the families and friends of victims and called on the international community to share equitably the responsibility for protecting, assisting and hosting refugees in accordance with principles of international solidarity and human rights. She thanked volunteers and humanitarian workers for their efforts in aiding refugees.
Toxic remnants of war
Across the world, the lack of accountability for the harm to the environment and public health caused by conflict and military activities undermines global efforts to help fragile countries recover from armed conflicts.
Widad Akreyi preface of 2014 publication on Toxic Remnants of War
In July 2014, Akreyi joined a global civil society initiative launched by Toxic Remnants of War Project to help strengthen protection for the environment and those who depend on it during and after conflict. In the preface she wrote for the publication "Pollution Politics: power, accountability and toxic remnants of war" she pointed out that toxic remnants of war may likely be "associated with the risk of birth defects, the risk of developing certain forms of cancer, or may adversely affect the neurological development of children and the reproductive processes of humans and animals. They may also impair the function of the respiratory and immune systems, thereby compromising the ability to respond to pathogens and other harmful organisms."
Defending victims of ISIL
In September 2014, Akreyi launched a worldwide campaign entitled "Save The Yazidis: The World Has To Act Now" to raise awareness about the tragedy of the Yazidis in Northern Iraq and the humanitarian emergency that continued to unfold. "The plight of the Yazidis is a humanitarian tragedy, and we want to make sure that the victims are not forgotten, protected legally, fully assisted and compensated fairly," said Akreyi. She paid tribute to all countries that had supported any minorities during the Iraqi crisis and reiterated her call for the International community to urgently intervene. Dr. Akreyi was quoted in the 2015 Annual Report of The US Commission on International Religious Freedom about the persecution of religious communities in Iraq, Syria and the surrounding region.
In October 2014, she dedicated her International Pfeffer Peace Award to the Yazidis, Christians and all residents of Kobane because, she said, facts on the ground demonstrate that these peaceful people are not safe in their enclaves, partly because of their ethnic origin and/or religion and they are therefore in urgent need for immediate attention from the global community.
On 4 November 2014, Akreyi said that "the international community should define what's happening to the Yezidis as a crime against humanity, crime against cultural heritage of the region and ethnic cleansing," adding that Yazidi females are being "subjected to as systematic gender-based violence and the use of slavery and rape as a weapon of war."
When the "price list" for Yazidi and Christian females was issued by ISIS on 3 August 2015, Akreyi and her team were the first to verify the document's authenticity and publish a translation. The document was later confirmed to be genuine by UN official Zainab Bangura.
Executions
In 2014, she joined an international campaign launched by Child Rights International Network to end all executions of juvenile offenders and to protect the rights of child domestic workers.
Human trafficking
In 2008, she joined the project "Stop Trafficking Worldwide", a campaign to stop human trafficking worldwide.
Status and membership
Widad Akreyi addressing the United Nations Fourth Biennial Meeting of States held in June 2010 in New York.
She is the first Kurd to be listed as International Pfeffer Peace Prize laureate.
She has been awarded the 2013 'Special Prize' by the National Organisation for Future Generations for being a passionate advocate of bridging the gap between civilisations and cultures, and making valuable contributions to humanity through the creation of a culture of coexistence and harmony.
Supported the Universal Citizenship Passport initiative of the Organisation for Universal Citizenship
Co-founder, Defend International.
Defend International representative to the UN Fourth Biennial Meeting of States, held in New York to review the implementation of the Programme of Action to prevent, combat, and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects (14–18 June 2010).
Defend International representative to the General Assembly Interactive Hearings with Non-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations and the Private sector. (UN Headquarters in NY, 14–15 June 2010).
Defend International representative to the First Committee (Disarmament and International Security Committee) of the United Nations General Assembly (October 2009).
Defend International representative to the First Committee (Disarmament and International Security Committee) of the United Nations General Assembly (October 2008).
Defend International representative to the UN Third Biennial Meeting of States, held in New York to consider the implementation of the Programme of Action to prevent, combat, and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects (July 2008).
Defend International representative to the 52nd session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women held at United Nations Headquarters in New York (February to March 2008).
Defend International representative to the First Committee (Disarmament and International Security Committee) of the UN General Assembly (October 2007).
Defend International representative to Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves.
Amnesty International lobbyist to the First Committee (Disarmament and International Security Committee) of the UN General Assembly (October 2006).
Advisor, Everywoman Everywhere Coalition, Harvard Kennedy School, USA (December 2014).
Member of the board, Women of Europe Award.
Member of the IANSA Women's Network Working Group.
Member of Cluster Munition Coalition.
Member of the board, Amnesty International (30 April 2006 – 18 June 2007).
Ambassador for Amnesty International's Stop Torture campaign (9 February 2006 – 18 June 2007).
Member of jury board, Amnesty International's Arabic Short Novel Competition (April 2006-June 2007).
Establishment of a special blog for Amnesty's Control Arms Campaign (June 2006)
Bibliography
The Viking's Kurdish Love (2016) The Viking's Kurdish Love: A True Story of Zoroastrians' Fight for Survival, Part I: 988-1003
Statistical Versus Clinical Significance in Clinical Trials on Patients with Gestational Diabetes. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2014. ISBN 978-3656572145.
Measures of Asthma Status: Need for Standardized Methodologies for Management. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2014. ISBN 978-3656572114.
Predictors of Assisted-Living Residents' Mental Health Status. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2014. ISBN 978-3656572084.
The Association Between Vitamin E Intake and Lung Cancer Risk and the Effect Modification of Dietary Intake of Fat and Fatty Acids on This Association: A Case-Control Study Based on the NHANES Datasets 1999-2010. USA. 2013. ISBN 9781303351792.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Proposed Evaluation of Cervical Cancer Prevention Strategies: Does Current Approach to Cervical Cancer Control Achieve Its Objectives?. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2013. ISBN 978-3656507529.
The Association Between Vitamin D Status and Colon Cancer Risk: A Review and Synthesis. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2013. ISBN 978-3656509882.
Statistical Evaluation of Two Medical Databases: A Framework for Descriptive, Bivariate, and Multivariate Analyses. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2013. ISBN 978-3656506881.
The Dose-Response Relationship of Vitamin E and Lung Cancer Risk: Empirical and Mechanism-Based Models. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2013. ISBN 978-3656507697.
Global Burden of Disease and Epidemiological Aspects: Plausible Scenarios of Burden of Infectious and Chronic Diseases and Two Population Pyramids. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2011. ISBN 978-3656507116.
Taras book. Zagros Publishing. 2005. ISBN 9788292628003.
Taras book: A Story from Kurdistan. Forum. 2003. ISBN 87-553-3420-2.
Master's Thesis II: A Comprehensive Assessment of Biological Function of Newly Sequenced yutK Gene in Basillus Subtilis. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 1999. ISBN 978-3-656-47467-8.
Master's Thesis I: Function-Analysis of Seventeen Function-Unknown Genes in Bacillus Subtilis. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 1998. ISBN 978-3-656-46782-3.
See also
List of peace activists
List of women's rights activists
List of Iraqis
References
^ a b "Event: Human Rights in Iran". 23 June 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
^ "And the winners are..." Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
^ a b "Dr. Widad Akreyi Awarded For Bridging Gap Between Civilisations". Retrieved 15 December 2013.
^ a b c d e Linda Kelly (22 October 2014). "Dr. Widad Akrawi Receives the Pfeffer Peace Award". Fellowship of Reconciliation. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "About Widad Akreyi - Widad's Biography". Retrieved 20 November 2013.
^ a b c d "We must remember, compassion is contagious: Pacem honoree speaks from the heart". 26 October 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ a b c "Dr. Widad Received Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award". Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ "Gold Book 2018". Retrieved 16 November 2020.
^ "Dr. Widad Akreyi Honoured Woman of the Year 2020". Retrieved 16 November 2020.
^ a b "Taras Book at Booklovers(bokelskere.no)". Retrieved 22 November 2013.
^ "Taras bog: Book review by Dr. Bente Danneskiold-Samsøe in the Danish Weekly Paper for Doctors". Retrieved 23 May 2013.
^ "About Defend International". Defend International. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
^ a b c "Under Haabets Skygge". Amazon. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
^ "2006 Amnesty Budget reviewed by EC" (PDF). Retrieved 22 November 2013.
^ "IANSA and the UN Office for Disarmament Affairs". Retrieved 27 May 2014.
^ a b "Convention on Cluster Munitions Signing Conference Oslo 2 – 4 December 2008 Final list of delegates" (PDF). Retrieved 2 June 2014.
^ "iTunes: Dr Widad Akrawi talking about Kurdish women's right and continued violence against women perpetrated by men, challenges in the implementation of laws". iTunes. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
^ "Campaigns at Defend International". Retrieved 20 November 2013.
^ "Turkey: The Rights of Prisoners on Hunger Strike Must be Respected". Retrieved 20 November 2013.
^ "Dr. Widad Akrawi talks about women's rights and honor killing in Kurdistan". Kurd Net. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
^ Meredith Nicolich (18 September 2014). "And the winners are…". Fellowship of Reconciliation. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
^ "Akreyi: Sovereign Kurdish state would prevent future genocide". 23 October 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
^ "'We must remember compassion is contagious,' says Pacem honoree". Retrieved 4 January 2018.
^ "Gold Book 2018". Retrieved 16 November 2020.
^ "145,000 signatures supporting a prohibition against torture in the Danish Criminal Code". Retrieved 4 November 2009.
^ "وداد عقراوي". Retrieved 14 May 2016.
^ "Children kill two during Eid aerial firing tragedy". Retrieved 4 November 2009.
^ "Keep women safe from guns". Retrieved 4 November 2009.
^ "President of Defend International Calls for a Legally-Binding Provision on Preventing Armed Gender-Based Violence in the ATT". Retrieved 15 May 2016.
^ a b "Everywoman Everywhere Coalition: Widad Akrawi". Retrieved 24 July 2014.
^ a b c "Everywoman Everywhere: Europe Regional Working Group". Retrieved 24 July 2015.
^ "Everywoman Everywhere Coalition: Our Story". Retrieved 24 July 2014.
^ a b "UN: Dr. Widad underlines Importance of a Culture of Peace". Defend International. 29 June 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
^ a b "President of Defend International Widad Akreyi Urges Turkey Not to Waste This Historic Opportunity for Peace". Retrieved 23 May 2013.
^ "Statement by Dr. Widad Akreyi on 2015 Ankara attacks". Retrieved 13 October 2015.
^ "Turkey: Statement by Defend International President on Ankara attacks". Retrieved 13 October 2015.
^ a b "Dr. Akreyi Advocates for Peaceful Solution to Syrian Conflict". Retrieved 2 November 2013.
^ "Dr. Akreyi Marks World Refugee Day 2013". Retrieved 2 November 2013.
^ a b "Dr Widad Akreyi organized Minutes of Mourn for Alan Kurdi and others". Retrieved 10 September 2015.
^ "DI Media Committee: Minute of Mourn for Alan Kurdi". Retrieved 10 September 2015.
^ "The Global Refugee Crisis". legalparley.com. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
^ a b "Pollution Politics: power, accountability and toxic remnants of war" (PDF). Retrieved 12 July 2014.
^ "Environmental Peacebuilding: Report launch: Pollution Politics: Power, Accountability and Toxic Remnants of War". Retrieved 12 July 2014.
^ "Events: Report launch: Pollution Politics: Power, Accountability and Toxic Remnants of War, 2nd July, 2014, London". Retrieved 12 July 2014.
^ "Save The Yazidis: The World Has To Act Now". Retrieved 12 September 2014.
^ "ANNUAL REPORT OF THE U.S. COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM". Retrieved 25 July 2015.
^ "USCIRF Annual Report: A Year of Humanitarian Crises". Retrieved 25 July 2015.
^ "Dr Widad Akreyi Interviewed at RojNews: How should the international community classify the systematic massacre of the Yezidi civilians in Sinjar by IS jihadists that included taking Yezidi girls as sex slaves". Archived from the original on 28 October 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
^ "IS "Price List" For Yazidi And Christian Females Verified By UN Official". Defend International. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
^ Doug Bolton (4 August 2015). "Isis 'price list' for child slaves confirmed as genuine by UN official Zainab Bangura". The Independent. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
^ "Campaign for a complaints procedure under the CRC". Retrieved 2 June 2014.
^ "Stop Trafficking Worldwide". Women Of Europe Award. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
^ "Stop Trafficking Worldwide (Europas Kvinders Pris)".
^ "Support from public figures: Holding a Universal Citizenship Passport". Organisation for Universal Citizenship. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
^ "Contact us - Dr. Widad Akreyi". Retrieved 22 November 2013.
^ "WIDAD AKRAWI, of Defend International said that peace lay at the core of the Programme of Action". General Assembly. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
^ "President of Defend International Widad attended the General Assembly meetings as an observer". Defend International. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
^ "List of approved observers to the Informal Interactive Hearings of the General Assembly with Non-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations and the Private sector" (PDF). The United Nations. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
^ "DI joins other NGOs in the 1st Committee of the 64th Session of the UNGA". Retrieved 2 November 2013.
^ "NY: NGO Presentation to the UN First Committee 2008". Retrieved 2 November 2013.
^ "Defend International was accredited to participate in the UN Third Biennial Meeting of States". Retrieved 2 November 2013.
^ "Defend International participated in the 52nd session of the Commission on the Status of Women". Retrieved 2 November 2013.
^ "UNODAupdate: International Women's Day and Disarmament". Retrieved 27 May 2014.
^ "NY: DI President Dr. Widad at the UN 62nd General Assembly". Retrieved 22 November 2013.
^ "Dr. Akreyi's Biography". Retrieved 2 November 2013.
^ "Widad Akrawi lobbying for an Arms Trade Treaty at UN First Committee". Retrieved 2 November 2013.
^ "Amnesty's new executive committee". Retrieved 22 November 2013.
^ ÇáÍÏø ãä ÇáÃÓáÍÉ
^ الحد من الأسلحة (in Arabic)
External links
Official website (in English)
vtePacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award laureates1960s
1964: John Howard Griffin / John F. Kennedy
1965: Martin Luther King Jr.
1966: R. Sargent Shriver
1967: A. Philip Randolph
1968: James Groppi
1969: Saul Alinsky
1970s
1971: Dorothy Day
1974: Harold Hughes
1975: Hélder Câmara
1976: Mother Teresa
1979: Thomas Gumbleton
1980s
1980: Crystal Lee Sutton / Ernest Leo Unterkoefler
1982: George F. Kennan
1983: Helen Caldicott
1985: Joseph Bernardin
1986: Maurice John Dingman
1987: Desmond Tutu
1989: Eileen Egan
1990s
1990: Mairead Maguire
1991: María Julia Hernández
1992: César Chávez
1993: Daniel Berrigan
1995: Jim Wallis
1996: Samuel Ruiz
1997: Jim and Shelley Douglass
2000s
2000: George G. Higgins
2001: Lech Wałęsa
2002: Gwen Hennessey / Dorothy Hennessey
2004: Arthur Simon
2005: Donald Mosley
2007: Salim Ghazal
2008: Marvin Mottet
2009: Hildegard Goss-Mayr
2010s
2010: John Dear
2011: Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri
2012: Kim Bobo
2013: Jean Vanier
2014: Simone Campbell
2015: Thích Nhất Hạnh
2016: Gustavo Gutiérrez
2017: Widad Akreyi
2019: Dalai Lama
2019: Munib Younan
2020s
2022: Norma Pimentel
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human rights activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_activists"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"Defend International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defend_International"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"epidemiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modkraft.dk-1"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"Iraqi government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_government"},{"link_name":"Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"Al-Anfal Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Anfal_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Fellowship of Reconciliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dr_Akreyi_Awarded_For_Bridging_Gap_Between_Civilisations-3"},{"link_name":"International Pfeffer Peace Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_International_Pfeffer_Peace_Award"},{"link_name":"Kobane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobane"},{"link_name":"Sinjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar"},{"link_name":"Christians in the Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians_in_the_Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pfeffer_Peace_Award-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Widad_Akreyi-5"},{"link_name":"Pacem in Terris Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacem_in_Terris_Award"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Widad_Akreyi_awarded_Pacem_in_Terris_Award-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Defend_International_press_release-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Widad Akreyi is a Kurdish health expert and human rights activist. She has co-founded the human rights organization Defend International and is the author of several books about both health issues and human rights.Akreyi holds a master's degree in genetics and a PhD in international health and epidemiology.[1] Violations of human rights that occurred during the Iraqi government offensive against the Kurds in 1974, as well as during the Al-Anfal Campaign are thought to have shaped her life.She has been listed as one of the winners of the Fellowship of Reconciliation peace awards, where she was called \"outspoken peace activist\" and the \"first young woman of Middle Eastern descent\" to engage in advocacy relating to illicit trade of small arms and light weapons, gender-based violence, chemical and biological disarmament, conventional disarmament and international security.[2]In 2013, Akreyi was awarded the \"Special Prize for bridging the gap between civilisations\" by the National Organisation for Future Generations for making valuable contributions to humanity through the creation of a culture of coexistence.[3] When she received the International Pfeffer Peace Award in 2014, she dedicated it to the residents of Kobane and Sinjar and the persecuted Christians in the Middle East.[4][5] In 2017, she was presented with the Davenport mayor medal and the Pacem in Terris Award for \"her selfless commitment to human rights for all.\"[6][7]\nIn 2018, she received the International Simply Woman Harmony Award for devoting her life to defending human rights,[8] and in 2020 she was handpicked as a woman of the year 2020.[9]","title":"Widad Akrawi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular"},{"link_name":"Baath Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baath_Party"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bokelskere.no-10"},{"link_name":"Erbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil"},{"link_name":"Salahaddin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salahaddin_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace"},{"link_name":"Al-Anfal Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Anfal_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ugeskriftet.dk-11"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modkraft.dk-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Widad_Akreyi-5"},{"link_name":"geneticist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticist"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bokelskere.no-10"},{"link_name":"Defend International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defend_International"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"International Humanitarian Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Humanitarian_Law"},{"link_name":"peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace"},{"link_name":"democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy"},{"link_name":"diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Us-12"}],"text":"Akreyi was born into a secular family in Kurdistan region, Iraq. In her early and her teenage years, she resisted every effort made by members of the Baath Party to induce her to gain her trust and become a member, which caused her to be blacklisted for a period of time.[10]In 1986, she moved to Erbil where she studied civil engineering with a focus on designing roads and bridges at the Salahaddin University.[citation needed] In 1988 she was secretly involved in documenting torture and other violations of human rights throughout Iraq. The following year, she became politically involved in various struggles for human rights, peace, social justice, democratic governance and ethnic reconciliation. Her advocacy of anti-authoritarianism and her criticism of the use of excessive force against civilians were not without risk and threat to her life and the lives of her family members. Her involvement in these issues became more intense after the Al-Anfal Campaign, also known as the Kurdish Genocide. Despite difficult times, she managed to complete her B.Sc. in 1990.[11]After the first Gulf War, when the Iraqi regime regained control of the Kurdistan region through an offensive in spring 1991, she was forced to leave her country.In the diaspora, Akreyi earned a master's degree in genetics and genomics and a PhD degree in global health and cancer epidemiology.[1][5] She has served as a clinical geneticist, researching inherited diseases.[10]Akreyi is the co-founder of Defend International, an NGO whose mission is \"to respond to grave violations of human rights and of International Humanitarian Law, monitor the implementation of preventive measures that are designed to end impunity for the perpetrators of these crimes, conduct medical research that may either directly or indirectly improve the health standard of communities, and to promote peace and democracy through cultural relations and diplomacy.\"[12]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Under_Haabets_Skygge-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Under_Haabets_Skygge-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Under_Haabets_Skygge-13"}],"text":"Akreyi's passion for human rights started many years ago when she advocated for her classmates at her school.[13] As she grew up, she helped to establish a secret working group against torture in Iraq, dedicated to collecting evidence of torture and other human rights abuses. In 1987, she was secretly interviewing the victims and their families.[13] She raised awareness about the impacts of torture and other violations of human rights on civilians. In 1990, she was engaged in advocating for gender equality and women's empowerment in the Middle East and North Africa region. She then co-founded a regional Women's Working Group and organised programs to enhance women's participation in peace-building and post-conflict reconstruction.[13]","title":"Dedication to human rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Widad_Akreyi-5"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Widad_Akreyi-5"},{"link_name":"executive committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_committee"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Widad_Akreyi-5"},{"link_name":"Defend International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defend_International"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Widad_Akreyi-5"},{"link_name":"International Action Network on Small Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Action_Network_on_Small_Arms"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Cluster Munition Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_Munition_Coalition"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cluster_Munition_Coalition-16"},{"link_name":"Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Alliance_for_Clean_Cookstoves"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Widad_Akreyi-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"gender equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equality"},{"link_name":"intercultural communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercultural_communication"},{"link_name":"strategic planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_planning"},{"link_name":"international security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_security"},{"link_name":"peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace"},{"link_name":"international conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_convention"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Arms Trade Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_Trade_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Commitment to End Sexual Violence in Conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Commitment_to_End_Sexual_Violence_in_Conflict&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Resolution 2117 (2013) Dedicated to Question of Small Arms and Light Weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resolution_2117_(2013)_Dedicated_to_Question_of_Small_Arms_and_Light_Weapons&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Continuing activism","text":"In the diaspora, Akreyi launched campaigns, wrote articles and spoke in panel discussions on human rights, international conventions and peace. In 2005, she was elected, among Arabic-speaking bloggers from around the world, as the MENA region's most prominent blogger.[5] She was awarded the prestigious title of \"Queen Blogger\" for two years until she resigned. Her first involvement with Amnesty International was in 1994, when she started to do volunteer work.[citation needed] In March 2006, the International Secretariat of Amnesty International thanked her for her efforts in support of Amnesty's campaigns, especially her effective use of the internet as a tool for human rights education and mobilisation.[5] In February 2006, she was appointed as \"Stop Torture\" ambassador for Amnesty International. She was elected in the executive committee of Amnesty International in April 2006.[14]In June 2006, Akreyi co-chaired the first regional conference on control arms held in Cairo and was part of a delegation of high-profile activists who met with policy-makers at the Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Egyptian Parliament.[5] In June 2007, she quit Amnesty International and co-founded Defend International. Same year, she was elected as a co-chair of the Women's Working Group on MENA Region.[5]It is observed that Akreyi has created partner agreements with leading NGOs like the International Action Network on Small Arms,[15] Cluster Munition Coalition[16] and the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves.[5] She has launched campaigns to defend the rights of writers, civil society activists, children (child/forced marriages), girls, women's rights defenders,[17] students, professors, prisoners on death row and prisoners on hunger strikes.[18][19] She has over 20 years of experiences in the areas of human rights, gender equality, women's empowerment, grassroots organising, intercultural communication, strategic planning, international security, peace and international conventions.[20]Widad Akreyi has worked for a strong and effective Arms Trade Treaty. Her research on MENA countries, lobbying, and advocacy helped bring about sweeping changes in the voting process in 2006, 2008 and 2013.Akreyi has worked for a new Declaration of Commitment to End Sexual Violence in Conflict - a goal that was achieved in September 2013.Akreyi has lobbied for the adoption of a resolution exclusively dedicated to illicit transfer, destabilising accumulation and misuse of small arms and light weapons around the world - a goal that was achieved in September 2013 by the adoption of Resolution 2117 (2013) Dedicated to Question of Small Arms and Light Weapons.The momentum Dr. Akreyi created in favor of a UN resolution on a strong and an effective Arms Trade Treaty, her commitment to combat armed gender-based violence, and her successful lobbying for the adoption of the new UN Declaration of Commitment to End Sexual Violence in Conflict as well as the UN Resolution 2117 exclusively dedicated to illicit transfer, destabilizing accumulation and misuse of small arms and light weapons around the World are outstanding contributions to shifting the current culture of violence, and we are grateful for her work.","title":"Dedication to human rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr._Widad_Akrawi_Awarded_International_Pfeffer_Peace_Prize.jpg"},{"link_name":"2014 International Pfeffer Peace Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_International_Pfeffer_Peace_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pfeffer_Peace_Award-4"},{"link_name":"Fellowship of Reconciliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"International Fellowship of Reconciliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fellowship_of_Reconciliation"},{"link_name":"Kobanê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koban%C3%AA"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pfeffer_Peace_Award-4"}],"sub_title":"Pfeffer Peace Prize","text":"Widad Akreyi received the 2014 International Pfeffer Peace Award in October 2014Akreyi has been awarded the 2014 International Pfeffer Peace Award for \"creating momentum in favor of a UN resolution on a strong and an effective Arms Trade Treaty to prevent the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons that might be used for acts of genocide, crimes against humanity, or terrorism,\" as well as for lobbying for the \"UN Declaration of Commitment to End Sexual Violence in Conflict and the UN Resolution 2117 dedicated to halting illicit transfer, destabilizing accumulation, and misuse of small arms and light weapons\" around the world.[4]Following the announcement by the US Fellowship of Reconciliation on 18 September 2014,[21] the award was presented to her on 13 October 2014 by Rev. Lucas Johnson, International Coordinator for the International Fellowship of Reconciliation. Akreyi dedicated the award to the 50 million refugees who have been displaced as a direct result of conflict, persecution or the irresponsible transfer of conventional arms, and particularly mentioned the Yazidis, Christians, and all residents of Kobanê region.[4]","title":"Dedication to human rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacem in Terris Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacem_in_Terris_Award"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Widad_Akreyi_awarded_Pacem_in_Terris_Award-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Defend_International_press_release-7"},{"link_name":"Quad-City Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad-City_Times"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quad-city_Times_article-22"},{"link_name":"Thomas Zinkula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Zinkula"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Davenport"},{"link_name":"St. Ambrose University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Ambrose_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Widad_Akreyi_awarded_Pacem_in_Terris_Award-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Widad_Akreyi_awarded_Pacem_in_Terris_Award-6"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Davenport, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Defend_International_press_release-7"}],"sub_title":"Pacem in Terris Pace and Freedom Award","text":"Widad received the Pacem in Terris Award in 2017 for committing her life's mission to peace and justice,[6] advocating \"for human dignity for all in the Middle East,\" alleviating \"suffering and promoting peace and equal rights and opportunities for all,\" and for documenting crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing, torture and other human rights violations, as well as for her \"pursuit of justice through medical research and the monitoring of peace initiatives.\"[7] The Quad-City Times stated that she \"earned her place among the world's brightest brokers of peace.\"[22]The 47th Pacem in Terris (Peace on Earth) Peace and Freedom Award was presented to Akreyi on 22 October 2017 by Bishop Thomas Zinkula of the Diocese of Davenport during a ceremony in Christ the King Chapel on the St. Ambrose University.[6] Following her acceptance of the award she gave a speech about what she has witnessed, \"moving some in the audience to tears.\"[6] She cautioned the audience that easy solutions to the crises around the globe are not possible and said that \"We must remember compassion is contagious. The more we spread it the more people will cherish it and share it.\"[23]Your mission has been to save lives, alleviate suffering and promoting peace and equal rights and opportunities for all..... Your findings regarding crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing have brought horrific acts to light for all the world to see. You embody the words of Pope John XXIII in his encyclical Pacem in Terris as a 'spark of light, a center of love, a vivifying leaven' to your sisters and brothers around the world.The mayor of Davenport, Iowa has presented Akreyi with the Davenport medal.[7]","title":"Dedication to human rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"International Simply Woman Harmony Award","text":"On 23 November 2018, Akreyi was awarded the International Simply Woman Harmony Award in Italy for her struggle against violations of human rights and gender-based violence.[24]","title":"Dedication to human rights"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Humanitarian initiatives and peace and security efforts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arms Trade Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_Trade_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Widad_Akreyi-5"}],"sub_title":"Arms Trade Treaty","text":"In 2005, Akreyi began advocating for a UN resolution on a strong and an effective Arms Trade Treaty to prevent the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons that might be used for acts of genocide, crimes against humanity, or terrorism.[5]","title":"Humanitarian initiatives and peace and security efforts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Widad_Akreyi-5"}],"sub_title":"Prohibition against torture","text":"In 2005, she joined a campaign to require a prohibition against torture in the Danish criminal code.[25] She has served as ambassador of Amnesty International's \"Stop Torture\" campaign.[5]","title":"Humanitarian initiatives and peace and security efforts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Widad_Akreyi-5"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Created bridges to Arabic-speaking audiences","text":"Since 2005 she has been engaged in online discussions, blogging and other interactive techniques [26] through which she was able to create online bridges to Arabic speaking audiences by becoming part of online dialogue and debate. In 2006, the International Secretariat of Amnesty International praised her activities in support of Amnesty's campaigns, noting that her involvement boosted Amnesty's \"chances of success.\"[5]In 2008, Akreyi joined an international campaign against Eid aerial firing.[27]","title":"Humanitarian initiatives and peace and security efforts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dr_Akrawi's_statement_Published_by_EEC-30"},{"link_name":"Harvard Kennedy School of Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School_of_Government"},{"link_name":"Carr Center for Human Rights Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carr_Center_for_Human_Rights_Policy"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEC-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dr_Akrawi's_statement_Published_by_EEC-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEC-31"}],"sub_title":"Gender-based violence","text":"In March 2008, she joined the international campaign to end gender-based violence at gunpoint.[28]In a press release published in February 2013, Akreyi called on UN negotiators of the Arms Trade Treaty to include a legally-binding provision to prevent armed gender-based violence, noting the importance of maintaining the \"momentum created over the last seven years\" in favor of a strong and an effective Arms Trade Treaty. \"We aim to provide new directions to assist in developing policy measures that counter the harmful impacts that illicit trade in small arms and light weapons have on vulnerable populations, especially on women and children\" said Akreyi.[29]The commitment to combat gender-based violence is a crucial investment in healthy minds and bodies; it is the first step towards creating inclusive, equitable, productive and healthy societies. We need an integrated approach to end violence against females, and as civil society we are ready to provide direction and assist in the development of a global norm that counter the far-reaching impacts of gender-based violence on lives and livelihoods.\n\n\nWidad Akreyi's statement published by Everywoman Everywhere Coalition[30]In December 2014, Akreyi joined the Everywoman Everywhere Coalition at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government's Carr Center for Human Rights Policy.[31] This \"highly diverse coalition is driven by survivors and practitioners, with more than 50 active working group members from more than 44 countries including every continent and major geographic area\" and has \"come together with a singular goal: Mobilization and execution of a global, grassroots-up campaign for a universal legal tool, such as a UN Convention or Additional Protocol, that empowers every woman and girl access to legal remedy should her rights to personal security be violated.\"[32] In her statement released by the EEC, she had pointed out that \"violence against females is a worldwide pandemic that devastates victims, threatens families, intensifies inequality, weakens societies and undermines global efforts to combat poverty through sustainable development,\"[30] and she was listed as a policy advisor.[31]","title":"Humanitarian initiatives and peace and security efforts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNBMS4-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNBMS4-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dr_Akreyi_on_possible_peace_deal_between_Turkey_and_Kurds-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dr_Akreyi_on_possible_peace_deal_between_Turkey_and_Kurds-34"},{"link_name":"2015 Ankara bombings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Ankara_bombings"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Federica Mogherini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federica_Mogherini"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dr._Akreyi_Advocates_for_Peaceful_Solution_to_Syrian_Conflict-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dr._Akreyi_Advocates_for_Peaceful_Solution_to_Syrian_Conflict-37"}],"sub_title":"Peace initiatives","text":"Armed violence and peace cannot coexist. We need to overcome the challenges and seek practical solutions. We must replace the culture of war with the culture of peace. \n\n\nWidad Akreyi, addressing UN 4th Biennial Meeting of States[33]In June 2010, she addressed the UN Fourth Biennial Meeting of States, in New York to consider the implementation of the Programme of Action to prevent, combat, and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects. She shared her views on the importance of investing in a \"Culture of Peace,\" expressing her concerns about the proliferation of illicit trade in SALW around the world, which has significantly \"intensified armed conflicts and made the proliferation of peace difficult\" to achieve.[33]Today, we have a chance to make a difference, not only in the lives and future of the civilians witnessing these steps, but also in the lives of the generations yet to be born.\n\n\nWidad Akreyi on possible peace deal between Turkey and Kurds[34]In a press release published in March 2013, she welcomed the Kurdish leader's call for cease-fire; she urged the Turkish authorities not to waste a historic opportunity and called on Scandinavian countries to take the lead in negotiating a peace deal in Turkey.[34] In a statement released two days after the 2015 Ankara bombings, she asked President Barack Obama to urge the Turkish Prime Minister to show respect for the victims of the peace rally and declare a ceasefire with the Kurdistan Workers' Party, which had already declared a unilateral ceasefire.[35] She also asked Federica Mogherini to help end the armed violence between Turkey and the Kurds.[36]I have to admit that the sight of the refugees and their children has left me sleepless many nights... I am deeply saddened every time I see that people of all faiths who lived peacefully side by side are no longer tolerating each other. The brutality and misconduct they face daily is unimaginable… With their struggle to survive, comes all the horrible memories that will follow them for the rest of their lives.\n\n\nWidad Akreyi interviewed on Syrian crisis[37]When the Syrian crisis first erupted, she decided to advocate for a peaceful solution to the conflict. In an interview conducted in October 2013, she emphasised the massive human cost of the prevailing crisis in Syria and underlined that the conflict has radically influenced regional security and the proliferation of small arms and light weapons, making any global attempt to regulate the illicit trade in conventional weapons out of reach. She characterised the crisis as a \"humanitarian tragedy of historic proportions,\" before urging the international community to do whatever possible to bring the crisis to an end in a peaceful and diplomatic manner.[37]","title":"Humanitarian initiatives and peace and security efforts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr-Widad-Akrawi_Moments_of_mourn_for_Alan_Kurdi_Beach_event_DI2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Defend International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defend_International"},{"link_name":"Alan Kurdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Kurdi"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minutes_of_Mourn_for_dead_refugees-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minutes_of_Mourn_for_dead_refugees-39"}],"sub_title":"Global refugee crisis","text":"On the occasion of the World Refugee Day 2013, she underscored the significant contributions of resettled refugees to their new communities while expressing concern about the safety and well-being of all displaced populations. \"Their challenges are many, but common for all refugees, asylum seekers, and internally displaced persons is that they have either limited or no control over their own lives... Although the world is possibly facing the worst economic crisis in its history, we must not forget the plight of refugees around the world. The international community has a responsibility to protect the rights of vulnerable asylum seekers, refugees, and returnees. We call on Member States, humanitarian agencies, and other stakeholders involved in refugee protection to ensure high standards of protection for displaced persons in neighboring countries,\" said Akreyi.[38]Widad Akreyi during a beach event held by Defend International in September 2015 to remember the victims of the global refugee crisisOn 4 September 2015, Akreyi organized moments of silence or prayer to honor the victims of the global refugee crisis unfolding on the shores of Europe and elsewhere. People worldwide paid tribute in memory of Alan Kurdi, his brother, his mother, their loved-ones, thousands of children who had lost their lives fleeing armed conflicts and over 2,500 refugees who had died in summer 2015 attempting to cross the Mediterranean to Europe.[39] During a beach memorial, Akreyi expressed condolences to the families and friends of victims and called on the international community to share equitably the responsibility for protecting, assisting and hosting refugees in accordance with principles of international solidarity and human rights.[40][41] She thanked volunteers and humanitarian workers for their efforts in aiding refugees.[39]","title":"Humanitarian initiatives and peace and security efforts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toxic_remnants_of_war-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toxic_remnants_of_war-42"}],"sub_title":"Toxic remnants of war","text":"Across the world, the lack of accountability for the harm to the environment and public health caused by conflict and military activities undermines global efforts to help fragile countries recover from armed conflicts.\n\n\nWidad Akreyi preface of 2014 publication on Toxic Remnants of War[42]In July 2014, Akreyi joined a global civil society initiative launched by Toxic Remnants of War Project to help strengthen protection for the environment and those who depend on it during and after conflict.[43][44] In the preface she wrote for the publication \"Pollution Politics: power, accountability and toxic remnants of war\" she pointed out that toxic remnants of war may likely be \"associated with the risk of birth defects, the risk of developing certain forms of cancer, or may adversely affect the neurological development of children and the reproductive processes of humans and animals. They may also impair the function of the respiratory and immune systems, thereby compromising the ability to respond to pathogens and other harmful organisms.\"[42]","title":"Humanitarian initiatives and peace and security efforts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"US Commission on International Religious Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Commission_on_International_Religious_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"International Pfeffer Peace Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Pfeffer_Peace_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pfeffer_Peace_Award-4"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Zainab Bangura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zainab_Bangura"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Defending victims of ISIL","text":"In September 2014, Akreyi launched a worldwide campaign entitled \"Save The Yazidis: The World Has To Act Now\" to raise awareness about the tragedy of the Yazidis in Northern Iraq and the humanitarian emergency that continued to unfold. \"The plight of the Yazidis is a humanitarian tragedy, and we want to make sure that the victims are not forgotten, protected legally, fully assisted and compensated fairly,\" said Akreyi. She paid tribute to all countries that had supported any minorities during the Iraqi crisis and reiterated her call for the International community to urgently intervene.[45] Dr. Akreyi was quoted in the 2015 Annual Report of The US Commission on International Religious Freedom about the persecution of religious communities in Iraq, Syria and the surrounding region.[46][47]In October 2014, she dedicated her International Pfeffer Peace Award to the Yazidis, Christians and all residents of Kobane because, she said, facts on the ground demonstrate that these peaceful people are not safe in their enclaves, partly because of their ethnic origin and/or religion and they are therefore in urgent need for immediate attention from the global community.[4]On 4 November 2014, Akreyi said that \"the international community should define what's happening to the Yezidis as a crime against humanity, crime against cultural heritage of the region and ethnic cleansing,\" adding that Yazidi females are being \"subjected to as systematic gender-based violence and the use of slavery and rape as a weapon of war.\"[48]When the \"price list\" for Yazidi and Christian females was issued by ISIS on 3 August 2015, Akreyi and her team were the first to verify the document's authenticity and publish a translation.[49] The document was later confirmed to be genuine by UN official Zainab Bangura.[50]","title":"Humanitarian initiatives and peace and security efforts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Executions","text":"In 2014, she joined an international campaign launched by Child Rights International Network to end all executions of juvenile offenders and to protect the rights of child domestic workers.[51]","title":"Humanitarian initiatives and peace and security efforts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Human trafficking","text":"In 2008, she joined the project \"Stop Trafficking Worldwide\", a campaign to stop human trafficking worldwide.[52][53]","title":"Humanitarian initiatives and peace and security efforts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr_WidadAkrawi_UN_2010_Screen_DI.jpg"},{"link_name":"United Nations Fourth Biennial Meeting of States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_(meeting)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pfeffer Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfeffer_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pfeffer_Peace_Award-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dr_Akreyi_Awarded_For_Bridging_Gap_Between_Civilisations-3"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Contact_us_at_DI-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Defend_International_representative_to_the_General_Assembly_Interactive_Hearings_with_Non-governmental_organizations-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ms._Widad_Akrawi_was_approved_observer_to_the_Informal_Interactive_Hearings_of_the_General_Assembly_with_Non-governmental_organizations,_Civil_society_organizations_and_the_Private_sector-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Alliance_for_Clean_Cookstoves"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEC-31"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Widad_Akreyi-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cluster_Munition_Coalition-16"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-u-landsnyt.dk-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"text":"Widad Akreyi addressing the United Nations Fourth Biennial Meeting of States held in June 2010 in New York.She is the first Kurd to be listed as International Pfeffer Peace Prize laureate.[4]\nShe has been awarded the 2013 'Special Prize' by the National Organisation for Future Generations for being a passionate advocate of bridging the gap between civilisations and cultures, and making valuable contributions to humanity through the creation of a culture of coexistence and harmony.[3]\nSupported the Universal Citizenship Passport initiative of the Organisation for Universal Citizenship[54]\nCo-founder, Defend International.[55]\nDefend International representative to the UN Fourth Biennial Meeting of States, held in New York to review the implementation of the Programme of Action to prevent, combat, and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects (14–18 June 2010).[56]\nDefend International representative to the General Assembly Interactive Hearings with Non-governmental organizations, Civil society organizations and the Private sector. (UN Headquarters in NY, 14–15 June 2010).[57][58]\nDefend International representative to the First Committee (Disarmament and International Security Committee) of the United Nations General Assembly (October 2009).[59]\nDefend International representative to the First Committee (Disarmament and International Security Committee) of the United Nations General Assembly (October 2008).[60]\nDefend International representative to the UN Third Biennial Meeting of States, held in New York to consider the implementation of the Programme of Action to prevent, combat, and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects (July 2008).[61]\nDefend International representative to the 52nd session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women held at United Nations Headquarters in New York (February to March 2008).[62][63]\nDefend International representative to the First Committee (Disarmament and International Security Committee) of the UN General Assembly (October 2007).[64]\nDefend International representative to Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves.[65]\nAmnesty International lobbyist to the First Committee (Disarmament and International Security Committee) of the UN General Assembly (October 2006).[66]\nAdvisor, Everywoman Everywhere Coalition, Harvard Kennedy School, USA (December 2014).[31]\nMember of the board, Women of Europe Award.\nMember of the IANSA Women's Network Working Group.\nMember of Cluster Munition Coalition.[5][16]\nMember of the board, Amnesty International (30 April 2006 – 18 June 2007).[67]\nAmbassador for Amnesty International's Stop Torture campaign (9 February 2006 – 18 June 2007).\nMember of jury board, Amnesty International's Arabic Short Novel Competition (April 2006-June 2007).[68]\nEstablishment of a special blog for Amnesty's Control Arms Campaign (June 2006)[69]","title":"Status and membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Viking's Kurdish Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Viking%27s_Kurdish_Love"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3656572145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3656572145"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3656572114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3656572114"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3656572084","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3656572084"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781303351792","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781303351792"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3656507529","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3656507529"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3656509882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3656509882"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3656506881","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3656506881"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3656507697","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3656507697"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3656507116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3656507116"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788292628003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788292628003"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"87-553-3420-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-553-3420-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-656-47467-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-656-47467-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-656-46782-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-656-46782-3"}],"text":"The Viking's Kurdish Love (2016) The Viking's Kurdish Love: A True Story of Zoroastrians' Fight for Survival, Part I: 988-1003\nStatistical Versus Clinical Significance in Clinical Trials on Patients with Gestational Diabetes. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2014. ISBN 978-3656572145.\nMeasures of Asthma Status: Need for Standardized Methodologies for Management. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2014. ISBN 978-3656572114.\nPredictors of Assisted-Living Residents' Mental Health Status. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2014. ISBN 978-3656572084.\nThe Association Between Vitamin E Intake and Lung Cancer Risk and the Effect Modification of Dietary Intake of Fat and Fatty Acids on This Association: A Case-Control Study Based on the NHANES Datasets 1999-2010. USA. 2013. ISBN 9781303351792.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nProposed Evaluation of Cervical Cancer Prevention Strategies: Does Current Approach to Cervical Cancer Control Achieve Its Objectives?. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2013. ISBN 978-3656507529.\nThe Association Between Vitamin D Status and Colon Cancer Risk: A Review and Synthesis. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2013. ISBN 978-3656509882.\nStatistical Evaluation of Two Medical Databases: A Framework for Descriptive, Bivariate, and Multivariate Analyses. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2013. ISBN 978-3656506881.\nThe Dose-Response Relationship of Vitamin E and Lung Cancer Risk: Empirical and Mechanism-Based Models. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2013. ISBN 978-3656507697.\nGlobal Burden of Disease and Epidemiological Aspects: Plausible Scenarios of Burden of Infectious and Chronic Diseases and Two Population Pyramids. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2011. ISBN 978-3656507116.\nTaras book. Zagros Publishing. 2005. ISBN 9788292628003.\nTaras book: A Story from Kurdistan. Forum. 2003. ISBN 87-553-3420-2.\nMaster's Thesis II: A Comprehensive Assessment of Biological Function of Newly Sequenced yutK Gene in Basillus Subtilis. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 1999. ISBN 978-3-656-47467-8.\nMaster's Thesis I: Function-Analysis of Seventeen Function-Unknown Genes in Bacillus Subtilis. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 1998. ISBN 978-3-656-46782-3.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Widad Akreyi received the 2014 International Pfeffer Peace Award in October 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Dr._Widad_Akrawi_Awarded_International_Pfeffer_Peace_Prize.jpg/220px-Dr._Widad_Akrawi_Awarded_International_Pfeffer_Peace_Prize.jpg"},{"image_text":"Widad Akreyi during a beach event held by Defend International in September 2015 to remember the victims of the global refugee crisis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Dr-Widad-Akrawi_Moments_of_mourn_for_Alan_Kurdi_Beach_event_DI2015.jpg/300px-Dr-Widad-Akrawi_Moments_of_mourn_for_Alan_Kurdi_Beach_event_DI2015.jpg"},{"image_text":"Widad Akreyi addressing the United Nations Fourth Biennial Meeting of States held in June 2010 in New York.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dr_WidadAkrawi_UN_2010_Screen_DI.jpg/220px-Dr_WidadAkrawi_UN_2010_Screen_DI.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of peace activists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_peace_activists"},{"title":"List of women's rights activists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists"},{"title":"List of Iraqis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Iraqis"}]
|
[{"reference":"Statistical Versus Clinical Significance in Clinical Trials on Patients with Gestational Diabetes. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2014. ISBN 978-3656572145.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3656572145","url_text":"978-3656572145"}]},{"reference":"Measures of Asthma Status: Need for Standardized Methodologies for Management. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2014. ISBN 978-3656572114.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3656572114","url_text":"978-3656572114"}]},{"reference":"Predictors of Assisted-Living Residents' Mental Health Status. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2014. ISBN 978-3656572084.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3656572084","url_text":"978-3656572084"}]},{"reference":"The Association Between Vitamin E Intake and Lung Cancer Risk and the Effect Modification of Dietary Intake of Fat and Fatty Acids on This Association: A Case-Control Study Based on the NHANES Datasets 1999-2010. USA. 2013. ISBN 9781303351792.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781303351792","url_text":"9781303351792"}]},{"reference":"Proposed Evaluation of Cervical Cancer Prevention Strategies: Does Current Approach to Cervical Cancer Control Achieve Its Objectives?. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2013. ISBN 978-3656507529.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3656507529","url_text":"978-3656507529"}]},{"reference":"The Association Between Vitamin D Status and Colon Cancer Risk: A Review and Synthesis. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2013. ISBN 978-3656509882.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3656509882","url_text":"978-3656509882"}]},{"reference":"Statistical Evaluation of Two Medical Databases: A Framework for Descriptive, Bivariate, and Multivariate Analyses. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2013. ISBN 978-3656506881.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3656506881","url_text":"978-3656506881"}]},{"reference":"The Dose-Response Relationship of Vitamin E and Lung Cancer Risk: Empirical and Mechanism-Based Models. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2013. ISBN 978-3656507697.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3656507697","url_text":"978-3656507697"}]},{"reference":"Global Burden of Disease and Epidemiological Aspects: Plausible Scenarios of Burden of Infectious and Chronic Diseases and Two Population Pyramids. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 2011. ISBN 978-3656507116.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3656507116","url_text":"978-3656507116"}]},{"reference":"Taras book. Zagros Publishing. 2005. ISBN 9788292628003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788292628003","url_text":"9788292628003"}]},{"reference":"Taras book: A Story from Kurdistan. Forum. 2003. ISBN 87-553-3420-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-553-3420-2","url_text":"87-553-3420-2"}]},{"reference":"Master's Thesis II: A Comprehensive Assessment of Biological Function of Newly Sequenced yutK Gene in Basillus Subtilis. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 1999. ISBN 978-3-656-47467-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-656-47467-8","url_text":"978-3-656-47467-8"}]},{"reference":"Master's Thesis I: Function-Analysis of Seventeen Function-Unknown Genes in Bacillus Subtilis. Munich: GRIN Publishing GmbH. 1998. ISBN 978-3-656-46782-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-656-46782-3","url_text":"978-3-656-46782-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Event: Human Rights in Iran\". 23 June 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://modkraft.dk/kalenderopslag/kurderne-og-menneskerettigheder-i-iran","url_text":"\"Event: Human Rights in Iran\""}]},{"reference":"\"And the winners are...\" Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160419121529/http://forusa.org/blogs/meredith-nicolich/winners-are/13039","url_text":"\"And the winners are...\""},{"url":"http://forusa.org/blogs/meredith-nicolich/winners-are/13039","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Widad Akreyi Awarded For Bridging Gap Between Civilisations\". Retrieved 15 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defendinternational.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=373&Itemid=73/","url_text":"\"Dr. Widad Akreyi Awarded For Bridging Gap Between Civilisations\""}]},{"reference":"Linda Kelly (22 October 2014). \"Dr. Widad Akrawi Receives the Pfeffer Peace Award\". Fellowship of Reconciliation. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151019110517/http://forusa.org/blogs/linda-kelly/dr-widad-akrawi-receives-pfeffer-peace-award/13064","url_text":"\"Dr. Widad Akrawi Receives the Pfeffer Peace Award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation_(United_States)","url_text":"Fellowship of Reconciliation"},{"url":"http://forusa.org/blogs/linda-kelly/dr-widad-akrawi-receives-pfeffer-peace-award/13064","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About Widad Akreyi - Widad's Biography\". Retrieved 20 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://widad.org/widadwp/about-wa","url_text":"\"About Widad Akreyi - Widad's Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"We must remember, compassion is contagious: Pacem honoree speaks from the heart\". 26 October 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catholicmessenger.net/2017/10/we-must-remember-compassion-is-contagious/","url_text":"\"We must remember, compassion is contagious: Pacem honoree speaks from the heart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Widad Received Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award\". Retrieved 14 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://defendinternational.org/dr-widad-received-pacem-in-terris-peace-and-freedom-award/","url_text":"\"Dr. Widad Received Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gold Book 2018\". Retrieved 16 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.premiosemplicementedonna.com/en/gold-book/2018.html/","url_text":"\"Gold Book 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Widad Akreyi Honoured Woman of the Year 2020\". Retrieved 16 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://defendinternational.org/dr-widad-woman-of-the-year/","url_text":"\"Dr. Widad Akreyi Honoured Woman of the Year 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taras Book at Booklovers(bokelskere.no)\". Retrieved 22 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://bokelskere.no/bok/taras-bok/23549/","url_text":"\"Taras Book at Booklovers(bokelskere.no)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taras bog: Book review by Dr. Bente Danneskiold-Samsøe in the Danish Weekly Paper for Doctors\". Retrieved 23 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ugeskriftet.dk/portal/page/portal/LAEGERDK/UGESKRIFT_FOR_LAEGER/Artikelvisning?pUrl=/UGESKRIFT_FOR_LAEGER/TIDLIGERE_NUMRE/2003/UFL_2003_50/UFL__2003_50_43783","url_text":"\"Taras bog: Book review by Dr. Bente Danneskiold-Samsøe in the Danish Weekly Paper for Doctors\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Defend International\". Defend International. Retrieved 5 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defendinternational.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=26","url_text":"\"About Defend International\""}]},{"reference":"\"Under Haabets Skygge\". Amazon. Retrieved 15 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Under-H%C3%A5bets-Skygge-Danish-AKREYI-ebook/dp/B00DJWDXIM?ie=UTF8&keywords=widad%20akreyi&qid=1463297776&ref_=sr_1_1&sr=8-1","url_text":"\"Under Haabets Skygge\""}]},{"reference":"\"2006 Amnesty Budget reviewed by EC\" (PDF). Retrieved 22 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amnesty.dk/sites/default/files/mediafiles/55/regnskab2006.pdf","url_text":"\"2006 Amnesty Budget reviewed by EC\""}]},{"reference":"\"IANSA and the UN Office for Disarmament Affairs\". Retrieved 27 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iansa-women.org/node/158","url_text":"\"IANSA and the UN Office for Disarmament Affairs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Convention on Cluster Munitions Signing Conference Oslo 2 – 4 December 2008 Final list of delegates\" (PDF). Retrieved 2 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stopclustermunitions.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/list-of-participants.pdf","url_text":"\"Convention on Cluster Munitions Signing Conference Oslo 2 – 4 December 2008 Final list of delegates\""}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes: Dr Widad Akrawi talking about Kurdish women's right and continued violence against women perpetrated by men, challenges in the implementation of laws\". iTunes. Retrieved 2 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/kurdish/id350447050?mt=2","url_text":"\"iTunes: Dr Widad Akrawi talking about Kurdish women's right and continued violence against women perpetrated by men, challenges in the implementation of laws\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes","url_text":"iTunes"}]},{"reference":"\"Campaigns at Defend International\". Retrieved 20 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defendinternational.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=17&Itemid=126","url_text":"\"Campaigns at Defend International\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey: The Rights of Prisoners on Hunger Strike Must be Respected\". Retrieved 20 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defendinternational.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=336&Itemid=126","url_text":"\"Turkey: The Rights of Prisoners on Hunger Strike Must be Respected\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Widad Akrawi talks about women's rights and honor killing in Kurdistan\". Kurd Net. Archived from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140629140408/http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2014/5/state8041.htm","url_text":"\"Dr. Widad Akrawi talks about women's rights and honor killing in Kurdistan\""},{"url":"http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2014/5/state8041.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Meredith Nicolich (18 September 2014). \"And the winners are…\". Fellowship of Reconciliation. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141010165457/http://forusa.org/blogs/meredith-nicolich/winners-are/13039","url_text":"\"And the winners are…\""},{"url":"http://forusa.org/blogs/meredith-nicolich/winners-are/13039","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Akreyi: Sovereign Kurdish state would prevent future genocide\". 23 October 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://qctimes.com/news/local/akreyi-sovereign-kurdish-state-would-prevent-future-genocide/article_b75286a0-81f7-5add-a099-b2b30f9887cc.html","url_text":"\"Akreyi: Sovereign Kurdish state would prevent future genocide\""}]},{"reference":"\"'We must remember compassion is contagious,' says Pacem honoree\". Retrieved 4 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://catholicphilly.com/2017/10/news/national-news/we-must-remember-compassion-is-contagious-says-pacem-honoree/","url_text":"\"'We must remember compassion is contagious,' says Pacem honoree\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gold Book 2018\". Retrieved 16 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.premiosemplicementedonna.com/en/gold-book/2018.html/","url_text":"\"Gold Book 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"145,000 signatures supporting a prohibition against torture in the Danish Criminal Code\". Retrieved 4 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://amnesty.dk/nyhed/145-000-underskrifter-overraekkes-folketingets-praesidium","url_text":"\"145,000 signatures supporting a prohibition against torture in the Danish Criminal Code\""}]},{"reference":"\"وداد عقراوي\". Retrieved 14 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ahewar.org/m.asp?ac=1&st=2&r=100&i=946&fAdd=","url_text":"\"وداد عقراوي\""}]},{"reference":"\"Children kill two during Eid aerial firing tragedy\". Retrieved 4 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iansa.org/regions/nafrica/aerial_firing_Eid.htm","url_text":"\"Children kill two during Eid aerial firing tragedy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Keep women safe from guns\". Retrieved 4 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iansa.org/campaigns_events/iansa_csw_ny08.htm","url_text":"\"Keep women safe from guns\""}]},{"reference":"\"President of Defend International Calls for a Legally-Binding Provision on Preventing Armed Gender-Based Violence in the ATT\". Retrieved 15 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://defendinternational.org/ny-di-calls-for-legally-binding-provision-on-preventing-armed-gender-based-violence-in-att/","url_text":"\"President of Defend International Calls for a Legally-Binding Provision on Preventing Armed Gender-Based Violence in the ATT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everywoman Everywhere Coalition: Widad Akrawi\". Retrieved 24 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://everywomaneverywhere.org/members/widad-akrawi/","url_text":"\"Everywoman Everywhere Coalition: Widad Akrawi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everywoman Everywhere: Europe Regional Working Group\". Retrieved 24 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://everywomaneverywhere.org/voices/europe/","url_text":"\"Everywoman Everywhere: Europe Regional Working Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Everywoman Everywhere Coalition: Our Story\". Retrieved 24 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://everywomaneverywhere.org/our-story/","url_text":"\"Everywoman Everywhere Coalition: Our Story\""}]},{"reference":"\"UN: Dr. Widad underlines Importance of a Culture of Peace\". Defend International. 29 June 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://defendinternational.org/unbms4-dr-widad-underlines-importance-of-a-culture-of-peace/","url_text":"\"UN: Dr. Widad underlines Importance of a Culture of Peace\""}]},{"reference":"\"President of Defend International Widad Akreyi Urges Turkey Not to Waste This Historic Opportunity for Peace\". Retrieved 23 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://defendinternational.org/di-turkey-must-not-waste-this-historic-opportunity-for-peace/","url_text":"\"President of Defend International Widad Akreyi Urges Turkey Not to Waste This Historic Opportunity for Peace\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statement by Dr. Widad Akreyi on 2015 Ankara attacks\". Retrieved 13 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://widad.org/widadwp/statements/statement-today-on-2015-ankara-attacks","url_text":"\"Statement by Dr. Widad Akreyi on 2015 Ankara attacks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey: Statement by Defend International President on Ankara attacks\". Retrieved 13 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://defendinternational.org/turkey-statement-by-dr-widad-on-ankara-attacks///","url_text":"\"Turkey: Statement by Defend International President on Ankara attacks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Akreyi Advocates for Peaceful Solution to Syrian Conflict\". Retrieved 2 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://widad.org/widadwp/dr-akrawi-advocates-for-peaceful-solution-to-syrian-conflict","url_text":"\"Dr. Akreyi Advocates for Peaceful Solution to Syrian Conflict\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Akreyi Marks World Refugee Day 2013\". Retrieved 2 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://widad.org/widadwp/208-2","url_text":"\"Dr. Akreyi Marks World Refugee Day 2013\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Widad Akreyi organized Minutes of Mourn for Alan Kurdi and others\". Retrieved 10 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://defendinternational.org/minute-of-mourn-for-aylan-kurdi-and-others/","url_text":"\"Dr Widad Akreyi organized Minutes of Mourn for Alan Kurdi and others\""}]},{"reference":"\"DI Media Committee: Minute of Mourn for Alan Kurdi\". Retrieved 10 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ahewar.org/eng/show.art.asp?aid=2154","url_text":"\"DI Media Committee: Minute of Mourn for Alan Kurdi\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Global Refugee Crisis\". legalparley.com. Retrieved 18 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://legalparley.com/the-global-refugee-crisis/","url_text":"\"The Global Refugee Crisis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pollution Politics: power, accountability and toxic remnants of war\" (PDF). 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Retrieved 25 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/cornerstone/uscirf-annual-report-a-year-of-humanitarian-crises/","url_text":"\"USCIRF Annual Report: A Year of Humanitarian Crises\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr Widad Akreyi Interviewed at RojNews: How should the international community classify the systematic massacre of the Yezidi civilians in Sinjar by IS jihadists that included taking Yezidi girls as sex slaves\". Archived from the original on 28 October 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151028214040/http://widad.org/widadwp/rojnews-interview-2014","url_text":"\"Dr Widad Akreyi Interviewed at RojNews: How should the international community classify the systematic massacre of the Yezidi civilians in Sinjar by IS jihadists that included taking Yezidi girls as sex slaves\""},{"url":"http://widad.org/widadwp/rojnews-interview-2014","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IS \"Price List\" For Yazidi And Christian Females Verified By UN Official\". Defend International. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://defendinternational.org/is-price-list-for-yazidi-and-christian-females-verified-by-un-official/","url_text":"\"IS \"Price List\" For Yazidi And Christian Females Verified By UN Official\""}]},{"reference":"Doug Bolton (4 August 2015). \"Isis 'price list' for child slaves confirmed as genuine by UN official Zainab Bangura\". The Independent. 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Retrieved 2 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://widad.org/widadwp/about-wa","url_text":"\"Dr. Akreyi's Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Widad Akrawi lobbying for an Arms Trade Treaty at UN First Committee\". Retrieved 2 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.woea.dk/EUKP_DK/Portr_WidadAkrawi_2006.htm","url_text":"\"Widad Akrawi lobbying for an Arms Trade Treaty at UN First Committee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amnesty's new executive committee\". Retrieved 22 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.u-landsnyt.dk/navnenyt/nyt-job/amnestys-nye-bestyrelse","url_text":"\"Amnesty's new executive committee\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordlock
|
Wordlock
|
["1 History","2 Possible combinations","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Type of combination locks
An example of a wordlock padlock
Wordlock is a brand of combination locks, made by Wordlock, Inc., that differs from traditional combination locks in that it has letters on its dials instead of numbers. This allows the combination to be a four-letter or five-letter word or name, similar to a password, and therefore potentially easier to remember than a series of digits. Wordlocks come in luggage locks, bike locks, padlocks, cable locks and commercial locks.
History
The Chinese created the first word combination lock in the 13th Century. The idea never caught on in the West, however, until Todd Basche, former Vice President of Software Applications at Apple Inc., invented the modern word lock in 2004. He and Rahn Basche founded WordLock, Inc. in 2007 in Santa Clara, California, USA. Todd's patented WordLock algorithm maximizes the number of four-letter and five-letter words that can be spelled on the Wordlock dials.
WordLock won the Staples Inc. Invention Quest in 2004 and "Top 100 New Inventions" distinction at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office's Invent Now America competition in 2008.
Possible combinations
The five-ring WordLock contains 10 letters per ring. One such example follows:
Ring 1
Ring 2
Ring 3
Ring 4
b
l
a
d
p
r
n
s
h
u
m
n
m
h
l
m
t
n
r
p
w
r
t
y
d
a
a
e
l
e
u
k
t
f
s
t
b
k
l
e
Each ring rotates independently of the others, yielding a possible 104 (or 10,000) different combinations. WordLock contains one blank space on the fifth dial to make four letter words. About 2,000 words are possible as combinations. However, this 2,000 word figure does not include the many possibilities for quasi-words (BLATS or WOOT); certain names (DILAN or MOSES); and acronyms, foreign words or gibberish known only to the lock owner.
See also
History of science and technology in China
Memory
Cryptex
Combination locks
References
^ "Locks: How Products Are Made"
^ Wordlock Wins 2004 Staples Invention Quest
^ This can be checked using a wordlist file and standard UNIX-commandline tools as follows (depending on your particular lock's letters):cat wordlist.txt | grep -i -E '^?$' | nlcat wordlist.txt | grep -i -E '^?$' | nl
External links
Wordlock, Inc.
Wordlock Patent Appl. No. 29/298,386
Wordlock Patent Appl. No. 29/298,385
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WordLock_word_lock_combination_lock_8286729624_o.jpg"},{"link_name":"padlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padlock"},{"link_name":"combination locks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_lock"},{"link_name":"locks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_(security_device)"},{"link_name":"remember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recall_(memory)"}],"text":"An example of a wordlock padlockWordlock is a brand of combination locks, made by Wordlock, Inc., that differs from traditional combination locks in that it has letters on its dials instead of numbers. This allows the combination to be a four-letter or five-letter word or name, similar to a password, and therefore potentially easier to remember than a series of digits. Wordlocks come in luggage locks, bike locks, padlocks, cable locks and commercial locks.","title":"Wordlock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Apple Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"Santa Clara, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California"},{"link_name":"algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm"},{"link_name":"Staples Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples_Inc."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2004_Staples_Invention_Quest_Results-2"},{"link_name":"Invent Now America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invent_Now_America"}],"text":"The Chinese created the first word combination lock in the 13th Century.[1] The idea never caught on in the West, however, until Todd Basche, former Vice President of Software Applications at Apple Inc., invented the modern word lock in 2004. He and Rahn Basche founded WordLock, Inc. in 2007 in Santa Clara, California, USA. Todd's patented WordLock algorithm maximizes the number of four-letter and five-letter words that can be spelled on the Wordlock dials.WordLock won the Staples Inc. Invention Quest in 2004[2] and \"Top 100 New Inventions\" distinction at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office's Invent Now America competition in 2008.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"combinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The five-ring WordLock contains 10 letters per ring. One such example follows:Each ring rotates independently of the others, yielding a possible 104 (or 10,000) different combinations. WordLock contains one blank space on the fifth dial to make four letter words. About 2,000 words are possible as combinations.[3] However, this 2,000 word figure does not include the many possibilities for quasi-words (BLATS or WOOT); certain names (DILAN or MOSES); and acronyms, foreign words or gibberish known only to the lock owner.","title":"Possible combinations"}]
|
[{"image_text":"An example of a wordlock padlock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WordLock_word_lock_combination_lock_8286729624_o.jpg/220px-WordLock_word_lock_combination_lock_8286729624_o.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"History of science and technology in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China"},{"title":"Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory"},{"title":"Cryptex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptex"},{"title":"Combination locks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_lock"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2896900069.html","external_links_name":"\"Locks: How Products Are Made\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Staples+Nationwide+Search+to+Make+Work+Life+Easier+Discovers+the...-a0114100339","external_links_name":"Wordlock Wins 2004 Staples Invention Quest"},{"Link":"http://www.wordlock.com/","external_links_name":"Wordlock, Inc."},{"Link":"http://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/patog/week35/OG/html/1333-4/USD0575625-20080826.html","external_links_name":"Wordlock Patent Appl. No. 29/298,386"},{"Link":"http://www.uspto.gov/web/patents/patog/week51/OG/html/1337-3/USD0582753-20081216.html","external_links_name":"Wordlock Patent Appl. No. 29/298,385"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance_resource_management
|
Maintenance resource management
|
["1 Overview","2 MRM in military aviation","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Team approach to human error reduction in maintenance
Maintenance resource management (MRM) training is an aircraft maintenance variant on crew resource management (CRM). Although the term MRM was used for several years following CRM's introduction, the first governmental guidance for standardized MRM training and its team-based safety approach, appeared when the FAA (U.S.) issued Advisory Circular 120-72, Maintenance Resource Management Training in September, 2000.
Overview
Like CRM, MRM training emphasizes a team approach to human error reduction using principles that seek to improve communications, situational awareness, problem solving, decision making, and teamwork. Unlike traditional coercive and hierarchical top-down safety programs, MRM advocates a decentralized, human-centric approach to safety. MRM encourages work teams to communicate vital operational risk and safety information directly and informally, regardless of rank or position, thus permitting rapid response to prevent impending crises.
Some variation of human factors training, whether called MRM or not, is now standard at many commercial airlines, aircraft manufacturers, and aviation-related organizations. Several commercial aviation firms, as well as international aviation safety agencies, began expanding CRM-style training into air traffic control, aircraft design, and aircraft maintenance in the 1990s. Specifically, the aircraft maintenance section of this training expansion gained traction as Maintenance Resource Management (MRM). In an effort to standardize the industry wide training of this team-based safety approach, the FAA (U.S.) issued Advisory Circular 120-72, Maintenance Resource Management Training in September, 2000, and more recently an MRM Results Evaluation Calculator.
MRM in military aviation
In 2002, the U.S. Coast Guard identified that maintenance error is involved in one of five Coast Guard aviation mishaps at an annual cost of $1 million. In an effort to reduce those maintenance error induced mishaps, the Coast Guard created a Human Factors in Maintenance (HFIM) program. Drawing on data from the Federal Aviation Administration, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Transportation Safety Board, and commercial airline sources, the Coast Guard finally implemented a U.S. Navy-developed variant of MRM.
Following a study of aviation mishaps over the 10-year period 1992-2002, the U.S. Air Force determined that close to 18% of its aircraft mishaps were directly attributable to maintenance human error. Unlike the more immediate impact of air crew error, maintenance human errors often occur long before the flight where the problems are discovered. These "latent errors" included such mistakes as failure to follow published aircraft manuals, lack of assertive communication among maintenance technicians, poor supervision, and improper assembly practices.
In summer 2005, the Air National Guard Aviation Safety Division made the MRM program available to the Air National Guard's 88 flying wings, spread across 54 U.S. states and territories. In 2006, the Defense Safety Oversight Council (DSOC) of the U.S. Department of Defense recognized the mishap prevention value of this maintenance safety program by partially funding a variant of ANG MRM for training throughout the U.S. Air Force. This ANG initiated, DoD-funded version of MRM became known as Air Force Maintenance Resource Management, AF-MRM, and is now widely used in the U.S. Air Force.
See also
Fatigue
Human factors
Foreign Object Damage
Disruptive Solutions Process
References
^ FAA AC 120-72: http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAdvisoryCircular.nsf/0/3e5ec461ecf6f5e886256b4300703ad1/$FILE/AC%20120-72.pdf
^ NTSB Study on MRM: http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/record/ntl/847.html
^ FAA MRM Results Calculator: http://www.hf.faa.gov/hfmaint/Default.aspx?tabid=372 Archived 2009-01-09 at the Wayback Machine
^ Naval Safety Center review of Coast Guard MRM: http://www.safetycenter.navy.mil/MEDIA/mech/issues/winter02/uscghfim.htm Archived 2007-12-09 at the Wayback Machine
^ U.S. Air Force Safety Center, 2003: "Fact Sheet - Air Force Safety Center". Archived from the original on 2003-06-24. Retrieved 2003-06-24.
^ Air Force MRM: "Maintenance Resource Management". Archived from the original on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
External links
Human Error Analysis of Naval Aviation Maintenance
Evolution of CRM in pdf
University of Texas Human Factors Research Project
Crew Resource Management Current Regulatory Paper pdf
Neil Krey's CRM Developers Forum
|
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Although the term MRM was used for several years following CRM's introduction, the first governmental guidance for standardized MRM training and its team-based safety approach, appeared when the FAA (U.S.) issued Advisory Circular 120-72, Maintenance Resource Management Training [1] in September, 2000.","title":"Maintenance resource management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_error"},{"link_name":"situational awareness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situational_awareness"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Like CRM, MRM training emphasizes a team approach to human error reduction using principles that seek to improve communications, situational awareness, problem solving, decision making, and teamwork. Unlike traditional coercive and hierarchical top-down safety programs, MRM advocates a decentralized, human-centric approach to safety. MRM encourages work teams to communicate vital operational risk and safety information directly and informally, regardless of rank or position, thus permitting rapid response to prevent impending crises.[2]Some variation of human factors training, whether called MRM or not, is now standard at many commercial airlines, aircraft manufacturers, and aviation-related organizations. Several commercial aviation firms, as well as international aviation safety agencies, began expanding CRM-style training into air traffic control, aircraft design, and aircraft maintenance in the 1990s. Specifically, the aircraft maintenance section of this training expansion gained traction as Maintenance Resource Management (MRM). In an effort to standardize the industry wide training of this team-based safety approach, the FAA (U.S.) issued Advisory Circular 120-72, Maintenance Resource Management Training in September, 2000, and more recently an MRM Results Evaluation Calculator.[3]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration"},{"link_name":"National Transportation Safety Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"latent errors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_human_error"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"flying wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_(military_aviation_unit)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 2002, the U.S. Coast Guard identified that maintenance error is involved in one of five Coast Guard aviation mishaps at an annual cost of $1 million.[4] In an effort to reduce those maintenance error induced mishaps, the Coast Guard created a Human Factors in Maintenance (HFIM) program. Drawing on data from the Federal Aviation Administration, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National Transportation Safety Board, and commercial airline sources, the Coast Guard finally implemented a U.S. Navy-developed variant of MRM.Following a study of aviation mishaps over the 10-year period 1992-2002, the U.S. Air Force determined that close to 18% of its aircraft mishaps were directly attributable to maintenance human error.[5] Unlike the more immediate impact of air crew error, maintenance human errors often occur long before the flight where the problems are discovered. These \"latent errors\" included such mistakes as failure to follow published aircraft manuals, lack of assertive communication among maintenance technicians, poor supervision, and improper assembly practices.In summer 2005, the Air National Guard Aviation Safety Division made the MRM program available to the Air National Guard's 88 flying wings, spread across 54 U.S. states and territories. In 2006, the Defense Safety Oversight Council (DSOC) of the U.S. Department of Defense recognized the mishap prevention value of this maintenance safety program by partially funding a variant of ANG MRM for training throughout the U.S. Air Force. This ANG initiated, DoD-funded version of MRM became known as Air Force Maintenance Resource Management, AF-MRM, and is now widely used in the U.S. Air Force.[6]","title":"MRM in military aviation"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)"},{"title":"Human factors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_factors"},{"title":"Foreign Object Damage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Object_Damage"},{"title":"Disruptive Solutions Process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_Solutions_Process"}]
|
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Chretien
|
International Socialist Organization
|
["1 Ideology","2 History","3 Publications","4 Electoral actions","5 Socialism conference","6 Notable former members","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
|
For other uses, see International Socialist Organization (disambiguation).
Political party in United States
International Socialist Organization LeaderCollective leadership(Steering Committee)FoundedMarch 12, 1977Dissolved2019HeadquartersChicagoNewspaperSocialist WorkerIdeologySocialismTrotskyismPolitical positionFar-leftInternational affiliationFourth International (permanent observer)Websitehttp://www.internationalsocialist.org/Politics of United StatesPolitical partiesElections
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The International Socialist Organization (ISO) was a Trotskyist group active primarily on college campuses in the United States that was founded in 1976 and dissolved in 2019. The organization held Leninist positions on imperialism and the role of a vanguard party. However, it did not believe that necessary conditions for a revolutionary party in the United States were met; ISO believed that it was preparing the ground for such a party. The organization held a Trotskyist critique of nominally socialist states, which it considered class societies. In contrast, the organization advocated the tradition of "socialism from below." as articulated by Hal Draper. Initially founded as a section of the International Socialist Tendency (IST), it was strongly influenced by the perspectives of Draper and Tony Cliff of the British Socialist Workers Party. It broke from the IST in 2001, but continued to exist as an independent organization for the next eighteen years. The organization advocated independence from the U.S. two-party system and sometimes supported electoral strategies by outside parties, especially the Green Party of the United States.
The organization emphasized educational work on the socialist tradition. Branches also took part in activism against the Iraq War, against police brutality, against the death penalty, and in labor strikes and other social movements. At its peak in 2013, the group had as many as 1,500 members. The organization argued that it was the largest revolutionary socialist group in the United States at that time. The ISO experienced discord in early 2019, upon exposure that its leadership mishandled an accusation of sexual assault in 2013 and voted to dissolve itself shortly afterward.
Ideology
The ISO advocated replacing the capitalist system with socialism, a system in which society's collective wealth and resources would be democratically controlled to meet human need by those who produce that wealth, i.e. the working class. The organization believed that this working-class majority could end capitalism by leveraging their power over production through mass strikes.
Supporters of ISO referred to their beliefs as 'socialism from below', a term attributed to Hal Draper. This concept can also be traced back to the rules of the First International which stated: "the emancipation of the working classes must be conquered by the working classes themselves." ISO saw this as distinguishing themselves from socialists who work within the Democratic Party and from various forms of what they disparagingly termed Stalinism — nominally socialist politics, usually associated with the former Soviet Bloc and the orthodox Communist Parties. These are seen as advocating socialism "from above". Because capitalism is a global system, the ISO argued that capitalism could not be successfully overthrown in individual countries. They agreed with Leon Trotsky that socialism in one country is an impossibility. The ISO held that the former Soviet Union and Soviet Bloc were examples of bureaucratic, class-stratified states, not socialist societies; and that the People's Republic of China and post-revolutionary Cuba had emulated this model.
Some of the political theories adopted by the ISO had been developed in the British Socialist Workers Party, including that of "state capitalism" developed by Tony Cliff, the party's founder. State capitalist theory identifies the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc as exploitative class societies driven by military competition with private Western capitalism, rather than as the "deformed workers' states" that Trotsky maintained they were in The Revolution Betrayed. The organization tended to follow Cliff's view of these governments as state capitalist, although not all members held this analysis. After the split with the International Socialist Tendency in 2001, this particular characterization became less strict.
Following Vladimir Lenin, the organization believed the creation of a revolutionary workers' party was necessary in coordinating and building the power of a revolutionary working-class vanguard. However, ISO believed that the historical conditions in the United States were insufficient for the existence of such a vanguard party. For this reason, the organization saw itself as a preliminary group that could help to win reforms and raise consciousness until such time that a revolutionary party could be formed. Nonetheless, it aimed for a Leninist principle of democratic centralism in its internal deliberation process. The ISO emphasized the training of cadre, seasoned and educated militants. In theory, these cadre would build the organization as well as engaging in movement work, and would someday cooperate with other groups in order to build a new vanguard party.
The ISO supported struggles for economic, political, and social reforms while also maintaining that exploitation, oppression, war, and environmental destruction could not be eliminated until the overthrow of capitalism and its replacement with socialism.
The organization offered critical support to national liberation movements. Most notably, the organization advocated solidarity with Palestine and supported the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement. ISO also supported Syrian revolutionary groups against Bashar al-Assad.
The organization advocated the right of gays and lesbians to marry as well as social validation of transgender identities. In the final years of its existence, the organization was more strongly aligned with socialist feminist ideas and particularly Black feminism and intersectionality.
Philosophically, the organization defended the orthodox Marxist tradition from postmodernism. ISO was somewhat open to Western Marxist and Marxist humanist thinkers.
History
The ISO originated in 1976 among groups in the American International Socialists (IS) that were growing increasingly critical of the organization's leadership. Among them was the self-identified Left Faction, which was led by Cal and Barbara Winslow and supported by the IS's Canadian and British members. The Left Faction and its international supporters maintained that the IS's leadership had acquired a top-down style of operating that depoliticized the organization and placed too much emphasis on sending student activists into working class employment (a tactic referred to as "industrialization"). These disputes followed the disagreements over the 1974 revolution in Portugal. Additionally, the main part of IS thought that there should be attention to rank and file or reform caucuses in unions, whereas the Left Faction contended that in addition to rank and file work, agitation at the workplace for socialism should continue. On March 12, 1977, the Left Faction was expelled from the IS and immediately formed the International Socialist Organization. The ISO began publication of its paper, Socialist Worker, shortly after its formation and produced a monthly print version and, later, a daily updated website until 2019. The ISO was initially the U.S. section of the International Socialist Tendency (IST), and followed closely the positions of the British Socialist Workers Party (SWP).
By 1991, ISO had about 150 members. In 1995, the organization launched a Campaign to End the Death Penalty in San Francisco. ISO also took part in the United Parcel Service strike of 1997.
In 2001, the ISO was expelled from the IST after a dispute with the British SWP. This dispute was framed by the SWP as a critique of the ISO's conservative approach to the anti-globalization movement. The ISO disputed this claim and criticized the SWP for maintaining what the ISO viewed as an exaggerated perspective for the 1990s, which the SWP characterized as "the 1930s in slow motion". However, the organization continued to grow. Juan Cruz Ferre writes, "The ISO famously managed to thrive during the worst years of neoliberalism and working-class retreat."
The organization organized and took part in protests against the Iraq War, became involved in the Campus Antiwar Network and cooperated with Iraq Veterans Against the War.
By 2009, members argued that it was "by far the largest socialist organisation in the United States today, attracting to revolutionary ideas a much larger number of young activists than any of the others." Four years later, an outside observer estimated that the organization had "at least 1,500 members." The ISO also helped to organize the Chicago Teachers Union strike of 2012, which it characterized as an example of a new era of Social movement unionism.
Even after the split with the IST, ISO continued to receive informal guidance from leaders of the UK SWP, such as Chris Harman. The relationship deteriorated further, however, after Harman's death and the 2013 crisis in the UK SWP. The ISO sharply rebuked Alex Callinicos for his "bureaucratic tendencies" in maintaining control in the fallout of a rape allegation. Ironically, a similar situation led to the dissolution of the ISO six years later.
At this time, the organization also became somewhat more open to ideas outside the tradition inaugurated by Cliff. In 2013, Richard Seymour observed a "lack of a set of 'lines'". He wrote, "I know ISO members who are straightforwardly 'state cap', others who are 'bureaucratic collectivist'. I know members who are 'Political Marxists', others who are more orthodox ... This is a far more diverse ecology inside one organisation than I have been used to." This period of openness led to controversy. While some commentators viewed this positively, others claimed that the organization remained sectarian. For example, Jeffrey St. Clair wrote in CounterPunch that ISO had become less socialist in membership and identification, and opined that they were more concerned with "lash out at nearly every popular uprising of the last 50 years for being doctrinally impure, from the Cuban Revolution to the Zapatistas, from the protests at the WTO to the Bolivarian Revolution".
In November 2013, nine members of the ISO, mostly in Providence and Boston, announced the formation of the ISO Renewal Faction, resulting in the organization's first national-level faction fight since the dispute with the British SWP. The faction claimed that the ISO was going through an organizational and political crisis and that members critical of the leadership had been "bureaucratically excluded". The ISO leadership denied these claims, stating that "the ISO is more experienced and more engaged than ever". In February 2014, the ISO expelled the Renewal Faction. The following month, the organization's student branch at Brown University resigned, citing the expulsion of the faction as an indication that the organization had "shown itself to be undemocratic." Beginning in 2017, many of ISO's cadre began to resign in order to join Democratic Socialists of America.
In the mid-2010s, the organization became involved in the new campus anti-rape movement, associated with figures such as Emma Sulkowicz. In 2017, ISO members strongly supported the Me Too movement. The organization began to embrace theoretical influences from intersectional feminism at this time.
At the ISO's 2019 convention, much of the long-time leadership of the organization was voted out of office over concerns about "unaccountable leadership structures and a damaging internal culture that had a disproportionate impact on people of color and others with oppressed identities." Soon after, an allegation of rape that occurred in 2013 surfaced against a newly elected leader. It was soon revealed that the leadership at the time forced the national appeals committee of the ISO to overturn an earlier finding of rape in order to clear the accused. The ISO was thrown into crisis, with up to a third of the membership resigning and several local branches disaffiliating. After several weeks of debate, the ISO membership voted on March 28, 2019 to dissolve itself.
Publications
The ISO published a daily online and monthly print newspaper, Socialist Worker, with a bi-monthly Spanish language supplement, Obrero Socialista. The ISO also distributed the International Socialist Review and titles from the publishing house Haymarket Books, both of which were run by the non-profit Center for Economic Research and Social Change.
Electoral actions
The ISO participated in several local and national progressive movements. These include the antiwar movement, efforts to end the death penalty, support for gay marriage and abortion rights as well as the struggle for immigration rights, among others.
The ISO did not support the Republican Party or Democratic Party, both of which it viewed as political representatives of corporate power. However, the group campaigned for the Green Party in electoral races and assisted Ralph Nader's presidential campaigns in 2000 and 2004. In California in 2006, ISO member Todd Chretien ran against Dianne Feinstein for the Senate seat on the Green Party ticket, receiving 139,425 votes (1.8 percent). In 2013, the ISO endorsed Socialist Alternative's Kshama Sawant in her successful Seattle City Council election.
Socialism conference
The ISO was the co-sponsor, along with the Center for Economic Research and Social Change, of an annual conference titled Socialism. Speakers at past Socialism conferences include filmmaker and author Tariq Ali, actors Wallace Shawn and John Cusack, The Nation writers Jeremy Scahill and Dave Zirin, journalists Amy Goodman, Glenn Greenwald, scholar Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, environmental writer John Bellamy Foster, science-fiction author China Miéville, Iraq Veterans Against the War member Camilo Mejía, Palestinian rights activists Omar Barghouti and Ali Abunimah.
Notable former members
Paul Le Blanc, activist and historian
Brian Jones, schoolteacher, activist, actor and 2014 Green Party of New York nominee for Lieutenant Governor
Nancy MacLean, historian and National Book Award finalist
Michael Letwin, public defender
Jesse Sharkey, president of the Chicago Teachers Union
Sharon Smith, journalist, author and women's rights activist
Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, sociologist and activist
Dave Zirin, sports writer
Ahmed Shawki, influential Steering Committee member and author
See also
International Socialists
List of Trotskyist internationals
Workers' council
References
^ a b "The ISO's vote to dissolve and what comes next". International Socialist Organization. 2 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
^ Hal Draper: The Two Souls of Socialism, 1966.
^ a b "The ISO's multiple personalities". 7 July 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
^ Bernard, Sara (27 February 2017). "So You Wanna Be a Socialist? In Seattle, You've Got Options". Seattle Weekly. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
^ Building a Revolutionary Socialist Alternative, InternationalSocialists.org
^ Rules of the International Workingmen's Association (accessed 2008-05-29)
^ Cliff, Tony (1974). State Capitalism in Russia. Bookmarks. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
^ a b "Paul Le Blanc -- Why I'm joining the US International Socialist Organization: Intensifying the struggle for social change - Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal". links.org.au. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
^ "What kind of party do we need?". SocialistWorker.org. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
^ Where We Stand, SocialistWorker.org
^ a b Smith, Sharon. "Black feminism and intersectionality - International Socialist Review". isreview.org. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
^ a b "A Marxist case for intersectionality". SocialistWorker.org. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
^ Lee Sustar, "Toward a renewal of the labor movement", "International Socialist Review" No. 89, July 2013 http://isreview.org/issue/89/toward-renewal-labor-movement
^ Fisk, Milton (1977). Socialism From Below in the US: Origins of the ISO. Hera Press. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
^ "Celebrating our 500th". Socialist Worker. 2002-02-01. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
^ "The ISO on Cliff on Trotsky on substitutionism (what a lousy title)". 5 April 2019. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
^ "Why I voted to dissolve the ISO". 31 March 2019. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ Ted Crawford, "Split in the IST" Archived 2007-10-13 at the Wayback Machine, What Next?, No. 19, 2001. (accessed 2008-06-26)
^ "The ISO (US) and the International Socialist Tendency" Archived 2012-03-17 at the Wayback Machine, What Next?, No. 19, 2001. (accessed 2012-2-12)
^ SWP Central committee, "Statement on Relations Between the SWP (GB) and the ISO (US)" Archived 2007-10-13 at the Wayback Machine, What Next?, No. 19, 2001. (accessed 2008-06-26)
^ a b "We Need More Leninism, Not Less". 4 May 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
^ "Why I voted to dissolve the ISO". 31 March 2019. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
^ "The Crisis and Collapse of the International Socialist Organization". New Militant. 7 April 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
^ "The meaning of social justice unionism".
^ "A powerful voice for international socialism". SocialistWorker.org. 9 November 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
^ "The SWP crisis and Leninism".
^ "LENIN'S TOMB: Socialism 2013". Retrieved 8 August 2023.
^ The Merchants of Shame, Counterpunch, 31 May 2013
^ ISO Renewal Faction, "Announcement of the ISO Renewal Faction" (accessed 2014-02-02)
^ ISO Renewal Faction, "The organizational crisis and its political roots" (accessed 2014-02-02)
^ ISO Renewal Faction, "In defense of our comrades" (accessed 2014-02-02)
^ Eric Ruder and Alan Maass "The challenges facing socialists today", SocialistWorker.org, 2013-11-20 (accessed 2014-02-02)
^ ISO Renewal Faction, "We are Expelled" (accessed 2014-02-22)
^ Socialism, R. I. "Brown ISO: Statement of Resignation - RISocialism.org". Retrieved 2 April 2019.
^ "Moving rape out of the shadows at Columbia".
^ "The power of #MeToo".
^ "A message to our readers". SocialistWorker.org. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
^ "Letter to the ISO membership". SocialistWorker.org. 15 March 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
^ "What socialists can learn from #MeToo". SocialistWorker.org. 20 March 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
^ "A new era for Socialist Worker". SocialistWorker.org. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
^ Consortium Book Sales & Distribution | Publisher Information Archived 2007-06-11 at the Wayback Machine. (accessed 2008-06-26)
^ "SF State Students Hold Rally, Counter Marine Recruiters" Archived 2008-02-12 at the Wayback Machine, October 26, 2006, Campus Antiwar Network website.(accessed 2008-06-26)
^ "Protesting Bush's Execution Machine", The New Abolitionist, Issue 20, July 2001. (accessed 2008-06-26)
^ Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine "SGN Exclusive Interview: Sherry Wolf speaks on the National March"], Seattle Gay News, Volume 37 Issue 45, 6 November 2009.
^ "Before Mayor Mike's Meeting With LGBT Leaders, A Rally Outside City Hall Last Night" Archived 2012-01-30 at the Wayback Machine, Dallas Observer, 28 January 2012 (accessed 2012-2-12)
^ "Activists defend Madison clinic", Socialist Worker, Issue 690, 9 February 2009.
^ "Barnard/Columbia International Socialist Organization History" Last update 19 March 2007, visited 18 December 2009.
^ "The Green Party: offering a real challenge to business as usual, or just Capitalism Lite?", Freedom Socialist, Volume 27, Issue 6, December 2006 - January 2007.
^ California Secretary of State, Supplement to Statement of Vote - United States Senator - Statewide Summary" Archived 2008-06-26 at the Wayback Machine, Statement of Vote, 2006 General Election, at www.sos.ca.gov website. (accessed 2008-06-26), "United States Senator; Green Party Election Information June 6, 2006 Election", at www.smartvoter.org website. (accessed 2008-06-26)
^ "A socialist on the Seattle City Council?". SocialistWorker.org. 31 October 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
^ SocialismConference.org website.
^ “Ideas for changing the world”, SocialistWorker.org, 22 June 2010.
^ “Socialism offers the alternative”, SocialistWorker.org, 24 June 2008.
^ MacLean stated she has been "politically active in the International Socialist Organization since 1980." Steven Freiss, "War thrusted some students, profs from apathy to activism" Daily Northwestern, January 16, 1992
^ "Guide to the Michael Letwin Papers TAM.464". dlib.nyu.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
^ "Ahmed Shawki (1960–2023)". internationalviewpoint.org/. Retrieved 2024-06-01.
Further reading
International Socialist Organization Members' Toolkit. International Socialist Organization. February 2012.
External links
International Socialist Organization official website.
Socialist Worker website. ISO's official organ.
International Socialist Review website. ISO's theoretical magazine.
Haymarket Books website. ISO's publishing house.
"Socialism" Conference website. Annual conference sponsored by the ISO.
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The organization held Leninist positions on imperialism and the role of a vanguard party. However, it did not believe that necessary conditions for a revolutionary party in the United States were met; ISO believed that it was preparing the ground for such a party. The organization held a Trotskyist critique of nominally socialist states, which it considered class societies. In contrast, the organization advocated the tradition of \"socialism from below.\" as articulated by Hal Draper.[2] Initially founded as a section of the International Socialist Tendency (IST), it was strongly influenced by the perspectives of Draper and Tony Cliff of the British Socialist Workers Party. It broke from the IST in 2001, but continued to exist as an independent organization for the next eighteen years. The organization advocated independence from the U.S. two-party system and sometimes supported electoral strategies by outside parties, especially the Green Party of the United States.The organization emphasized educational work on the socialist tradition. Branches also took part in activism against the Iraq War, against police brutality, against the death penalty, and in labor strikes and other social movements. At its peak in 2013, the group had as many as 1,500 members.[3] The organization argued that it was the largest revolutionary socialist group in the United States at that time.[4] The ISO experienced discord in early 2019, upon exposure that its leadership mishandled an accusation of sexual assault in 2013 and voted to dissolve itself shortly afterward.","title":"International Socialist Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capitalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"working class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hal Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Draper"},{"link_name":"First International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_International"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Stalinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalinism"},{"link_name":"Soviet Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Bloc"},{"link_name":"Leon Trotsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky"},{"link_name":"socialism in one country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_in_One_Country"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"state capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_capitalism"},{"link_name":"Tony Cliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Cliff"},{"link_name":"deformed workers' states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformed_workers%27_states"},{"link_name":"The Revolution Betrayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cliff-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-links.org.au-8"},{"link_name":"International Socialist Tendency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Socialist_Tendency"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"vanguard party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguardism"},{"link_name":"democratic centralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_centralism"},{"link_name":"cadre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadre_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SW-10"},{"link_name":"national liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_liberation"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions"},{"link_name":"Bashar al-Assad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"socialist feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_feminist"},{"link_name":"Black feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_feminism"},{"link_name":"intersectionality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersectionality"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-12"},{"link_name":"orthodox Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism"},{"link_name":"postmodernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism"},{"link_name":"Western Marxist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Marxism"},{"link_name":"Marxist humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_Humanism"}],"text":"The ISO advocated replacing the capitalist system with socialism, a system in which society's collective wealth and resources would be democratically controlled to meet human need by those who produce that wealth, i.e. the working class. The organization believed that this working-class majority could end capitalism by leveraging their power over production through mass strikes.[5]Supporters of ISO referred to their beliefs as 'socialism from below', a term attributed to Hal Draper. This concept can also be traced back to the rules of the First International which stated: \"the emancipation of the working classes must be conquered by the working classes themselves.\"[6] ISO saw this as distinguishing themselves from socialists who work within the Democratic Party and from various forms of what they disparagingly termed Stalinism — nominally socialist politics, usually associated with the former Soviet Bloc and the orthodox Communist Parties. These are seen as advocating socialism \"from above\". Because capitalism is a global system, the ISO argued that capitalism could not be successfully overthrown in individual countries. They agreed with Leon Trotsky that socialism in one country is an impossibility. The ISO held that the former Soviet Union and Soviet Bloc were examples of bureaucratic, class-stratified states, not socialist societies; and that the People's Republic of China and post-revolutionary Cuba had emulated this model.Some of the political theories adopted by the ISO had been developed in the British Socialist Workers Party, including that of \"state capitalism\" developed by Tony Cliff, the party's founder. State capitalist theory identifies the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc as exploitative class societies driven by military competition with private Western capitalism, rather than as the \"deformed workers' states\" that Trotsky maintained they were in The Revolution Betrayed.[7] The organization tended to follow Cliff's view of these governments as state capitalist, although not all members held this analysis.[8] After the split with the International Socialist Tendency in 2001, this particular characterization became less strict.Following Vladimir Lenin, the organization believed the creation of a revolutionary workers' party was necessary in coordinating and building the power of a revolutionary working-class vanguard. However, ISO believed that the historical conditions in the United States were insufficient for the existence of such a vanguard party. For this reason, the organization saw itself as a preliminary group that could help to win reforms and raise consciousness until such time that a revolutionary party could be formed. Nonetheless, it aimed for a Leninist principle of democratic centralism in its internal deliberation process. The ISO emphasized the training of cadre, seasoned and educated militants.[9] In theory, these cadre would build the organization as well as engaging in movement work, and would someday cooperate with other groups in order to build a new vanguard party.The ISO supported struggles for economic, political, and social reforms while also maintaining that exploitation, oppression, war, and environmental destruction could not be eliminated until the overthrow of capitalism and its replacement with socialism.[10]The organization offered critical support to national liberation movements. Most notably, the organization advocated solidarity with Palestine and supported the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement. ISO also supported Syrian revolutionary groups against Bashar al-Assad.The organization advocated the right of gays and lesbians to marry as well as social validation of transgender identities. In the final years of its existence, the organization was more strongly aligned with socialist feminist ideas and particularly Black feminism and intersectionality.[11][12]Philosophically, the organization defended the orthodox Marxist tradition from postmodernism. ISO was somewhat open to Western Marxist and Marxist humanist thinkers.","title":"Ideology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Socialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Socialists_(US)"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Socialists_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(Britain)"},{"link_name":"1974 revolution in Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fisk-14"},{"link_name":"Socialist Worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Worker#United_States"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"International Socialist Tendency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Socialist_Tendency"},{"link_name":"Socialist Workers Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Campaign to End the Death Penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_to_End_the_Death_Penalty"},{"link_name":"United Parcel Service strike of 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Parcel_Service_strike_of_1997"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"anti-globalization movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"neoliberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalism"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leftvoice.org-21"},{"link_name":"protests against the Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Campus Antiwar Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_Antiwar_Network"},{"link_name":"Iraq Veterans Against the War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Veterans_Against_the_War"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-links.org.au-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-louisproyect.org-3"},{"link_name":"Chicago Teachers Union strike of 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Teachers_Union#2012_strike"},{"link_name":"Social movement unionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement_unionism"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Chris Harman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Harman"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"crisis in the UK SWP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(UK)#Internal_crisis_in_2013%E2%80%932014_over_allegations_of_rape"},{"link_name":"Alex Callinicos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Callinicos"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Richard Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Seymour_(21st-century_writer)"},{"link_name":"bureaucratic collectivist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucratic_collectivism"},{"link_name":"Political Marxists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Marxism"},{"link_name":"orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey St. Clair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_St._Clair"},{"link_name":"CounterPunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CounterPunch"},{"link_name":"Cuban Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Zapatistas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation"},{"link_name":"protests at the WTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests"},{"link_name":"Bolivarian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StClair-28"},{"link_name":"Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Democratic Socialists of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leftvoice.org-21"},{"link_name":"anti-rape movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-rape_movement"},{"link_name":"Emma Sulkowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Sulkowicz"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Me Too movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_Too_movement"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"intersectional feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersectionality"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-12"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dissolve-1"}],"text":"The ISO originated in 1976 among groups in the American International Socialists (IS) that were growing increasingly critical of the organization's leadership. Among them was the self-identified Left Faction, which was led by Cal and Barbara Winslow and supported by the IS's Canadian and British members. The Left Faction and its international supporters maintained that the IS's leadership had acquired a top-down style of operating that depoliticized the organization and placed too much emphasis on sending student activists into working class employment (a tactic referred to as \"industrialization\"). These disputes followed the disagreements over the 1974 revolution in Portugal. Additionally, the main part of IS thought that there should be attention to rank and file or reform caucuses in unions, whereas the Left Faction contended that in addition to rank and file work, agitation at the workplace for socialism should continue.[13] On March 12, 1977, the Left Faction was expelled from the IS and immediately formed the International Socialist Organization.[14] The ISO began publication of its paper, Socialist Worker, shortly after its formation and produced a monthly print version and, later, a daily updated website until 2019.[15] The ISO was initially the U.S. section of the International Socialist Tendency (IST), and followed closely the positions of the British Socialist Workers Party (SWP).By 1991, ISO had about 150 members.[16] In 1995, the organization launched a Campaign to End the Death Penalty in San Francisco. ISO also took part in the United Parcel Service strike of 1997.[17]In 2001, the ISO was expelled from the IST after a dispute with the British SWP. This dispute was framed by the SWP as a critique of the ISO's conservative approach to the anti-globalization movement.[18] The ISO disputed this claim and criticized the SWP for maintaining what the ISO viewed as an exaggerated perspective for the 1990s,[19] which the SWP characterized as \"the 1930s in slow motion\".[20] However, the organization continued to grow. Juan Cruz Ferre writes, \"The ISO famously managed to thrive during the worst years of neoliberalism and working-class retreat.\"[21]The organization organized and took part in protests against the Iraq War, became involved in the Campus Antiwar Network and cooperated with Iraq Veterans Against the War.[22]By 2009, members argued that it was \"by far the largest socialist organisation in the United States today, attracting to revolutionary ideas a much larger number of young activists than any of the others.\"[8] Four years later, an outside observer estimated that the organization had \"at least 1,500 members.\"[3] The ISO also helped to organize the Chicago Teachers Union strike of 2012, which it characterized as an example of a new era of Social movement unionism.[23][24]Even after the split with the IST, ISO continued to receive informal guidance from leaders of the UK SWP, such as Chris Harman.[25] The relationship deteriorated further, however, after Harman's death and the 2013 crisis in the UK SWP. The ISO sharply rebuked Alex Callinicos for his \"bureaucratic tendencies\" in maintaining control in the fallout of a rape allegation.[26] Ironically, a similar situation led to the dissolution of the ISO six years later.At this time, the organization also became somewhat more open to ideas outside the tradition inaugurated by Cliff. In 2013, Richard Seymour observed a \"lack of a set of 'lines'\". He wrote, \"I know ISO members who are straightforwardly 'state cap', others who are 'bureaucratic collectivist'. I know members who are 'Political Marxists', others who are more orthodox ... This is a far more diverse ecology inside one organisation than I have been used to.\"[27] This period of openness led to controversy. While some commentators viewed this positively, others claimed that the organization remained sectarian. For example, Jeffrey St. Clair wrote in CounterPunch that ISO had become less socialist in membership and identification, and opined that they were more concerned with \"lash[ing] out at nearly every popular uprising of the last 50 years for being doctrinally impure, from the Cuban Revolution to the Zapatistas, from the protests at the WTO to the Bolivarian Revolution\".[28]In November 2013, nine members of the ISO, mostly in Providence and Boston, announced the formation of the ISO Renewal Faction,[29] resulting in the organization's first national-level faction fight since the dispute with the British SWP. The faction claimed that the ISO was going through an organizational and political crisis[30] and that members critical of the leadership had been \"bureaucratically excluded\".[31] The ISO leadership denied these claims, stating that \"the ISO is more experienced and more engaged than ever\".[32] In February 2014, the ISO expelled the Renewal Faction.[33] The following month, the organization's student branch at Brown University resigned, citing the expulsion of the faction as an indication that the organization had \"shown itself to be undemocratic.\"[34] Beginning in 2017, many of ISO's cadre began to resign in order to join Democratic Socialists of America.[21]In the mid-2010s, the organization became involved in the new campus anti-rape movement, associated with figures such as Emma Sulkowicz.[35] In 2017, ISO members strongly supported the Me Too movement.[36] The organization began to embrace theoretical influences from intersectional feminism at this time.[11][12]At the ISO's 2019 convention, much of the long-time leadership of the organization was voted out of office over concerns about \"unaccountable leadership structures and a damaging internal culture that had a disproportionate impact on people of color and others with oppressed identities.\"[37][38] Soon after, an allegation of rape that occurred in 2013 surfaced against a newly elected leader. It was soon revealed that the leadership at the time forced the national appeals committee of the ISO to overturn an earlier finding of rape in order to clear the accused.[39] The ISO was thrown into crisis, with up to a third of the membership resigning and several local branches disaffiliating. After several weeks of debate, the ISO membership voted on March 28, 2019 to dissolve itself.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Socialist Worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Worker"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Haymarket Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket_Books"},{"link_name":"Center for Economic Research and Social Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Economic_Research_and_Social_Change"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"The ISO published a daily online and monthly print newspaper, Socialist Worker, with a bi-monthly Spanish language supplement, Obrero Socialista.[40] The ISO also distributed the International Socialist Review and titles from the publishing house Haymarket Books, both of which were run by the non-profit Center for Economic Research and Social Change.[41]","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"struggle for immigration rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_U.S._immigration_reform_protests"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ralph Nader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Nader"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_California"},{"link_name":"Dianne Feinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Socialist Alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Kshama Sawant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshama_Sawant"},{"link_name":"Seattle City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"The ISO participated in several local and national progressive movements. These include the antiwar movement,[42] efforts to end the death penalty,[43] support for gay marriage[44][45] and abortion rights[46] as well as the struggle for immigration rights,[47] among others.The ISO did not support the Republican Party or Democratic Party, both of which it viewed as political representatives of corporate power. However, the group campaigned for the Green Party in electoral races and assisted Ralph Nader's presidential campaigns in 2000 and 2004.[48] In California in 2006, ISO member Todd Chretien ran against Dianne Feinstein for the Senate seat on the Green Party ticket, receiving 139,425 votes (1.8 percent).[49] In 2013, the ISO endorsed Socialist Alternative's Kshama Sawant in her successful Seattle City Council election.[50]","title":"Electoral actions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Tariq Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Ali"},{"link_name":"Wallace Shawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Shawn"},{"link_name":"John Cusack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cusack"},{"link_name":"The Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nation"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Scahill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Scahill"},{"link_name":"Dave Zirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Zirin"},{"link_name":"Amy Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Glenn Greenwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Greenwald"},{"link_name":"Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeanga-Yamahtta_Taylor"},{"link_name":"John Bellamy Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bellamy_Foster"},{"link_name":"China Miéville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Mi%C3%A9ville"},{"link_name":"Camilo Mejía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilo_Mej%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Omar Barghouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Barghouti"},{"link_name":"Ali Abunimah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Abunimah"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"The ISO was the co-sponsor, along with the Center for Economic Research and Social Change, of an annual conference titled Socialism.[51] Speakers at past Socialism conferences include filmmaker and author Tariq Ali, actors Wallace Shawn and John Cusack, The Nation writers Jeremy Scahill and Dave Zirin, journalists Amy Goodman, Glenn Greenwald, scholar Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, environmental writer John Bellamy Foster, science-fiction author China Miéville, Iraq Veterans Against the War member Camilo Mejía, Palestinian rights activists Omar Barghouti and Ali Abunimah.[52][53]","title":"Socialism conference"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Le Blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Le_Blanc_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Brian Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Jones_(activist)"},{"link_name":"Nancy MacLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_MacLean"},{"link_name":"National Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Award"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Michael Letwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Letwin"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Jesse Sharkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Sharkey"},{"link_name":"Chicago Teachers Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Teachers_Union"},{"link_name":"Sharon Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Smith_(writer)"},{"link_name":"women's rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights"},{"link_name":"Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeanga-Yamahtta_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Dave Zirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Zirin"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"text":"Paul Le Blanc, activist and historian\nBrian Jones, schoolteacher, activist, actor and 2014 Green Party of New York nominee for Lieutenant Governor\nNancy MacLean, historian and National Book Award finalist[54]\nMichael Letwin, public defender[55]\nJesse Sharkey, president of the Chicago Teachers Union\nSharon Smith, journalist, author and women's rights activist\nKeeanga-Yamahtta Taylor, sociologist and activist\nDave Zirin, sports writer\nAhmed Shawki, influential Steering Committee member and author[56]","title":"Notable former members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Socialist Organization Members' Toolkit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/1202IsoMemberstoolkit"}],"text":"International Socialist Organization Members' Toolkit. International Socialist Organization. February 2012.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"International Socialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Socialists_(United_States)"},{"title":"List of Trotskyist internationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Trotskyist_internationals"},{"title":"Workers' council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_council"}]
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[{"reference":"\"The ISO's vote to dissolve and what comes next\". International Socialist Organization. 2 April 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://socialistworker.org/2019/04/02/the-isos-vote-to-dissolve-and-what-comes-next","url_text":"\"The ISO's vote to dissolve and what comes next\""}]},{"reference":"\"The ISO's multiple personalities\". 7 July 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://louisproyect.org/2013/07/07/the-isos-multiple-personalities/","url_text":"\"The ISO's multiple personalities\""}]},{"reference":"Bernard, Sara (27 February 2017). \"So You Wanna Be a Socialist? In Seattle, You've Got Options\". Seattle Weekly. Retrieved 6 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seattleweekly.com/news/so-you-wanna-be-a-socialist-in-seattle-youve-got-options/","url_text":"\"So You Wanna Be a Socialist? In Seattle, You've Got Options\""}]},{"reference":"Cliff, Tony (1974). State Capitalism in Russia. Bookmarks. Retrieved 2008-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1955/statecap/index.htm","url_text":"State Capitalism in Russia"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Le Blanc -- Why I'm joining the US International Socialist Organization: Intensifying the struggle for social change - Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal\". links.org.au. Retrieved 6 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://links.org.au/node/1323","url_text":"\"Paul Le Blanc -- Why I'm joining the US International Socialist Organization: Intensifying the struggle for social change - Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal\""}]},{"reference":"\"What kind of party do we need?\". SocialistWorker.org. Retrieved 6 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://socialistworker.org/2011/12/02/what-kind-of-party-do-we-need","url_text":"\"What kind of party do we need?\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Sharon. \"Black feminism and intersectionality - International Socialist Review\". isreview.org. Retrieved 2 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://isreview.org/issue/91/black-feminism-and-intersectionality","url_text":"\"Black feminism and intersectionality - International Socialist Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Marxist case for intersectionality\". SocialistWorker.org. Retrieved 2 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://socialistworker.org/2017/08/01/a-marxist-case-for-intersectionality","url_text":"\"A Marxist case for intersectionality\""}]},{"reference":"Fisk, Milton (1977). Socialism From Below in the US: Origins of the ISO. Hera Press. Retrieved 2008-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marxists.de/trotism/fisk/ch7.htm","url_text":"Socialism From Below in the US: Origins of the ISO"}]},{"reference":"\"Celebrating our 500th\". Socialist Worker. 2002-02-01. 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Retrieved 3 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190403135717/https://revolutionary-socialist.org/2019/03/31/why-i-voted-to-dissolve-the-iso/","url_text":"\"Why I voted to dissolve the ISO\""},{"url":"https://revolutionary-socialist.org/2019/03/31/why-i-voted-to-dissolve-the-iso/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"We Need More Leninism, Not Less\". 4 May 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leftvoice.org/we-need-more-leninism-not-less","url_text":"\"We Need More Leninism, Not Less\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why I voted to dissolve the ISO\". 31 March 2019. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Cartoon_Art
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National Cartoon Museum
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["1 History","2 Collection","3 William Randolph Hearst Cartoon Hall of Fame","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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American museum dedicated to cartoons, comic strips and animation
Not to be confused with The Cartoon Museum or Cartoon Art Museum.
National Cartoon MuseumIllustration of the museum during its Port Chester era.Established1974Dissolved2002LocationAs the Museum of Cartoon Art:Stamford, Connecticut,then Greenwich, Connecticutthen Port Chester, New York;As National Cartoon Museum/International Museum of Cartoon Art:Boca Raton, FloridaTypeThe collection, preservation and exhibition of cartoons, comic strips and animationCollection size200,000 original drawings20,000 comic books1000 hours of film and tapeCuratorGary Hood (1996)
The National Cartoon Museum was an American museum dedicated to the collection, preservation and exhibition of cartoons, comic strips and animation. It was the brainchild of Mort Walker, creator of Beetle Bailey. The museum opened in 1974, and went through several name changes, relocations, and temporary closures, before finally closing for good in 2002.
Originally known as the Museum of Cartoon Art, the name was changed to the National Cartoon Museum when it moved to Boca Raton, Florida, in 1992. In 1996, it became the International Museum of Cartoon Art.
In June 2008, Walker's collection was merged with the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, affiliated with Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio.
History
brochure from the 1996–2002 period
Walker began preserving cartoon artwork in the 1940s, when he discovered King Features Syndicate using Krazy Kat drawings to sop up water leaks. Walker lived in Greenwich, Connecticut, and in 1974, with a contribution of $50,000 from the Hearst Foundation, he opened his museum nearby at 850 Canal Street in Stamford, Connecticut. Two years later, the landlord decided he could rent the mansion for more, forcing a move to a space on Field Point Road in Greenwich, Connecticut. Later, the museum occupied Ward's Castle, a large, dilapidated house in Port Chester, New York.
In late 1991 the city of Boca Raton, Florida invited Walker to relocate there, and the museum prepared to move in 1992.
While working to re-open, the museum was robbed of Dick Tracy and Prince Valiant originals, as well as some Disney animation cels. After acquiring more funding, and a donation of Disney art from Diamond Comic Distributors' Steve Geppi, the newly minted International Museum of Cartoon Art finally opened the doors to its new facility in 1996. Gary Hood was appointed director of curatorial affairs.
However, the museum did not attract enough donations and two corporate sponsors went bankrupt. In 1998, the Hearst Foundation again stepped in, giving the museum $1 million. Nonetheless, to pay off some of the debts (including outstanding mortgage payments), Walker auctioned off a Mickey Mouse drawing in 2001 for $700,000. It was not enough, however; the museum was forced to close in 2002, and the collection was put into storage.
An attempt was made to relocate to three floors of the Empire State Building in New York City in 2007, but the deal fell through for reasons that are disputed. Walker finally accepted an offer to merge his collection with that of Ohio State University in 2008.
Collection
The collection includes over 200,000 original drawings, 20,000 comic books, 1000 hours of film and tape, and various other items. It consists almost entirely of donations from artists, including Chester Gould (Dick Tracy), Hal Foster (Prince Valiant), Bil Keane (Family Circus), political cartoonist Jeff MacNelly, Mike Peters (Mother Goose and Grimm), Milton Caniff (Terry and the Pirates), Dik Browne (Hägar the Horrible), Stan Lee (Spider-Man), Rube Goldberg and others. According to the curators, it is valued at an estimated $20 million. Among its prized possessions is the first drawing of Mickey Mouse, by Ub Iwerks for the character's film debut in Plane Crazy (1928).
William Randolph Hearst Cartoon Hall of Fame
Begun in 1974, the Hall of Fame was renamed the William Randolph Hearst Cartoon Hall of Fame in 1997 after a sponsorship was provided by the Hearst Foundation. The 31 inductees, chosen by non-cartoonist authorities, are:
Peter Arno
Carl Barks
Dik Browne
Milton Caniff
Al Capp
Roy Crane
Billy DeBeck
Rudolph Dirks
Walt Disney
Will Eisner
Bud Fisher
Harold Foster
Charles Dana Gibson
Rube Goldberg
Chester Gould
Harold Gray
Cathy Guisewite
George Herriman
Lynn Johnston
Chuck Jones
Walt Kelly
Winsor McCay
George McManus
Thomas Nast
Frederick Opper
Richard Outcault
Alex Raymond
Charles Schulz
Elzie Segar
Jimmy Swinnerton
Mort Walker
Chic Young
See also
Bill Blackbeard
Fred Waring Cartoon Collection
References
^ Mort Walker website. Accessed Jan. 29, 2014.
^ Charla, Steve."International Museum of Cartoon Art," Animation World Magazine issue 2.11 (Feb. 1998).
^ a b c d e f Mary Pilon (July 16, 2008). "Beetle Bailey's Long March: Classic Cartoons Search for a Home". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
^ "Greenwich Roundup," B Local Network (Apr. 17, 2008).
^ "Newswatch: Cartoon Museum Flies South," The Comics Journal #147 (Dec. 1991), p. 18.
^ "Newswatch: Museum Move Hits a Snag," The Comics Journal #148 (Feb. 1992), p. 21.
^ "Newswatch: Museum Seeks Help in Art Heist," The Comics Journal #157 (Mar. 1993), p. 34.
^ "NewsWatch: Funds Needed for Comics Museum," The Comics Journal #154 (Nov. 1992), p. 24.
^ "Newswatch: Geppi Donates Disney Art to IMCA," The Comics Journal #175 (Mar. 1995), p. 29.
^ "Newswatch: More IMCA News: Groundbreaking Held," The Comics Journal #175 (Mar. 1995), p. 29.
^ Newswatch: International Museum of Cartoon Art Opens," The Comics Journal #185 (Mar. 1996), pp. 20-21.
^ "Newswatch: New Curator at IMCA," The Comics Journal #184 (Feb. 1996), p. 47.
^ Stump, Greg. "Newswatch: Comics Museums Facing Financial Crisis," The Comics Journal #198 (Aug. 1997), pp. 11-15.
^ a b "News Watch: International Museum Gets a Cool Million," The Comics Journal #201 (Jan. 1998), p. 22.
^ Rhode, Michael. "Newswatch: Mickey on the Block: Museum Sells Original Art from First Mickey Mouse Cartoon to Pay Rent," The Comics Journal #232 (Apr. 2001), p. 18.
^ Puente, Maria. "A Mickey Mouse Original for Sale," USA Today (May 4, 2001), section D, p. 1.
^ "Newswatch: International Museum of Cartoon Art to Close," The Comics Journal #238 (Oct. 2001), pp. 106-107.
^ "Empire State Building won't host National Cartoon Museum". Boston Globe, September 14, 2006.
^ Whiteman, Doug. "Addition to make school's comic art collection really super", Associated Press, May 16, 2008.
External links
Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum
International Museum of Cartoon Art
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Cartoon Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cartoon_Museum"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"cartoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon"},{"link_name":"comic strips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip"},{"link_name":"animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation"},{"link_name":"Mort Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_Walker"},{"link_name":"Beetle Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetle_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Boca Raton, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Raton,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Ireland_Cartoon_Library_%26_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"}],"text":"Not to be confused with The Cartoon Museum or Cartoon Art Museum.The National Cartoon Museum was an American museum dedicated to the collection, preservation and exhibition of cartoons, comic strips and animation. It was the brainchild of Mort Walker, creator of Beetle Bailey. The museum opened in 1974, and went through several name changes, relocations, and temporary closures, before finally closing for good in 2002.Originally known as the Museum of Cartoon Art, the name was changed to the National Cartoon Museum when it moved to Boca Raton, Florida, in 1992.[1] In 1996, it became the International Museum of Cartoon Art.[2]In June 2008, Walker's collection was merged with the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, affiliated with Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio.","title":"National Cartoon Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intercartoonart.jpeg"},{"link_name":"King Features Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Features_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"Krazy Kat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krazy_Kat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-3"},{"link_name":"Greenwich, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Hearst Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Stamford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ward's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Ward_House"},{"link_name":"Port Chester, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Chester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Boca Raton, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Raton,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Dick Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Tracy"},{"link_name":"Prince Valiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Valiant"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"animation cels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_cel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"Diamond Comic Distributors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Comic_Distributors"},{"link_name":"Steve Geppi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Geppi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hearst-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Mickey Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-3"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Empire State Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-3"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"brochure from the 1996–2002 periodWalker began preserving cartoon artwork in the 1940s, when he discovered King Features Syndicate using Krazy Kat drawings to sop up water leaks.[3] Walker lived in Greenwich, Connecticut, and in 1974, with a contribution of $50,000 from the Hearst Foundation, he opened his museum nearby at 850 Canal Street in Stamford, Connecticut.[3][4] Two years later, the landlord decided he could rent the mansion for more, forcing a move to a space on Field Point Road in Greenwich, Connecticut.[citation needed] Later, the museum occupied Ward's Castle, a large, dilapidated house in Port Chester, New York.In late 1991 the city of Boca Raton, Florida invited Walker to relocate there,[5] and the museum prepared to move in 1992.[6]While working to re-open, the museum was robbed of Dick Tracy and Prince Valiant originals, as well as some Disney animation cels.[7] After acquiring more funding,[8] and a donation of Disney art from Diamond Comic Distributors' Steve Geppi,[9] the newly minted International Museum of Cartoon Art finally[10] opened the doors to its new facility in 1996.[11] Gary Hood was appointed director of curatorial affairs.[12]However, the museum did not attract enough donations and two corporate sponsors went bankrupt.[3][13] In 1998, the Hearst Foundation again stepped in, giving the museum $1 million.[14] Nonetheless, to pay off some of the debts (including outstanding mortgage payments),[15] Walker auctioned off a Mickey Mouse drawing in 2001 for $700,000.[3][16] It was not enough, however;[17] the museum was forced to close in 2002, and the collection was put into storage.An attempt was made to relocate to three floors of the Empire State Building in New York City in 2007, but the deal fell through for reasons that are disputed.[18] Walker finally accepted an offer to merge his collection with that of Ohio State University in 2008.[3][19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"Chester Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Gould"},{"link_name":"Dick Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Tracy"},{"link_name":"Hal Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Foster"},{"link_name":"Prince Valiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Valiant"},{"link_name":"Bil Keane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bil_Keane"},{"link_name":"Family Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Circus"},{"link_name":"Jeff MacNelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_MacNelly"},{"link_name":"Mike Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Peters_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"Mother Goose and Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Goose_and_Grimm"},{"link_name":"Milton Caniff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Caniff"},{"link_name":"Terry and the Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_and_the_Pirates_(comic_strip)"},{"link_name":"Dik Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dik_Browne"},{"link_name":"Hägar the Horrible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4gar_the_Horrible"},{"link_name":"Stan Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Lee"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"Rube Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rube_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-3"},{"link_name":"Ub Iwerks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ub_Iwerks"},{"link_name":"Plane Crazy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_Crazy"}],"text":"The collection includes over 200,000 original drawings, 20,000 comic books, 1000 hours of film and tape, and various other items. It consists almost entirely of donations from artists, including Chester Gould (Dick Tracy), Hal Foster (Prince Valiant), Bil Keane (Family Circus), political cartoonist Jeff MacNelly, Mike Peters (Mother Goose and Grimm), Milton Caniff (Terry and the Pirates), Dik Browne (Hägar the Horrible), Stan Lee (Spider-Man), Rube Goldberg and others.[3] According to the curators, it is valued at an estimated $20 million. Among its prized possessions is the first drawing of Mickey Mouse, by Ub Iwerks for the character's film debut in Plane Crazy (1928).","title":"Collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Randolph Hearst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hearst-14"},{"link_name":"Peter Arno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Arno"},{"link_name":"Carl Barks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Barks"},{"link_name":"Dik Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dik_Browne"},{"link_name":"Milton Caniff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Caniff"},{"link_name":"Al Capp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Capp"},{"link_name":"Roy Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Crane"},{"link_name":"Billy DeBeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_DeBeck"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Dirks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Dirks"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"Will Eisner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Eisner"},{"link_name":"Bud Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Harold Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Foster"},{"link_name":"Charles Dana Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dana_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Rube Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rube_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"Chester Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Gould"},{"link_name":"Harold Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Gray"},{"link_name":"Cathy Guisewite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Guisewite"},{"link_name":"George Herriman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herriman"},{"link_name":"Lynn Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Johnston"},{"link_name":"Chuck Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Jones"},{"link_name":"Walt Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Winsor McCay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsor_McCay"},{"link_name":"George McManus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McManus"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nast"},{"link_name":"Frederick Opper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Burr_Opper"},{"link_name":"Richard Outcault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Outcault"},{"link_name":"Alex Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Raymond"},{"link_name":"Charles Schulz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Schulz"},{"link_name":"Elzie Segar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._C._Segar"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Swinnerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Swinnerton"},{"link_name":"Mort Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_Walker"},{"link_name":"Chic Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chic_Young"}],"text":"Begun in 1974, the Hall of Fame was renamed the William Randolph Hearst Cartoon Hall of Fame in 1997 after a sponsorship was provided by the Hearst Foundation.[14] The 31 inductees, chosen by non-cartoonist authorities, are:Peter Arno\nCarl Barks\nDik Browne\nMilton Caniff\nAl Capp\nRoy Crane\nBilly DeBeck\nRudolph Dirks\nWalt Disney\nWill Eisner\nBud Fisher\nHarold Foster\nCharles Dana Gibson\nRube Goldberg\nChester Gould\nHarold Gray\n\n\nCathy Guisewite\nGeorge Herriman\nLynn Johnston\nChuck Jones\nWalt Kelly\nWinsor McCay\nGeorge McManus\nThomas Nast\nFrederick Opper\nRichard Outcault\nAlex Raymond\nCharles Schulz\nElzie Segar\nJimmy Swinnerton\nMort Walker\nChic Young","title":"William Randolph Hearst Cartoon Hall of Fame"}]
|
[{"image_text":"brochure from the 1996–2002 period","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/Intercartoonart.jpeg/170px-Intercartoonart.jpeg"}]
|
[{"title":"Bill Blackbeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Blackbeard"},{"title":"Fred Waring Cartoon Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Waring#Comic_strip_collection"}]
|
[{"reference":"Mary Pilon (July 16, 2008). \"Beetle Bailey's Long March: Classic Cartoons Search for a Home\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2008-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pilon","url_text":"Mary Pilon"},{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121615221992855615","url_text":"\"Beetle Bailey's Long March: Classic Cartoons Search for a Home\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.mortwalker.com/mwinfo.html","external_links_name":"Mort Walker website"},{"Link":"http://www.awn.com/mag/issue2.11/2.11pages/2.11charlacartoon.html","external_links_name":"\"International Museum of Cartoon Art,\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121615221992855615","external_links_name":"\"Beetle Bailey's Long March: Classic Cartoons Search for a Home\""},{"Link":"http://greenwichroundup.blogspot.com/2008_04_17_archive.html","external_links_name":"\"Greenwich Roundup,\""},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/","external_links_name":"\"Empire State Building won't host National Cartoon Museum\". Boston Globe, September 14, 2006."},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/news/local/connecticut/articles/2008/05/16/addition_to_make_schools_comic_art_collection_really_super/","external_links_name":"Whiteman, Doug. \"Addition to make school's comic art collection really super\", Associated Press, May 16, 2008."},{"Link":"http://cartoons.osu.edu/","external_links_name":"Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.awn.com/mag/issue2.11/2.11pages/2.11charlacartoon.html","external_links_name":"International Museum of Cartoon Art"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindered_amine_light_stabilizers
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Hindered amine light stabilizers
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["1 Mechanism of action","2 Application","3 References"]
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Partial structure of a typical hindered amine light stabilizerExample structure of a commercial HAL
Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) are chemical compounds containing an amine functional group that are used as stabilizers in plastics and polymers. These compounds are typically derivatives of tetramethylpiperidine and are primarily used to protect the polymers from the effects of photo-oxidation; as opposed to other forms of polymer degradation such as ozonolysis.
They are also increasingly being used as thermal stabilizers, particularly for low and moderate level of heat, however during the high temperature processing of polymers (e.g. injection moulding) they remain less effective than traditional phenolic antioxidants.
Mechanism of action
HALS do not absorb UV radiation, but act to inhibit degradation of the polymer by continuously and cyclically removing free radicals that are produced by photo-oxidation of the polymer. The overall process is sometimes referred to as the Denisov cycle, after Evguenii T. Denisov and is exceedingly complex. Broadly, HALS react with the initial polymer peroxy radical (ROO•) and alkyl polymer radicals (R•) formed by the reaction of the polymer and oxygen, preventing further radical oxidation. By these reactions HALS are oxidised to their corresponding aminoxyl radicals (R2NO• c.f. TEMPO), however they are able to return to their initial amine form via a series of additional radical reactions. HALS's high efficiency and longevity are due to this cyclic process wherein the HALS are regenerated rather than consumed during the stabilization process.
Initial reaction of a HAL with a polymer peroxy radical: this step stabilizes the polymer and converts the HAL to its aminoxyl form
The structure of the HALS makes them resistant to side reactions. The use of a hindered amine possessing no alpha-hydrogens prevents the HALS being converted into a nitrone species and piperidines are resistant to intramolecular Cope reactions. In commercial HALS the reactive piperidine group is usually bonded to bulky chemical scaffold, in order to reduce its volatility during the melt processing of plastic.
Application
Even though HALS are extremely effective in polyolefins, polyethylene and polyurethane, they are ineffective in polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It is thought that their ability to form nitroxyl radicals is disrupted due them being readily protonated by HCl released by dehydrohalogenation of PVC.
References
^ Zweifel, Hans; Maier, Ralph D.; Schiller, Michael (2009). Plastics additives handbook (6th ed.). Munich: Hanser. ISBN 978-3-446-40801-2.
^ Pieter Gijsman (2010). "Photostabilisation of Polymer Materials". In Norman S. Allen (ed.). Photochemistry and Photophysics of Polymer Materials Photochemistry. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 627–679. doi:10.1002/9780470594179.ch17. ISBN 978-0-470-59417-9..
^ Klaus Köhler; Peter Simmendinger; Wolfgang Roelle; Wilfried Scholz; Andreas Valet; Mario Slongo (2010). "Paints and Coatings, 4. Pigments, Extenders, and Additives". Ullmann's Encyclopedia Of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.o18_o03. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
^ Gijsman, Pieter (November 2017). "A review on the mechanism of action and applicability of Hindered Amine Stabilizers". Polymer Degradation and Stability. 145: 2–10. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.05.012.
^ Gensler, R; Plummer, C.J.G; Kausch, H.-H; Kramer, E; Pauquet, J.-R; Zweifel, H (February 2000). "Thermo-oxidative degradation of isotactic polypropylene at high temperatures: phenolic antioxidants versus HAS". Polymer Degradation and Stability. 67 (2): 195–208. doi:10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00113-5.
^ Denisov, E.T. (January 1991). "The role and reactions of nitroxyl radicals in hindered piperidine light stabilisation". Polymer Degradation and Stability. 34 (1–3): 325–332. doi:10.1016/0141-3910(91)90126-C.
^ Hodgson, Jennifer L.; Coote, Michelle L. (25 May 2010). "Clarifying the Mechanism of the Denisov Cycle: How do Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers Protect Polymer Coatings from Photo-oxidative Degradation?". Macromolecules. 43 (10): 4573–4583. Bibcode:2010MaMol..43.4573H. doi:10.1021/ma100453d. hdl:1885/59767.
^ March, Jerry; Smith, Michael B. (16 January 2007). March's advanced organic chemistry: reactions, mechanisms, and structure (6th. ed.). Wiley-Interscience. p. 1525. ISBN 978-0-471-72091-1.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HALSgeneric.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LMW-HA(L)S-1_100.svg"},{"link_name":"amine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine"},{"link_name":"functional group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_group"},{"link_name":"stabilizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_stabilizers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"tetramethylpiperidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetramethylpiperidine"},{"link_name":"photo-oxidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo-oxidation_of_polymers"},{"link_name":"polymer degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_degradation"},{"link_name":"ozonolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonolysis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"injection moulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_moulding"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Partial structure of a typical hindered amine light stabilizerExample structure of a commercial HALHindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) are chemical compounds containing an amine functional group that are used as stabilizers in plastics and polymers.[1] These compounds are typically derivatives of tetramethylpiperidine and are primarily used to protect the polymers from the effects of photo-oxidation; as opposed to other forms of polymer degradation such as ozonolysis.[2][3] \nThey are also increasingly being used as thermal stabilizers,[4] particularly for low and moderate level of heat, however during the high temperature processing of polymers (e.g. injection moulding) they remain less effective than traditional phenolic antioxidants.[5]","title":"Hindered amine light stabilizers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"free radicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radical"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"aminoxyl radicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminoxyl_radical"},{"link_name":"TEMPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEMPO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UV-Stabilisator-Nitroxyradikal.png"},{"link_name":"nitrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrone"},{"link_name":"Cope reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cope_reaction"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"HALS do not absorb UV radiation, but act to inhibit degradation of the polymer by continuously and cyclically removing free radicals that are produced by photo-oxidation of the polymer. The overall process is sometimes referred to as the Denisov cycle, after Evguenii T. Denisov[6] and is exceedingly complex.[7] Broadly, HALS react with the initial polymer peroxy radical (ROO•) and alkyl polymer radicals (R•) formed by the reaction of the polymer and oxygen, preventing further radical oxidation. By these reactions HALS are oxidised to their corresponding aminoxyl radicals (R2NO• c.f. TEMPO), however they are able to return to their initial amine form via a series of additional radical reactions. HALS's high efficiency and longevity are due to this cyclic process wherein the HALS are regenerated rather than consumed during the stabilization process.Initial reaction of a HAL with a polymer peroxy radical: this step stabilizes the polymer and converts the HAL to its aminoxyl formThe structure of the HALS makes them resistant to side reactions. The use of a hindered amine possessing no alpha-hydrogens prevents the HALS being converted into a nitrone species and piperidines are resistant to intramolecular Cope reactions.[8] In commercial HALS the reactive piperidine group is usually bonded to bulky chemical scaffold, in order to reduce its volatility during the melt processing of plastic.","title":"Mechanism of action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"polyolefins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyolefin"},{"link_name":"polyethylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene"},{"link_name":"polyurethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethane"},{"link_name":"polyvinyl chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride"},{"link_name":"HCl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid"},{"link_name":"dehydrohalogenation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrohalogenation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Even though HALS are extremely effective in polyolefins, polyethylene and polyurethane, they are ineffective in polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It is thought that their ability to form nitroxyl radicals is disrupted due them being readily protonated by HCl released by dehydrohalogenation of PVC.[citation needed]","title":"Application"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Initial reaction of a HAL with a polymer peroxy radical: this step stabilizes the polymer and converts the HAL to its aminoxyl form","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/UV-Stabilisator-Nitroxyradikal.png/500px-UV-Stabilisator-Nitroxyradikal.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Zweifel, Hans; Maier, Ralph D.; Schiller, Michael (2009). Plastics additives handbook (6th ed.). Munich: Hanser. ISBN 978-3-446-40801-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-446-40801-2","url_text":"978-3-446-40801-2"}]},{"reference":"Pieter Gijsman (2010). \"Photostabilisation of Polymer Materials\". In Norman S. Allen (ed.). Photochemistry and Photophysics of Polymer Materials Photochemistry. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 627–679. doi:10.1002/9780470594179.ch17. ISBN 978-0-470-59417-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470594179.ch17","url_text":"10.1002/9780470594179.ch17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-59417-9","url_text":"978-0-470-59417-9"}]},{"reference":"Klaus Köhler; Peter Simmendinger; Wolfgang Roelle; Wilfried Scholz; Andreas Valet; Mario Slongo (2010). \"Paints and Coatings, 4. Pigments, Extenders, and Additives\". Ullmann's Encyclopedia Of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.o18_o03. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.o18_o03","url_text":"10.1002/14356007.o18_o03"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2","url_text":"978-3-527-30673-2"}]},{"reference":"Gijsman, Pieter (November 2017). \"A review on the mechanism of action and applicability of Hindered Amine Stabilizers\". Polymer Degradation and Stability. 145: 2–10. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.05.012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polymdegradstab.2017.05.012","url_text":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.05.012"}]},{"reference":"Gensler, R; Plummer, C.J.G; Kausch, H.-H; Kramer, E; Pauquet, J.-R; Zweifel, H (February 2000). \"Thermo-oxidative degradation of isotactic polypropylene at high temperatures: phenolic antioxidants versus HAS\". Polymer Degradation and Stability. 67 (2): 195–208. doi:10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00113-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0141-3910%2899%2900113-5","url_text":"10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00113-5"}]},{"reference":"Denisov, E.T. (January 1991). \"The role and reactions of nitroxyl radicals in hindered piperidine light stabilisation\". Polymer Degradation and Stability. 34 (1–3): 325–332. doi:10.1016/0141-3910(91)90126-C.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0141-3910%2891%2990126-C","url_text":"10.1016/0141-3910(91)90126-C"}]},{"reference":"Hodgson, Jennifer L.; Coote, Michelle L. (25 May 2010). \"Clarifying the Mechanism of the Denisov Cycle: How do Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers Protect Polymer Coatings from Photo-oxidative Degradation?\". Macromolecules. 43 (10): 4573–4583. Bibcode:2010MaMol..43.4573H. doi:10.1021/ma100453d. hdl:1885/59767.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010MaMol..43.4573H","url_text":"2010MaMol..43.4573H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fma100453d","url_text":"10.1021/ma100453d"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F59767","url_text":"1885/59767"}]},{"reference":"March, Jerry; Smith, Michael B. (16 January 2007). March's advanced organic chemistry: reactions, mechanisms, and structure (6th. ed.). Wiley-Interscience. p. 1525. ISBN 978-0-471-72091-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-72091-1","url_text":"978-0-471-72091-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Ciamaga
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Gustav Ciamaga
|
["1 History","2 Works","2.1 Computer compositions","2.2 Tape compositions","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Canadian composer, music educator, and writer
Gustav Ciamaga (April 10, 1930 – June 11, 2011) was a Canadian composer, music educator, and writer. An associate of the Canadian Music Centre and a member of the Canadian League of Composers, he was best known for his compositions of electronic music, although he produced several non-electronic works. His compositions have been performed throughout North America and Europe. His work Curtain Raiser was commissioned for the opening of the National Arts Centre in 1969. An honorary member of the Canadian Electroacoustic Community, he invented a number of electronic music apparatuses, including the Serial Sound Structure Generator. As a writer he contributed articles to numerous music journals, magazines, and other publications.
History
Born in London, Ontario, Ciamaga studied at the University of Western Ontario from 1951 to 1954 while simultaneously receiving private instruction from Gordon Delamont. He entered the music program at the University of Toronto where he studied music composition with John Weinzweig and John Beckwith from 1954–1956. He then pursued graduate studies in musicology and composition at Brandeis University where he earned an MFA in 1958. His teachers at Brandeis included Arthur Berger, Harold Shapero, and Irving Fine. He remained in Waltham, Massachusetts through 1963 where he organized his own electronic music studio.
In 1963 Ciamaga was appointed to the music faculty at the University of Toronto. Two years later he was appointed the director of the school's electronic music studio after the death of its first head Myron Schaeffer. In 1968 he became the chairman of the school's theory and composition department. In 1970 he took a year sabbatical to work in several electronic music studios in Europe. In 1977 he assumed the post of dean of the UT's Faculty of Music, a position he held through 1984. He served as acting president of The Royal Conservatory of Music in 1983–1984. Among his notable pupils are composers Bruce Pennycook, Lesley Barber, John Fodi, Larry Lake, Wende Bartley, John Mills-Cockell and John Rimmer.
Ciamaga died in Toronto in 2011 following a long battle with cancer.
Works
Computer compositions
HPSCD (1986)
Apres-MIDI (1986)
For M: (1986)
PERC (1986)
For P: (1986–87)
Lost Tango (1987)
Distant Timbres (1987)
Facing East (1987)
Upon hearing the first koto in spring (1987)
Psamba (1987)
Pour M: (1987)
Bach again! (1987–88)
Three part invention (1988)
Facing East no.2 (1988)
For G: (1988)
Facing East no.3 (1988–89)
Bitfire (1989)
Facing North (1989)
"It's about time" (1989)
Apres J (1990)
Three 3 part inventions, no.2-4 (1990)
VU (1990)
Three excursions and a coda (1990)
Repercussions (1991)
B as in Bach (1991)
Four Microclips (1992)
Where the wild things are (1992–93)
Traces of yesterday (1993)
Explorations of the New Age (1992–93)
Possible Spaces no.1 (1994)
Quartets (1994)
Four more Microclips (1995)
Possible Spaces no.2 (1996)
Possible Spaces no.3 (1996)
Possible Spaces no.4 (1997)
A precipitate of symbols (1998–89)
Bitfire (1999)
Possible Spaces no.5 (2000)
Possible Spaces no.6 (2001)
Possible Spaces no.7 (2002)
Prologue and Postscript (2003)
Spadina Minilogues (2003)
Possible Spaces no.8 (2003)
Order of Ideas (2003–04)
Possible Spaces no.9 (2004)
For L:' (2004)
Paradigm Lost (2004)
"Waiting..." (2004)
Possible Spaces no.10 (2004)
For DL: (2004)
Facing North no.2 (2004)
PizzA (2005)
Possible Spaces no.11 (2006)
Three part invention no.5 (2006)
Possible Spaces no.12 (2006)
The Computer in my Life (2007)
It's about time again (2008)
Tape compositions
One part invention (1965)
Two part invention no.1 (1965)
Scherzo (new version) (1966)
Two part invention no.2 (1966)
Fanfare for computer (1967)
Four part invention (1967)
Ragamuffin no. 1 (1967)
Ragamuffin no. 2 (1967)
Two part invention no.4 (1967)
Two part invention no.5 (1967)
Two part invention no.6 (1968)
Two part invention no.7 (1968)
Brandenburg Concerto no. 1 (1969)
Two part invention no.8 (1970)
Canon for Stravinsky (1972)
Solipsism (1972)
A greeting for JW (1973)
Ars Nova (1976)
Two part invention no.9 (1983)
"Is the Moon further than St. John?" (1985)
Patterns; Daydreams; Excursions (1985–86)
For B: (1986)
For H: (1986)
For I: (1986)
References
^ a b c d Elaine Keillor. "Gustav Ciamaga". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on April 17, 2005.
External links
Archives at
LocationUniversity of Toronto Music Library IdentifiersCA OTUFM 06Dates1962-2012SourceGustav Ciamaga fonds
How to use archival material
Archival papers and recordings at University of Toronto Music Library
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Czech Republic
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music educator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_educator"},{"link_name":"Canadian Music Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Music_Centre"},{"link_name":"Canadian League of Composers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_League_of_Composers"},{"link_name":"electronic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"National Arts Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Arts_Centre"},{"link_name":"Canadian Electroacoustic Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Electroacoustic_Community"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-1"}],"text":"Gustav Ciamaga (April 10, 1930 – June 11, 2011) was a Canadian composer, music educator, and writer. An associate of the Canadian Music Centre and a member of the Canadian League of Composers, he was best known for his compositions of electronic music, although he produced several non-electronic works. His compositions have been performed throughout North America and Europe. His work Curtain Raiser was commissioned for the opening of the National Arts Centre in 1969. An honorary member of the Canadian Electroacoustic Community, he invented a number of electronic music apparatuses, including the Serial Sound Structure Generator. As a writer he contributed articles to numerous music journals, magazines, and other publications.[1]","title":"Gustav Ciamaga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"University of Western Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Gordon Delamont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Delamont"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"music composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_composition"},{"link_name":"John Weinzweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Weinzweig"},{"link_name":"John Beckwith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beckwith_(composer)"},{"link_name":"musicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicology"},{"link_name":"Brandeis University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University"},{"link_name":"MFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Arthur Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Victor_Berger"},{"link_name":"Harold Shapero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Shapero"},{"link_name":"Irving Fine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-1"},{"link_name":"Myron Schaeffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myron_Schaeffer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Royal Conservatory of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Conservatory_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-1"},{"link_name":"Lesley Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Barber"},{"link_name":"John Fodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fodi"},{"link_name":"Larry Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Lake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Wende Bartley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wende_Bartley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Mills-Cockell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mills-Cockell"},{"link_name":"John Rimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rimmer_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CE-1"}],"text":"Born in London, Ontario, Ciamaga studied at the University of Western Ontario from 1951 to 1954 while simultaneously receiving private instruction from Gordon Delamont. He entered the music program at the University of Toronto where he studied music composition with John Weinzweig and John Beckwith from 1954–1956. He then pursued graduate studies in musicology and composition at Brandeis University where he earned an MFA in 1958. His teachers at Brandeis included Arthur Berger, Harold Shapero, and Irving Fine. He remained in Waltham, Massachusetts through 1963 where he organized his own electronic music studio.[1]In 1963 Ciamaga was appointed to the music faculty at the University of Toronto. Two years later he was appointed the director of the school's electronic music studio after the death of its first head Myron Schaeffer. In 1968 he became the chairman of the school's theory and composition department. In 1970 he took a year sabbatical to work in several electronic music studios in Europe. In 1977 he assumed the post of dean of the UT's Faculty of Music, a position he held through 1984. He served as acting president of The Royal Conservatory of Music in 1983–1984.[1] Among his notable pupils are composers Bruce Pennycook, Lesley Barber, John Fodi, Larry Lake, Wende Bartley, John Mills-Cockell and John Rimmer.Ciamaga died in Toronto in 2011[1] following a long battle with cancer.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Computer compositions","text":"HPSCD (1986)\nApres-MIDI (1986)\nFor M: (1986)\nPERC (1986)\nFor P: (1986–87)\nLost Tango (1987)\nDistant Timbres (1987)\nFacing East (1987)\nUpon hearing the first koto in spring (1987)\nPsamba (1987)\nPour M: (1987)\nBach again! (1987–88)\nThree part invention (1988)\nFacing East no.2 (1988)\nFor G: (1988)\nFacing East no.3 (1988–89)\nBitfire (1989)\nFacing North (1989)\n\"It's about time\" (1989)\nApres J (1990)\nThree 3 part inventions, no.2-4 (1990)\nVU (1990)\nThree excursions and a coda (1990)\nRepercussions (1991)\nB as in Bach (1991)\nFour Microclips (1992)\nWhere the wild things are (1992–93)\nTraces of yesterday (1993)\nExplorations of the New Age (1992–93)\nPossible Spaces no.1 (1994)\nQuartets (1994)\nFour more Microclips (1995)\nPossible Spaces no.2 (1996)\nPossible Spaces no.3 (1996)\nPossible Spaces no.4 (1997)\nA precipitate of symbols (1998–89)\nBitfire [version 2] (1999)\nPossible Spaces no.5 (2000)\nPossible Spaces no.6 (2001)\nPossible Spaces no.7 (2002)\nPrologue and Postscript (2003)\nSpadina Minilogues (2003)\nPossible Spaces no.8 (2003)\nOrder of Ideas (2003–04)\nPossible Spaces no.9 (2004)\nFor L:' (2004)\nParadigm Lost (2004)\n\"Waiting...\" (2004)\nPossible Spaces no.10 (2004)\nFor DL: (2004)\nFacing North no.2 (2004)\nPizzA (2005)\nPossible Spaces no.11 (2006)\nThree part invention no.5 (2006)\nPossible Spaces no.12 (2006)\nThe Computer in my Life (2007)\nIt's about time again (2008)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tape compositions","text":"One part invention (1965)\nTwo part invention no.1 (1965)\nScherzo (new version) (1966)\nTwo part invention no.2 (1966)\nFanfare for computer (1967)\nFour part invention (1967)\nRagamuffin no. 1 (1967)\nRagamuffin no. 2 (1967)\nTwo part invention no.4 (1967)\nTwo part invention no.5 (1967)\nTwo part invention no.6 (1968)\nTwo part invention no.7 (1968)\nBrandenburg Concerto no. 1 (1969)\nTwo part invention no.8 (1970)\nCanon for Stravinsky (1972)\nSolipsism (1972)\nA greeting for JW (1973)\nArs Nova (1976)\nTwo part invention no.9 (1983)\n\"Is the Moon further than St. John?\" (1985)\nPatterns; Daydreams; Excursions (1985–86)\nFor B: (1986)\nFor H: (1986)\nFor I: (1986)","title":"Works"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharina_Felser
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Catharina Felser
|
["1 References"]
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German race car driver
Catharina Felser (born 2 October 1982) is a German race car driver born in Siegburg, North Rhine-Westphalia. Catharina started her career in karting during 1997, moving up to Austrian Formula Ford in 2000. Her performances there resulted in one race in German Formula Ford, also during 2000. In 2001, she competed in German Formula BMW.
Felser continued to advance her career, stepping up to German Formula Three in 2002, driving for the van Amersfoort and KMS teams. She moved to the Trella team in 2003 before leaving the series and single-seater racing in 2004, joining the German Seat Leon Cupra Cup to drive the number 16 car.
In 2008 Catharina Felser drove a KTM X-Bow in the GT4 European Series for Team Reiter Engineering.
References
^ "Catharina Felser : Racing Driver | Reiter Engineering Lamborghini Racing (FIA GT1, le Mans Series, ADAC GT Masters, FIA GT3, FIA GT4)". Archived from the original on 2008-07-12. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
F3-Cup: Catharina Felser im Cockpit bei Klaus Trella
Catharina Felser official site
Catharina Felser page on GT4Cup.com
Driver for Reiter Engineering
This biographical article related to German auto racing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Catharina Felser : Racing Driver | Reiter Engineering Lamborghini Racing (FIA GT1, le Mans Series, ADAC GT Masters, FIA GT3, FIA GT4)\". Archived from the original on 2008-07-12. Retrieved 2008-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20080712210200/http://www.reiter-engineering.com/racing-drivers/catharina-felser/","url_text":"\"Catharina Felser : Racing Driver | Reiter Engineering Lamborghini Racing (FIA GT1, le Mans Series, ADAC GT Masters, FIA GT3, FIA GT4)\""},{"url":"http://www.reiter-engineering.com/racing-drivers/catharina-felser/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Pommer
|
Erich Pommer
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["1 Early life and career","2 Work with UFA","3 Paramount and MGM","4 Return to UFA","5 Exile and eventual return","6 Awards","7 Films","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 External links"]
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German-born film producer (1889–1966)
Erich Pommer (left) with Carl Zuckmayer and Emil Jannings (1929)
Erich Pommer (20 July 1889 – 8 May 1966) was a German-born film producer and executive. Pommer was perhaps the most powerful person in the German and European film industries in the 1920s and early 1930s.
As producer, Erich Pommer was involved in the German Expressionist film movement during the silent era. As the head of production at Decla Film, Decla-Bioskop, and, from 1924 to 1926, at UFA, Pommer was responsible for many of the best known movies of the Weimar Republic such as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), Dr. Mabuse, the Gambler (1922), Die Nibelungen (1924), Michael (1924), Der Letzte Mann / The Last Laugh (1924), Variety (1925), Tartuffe (1926), Manon Lescaut (1926), Faust (1926), Metropolis (1927) and The Blue Angel (1930). He later worked in American exile before returning to Germany to help rebuild the German film industry after World War II.
Early life and career
Pommer was born in Hildesheim, Province of Hanover, to the Jewish couple Gustav Pommer and his wife Anna. His elder brother was Albert Pommer, who also became a film producer. After a brief apprenticeship with the Herrenkonfektion Machol & Lewin, Pommer began his film career in 1907, with the Berlin branch of the Gaumont company, eventually taking over as director of its Viennese branch in 1910. In 1912, Pommer concluded his military service and became a representative of the French Éclair camera company in Vienna, where he was responsible for film distribution to Central and Eastern Europe. In 1913, he became Éclair's general representative for Central Europe, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Poland, based in Berlin. In the same year, he married Gertrud Levy and became, together with Marcel Vandal, the director-general of the Viennese office of Éclair. Under Pommer's direction, the company began the production of feature films including Das Geheimnis der Lüfte / Le mystère de l'air (in English, the Mystery of the Air), the first films he produced. Another five films followed in 1915.
With French capital from Éclair, and together with Fritz Holz, Pommer - while serving as a soldier in 1915 at the Western front - established the Deutsche "Eclair" Film- und Kinematographen-GmbH ("Deutsche Eclair" or Decla) in Berlin. Decla produced adventure and detective films, drama, and society pieces, as well as short film series. Its own Decla film distribution business, led by Hermann Saklikower, also presented foreign films. Pommer served in the First World War at the West and Eastern fronts, but injuries suffered in action led him to return to Berlin in 1916, where he was responsible for training recruits. Later, he worked for the Bild- und Filmamt (Bufa) at the German War Ministry.
After the 1919 merger of Decla with the Meinert-Film-Gesellschaft, Rudolf Meinert became head of production while Erich Pommer took charge of foreign distribution. Decla's production became more ambitious. The brands "Decla Abenteuerklasse" (producing, among others, Fritz Lang's Die Spinnen. 2. Teil: Die Brillantenschiff (The Spiders, Part 2: The Diamond Ship, 1920) and "Decla Weltklasse" (including The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919), under the direction of Robert Wiene) were created.
Decla merged with Deutsche Bioskop AG to create Decla Bioskop AG, thus becoming in 1920 the second largest German film company after Ufa. Decla owned a studio in Neubabelsberg and a cinema chain. Two subsidiaries were formed: Uco-Film GmbH and Russo Films. The Uco Film GmbH, in whose establishment the Ullstein publishing house was involved, dedicated itself to filming serials from novels. Schloß Vogelöd / The Haunted Castle and Phantom, under the direction of F. W. Murnau, as well as Fritz Lang's Dr. Mabuse, the Gambler, were released. Russo Films focused on the adaptation of works of world literature. In a 1922 interview, Pommer stated that the international success of the German films would have to be linked to the production of quality pictures.
Pommer gathered around him talented directors (Carl Froelich and Fritz Wendhausen), script writers (Thea von Harbou, Carl Mayer, and Robert Liebmann), cameramen (Karl Freund, Carl Hoffmann, and Willy Hameister), architects (Walter Roehrig and Robert Herlth), as well as actors and actresses. In November 1921, Decla-Bioskop was taken over by Universum Film AG (Ufa), although it maintained a modicum of independence.
Work with UFA
As a result of the merger with UFA, Erich Pommer not only continued as CEO of Decla-Bioskop, but also took over direction of Union-Film and Messter-Film. In early 1923, Pommer also joined the Ufa executive committee, to oversee all film production. At about the same time, he became the first chairman of the Central Organization of the German Film Industry (SPIO), which would shape German cinema during the Weimar Republic. The country's hyper inflation made expensive productions possible: at that time the work of several classical authors were adapted into movies, and internationally successful big budget films were released, including Der letzte Mann (The Last Laugh, 1924), Variety (1925), Faust (1926), and Manon Lescaut (1926).
Pommer led Ufa to unprecedented worldwide prestige. However, Pommer came to disagree with the policies of Ufa's new CEO Ferdinand Bausback, including the Parufamet agreement (which later proved disastrous for Ufa as Pommer had predicted). To save face, Bausback and the Ufa board blamed the company's troubles on increasing production costs, especially cost overruns of Fritz Lang's Metropolis (UFA's most expensive film to date), on Pommer himself.
Paramount and MGM
In January 1926, Pommer resigned from Ufa, and a few months later, he left with his family for Hollywood. He was followed by a number of his production and acting team, including film directors Ludwig Berger, Paul Leni, E.A. Dupont, Lothar Mendes, and William Dieterle and actors Conrad Veidt, Emil Jannings, and Lya de Putti.
Working for Paramount Pictures, Pommer produced two films starring Pola Negri, Hotel Imperial and Barbed Wire (both 1927). He then was hired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) to supervise all units involving foreign directors. His films at MGM included The Demi-Bride with Norma Shearer, California with Tim McCoy, and Mockery with Lon Chaney.
Meanwhile, Ufa had been acquired by the right-wing press magnate Alfred Hugenberg, and in July 1927, he sent Ufa's new CEO Ludwig Klitzsch to America to bring Pommer back to Germany. From the US, Pommer brought organizational and technical innovations, such as the use of shooting schedules and camera crane cars.
Return to UFA
Pommer was given his own production unit at UFA, working under the overall control of the new head of production Ernst Hugo Correll, who effectively occupied Pommer's former role at the company. As head of the "Erich-Pommer-Produktion der Ufa" (Erich Pommer production of the Ufa), he produced Heimkehr (Homecoming) and Ungarische Rhapsodie (Hungarian Rhapsody, both 1928). His last silent productions were Asphalt directed by Joe May and Die wunderbare Lüge der Nina Petrowna starring Brigitte Helm and Franz Lederer
Pommer was a pioneer of sound film in Germany and of multiple language versions (MLV) as a means to cope with selling big productions to different countries: Melodie des Herzens / Melody of the Heart, made at the end of 1929 in Berlin, was produced in a German, English, French, Hungarian as well as a silent version. The film also created the Operetta film genre. The "Erich-Pommer-Produktion der Ufa" turned out several international box office hits in the following years, most notably Josef von Sternberg's The Blue Angel (1930), starring Marlene Dietrich. Among his productions was a series of popular musical comedies such as Die Drei von der Tankstelle and Der Kongreß tanzt / Congress Dances and the science fiction spectacle F.P.1, which was shot in three language versions.
Exile and eventual return
After the Nazi Party came to power early in 1933, UFA rescinded Pommer's contract and he picked up an offer of Fox Film Corporation to build Fox Europa as its European arm in Paris, where he produced Max Ophüls' On a volé un homme (1933) and Fritz Lang's Liliom (1934), and then went on to Hollywood again. In 1936, he worked in the United Kingdom for Alexander Korda's London Films (Fire Over England 1936 and Farewell Again 1937). In 1937 he formed a production company, the Mayflower Picture Corp., with actor Charles Laughton. Pommer not only produced but also directed their first film, Vessel of Wrath (also known as The Beachcomber), replacing Bartlett Cormack with the latter's agreement. Although Pommer subsequently received offers to direct and could have pursued a directing career, he preferred producing and never directed another film In 1938, Pommer produced St. Martin's Lane directed by Tim Whelan starring Laughton and Vivien Leigh and in 1939 Alfred Hitchcock's Jamaica Inn again with Laughton and also introducing Maureen O'Hara in her first film. Pommer was in New York City for distribution negotiations when the Second World War broke out. Because he still held a German passport, he was unable to return to the United Kingdom and remained in the United States.
In 1939 he signed with RKO Radio Pictures, in Hollywood, for whom he produced two pictures, including Dance, Girl, Dance and They Knew What They Wanted. Becoming seriously ill in 1941 (he was a chain-smoker and suffered a heart attack), his contract with RKO was not renewed. Between 1942 and 1946, Pommer worked on a few film projects, some of which eventually went into production but without him. Pommer and his wife rented a small apartment and lived off the proceeds from the sale of personal valuables. They also helped two close friends, Fred Pinkus (a former business manager from Berlin) and his wife, silent movie star Eliza La Porta, who bought chinaware and glasses and then hand-painted them to sell to the higher-class department stores. Pommer's wife helped with the painting, and Pommer alternated with Pinkus to work the drying oven in Pinkus' garage. Having resided continuously in the United States since 1939, Pommer and his wife became naturalized American citizens in 1944.
In 1946, Pommer returned to Germany, where he became the highest-ranking film control officer of the American military Government OMGUS responsible for the reorganisation of the German film industry overseeing the reconstruction of studios and assigning production licenses. In spite of opposition from both Americans and Germans, Pommer rebuilt the German film industry from ashes. By 1948, a total of 28 feature films had been produced in West Germany under his supervision. Together with film director Curt Oertel and Horst von Hartlieb, director of the film distribution association in Wiesbaden, Pommer also established a voluntary self-control system for the German motion picture industry, which evolved into the Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft (FSK), implementing a voluntary self-rating system for the movie industry modeled on the Hays Code in the USA. Establishment of this system (and the subsequent establishment of the FSK) avoided government regulation and censorship of the movie industry and replaced military censoring. In 1949 Pommer resigned his office, believing his work to be complete, and returned to the United States. He then attempted to launch Signature Pictures with Dorothy Arzner to produce American films in Europe, an endeavor that failed to obtain promised financing.
In 1951 he started the "Intercontinental Film GmbH" in Munich, making a few movies, including Nights on the Road (1951), which won the 1953 German Film Award, and Kinder, Mütter und ein General, which won the 1955 Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film and the 1956 Grand Prize of the Belgian Union of Cinema Critics. However, restrictions forced on Pommer led him to resettle in California. Physically badly shaken (Pommer used a wheelchair after the amputation of a leg) his career as a producer was ended. He retired to live quietly with his wife. After his wife's death, he lived with his son's family.
Pommer died in Los Angeles, California, in 1966.
Awards
1953 German Film Award for "Nachts auf den Strassen".
1955 Golden Globe Award for Best Picture for "Kinder, Mütter, und ein General".
1956 Grand-Prix de l'Union de la Critique de Cinéma (UCC) for "Kinder, Mütter, und ein General".
Films
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920)
The Haunted Castle (1921)
Destiny (1921)
Dr. Mabuse, the Gambler (1922)
The Last Laugh (1924)
The Pleasure Garden (1925)
Variety (1925)
Faust (1926)
Metropolis (1927)
Spies (1928)
The Blue Angel (1930)
Liliom (1934)
Music in the Air (1934)
Fire Over England (1937)
Vessel of Wrath (1938)
St. Martin's Lane (1938)
Jamaica Inn (1939)
Dance, Girl, Dance (1940)
They Knew What They Wanted (1940)
Nights on the Road (1952)
References
^ Nowell-Smith p. 145
^ "Enemies of the State: Jewish Filmmakers in Nazi Germany". 27 August 2010.
^ Hardt p. 16
^ Hardt p. 19
^ Hardt p. 20
^ Jacobsen p. 21
^ Hardt p. 68
^ Hardt p. 87
^ Jacobsen p. 75
^ Hardt p. 88–89
^ Hardt p. 89–91
^ Hardt p. 92
^ Hardt p. 92
^ Hardt p. 98
^ Hardt p. 102–104
^ Jacobsen p. 83
^ Hardt p. 149
^ Hardt p. 151
^ Hardt p. 152
^ Hardt p. 154
^ Hardt p. 154
^ Hardt p. 162
^ Hardt p. 202
^ "Erich Pommer | UFA Stars | Spotlights | Channels | UFA - INSPIRING ENTERTAINMENT". www.ufa.de. Archived from the original on 2011-01-07.
^ Hardt p. 186
^ Hardt p. 189
Bibliography
Bock, Hans-Michael; Bergfelder, Tim, eds. (2009). The Concise CineGraph. Encyclopedia of German Cinema. New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0-85745-565-9.
Hardt, Ursula (1996). From Caligari to California: Erich Pommer's Life in the International Film Wars. Providence, RI: Berghahn. ISBN 978-1-57181-930-7.
Grieveson, Lee; Krämer, Peter, eds. (2004). The Silent Cinema Reader. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-25284-3.
Jacobsen, Wolfgang (1989). Erich Pommer: Ein Produzent macht Filmgeschichte. Berlin: Argon Verlag. ISBN 978-3-87024-148-3.
Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey, ed. (2009). The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874242-5.
Bezerra, Laura (2002). "Erich Pommer" (in German). Deutsches Film Institut. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.
External links
Media related to Erich Pommer at Wikimedia Commons
Erich Pommer at IMDb
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Pommer was perhaps the most powerful person in the German and European film industries in the 1920s and early 1930s.[1]As producer, Erich Pommer was involved in the German Expressionist film movement during the silent era. As the head of production at Decla Film, Decla-Bioskop, and, from 1924 to 1926, at UFA, Pommer was responsible for many of the best known movies of the Weimar Republic such as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), Dr. Mabuse, the Gambler (1922), Die Nibelungen (1924), Michael (1924), Der Letzte Mann / The Last Laugh (1924), Variety (1925), Tartuffe (1926), Manon Lescaut (1926), Faust (1926), Metropolis (1927) and The Blue Angel (1930). He later worked in American exile before returning to Germany to help rebuild the German film industry after World War II.","title":"Erich Pommer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hildesheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildesheim"},{"link_name":"Province of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Albert Pommer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Pommer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumont_Film_Company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Éclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclair_(camera)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Meinert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Meinert"},{"link_name":"Fritz Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Lang"},{"link_name":"Die Spinnen. 2. Teil: Die Brillantenschiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spiders_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari"},{"link_name":"Robert Wiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wiene"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bioskop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Greenbaum"},{"link_name":"Ufa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG"},{"link_name":"Neubabelsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Babelsberg"},{"link_name":"Schloß Vogelöd / The Haunted Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunted_Castle_(1921_film)"},{"link_name":"Phantom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_(1922_film)"},{"link_name":"F. W. Murnau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Murnau"},{"link_name":"Fritz Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Lang"},{"link_name":"Dr. Mabuse, the Gambler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Mabuse,_der_Spieler"},{"link_name":"Carl Froelich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Froelich"},{"link_name":"Fritz Wendhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Wendhausen"},{"link_name":"Thea von Harbou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thea_von_Harbou"},{"link_name":"Carl Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Mayer"},{"link_name":"Robert Liebmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Liebmann"},{"link_name":"Karl Freund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Freund"},{"link_name":"Carl Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"Willy Hameister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Hameister"},{"link_name":"Walter Roehrig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Roehrig"},{"link_name":"Robert Herlth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Herlth"},{"link_name":"Universum Film AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG"}],"text":"Pommer was born in Hildesheim, Province of Hanover, to the Jewish[2] couple Gustav Pommer and his wife Anna. His elder brother was Albert Pommer, who also became a film producer. After a brief apprenticeship with the Herrenkonfektion Machol & Lewin,[3] Pommer began his film career in 1907, with the Berlin branch of the Gaumont company, eventually taking over as director of its Viennese branch in 1910.[4] In 1912, Pommer concluded his military service and became a representative of the French Éclair camera company in Vienna, where he was responsible for film distribution to Central and Eastern Europe. In 1913, he became Éclair's general representative for Central Europe, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Poland, based in Berlin. In the same year, he married Gertrud Levy and became, together with Marcel Vandal, the director-general of the Viennese office of Éclair. Under Pommer's direction, the company began the production of feature films including Das Geheimnis der Lüfte / Le mystère de l'air (in English, the Mystery of the Air), the first films he produced.[5] Another five films followed in 1915.With French capital from Éclair, and together with Fritz Holz, Pommer - while serving as a soldier in 1915 at the Western front - established the Deutsche \"Eclair\" Film- und Kinematographen-GmbH (\"Deutsche Eclair\" or Decla) in Berlin.[6] Decla produced adventure and detective films, drama, and society pieces, as well as short film series. Its own Decla film distribution business, led by Hermann Saklikower, also presented foreign films. Pommer served in the First World War at the West and Eastern fronts, but injuries suffered in action led him to return to Berlin in 1916, where he was responsible for training recruits. Later, he worked for the Bild- und Filmamt (Bufa) at the German War Ministry.After the 1919 merger of Decla with the Meinert-Film-Gesellschaft, Rudolf Meinert became head of production while Erich Pommer took charge of foreign distribution. Decla's production became more ambitious. The brands \"Decla Abenteuerklasse\" (producing, among others, Fritz Lang's Die Spinnen. 2. Teil: Die Brillantenschiff (The Spiders, Part 2: The Diamond Ship, 1920) and \"Decla Weltklasse\" (including The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919), under the direction of Robert Wiene) were created.Decla merged with Deutsche Bioskop AG to create Decla Bioskop AG, thus becoming in 1920 the second largest German film company after Ufa. Decla owned a studio in Neubabelsberg and a cinema chain. Two subsidiaries were formed: Uco-Film GmbH and Russo Films. The Uco Film GmbH, in whose establishment the Ullstein publishing house was involved, dedicated itself to filming serials from novels. Schloß Vogelöd / The Haunted Castle and Phantom, under the direction of F. W. Murnau, as well as Fritz Lang's Dr. Mabuse, the Gambler, were released. Russo Films focused on the adaptation of works of world literature. In a 1922 interview, Pommer stated that the international success of the German films would have to be linked to the production of quality pictures.Pommer gathered around him talented directors (Carl Froelich and Fritz Wendhausen), script writers (Thea von Harbou, Carl Mayer, and Robert Liebmann), cameramen (Karl Freund, Carl Hoffmann, and Willy Hameister), architects (Walter Roehrig and Robert Herlth), as well as actors and actresses. In November 1921, Decla-Bioskop was taken over by Universum Film AG (Ufa), although it maintained a modicum of independence.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Der letzte Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Laugh_(1924_film)"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variet%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faust_(1926_film)"},{"link_name":"Manon Lescaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manon_Lescaut_(1926_film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Bausback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Bausback&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parufamet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parufamet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Fritz Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Lang"},{"link_name":"Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"As a result of the merger with UFA, Erich Pommer not only continued as CEO of Decla-Bioskop, but also took over direction of Union-Film and Messter-Film. In early 1923, Pommer also joined the Ufa executive committee, to oversee all film production.[7] At about the same time, he became the first chairman of the Central Organization of the German Film Industry (SPIO), which would shape German cinema during the Weimar Republic. The country's hyper inflation made expensive productions possible: at that time the work of several classical authors were adapted into movies, and internationally successful big budget films were released, including Der letzte Mann (The Last Laugh, 1924), Variety (1925), Faust (1926), and Manon Lescaut (1926).Pommer led Ufa to unprecedented worldwide prestige.[8] However, Pommer came to disagree with the policies of Ufa's new CEO Ferdinand Bausback, including the Parufamet agreement[9] (which later proved disastrous for Ufa as Pommer had predicted[10]). To save face, Bausback and the Ufa board blamed the company's troubles on increasing production costs, especially cost overruns of Fritz Lang's Metropolis (UFA's most expensive film to date), on Pommer himself.[11]","title":"Work with UFA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Berger_(director)"},{"link_name":"Paul Leni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Leni"},{"link_name":"E.A. Dupont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Andr%C3%A9_Dupont"},{"link_name":"Lothar Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_Mendes"},{"link_name":"William Dieterle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dieterle"},{"link_name":"Conrad Veidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Veidt"},{"link_name":"Emil Jannings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Jannings"},{"link_name":"Lya de Putti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lya_de_Putti"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Pola Negri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pola_Negri"},{"link_name":"Hotel Imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Imperial_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"Barbed Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbed_Wire_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Demi-Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Demi-Bride"},{"link_name":"Norma Shearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Shearer"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"Tim McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McCoy"},{"link_name":"Mockery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockery_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"Lon Chaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Chaney"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hugenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Klitzsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Klitzsch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In January 1926, Pommer resigned from Ufa,[12] and a few months later, he left with his family for Hollywood. He was followed by a number of his production and acting team, including film directors Ludwig Berger, Paul Leni, E.A. Dupont, Lothar Mendes, and William Dieterle and actors Conrad Veidt, Emil Jannings, and Lya de Putti.[13]Working for Paramount Pictures, Pommer produced two films starring Pola Negri, Hotel Imperial and Barbed Wire (both 1927). He then was hired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) to supervise all units involving foreign directors.[14] His films at MGM included The Demi-Bride with Norma Shearer, California with Tim McCoy, and Mockery with Lon Chaney.[15]Meanwhile, Ufa had been acquired by the right-wing press magnate Alfred Hugenberg, and in July 1927, he sent Ufa's new CEO Ludwig Klitzsch to America to bring Pommer back to Germany.[16] From the US, Pommer brought organizational and technical innovations, such as the use of shooting schedules and camera crane cars.","title":"Paramount and MGM"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernst Hugo Correll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Hugo_Correll"},{"link_name":"Heimkehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homecoming_(1928_film)"},{"link_name":"Ungarische Rhapsodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungarische_Rhapsodie"},{"link_name":"Asphalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_(1929_film)"},{"link_name":"Joe May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_May"},{"link_name":"Die wunderbare Lüge der Nina Petrowna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_wunderbare_L%C3%BCge_der_Nina_Petrowna"},{"link_name":"Brigitte Helm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Helm"},{"link_name":"Franz Lederer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Lederer"},{"link_name":"Melodie des Herzens / Melody of the Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodie_des_Herzens"},{"link_name":"Operetta film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operetta_film"},{"link_name":"Josef von Sternberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg"},{"link_name":"The Blue Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Blaue_Engel"},{"link_name":"Marlene Dietrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich"},{"link_name":"Die Drei von der Tankstelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_from_the_Filling_Station_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"Der Kongreß tanzt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Kongre%C3%9F_tanzt"},{"link_name":"Congress Dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Dances"},{"link_name":"F.P.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.P.1"}],"text":"Pommer was given his own production unit at UFA, working under the overall control of the new head of production Ernst Hugo Correll, who effectively occupied Pommer's former role at the company. As head of the \"Erich-Pommer-Produktion der Ufa\" (Erich Pommer production of the Ufa), he produced Heimkehr (Homecoming) and Ungarische Rhapsodie (Hungarian Rhapsody, both 1928). His last silent productions were Asphalt directed by Joe May and Die wunderbare Lüge der Nina Petrowna starring Brigitte Helm and Franz LedererPommer was a pioneer of sound film in Germany and of multiple language versions (MLV) as a means to cope with selling big productions to different countries: Melodie des Herzens / Melody of the Heart, made at the end of 1929 in Berlin, was produced in a German, English, French, Hungarian as well as a silent version. The film also created the Operetta film genre. The \"Erich-Pommer-Produktion der Ufa\" turned out several international box office hits in the following years, most notably Josef von Sternberg's The Blue Angel (1930), starring Marlene Dietrich. Among his productions was a series of popular musical comedies such as Die Drei von der Tankstelle and Der Kongreß tanzt / Congress Dances and the science fiction spectacle F.P.1, which was shot in three language versions.","title":"Return to UFA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Fox Film Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Film_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Max Ophüls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Oph%C3%BCls"},{"link_name":"On a volé un homme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_a_vol%C3%A9_un_homme"},{"link_name":"Fritz Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Lang"},{"link_name":"Liliom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliom_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Korda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Korda"},{"link_name":"London Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Films"},{"link_name":"Fire Over England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Over_England"},{"link_name":"Farewell Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_Again"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Charles Laughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Laughton"},{"link_name":"Vessel of Wrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessel_of_Wrath"},{"link_name":"The Beachcomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beachcomber_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"Bartlett Cormack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlett_Cormack"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"St. Martin's Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalks_of_London"},{"link_name":"Tim Whelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Whelan"},{"link_name":"Vivien Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivien_Leigh"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Inn_(film)"},{"link_name":"Maureen O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"RKO Radio Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_Radio_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Dance, Girl, Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance,_Girl,_Dance"},{"link_name":"They Knew What They Wanted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Knew_What_They_Wanted_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fred Pinkus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Pinkus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eliza La Porta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eliza_La_Porta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"American military Government OMGUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Military_Government,_United_States"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Curt Oertel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curt_Oertel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Horst von Hartlieb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_von_Hartlieb&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiwillige_Selbstkontrolle_der_Filmwirtschaft"},{"link_name":"Hays Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hays_Code"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Arzner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Arzner"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Nights on the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nights_on_the_Road"},{"link_name":"Kinder, Mütter und ein General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinder,_M%C3%BCtter_und_ein_General"}],"text":"After the Nazi Party came to power early in 1933, UFA rescinded Pommer's contract and he picked up an offer of Fox Film Corporation to build Fox Europa as its European arm in Paris, where he produced Max Ophüls' On a volé un homme (1933) and Fritz Lang's Liliom (1934), and then went on to Hollywood again. In 1936, he worked in the United Kingdom for Alexander Korda's London Films (Fire Over England 1936 and Farewell Again 1937).[17] In 1937 he formed a production company, the Mayflower Picture Corp., with actor Charles Laughton. Pommer not only produced but also directed their first film, Vessel of Wrath (also known as The Beachcomber), replacing Bartlett Cormack with the latter's agreement.[18] Although Pommer subsequently received offers to direct and could have pursued a directing career, he preferred producing and never directed another film[19] In 1938, Pommer produced St. Martin's Lane directed by Tim Whelan starring Laughton and Vivien Leigh and in 1939 Alfred Hitchcock's Jamaica Inn again with Laughton and also introducing Maureen O'Hara in her first film.[20] Pommer was in New York City for distribution negotiations when the Second World War broke out. Because he still held a German passport, he was unable to return to the United Kingdom and remained in the United States.[21]In 1939 he signed with RKO Radio Pictures, in Hollywood, for whom he produced two pictures, including Dance, Girl, Dance and They Knew What They Wanted. Becoming seriously ill in 1941 (he was a chain-smoker and suffered a heart attack), his contract with RKO was not renewed. Between 1942 and 1946, Pommer worked on a few film projects, some of which eventually went into production but without him. Pommer and his wife rented a small apartment and lived off the proceeds from the sale of personal valuables. They also helped two close friends, Fred Pinkus (a former business manager from Berlin) and his wife, silent movie star Eliza La Porta, who bought chinaware and glasses and then hand-painted them to sell to the higher-class department stores. Pommer's wife helped with the painting, and Pommer alternated with Pinkus to work the drying oven in Pinkus' garage.[22] Having resided continuously in the United States since 1939, Pommer and his wife became naturalized American citizens in 1944.In 1946, Pommer returned to Germany, where he became the highest-ranking film control officer of the American military Government OMGUS responsible for the reorganisation of the German film industry overseeing the reconstruction of studios and assigning production licenses. In spite of opposition from both Americans and Germans, Pommer rebuilt the German film industry from ashes.[23] By 1948, a total of 28 feature films had been produced in West Germany under his supervision.[24] Together with film director Curt Oertel and Horst von Hartlieb, director of the film distribution association in Wiesbaden, Pommer also established a voluntary self-control system for the German motion picture industry, which evolved into the Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft (FSK), implementing a voluntary self-rating system for the movie industry modeled on the Hays Code in the USA. Establishment of this system (and the subsequent establishment of the FSK) avoided government regulation and censorship of the movie industry and replaced military censoring. In 1949 Pommer resigned his office, believing his work to be complete,[25] and returned to the United States. He then attempted to launch Signature Pictures with Dorothy Arzner to produce American films in Europe, an endeavor that failed to obtain promised financing.[26]In 1951 he started the \"Intercontinental Film GmbH\" in Munich, making a few movies, including Nights on the Road (1951), which won the 1953 German Film Award, and Kinder, Mütter und ein General, which won the 1955 Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film and the 1956 Grand Prize of the Belgian Union of Cinema Critics. However, restrictions forced on Pommer led him to resettle in California. Physically badly shaken (Pommer used a wheelchair after the amputation of a leg) his career as a producer was ended. He retired to live quietly with his wife. After his wife's death, he lived with his son's family.Pommer died in Los Angeles, California, in 1966.","title":"Exile and eventual return"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1953 German Film Award for \"Nachts auf den Strassen\".\n1955 Golden Globe Award for Best Picture for \"Kinder, Mütter, und ein General\".\n1956 Grand-Prix de l'Union de la Critique de Cinéma (UCC) for \"Kinder, Mütter, und ein General\".","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari"},{"link_name":"The Haunted Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunted_Castle_(1921_film)"},{"link_name":"Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_(1921_film)"},{"link_name":"Dr. Mabuse, the Gambler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Mabuse,_der_Spieler"},{"link_name":"The Last Laugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Laugh_(1924_film)"},{"link_name":"The Pleasure Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pleasure_Garden_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faust_(1926_film)"},{"link_name":"Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"Spies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spione"},{"link_name":"The Blue Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Blaue_Engel"},{"link_name":"Liliom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliom_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"Music in the Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_in_the_Air_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fire Over England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Over_England"},{"link_name":"Vessel of Wrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessel_of_Wrath"},{"link_name":"St. Martin's Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalks_of_London"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Inn_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dance, Girl, Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance,_Girl,_Dance"},{"link_name":"They Knew What They Wanted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Knew_What_They_Wanted_(film)"},{"link_name":"Nights on the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nights_on_the_Road"}],"text":"The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920)\nThe Haunted Castle (1921)\nDestiny (1921)\nDr. Mabuse, the Gambler (1922)\nThe Last Laugh (1924)\nThe Pleasure Garden (1925)\nVariety (1925)\nFaust (1926)\nMetropolis (1927)\nSpies (1928)\nThe Blue Angel (1930)\nLiliom (1934)\nMusic in the Air (1934)\nFire Over England (1937)\nVessel of Wrath (1938)\nSt. Martin's Lane (1938)\nJamaica Inn (1939)\nDance, Girl, Dance (1940)\nThey Knew What They Wanted (1940)\nNights on the Road (1952)","title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bock, Hans-Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Michael_Bock"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-85745-565-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-565-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57181-930-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-930-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-25284-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25284-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-87024-148-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87024-148-3"},{"link_name":"The Oxford History of World Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofw00geof"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-874242-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874242-5"},{"link_name":"\"Erich Pommer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070927183115/http://www.deutsches-filminstitut.de/dt2tp0117.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.deutsches-filminstitut.de/dt2tp0117.htm"}],"text":"Bock, Hans-Michael; Bergfelder, Tim, eds. (2009). The Concise CineGraph. Encyclopedia of German Cinema. New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0-85745-565-9.\nHardt, Ursula (1996). From Caligari to California: Erich Pommer's Life in the International Film Wars. Providence, RI: Berghahn. ISBN 978-1-57181-930-7.\nGrieveson, Lee; Krämer, Peter, eds. (2004). The Silent Cinema Reader. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-25284-3.\nJacobsen, Wolfgang (1989). Erich Pommer: Ein Produzent macht Filmgeschichte. Berlin: Argon Verlag. ISBN 978-3-87024-148-3.\nNowell-Smith, Geoffrey, ed. (2009). The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874242-5.\nBezerra, Laura (2002). \"Erich Pommer\" (in German). Deutsches Film Institut. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Erich Pommer (left) with Carl Zuckmayer and Emil Jannings (1929)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PommerZuckmayerJannings1929.jpg/220px-PommerZuckmayerJannings1929.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Enemies of the State: Jewish Filmmakers in Nazi Germany\". 27 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://moviemoviesite.wordpress.com/2010/08/27/enemies-of-the-state-jewish-filmmakers-in-nazi-germany/","url_text":"\"Enemies of the State: Jewish Filmmakers in Nazi Germany\""}]},{"reference":"\"Erich Pommer | UFA Stars | Spotlights | Channels | UFA - INSPIRING ENTERTAINMENT\". www.ufa.de. Archived from the original on 2011-01-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110107035748/http://www.ufa.de/channels/spotlights/ufa_stars/erich_pommer/","url_text":"\"Erich Pommer | UFA Stars | Spotlights | Channels | UFA - INSPIRING ENTERTAINMENT\""},{"url":"http://www.ufa.de/channels/spotlights/ufa_stars/erich_pommer/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bock, Hans-Michael; Bergfelder, Tim, eds. (2009). The Concise CineGraph. Encyclopedia of German Cinema. New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0-85745-565-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Michael_Bock","url_text":"Bock, Hans-Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-565-9","url_text":"978-0-85745-565-9"}]},{"reference":"Hardt, Ursula (1996). From Caligari to California: Erich Pommer's Life in the International Film Wars. Providence, RI: Berghahn. ISBN 978-1-57181-930-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-930-7","url_text":"978-1-57181-930-7"}]},{"reference":"Grieveson, Lee; Krämer, Peter, eds. (2004). The Silent Cinema Reader. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-25284-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25284-3","url_text":"978-0-415-25284-3"}]},{"reference":"Jacobsen, Wolfgang (1989). Erich Pommer: Ein Produzent macht Filmgeschichte. Berlin: Argon Verlag. ISBN 978-3-87024-148-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87024-148-3","url_text":"978-3-87024-148-3"}]},{"reference":"Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey, ed. (2009). The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874242-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofw00geof","url_text":"The Oxford History of World Cinema"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874242-5","url_text":"978-0-19-874242-5"}]},{"reference":"Bezerra, Laura (2002). \"Erich Pommer\" (in German). Deutsches Film Institut. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183115/http://www.deutsches-filminstitut.de/dt2tp0117.htm","url_text":"\"Erich Pommer\""},{"url":"http://www.deutsches-filminstitut.de/dt2tp0117.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_de_Grave,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador
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Port de Grave
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["1 History","2 Notable people","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Human settlement in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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LighthouseGreen Point Lighthouse LocationGreen Point, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada Coordinates47°36′41″N 53°10′36″W / 47.611484°N 53.176725°W / 47.611484; -53.176725TowerConstructed1883 Constructionconcrete (foundation), cast iron (tower) Height9 m (30 ft) Shapecylinder Markingsred and white (stripe), white (lantern) Power sourcesolar power OperatorCanadian Coast Guard Heritageheritage lighthouse, recognized federal heritage building of Canada LightFocal height17 m (56 ft) Range6 nmi (11 km; 6.9 mi) CharacteristicL Fl W 10s
Port de Grave is a peninsula on Conception Bay (CB) in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The peninsula contains the communities of Bareneed, Black Duck Pond, Otterbury, Ship Cove, Blow Me Down, Hibb's Cove, Pick Eyes, and Hussey's Cove with a population of approximately 975 (2006). This community is located in the provincial electoral district of Port de Grave. An unincorporated area, for statistics purposes it is called Division No. 1, Subdivision L. The Peninsula is accessible by road via Route 72.
History
Christmas Boat Lighting at Port de Grave
The Port de Grave peninsula has been used by Europeans since the 16th century. Some of the first people to have used this land was the French, who used the beaches to dry their catch as they fished off the waters nearby. They named one of the many harbours they used to dry their fish "Graves". By the end of the 16th century the area from Carbonear to Brigus (with Port de Grave in the middle) had become a major area in the English fishery.
Official records indicate that a property in Ship Cove has been occupied since 1595 by the Dawe family which makes this the oldest registered land claim in Newfoundland. By the mid-17th century, Port de Grave had become a leading area in the evolving resident small boat fishery established by "planters" from West Country England. These people established a permanent population which made the peninsula the ancestral home of the Dawe, Butler, Tucker, Mugford, Snow, Porter, Andrews, Webber, Stevens and Anthony families.
During King William's War, the village was destroyed in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign. Port de Grave was destroyed by the French again during Queen Anne's War in 1705. During the 1705 raid hostages were taken to try to dislodge the defenders of Carbonear Island. From 1750 to 1850 Port de Grave was the commercial center for the area. Numerous Devonshire and Scottish mercantile houses and Jersey traders were present. Among those were the names of Newmans, Pinsents, MacPhersons, Prowses, Furneaux, Baine, and Johnston.
During the early 19th century a major seal hunting industry had developed, and the population of the community increased to its peak of 1400. After 1880, the population declined due to large steamships now being used for the sealing fishery. After World War II and Confederation, the local inshore fishery expanded rapidly and by the mid 1970s housed 3 fish plants and had major inshore multipurpose fishing fleets. It became known as one of the most prominent and progressive fishing communities in the province.
Port de Grave is still recognized as a very prominent fishing centre today in spite of the 1992 cod moratorium.
Notable people
Joseph L. Butler - established the Colonial Broadcasting System in 1936. (birthplace)
Charles Dawe - MP
John Efford - former Canadian MP, Federal Minister of Natural Resources, and Port de Grave MHA (birthplace)
Iris Petten - Canadian Senator (birthplace)
Sir Robert John Pinsent (birthplace)
Daniel W. Prowse - judge, publicist and author of the History of Newfoundland. (birthplace)
See also
List of lighthouses in Canada
List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador
References
^ Statistics Canada Subdivision Map
^ Official website, history section Archived 2006-08-06 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Port de Grave official site
Aids to Navigation Canadian Coast Guard
Portals: Canada Engineering
vteDivision No. 1, Newfoundland and Labrador (Avalon Peninsula)Cities
Mount Pearl
St. John's
Towns
Admirals Beach
Aquaforte
Arnold's Cove
Avondale
Bauline
Bay Bulls
Bay de Verde
Bay Roberts
Bishop's Cove
Branch
Brigus
Brigus South
Bryant's Cove
Cape Broyle
Carbonear
Chance Cove
Chapel Arm
Clarke's Beach
Colinet
Colliers
Come By Chance
Conception Bay South
Conception Harbour
Cupids
Fermeuse
Ferryland
Flatrock
Fox Harbour
Gaskiers–Point La Haye
Hant's Harbour
Harbour Grace
Harbour Main–Chapel's Cove–Lakeview
Heart's Content
Heart's Delight–Islington
Heart's Desire
Holyrood
Logy Bay–Middle Cove–Outer Cove
Long Harbour–Mount Arlington Heights
Mount Carmel–Mitchells Brook–St. Catherines
New Perlican
Norman's Cove–Long Cove
North River
Old Perlican
Paradise
Petty Harbour–Maddox Cove
Placentia
Point Lance
Port Kirwan
Portugal Cove–St. Philip's
Portugal Cove South
Pouch Cove
Renews–Cappahayden
Riverhead
St. Bride's
St. Joseph's
St. Mary's
St. Shott's
St. Vincent's–St. Stephen's–Peter's River
Salmon Cove
Small Point–Adam's Cove–Blackhead–Broad Cove
South River
Southern Harbour
Spaniard's Bay
Sunnyside
Torbay
Trepassey
Upper Island Cove
Victoria
Wabana
Whitbourne
Whiteway
Winterton
Witless Bay
Unorganizedsubdivisions
Subdivision A
Subdivision B
Subdivision C
Subdivision D
Subdivision E
Subdivision F
Subdivision G
Subdivision H
Subdivision I
Subdivision J
Subdivision K
Subdivision L
Subdivision M
Subdivision N
Subdivision O
Subdivision R
Subdivision U
Subdivision V
Subdivision W
Subdivision X
Subdivision Y
Designatedplaces
Bellevue
Bellevue Beach
Blaketown
Brigus Junction
Brigus South
Burnt Cove, St. Michael's, Bauline South
Burnt Point-Gull Island-Northern Bay
Calvert
Cavendish
Dildo
Fairhaven
Forest Field-New Bridge
Freshwater, Conception Bay
Georgetown
Goulds
Grates Cove
Green's Harbour
Hopeall
Lance Cove, Bell Island
Little Harbour (East), Placentia Bay
Makinsons
Markland
Marysvale
Mobile
New Chelsea-New Melbourne-Brownsdale-Sibley's Cove-Lead Cove
New Harbour, Trinity Bay
North Harbour, St. Mary's Bay
O'Donnells
Old Shop
Patrick's Cove-Angels Cove
Roaches Line
South Dildo
Thornlea
Tors Cove
Unincorporatedcommunities
Admiral's Cove
Arnold's Cove Station
Baccalieu Island
Bareneed
Black Duck Pond
Blow Me Down
Bradley's Cove
Bristol's Hope
Caplin Cove
Cuslett
Daniel's Cove
The Dock
Flatrock
Goobies
Gooseberry Cove
Gould's Road
Great Barasway
Gull Island
Hibb's Cove
Iona
Job's Cove
Kingston
Little Barasway
Little Placentia Sound
Lower Island Cove
Low Point
Mahers
Northern Bay
Ochre Pit Cove
Perry's Cove
Point Verde
Port de Grave
Rantem
Red Head Cove
Rose au Rue
St. Michaels
Ship Harbour
Swells Cove
Trinny Cove
Turks Cove
Western Bay
See also:
Municipalities of St. John's Metropolitan Area
Census divisions of Newfoundland and Labrador
vteLighthouses of CanadaBritish Columbia
Amphitrite Point
Ballenas Island
Boat Bluff
Brockton Point
Cape Beale
Cape Mudge
Cape Scott
Carmanah Point
Chrome Island
Discovery Island
Entrance Island
Estevan Point
Fisgard
Langara
Pachena Point
Point Atkinson
Race Rocks
Sheringham Point
Trial Islands
Triple Island
Manitoba
George Island
Warren Landing Lower Range
Warren Landing Upper Range
New Brunswick
Beaver Harbour
Belyea's Point
Bouctouche
Cape Enrage
Cape Spencer
Cape Tormentine
Caraquet
Caraquet Island
Cocagne
Dalhousie Island
Fort Monckton
Gagetown
Gannet Rock
Grand Harbour Lighthouse
Leonardville
Long Eddy Point
Long Point
Machias Seal Island
Maisonnette Point
Miscou Island
Musquash Head
Petit-Rocher
Point Escuminac
Point Lepreau
Quaco Head
Richibucto Head
St. Andrews North Point
Shediac Harbour Range Rear
Swallowtail
Newfoundland and Labrador
Baccalieu Island
Balcalhoa Island
Bay Bulls
Bell Island
Belle Isle Northeast
Brigus
Burnt Islands
Cape Anguille
Cape Bonavista
Cape Norman
Cape North
Cape Pine
Cape Race
Cape Ray
Cape Spear
Cape St. Francis
Cape St. Mary's
Channel Head
Conche
Cow Head
Dawson Point
Ferryland Head
Flower's Cove
Fort Amherst
Fortune Bay
Fox Point
Garnish
Grand Bank
Green Island
Greenspond
Hant's Harbour
Heart's Content
King's Cove
Lark Harbour
Lobster Cove
Long Point
Rose Blanche
New Férolle Peninsula
Offer Wadham
Peckford Island
Point Amour
Point Riche
Port de Grave
Puffin island
Pushthrough
Random Head
Cape St. Mary's
Westport Cove
Woody Point
Nova Scotia
Balache Point
Cape d'Or
Cape Forchu
Devils Island
Fort Point
Georges Island
Grandique Point
Kidston Island
Louisbourg
Low Point
Peggys Point
Point Prim
Sambro Island
Schafner Point
Seal Island
Ontario
Battle Island
Bois Blanc Island
Caribou Island
Chantry Island
Colchester Reef
Cove Island
Gibraltar Point
Gros Cap Reefs
Ile Parisienne
Kincardine
Lion's Head
Mimico Cruising Club
Point Abino
Point Clark
Port Burwell
Queen's Wharf
Toronto Harbour
Windmill Point
Prince Edward Island
Annandale Range
Big Tignish
Brighton Beach
Cape Tryon
Cascumpeque
Haszard Point
Leards Range
Little Channel Range
Malpeque Harbour
Malpeque Outer Range
Miminegash Range
Murray Harbour
North Cape
North Rustico Harbour
Northport Range
Point Prim
Seacow Head
St. Peters Harbour
Summerside Outer Range
Warren Cove Range
Wood Islands
Wrights Range
Quebec
Cap-des-Rosiers
Île-Verte
Pointe-au-Père
Canada portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Green Point Lighthouse
Admiralty
H0482
ARLHS
CCG N486
NGA
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Conception Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conception_Bay"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland and Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Bareneed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bareneed"},{"link_name":"Black Duck Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Duck_Pond"},{"link_name":"Blow Me Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blow_Me_Down,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Hibb's Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibb%27s_Cove"},{"link_name":"provincial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"electoral district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district"},{"link_name":"Port de Grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_de_Grave_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Division No. 1, Subdivision L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivision_1L,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"Route 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_Route_72"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"LighthousePort de Grave is a peninsula on Conception Bay (CB) in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The peninsula contains the communities of Bareneed, Black Duck Pond, Otterbury, Ship Cove, Blow Me Down, Hibb's Cove, Pick Eyes, and Hussey's Cove with a population of approximately 975 (2006). This community is located in the provincial electoral district of Port de Grave. An unincorporated area, for statistics purposes it is called Division No. 1, Subdivision L. The Peninsula is accessible by road via Route 72.[1]","title":"Port de Grave"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Port_de_Grave_Christmas_Boat_Lighting,_Newfoundland,_Canada.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carbonear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonear"},{"link_name":"Brigus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigus"},{"link_name":"King William's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_William%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Avalon Peninsula Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_Peninsula_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War"},{"link_name":"seal hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_hunting"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador#Commission_of_Government_and_Canadian_Confederation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Christmas Boat Lighting at Port de GraveThe Port de Grave peninsula has been used by Europeans since the 16th century. Some of the first people to have used this land was the French, who used the beaches to dry their catch as they fished off the waters nearby. They named one of the many harbours they used to dry their fish \"Graves\". By the end of the 16th century the area from Carbonear to Brigus (with Port de Grave in the middle) had become a major area in the English fishery.Official records indicate that a property in Ship Cove has been occupied since 1595 by the Dawe family which makes this the oldest registered land claim in Newfoundland. By the mid-17th century, Port de Grave had become a leading area in the evolving resident small boat fishery established by \"planters\" from West Country England. These people established a permanent population which made the peninsula the ancestral home of the Dawe, Butler, Tucker, Mugford, Snow, Porter, Andrews, Webber, Stevens and Anthony families.During King William's War, the village was destroyed in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign. Port de Grave was destroyed by the French again during Queen Anne's War in 1705. During the 1705 raid hostages were taken to try to dislodge the defenders of Carbonear Island. From 1750 to 1850 Port de Grave was the commercial center for the area. Numerous Devonshire and Scottish mercantile houses and Jersey traders were present. Among those were the names of Newmans, Pinsents, MacPhersons, Prowses, Furneaux, Baine, and Johnston.During the early 19th century a major seal hunting industry had developed, and the population of the community increased to its peak of 1400. After 1880, the population declined due to large steamships now being used for the sealing fishery. After World War II and Confederation, the local inshore fishery expanded rapidly and by the mid 1970s housed 3 fish plants and had major inshore multipurpose fishing fleets. It became known as one of the most prominent and progressive fishing communities in the province.Port de Grave is still recognized as a very prominent fishing centre today in spite of the 1992 cod moratorium.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph L. Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_L._Butler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colonial Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Broadcasting_System&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Dawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dawe"},{"link_name":"John Efford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Efford"},{"link_name":"Canadian MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Federal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Minister of Natural Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Natural_Resources_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Port de Grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_de_Grave_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"MHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_House_of_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Iris Petten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Petten"},{"link_name":"Canadian Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Robert John Pinsent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_John_Pinsent"},{"link_name":"Daniel W. Prowse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Woodley_Prowse"}],"text":"Joseph L. Butler - established the Colonial Broadcasting System in 1936. (birthplace)\nCharles Dawe - MP\nJohn Efford - former Canadian MP, Federal Minister of Natural Resources, and Port de Grave MHA (birthplace)\nIris Petten - Canadian Senator (birthplace)\nSir Robert John Pinsent (birthplace)\nDaniel W. Prowse - judge, publicist and author of the History of Newfoundland. (birthplace)","title":"Notable people"}]
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[{"image_text":"Christmas Boat Lighting at Port de Grave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Port_de_Grave_Christmas_Boat_Lighting%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg/220px-Port_de_Grave_Christmas_Boat_Lighting%2C_Newfoundland%2C_Canada.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of lighthouses in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Canada"},{"title":"List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplja_Vas,_Sevnica
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Kaplja Vas, Sevnica
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 45°57′39.21″N 15°10′44.65″E / 45.9608917°N 15.1790694°E / 45.9608917; 15.1790694Place in Lower Carniola, SloveniaKaplja VasKaplja VasLocation in SloveniaCoordinates: 45°57′39.21″N 15°10′44.65″E / 45.9608917°N 15.1790694°E / 45.9608917; 15.1790694Country SloveniaTraditional regionLower CarniolaStatistical regionLower SavaMunicipalitySevnicaArea • Total1.64 km2 (0.63 sq mi)Elevation256.9 m (842.8 ft)Population (2002) • Total63
Kaplja Vas (pronounced ; Slovene: Kaplja vas) is a village in the Municipality of Sevnica in central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.
The local church is dedicated to Saint George (Slovene: sveti Jurij) and belongs to the Parish of Tržišče. It is a medieval building with a Romanesque nave, a Gothic presbyterium, and the church tower from the 17th century. It stands in the hamlet of Sveti Jurij on St. George's Hill (Slovene: Šentjurski hrib).
St. George's Church
References
^ Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia
^ Sevnica municipal site
^ "EŠD 2615". Registry of Immovable Cultural Heritage (in Slovenian). Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
External links
Media related to Kaplja Vas at Wikimedia Commons
Kaplja Vas on Geopedia
vteMunicipality of SevnicaSettlementsAdministrative seat: Sevnica
Current
Apnenik pri Boštanju
Arto
Birna Vas
Blanca
Boštanj
Breg
Brezje
Brezovo
Budna Vas
Čanje
Čelovnik
Cerovec
Češnjice
Dedna Gora
Dolenji Boštanj
Dolnje Brezovo
Dolnje Impolje
Dolnje Orle
Drožanje
Drušče
Gabrijele
Gabrje
Gornje Brezovo
Gornje Impolje
Gornje Orle
Goveji Dol
Hinjce
Hinje
Hudo Brezje
Jablanica
Jelovec
Jeperjek
Kal pri Krmelju
Kamenica
Kamenško
Kaplja Vas
Kladje nad Blanco
Kladje pri Krmelju
Koludrje
Kompolje
Konjsko
Krajna Brda
Križ
Križišče
Krmelj
Krsinji Vrh
Laze pri Boštanju
Ledina
Leskovec v Podborštu
Log
Loka pri Zidanem Mostu
Lončarjev Dol
Lukovec
Mala Hubajnica
Malkovec
Marendol
Metni Vrh
Mrtovec
Mrzla Planina
Novi Grad
Okroglice
Orehovo
Orešje nad Sevnico
Osredek pri Hubajnici
Osredek pri Krmelju
Otavnik
Pavla Vas
Pečje
Pijavice
Podboršt
Podgorica
Podgorje ob Sevnični
Podvrh
Poklek nad Blanco
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Štajngrob
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Studenec
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Telče
Telčice
Trnovec
Trščina
Tržišče
Velika Hubajnica
Veliki Cirnik
Vranje
Vrh pri Boštanju
Vrhek
Zabukovje nad Sevnico
Zavratec
Zgornje Mladetiče
Zgornje Vodale
Žigrski Vrh
Žirovnica
Znojile pri Studencu
Žurkov Dol
Former
Cerje
Črete
Hantine
Komorivec
Ledgonje
Lepi Dob
Malo Podgorje
Medvedjek
Nova Gora
Orehovec
Rezec
Simert
Šmarje
Srebotno
Stražberk
Veliko Podgorje
Zagradec
Zavine
Zdole
Živa Gora
Zleteče
Landmarks
Ajdovski Gradec
Boštanj Castle ruins
Boštanj Manor
Boštanj Parish Church
Kovačev Hrib Church
Mount Lisca
Loka pri Zidanem Mostu Parish Church
Lutheran Cellar
Razbor Parish Church
Rekštanj Castle ruins
Šentjanž Parish Church
Sevnica Castle
Sevnica Parish Church
St. Roch's Church
Studenec Parish Church
Tržišče Parish Church
Zabukovje Parish Church
This article about the Municipality of Sevnica in Slovenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Gould,_Baron_Gould_of_Brookwood
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Philip Gould, Baron Gould of Brookwood
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Illness","4 Death","5 Works","6 Biography","7 Arms","8 References","9 External links"]
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British political consultant (1950–2011)
"Philip Gould" redirects here. For other uses, see Philip Gould (disambiguation).
The Right HonourableThe Lord Gould of BrookwoodBorn(1950-03-30)30 March 1950Died6 November 2011(2011-11-06) (aged 61)Royal Marsden HospitalNationalityBritishEducationEast London CollegeAlma materUniversity of SussexLondon School of EconomicsOccupationPolitical consultantOrganizationsLabour PartyPhilip Gould AssociatesSpouse
Gail Rebuck (m. 1985)Children2, including Georgia
Philip Gould, Baron Gould of Brookwood (30 March 1950 – 6 November 2011) was a British political consultant, and former advertising executive, who worked for the Labour Party.
Appointed by Director of Communications Peter Mandelson, he was strategy and polling adviser to the Labour Party in the general elections of 1987, 1992, 1997, 2001 and 2005. Involved in 'modernising' the party's image, Gould was particularly associated with Tony Blair and New Labour.
Early life and education
Gould grew up in Woking, his father was a headmaster, but failed his 11-plus and went to a secondary modern school. Leaving school with only one O-level, he went on to study at East London College, based in Toynbee Hall, where he gained four A-levels. He subsequently won a place at the University of Sussex in 1971 to study politics, graduating in 1974.
Gould went to the London School of Economics (LSE) to study for an MSc in the history of political thought, where he was taught by the political scientist Michael Oakeshott. Later he returned to the LSE to teach a course in Modern Campaigning Politics.
Career
After a career in advertising, and with the success of his wife Gail Rebuck (later CEO of Random House UK), whom he had met at Sussex, Gould founded his own polling and strategy company, Philip Gould Associates, in 1985. Appointed by Mandelson, Gould recruited the Shadow Communications Agency, a team of communications volunteers who created Labour's unsuccessful 1987 election campaign. This led to his position of influence within the Labour Party under Neil Kinnock and Tony Blair.
In 1992, he planned the Sheffield Rally for the Labour Party, eight days before its loss of the 1992 general election.
Gould was the author of a leaked memo which, in 2000, described the New Labour brand as being contaminated.
On 7 June 2004 he was created a life peer taking the title Baron Gould of Brookwood, of Brookwood in the County of Surrey.
In 2007, he assumed a non-executive director role at Freud Communications, the firm of Blair's former diary secretary, Kate Garvey.
Illness
Gould's grave in the western end of East Highgate Cemetery
Preceding an interview with Andrew Marr on a Sunday morning BBC TV show, 18 September 2011, it was revealed that his treatment for three-times recurring cancer of the oesophagus had been unsuccessful. After being told by his doctor that he only had three months to live, Gould described himself as being in the "death zone":This time it was clear. I was, you know... I was in a different place, a death zone, where there was such an intensity, such a power. And apparently this is normal. And so, even though obviously I'd, you know, rather not be in this position, it is the most extraordinary time of my life, certainly the most important time of my life.
Gould then turned his impending death into a campaign as a way of making his departure easier for his wife and daughters as well as helping others by writing and talking about facing up to death. His efforts resulted in an eight–minute film entitled, When I Die: Lessons from the Death Zone, a documentary of Gould's final weeks of life that was released on the video–sharing website YouTube before the release of his book by the same name.
Death
Gould died on 6 November 2011 at Royal Marsden Hospital, a specialist cancer treatment hospital in London.
It was stated that proceeds from his 2012 book, When I Die: Lessons from the Death Zone, would go to the National Oesophago–Gastric Cancer Fund and the Royal Marsden Cancer Charity. Before he died, Gould stated that he would be cremated and his urn interred at Highgate Cemetery.
Works
Gould, Philip (1999). The Unfinished Revolution: How the Modernisers Saved the Labour Party Abacus, ISBN 0-349-11177-4
Gould, Philip (2012). When I Die: Lessons from the Death Zone Little Brown, ISBN 978-1-4087-0398-4
Biography
Dennis Kavanagh (2012) Philip Gould: An Unfinished Life. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137281128
Arms
Coat of arms of Philip Gould, Baron Gould of Brookwood
Adopted
2007
Coronet
Coronet of a Baron
Crest
A Badger sejant erect Azure head and chest Argent eyes striped Azure gorged with a plain Collar studded Or and grasping in the dexter forepaw a Quill palewise
Argent spined Or
Escutcheon
Azure on a Bend nowy lozengy per bend Argent and Or a Bendlet Azure
Supporters
On either side a Badger Azure the head and chest Argent eyes striped Azure gorged with a plain Collar studded Or and holding in the mouth a Rose Gules barbed seeded slipped and leaved Or
Motto
CREDE POPULO
Badge
A Roundel set with ten Acorns leaved Or and charged with a Badger's Face Argent eyes striped Azure
Symbolism
The Arms reflect the grantee's wish for simplicity as well as suggesting a graph or opinion poll. The roses refer to the grantee's part in the choice of the red rose as the emblem of the Labour party. The badgers and acorns are an obvious pun on Brookwood.
References
^ a b c Price, Lance (7 November 2011). "Lord Gould of Brookwood obituary". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
^ The Sunday Times Magazine, The Sunday Times, 18 December 2011, page 64
^ "Labour peer Philip Gould has died aged 61", BBC News, 7 November 2011.
^ a b c "Obituary: "Lord Gould of Brookwood"". The Daily Telegraph. 7 November 2011. Archived from the original on 12 November 2011.
^ Bennett, Cath. "Philip, Baron Gould of Brookwood - Who's Who - Department of Media and Communications". lse.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
^ Alex May. "Gould, Philip, Baron Gould of Brookwood (1950–2011)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/104345. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "UK POLITICS | New memo leak hits Blair". BBC News. 19 July 2000. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
^ "No. 57334". The London Gazette. 22 June 2004. p. 7754.
^ Introduction in the House of Lords House of Lords minutes of proceedings, 19 July 2004
^ Philip Gould takes Freuds position, PR Week, 17 January 2007, by Hannah Marriott.
^ Harris, John (13 November 2008). "Inside the court of London's golden couple". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
^ Hall, Richard (19 September 2011). "Leading Labour strategist given three months to live". The Independent. London, UK. p. 24. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
^ Campbell, Alastair (8 November 2011). "Philip Gould: He was the ultimate team builder, a healer. Nobody in politics listened as well as Philip". The Guardian. London, UK. p. 17. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
^ Steirn, Adrian (Director) (18 April 2012). When I Die: Lessons from the Death Zone (Video). London, England: YouTube.
^ a b "Dying peer's 'ecstasy' in his final months". 19 April 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
^ "Labour peer Philip Gould dies of cancer aged 61". The Daily Telegraph. London, UK. 7 November 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
^ Gould, Georgia (6 February 2019). "Like Marx, my dad chose Highgate for his grave - let's protect its free spirit". Evening Standard. p. 25. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
External links
Appearances on C-SPAN
Philip Gould at IMDb
Philip Gould collected news and commentary at The Guardian
Documentary on Gould final weeks of life: Adrian Steirn (Director) (18 April 2012). When I Die: Lessons from the Death Zone (Video). London, England: YouTube.
Portrait photographed by Adrian Steirn. On display at National Gallery in London
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For other uses, see Philip Gould (disambiguation).Philip Gould, Baron Gould of Brookwood (30 March 1950 – 6 November 2011[1][2]) was a British political consultant, and former advertising executive, who worked for the Labour Party.Appointed by Director of Communications Peter Mandelson, he was strategy and polling adviser to the Labour Party in the general elections of 1987, 1992, 1997, 2001 and 2005.[3] Involved in 'modernising' the party's image, Gould was particularly associated with Tony Blair and New Labour.","title":"Philip Gould, Baron Gould of Brookwood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woking"},{"link_name":"11-plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleven_plus_exam"},{"link_name":"secondary modern school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_modern_school"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GdnObit-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph2011-4"},{"link_name":"O-level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCE_Ordinary_Level"},{"link_name":"East London College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mary,_University_of_London"},{"link_name":"Toynbee Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toynbee_Hall"},{"link_name":"A-levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GdnObit-1"},{"link_name":"University of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph2011-4"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Michael Oakeshott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Gould grew up in Woking, his father was a headmaster, but failed his 11-plus and went to a secondary modern school.[1][4] Leaving school with only one O-level, he went on to study at East London College, based in Toynbee Hall, where he gained four A-levels.[1] He subsequently won a place at the University of Sussex in 1971 to study politics, graduating in 1974.[4]Gould went to the London School of Economics (LSE) to study for an MSc in the history of political thought, where he was taught by the political scientist Michael Oakeshott. Later he returned to the LSE to teach a course in Modern Campaigning Politics.[5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gail Rebuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Rebuck"},{"link_name":"Random House UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House_UK"},{"link_name":"Neil Kinnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Kinnock"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Rally"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph2011-4"},{"link_name":"New Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Labour"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"life peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_peer"},{"link_name":"Brookwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookwood,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"County of Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Surrey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Freud Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freud_Communications"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kate Garvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Garvey"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"After a career in advertising, and with the success of his wife Gail Rebuck (later CEO of Random House UK), whom he had met at Sussex, Gould founded his own polling and strategy company, Philip Gould Associates, in 1985. Appointed by Mandelson, Gould recruited the Shadow Communications Agency, a team of communications volunteers who created Labour's unsuccessful 1987 election campaign. This led to his position of influence within the Labour Party under Neil Kinnock and Tony Blair.[6]In 1992, he planned the Sheffield Rally for the Labour Party,[4] eight days before its loss of the 1992 general election.Gould was the author of a leaked memo which, in 2000, described the New Labour brand as being contaminated.[7]On 7 June 2004 he was created a life peer taking the title Baron Gould of Brookwood, of Brookwood in the County of Surrey.[8][9]In 2007, he assumed a non-executive director role at Freud Communications,[10] the firm of Blair's former diary secretary, Kate Garvey.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_Philip_Gould,_Highgate.jpg"},{"link_name":"Highgate Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Andrew Marr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Marr"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"cancer of the oesophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_cancer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ecstasy-15"}],"text":"Gould's grave in the western end of East Highgate CemeteryPreceding an interview with Andrew Marr on a Sunday morning BBC TV show, 18 September 2011, it was revealed that his treatment for three-times recurring cancer of the oesophagus had been unsuccessful. After being told by his doctor that he only had three months to live, Gould described himself as being in the \"death zone\":This time it was clear. I was, you know... I was in a different place, a death zone, where there was such an intensity, such a power. And apparently this is normal. And so, even though obviously I'd, you know, rather not be in this position, it is the most extraordinary time of my life, certainly the most important time of my life.[12]Gould then turned his impending death into a campaign as a way of making his departure easier for his wife and daughters as well as helping others by writing and talking about facing up to death.[13] His efforts resulted in an eight–minute film entitled, When I Die: Lessons from the Death Zone,[14] a documentary of Gould's final weeks of life that was released on the video–sharing website YouTube before the release of his book by the same name.[15]","title":"Illness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Marsden Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marsden_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"National Oesophago–Gastric Cancer Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Oesophago%E2%80%93Gastric_Cancer_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Marsden Cancer Charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Marsden_NHS_Foundation_Trust"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ecstasy-15"},{"link_name":"Highgate Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Gould died on 6 November 2011 at Royal Marsden Hospital,[16] a specialist cancer treatment hospital in London.It was stated that proceeds from his 2012 book, When I Die: Lessons from the Death Zone, would go to the National Oesophago–Gastric Cancer Fund and the Royal Marsden Cancer Charity.[15] Before he died, Gould stated that he would be cremated and his urn interred at Highgate Cemetery.[17]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-349-11177-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-11177-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4087-0398-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4087-0398-4"}],"text":"Gould, Philip (1999). The Unfinished Revolution: How the Modernisers Saved the Labour Party Abacus, ISBN 0-349-11177-4\nGould, Philip (2012). When I Die: Lessons from the Death Zone Little Brown, ISBN 978-1-4087-0398-4","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dennis Kavanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Kavanagh"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1137281128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137281128"}],"text":"Dennis Kavanagh (2012) Philip Gould: An Unfinished Life. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137281128","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arms"}]
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[{"image_text":"Gould's grave in the western end of East Highgate Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Grave_of_Philip_Gould%2C_Highgate.jpg/220px-Grave_of_Philip_Gould%2C_Highgate.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Price, Lance (7 November 2011). \"Lord Gould of Brookwood obituary\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/nov/07/philip-gould","url_text":"\"Lord Gould of Brookwood obituary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: \"Lord Gould of Brookwood\"\". The Daily Telegraph. 7 November 2011. Archived from the original on 12 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/8874053/Lord-Gould-of-Brookwood.html","url_text":"\"Obituary: \"Lord Gould of Brookwood\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111112082046/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/politics-obituaries/8874053/Lord-Gould-of-Brookwood.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Cath. \"Philip, Baron Gould of Brookwood - Who's Who - Department of Media and Communications\". lse.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/WhosWho/PhilipGould.aspx","url_text":"\"Philip, Baron Gould of Brookwood - Who's Who - Department of Media and Communications\""}]},{"reference":"Alex May. \"Gould, Philip, Baron Gould of Brookwood (1950–2011)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/104345.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/dnb/104345.html","url_text":"\"Gould, Philip, Baron Gould of Brookwood (1950–2011)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F104345","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/104345"}]},{"reference":"\"UK POLITICS | New memo leak hits Blair\". BBC News. 19 July 2000. Retrieved 7 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/840440.stm","url_text":"\"UK POLITICS | New memo leak hits Blair\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 57334\". The London Gazette. 22 June 2004. p. 7754.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/57334/page/7754","url_text":"\"No. 57334\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Harris, John (13 November 2008). \"Inside the court of London's golden couple\". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/nov/13/elisabeth-murdoch-matthew-freud-politics","url_text":"\"Inside the court of London's golden couple\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Richard (19 September 2011). \"Leading Labour strategist given three months to live\". The Independent. London, UK. p. 24. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/leading-labour-strategist-given-three-months-to-live-2356992.html","url_text":"\"Leading Labour strategist given three months to live\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/leading-labour-strategist-given-three-months-to-live-2356992.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Alastair (8 November 2011). \"Philip Gould: He was the ultimate team builder, a healer. Nobody in politics listened as well as Philip\". The Guardian. London, UK. p. 17. Retrieved 21 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/nov/07/philip-gould-best-listener-politics","url_text":"\"Philip Gould: He was the ultimate team builder, a healer. Nobody in politics listened as well as Philip\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Steirn, Adrian (Director) (18 April 2012). When I Die: Lessons from the Death Zone (Video). London, England: YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S2eUw0CUuMc","url_text":"When I Die: Lessons from the Death Zone"}]},{"reference":"\"Dying peer's 'ecstasy' in his final months\". 19 April 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-daily-telegraph/20120419/281565172752908/TextView","url_text":"\"Dying peer's 'ecstasy' in his final months\""}]},{"reference":"\"Labour peer Philip Gould dies of cancer aged 61\". The Daily Telegraph. London, UK. 7 November 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/8873490/Labour-peer-Philip-Gould-dies-of-cancer-aged-61.html","url_text":"\"Labour peer Philip Gould dies of cancer aged 61\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Gould, Georgia (6 February 2019). \"Like Marx, my dad chose Highgate for his grave - let's protect its free spirit\". Evening Standard. p. 25. Retrieved 21 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/highgate-cemetery-georgia-gould-a4058836.html","url_text":"\"Like Marx, my dad chose Highgate for his grave - let's protect its free spirit\""}]},{"reference":"Adrian Steirn (Director) (18 April 2012). When I Die: Lessons from the Death Zone (Video). London, England: YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Steirn","url_text":"Adrian Steirn"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S2eUw0CUuMc","url_text":"When I Die: Lessons from the Death Zone"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead,_London
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Hampstead
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["1 History","1.1 Toponymy","1.2 To 1900","1.3 20th century","2 Geography","3 Politics","3.1 Hampstead Liberalism","3.2 Brexit referendum","4 Places of interest","4.1 Sites","4.2 Churches and synagogues","4.3 Museums","4.4 Theatres and cinemas","4.5 Art Galleries","4.6 Public houses","4.7 Restaurants","4.8 Schools","4.9 Film locations","5 Demography","6 Transport","6.1 Rail and Tube","6.2 Bus","6.3 Cycling","6.4 Road","6.5 Nearest places","7 Notable residents","7.1 Blue plaques","8 Local newspapers","9 See also","10 References and notes","11 External links","11.1 Images"]
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Coordinates: 51°33′15″N 0°10′28″W / 51.5541°N 0.1744°W / 51.5541; -0.1744Area of Camden in London, England
For other places with the same name, see Hampstead (disambiguation).
Human settlement in EnglandHampsteadDownshire Hill in May 2009HampsteadLocation within Greater LondonOS grid referenceTQ265855London boroughCamdenCeremonial countyGreater LondonRegionLondonCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townLONDONPostcode districtNW3Dialling code020PoliceMetropolitanFireLondonAmbulanceLondon
UK ParliamentHampstead and KilburnLondon AssemblyBarnet and Camden
List of places
UK
England
London
51°33′15″N 0°10′28″W / 51.5541°N 0.1744°W / 51.5541; -0.1744
Hampstead (/ˈhæmpstɪd, -stɛd/) is an area in London, England, which lies four miles (six kilometres) northwest of Charing Cross, and extends from the A5 road (Roman Watling Street) to Hampstead Heath, a large, hilly expanse of parkland. The area forms the northwest part of the London Borough of Camden, a borough in Inner London which for the purposes of the London Plan is designated as part of Central London.
Hampstead is known for its intellectual, liberal, artistic, musical, political, and literary associations. It contains a number of listed buildings, such as Burgh House, Kenwood House, the Spaniard's Inn, and the Everyman cinema, one of the oldest in the world. With some of the most expensive housing in London, Hampstead is known as London's home for the rich and famous, with local residents past and present including Sigmund Freud, Agatha Christie, Jim Henson, T.S. Eliot, George Orwell, Elizabeth Taylor, Stephen Fry, Ricky Gervais, Harry Styles, and Helena Bonham Carter. Hampstead has been home to more Prime Ministers, and contains more millionaires within its boundaries, than any other area of the United Kingdom.
History
Toponymy
The name comes from the Anglo-Saxon words ham and stede, which means, and is a cognate of, the Modern English "homestead".
To 1900
Archeological findings from Hampstead Heath, including Mesolithic flint tools, pits, postholes, and burnt stones, indicate a hunter-gatherer community around 7000 BCE. Objects like cinerary urns and grave goods discovered near Well Walk, dating back to 70–120 CE, suggest the possibility of a Roman settlement or road in the vicinity.Kenwood House, Hampstead
Roadworks on Heath Street in Hampstead around 1865, in Ford Madox Brown's painting Work
A current day view of the location used for the Madox Brown painting on The Mount, just off Heath St
Early records of Hampstead can be found in a grant by King Ethelred the Unready to the monastery of St. Peter's at Westminster (AD 986), and it is referred to in the Domesday Book (1086) as being in the Middlesex hundred of Ossulstone. Outlying hamlets developed at West End and North End. In addition Pond Street formed the southern limit of the settlement for many centuries.
The growth of Hampstead is generally traced back to the seventeenth century. Trustees of the Well started advertising the medicinal qualities of the chalybeate waters (mineral water impregnated with iron) in 1700. A pump room and assembly room were established on Well Walk, supplied by water from springs in nearby Well Road. Elegant housing was built in New End road, New End Square and Church Row. Although Hampstead Wells was initially most successful and fashionable, its popularity declined in the nineteenth century due to competition with other fashionable London spas. The spa was demolished in 1882, although a water fountain was left behind.
Hampstead started to expand following the opening of the North London Railway in the 1860s (now the London Overground with passenger services operated by Transport for London), and expanded further after the Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway opened in 1907 (now part of London Underground's Northern line) and provided fast travel to central London.
Much luxurious housing was created during the 1870s and 1880s, in the area that is now the political ward of Frognal & Fitzjohns. Much of this housing remains to this day.
20th century
In the 20th century, a number of notable buildings were created including:
Hampstead Underground station (1907), the deepest station on the Underground network
Isokon building (1932)
Hillfield Court (1932)
2 Willow Road (1938)
Swiss Cottage Central Library (1964)
Royal Free Hospital (mid-1970s)
Keats House, Hampstead, where Keats wrote his Ode to a Nightingale
Cultural attractions in the area include the Freud Museum, Keats House, Kenwood House, Fenton House, the Isokon building, Burgh House (which also houses Hampstead Museum), and the Camden Arts Centre. The large Victorian Hampstead Town Hall was recently converted and extended as an arts centre.
On 14 August 1975 Hampstead entered the UK Weather Records with the Highest 155-min total rainfall at 169 mm. As of November 2008 this record remains.
The average price of a property in Hampstead was £1.5 million in 2018.
Geography
Hampstead High Street sign
A map showing the wards of Hampstead Metropolitan Borough as they appeared in 1916.
Hampstead became part of the County of London in 1889 and in 1899 the Metropolitan Borough of Hampstead was formed. The Town Hall on Haverstock Hill, which was also the location of the Register Office, can be seen in newsreel footage of many celebrity civil marriages. In 1965, the metropolitan borough was abolished and its area merged with that of the Metropolitan Borough of Holborn and the Metropolitan Borough of St Pancras to form the modern-day London Borough of Camden.
For some, the area represented by Hampstead today consists principally of the (electoral) wards of Hampstead Town and Frognal & Fitzjohns; others espouse a broader definition, encompassing South Hampstead, Belsize Park and West Hampstead.
Politics
The former Hampstead Town Hall on Haverstock Hill.This section may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (May 2021)
Hampstead is part of the Hampstead and Kilburn constituency, formed at the 2010 general election. It was formerly part of the Hampstead and Highgate constituency.
Since July 2022 the area has been represented on Camden Council by Conservative Party councillor Stephen Stark and Liberal Democrat councillor Linda Chung.
Hampstead Liberalism
The area has a significant tradition of educated liberal humanism, sometimes referred to (often disparagingly) as "Hampstead Liberalism". In the 1960s, the figure of the Hampstead Liberal was notoriously satirised by Peter Simple of the Daily Telegraph in the character of Lady Dutt-Pauker, an immensely wealthy aristocratic socialist whose Hampstead mansion, Marxmount House, contained an original pair of Bukharin's false teeth on display alongside precious Ming vases, neo-constructivist art, and the complete writings of Stalin. Michael Idov of The New Yorker stated that the community "was the citadel of the moneyed liberal intelligentsia, posh but not stuffy." As applied to an individual, the term "Hampstead Liberal" is not synonymous with "champagne socialist" but carries some of the same connotations. The term is also rather misleading.
As of 2018, the component wards of Hampstead (South Hampstead, Frognal, Hampstead Town and Belsize) have mixed representation. Frognal ward elects two Conservative councillors, Belsize ward elects three Liberal Democrat councillors, South Hampstead elects three Labour councillors, while Hampstead Town is represented by one Liberal Democrat and one Conservative councillor.
South Hampstead is a competitive Labour and Conservative marginal, and Belsize is competitive between the Liberal Democrats and the Conservatives, whereas Frognal is a safe Conservative ward. Hampstead Town (including the area of Hampstead Village and South End Green) has seen a number of tightly fought Conservative and Liberal Democrat contests, and the ward has had mixed representation in recent decades.
Brexit referendum
During the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 75% of voters across the London Borough of Camden voted to remain in the EU. Following the result many commentators used Hampstead as an archetype of the type of area that preferred to remain in the EU. This point was often made in alliterative contrast to poor post-industrial northern towns such as Hartlepool and Hull, that preferred to leave.
Places of interest
Hampstead Heath west ponds
St Mary's Church, Hampstead
The Viaduct on Hampstead Heath
Isokon Building, Hampstead
St John's Church, Downshire Hill
Sites
To the north and east of Hampstead, and separating it from Highgate, is London's largest ancient parkland, Hampstead Heath, which includes the well-known and legally-protected view of the London skyline from Parliament Hill. The Heath, a major place for Londoners to walk and "take the air", has three open-air public swimming ponds; one for men, one for women, and one for mixed bathing, which were originally reservoirs for drinking water and the sources of the River Fleet. The bridge pictured is known locally as 'The Red Arches' or 'The Viaduct', built in fruitless anticipation of residential building on the Heath in the 19th century.
Local activities include major open-air concerts on summer Saturday evenings on the slopes below Kenwood House, the FT Weekend Festival, book and poetry readings, fun fairs on the lower reaches of the Heath, period harpsichord recitals at Fenton House, Hampstead Scientific Society and Hampstead Photographic Society.
The largest employer in Hampstead is the Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, but many small businesses based in the area have international significance. George Martin's AIR recording studios, in converted church premises in Lyndhurst Road, is a current example, as Jim Henson's Creature Shop was before it relocated to California.
The area has some remarkable architecture, such as the Isokon building in Lawn Road, a Grade I listed experiment in collective housing, once home to Agatha Christie, Henry Moore, Ben Nicholson and Walter Gropius. It was recently restored by Notting Hill Housing Trust.
Churches and synagogues
Christ Church – Hampstead Square, NW3 1AB
Heath Street Baptist Church, Heath Street, NW3 1DN
St. Andrew's United Reformed Church, Frognal Lane, NW3 7DY
St John-at-Hampstead – Church Row, NW3 6UU
St John's Downshire Hill – Downshire Hill, NW3 1NU
St Luke's – Kidderpore Avenue, NW3 7SU
St Mary's Church (Roman Catholic)– 4 Holly Place, NW3 6QU
Rosslyn Hill Unitarian Chapel – Pilgrim's Place, NW3 1NG
Village Shul, synagogue, located at 27 New End, Hampstead.
St Stephen's Rosslyn Hill (Church of England) was built in 1869 by Samuel Sanders Teulon on the Pond Street side of Hampstead Green. Deconsecrated in 1978 and stripped of much of its assets it was boarded up and subsequently invaded by squatters. In 1998 it was leased to the St Stephen's Restoration and Preservation Trust which, after 11 years of fundraising and grants returned it to the community as a centre for education, weddings, public meetings and social celebrations together with occasional classical music concerts. Winning an English Heritage award for the restoration of buildings at risk, the website www.ststephenstrust.co.uk has further information.
Museums
Fenton House – Hampstead Grove, Hampstead, London, NW3 6SP
Freud Museum – 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead, London, NW3 5SX
Burgh House & Hampstead Museum – New End Square, Hampstead, London, NW3 1LT
Keats House Museum – Keats Grove, Hampstead, London, NW3 2RR
Kenwood House – Hampstead Lane, Hampstead, London, NW3 7JR
Theatres and cinemas
Everyman Cinema, Hampstead – 5 Holly Bush Vale, Hampstead, London, NW3 6TX
Hampstead Theatre – Eton Avenue, Swiss Cottage, London, NW3 3EU
Pentameters Theatre – 28 Heath Street, Hampstead, London, NW3 6TE
Art Galleries
Hampstead was once home to many art galleries but few are now left. The Catto Gallery has been in Hampstead since 1986 and has represented artists like Ian Berry, Philip Jackson, Chuck Elliott, Walasse Ting, and Sergei Chepik over the years.
Catto Gallery - 100 Heath Street, Hampstead, London NW3 1DP
Gilden's Art Gallery, 74, Heath Street, London NW3 1DN
Zebra One Gallery,– 1 Perrin's Court, Hampstead, London, NW3 1QX
Public houses
Hampstead is well known for its traditional pubs, such as The Holly Bush, gas-lit until recently; the Spaniard's Inn, Spaniard's Road, where highwayman Dick Turpin took refuge; The Old Bull and Bush in North End; and The Old White Bear (formerly Ye Olde White Bear). Jack Straw's Castle, on the edge of the Heath near Whitestone Pond, has now been converted into residential flats. Others include:
The Flask – 14 Flask Walk, Hampstead, London, NW3 1HE
Freemasons Arms – 32 Downshire Hill, Hampstead, London, NW3 1NT
The Duke of Hamilton – 23–25 New End, Hampstead, London, NW3 1JD
The Horseshoe (formerly The Three Horseshoes) – 28 Heath Street, Hampstead, London, NW3 6TE
King William IV (aka KW4) – 77 Hampstead High Street, Hampstead, London, NW3 1RE
The Magdala – 2a South Hill Park, Hampstead, London, NW3 2SB
The Garden Gate – 14 South End Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QE
The Wells Tavern - 30 Well Walk, Hampstead, London NW3 1BX
Restaurants
Hampstead has served as a testing ground for a number of cafes and restaurants that later became successful chains. Those include Giraffe World Kitchen, Gail's and 'Bagel Street'. As a consequence, Hampstead has an eclectic mix of restaurants ranging from French to Thai. After over a decade of controversy and legal action from local residents, McDonald's was finally allowed to open in Hampstead in 1992, after winning its right in court, and agreeing to a previously unprecedented re-design of the shop front, reducing the conspicuousness of its facade and logo, It closed in November 2013. Popular local eateries also include street food vendors, such as La Creperie de Hampstead, which is often frequented by domestic and global celebrities.
Schools
Main article: List of schools in Hampstead
Film locations
East Heath
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Hampstead's rural feel lends itself for use in film, a notable example being The Killing of Sister George (1968) starring Beryl Reid and Susannah York. The opening sequence has Reid's character June wandering through the streets and alleyways of Hampstead, west of Heath Street, around The Mount Square. The Marquis of Granby pub, in which June drinks at the opening of the film, was actually The Holly Bush, at 22 Holly Mount. Another example is The Collector (1965), starring Terence Stamp and Samantha Eggar, where the kidnap sequence is set in Mount Vernon.
Some scenes from An American Werewolf in London (1981) are shot on Hampstead Heath, Well Walk and Haverstock Hill.
More recently Kenwood House is the set of the "film-within-the-film" scene of Notting Hill (1999). Outdoor scenes in The Wedding Date (2005), starring Debra Messing, feature Parliament Hill Fields on the Heath, overlooking west London. Parliament Hill also features in Notes on a Scandal (2006) together with the nearby areas of Gospel Oak and Camden Town. Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994) features the old Hampstead Town Hall on Haverstock Hill. The film Scenes of a Sexual Nature (2006) was filmed entirely on Hampstead Heath, covering various picturesque locations such as the 'Floating Gardens' and Kenwood House.
A musical specifically focusing on the area, Les Bicyclettes de Belsize (1968), tells the story of a young man's cycle journey around Hampstead. After crashing into a billboard poster, he falls in love with the fashion model depicted on it. In February 2016, principal photography for Robert Zemeckis' war film Allied starring Brad Pitt and Marion Cotillard, began with the family home located on the corners of Christchurch Hill and Willow Road in Hampstead.
Cruella de Vil Mansion (Sarum Chase) is on the West Heath Road in movies 101 Dalmatians (1996.) and 102 Dalmatians (2001.)
Demography
The 2021 census showed that the population of Hampstead Town ward was 77.7% white (46.7% British, 28% Other, 2.4% Irish). The largest non-white group, Asian, claimed 8.9%. The religious data of the area showed that 32.6% was Christian, 37.9% irreligious and 11% Jewish. 2.7% of the population was unemployed and seeking work; this compared to 5.1% for the wider borough.
Transport
Hampstead tube station
Rail and Tube
Hampstead station is on one transport line, the Northern Line which has connections to other lines at Camden Town and Kings Cross station among others.
The London Overground (North London line) also runs through Hampstead Heath and Finchley Road & Frognal.
Stations in Hampstead include:
Belsize Park
Finchley Road
Finchley Road & Frognal
Hampstead
Hampstead Heath
Swiss Cottage
All stations are in London fare zone 2, except Hampstead, which is in both zones 2 and 3. Hampstead station serves the north western part of the wider district, near Hampstead's traditional centre. All the other three stations in the area are located to the south.
In the 1860s, the Metropolitan and St John's Wood Railway was authorised to build a branch line from Swiss Cottage to Hampstead with its terminus to be located at the junction of Flask Walk, Well Walk and Willow Road. Financial difficulties meant that the project was cancelled in 1870.
Bus
There is a major bus terminus near Hampstead Heath station (near the Royal Free Hospital), served by London Buses routes 24 and 168. Routes 46, 268, C11, and N5 also serve the Royal Free Hospital.
Hampstead tube station and High Street are served by routes 46, 268, 603, and N5. Route 210 runs along the northernmost rim of Hampstead, stopping at Jack Straw's Castle.
Finchley Road is served by routes 13, 113, 187, 268, C11, and N113.
Cycling
Cycling infrastructure in Hampstead is poor. In early 2016, Transport for London (TfL) consulted with the public on a new "Cycle Superhighway" (CS11) between Swiss Cottage and the West End, which provide an unbroken, predominantly traffic-free cycle route from Hampstead to Central London. The scheme was cancelled following court action from the City of Westminster in 2018.
There are bus lanes along the A41/Finchley Road that cyclists are allowed to use.
A shared-use path runs from Parliament Hill to Jack Straw's Castle/Highgate through the centre of Hampstead Heath.
Road
The A41/Finchley Road passes north–south through Hampstead. The road links the area directly to Marylebone and Oxford Street to the south. The route runs northbound to Golders Green, Brent Cross, the M1 motorway, and Watford.
The A502/Hampstead High Street runs from Camden Town in the south, through Hampstead, to Golders Green and Hendon in the north-west.
Nearest places
The Royal Free Hospital and A&E is in Hampstead.
Places adjacent to Hampstead
Childs Hill
Golders Green and Hampstead Garden Suburb
Highgate
West Hampstead
Hampstead
Hampstead Heath and Gospel Oak
Swiss Cottage and St John's Wood
South Hampstead and Primrose Hill
Belsize Park and Chalk Farm
Notable residents
Main article: List of people from Hampstead
Sigmund Freud's final residence, now dedicated to his life and work as the Freud Museum, 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead. Hampstead has long been known as a residence of the intelligentsia, including writers, composers, ballerinas and intellectuals, actors, artists and architects – many of whom created a bohemian community in the late 19th century. After 1917, and again in the 1930s, it became base to a community of avant garde artists and writers and was host to a number of émigrés and exiles from the Russian Revolution and Nazi Europe.
Blue plaques
There are at least 60 English Heritage blue plaques in Hampstead commemorating the many diverse personalities that have lived there.
Local newspapers
The local newspapers, as of 2014, were the Hampstead and Highgate Express—known locally as the "Ham and High"—and the free Camden New Journal. The area is also home to the left-wing Labour magazine Tribune and the satirical magazine Hampstead Village Voice.
See also
London portal
The Bishops Avenue
List of people from Hampstead
References and notes
^ "The London Plan March 2016" (PDF). london.gov.uk. p. 426.
^ "Listed Buildings in Hampstead Town Ward, Camden". britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
^ "The History of The Everyman Cinema Hampstead". The History of The Everyman Cinema Hampstead. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
^ Wade, David, "Whatever happened to Hampstead Man?". The Daily Telegraph, 8 May 2004 (retrieved 3 March 2016).
^ "Hampstead: Settlement and Growth | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
^ Anna Powell-Smith. "Hampstead | Domesday Book". Domesdaymap.co.uk. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
^ "London's Town Halls". Historic England. p. 32. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
^ "House prices in Hampstead, London". Zoopla. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
^ The Stretchford Chronicles, Michael Wharton, (London, 1980), pages 216, 236, 284
^ Idov, Michael. "The Demon Blogger of Fleet Street." New York Magazine. 26 September 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
^ "Camden's EU Referendum result declared".
^ Wallis, William (29 March 2019). "'Brexit day' in Middlesbrough: 'People are sick of the government'". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.
^ Flint, Caroline (5 February 2019). "Parliament voted to get a Brexit deal done now. So let's make it happen | Caroline Flint". The Guardian.
^ "FT – About Us". 17 September 2019.
^ A Church Near You (16 January 2015). "Christ Church Hampstead, Hampstead - London | Diocese of London". Achurchnearyou.com. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
^ "Heath Street Baptist Church". Heathstreet.org. 8 June 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
^ "Andrew's Frog".
^ "St John-at-Hampstead". aChurchNearYou.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ "St John's Downshire Hill". SJDH.org (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ "St Luke's, Hampstead". stlukeshampstead.org (Retrieved 15 August 2010)
^ St Luke's was built with financial help from Anne Dudin Brown.
^ "St Mary's Chapel" Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. RCDOW.org.uk (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ St Mary's Chapel was founded by Roman Catholic refugees from the French Revolution.
^ "The Village Shul". The Village Shul. Archived from the original on 3 March 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
^ "Fenton House" Archived 5 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. NationalTrust.org.uk (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ "Freud Museum". HeritageBritain.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ "Burgh House & Hampstead Local History Museum". AboutBritain.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ "Keats House Museum" Archived 2 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. AboutBritain.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ "Kenwood House". English-Heritage.org.uk (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ "Everyman Cinema Club" Archived 4 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. LondonNet.co.uk (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ "Hampstead Theatre" Archived 25 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. VisitLondon.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ "Pentameters Theatre" Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. LondonNet.co.uk (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ McCarthy, Fiona (3 November 2013). "Material boy". The Sunday Times. ISSN 0956-1382. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
^ "Artist portrays London in denim". BBC News. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
^ "Catto Gallery". hampsteadvillagelondon.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
^ Pettitt, Josh. "Artist recreates Hampstead and Primrose Hill using old pairs of jeans". Hampstead Highgate Express. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
^ "This London Laundrette Is Made Entirely Out Of Denim". Londonist. 25 November 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
^ Castle, Gavin (1 November 2016). "Work by Ian Berry at the Catto Gallery in London". huddersfieldexaminer. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
^ "Catto Gallery - Artists". cattogallery.co.uk. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
^ "Painting by Russian artist Sergei Chepik worth £25,000 stolen from". Evening Standard. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
^ "Royal sculptor hosts new exhibit". Times Series. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
^ a b "The Killing of Sister George film locations" Archived 15 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Movie-Locations.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ "The Holly Bush" Archived 25 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. FancyaPint.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ "Ye Olde White Bear" Archived 4 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. FancyaPint.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ "The Flask". FancyaPint.com. (Retrieved 13 April 2010)
^ "Freemasons Arms" Archived 8 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. FancyaPint.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ "The Duke of Hamilton" Archived 19 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. FancyaPint.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ "The Horseshoe" Archived 15 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. FancyaPint.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ "King William IV" Archived 30 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. FancyaPint.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ "The Magdala" Archived 31 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. FancyaPint.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ Ruth Ellis, the last woman hanged in England, killed her lover David Blakely outside The Magdala in 1955. (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ "The Garden Gate" Archived 1 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. FancyaPint.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)
^ "The Wells – Bar and Restaurant". thewellshampstead.co.uk. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
^ LETTER FROM LONDON; Hampstead Braces for a Big Mac Attack, The Washington Post | 4 November 1992 | Eugene Robinson
^ Wright, Paul (1 November 2013). 'McDonald's in Hampstead High Street to close after 21 years' Archived 16 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Ham & High.
^ "Film Locations for the Collector (1965), in London and Kent".
^ "Britain in the movies: 19 UK filming locations you must visit". The Telegraph. 1 November 2019. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
^ "Religion - Census Maps, ONS".
^ "Walking times between stations on the same line" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ Jackson, Alan (1986). London's Metropolitan Railway. David & Charles. pp. 41 & 331. ISBN 0-7153-8839-8.
^ a b "Buses from Hampstead Heath (Royal Free Hospital)" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "Buses from Finchley Road" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "Cycle Superhighway 11". Transport for London (TfL). Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "Hampstead Heath" (PDF). City of London Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ "Search Blue Plaques". Blue plaques search – Hampstead. English Heritage. Retrieved 6 September 2014.
^ "Home - Hampstead Highgate Express". Hamhigh.co.uk. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hampstead.
Media related to Hampstead at Wikimedia Commons
Hampstead and Marylebone by G. E. Mitton at Project Gutenberg
The Heath and Hampstead Society
Archives relating to Hampstead at The National Archives (United Kingdom)
Images
Images of Hampstead at the English Heritage Archive
Images of Hampstead at the Country Life Picture Library Archived 22 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hampstead (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ˈhæmpstɪd, -stɛd/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross"},{"link_name":"the A5 road (Roman Watling Street)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watling_Street"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Heath"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden"},{"link_name":"Inner London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_London"},{"link_name":"London Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Plan"},{"link_name":"Central London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Burgh House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh_House"},{"link_name":"Kenwood House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood_House"},{"link_name":"Spaniard's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniards_Inn"},{"link_name":"Everyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyman_Cinema,_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hampstead is known as London's home for the rich and famous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"Jim Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson"},{"link_name":"T.S. Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot"},{"link_name":"George Orwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Stephen Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fry"},{"link_name":"Ricky Gervais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Gervais"},{"link_name":"Harry Styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Styles"},{"link_name":"Helena Bonham Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tel080504-4"}],"text":"Area of Camden in London, EnglandFor other places with the same name, see Hampstead (disambiguation).Human settlement in EnglandHampstead (/ˈhæmpstɪd, -stɛd/) is an area in London, England, which lies four miles (six kilometres) northwest of Charing Cross, and extends from the A5 road (Roman Watling Street) to Hampstead Heath, a large, hilly expanse of parkland. The area forms the northwest part of the London Borough of Camden, a borough in Inner London which for the purposes of the London Plan is designated as part of Central London.[1]Hampstead is known for its intellectual, liberal, artistic, musical, political, and literary associations. It contains a number of listed buildings,[2] such as Burgh House, Kenwood House, the Spaniard's Inn, and the Everyman cinema, one of the oldest in the world.[3] With some of the most expensive housing in London, Hampstead is known as London's home for the rich and famous, with local residents past and present including Sigmund Freud, Agatha Christie, Jim Henson, T.S. Eliot, George Orwell, Elizabeth Taylor, Stephen Fry, Ricky Gervais, Harry Styles, and Helena Bonham Carter. Hampstead has been home to more Prime Ministers, and contains more millionaires within its boundaries, than any other area of the United Kingdom.[4]","title":"Hampstead"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"}],"sub_title":"Toponymy","text":"The name comes from the Anglo-Saxon words ham and stede, which means, and is a cognate of, the Modern English \"homestead\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hampstead Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Heath"},{"link_name":"Mesolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic"},{"link_name":"hunter-gatherer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer"},{"link_name":"Well Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_Walk"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenwood_House_entrance.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Kenwood House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood_House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_Madox_Brown_-_Work_-_artchive.com.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heath Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_Street,_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"Ford Madox Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown"},{"link_name":"Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(painting)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Mount_Hampstead.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ethelred the Unready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_the_Unready"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex"},{"link_name":"Ossulstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossulstone"},{"link_name":"hamlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlets"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"North End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_End,_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"Pond Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond_Street,_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"seventeenth century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_century"},{"link_name":"chalybeate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalybeate"},{"link_name":"mineral water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_water"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"assembly room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_room"},{"link_name":"Well Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_Walk"},{"link_name":"Well Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_Road"},{"link_name":"New End Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_End_Square"},{"link_name":"Church Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Row,_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"nineteenth century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_century"},{"link_name":"North London Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_London_Railway"},{"link_name":"London Overground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"Transport for London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross,_Euston_%26_Hampstead_Railway"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Northern line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_line"},{"link_name":"central London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_London"}],"sub_title":"To 1900","text":"Archeological findings from Hampstead Heath, including Mesolithic flint tools, pits, postholes, and burnt stones, indicate a hunter-gatherer community around 7000 BCE. Objects like cinerary urns and grave goods discovered near Well Walk, dating back to 70–120 CE, suggest the possibility of a Roman settlement or road in the vicinity.[5]Kenwood House, HampsteadRoadworks on Heath Street in Hampstead around 1865, in Ford Madox Brown's painting WorkA current day view of the location used for the Madox Brown painting on The Mount, just off Heath StEarly records of Hampstead can be found in a grant by King Ethelred the Unready to the monastery of St. Peter's at Westminster (AD 986), and it is referred to in the Domesday Book (1086)[6] as being in the Middlesex hundred of Ossulstone. Outlying hamlets developed at West End and North End. In addition Pond Street formed the southern limit of the settlement for many centuries.The growth of Hampstead is generally traced back to the seventeenth century. Trustees of the Well started advertising the medicinal qualities of the chalybeate waters (mineral water impregnated with iron) in 1700. A pump room and assembly room were established on Well Walk, supplied by water from springs in nearby Well Road. Elegant housing was built in New End road, New End Square and Church Row. Although Hampstead Wells was initially most successful and fashionable, its popularity declined in the nineteenth century due to competition with other fashionable London spas. The spa was demolished in 1882, although a water fountain was left behind.Hampstead started to expand following the opening of the North London Railway in the 1860s (now the London Overground with passenger services operated by Transport for London), and expanded further after the Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway opened in 1907 (now part of London Underground's Northern line) and provided fast travel to central London.Much luxurious housing was created during the 1870s and 1880s, in the area that is now the political ward of Frognal & Fitzjohns. Much of this housing remains to this day.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hampstead Underground station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_tube_station"},{"link_name":"Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"Isokon building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isokon_building"},{"link_name":"Hillfield Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillfield_Court"},{"link_name":"2 Willow Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Willow_Road"},{"link_name":"Swiss Cottage Central Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Cottage_Central_Library"},{"link_name":"Royal Free Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Free_Hospital"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keats_House.jpg"},{"link_name":"Keats House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keats_House"},{"link_name":"Keats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats"},{"link_name":"Ode to a Nightingale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ode_to_a_Nightingale"},{"link_name":"Freud Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freud_Museum"},{"link_name":"Keats House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keats_House"},{"link_name":"Kenwood House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood_House"},{"link_name":"Fenton House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenton_House"},{"link_name":"Isokon building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isokon_building"},{"link_name":"Burgh House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh_House"},{"link_name":"Camden Arts Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Arts_Centre"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"UK Weather Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Weather_Records"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zoopla-8"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"In the 20th century, a number of notable buildings were created including:Hampstead Underground station (1907), the deepest station on the Underground network\nIsokon building (1932)\nHillfield Court (1932)\n2 Willow Road (1938)\nSwiss Cottage Central Library (1964)\nRoyal Free Hospital (mid-1970s)Keats House, Hampstead, where Keats wrote his Ode to a NightingaleCultural attractions in the area include the Freud Museum, Keats House, Kenwood House, Fenton House, the Isokon building, Burgh House (which also houses Hampstead Museum), and the Camden Arts Centre. The large Victorian Hampstead Town Hall was recently converted and extended as an arts centre.[7]On 14 August 1975 Hampstead entered the UK Weather Records with the Highest 155-min total rainfall at 169 mm. As of November 2008 this record remains.The average price of a property in Hampstead was £1.5 million in 2018.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hampstead_High_Street_Sign.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hampstead High Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_High_Street"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hampstead_Met._B_Ward_Map_1916.svg"},{"link_name":"County of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_London"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Borough of Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Borough of Holborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Holborn"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Borough of St Pancras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_St_Pancras"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden"},{"link_name":"South Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"Belsize Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belsize_Park"},{"link_name":"West Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hampstead"}],"text":"Hampstead High Street signA map showing the wards of Hampstead Metropolitan Borough as they appeared in 1916.Hampstead became part of the County of London in 1889 and in 1899 the Metropolitan Borough of Hampstead was formed. The Town Hall on Haverstock Hill, which was also the location of the Register Office, can be seen in newsreel footage of many celebrity civil marriages. In 1965, the metropolitan borough was abolished and its area merged with that of the Metropolitan Borough of Holborn and the Metropolitan Borough of St Pancras to form the modern-day London Borough of Camden.For some, the area represented by Hampstead today consists principally of the (electoral) wards of Hampstead Town and Frognal & Fitzjohns; others espouse a broader definition, encompassing South Hampstead, Belsize Park and West Hampstead.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_Hampstead_town_hall,_Haverstock_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_415063.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"Haverstock Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverstock_Hill"},{"link_name":"Hampstead and Kilburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_and_Kilburn_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2010 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Hampstead and Highgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_and_Highgate_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"}],"text":"The former Hampstead Town Hall on Haverstock Hill.Hampstead is part of the Hampstead and Kilburn constituency, formed at the 2010 general election. It was formerly part of the Hampstead and Highgate constituency.Since July 2022 the area has been represented on Camden Council by Conservative Party councillor Stephen Stark and Liberal Democrat councillor Linda Chung.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Simple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wharton"},{"link_name":"Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"Lady Dutt-Pauker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Peter_Simple%27s_characters"},{"link_name":"Bukharin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukharin"},{"link_name":"neo-constructivist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(art)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Idov-10"},{"link_name":"champagne socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_socialist"},{"link_name":"South End Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_End_Green"}],"sub_title":"Hampstead Liberalism","text":"The area has a significant tradition of educated liberal humanism, sometimes referred to (often disparagingly) as \"Hampstead Liberalism\". In the 1960s, the figure of the Hampstead Liberal was notoriously satirised by Peter Simple of the Daily Telegraph in the character of Lady Dutt-Pauker, an immensely wealthy aristocratic socialist whose Hampstead mansion, Marxmount House, contained an original pair of Bukharin's false teeth on display alongside precious Ming vases, neo-constructivist art, and the complete writings of Stalin.[9] Michael Idov of The New Yorker stated that the community \"was the citadel of the moneyed liberal intelligentsia, posh but not stuffy.\"[10] As applied to an individual, the term \"Hampstead Liberal\" is not synonymous with \"champagne socialist\" but carries some of the same connotations. The term is also rather misleading.As of 2018, the component wards of Hampstead (South Hampstead, Frognal, Hampstead Town and Belsize) have mixed representation. Frognal ward elects two Conservative councillors, Belsize ward elects three Liberal Democrat councillors, South Hampstead elects three Labour councillors, while Hampstead Town is represented by one Liberal Democrat and one Conservative councillor.South Hampstead is a competitive Labour and Conservative marginal, and Belsize is competitive between the Liberal Democrats and the Conservatives, whereas Frognal is a safe Conservative ward. Hampstead Town (including the area of Hampstead Village and South End Green) has seen a number of tightly fought Conservative and Liberal Democrat contests, and the ward has had mixed representation in recent decades.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hartlepool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartlepool"},{"link_name":"Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Brexit referendum","text":"During the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 75% of voters across the London Borough of Camden voted to remain in the EU.[11] Following the result many commentators used Hampstead as an archetype of the type of area that preferred to remain in the EU. This point was often made in alliterative contrast to poor post-industrial northern towns such as Hartlepool and Hull, that preferred to leave.[12][13]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hampstead_073.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Facade_of_St._Mary%27s_Church,_Hampstead,_London.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Church, Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Hampstead"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bridge_Hampstead_Heath_2005.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isokon_Building_Hampstead_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Isokon Building, Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isokon_Flats"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Downshire_Hill_Hampstead_St_John%27s_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"St John's Church, Downshire Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Downshire_Hill"}],"text":"Hampstead Heath west pondsSt Mary's Church, HampsteadThe Viaduct on Hampstead HeathIsokon Building, HampsteadSt John's Church, Downshire Hill","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Heath"},{"link_name":"swimming ponds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Ponds"},{"link_name":"mixed bathing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_bathing"},{"link_name":"reservoirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_(water)"},{"link_name":"River Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Kenwood House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood_House"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Royal Free Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Free_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Pond Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond_Street,_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"George Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Martin"},{"link_name":"AIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Independent_Recording"},{"link_name":"Jim Henson's Creature Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson%27s_Creature_Shop"},{"link_name":"Isokon building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isokon_building"},{"link_name":"Grade I listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I_listed"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"},{"link_name":"Henry Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Moore"},{"link_name":"Ben Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"Walter Gropius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gropius"},{"link_name":"Notting Hill Housing Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill_Housing_Trust"}],"sub_title":"Sites","text":"To the north and east of Hampstead, and separating it from Highgate, is London's largest ancient parkland, Hampstead Heath, which includes the well-known and legally-protected view of the London skyline from Parliament Hill. The Heath, a major place for Londoners to walk and \"take the air\", has three open-air public swimming ponds; one for men, one for women, and one for mixed bathing, which were originally reservoirs for drinking water and the sources of the River Fleet. The bridge pictured is known locally as 'The Red Arches' or 'The Viaduct', built in fruitless anticipation of residential building on the Heath in the 19th century.Local activities include major open-air concerts on summer Saturday evenings on the slopes below Kenwood House, the FT Weekend Festival,[14] book and poetry readings, fun fairs on the lower reaches of the Heath, period harpsichord recitals at Fenton House, Hampstead Scientific Society and Hampstead Photographic Society.The largest employer in Hampstead is the Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, but many small businesses based in the area have international significance. George Martin's AIR recording studios, in converted church premises in Lyndhurst Road, is a current example, as Jim Henson's Creature Shop was before it relocated to California.The area has some remarkable architecture, such as the Isokon building in Lawn Road, a Grade I listed experiment in collective housing, once home to Agatha Christie, Henry Moore, Ben Nicholson and Walter Gropius. It was recently restored by Notting Hill Housing Trust.","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christ Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Square"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"St John-at-Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John-at-Hampstead"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"St John's Downshire Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Downshire_Hill"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Rosslyn Hill Unitarian Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosslyn_Hill_Unitarian_Chapel"},{"link_name":"synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Samuel Sanders Teulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Sanders_Teulon"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"www.ststephenstrust.co.uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ststephenstrust.co.uk"}],"sub_title":"Churches and synagogues","text":"Christ Church – Hampstead Square, NW3 1AB[15]\nHeath Street Baptist Church, Heath Street, NW3 1DN[16]\nSt. Andrew's United Reformed Church, Frognal Lane, NW3 7DY[17]\nSt John-at-Hampstead – Church Row, NW3 6UU[18]\nSt John's Downshire Hill – Downshire Hill, NW3 1NU[19]\nSt Luke's – Kidderpore Avenue, NW3 7SU[20][21]\nSt Mary's Church (Roman Catholic)– 4 Holly Place, NW3 6QU[22][23]\nRosslyn Hill Unitarian Chapel – Pilgrim's Place, NW3 1NG\nVillage Shul, synagogue, located at 27 New End, Hampstead.[24]St Stephen's Rosslyn Hill (Church of England) was built in 1869 by Samuel Sanders Teulon on the Pond Street side of Hampstead Green. Deconsecrated in 1978 and stripped of much of its assets it was boarded up and subsequently invaded by squatters. In 1998 it was leased to the St Stephen's Restoration and Preservation Trust which, after 11 years of fundraising and grants returned it to the community as a centre for education, weddings, public meetings and social celebrations together with occasional classical music concerts. Winning an English Heritage award for the restoration of buildings at risk, the website www.ststephenstrust.co.uk has further information.","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fenton House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenton_House"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Grove"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Freud Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freud_Museum"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Burgh House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgh_House"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Keats House Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keats_House_Museum"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Kenwood House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood_House"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Museums","text":"Fenton House – Hampstead Grove, Hampstead, London, NW3 6SP[25]\nFreud Museum – 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead, London, NW3 5SX[26]\nBurgh House & Hampstead Museum – New End Square, Hampstead, London, NW3 1LT[27]\nKeats House Museum – Keats Grove, Hampstead, London, NW3 2RR[28]\nKenwood House – Hampstead Lane, Hampstead, London, NW3 7JR[29]","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Everyman Cinema, Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyman_Cinema,_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Pentameters Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentameters_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Theatres and cinemas","text":"Everyman Cinema, Hampstead – 5 Holly Bush Vale, Hampstead, London, NW3 6TX[30]\nHampstead Theatre – Eton Avenue, Swiss Cottage, London, NW3 3EU[31]\nPentameters Theatre – 28 Heath Street, Hampstead, London, NW3 6TE[32]","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denimu"},{"link_name":"Philip Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Jackson_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"Walasse Ting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walasse_Ting"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Art Galleries","text":"Hampstead was once home to many art galleries but few are now left. The Catto Gallery has been in Hampstead since 1986 and has represented artists like Ian Berry, Philip Jackson, Chuck Elliott, Walasse Ting, and Sergei Chepik over the years.[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]Catto Gallery - 100 Heath Street, Hampstead, London NW3 1DP\nGilden's Art Gallery, 74, Heath Street, London NW3 1DN\nZebra One Gallery,– 1 Perrin's Court, Hampstead, London, NW3 1QX","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub"},{"link_name":"The Holly Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holly_Bush,_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ML:KoSG-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Spaniard's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniards_Inn"},{"link_name":"Dick Turpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Turpin"},{"link_name":"The Old Bull and Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Bull_and_Bush"},{"link_name":"Old White Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_White_Bear"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Jack Straw's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Straw%27s_Castle,_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"Whitestone Pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitestone_Pond"},{"link_name":"The Flask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flask,_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"The Duke of Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Duke_of_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"New End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_End"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Hampstead High Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_High_Street"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"The Magdala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magdala"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"South End Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_End_Road"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"The Wells Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Tavern,_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"Well Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_Walk"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Public houses","text":"Hampstead is well known for its traditional pubs, such as The Holly Bush, gas-lit until recently;[42][43] the Spaniard's Inn, Spaniard's Road, where highwayman Dick Turpin took refuge; The Old Bull and Bush in North End; and The Old White Bear (formerly Ye Olde White Bear).[44] Jack Straw's Castle, on the edge of the Heath near Whitestone Pond, has now been converted into residential flats. Others include:The Flask – 14 Flask Walk, Hampstead, London, NW3 1HE[45]\nFreemasons Arms – 32 Downshire Hill, Hampstead, London, NW3 1NT[46]\nThe Duke of Hamilton – 23–25 New End, Hampstead, London, NW3 1JD[47]\nThe Horseshoe (formerly The Three Horseshoes) – 28 Heath Street, Hampstead, London, NW3 6TE[48]\nKing William IV (aka KW4) – 77 Hampstead High Street, Hampstead, London, NW3 1RE[49]\nThe Magdala – 2a South Hill Park, Hampstead, London, NW3 2SB[50][51]\nThe Garden Gate – 14 South End Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QE[52]\nThe Wells Tavern - 30 Well Walk, Hampstead, London NW3 1BX[53]","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giraffe World Kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffe_World_Kitchen"},{"link_name":"Gail's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail%27s"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"domestic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.camdennewjournal.co.uk/article/have-you-room-for-another-long-standing-hampstead-crepe-stand-faces-competition"},{"link_name":"global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hollywoodlife.com/2023/02/06/ariana-grande-dalton-gomez-crepes-london-photo/"}],"sub_title":"Restaurants","text":"Hampstead has served as a testing ground for a number of cafes and restaurants that later became successful chains. Those include Giraffe World Kitchen, Gail's and 'Bagel Street'. As a consequence, Hampstead has an eclectic mix of restaurants ranging from French to Thai. After over a decade of controversy and legal action from local residents, McDonald's was finally allowed to open in Hampstead in 1992, after winning its right in court, and agreeing to a previously unprecedented re-design of the shop front, reducing the conspicuousness of its facade and logo,[54] It closed in November 2013.[55] Popular local eateries also include street food vendors, such as La Creperie de Hampstead, which is often frequented by domestic and global celebrities.","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Schools","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hampsteadheath1.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Killing of Sister George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Killing_of_Sister_George_(film)"},{"link_name":"Beryl Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryl_Reid"},{"link_name":"Susannah York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susannah_York"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ML:KoSG-42"},{"link_name":"The Collector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Collector_(1965_film)"},{"link_name":"Terence Stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Stamp"},{"link_name":"Samantha Eggar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Eggar"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"An American Werewolf in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_American_Werewolf_in_London"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Heath"},{"link_name":"Kenwood House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood_House"},{"link_name":"Notting Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill_(film)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"The Wedding Date","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wedding_Date"},{"link_name":"Debra Messing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_Messing"},{"link_name":"Parliament Hill Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Hill_Fields"},{"link_name":"Notes on a Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notes_on_a_Scandal_(film)"},{"link_name":"Gospel Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_Oak"},{"link_name":"Camden Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Town"},{"link_name":"Four Weddings and a Funeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Weddings_and_a_Funeral"},{"link_name":"Scenes of a Sexual Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenes_of_a_Sexual_Nature"},{"link_name":"Kenwood House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwood_House"},{"link_name":"Les Bicyclettes de Belsize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Bicyclettes_de_Belsize"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Film locations","text":"East HeathHampstead's rural feel lends itself for use in film, a notable example being The Killing of Sister George (1968) starring Beryl Reid and Susannah York. The opening sequence has Reid's character June wandering through the streets and alleyways of Hampstead, west of Heath Street, around The Mount Square. The Marquis of Granby pub, in which June drinks at the opening of the film, was actually The Holly Bush,[42] at 22 Holly Mount. Another example is The Collector (1965), starring Terence Stamp and Samantha Eggar, where the kidnap sequence is set in Mount Vernon.[56]Some scenes from An American Werewolf in London (1981) are shot on Hampstead Heath, Well Walk and Haverstock Hill.More recently Kenwood House is the set of the \"film-within-the-film\" scene of Notting Hill (1999).[57] Outdoor scenes in The Wedding Date (2005), starring Debra Messing, feature Parliament Hill Fields on the Heath, overlooking west London. Parliament Hill also features in Notes on a Scandal (2006) together with the nearby areas of Gospel Oak and Camden Town. Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994) features the old Hampstead Town Hall on Haverstock Hill. The film Scenes of a Sexual Nature (2006) was filmed entirely on Hampstead Heath, covering various picturesque locations such as the 'Floating Gardens' and Kenwood House.A musical specifically focusing on the area, Les Bicyclettes de Belsize (1968), tells the story of a young man's cycle journey around Hampstead. After crashing into a billboard poster, he falls in love with the fashion model depicted on it. In February 2016, principal photography for Robert Zemeckis' war film Allied starring Brad Pitt and Marion Cotillard, began with the family home located on the corners of Christchurch Hill and Willow Road in Hampstead.Cruella de Vil Mansion (Sarum Chase) is on the West Heath Road in movies 101 Dalmatians (1996.) and 102 Dalmatians (2001.)","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wider borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"The 2021 census showed that the population of Hampstead Town ward was 77.7% white (46.7% British, 28% Other, 2.4% Irish). The largest non-white group, Asian, claimed 8.9%. The religious data of the area showed that 32.6% was Christian, 37.9% irreligious and 11% Jewish. 2.7% of the population was unemployed and seeking work; this compared to 5.1% for the wider borough.\n[58]","title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HampsteadUndergroundSt06.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hampstead tube station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_tube_station"}],"text":"Hampstead tube station","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Overground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Overground"},{"link_name":"North London line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_London_line"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Heath_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Finchley Road & Frognal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley_Road_%26_Frognal_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Belsize Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belsize_Park_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_line"},{"link_name":"Finchley Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley_Road_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_line"},{"link_name":"Finchley Road & Frognal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley_Road_%26_Frognal_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_London_line"},{"link_name":"Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_line"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Heath_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_London_line"},{"link_name":"Swiss Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Cottage_tube_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee_line"},{"link_name":"London fare zone 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_fare_zone_2"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_fare_zone_3"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan and St John's Wood Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_and_St_John%27s_Wood_Railway"},{"link_name":"its terminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_railway_station_(Metropolitan_%26_St_John%27s_Wood_Railway)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Rail and Tube","text":"Hampstead station is on one transport line, the Northern Line which has connections to other lines at Camden Town and Kings Cross station among others.The London Overground (North London line) also runs through Hampstead Heath and Finchley Road & Frognal.Stations in Hampstead include:Belsize Park \nFinchley Road \nFinchley Road & Frognal \nHampstead \nHampstead Heath \nSwiss CottageAll stations are in London fare zone 2, except Hampstead, which is in both zones 2 and 3.[59] Hampstead station serves the north western part of the wider district, near Hampstead's traditional centre. All the other three stations in the area are located to the south.In the 1860s, the Metropolitan and St John's Wood Railway was authorised to build a branch line from Swiss Cottage to Hampstead with its terminus to be located at the junction of Flask Walk, Well Walk and Willow Road. Financial difficulties meant that the project was cancelled in 1870.[60]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Free Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Free_Hospital"},{"link_name":"London Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses"},{"link_name":"24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_24"},{"link_name":"168","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_168"},{"link_name":"46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_46"},{"link_name":"268","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_268"},{"link_name":"C11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_C11"},{"link_name":"N5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_N5"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-61"},{"link_name":"603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_603"},{"link_name":"210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_210"},{"link_name":"Jack Straw's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Straw%27s_Castle,_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-61"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_13"},{"link_name":"113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_113"},{"link_name":"187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_187"},{"link_name":"N113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_N113"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Bus","text":"There is a major bus terminus near Hampstead Heath station (near the Royal Free Hospital), served by London Buses routes 24 and 168. Routes 46, 268, C11, and N5 also serve the Royal Free Hospital.[61]Hampstead tube station and High Street are served by routes 46, 268, 603, and N5. Route 210 runs along the northernmost rim of Hampstead, stopping at Jack Straw's Castle.[61]Finchley Road is served by routes 13, 113, 187, 268, C11, and N113.[62]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cycling infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure"},{"link_name":"Transport for London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"Cycle Superhighway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_Superhighway"},{"link_name":"Swiss Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Cottage"},{"link_name":"the West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_of_London"},{"link_name":"City of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"bus lanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_lane"},{"link_name":"shared-use path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_use_path"},{"link_name":"Parliament Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Hill,_London"},{"link_name":"Jack Straw's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Straw%27s_Castle,_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"Highgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Cycling","text":"Cycling infrastructure in Hampstead is poor. In early 2016, Transport for London (TfL) consulted with the public on a new \"Cycle Superhighway\" (CS11) between Swiss Cottage and the West End, which provide an unbroken, predominantly traffic-free cycle route from Hampstead to Central London. The scheme was cancelled following court action from the City of Westminster in 2018.[63]There are bus lanes along the A41/Finchley Road that cyclists are allowed to use.A shared-use path runs from Parliament Hill to Jack Straw's Castle/Highgate through the centre of Hampstead Heath.[64]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A41_road"},{"link_name":"Finchley Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finchley_Road"},{"link_name":"Marylebone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone"},{"link_name":"Oxford Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Street"},{"link_name":"Golders Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golders_Green"},{"link_name":"Brent Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Cross"},{"link_name":"M1 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_motorway"},{"link_name":"Watford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford"},{"link_name":"A502","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A502_road"},{"link_name":"Camden Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Town"},{"link_name":"Hendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendon"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"The A41/Finchley Road passes north–south through Hampstead. The road links the area directly to Marylebone and Oxford Street to the south. The route runs northbound to Golders Green, Brent Cross, the M1 motorway, and Watford.The A502/Hampstead High Street runs from Camden Town in the south, through Hampstead, to Golders Green and Hendon in the north-west.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Free Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Free_Hospital"},{"link_name":"A&E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident_and_Emergency"},{"link_name":"Childs Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childs_Hill"},{"link_name":"Golders Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golders_Green"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Garden Suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Garden_Suburb"},{"link_name":"Highgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate"},{"link_name":"West Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Heath"},{"link_name":"Gospel Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_Oak"},{"link_name":"Swiss Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Cottage"},{"link_name":"St John's Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Wood"},{"link_name":"South Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"Primrose Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primrose_Hill"},{"link_name":"Belsize Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belsize_Park"},{"link_name":"Chalk Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_Farm"}],"sub_title":"Nearest places","text":"The Royal Free Hospital and A&E is in Hampstead.Places adjacent to Hampstead\nChilds Hill\nGolders Green and Hampstead Garden Suburb\nHighgate\n\n\n\n\n\nWest Hampstead\n\nHampstead\n\nHampstead Heath and Gospel Oak\n\n\n\n\n\nSwiss Cottage and St John's Wood\nSouth Hampstead and Primrose Hill\nBelsize Park and Chalk Farm","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freud_Museum_London_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"Freud Museum, 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freud_Museum"}],"text":"Sigmund Freud's final residence, now dedicated to his life and work as the Freud Museum, 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead.Hampstead has long been known as a residence of the intelligentsia, including writers, composers, ballerinas and intellectuals, actors, artists and architects – many of whom created a bohemian community in the late 19th century. After 1917, and again in the 1930s, it became base to a community of avant garde artists and writers and was host to a number of émigrés and exiles from the Russian Revolution and Nazi Europe.","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"60 English Heritage blue plaques in Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_Heritage_blue_plaques_in_Camden"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EngHetHamp-65"}],"sub_title":"Blue plaques","text":"There are at least 60 English Heritage blue plaques in Hampstead commemorating the many diverse personalities that have lived there.[65]","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hampstead and Highgate Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_and_Highgate_Express"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Camden New Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_New_Journal"},{"link_name":"Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_(magazine)"}],"text":"The local newspapers, as of 2014, were the Hampstead and Highgate Express[66]—known locally as the \"Ham and High\"—and the free Camden New Journal. The area is also home to the left-wing Labour magazine Tribune and the satirical magazine Hampstead Village Voice.","title":"Local newspapers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"The London Plan March 2016\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/the_london_plan_2016_jan_2017_fix.pdf#page=437"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Listed Buildings in Hampstead Town Ward, Camden\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/england/hampstead-town-ward-camden"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"The History of The Everyman Cinema Hampstead\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//everymancinemahistory.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tel080504_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Whatever happened to Hampstead Man?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/advice/propertymarket/3324574/Whatever-happened-to-Hampstead-Man.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Hampstead: Settlement and Growth | British History Online\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol9/pp8-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Hampstead | Domesday Book\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//domesdaymap.co.uk/place/TQ2685/hampstead/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"London's Town Halls\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//research.historicengland.org.uk/redirect.aspx?id=7096%7CLONDON%27S%20TOWN%20HALLS"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zoopla_8-0"},{"link_name":"\"House prices in Hampstead, London\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.zoopla.co.uk/house-prices/hampstead/"},{"link_name":"Zoopla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoopla"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Idov_10-0"},{"link_name":"The Demon Blogger of Fleet Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nymag.com/news/features/establishments/68506/"},{"link_name":"New York Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Magazine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Camden's EU Referendum result declared\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.camden.gov.uk/camdens-eu-referendum-result-declared/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"'Brexit day' in Middlesbrough: 'People are sick of the government'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/9e98b36e-516f-11e9-b401-8d9ef1626294"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ft.com/content/9e98b36e-516f-11e9-b401-8d9ef1626294"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Parliament voted to get a Brexit deal done now. So let's make it happen | Caroline Flint\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/feb/05/parliament-vote-brexit-deal-now"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"FT – About Us\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aboutus.ft.com/press_release/almost-4000-guests-gather-at-kenwood-house-for-sold-out-ft-weekend-festival"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Christ Church Hampstead, Hampstead - London | Diocese of London\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.achurchnearyou.com/christ-church-hampstead"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Heath Street Baptist Church\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.heathstreet.org/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Andrew's Frog\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.andrewsfrog.net"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"St John-at-Hampstead\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.achurchnearyou.com/st-john-hampstead/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"St John's Downshire Hill\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sjdh.org/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"St Luke's, Hampstead\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stlukeshampstead.org/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Anne Dudin Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_College"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"St Mary's Chapel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rcdow.org.uk/parishes/default.asp?letter=h"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110928132845/http://www.rcdow.org.uk/parishes/default.asp?letter=h"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"The Village Shul\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100303131539/http://www.thevillageshul.org/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thevillageshul.org"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"Fenton House\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-fentonhouse"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090705055955/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-fentonhouse"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"Freud Museum\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.heritagebritain.com/places/4921.html?type=Museums+and+Art+Galleries"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"Burgh House & Hampstead Local History Museum\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aboutbritain.com/BurghHouse.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Keats House Museum\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aboutbritain.com/KeatsHouseMuseum.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090502035731/http://www.aboutbritain.com/KeatsHouseMuseum.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"Kenwood House\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.english-heritage.org.uk/server.php?show=nav.12783"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"Everyman Cinema Club\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.londonnet.co.uk/cinema/everymancinemaclub.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090604222625/http://www.londonnet.co.uk/cinema/everymancinemaclub.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"Hampstead Theatre\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.visitlondon.com/attractions/detail/606540"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090725054516/http://www.visitlondon.com/attractions/detail/606540"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"Pentameters Theatre\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.londonnet.co.uk/listings/eventsattractions/theatresconcerthalls/pentameterstheatreinhampstead/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110719142636/http://www.londonnet.co.uk/listings/eventsattractions/theatresconcerthalls/pentameterstheatreinhampstead/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Material boy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thetimes.co.uk/article/material-boy-hgdgxtbsdgh"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0956-1382","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0956-1382"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"\"Artist portrays London in denim\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-london-25190929/denim-underground-artist-portrays-london-using-jeans"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"Catto Gallery\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180710041154/https://hampsteadvillagelondon.com/hampstead/arts-and-galleries/catto-gallery/"},{"link_name":"the 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Artists\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cattogallery.co.uk/artists/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"\"Painting by Russian artist Sergei Chepik worth £25,000 stolen from\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.standard.co.uk/news/crime/painting-by-russian-artist-sergei-chepik-worth-25000-stolen-from-office-in-vauxhall-9371702.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"\"Royal sculptor hosts new exhibit\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.times-series.co.uk/news/15222460.Royal_sculptor_hosts_new_exhibit/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ML:KoSG_42-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ML:KoSG_42-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Killing of Sister George film 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Duke of Hamilton\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fancyapint.com/pubs/pub1310.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090819083925/http://www.fancyapint.com/pubs/pub1310.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"\"The Horseshoe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fancyapint.com/pubs/pub2293.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090615121347/http://www.fancyapint.com/pubs/pub2293.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"\"King William 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years'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hamhigh.co.uk/news/mcdonald_s_in_hampstead_high_street_to_close_after_21_years_1_2958652"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140516230341/http://www.hamhigh.co.uk/news/mcdonald_s_in_hampstead_high_street_to_close_after_21_years_1_2958652"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"\"Film Locations for the Collector (1965), in London and Kent\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//movie-locations.com/movies/c/Collector.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"\"Britain in the movies: 19 UK filming locations you must visit\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/galleries/uk-filming-locations-you-must-visit-britain/kenwood-house/"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0307-1235","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/galleries/uk-filming-locations-you-must-visit-britain/kenwood-house/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"\"Religion - Census Maps, ONS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ons.gov.uk/census/maps/choropleth/identity/religion/religion-tb/jewish?geoLock=msoa&msoa=E02000167"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"\"Walking times between stations on the same line\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content.tfl.gov.uk/walking-tube-map.pdf"},{"link_name":"Transport for London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200416075039/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/walking-tube-map.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7153-8839-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-8839-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_61-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_61-1"},{"link_name":"\"Buses from Hampstead Heath (Royal Free Hospital)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/hampstead-heath-royal-free-hospital-a4-0120.pdf"},{"link_name":"Transport for London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200420210116/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/hampstead-heath-royal-free-hospital-a4-0120.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"\"Buses from Finchley Road\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/finchley-road-a4-010417.pdf"},{"link_name":"Transport for London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200420210036/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/finchley-road-a4-010417.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"\"Cycle Superhighway 11\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tfl.gov.uk/travel-information/improvements-and-projects/cycle-superhighway-11"},{"link_name":"Transport for London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200101035252/https://tfl.gov.uk/travel-information/improvements-and-projects/cycle-superhighway-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"\"Hampstead Heath\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190713170606/https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/hampstead-heath/Documents/hampstead-heath-map.pdf"},{"link_name":"City of London Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/hampstead-heath/Documents/hampstead-heath-map.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EngHetHamp_65-0"},{"link_name":"\"Search Blue Plaques\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.english-heritage.org.uk/discover/blue-plaques/search/#?showTotals=true&terms=Hampstead&mode=BluePlaques"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"\"Home - Hampstead Highgate Express\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hamhigh.co.uk/"}],"text":"^ \"The London Plan March 2016\" (PDF). london.gov.uk. p. 426.\n\n^ \"Listed Buildings in Hampstead Town Ward, Camden\". britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 13 February 2024.\n\n^ \"The History of The Everyman Cinema Hampstead\". The History of The Everyman Cinema Hampstead. Retrieved 13 February 2024.\n\n^ Wade, David, \"Whatever happened to Hampstead Man?\". The Daily Telegraph, 8 May 2004 (retrieved 3 March 2016).\n\n^ \"Hampstead: Settlement and Growth | British History Online\". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 December 2023.\n\n^ Anna Powell-Smith. \"Hampstead | Domesday Book\". Domesdaymap.co.uk. Retrieved 29 October 2015.\n\n^ \"London's Town Halls\". Historic England. p. 32. Retrieved 25 April 2020.\n\n^ \"House prices in Hampstead, London\". Zoopla. Retrieved 17 November 2018.\n\n^ The Stretchford Chronicles, Michael Wharton, (London, 1980), pages 216, 236, 284\n\n^ Idov, Michael. \"The Demon Blogger of Fleet Street.\" New York Magazine. 26 September 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2014.\n\n^ \"Camden's EU Referendum result declared\".\n\n^ Wallis, William (29 March 2019). \"'Brexit day' in Middlesbrough: 'People are sick of the government'\". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022.\n\n^ Flint, Caroline (5 February 2019). \"Parliament voted to get a Brexit deal done now. So let's make it happen | Caroline Flint\". The Guardian.\n\n^ \"FT – About Us\". 17 September 2019.\n\n^ A Church Near You (16 January 2015). \"Christ Church Hampstead, Hampstead - London | Diocese of London\". Achurchnearyou.com. Retrieved 29 October 2015.\n\n^ \"Heath Street Baptist Church\". Heathstreet.org. 8 June 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2015.\n\n^ \"Andrew's Frog\".\n\n^ \"St John-at-Hampstead\". aChurchNearYou.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ \"St John's Downshire Hill\". SJDH.org (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ \"St Luke's, Hampstead\". stlukeshampstead.org (Retrieved 15 August 2010)\n\n^ St Luke's was built with financial help from Anne Dudin Brown.\n\n^ \"St Mary's Chapel\" Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. RCDOW.org.uk (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ St Mary's Chapel was founded by Roman Catholic refugees from the French Revolution.\n\n^ \"The Village Shul\". The Village Shul. Archived from the original on 3 March 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2015.\n\n^ \"Fenton House\" Archived 5 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. NationalTrust.org.uk (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ \"Freud Museum\". HeritageBritain.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ \"Burgh House & Hampstead Local History Museum\". AboutBritain.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ \"Keats House Museum\" Archived 2 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine. AboutBritain.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ \"Kenwood House\". English-Heritage.org.uk (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ \"Everyman Cinema Club\" Archived 4 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. LondonNet.co.uk (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ \"Hampstead Theatre\" Archived 25 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. VisitLondon.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ \"Pentameters Theatre\" Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. LondonNet.co.uk (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ McCarthy, Fiona (3 November 2013). \"Material boy\". The Sunday Times. ISSN 0956-1382. Retrieved 9 July 2018.\n\n^ \"Artist portrays London in denim\". BBC News. Retrieved 9 July 2018.\n\n^ \"Catto Gallery\". hampsteadvillagelondon.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.\n\n^ Pettitt, Josh. \"Artist recreates Hampstead and Primrose Hill using old pairs of jeans\". Hampstead Highgate Express. Retrieved 9 July 2018.\n\n^ \"This London Laundrette Is Made Entirely Out Of Denim\". Londonist. 25 November 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2018.\n\n^ Castle, Gavin (1 November 2016). \"Work by Ian Berry at the Catto Gallery in London\". huddersfieldexaminer. Retrieved 9 July 2018.\n\n^ \"Catto Gallery - Artists\". cattogallery.co.uk. Retrieved 9 July 2018.\n\n^ \"Painting by Russian artist Sergei Chepik worth £25,000 stolen from\". Evening Standard. Retrieved 9 July 2018.\n\n^ \"Royal sculptor hosts new exhibit\". Times Series. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2018.\n\n^ a b \"The Killing of Sister George film locations\" Archived 15 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Movie-Locations.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ \"The Holly Bush\" Archived 25 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. FancyaPint.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ \"Ye Olde White Bear\" Archived 4 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. FancyaPint.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ \"The Flask\". FancyaPint.com. (Retrieved 13 April 2010)\n\n^ \"Freemasons Arms\" Archived 8 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. FancyaPint.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ \"The Duke of Hamilton\" Archived 19 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. FancyaPint.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ \"The Horseshoe\" Archived 15 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. FancyaPint.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ \"King William IV\" Archived 30 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. FancyaPint.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ \"The Magdala\" Archived 31 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. FancyaPint.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ Ruth Ellis, the last woman hanged in England, killed her lover David Blakely outside The Magdala in 1955. (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ \"The Garden Gate\" Archived 1 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. FancyaPint.com (Retrieved 18 June 2009)\n\n^ \"The Wells – Bar and Restaurant\". thewellshampstead.co.uk. Retrieved 18 May 2018.\n\n^ LETTER FROM LONDON; Hampstead Braces for a Big Mac Attack, The Washington Post | 4 November 1992 | Eugene Robinson\n\n^ Wright, Paul (1 November 2013). 'McDonald's in Hampstead High Street to close after 21 years' Archived 16 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Ham & High.\n\n^ \"Film Locations for the Collector (1965), in London and Kent\".\n\n^ \"Britain in the movies: 19 UK filming locations you must visit\". The Telegraph. 1 November 2019. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2020.\n\n^ \"Religion - Census Maps, ONS\".\n\n^ \"Walking times between stations on the same line\" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\n^ Jackson, Alan (1986). London's Metropolitan Railway. David & Charles. pp. 41 & 331. ISBN 0-7153-8839-8.\n\n^ a b \"Buses from Hampstead Heath (Royal Free Hospital)\" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\n^ \"Buses from Finchley Road\" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\n^ \"Cycle Superhighway 11\". Transport for London (TfL). Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\n^ \"Hampstead Heath\" (PDF). City of London Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2020.\n\n^ \"Search Blue Plaques\". Blue plaques search – Hampstead. English Heritage. Retrieved 6 September 2014.\n\n^ \"Home - Hampstead Highgate Express\". Hamhigh.co.uk. Retrieved 29 October 2015.","title":"References and notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Kenwood House, Hampstead","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kenwood_House_entrance.jpeg/220px-Kenwood_House_entrance.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Roadworks on Heath Street in Hampstead around 1865, in Ford Madox Brown's painting Work","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ford_Madox_Brown_-_Work_-_artchive.com.jpg/220px-Ford_Madox_Brown_-_Work_-_artchive.com.jpg"},{"image_text":"A current day view of the location used for the Madox Brown painting on The Mount, just off Heath St","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Mount_Hampstead.jpg/220px-The_Mount_Hampstead.jpg"},{"image_text":"Keats House, Hampstead, where Keats wrote his Ode to a Nightingale","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Keats_House.jpg/220px-Keats_House.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hampstead High Street sign","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Hampstead_High_Street_Sign.JPG/200px-Hampstead_High_Street_Sign.JPG"},{"image_text":"A map showing the wards of Hampstead Metropolitan Borough as they appeared in 1916.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hampstead_Met._B_Ward_Map_1916.svg/220px-Hampstead_Met._B_Ward_Map_1916.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The former Hampstead Town Hall on Haverstock Hill.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Former_Hampstead_town_hall%2C_Haverstock_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_415063.jpg/220px-Former_Hampstead_town_hall%2C_Haverstock_Hill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_415063.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hampstead Heath west ponds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hampstead_073.jpg/220px-Hampstead_073.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Mary's Church, Hampstead","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Facade_of_St._Mary%27s_Church%2C_Hampstead%2C_London.jpg/220px-Facade_of_St._Mary%27s_Church%2C_Hampstead%2C_London.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Viaduct on Hampstead Heath","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bridge_Hampstead_Heath_2005.jpg/220px-Bridge_Hampstead_Heath_2005.jpg"},{"image_text":"Isokon Building, Hampstead","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Isokon_Building_Hampstead_2005.jpg/220px-Isokon_Building_Hampstead_2005.jpg"},{"image_text":"St John's Church, Downshire Hill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Downshire_Hill_Hampstead_St_John%27s_Church.jpg/220px-Downshire_Hill_Hampstead_St_John%27s_Church.jpg"},{"image_text":"East Heath","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hampsteadheath1.jpg/256px-Hampsteadheath1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hampstead tube station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/HampsteadUndergroundSt06.jpg/256px-HampsteadUndergroundSt06.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sigmund Freud's final residence, now dedicated to his life and work as the Freud Museum, 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Freud_Museum_London_2.jpg/180px-Freud_Museum_London_2.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007_icon.png"},{"title":"London portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:London"},{"title":"The Bishops Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bishops_Avenue"},{"title":"List of people from Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Hampstead"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"The London Plan March 2016\" (PDF). london.gov.uk. p. 426.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/the_london_plan_2016_jan_2017_fix.pdf#page=437","url_text":"\"The London Plan March 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Listed Buildings in Hampstead Town Ward, Camden\". britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 13 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/england/hampstead-town-ward-camden","url_text":"\"Listed Buildings in Hampstead Town Ward, Camden\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of The Everyman Cinema Hampstead\". The History of The Everyman Cinema Hampstead. Retrieved 13 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://everymancinemahistory.co.uk/","url_text":"\"The History of The Everyman Cinema Hampstead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hampstead: Settlement and Growth | British History Online\". www.british-history.ac.uk. 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So let's make it happen | Caroline Flint\""}]},{"reference":"\"FT – About Us\". 17 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://aboutus.ft.com/press_release/almost-4000-guests-gather-at-kenwood-house-for-sold-out-ft-weekend-festival","url_text":"\"FT – About Us\""}]},{"reference":"A Church Near You (16 January 2015). \"Christ Church Hampstead, Hampstead - London | Diocese of London\". Achurchnearyou.com. Retrieved 29 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.achurchnearyou.com/christ-church-hampstead","url_text":"\"Christ Church Hampstead, Hampstead - London | Diocese of London\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heath Street Baptist Church\". Heathstreet.org. 8 June 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heathstreet.org/","url_text":"\"Heath Street Baptist Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andrew's Frog\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.andrewsfrog.net/","url_text":"\"Andrew's Frog\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Village Shul\". The Village Shul. Archived from the original on 3 March 2010. 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Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.tfl.gov.uk/walking-tube-map.pdf","url_text":"\"Walking times between stations on the same line\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200416075039/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/walking-tube-map.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Alan (1986). London's Metropolitan Railway. David & Charles. pp. 41 & 331. ISBN 0-7153-8839-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-8839-8","url_text":"0-7153-8839-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Buses from Hampstead Heath (Royal Free Hospital)\" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/hampstead-heath-royal-free-hospital-a4-0120.pdf","url_text":"\"Buses from Hampstead Heath (Royal Free Hospital)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200420210116/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/hampstead-heath-royal-free-hospital-a4-0120.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Buses from Finchley Road\" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/finchley-road-a4-010417.pdf","url_text":"\"Buses from Finchley Road\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200420210036/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/finchley-road-a4-010417.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cycle Superhighway 11\". Transport for London (TfL). Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tfl.gov.uk/travel-information/improvements-and-projects/cycle-superhighway-11","url_text":"\"Cycle Superhighway 11\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_for_London","url_text":"Transport for London"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200101035252/https://tfl.gov.uk/travel-information/improvements-and-projects/cycle-superhighway-11","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hampstead Heath\" (PDF). City of London Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190713170606/https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/hampstead-heath/Documents/hampstead-heath-map.pdf","url_text":"\"Hampstead Heath\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation","url_text":"City of London Corporation"},{"url":"https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/hampstead-heath/Documents/hampstead-heath-map.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Search Blue Plaques\". Blue plaques search – Hampstead. English Heritage. Retrieved 6 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/discover/blue-plaques/search/#?showTotals=true&terms=Hampstead&mode=BluePlaques","url_text":"\"Search Blue Plaques\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage","url_text":"English Heritage"}]},{"reference":"\"Home - Hampstead Highgate Express\". Hamhigh.co.uk. Retrieved 29 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hamhigh.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Home - Hampstead Highgate Express\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Baptist_Church_(San_Francisco,_California)
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Third Baptist Church (San Francisco, California)
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["1 History","2 Pastors","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 37°46′43″N 122°26′06″W / 37.778513°N 122.434922°W / 37.778513; -122.434922Historic site in California, U.S.Third Baptist ChurchLocation1399 McAllister Street, San Francisco, California, U.S.Coordinates37°46′43″N 122°26′06″W / 37.778513°N 122.434922°W / 37.778513; -122.434922Founded1852Built1952ArchitectWilliam F. Gunnison
San Francisco Designated LandmarkDesignatedNovember 15, 2017Reference no.275Other nameThird Baptist Church Complex
Location of Third Baptist Church in San Francisco CountyShow map of San Francisco CountyThird Baptist Church (San Francisco, California) (California)Show map of California
The Third Baptist Church, formerly the First Colored Baptist Church, is an American Baptist church founded in 1852, and located in the Western Addition neighborhood of San Francisco, California. It is the city of San Francisco's oldest African-American church. The church occupied several spaces in San Francisco over the course of its history. Since 1976, Rev. Amos C. Brown has been the pastor. It is affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA.
The Third Baptist Church Complex is listed as a San Francisco Designated Landmark since November 15, 2017.
History
In August 1852, the First Colored Baptist Church congregation was founded in the house of Eliza and William Davis, by Black parishioners including the Davis family, Abraham Brown, Thomas Bundy, Harry Fields, Thomas Davenport, Willie Denton, George Lewis, and Fielding Spotts. Prior to 1852, African American Baptist parishioners attended the primarily-white First Baptist Church, and were forced to sit in the balcony. Other African American churches founded in 1852 in San Francisco included Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Bethel AME Church), and African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (AME Zion Church).
The first location of the church building was founded in 1852 at the corner Grant Avenue and Greenwich Street in San Francisco. The former Grant Avenue location is listed as a California Historical Landmark (Number 1010) since February 16, 1993.
In 1854, the church was moved to Dupont Street at Greenwich Street, the location was the former First Baptist Church. A year later in 1855, the church was renamed as the Third Baptist Church but the name did not legally changed until 1908.
From 1921 until 1972, the church operated the Madame C.J. Walker Home for Girls and Women, a charitable, community and social services organization for single African American woman new to San Francisco, who were not eligible to use the YWCA.
The church building at 1399 McAllister Street was designed by architect William F. Gunnison and completed in 1952. In 1958, W. E. B. Du Bois spoke to the church congregation.
Pastors
Rev. Charles Satchell, 1857 to 1858;
Rev. J. H. Kelley, March 14, 1869, to ?;
Rev. Frederick Douglas Haynes Sr., August 29, 1932 to 1971;
Rev. Frederick Douglas Haynes Jr., June 25, 1972 to September 3, 1975;
Rev. Amos C. Brown, September 19, 1976 to present
See also
African Americans in California
Black church
List of San Francisco Designated Landmarks
Racial segregation of churches in the United States
References
^ a b c "Third Baptist Church Complex" (PDF). Landmark Designation Report, San Francisco Planning Department. Historic Preservation Commission. November 15, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ "The Third Baptist Church of San Francisco is Founded". African American Registry (AAREG). Retrieved 2023-01-19.
^ "SF's oldest African-American church designated as landmark". SFGATE. 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2023-01-19.
^ a b c d e f Taylor, Martha C. (2016-06-24). From Labor to Reward: Black Church Beginnings in San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley, and Richmond, 1849-1972. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 16, 38–39. ISBN 978-1-4982-3282-1.
^ a b c "The Old Landmark: Third Baptist Church Moves Closer To Historic Status". hoodline.com. 2017-11-05. Retrieved 2023-01-19.
^ a b "Amos C. Brown". SFGATE. 1996-05-22. Retrieved 2023-01-19.
^ a b c d Adkins, Jan Batiste (2012). African Americans of San Francisco. Arcadia Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7385-7619-0.
^ "California Historical Landmark #1010: Third Baptist Church Site in San Francisco". noehill.com. Retrieved 2023-01-19.
^ a b c Montesano, Philip M. (1973-07-01). "San Francisco Black Churches in the Early 1860's: Political Pressure Group". California Historical Quarterly. 52 (2): 145–152. doi:10.2307/25157430. ISSN 0097-6059.
^ "Original Site of the Third Baptist Church (Formerly the First Colored Baptist Church)". CA State Parks. Retrieved 2023-01-19.
^ Richards, Rand (2002). Historic Walks in San Francisco: 18 Trails Through the City's Past. Heritage House Publishers. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-879367-03-6.
^ Oaks, Robert F. (2005-05-25). San Francisco's Fillmore District. Arcadia Publishing. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-4396-3092-1.
^ The Baptist Home Mission Monthly. Vol. 29–30. American Baptist Home Mission Society. 1907. p. 79.
External links
Official website
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"Western Addition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Addition,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"Amos C. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_C._Brown"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"American Baptist Churches USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Baptist_Churches_USA"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Designated Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_San_Francisco_Designated_Landmarks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFPlan-1"}],"text":"Historic site in California, U.S.The Third Baptist Church, formerly the First Colored Baptist Church, is an American Baptist church founded in 1852, and located in the Western Addition neighborhood of San Francisco, California.[2][3] It is the city of San Francisco's oldest African-American church.[4][5] The church occupied several spaces in San Francisco over the course of its history. Since 1976, Rev. Amos C. Brown has been the pastor.[6] It is affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA.The Third Baptist Church Complex is listed as a San Francisco Designated Landmark since November 15, 2017.[1]","title":"Third Baptist Church (San Francisco, California)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_(San_Francisco,_California)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"California Historical Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Historical_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Madame C.J. Walker Home for Girls and Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_C.J._Walker_Home_for_Girls_and_Women"},{"link_name":"YWCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YWCA"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richards-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oaks-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFPlan-1"},{"link_name":"W. E. B. Du Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"}],"text":"In August 1852, the First Colored Baptist Church congregation was founded in the house of Eliza and William Davis, by Black parishioners including the Davis family, Abraham Brown, Thomas Bundy, Harry Fields, Thomas Davenport, Willie Denton, George Lewis, and Fielding Spotts.[7][8] Prior to 1852, African American Baptist parishioners attended the primarily-white First Baptist Church, and were forced to sit in the balcony.[5] Other African American churches founded in 1852 in San Francisco included Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Bethel AME Church), and African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (AME Zion Church).[9]The first location of the church building was founded in 1852 at the corner Grant Avenue and Greenwich Street in San Francisco.[7][9] The former Grant Avenue location is listed as a California Historical Landmark (Number 1010) since February 16, 1993.[10]In 1854, the church was moved to Dupont Street at Greenwich Street, the location was the former First Baptist Church.[4] A year later in 1855, the church was renamed as the Third Baptist Church but the name did not legally changed until 1908.[7]From 1921 until 1972, the church operated the Madame C.J. Walker Home for Girls and Women, a charitable, community and social services organization for single African American woman new to San Francisco, who were not eligible to use the YWCA.[11][12]The church building at 1399 McAllister Street was designed by architect William F. Gunnison and completed in 1952.[1] In 1958, W. E. B. Du Bois spoke to the church congregation.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Amos C. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_C._Brown"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"}],"text":"Rev. Charles Satchell, 1857 to 1858;[7][9]\nRev. J. H. Kelley, March 14, 1869, to ?;[4][13]\nRev. Frederick Douglas Haynes Sr., August 29, 1932 to 1971;[4]\nRev. Frederick Douglas Haynes Jr., June 25, 1972 to September 3, 1975;[4]\nRev. Amos C. Brown, September 19, 1976 to present[4][6]","title":"Pastors"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"African Americans in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans_in_California"},{"title":"Black church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_church"},{"title":"List of San Francisco Designated Landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_San_Francisco_Designated_Landmarks"},{"title":"Racial segregation of churches in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_of_churches_in_the_United_States"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Third Baptist Church Complex\" (PDF). Landmark Designation Report, San Francisco Planning Department. Historic Preservation Commission. November 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://default.sfplanning.org/Preservation/landmarks_designation/hp_third_baptist_church_final_draft.pdf","url_text":"\"Third Baptist Church Complex\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Third Baptist Church of San Francisco is Founded\". African American Registry (AAREG). Retrieved 2023-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://aaregistry.org/story/the-third-baptist-church-of-san-francisco-founded/","url_text":"\"The Third Baptist Church of San Francisco is Founded\""}]},{"reference":"\"SF's oldest African-American church designated as landmark\". SFGATE. 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2023-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/news/bayarea/article/City-s-Oldest-African-American-Church-Designated-12361320.php","url_text":"\"SF's oldest African-American church designated as landmark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFGATE","url_text":"SFGATE"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Martha C. (2016-06-24). From Labor to Reward: Black Church Beginnings in San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley, and Richmond, 1849-1972. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 16, 38–39. ISBN 978-1-4982-3282-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9bPDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"From Labor to Reward: Black Church Beginnings in San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley, and Richmond, 1849-1972"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-3282-1","url_text":"978-1-4982-3282-1"}]},{"reference":"\"The Old Landmark: Third Baptist Church Moves Closer To Historic Status\". hoodline.com. 2017-11-05. Retrieved 2023-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://hoodline.com/2017/11/the-old-landmark-third-baptist-church-moves-closer-to-historic-status/","url_text":"\"The Old Landmark: Third Baptist Church Moves Closer To Historic Status\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amos C. Brown\". SFGATE. 1996-05-22. Retrieved 2023-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/AMOS-C-BROWN-3142988.php","url_text":"\"Amos C. Brown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFGATE","url_text":"SFGATE"}]},{"reference":"Adkins, Jan Batiste (2012). African Americans of San Francisco. Arcadia Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7385-7619-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uJAsfkUUqOoC","url_text":"African Americans of San Francisco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-7619-0","url_text":"978-0-7385-7619-0"}]},{"reference":"\"California Historical Landmark #1010: Third Baptist Church Site in San Francisco\". noehill.com. Retrieved 2023-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://noehill.com/sf/landmarks/cal1010.asp","url_text":"\"California Historical Landmark #1010: Third Baptist Church Site in San Francisco\""}]},{"reference":"Montesano, Philip M. (1973-07-01). \"San Francisco Black Churches in the Early 1860's: Political Pressure Group\". California Historical Quarterly. 52 (2): 145–152. doi:10.2307/25157430. ISSN 0097-6059.","urls":[{"url":"https://online.ucpress.edu/ch/article/52/2/145/30958/San-Francisco-Black-Churches-in-the-Early-1860-s","url_text":"\"San Francisco Black Churches in the Early 1860's: Political Pressure Group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25157430","url_text":"10.2307/25157430"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0097-6059","url_text":"0097-6059"}]},{"reference":"\"Original Site of the Third Baptist Church (Formerly the First Colored Baptist Church)\". CA State Parks. Retrieved 2023-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parks.ca.gov/","url_text":"\"Original Site of the Third Baptist Church (Formerly the First Colored Baptist Church)\""}]},{"reference":"Richards, Rand (2002). Historic Walks in San Francisco: 18 Trails Through the City's Past. Heritage House Publishers. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-879367-03-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SMuQi_WnKyQC&pg=PA196","url_text":"Historic Walks in San Francisco: 18 Trails Through the City's Past"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-879367-03-6","url_text":"978-1-879367-03-6"}]},{"reference":"Oaks, Robert F. (2005-05-25). San Francisco's Fillmore District. Arcadia Publishing. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-4396-3092-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zNYMM53ucJ0C&pg=PT85","url_text":"San Francisco's Fillmore District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4396-3092-1","url_text":"978-1-4396-3092-1"}]},{"reference":"The Baptist Home Mission Monthly. Vol. 29–30. American Baptist Home Mission Society. 1907. p. 79.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CjXPAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Baptist Home Mission Monthly"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Third_Baptist_Church_(San_Francisco,_California)¶ms=37.778513_N_122.434922_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°46′43″N 122°26′06″W / 37.778513°N 122.434922°W / 37.778513; -122.434922"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Third_Baptist_Church_(San_Francisco,_California)¶ms=37.778513_N_122.434922_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°46′43″N 122°26′06″W / 37.778513°N 122.434922°W / 37.778513; -122.434922"},{"Link":"https://default.sfplanning.org/Preservation/landmarks_designation/hp_third_baptist_church_final_draft.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Third Baptist Church Complex\""},{"Link":"https://aaregistry.org/story/the-third-baptist-church-of-san-francisco-founded/","external_links_name":"\"The Third Baptist Church of San Francisco is Founded\""},{"Link":"https://www.sfgate.com/news/bayarea/article/City-s-Oldest-African-American-Church-Designated-12361320.php","external_links_name":"\"SF's oldest African-American church designated as landmark\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9bPDAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"From Labor to Reward: Black Church Beginnings in San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley, and Richmond, 1849-1972"},{"Link":"https://hoodline.com/2017/11/the-old-landmark-third-baptist-church-moves-closer-to-historic-status/","external_links_name":"\"The Old Landmark: Third Baptist Church Moves Closer To Historic Status\""},{"Link":"https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/AMOS-C-BROWN-3142988.php","external_links_name":"\"Amos C. Brown\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uJAsfkUUqOoC","external_links_name":"African Americans of San Francisco"},{"Link":"https://noehill.com/sf/landmarks/cal1010.asp","external_links_name":"\"California Historical Landmark #1010: Third Baptist Church Site in San Francisco\""},{"Link":"https://online.ucpress.edu/ch/article/52/2/145/30958/San-Francisco-Black-Churches-in-the-Early-1860-s","external_links_name":"\"San Francisco Black Churches in the Early 1860's: Political Pressure Group\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25157430","external_links_name":"10.2307/25157430"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0097-6059","external_links_name":"0097-6059"},{"Link":"https://www.parks.ca.gov/","external_links_name":"\"Original Site of the Third Baptist Church (Formerly the First Colored Baptist Church)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SMuQi_WnKyQC&pg=PA196","external_links_name":"Historic Walks in San Francisco: 18 Trails Through the City's Past"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zNYMM53ucJ0C&pg=PT85","external_links_name":"San Francisco's Fillmore District"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CjXPAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Baptist Home Mission Monthly"},{"Link":"https://www.thirdbaptist.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Brown,_Jr.
|
Garrett Brown Jr.
|
["1 Education and career","2 Federal judicial service","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"]
|
American judge (born 1943)
Not to be confused with Garrett Brown or Garrett M. Brown.
Garrett Brown Jr.Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New JerseyIn officeJanuary 2, 2012 – January 26, 2012Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New JerseyIn office2005–2012Preceded byJohn Winslow BissellSucceeded byJerome B. SimandleJudge of the United States District Court for the District of New JerseyIn officeDecember 17, 1985 – January 2, 2012Appointed byRonald ReaganPreceded bySeat established by 98 Stat. 333Succeeded byKevin McNulty
Personal detailsBornGarrett E. Brown Jr. (1943-03-20) March 20, 1943 (age 80)Orange, New JerseyEducationLafayette College (A.B.)Duke University School of Law (J.D.)
Garrett E. Brown Jr. (born March 20, 1943) is a former United States District Judge and later the Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey.
Education and career
Born in Orange, New Jersey, Brown received an Bachelor of Arts degree from Lafayette College in 1965 and a Juris Doctor from Duke University School of Law in 1968. He was a law clerk to Vincent S. Haneman of the Supreme Court of New Jersey from 1968 to 1969. After clerking, Brown became an Assistant United States Attorney at the United States Attorney's Office for the District of New Jersey (1969–1973) before leaving to work in private practice. He worked in private practice in Newark, New Jersey from 1973 to 1981. He left private practice in 1981 to be Chief Counsel for the United States Government Printing Office. He served in that role until 1983, when he became the Chief Counsel for the United States Maritime Administration for the next two years. From 1985 to 1986, Brown served as the Acting Deputy Maritime Administrator in the United States Maritime Administration.
Federal judicial service
On October 23, 1985, President Ronald Reagan nominated Brown to a new seat on the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey created by 98 Stat. 333. Brown was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 16, 1985, and received his commission on December 17, 1985. He was a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States from 2005 to 2008. He became Chief Judge in 2005 and served in that capacity until he assumed senior status on January 2, 2012. He retired on January 26, 2012.
References
^ a b "Brown, Garrett E., Jr. - Federal Judicial Center". www.fjc.gov.
Sources
Garrett E. Brown Jr. at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
External links
United States District Court for the District of New Jersey
Legal offices
Preceded bySeat established by 98 Stat. 333
Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey 1985–2012
Succeeded byKevin McNulty
Preceded byJohn Winslow Bissell
Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey 2005–2012
Succeeded byJerome B. Simandle
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Brown, Garrett E., Jr. - Federal Judicial Center\". www.fjc.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/brown-garrett-e.-jr.","url_text":"\"Brown, Garrett E., Jr. - Federal Judicial Center\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/brown-garrett-e.-jr.","external_links_name":"\"Brown, Garrett E., Jr. - Federal Judicial Center\""},{"Link":"https://www.fjc.gov/node/1378381","external_links_name":"Garrett E. Brown Jr."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090105214037/http://pacer.njd.uscourts.gov/","external_links_name":"United States District Court for the District of New Jersey"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000026258406","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/16153545","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83209890","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Mo.
|
St. Louis
|
["1 History","1.1 Mississippian culture and European exploration","1.2 City founding","1.3 19th century","1.4 20th century","1.5 21st century","2 Geography","2.1 Landmarks","2.2 Architecture","2.3 Neighborhoods","2.4 Topography","2.5 Climate","2.6 Flora and fauna","3 Demographics","3.1 Bosnian population","3.2 Crime","4 Economy","4.1 Major companies and institutions","5 Arts and culture","6 Sports","6.1 Professional sports","6.2 Amateur sports","6.3 Chess","7 Parks and recreation","8 Government","8.1 Structure","8.2 State and federal government","9 Education","9.1 Colleges and universities","9.2 Primary and secondary schools","10 Media","11 Transportation","11.1 Roads and highways","11.2 Metro Light Rail and Subway","11.3 Airports","11.4 Port authority","11.5 Railroad service","11.6 Bus service","11.7 Taxi","12 Notable people","13 Sister cities","14 See also","15 Notes","16 References","17 Further reading","18 External links"]
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Coordinates: 38°37′38″N 90°11′52″W / 38.62722°N 90.19778°W / 38.62722; -90.19778This article is about the city in Missouri, United States. For other uses, see St. Louis (disambiguation).
Independent city in Missouri, United StatesSt. LouisIndependent cityDowntown St. Louis and the Old Courthouse (St. Louis) and Gateway ArchSaint Louis Art MuseumBusch StadiumMissouri Botanical GardenOne Metropolitan Square
FlagSealLogoNickname(s): "Gateway to the West", The Gateway City, Mound City, The Lou, Rome of the West, River City, The STL, St. LouInteractive map of St. LouisSt. LouisShow map of MissouriSt. LouisShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 38°37′38″N 90°11′52″W / 38.62722°N 90.19778°W / 38.62722; -90.19778CountryUnited StatesStateMissouriCSASt. Louis–St. Charles–Farmington, MO–ILMetroSt. Louis, MO-ILFoundedFebruary 14, 1764Incorporated1822Named forLouis IX of FranceGovernment • TypeMayor–council • BodyBoard of Aldermen • MayorTishaura Jones (D) • President, Board of AldermenMegan Green (D) • TreasurerAdam Layne • ComptrollerDarlene Green (D) • Congressional representativeCori Bush (D)Area • Independent city66.17 sq mi (171.39 km2) • Land61.72 sq mi (159.85 km2) • Water4.45 sq mi (11.53 km2) • Urban910.4 sq mi (2,357.8 km2) • Metro8,458 sq mi (21,910 km2)Elevation466 ft (142 m)Highest elevation614 ft (187 m)Population (2020) • Independent city301,578 • Estimate (2021)293,310 • RankUS: 70thMidwest: 13thMissouri: 2nd • Density4,886.23/sq mi (1,886.59/km2) • Urban2,156,323 (US: 22nd) • Urban density2,368.6/sq mi (914.5/km2) • Metro2,809,299 (US: 21st) • CSA2,914,230 (US: 20th)Demonym(s)St. Louisan; Saint LouisanGDP • Greater St. Louis$209.9 billion (2022)Time zoneUTC−6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)ZIP Codes
List
63101–6314163143–6314763150–6315163155–631586316063163–6316463166–63167631696317163177–631806318263188631906319563197–63199
Area code314/557FIPS code29-65000Websitestlouis-mo.gov
St. Louis (/seɪnt ˈluːɪs, sənt ˈluːɪs/) is an independent city in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is located near the confluence of the Mississippi and the Missouri rivers. In 2020, the city proper had a population of 301,578, while its bi-state metropolitan area, which extends into Illinois, had an estimated population of over 2.8 million. It is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri and the second largest in Illinois. The city's combined statistical area (CSA) is the 21st largest in the United States.
The land that is now St. Louis had been occupied by Native American cultures for thousands of years before European settlement. The city was founded on February 14, 1764, by French fur traders Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent, Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau. They named it for king Louis IX of France, and it quickly became the regional center of the French Illinois Country. In 1804, the United States acquired St. Louis as part of the Louisiana Purchase. In the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River; from 1870 until the 1920 census, it was the fourth-largest city in the country. It separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, also known as the St. Louis World's Fair, and the Summer Olympics.
Designated as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, the GDP of Greater St. Louis was $209.9 billion in 2022. St. Louis has a diverse economy with strengths in the service, manufacturing, trade, transportation, and aviation industries. It is home to fifteen Fortune 1000 companies, seven of which are also Fortune 500 companies. Federal agencies headquartered in the city or with significant operations there include the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.
Major research universities in Greater St. Louis include Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis University, and the University of Missouri–St. Louis. The Washington University Medical Center in the Central West End neighborhood hosts an agglomeration of medical and pharmaceutical institutions, including Barnes-Jewish Hospital.
St. Louis has four professional sports teams: the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League, St. Louis City SC of Major League Soccer, and the St. Louis BattleHawks of the XFL. Among the city's notable attractions are the 630-foot (192 m) Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis, the St. Louis Zoo, the Missouri Botanical Garden, the St. Louis Art Museum, and Bellefontaine Cemetery and Arboretum.
History
Main article: History of St. Louis
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of St. Louis.
Mississippian culture and European exploration
Main article: History of St. Louis before 1762
Historical affiliations
Kingdom of France 1690s–1763 Kingdom of Spain 1763–1800 French First Republic 1800–1803 United States 1803–present
The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture, which built numerous temple and residential earthwork mounds on both sides of the Mississippi River. Their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 to 1500. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the "Mound City". These mounds were mostly demolished during the city's development. Historic Native American tribes in the area encountered by early Europeans included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, and the Illiniwek.
European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane, also known as Louisiana.
The home of Auguste Chouteau in St. Louis. Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent, Chouteau and Pierre Laclède founded St. Louis in 1764.
The earliest European settlements in the Illinois Country (also known as Upper Louisiana) were built by the French during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, and Fort de Chartres. Migrants from the French villages on the east side of the Mississippi River, such as Kaskaskia, also founded Ste. Genevieve in the 1730s.
In 1764, after France lost the Seven Years' War, Pierre Laclède and his stepson Auguste Chouteau founded what was to become the city of St. Louis. (French lands east of the Mississippi had been ceded to Great Britain and the lands west of the Mississippi to Spain; Catholic France and Spain were 18th-century allies. Louis XV of France and Charles III of Spain were cousins, both from the House of Bourbon.) The French families built the city's economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe. French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city.
During the negotiations for the 1763 Treaty of Paris, French negotiators agreed to transfer France's colonial territories west of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers to New Spain to compensate for Spanish territorial losses during the war. These areas remained under Spanish control until 1803, when they were transferred to the French First Republic. During the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was unsuccessfully attacked by British-allied Native Americans in the 1780 Battle of St. Louis.
City founding
Main article: History of St. Louis (1763–1803)
The founding of St. Louis was preceded by a trading business between Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent and Pierre Laclède (Liguest) in the fall of 1763. St. Maxent invested in a Mississippi River expedition led by Laclède, who searched for a location to base the company's fur trading operations. Though Ste. Genevieve was already established as a trading center, he sought a place less prone to flooding. He found an elevated area overlooking the flood plain of the Mississippi River, not far south from its confluence with the Missouri and Illinois rivers. In addition to having an advantageous natural drainage system, there were nearby forested areas to supply timber and grasslands which could easily be converted for agricultural purposes. This place, declared Laclède, "might become, hereafter, one of the finest cities in America." He dispatched his 14-year-old stepson, Auguste Chouteau, to the site, with the support of 30 settlers in February 1764.
Laclède arrived at the future town site two months later and produced a plan for St. Louis based on the New Orleans street plan. The default block size was 240 by 300 feet, with just three long avenues running parallel to the west bank of the Mississippi. He established a public corridor of 300 feet fronting the river, but later this area was released for private development.
During the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was unsuccessfully attacked by British-allied Native American in the 1780 Battle of St. Louis.
For the first few years of St. Louis's existence, the city was not recognized by any of the governments. Although the settlement was thought to be under the control of the Spanish government, no one asserted any authority over it, and thus St. Louis had no local government. This vacuum led Laclède to assume civil control, and all problems were disposed in public settings, such as communal meetings. In addition, Laclède granted new settlers lots in town and the surrounding countryside. In hindsight, many of these original settlers thought of these first few years as "the golden age of St. Louis". In 1763, the Native Americans in the region around St. Louis began expressing dissatisfaction with the victorious British, objecting to their refusal to continue to the French tradition of supplying gifts to Natives. Odawa chieftain Pontiac began forming a pan-tribal alliance to counter British control over the region, but received little support from the indigenous residents of St. Louis. By 1765, the city began receiving visits from representatives of the British, French, and Spanish governments.
St. Louis was transferred to the French First Republic in 1800 (although all of the colonial lands continued to be administered by Spanish officials), then sold by the French to the U.S. in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase. St. Louis became the capital of, and gateway to, the new territory. Shortly after the official transfer of authority was made, the Lewis and Clark Expedition was commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson. The expedition departed from St. Louis in May 1804 along the Missouri River to explore the vast territory. There were hopes of finding a water route to the Pacific Ocean, but the party had to go overland in the Upper West. They reached the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia River in summer 1805. They returned, reaching St. Louis on September 23, 1806. Both Lewis and Clark lived in St. Louis after the expedition. Many other explorers, settlers, and trappers (such as Ashley's Hundred) would later take a similar route to the West.
19th century
Main articles: History of St. Louis (1804–1865) and History of St. Louis (1866–1904)
See also: St. Louis in the American Civil War
White men pose, 104 Locust Street, St. Louis, Missouri, in 1852 at Lynch's slave market.
The city elected its first municipal legislators (called trustees) in 1808. Steamboats first arrived in St. Louis in 1817, improving connections with New Orleans and eastern markets. Missouri was admitted as a state in 1821. St. Louis was incorporated as a city in 1822, and continued to develop largely due to its busy port and trade connections.
City of St. Louis and Riverfront, 1874
South Broadway after a May 27, 1896, tornado
Immigrants from Ireland and Germany arrived in St. Louis in significant numbers starting in the 1840s, and the population of St. Louis grew from less than 20,000 inhabitants in 1840, to 77,860 in 1850, to more than 160,000 by 1860. By the mid-1800s, St. Louis had a greater population than New Orleans.
Settled by many Southerners in a slave state, the city was split in political sympathies and became polarized during the American Civil War. In 1861, 28 civilians were killed in a clash with Union troops. The war hurt St. Louis economically, due to the Union blockade of river traffic to the south on the Mississippi River. The St. Louis Arsenal constructed ironclads for the Union Navy.
Slaves worked in many jobs on the waterfront as well as on the riverboats. Given the city's location close to the free state of Illinois and others, some slaves escaped to freedom. Others, especially women with children, sued in court in freedom suits, and several prominent local attorneys aided slaves in these suits. About half the slaves achieved freedom in hundreds of suits before the American Civil War.
The printing press of abolitionist Elijah Parish Lovejoy was destroyed for the third time by townsfolk. He was murdered the next year in nearby Alton, Illinois.
After the war, St. Louis profited via trade with the West, aided by the 1874 completion of the Eads Bridge, named for its design engineer. Industrial developments on both banks of the river were linked by the bridge, the second in the Midwest over the Mississippi River after the Hennepin Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis. The bridge connects St. Louis, Missouri to East St. Louis, Illinois. The Eads Bridge became a symbolic image of the city of St. Louis, from the time of its erection until 1965 when the Gateway Arch Bridge was constructed. The bridge crosses the St. Louis riverfront between Laclede's Landing, to the north, and the grounds of the Gateway Arch, to the south. Today the road deck has been restored, allowing vehicular and pedestrian traffic to cross the river. The St. Louis MetroLink light rail system has used the rail deck since 1993. An estimated 8,500 vehicles pass through it daily.
On August 22, 1876, the city of St. Louis voted to secede from St. Louis County and become an independent city, and, following a recount of the votes in November, officially did so in March 1877. 1877 was year of significant upheaval for the city when a general strike occurred there, in a fight for the eight-hour day & the banning of child labor.
Industrial production continued to increase during the late 19th century. Major corporations such as the Anheuser-Busch brewery, Ralston Purina company and Desloge Consolidated Lead Company were established at St. Louis which was also home to several brass era automobile companies, including the Success Automobile Manufacturing Company; St. Louis is the site of the Wainwright Building, a skyscraper designed in 1892 by architect Louis Sullivan.
20th century
Main article: History of St. Louis (1905–1980)
The Government Building at the 1904 World's Fair
In 1900, the entire streetcar system was shut down by a several months-long strike, with significant unrest occurring in the city & violence against the striking workers.
In 1904, the city hosted the World's Fair and the Olympics, becoming the first non-European city to host the games. The formal name for the 1904 World's Fair was the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Permanent facilities and structures remaining from the fair are located in Forest Park, and other notable structures within the park's boundaries include the St. Louis Art Museum, the St. Louis Zoo and the Missouri History Museum, as well as Tower Grove Park and the Botanical Gardens.
After the Civil War, social and racial discrimination in housing and employment were common in St. Louis. In 1916, during the Jim Crow Era, St. Louis passed a residential segregation ordinance saying that if 75% of the residents of a neighborhood were of a certain race, no one from a different race was allowed to move in. That ordinance was struck down in a court challenge, by the NAACP, after which racial covenants were used to prevent the sale of houses in certain neighborhoods to "persons not of Caucasian race". Again, St. Louisans offered a lawsuit in challenge, and such covenants were ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1948 in Shelley v. Kraemer.
In 1926, Douglass University, a historically black university was founded by B. F. Bowles in St. Louis, and at the time no other college in St. Louis County admitted black students.
In the first half of the 20th century, St. Louis was a destination in the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South seeking better opportunities. During World War II, the NAACP campaigned to integrate war factories. In 1964, civil rights activists protested at the construction of the Gateway Arch to publicize their effort to gain entry for African Americans into the skilled trade unions, where they were underrepresented. The Department of Justice filed the first suit against the unions under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Between 1900 and 1929, St. Louis, had about 220 automakers, close to 10 percent of all American carmakers, about half of which built cars exclusively in St. Louis. Notable names include Dorris, Gardner and Moon.
In the first part of the century, St. Louis had some of the worst air pollution in the United States. In April 1940, the city banned the use of soft coal mined in nearby states. The city hired inspectors to ensure that only anthracite was burned. By 1946, the city had reduced air pollution by about 75%.
View of the Arch (completed 1965) from Laclede's Landing, the remaining section of St. Louis's commercial riverfront
De jure educational segregation continued into the 1950s, and de facto segregation continued into the 1970s, leading to a court challenge and interdistrict desegregation agreement. Students have been bused mostly from the city to county school districts to have opportunities for integrated classes, although the city has created magnet schools to attract students.
St. Louis, like many Midwestern cities, expanded in the early 20th century due to industrialization, which provided jobs to new generations of immigrants and migrants from the South. It reached its peak population of 856,796 at the 1950 census. Suburbanization from the 1950s through the 1990s dramatically reduced the city's population, as did restructuring of industry and loss of jobs. The effects of suburbanization were exacerbated by the small geographical size of St. Louis due to its earlier decision to become an independent city, and it lost much of its tax base. During the 19th and 20th century, most major cities aggressively annexed surrounding areas as residential development occurred away from the central city; however, St. Louis was unable to do so.
Several urban renewal projects were built in the 1950s, as the city worked to replace old and substandard housing. Some of these were poorly designed and resulted in problems. One prominent example, Pruitt–Igoe, became a symbol of failure in public housing, and was torn down less than two decades after it was built.
Since the 1980s, several revitalization efforts have focused on Downtown St. Louis.
21st century
Main article: History of St. Louis (1981–present)
The urban revitalization projects that started in the 1980s continued into the new century. The city's old garment district, centered on Washington Avenue in the Downtown and Downtown West neighborhoods, experienced major development starting in the late 1990s as many of the old factory and warehouse buildings were converted into lofts. The American Planning Association designated Washington Avenue as one of 10 Great Streets for 2011. The Cortex Innovation Community, located within the city's Central West End neighborhood, was founded in 2002 and has become a multi-billion dollar economic engine for the region, with companies such as Microsoft and Boeing currently leasing office space. The Forest Park Southeast neighborhood in the central corridor has seen major investment starting in the early 2010s. Between 2013 and 2018, over $50 million worth of residential construction has been built in the neighborhood. The population of the neighborhood has increased by 19% from the 2010 to 2020 Census.
The St. Louis Rams of the National Football League controversially returned to Los Angeles in 2016. The city of St. Louis sued the NFL in 2017, alleging the league breached its own relocation guidelines to profit at the expense of the city. In 2021, the NFL and Rams owner Stan Kroenke agreed to settle out of court with the city for $790 million.
Geography
Main article: Geography of St. Louis
Landmarks
Further information: Landmarks of St. Louis
See also: List of public art in St. Louis
Name
Description
Photo
Gateway Arch
At 630 feet (190 m), the Gateway Arch is the world's tallest arch and tallest human-made monument in the Western Hemisphere. Built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States, it is the centerpiece of Gateway Arch National Park which was known as Jefferson National Expansion Memorial until 2018.
St. Louis Art Museum
Built for the 1904 World's Fair, with a building designed by Cass Gilbert, the museum houses paintings, sculptures, and cultural objects. The museum is located in Forest Park, and admission is free.
Missouri Botanical Garden
Founded in 1859, the Missouri Botanical Garden is one of the oldest botanical institutions in the United States and a National Historic Landmark. It spans 79 acres in the Shaw neighborhood, including a 14-acre (5.7-hectare) Japanese garden and the Climatron geodesic dome conservatory.
Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis
Dedicated in 1914, it is the mother church of the Archdiocese of St. Louis and the seat of its archbishop. The church is known for its large mosaic installation (which is one of the largest in the Western Hemisphere with 41.5 million pieces), burial crypts, and its outdoor sculpture.
City Hall
Located in Downtown West, City Hall was designed by Harvey Ellis in 1892 in the Renaissance Revival style. It is reminiscent of the Hôtel de Ville, Paris.
Central Library
Completed in 1912, the Central Library building was designed by Cass Gilbert. It serves as the main location for the St. Louis Public Library.
City Museum
City Museum is a play house museum, consisting largely of repurposed architectural and industrial objects, housed in the former International Shoe building in the Washington Avenue Loft District.
Old Courthouse
Built in the 19th century, it served as a federal and state courthouse. The Scott v. Sandford case (resulting in the Dred Scott decision) was tried at the courthouse in 1846.
St. Louis Science Center
Founded in 1963, it includes a science museum and a planetarium, and is situated in Forest Park. Admission is free. It is one of two science centers in the United States which offers free general admission.
St. Louis Symphony
Founded in 1880, the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra is the second oldest symphony orchestra in the United States, preceded by the New York Philharmonic. Its principal concert venue is Powell Symphony Hall.
Union Station
Built in 1888, it was the city's main passenger intercity train terminal. Once the world's largest and busiest train station, it was converted in the 1980s into a hotel, shopping center, and entertainment complex. Today, it also continues to serve local rail (MetroLink) transit passengers, with Amtrak service nearby. On December 25, 2019, the St. Louis Aquarium opened inside Union Station. The St. Louis Wheel, a 200 ft 42 gondola ferris wheel, is also located at Union Station.
St. Louis Zoo
Built for the 1904 World's Fair, it is recognized as a leading zoo in animal management, research, conservation, and education. It is located in Forest Park, and admission is free.
Architecture
Main article: Architecture of St. Louis
See also: List of tallest buildings in St. Louis
Wainwright Building (1891), an important early skyscraper designed by Louis Sullivan
Many houses in Lafayette Square are built with a blending of Greek Revival, Federal and Italianate styles.
The architecture of St. Louis exhibits a variety of commercial, residential, and monumental architecture. St. Louis is known for the Gateway Arch, the tallest monument constructed in the United States at 630 feet (190 m). The Arch pays homage to Thomas Jefferson and St. Louis's position as the gateway to the West. Architectural influences reflected in the area include French Colonial, German, early American, and modern architectural styles.
Several examples of religious structures are extant from the pre-Civil War period, and most reflect the common residential styles of the time. Among the earliest is the Basilica of St. Louis, King of France (referred to as the Old Cathedral). The Basilica was built between 1831 and 1834 in the Federal style. Other religious buildings from the period include SS. Cyril and Methodius Church (1857) in the Romanesque Revival style and Christ Church Cathedral (completed in 1867, designed in 1859) in the Gothic Revival style.
A few civic buildings were constructed during the early 19th century. The original St. Louis courthouse was built in 1826 and featured a Federal style stone facade with a rounded portico. However, this courthouse was replaced during renovation and expansion of the building in the 1850s. The Old St. Louis County Courthouse (known as the Old Courthouse) was completed in 1864 and was notable for having a cast iron dome and for being the tallest structure in Missouri until 1894. Finally, a customs house was constructed in the Greek Revival style in 1852, but was demolished and replaced in 1873 by the U.S. Customhouse and Post Office.
Because much of the city's commercial and industrial development was centered along the riverfront, many pre-Civil War buildings were demolished during construction of the Gateway Arch. The city's remaining architectural heritage of the era includes a multi-block district of cobblestone streets and brick and cast-iron warehouses called Laclede's Landing. Now popular for its restaurants and nightclubs, the district is located north of Gateway Arch along the riverfront. Other industrial buildings from the era include some portions of the Anheuser-Busch Brewery, which date to the 1860s.
St. Louis saw a vast expansion in variety and number of religious buildings during the late 19th century and early 20th century. The largest and most ornate of these is the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, designed by Thomas P. Barnett and constructed between 1907 and 1914 in the Neo-Byzantine style. The St. Louis Cathedral, as it is known, has one of the largest mosaic collections in the world. Another landmark in religious architecture of St. Louis is the St. Stanislaus Kostka, which is an example of the Polish Cathedral style. Among the other major designs of the period were St. Alphonsus Liguori (known as The Rock Church) (1867) in the Gothic Revival and Second Presbyterian Church of St. Louis (1900) in Richardsonian Romanesque.
By the 1900 census, St. Louis was the fourth largest city in the country. In 1904, the city hosted a world's fair at Forest Park called the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Its architectural legacy is somewhat scattered. Among the fair-related cultural institutions in the park are the St. Louis Art Museum designed by Cass Gilbert, part of the remaining lagoon at the foot of Art Hill, and the Flight Cage at the St. Louis Zoo. The Missouri History Museum was built afterward, with the profit from the fair. But 1904 left other assets to the city, like Theodore Link's 1894 St. Louis Union Station, and an improved Forest Park.
One US Bank Plaza, the local headquarters for US Bancorp, was constructed in 1976 in the structural expressionist style. Several notable postmodern commercial skyscrapers were built downtown in the 1970s and 1980s, including the former AT&T building at 909 Chestnut Street (1986), and One Metropolitan Square (1989), which is the tallest building in St. Louis.
During the 1990s, St. Louis saw the construction of the largest United States courthouse by area, the Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse(2000). The Eagleton Courthouse is home to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri and the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. The most recent high-rise buildings in St. Louis include two residential towers: One Hundred in the Central West End neighborhood and One Cardinal Way in the Downtown neighborhood.
Neighborhoods
Further information: Neighborhoods of St. Louis
Second Empire style houses in Lafayette Square
The Delmar Loop is a neighborhood close to Washington University, on the border of the city and St. Louis County.
The city is divided into 79 government-designated neighborhoods. The neighborhood divisions have no legal standing, although some neighborhood associations administer grants or hold veto power over historic-district development.
Several neighborhoods are lumped together in categories such as "North City", "South City", and "The Central West End".
Topography
Rivers in the St. Louis area
According to the United States Census Bureau, St. Louis has a total area of 66 square miles (170 km2), of which 62 square miles (160 km2) is land and 4.1 square miles (11 km2) (6.2%) is water. The city is built on bluffs and terraces that rise 100–200 feet above the western banks of the Mississippi River, in the Midwestern United States just south of the Missouri-Mississippi confluence. Much of the area is a fertile and gently rolling prairie that features low hills and broad, shallow valleys. Both the Mississippi River and the Missouri River have cut large valleys with wide flood plains.
Limestone and dolomite of the Mississippian epoch underlie the area, and parts of the city are karst in nature. This is particularly true of the area south of downtown, which has numerous sinkholes and caves. Most of the caves in the city have been sealed, but many springs are visible along the riverfront. Coal, brick clay, and millerite ore were once mined in the city. The predominant surface rock, known as St. Louis limestone, is used as dimension stone and rubble for construction.
Near the southern boundary of the city of St. Louis (separating it from St. Louis County) is the River des Peres, practically the only river or stream within the city limits that is not entirely underground. Most of River des Peres was confined to a channel or put underground in the 1920s and early 1930s. The lower section of the river was the site of some of the worst flooding of the Great Flood of 1993.
The city's eastern boundary is the Mississippi River, which separates Missouri from Illinois. The Missouri River forms the northern line of St. Louis County, except for a few areas where the river has changed its course. The Meramec River forms most of its southern line.
Climate
Further information: Geography of St. Louis § Climate
The Captains' Return statue inundated by the Mississippi River, 2010.
The urban area of St. Louis has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa); however, its metropolitan region even to the south may present a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa), which shows the effect of the urban heat island in the city. The city experiences hot, humid summers and chilly to cold winters. It is subject to both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico. The average annual temperature recorded at nearby Lambert–St. Louis International Airport, is 57.4 °F (14.1 °C). 100 and 0 °F (38 and −18 °C) temperatures can be seen on an average 3 and 1 days per year, respectively. Precipitation averages 41.70 inches (1,100 mm), but has ranged from 20.59 in (523 mm) in 1953 to 61.24 in (1,555 mm) in 2015. The highest recorded temperature in St. Louis was 115 °F (46 °C) on July 14, 1954, and the lowest was −22 °F (−30 °C) on January 5, 1884.
St. Louis experiences thunderstorms 48 days a year on average. Especially in the spring, these storms can often be severe, with high winds, large hail and tornadoes. Lying within the hotbed of Tornado Alley, St. Louis is one of the most frequently tornado-struck metropolitan areas in the U.S. and has an extensive history of damaging tornadoes. Severe flooding, such as the Great Flood of 1993, may occur in spring and summer; the (often rapid) melting of thick snow cover upstream on the Missouri or Mississippi Rivers can contribute to springtime flooding.
Climate data for St. Louis, Missouri (Lambert–St. Louis Int'l), 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1874−present
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
77(25)
85(29)
92(33)
93(34)
98(37)
108(42)
115(46)
110(43)
104(40)
94(34)
86(30)
76(24)
115(46)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
64.7(18.2)
71.0(21.7)
79.4(26.3)
86.4(30.2)
90.4(32.4)
95.5(35.3)
99.2(37.3)
99.1(37.3)
93.4(34.1)
87.0(30.6)
75.5(24.2)
66.9(19.4)
100.7(38.2)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
40.4(4.7)
45.8(7.7)
56.6(13.7)
68.0(20.0)
77.1(25.1)
85.9(29.9)
89.6(32.0)
88.3(31.3)
81.1(27.3)
69.2(20.7)
55.5(13.1)
44.5(6.9)
66.8(19.3)
Daily mean °F (°C)
32.1(0.1)
36.7(2.6)
46.6(8.1)
57.5(14.2)
67.5(19.7)
76.5(24.7)
80.4(26.9)
78.8(26.0)
71.0(21.7)
59.1(15.1)
46.5(8.1)
36.5(2.5)
57.4(14.1)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
23.8(−4.6)
27.6(−2.4)
36.7(2.6)
47.0(8.3)
57.9(14.4)
67.2(19.6)
71.1(21.7)
69.3(20.7)
60.9(16.1)
49.1(9.5)
37.4(3.0)
28.5(−1.9)
48.0(8.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
4.4(−15.3)
9.6(−12.4)
17.8(−7.9)
32.2(0.1)
43.5(6.4)
55.5(13.1)
61.4(16.3)
60.1(15.6)
47.1(8.4)
33.6(0.9)
22.0(−5.6)
11.0(−11.7)
1.2(−17.1)
Record low °F (°C)
−22(−30)
−18(−28)
−5(−21)
20(−7)
31(−1)
43(6)
51(11)
47(8)
32(0)
21(−6)
1(−17)
−16(−27)
−22(−30)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.59(66)
2.23(57)
3.50(89)
4.73(120)
4.82(122)
4.49(114)
3.93(100)
3.38(86)
2.96(75)
3.15(80)
3.42(87)
2.50(64)
41.70(1,059)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
5.7(14)
4.3(11)
2.3(5.8)
0.2(0.51)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.9(2.3)
3.2(8.1)
16.6(42)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
9.3
8.7
10.8
11.5
12.6
9.8
8.9
8.4
7.3
8.5
9.0
9.0
113.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
4.7
3.9
1.7
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
3.2
14.5
Average relative humidity (%)
73.0
72.0
68.3
63.5
66.5
67.1
68.0
70.0
71.6
68.7
72.2
75.8
69.7
Average dew point °F (°C)
20.1(−6.6)
24.1(−4.4)
33.1(0.6)
42.3(5.7)
52.9(11.6)
62.1(16.7)
66.6(19.2)
65.1(18.4)
58.6(14.8)
46.0(7.8)
36.0(2.2)
25.5(−3.6)
44.4(6.9)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
161.2
158.3
198.3
223.5
266.5
291.9
308.9
269.8
236.1
208.4
140.9
129.9
2,593.7
Percent possible sunshine
53
53
53
56
60
66
68
64
63
60
47
44
58
Average ultraviolet index
1.7
2.7
4.5
6.4
7.9
9.0
9.1
8.2
6.3
4.0
2.3
1.6
5.3
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point, and sun 1961−1990)
Source 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022)
Flora and fauna
Tower Grove Park in spring
The Missouri Botanical Garden
Before the founding of the city, the area was mostly prairie and open forest. Native Americans maintained this environment, good for hunting, by burning underbrush. Trees are mainly oak, maple, and hickory, similar to the forests of the nearby Ozarks; common understory trees include eastern redbud, serviceberry, and flowering dogwood. Riparian areas are forested with mainly American sycamore.
Most of the residential areas of the city are planted with large native shade trees. The largest native forest area is found in Forest Park. In autumn, the changing color of the trees is notable. Most species here are typical of the eastern woodland, although numerous decorative non-native species are found. The most notable invasive species is Japanese honeysuckle, which officials are trying to manage because of its damage to native trees. It is removed from some parks.
Large mammals found in the city include urbanized coyotes and white-tailed deer. Eastern gray squirrel, cottontail rabbit, and other rodents are abundant, as well as the nocturnal Virginia opossum. Large bird species are abundant in parks and include Canada goose, mallard duck, as well as shorebirds, including the great egret and great blue heron. Gulls are common along the Mississippi River; these species follow barge traffic.
Winter populations of bald eagles are found along the Mississippi River around the Chain of Rocks Bridge. The city is on the Mississippi Flyway, used by migrating birds, and has a large variety of small bird species, common to the eastern U.S. The Eurasian tree sparrow, an introduced species, is limited in North America to the counties surrounding St. Louis. The city has special sites for birdwatching of migratory species, including Tower Grove Park.
Frogs are found in the springtime, especially after extensive wet periods. Common species include the American toad and species of chorus frogs called spring peepers, which are found in nearly every pond. Some years have outbreaks of cicadas or ladybugs. Mosquitoes, no-see-ums, and houseflies are common insect nuisances, especially in July and August; because of this, windows are almost always fitted with screens. Invasive populations of honeybees have declined in recent years. Numerous native species of pollinator insects have recovered to fill their ecological niche, and armadillos are seen throughout the St. Louis area.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18101,600—18304,977—184016,469230.9%185077,860372.8%1860160,773106.5%1870310,86493.4%1880350,51812.8%1890451,77028.9%1900575,23827.3%1910687,02919.4%1920772,89712.5%1930821,9606.3%1940816,048−0.7%1950856,7965.0%1960750,026−12.5%1970622,236−17.0%1980453,805−27.1%1990396,685−12.6%2000348,189−12.2%2010319,294−8.3%2020301,578−5.5%2021 (est.)293,310−2.7%U.S. Decennial Census2020 Census
Map of racial distribution in St. Louis, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ Other
Pruitt–Igoe was a large housing project constructed in 1954, which became infamous for poverty, crime and segregation. It was demolished in 1972.
St. Louis grew slowly until the American Civil War, when industrialization and immigration sparked a boom. Mid-19th century immigrants included many Irish and Germans; later there were immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. In the early 20th century, African American and white migrants came from the South; the former as part of the Great Migration out of rural areas of the Deep South. Many came from Mississippi and Arkansas. Italians, Serbians, Lebanese, Syrians, and Greeks settled in St. Louis by the late 19th-Century.
After years of immigration, migration, and expansion, the city reached its peak population in 1950. That year, the Census Bureau reported St. Louis's population as 82% White and 17.9% African American. After World War II, St. Louis began losing population to the suburbs, first because of increased demand for new housing, unhappiness with city services, ease of commuting by highways, and later, white flight. St. Louis's population decline has resulted in a significant increase of abandoned residential housing units and vacant lots throughout the city proper; this blight has attracted much wildlife (such as deer and coyotes) to the many abandoned overgrown lots.
Ethnic origins in St. Louis
St. Louis has lost 64.0% of its population since the 1950 United States census, the highest percent of any city that had a population of 100,000 or more at the time of the 1950 Census. Detroit, Michigan, and Youngstown, Ohio, are the only other cities that have had population declines of at least 60% in the same time frame. The population of the city of St. Louis has been in decline since the 1950 census; during this period the population of the St. Louis Metropolitan Area, which includes more than one county, has grown every year and continues to do so. A big factor in the decline has been the rapid increase in suburbanization.
According to the 2010 United States census, St. Louis had 319,294 people living in 142,057 households, of which 67,488 households were families. The population density was 5,158.2 people per square mile (1,991.6 people/km2). About 24% of the population was 19 or younger, 9% were 20 to 24, 31% were 25 to 44, 25% were 45 to 64, and 11% were 65 or older. The median age was about 34 years.
The African-American population is concentrated in the north side of the city (the area north of Delmar Boulevard is 94.0% black, compared with 35.0% in the central corridor and 26.0% in the south side of St. Louis). Among the Asian-American population in the city, the largest ethnic group is Vietnamese (0.9%), followed by Chinese (0.6%) and Indians (0.5%). The Vietnamese community has concentrated in the Dutchtown neighborhood of south St. Louis; Chinese are concentrated in the Central West End. People of Mexican descent are the largest Latino group, and make up 2.2% of St. Louis's population. They have the highest concentration in the Dutchtown, Benton Park West (Cherokee Street), and Gravois Park neighborhoods. People of Italian descent are concentrated in The Hill.
In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $29,156, and the median income for a family was $32,585. Males had a median income of $31,106; females, $26,987. Per capita income was $18,108.
Some 19% of the city's housing units were vacant, and slightly less than half of these were vacant structures not for sale or rent.
In 2010, St. Louis's per-capita rates of online charitable donations and volunteerism were among the highest among major U.S. cities.
As of 2010, 91.05% (270,934) of St. Louis city residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 2.86% (8,516) spoke Spanish, 0.91% (2,713) Serbo-Croatian, 0.74% (2,200) Vietnamese, 0.50% (1,495) African languages, 0.50% (1,481) Chinese, and French was spoken as a main language by 0.45% (1,341) of the population over the age of five. In total, 8.95% (26,628) of St. Louis's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.
Racial composition
2020
2010
2000
1990
1970
1940
White
43.9%
43.9%
43.9%
50.9%
58.7%
86.6%
—Non-Hispanic
42.9%
42.2%
43.0%
50.2%
57.9%
86.4%
Black
43.0%
49.2%
51.2%
47.5%
40.9%
13.3%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)
5.1%
3.5%
2.0%
1.3%
1.0%
0.2%
Asian
4.1%
2.9%
2.0%
0.9%
0.2%
(X)
Bosnian population
See also: History of the Bosnians in St. Louis
About fifteen families from Bosnia settled in St. Louis between 1960 and 1970. After the Bosnian War started in 1992, more Bosnian refugees began arriving and by 2000, tens of thousands of Bosnian refugees settled in St. Louis with the help of Catholic aid societies. Many of them were professionals and skilled workers who had to take any job opportunity to be able to support their families. Most Bosnian refugees are Muslim, ethnically Bosniaks (87%); they have settled primarily in south St. Louis and South County. Bosnian-Americans are well integrated into the city, developing many businesses and ethnic/cultural organizations.
An estimated 70,000 Bosnians live in the metro area, which is tied with Chicago for largest population of Bosnians in the United States and the largest Bosnian population outside their homeland. The highest concentration of Bosnians is in the neighborhood of Bevo Mill and in Affton, Mehlville, and Oakville of south St. Louis County.
Crime
Main article: Crime in St. Louis
Since 2014 the city of St. Louis has had, as of April 2017, one of the highest murder rates, per capita, in the United States, with 188 homicides in 2015 (59.3 homicides per 100,000) and ranks No. 13 of the most dangerous cities in the world by homicide rate. Detroit, Flint, Memphis, Birmingham, and Baltimore have higher overall violent crime rates than St. Louis, when comparing other crimes such as rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. Despite these high crime rates relative to other American cities, St. Louis index crime rates have declined almost every year since the peak in 1993 (16,648), to the 2014 level of 7,931 (which is the sum of violent crimes and property crimes) per 100,000. In 2015, the index crime rate reversed the 2005–2014 decline to a level of 8,204. Between 2005 and 2014, violent crime has declined by 20%, although rates of violent crime remains 6 times higher than the United States national average and property crime in the city remains 2 1⁄2 times the national average. St. Louis has a higher homicide rate than the rest of the U.S. for both whites and blacks and a higher proportion committed by males. As of October 2016, 7 of the homicide suspects were white, 95 black, 0 Hispanic, 0 Asian and 1 female out of the 102 suspects. In 2016, St. Louis was the most dangerous city in the United States with populations of 100,000 or more, ranking 1st in violent crime and 2nd in property crime. It was also ranked 6th of the most dangerous of all establishments in the United States, and East St. Louis, a suburb of the city itself, was ranked 1st. The St. Louis Police Department at the end of 2016 reported a total of 188 murders for the year, the same number of homicides that had occurred in the city in 2015. According to the STLP At the end of 2017, St. Louis had 205 murders but the city recorded only 159 inside St. Louis city limits. The new Chief of Police, John Hayden said two-thirds (67%) of all the murders and one-half of all the assaults are concentrated in a triangular area in the North part of the city.
Yet another factor when comparing the murder rates of St. Louis and other cities is the manner of drawing municipal boundaries. While many other municipalities have annexed many suburbs, St. Louis has not annexed as much suburban area as most American cities. According to a 2018 estimate, the St. Louis metro area included about 3 million residents and the city included about 300,000 residents. Therefore, the city contains about ten percent of the metro population, a low ratio indicating that the municipal boundaries include only a small part of the metro population.
Economy
Main article: Economy of St. Louis
The gross domestic product of Greater St. Louis was $209.9 billion in 2022, up from $192.9 billion the previous year. Greater St. Louis had a GDP per capita of $68,574 in 2021, up 10% from the previous year. In 2007, manufacturing in the city conducted nearly $11 billion in business, followed by the health care and social service industry with $3.5 billion; professional or technical services with $3.1 billion; and the retail trade with $2.5 billion. The health care sector was the area's biggest employer with 34,000 workers, followed by administrative and support jobs, 24,000; manufacturing, 21,000, and food service, 20,000.
Major companies and institutions
The Anheuser-Busch packaging plant in St. Louis
As of 2022, the St. Louis Metropolitan Area is home to seven Fortune 500 companies. They include Centene, Emerson Electric, Reinsurance Group of America, Edward Jones, Olin, Graybar Electric, and Ameren.
Other notable corporations headquartered in the region include Arch Coal, Bunge Limited, Wells Fargo Advisors (formerly A.G. Edwards), Energizer Holdings, Patriot Coal, Post Foods, United Van Lines, and Mayflower Transit, Post Holdings, Olin, Enterprise Holdings (a parent company of several car rental companies). Notable corporations with operations in St. Louis include Cassidy Turley, Kerry Group, Mastercard, TD Ameritrade, BMO Harris Bank, and World Wide Technology.
Health care and biotechnology institutions with operations in St. Louis include Pfizer, the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, the Solae Company, Sigma-Aldrich, and Multidata Systems International. General Motors manufactures automobiles in Wentzville, while an earlier plant, known as the St. Louis Truck Assembly, built GMC automobiles from 1920 until 1987. Chrysler closed its St. Louis Assembly production facility in nearby Fenton, Missouri and Ford closed the St. Louis Assembly Plant in Hazelwood.
Several once-independent pillars of the local economy have been purchased by other corporations. Among them are Anheuser-Busch, purchased by Belgium-based InBev; Missouri Pacific Railroad, which was headquartered in St. Louis, merged with the Omaha, Nebraska-based Union Pacific Railroad in 1982; McDonnell Douglas, whose operations are now part of Boeing Defense, Space & Security; Trans World Airlines, which was headquartered in the city for its last decade of existence, prior to being acquired by American Airlines; Mallinckrodt, purchased by Tyco International; and Ralston Purina, now a wholly owned subsidiary of Nestlé. The May Department Stores Company (which owned Famous-Barr and Marshall Field's stores) was purchased by Federated Department Stores, which has its regional headquarters in the area. The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in downtown is one of two federal reserve banks in Missouri. Most of the assets of Furniture Brands International were sold to Heritage Home Group in 2013, which moved to North Carolina.
Barnes-Jewish Hospital, which is affiliated with the Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis is a center of medicine and biotechnology. The Washington University School of Medicine is affiliated with Barnes-Jewish Hospital, the fifth largest hospital in the world. Both institutions operate the Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center. The School of Medicine also is affiliated with St. Louis Children's Hospital, one of the country's top pediatric hospitals. Both hospitals are owned by BJC HealthCare. The McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University played a major role in the Human Genome Project. Saint Louis University Medical School is affiliated with SSM Health's Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital and Saint Louis University Hospital. It also has a cancer center, vaccine research center, geriatric center, and a bioethics institute. Several different organizations operate hospitals in the area, including BJC HealthCare, Mercy, SSM Health Care, and Tenet.
Cortex Innovation Community in Midtown neighborhood is the largest innovation hub in the midwest. Cortex is home to offices of Square, Microsoft, Aon, Boeing, and Centene. Cortex has generated 3,800 tech jobs in 14 years. Once built out, projections are for it to make $2 billion in development and create 13,000 jobs for the region.
Boeing employs nearly 15,000 people in its north St. Louis campus, headquarters to its defense unit. In 2013, the company said it would move about 600 jobs from Seattle, where labor costs have risen, to a new IT center in St. Louis. Other companies, such as LaunchCode and LockerDome, think the city could become the next major tech hub. Programs such as Arch Grants are attracting new startups to the region.
According to the St. Louis Business Journal, the top employers in the St. Louis metropolitan area as of 1 April 2021, are:
#
Employer
# of employees
1
BJC Health Care
29,595
2
Washington University
18,805
3
Mercy
15,410
4
Boeing Defense, Space & Security
14,865
5
SSM Health
14,600
According to St. Louis's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report (June 30), the top employers in the city only are (representing 82,481 people, or 18.74% of the city's total employment of 440,000):
#
Employer
# of Employees
1
Washington University
19,380
2
Barnes Jewish Hospital
18,920
3
Saint Louis University
9,152
4
City of St. Louis
7,033
5
Defense Finance and Accounting Service
6,051
6
Wells Fargo Advisors
5,801
7
US Postal Service
4,960
8
St. Louis Board of Education
4,131
9
SSM SLUH
3,983
9
State of Missouri
3,259
Arts and culture
The Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis
Main article: Culture of St. Louis
See also: St. Louis cuisine and List of museums in St. Louis
The same year as the 1904 World's Fair, the Strassberger Music Conservatory Building was constructed at 2300 Grand. Otto Wilhelmi was the architect. In 1911, the conservatory had over 1,100 students. The building is presently in the National Register of Historic Places. A well known graduate was Alfonso D'Artega.
With its French past and waves of Catholic immigrants in the 19th and 20th centuries, from Ireland, Germany and Italy, St. Louis is a major center of Roman Catholicism in the United States. St. Louis also boasts the largest Ethical Culture Society in the United States and is one of the most generous cities in the United States, ranking ninth in 2013. Several places of worship in the city are noteworthy, such as the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, home of the world's largest mosaic installation.
The St. Louis Art Museum in Forest Park
Other notable churches include the Basilica of St. Louis, King of France, the oldest Roman Catholic cathedral west of the Mississippi River and the oldest church in St. Louis; the St. Louis Abbey, whose distinctive architectural style garnered multiple awards at the time of its completion in 1962; and St. Francis de Sales Oratory, a neo-Gothic church completed in 1908 in South St. Louis and the second largest church in the city.
The city is identified with music and the performing arts, especially its association with blues, jazz, and ragtime. St. Louis is home to the St. Louis Symphony, the second oldest symphony orchestra in the United States. Until 2010, it was also home to KFUO-FM, one of the oldest classical music FM radio stations west of the Mississippi River. Opera Theatre of St. Louis has been called "one of America's best summer festivals" by the Washington Post. Former general director Timothy O'Leary was known for drawing the community into discussions of challenging operas. John Adams's "The Death of Klinghoffer", which touched off protests and controversy when performed by the Metropolitan Opera in 2014, had no such problems in St. Louis three years before, because the company fostered a citywide discussion, with interfaith dialogues addressing the tough issues of terrorism, religion and the nature of evil that the opera brings up. St. Louis's Jewish Community Relations Council gave O'Leary an award. Under O'Leary, the company—always known for innovative work—gave second chances to other major American operas, such as John Corigliano's "The Ghosts of Versailles", presented in 2009 in a smaller-scale version.
The Gateway Arch anchors downtown St. Louis and a historic center that includes: the Federal courthouse where the Dred Scott case was first argued, an expanded public library, major churches and businesses, and retail. An increasing downtown residential population has taken to adapted office buildings and other historic structures. In nearby University City is the Delmar Loop, ranked by the American Planning Association as a "great American street" for its variety of shops and restaurants, and the Tivoli Theater, all within walking distance.
Unique city and regional cuisine reflecting various immigrant groups include toasted ravioli, gooey butter cake, provel cheese, the slinger, the Gerber sandwich, and the St. Paul sandwich. Some St. Louis chefs have begun emphasizing use of local produce, meats and fish, and neighborhood farmers' markets have become more popular. Artisan bakeries, salumeria, and chocolatiers also operate in the city.
St. Louis-style pizza has thin crust, provel cheese, and is cut in small squares. Frozen-custard purveyor Ted Drewes offers its "Concrete": frozen custard blended with any combination of dozens of ingredients into a mixture so thick that a spoon inserted into the custard does not fall if the cup is inverted.
Sports
Main article: Sports in St. Louis
See also: Soccer in St. Louis
St. Louis is home to the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball and the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League. In 2019, it became the eighth North American city to have won titles in all four major leagues (MLB, NBA, NFL, and NHL) when the Blues won the Stanley Cup championship. It also has notable and collegiate-level soccer teams and is one of three American cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games. A third major team, the St. Louis City SC of Major League Soccer, began play in 2023.
Professional sports
Pro teams in the St. Louis area include:
Club
Sport
First season
League
Venue
St. Louis Cardinals
Baseball
1882
Major League Baseball
Busch Stadium
St. Louis Blues
Ice hockey
1967
National Hockey League
Enterprise Center
St. Louis City SC
Soccer
2023
Major League Soccer
CityPark
St. Louis BattleHawks
American football
2020
United Football League
The Dome at America's Center
St. Louis City SC 2
Soccer
2022
MLS Next Pro
CityPark
Gateway Grizzlies
Baseball
2001
Frontier League
Grizzlies Ballpark
St. Louis Ambush
Indoor Soccer
2013
Major Arena Soccer League
Family Arena
Busch Stadium in downtown St. Louis
The St. Louis Cardinals are one of the most successful franchises in Major League Baseball. The Cardinals have won 19 National League (NL) titles (the most pennants for the league franchise in one city) and 11 World Series titles (second to the New York Yankees and the most by any NL franchise), recently in 2011. They play at Busch Stadium. Previously, the St. Louis Browns played in the American League (AL) from 1902 to 1953, before moving to Baltimore, Maryland to become the current incarnation of the Orioles. The 1944 World Series was an all-St. Louis World Series, matching up the St. Louis Cardinals and St. Louis Browns at Sportsman's Park, won by the Cardinals in six games. It was the third and final time that the teams shared a home field. St. Louis also was home to the St. Louis Stars (baseball), also known as the St. Louis Giants from 1906 to 1921, who played in the Negro league baseball from 1920 to 1931 and won championships in 1928, 1930, and 1931, and the St. Louis Maroons who played in both the Union Association in 1884 and the National League from 1885 to 1889. In 1884, The St. Louis Maroons won the Union Association pennant and started the season with 20 straight wins, a feat that was not surpassed by any major professional sports team in America until the 2015-16 Golden State Warriors season when they started their NBA season with 24 straight wins.
The Enterprise Center in downtown St. Louis
The St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL) play at the Enterprise Center. They were one of the six teams added to the NHL in the 1967 expansion. The Blues went to the Stanley Cup finals in their first three years, but got swept every time. Although they were the first 1967 expansion team to make the Stanley Cup Finals, they were also the last of the 1967 expansion teams to win the Stanley Cup. They finally won their first Stanley Cup in 2019 after beating the Boston Bruins in the final. This championship made St. Louis the eighth city to win a championship in each of the four major U.S. sports. Prior to the Blues, the city was home to the St. Louis Eagles. The team played in the 1934–35 season.
St. Louis has been home to four National Football League (NFL) teams. The St. Louis All-Stars played in the city in 1923, the St. Louis Gunners in 1934, the St. Louis Cardinals from 1960 to 1987, and the St. Louis Rams from 1995 to 2015. The football Cardinals advanced to the NFL playoffs four times (1964, 1974, 1975 and 1982), never hosting in any appearance. They did, however, win the 1964 Playoff Bowl for third place against the Green Bay Packers by a score of 24–17. The Cardinals moved to Phoenix, Arizona, in 1988. The Rams played at the Edward Jones Dome from 1995 to 2015 and won Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000. They also went to Super Bowl XXXVI but lost to the New England Patriots. The Rams then returned to Los Angeles in 2016.
The St. Louis Hawks of the National Basketball Association (NBA) played at Kiel Auditorium from 1955 to 1968. They won the NBA championship in 1958 and played in three other NBA Finals: 1957, 1960, and 1961. In 1968 the Hawks moved to Atlanta. St. Louis was also the home to the St. Louis Bombers of the Basketball Association of America from 1946 to 1949 and the National Basketball Association from 1949 to 1950 and the Spirits of St. Louis of the American Basketball Association from 1974 to 1976 when the ABA and NBA merged.
CityPark in downtown St. Louis
Major League Soccer's St. Louis City SC began play in 2023 at CityPark. Their MLS Next Pro affiliate is St. Louis City SC 2, which began play in 2022 and also plays at CityPark. Formerly, USL Championship's Saint Louis FC played in the area from 2015 to 2020 at World Wide Technology Soccer Park.
The St. Louis BattleHawks of the XFL began play in 2020, using The Dome at America's Center as their home field. After a two-year hiatus of the league, the Battlehawks returned in 2023, when the XFL resumed play.
St. Louis hosts several minor league sports teams. The Gateway Grizzlies of the independent Frontier League play in the area in Sauget, IL. The St. Louis Trotters of the Independent Basketball Association play at Matthews-Dickey Boys and Girls Club. The St. Louis Ambush indoor soccer team plays in nearby St. Charles at the Family Arena as a part of the Major Arena Soccer League. The St. Louis Slam play in the Women's Football Alliance at Harlen C. Hunter Stadium.
The region hosts INDYCAR, NHRA drag racing, and NASCAR events at World Wide Technology Raceway at Gateway in Madison, Illinois. Thoroughbred flat racing events are hosted at Fairmount Park Racetrack near Collinsville, Illinois.
Amateur sports
St. Louis has hosted the Final Four of both the women's and men's college basketball NCAA Division I championship tournaments, and the Frozen Four collegiate ice hockey tournament. Saint Louis University has won 10 NCAA men's soccer championships, and the city has hosted the College Cup several times. In addition to collegiate soccer, many St. Louisans have played for the United States men's national soccer team, and 20 St. Louisans have been elected into the National Soccer Hall of Fame. St. Louis also is the origin of the sport of corkball, a type of baseball in which there is no base running.
Although the area does not have a National Basketball Association team, it hosts the St. Louis Phoenix, an American Basketball Association team.
Club Atletico Saint Louis, a semi-professional soccer team, competes within the National Premier Soccer League and plays out of St. Louis University High School Soccer Stadium.
Chess
The Sinquefield Cup chess tournament is hosted annually in St. Louis
St. Louis is home to the Saint Louis Chess Club where the U.S. Chess Championship is held. St. Louisan Rex Sinquefield founded the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of St. Louis (which was renamed as St. Louis Chess Club later) and moved the World Chess Hall of Fame to St. Louis in 2011. The Sinquefield Cup Tournament started at St. Louis in 2013. In 2014 the Sinquefield Cup was the highest-rated chess tournament of all time. Former U.S. Chess Champions Fabiano Caruana and Hikaru Nakamura have lived in St. Louis. Former women's chess champion Susan Polgar also resides in St. Louis.
Parks and recreation
Main article: Parks in St. Louis
For parks in the region, see Parks in Greater St. Louis.
Forest Park features a variety of attractions, including the St. Louis Zoo, the St. Louis Art Museum, the Missouri History Museum, and the St. Louis Science Center.
The city operates more than 100 parks, with amenities that include sports facilities, playgrounds, concert areas, picnic areas, and lakes. Forest Park, located on the western edge of city, is the largest, occupying 1,400 acres of land, making it almost twice as large as Central Park in New York City. The park is home to five major institutions, including the St. Louis Art Museum, the St. Louis Zoo, the St. Louis Science Center, the Missouri History Museum, and the Muny amphitheatre. Another significant park in the city is Gateway Arch National Park, which was known as Jefferson National Expansion Memorial until 2018 and is located on the riverfront in downtown St. Louis. The centerpiece of the park is the 630-foot (192 m) tall Gateway Arch, a National Memorial designed by noted architect Eero Saarinen and completed on October 28, 1965. Also part of the historic park is the Old Courthouse, where the first two trials of Dred Scott v. Sandford were held in 1847 and 1850.
The Jewel Box, a greenhouse and event venue in Forest Park
Other notable parks in the city include the Missouri Botanical Garden, Tower Grove Park, Carondelet Park and Citygarden. The Missouri Botanical Garden, a private garden and botanical research facility, is a National Historic Landmark and one of the oldest botanical gardens in the United States. The Garden features 79 acres of horticultural displays from around the world. This includes a Japanese strolling garden, Henry Shaw's original 1850 estate home and a geodesic dome called the Climatron. Immediately south of the Missouri Botanical Garden is Tower Grove Park, a gift to the city by Henry Shaw. Citygarden is an urban sculpture park located in downtown St. Louis, with art from Fernand Léger, Aristide Maillol, Julian Opie, Tom Otterness, Niki de Saint Phalle, and Mark di Suvero. The park is divided into three sections, each of which represent a different theme: river bluffs; flood plains; and urban gardens. Another downtown sculpture park is the Serra Sculpture Park, with the 1982 Richard Serra sculpture Twain.
Government
St. Louis is one of the 41 independent cities in the U.S. that does not legally belong to any county. St. Louis has a strong mayor–council government with legislative authority and oversight vested in the Board of Aldermen and with executive authority in the mayor and six other elected officials. The Board of Aldermen is made up of 28 members (one elected from each of the city's wards) plus a board president who is elected citywide. The 2014 fiscal year budget topped $1 billion for the first time, a 1.9% increase over the $985.2 million budget in 2013. 238,253 registered voters lived in the city in 2012, down from 239,247 in 2010, and 257,442 in 2008.
Structure
Citywide office
Elected official
Mayor of St. Louis
Tishaura Jones
President of the Board of Aldermen
Megan Green
City Comptroller
Darlene Green
Recorder of Deeds
Michael Butler
Collector of Revenue
Gregory F.X. Daly
License Collector
Mavis T. Thompson
Treasurer
Adam Layne
Circuit Attorney
Gabe Gore
City of St. Louis Sheriff
Vernon Betts
St. Louis Mayor Tishaura Jones in 2017
The mayor is the chief executive officer of the city and is responsible for appointing city department heads including; the director of public safety, the director of streets & traffic, the director of health, the director of human services, the director of the airport, the director of parks & recreation, the director of workforce development, the director of the Community Development Agency, the director of economic development, the director of public utilities, the director of the Civil Rights Enforcement Agency, the register, and the assessor, among other department-level or senior administrative positions. The President of the Board of Aldermen is the second highest-ranking official in the city. The President is the presiding officer of the Board of Aldermen which is the legislative branch of government of the city.
Municipal elections in St. Louis are held in odd-numbered years, with the primary elections in March and the general election in April. The mayor is elected in odd-numbered years following the United States presidential election, as are the aldermen representing odd-numbered wards. The president of the board of aldermen and the aldermen from even-numbered wards are elected in the off-years. The Democratic Party has dominated St. Louis city politics for decades. The city has not had a Republican mayor since 1949, and the last time a Republican was elected to another citywide office was in the 1970s. As of 2015, all 28 of the city's aldermen are Democrats.
Forty-seven individuals have held the office of mayor of St. Louis, four of whom—William Carr Lane, John Fletcher Darby, John Wimer, and John How—served non-consecutive terms. The most terms served by a mayor was by Lane, who served 8 full terms plus the unexpired term of Darby. The current mayor is Tishaura Jones, who took office April 20, 2021, and is the first African-American woman to hold the post. She succeeded Lyda Krewson, the first female mayor of the city, who retired in 2021 after serving for four years. The longest-serving mayor was Francis Slay, who took office April 17, 2001, and left office April 18, 2017, a total of 16 years and six days over four terms in office. The shortest-serving mayor was Arthur Barret, who died 11 days after taking office.
Although St. Louis separated from St. Louis County in 1876, some mechanisms have been put in place for joint funding management and funding of regional assets. The St. Louis Zoo-Museum district collects property taxes from residents of both St. Louis City and County, and the funds are used to support cultural institutions including the St. Louis Zoo, St. Louis Art Museum and the Missouri Botanical Gardens. Similarly, the Metropolitan Sewer District provides sanitary and storm sewer service to the city and much of St. Louis County. The Bi-State Development Agency (now known as Metro) runs the region's MetroLink light rail system and bus system.
St. Louis City Sheriff's DepartmentAbbreviationSTL-SOMottoProfessionalism, Honesty, Integrity, and CourageAgency overviewFormed1876Employees216Annual budgetUS$ 9,690,784 Jurisdictional structureLegal jurisdictionSt. Louis, MissouriGoverning body22nd Judicial CircuitOperational structureHeadquartersCivil Courts Building, 10 N Tucker Blvd 8th Floor, St. Louis, MO 63101Deputies165Agency executiveVernon Betts (D), SheriffParent agencyBoard of Aldermen's Committee on Public Safety, 22nd Judicial CircuitDivisions
5
Civil Process Information Court Information Land Tax Sales Conceal and Carry Firearm Permit Sheriff's Office Events Eviction Procedures and Policy Courtroom Security
FacilitiesJustice CentersSt Louis City Justice Center, 200 S. Tucker Blvd, St. Louis, MissouriMarked and UnmarkedsFord Transport Vans, Chevrolet Transport Vans, Ford Police InterceptorPlanes0
The City of St. Louis Sheriff's Office (STLSO or STLCSO) primarily provides security services for the courtrooms, as well as serving court documents and issuing gun carry permits. In 2022, they gained the ability to make arrests and traffic stops.
State and federal government
United States presidential election results for St. Louis, Missouri
Year
Republican
Democratic
Third party
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
2020
21,474
15.98%
110,089
81.93%
2,809
2.09%
2016
20,832
15.72%
104,235
78.68%
7,420
5.60%
2012
22,943
15.93%
118,780
82.45%
2,343
1.63%
2008
24,662
15.50%
132,925
83.55%
1,517
0.95%
2004
27,793
19.22%
116,133
80.29%
712
0.49%
2000
24,799
19.88%
96,557
77.40%
3,396
2.72%
1996
22,121
18.13%
91,233
74.78%
8,649
7.09%
1992
25,441
17.26%
102,356
69.44%
19,607
13.30%
1988
40,906
26.96%
110,076
72.55%
732
0.48%
1984
61,020
35.20%
112,318
64.80%
0
0.00%
1980
50,333
29.48%
113,697
66.59%
6,721
3.94%
1976
58,367
32.47%
118,703
66.03%
2,714
1.51%
1972
72,402
37.67%
119,817
62.33%
0
0.00%
1968
58,252
26.37%
143,010
64.74%
19,652
8.90%
1964
59,604
22.28%
207,958
77.72%
0
0.00%
1960
101,331
33.37%
202,319
66.63%
0
0.00%
1956
130,045
39.14%
202,210
60.86%
0
0.00%
1952
144,828
38.00%
235,893
61.89%
427
0.11%
1948
120,656
35.10%
220,654
64.19%
2,460
0.72%
1944
134,411
39.54%
204,687
60.22%
821
0.24%
1940
168,165
41.79%
233,338
57.98%
948
0.24%
1936
127,887
32.23%
260,063
65.54%
8,880
2.24%
1932
123,448
34.57%
226,338
63.38%
7,319
2.05%
1928
161,701
47.67%
176,428
52.01%
1,065
0.31%
1924
139,433
52.70%
95,888
36.24%
29,276
11.06%
1920
163,280
57.77%
106,047
37.52%
13,325
4.71%
1916
83,798
51.72%
74,059
45.71%
4,175
2.58%
1912
46,509
33.14%
58,845
41.93%
34,973
24.92%
1908
74,160
52.76%
60,917
43.34%
5,473
3.89%
1904
57,547
49.70%
51,858
44.79%
6,387
5.52%
1900
60,597
48.64%
59,931
48.11%
4,046
3.25%
1896
65,708
56.16%
50,091
42.81%
1,197
1.02%
1892
35,528
49.94%
34,669
48.73%
942
1.32%
1888
33,656
53.40%
27,401
43.48%
1,969
3.12%
St. Louis is split between 8 districts in the Missouri House of Representatives: the 76th, 77th, 78th, 79th, 80th, 81st, 82nd, and 84th districts. The 5th Missouri Senate district is entirely within the city, while the 4th is shared with St. Louis County.
At the federal level, St. Louis is the heart of Missouri's 1st congressional district, which also includes part of northern St. Louis County. A Republican has not represented a significant portion of St. Louis in the U.S. House since 1953. Correspondingly, despite voting Republican prior to 1928 in presidential elections, from then on the city has become a Democratic stronghold at the presidential level. George H. W. Bush in 1988 was the most recent Republican to win even a quarter of the city's votes in a presidential election.
The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri are based in the Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse in downtown St. Louis. St. Louis is also home to a Federal Reserve System branch, the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) also maintains major facilities in the St. Louis area.
The Military Personnel Records Center (NPRC-MPR) located at 9700 Page Avenue in St. Louis, is a branch of the National Personnel Records Center and is the repository of over 56 million military personnel records and medical records pertaining to retired, discharged, and deceased veterans of the U.S. armed forces.
Education
Main article: Education in St. Louis
For education in the region, see Education in Greater St. Louis.
Colleges and universities
Brookings Hall at Washington University in St. Louis
The city is home to three national research universities, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis University, as classified under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis has been ranked among the top 10 medical schools in the country by U.S. News & World Report for as long as the list has been published, and as high as second, in 2003 and 2004. U.S. News & World Report also ranks the undergraduate school and other graduate schools, such as the Washington University School of Law, in the top 20 in the nation.
St. Louis Metropolitan Region is home to St. Louis Community College. It is also home to several other four-year colleges & universities, including Harris–Stowe State University, a historically black public university, Fontbonne University, Webster University, Missouri Baptist University, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy (the former Saint Louis College of Pharmacy), Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville (SIUE), and Lindenwood University.
In addition to Catholic theological institutions such as Kenrick-Glennon Seminary and Aquinas Institute of Theology sponsored by the Order of Preachers, St. Louis is home to three Protestant seminaries: Eden Theological Seminary of the United Church of Christ, Covenant Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church in America, and Concordia Seminary of the St. Louis-based Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod.
Primary and secondary schools
St. Louis University High School was founded in 1818. Their current building pictured here was built in 1924.
The St. Louis Public Schools (SLPS), which covers the entire city, operate more than 75 schools, attended by more than 25,000 students, including several magnet schools. SLPS operates under provisional accreditation from the state of Missouri and is under the governance of a state-appointed school board called the Special Administrative Board, although a local board continues to exist without legal authority over the district. Since 2000, charter schools have operated in the city of St. Louis using authorization from Missouri state law. These schools are sponsored by local institutions or corporations and take in students from kindergarten through high school. In addition, several private schools exist in the city, and the Archdiocese of St. Louis operates dozens of parochial schools in the city, including parochial high schools. The city also has several private high schools, including secular, Montessori, Catholic and Lutheran schools. St. Louis University High School – a Jesuit preparatory high school founded in 1818 – is the oldest secondary educational institution in the U.S. west of the Mississippi River. The state-operated K-12 boarding school Missouri School for the Blind is in St. Louis.
Media
Main article: Media in St. Louis
The former St. Louis Post-Dispatch building in downtown St. Louis
Greater St. Louis commands the 19th-largest media market in the United States, a position roughly unchanged for over a decade. All of the major U.S. television networks have affiliates in St. Louis, including KTVI 2 (Fox), KMOV 4 (CBS, with MyNetworkTV on DT2), KSDK 5 (NBC), KETC 9 (PBS), KPLR-TV 11 (The CW), KNLC 24 (MeTV), KDNL 30 (ABC), WRBU 46 (Ion), and WPXS 51 Daystar Television Network. Among the area's most popular radio stations are KMOX (AM sports and talk, notable as the longtime flagship station for St. Louis Cardinals broadcasts), KLOU (FM oldies), WIL-FM (FM country), WARH (FM adult hits), and KSLZ (FM Top 40 mainstream). St. Louis also supports public radio's KWMU, an NPR affiliate, and community radio's KDHX. All-sports stations, such as KFNS 590 AM "The Fan" and WXOS "101.1 ESPN" are also popular. KSHE 95 FM "Real Rock Radio" has broadcast rock music since November 1967 - longer than any other radio station in the United States.
The St. Louis Post-Dispatch is the region's major newspaper. Others in the region include the Suburban Journals, which serve parts of St. Louis County, while the primary alternative newspaper is the Riverfront Times. Three weeklies serve the African-American community: the St. Louis Argus, the St. Louis American, and the St. Louis Sentinel. St. Louis Magazine, a monthly magazine, covers topics such as local history, cuisine, and lifestyles, while the weekly St. Louis Business Journal provides coverage of regional business news. St. Louis was served by an online newspaper, the St. Louis Beacon, but that publication merged with KWMU in 2013.
Many books and movies have been written about St. Louis. A few of the most influential and prominent films are Meet Me in St. Louis and American Flyers, and novels include The Killing Dance, Meet Me in St. Louis, The Runaway Soul, The Rose of Old St. Louis, and Circus of the Damned.
As St. Louis was a prime location for immigrants to move to, much of the early social work depicting immigrant life was based on St. Louis, such as in the book The Immigrant in St. Louis.
Transportation
See also: Transportation in Greater St. Louis
Interstate 64 crossing the Mississippi in Downtown St. Louis
Road, rail, ship, and air transportation modes connect the city with surrounding communities in Greater St. Louis, national transportation networks, and international locations. St. Louis also supports a public transportation network that includes bus and light rail service.
Roads and highways
See also: Streets of St. Louis
Four interstate highways connect the city to a larger regional highway system. Interstate 70, an east–west highway, runs from the northwest corner of the city to downtown St. Louis. The north–south Interstate 55 enters the city at the south near the Carondelet neighborhood and runs toward the center of the city, and both Interstate 64 and Interstate 44 enter the city on the west, running parallel to the east. Two of the four interstates (Interstates 55 and 64) merge south of Gateway Arch National Park and leave the city on the Poplar Street Bridge into Illinois, while Interstate 44 terminates at Interstate 70 at its new interchange near N Broadway and Cass Ave. A small portion of the Interstate 270 outer belt freeway runs through the northern end of the city.
The 563-mile Avenue of the Saints links St. Louis with St. Paul, Minnesota.
Major roadways include the north–south Memorial Drive, located on the western edge of Gateway Arch National Park and parallel to Interstate 70, the north–south streets of Grand Boulevard and Jefferson Avenue, both of which run the length of the city, and Gravois Road, which runs from the southeastern portion of the city to downtown and used to be signed as U.S. Route 66. An east-west roadway that connects the city with surrounding communities is Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive, which carries traffic from the western edge of the city to downtown.
Metro Light Rail and Subway
Main article: MetroLink
St. Louis MetroLink Red Line train leaving St. Louis Union Station
University City-Big Bend Subway Station along the Blue Line, near Washington University.
The St. Louis metro area is served by MetroLink (known as Metro) and is the 11th-largest light rail system in the country with 46 mi (74 km) of double track light rail. The Red Line and The Blue Line both serve all the stations in the inner city, and branch to different destinations beyond in the suburban areas. Both lines enter the city north of Forest Park on the western edge of the city or on the Eads Bridge in downtown St. Louis to Illinois. All of the system track is in independent right of way, with both surface level and underground subway track in the city. All stations are independent entry, while all platforms are flush-level with trains. Rail service is provided by the Bi-State Development Agency (also known as Metro), which is funded by a sales taxes levied in the city and other counties in the region. The Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center acts as the hub station in the city of St. Louis, linking the city's light rail system, local bus system, passenger rail service, and national bus service. It is located just east of the historic grand St. Louis Union Station.
Airports
Control tower and main terminal at St. Louis Lambert
St. Louis is served by two passenger airports. St. Louis Lambert International Airport, owned and operated by the City of St. Louis, is 11 miles northwest of downtown along highway I-70 between I-170 and I-270 in St. Louis County. It is the largest and busiest airport in the state. In 2016, when the airport had more than 255 daily departures to about 90 domestic and international locations, it served more than 15 million passengers. The airport serves as a focus hub city for Southwest Airlines; it was once a hub for Trans World Airlines and a focus-city for American Airlines and AmericanConnection. The airport has two terminals with a total of five concourses. International flights and passengers use Terminal 2, whose lower level holds the Immigration and Customs gates. Passengers can move between the terminals on complimentary buses that run continuously, or via MetroLink for a fee. It was possible to walk between the terminals until Concourse D was closed in 2008.
MidAmerica St. Louis Airport is the secondary passenger airport serving the metropolitan area. Located 17 miles east of the city downtown core, the airport serves domestic passengers. Air cargo transportation is available at Lambert International and at other nearby regional airports, including MidAmerica St. Louis Airport, Spirit of St. Louis Airport, and St. Louis Downtown Airport.
Port authority
River transportation is available through the Port of St. Louis, which is 19.3 miles of riverbank on the Mississippi River that handles more than 32 million tons of freight annually. The Port is the second largest inland port by trip-ton miles, and the third largest by tonnage in the United States, with more than 100 docks for barges and 16 public terminals on the river. The Port Authority added two new small fire and rescue craft in 2012 and 2013.
Railroad service
Main article: Transportation in St. Louis § Railroad Service
An eastbound Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis freight train passing under the Hampton Avenue viaduct.
Inter-city rail passenger train service in the city is provided by Amtrak at the Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center downtown. Amtrak trains terminating in the city include the Lincoln Service to Chicago and the Missouri River Runner to Kansas City, Missouri. St. Louis is an intermediate stop on the Texas Eagle route which provides long-distance passenger service between Chicago, San Antonio, and three days a week, to Los Angeles.
St. Louis is the nation's third largest freight rail hub, moving Missouri exports such as fertilizer, gravel, crushed stone, prepared foodstuffs, fats, oils, nonmetallic mineral products, grain, alcohol, tobacco products, automobiles, and automobile parts. Freight rail service in St. Louis is provided on tracks owned by Union Pacific Railroad, Norfolk Southern Railway, Foster Townsend Rail Logistics – formerly Manufacturers Railway (St. Louis), Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis, Affton Trucking, and the BNSF Railway.
The Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis (reporting mark: TRRA) is a switching and terminal railroad jointly owned by all the major rail carriers in St. Louis. The company operates 30 diesel-electric locomotives to move railcars around the classification yards, deliver railcars to local industries, and ready trains for departure. The TRRA processes and dispatches a significant portion of railroad traffic moving through the city and owns and operates a network of rail bridges and tunnels including the MacArthur Bridge (St. Louis) and the Merchants Bridge. This infrastructure is also used by inter-city rail and long-distance passenger trains serving St. Louis.
Bus service
Main article: MetroBus
Bus passing under the St. Louis Science Center walkway
Local bus service in the city of St. Louis is provided by the Bi-State Development Agency via MetroBus, with more than 75 routes connecting to MetroLink light rail transit and stops in the city and region. The city is also served by Madison County Transit, which connects downtown St. Louis to Madison County, Illinois. National bus service in the city is offered by Greyhound Lines, Burlington Trailways and Amtrak Thruway, with a station at the Gateway Transportation Center, and Megabus, with a stop at St. Louis Union Station.
Taxi
Taxicab service in the city is provided by private companies regulated by the Metropolitan Taxicab Commission. Rates vary by vehicle type, size, passengers and distance, and by regulation all taxicab fares must be calculated using a taximeter and be payable in cash or credit card. Solicitation by a driver is prohibited, although a taxicab may be hailed on the street or at a stand.
Notable people
Main category: People from St. Louis
For a more comprehensive list, see List of people from St. Louis.
Sister cities
St. Louis has 16 sister cities.
Bologna, Italy
Bogor, Indonesia
Brčko, Brčko District, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Donegal, County Donegal, Ireland
Galway, County Galway, Ireland
Georgetown, Guyana
Lyon, France
Nanjing, China
Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
Saint-Louis, Senegal
Samara, Russia
San Luis Potosí, Mexico
Stuttgart, Germany
Suwa, Japan
Szczecin, Poland
Wuhan, China
See also
United States portalNorth America portalGeography portal
Caves of St. Louis
Delmar Divide
Downtown St. Louis
Laclede's Landing, St. Louis
Downtown West, St. Louis
Great Flood of 1993
Heat wave of 2006 derecho series
History of the Jews in St. Louis
LaClede Town
LGBT culture in St. Louis
List of mayors of St. Louis
List of tallest buildings in St. Louis
National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis (city, A–L), Missouri
National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis (city, M-Z), Missouri
Neighborhoods of St. Louis
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis
St. Louis cuisine
St. Louis Fire of 1849
St. Louis in the Civil War
1939 St. Louis smog
List of Veiled Prophet Parade themes
USS St. Louis, 7 ships
Notes
^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^ Official records for St. Louis were kept at the Weather Bureau Office from January 1874 to December 1892, Eads Bridge from January 1893 to December 1929, and at Lambert–St. Louis Int'l since January 1930.
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Further reading
Further information: History of St. Louis § Further reading
Berger, Henry W. St. Louis and Empire: 250 Years of Imperial Quest and Urban Crisis. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2015.
Ekberg, Carl J., and Sharon K. Person, St. Louis Rising: The French Regime of Louis St. Ange de Bellerive. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2015.
Gordon, Colin. Mapping Decline: St. Louis and the Fate of the American City. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. ISBN 9780812220940
Primm, James Neal. Lion of the Valley: St. Louis, Missouri, 1764-1980 (1998) a major scholarly history online
External links
St. Louis at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from WikiversityTravel information from Wikivoyage
Official website
St. Louis Regional Chamber and Growth Association
Historic maps of St. Louis in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection at the University of Missouri
Places adjacent to St. Louis
St. Louis County
Madison County, Illinois
St. Louis County
St. Louis
Mississippi River
St. Louis County
St. Clair County, Illinois
vte City of St. Louis
Greater St. Louis
Missouri
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Architecture
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Culture
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Geography
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Timeline
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People
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Public art
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Category
vteGreater St. Louis
Illinois
Missouri
United States of America
Topics
Culture
Crime
Economy
Education
History
Parks
Transportation
Central city
St. Louis
Largest cities(over 50,000 in 2020)
Chesterfield
Florissant
O'Fallon (Missouri)
St. Charles
St. Peters
Medium-sized cities(over 20,000 in 2020)
Affton CDP
Alton
Arnold
Ballwin
Belleville
Cahokia Heights
Collinsville
Edwardsville
Granite City
Hazelwood
Kirkwood
Maryland Heights
Mehlville CDP
Oakville CDP
O'Fallon (Illinois)
University City
Webster Groves
Wentzville
Wildwood
Largest townsand villages(over 10,000 in 2020)
Bellefontaine Neighbors
Bridgeton
Clayton
Columbia
Concord CDP
Crestwood
Creve Coeur
Dardenne Prairie
East St. Louis
Fairview Heights
Farmington
Ferguson
Festus
Glen Carbon
Godfrey
Highland
Jennings
Lake St. Louis
Lemay CDP
Manchester
Overland
Old Jamestown CDP
St. Ann
Shiloh
Spanish Lake CDP
Swansea
Town and Country
Troy (Illinois)
Troy (Missouri)
Union
Washington
Waterloo
Wood River
Missouri counties
Franklin
Jefferson
Lincoln
St. Charles
St. Francois
St. Louis City
St. Louis County
Warren
Washington
Illinois counties
Bond
Calhoun
Clinton
Jersey
Macoupin
Madison
Monroe
St. Clair
Subregions
Metro East
Westplex
vteNeighborhoods of St. Louis
Academy
Baden
Benton Park
Benton Park West
Bevo Mill
Botanical Heights
Boulevard Heights
Carondelet
Carr Square
Central West End
Cheltenham
Chinatown (defunct since 1966)
Clayton/Tamm
Clifton Heights
College Hill
Columbus Square
Compton Heights
Covenant Blu Grand Center
DeBaliviere Place
"Dogtown"
Downtown
Downtown West
Dutchtown
Ellendale
Fairground
Forest Park Southeast
Fountain Park
Fox Park
Franz Park
Gate District
Gravois Park
Greater Ville
Hamilton Heights
The Hill
Hi-Pointe
Holly Hills
Hyde Park
JeffVanderLou
Kings Oak
Kingsway East
Kingsway West
Kosciusko
Lafayette Square
LaSalle Park
Lewis Place
Lindenwood Park
Marine Villa
Mark Twain
Mark Twain/I-70 Industrial
McKinley Heights
Midtown
Mill Creek Valley (defunct since 1960s)
Mount Pleasant
Near North Riverfront
Northampton
North Point
North Riverfront
O'Fallon
Old North St. Louis
Patch
Peabody–Darst–Webbe
Penrose
Princeton Heights
Riverview
Shaw
Skinker DeBaliviere
Soulard
Southampton
Southwest Garden
St. Louis Hills
St. Louis Place
Tiffany
Tower Grove East
Tower Grove South
Vandeventer
The Ville
Visitation Park
Walnut Park East
Walnut Park West
Wells/Goodfellow
West End
Wydown/Skinker
vteRadio stations in St. Louis, Missouri, metropolitan area and the Metro East IllinoisBy AM frequency
550
590
630
690
730
770
850
880
920
1010
1080
1120
1260
1280
1320
1350
1380
1400
1460
1570
1600
By FM frequency
88.1
88.7
89.1
89.5
KCFV
KNLH
89.7
KGNX
WCBW-FM
89.9
KGNA-FM
WLCA
90.3
90.7
91.5
92.3
93.3
93.7
94.7
95.5
96.3
97.1
98.1
98.5
99.1
99.9
100.3
100.7
101.1
101.7
102.5
103.3
104.1
104.5
104.9
105.7
106.5
107.7
LPFM
92.9
97.5
99.5
102.9
106.9
Translators
91.9
92.7
94.3
95.1
95.9
96.7
98.7
101.5
101.9
102.9
103.7
104.5
105.3
106.1
106.9
107.1
K296HA
W296DR
107.3
NOAA Weather Radiofrequency
162.45
162.55
Digital radioby frequency & subchannel
850
89.1-1
89.1-2
89.9-1
89.9-2
90.7-1
90.7-2
90.7-3
92.3-1
92.3-2
93.7-1
93.7-2
94.7-1
94.7-2
94.7-3
95.5-1
95.5-2
95.5-3
96.3-1
96.3-2
96.3-3
97.1-1
97.1-2
98.1-1
98.1-2
98.1-3
99.1-1
99.1-2
100.3-1
100.3-2
101.1-1
101.1-2
101.1-3
102.5-1
102.5-2
102.5-3
103.3-1
104.1-1
104.9-1
104.9-2
105.7-1
105.7-2
106.5-1
106.5-2
106.5-3
107.7-1
107.7-2
By call sign
K220HT
K236CS
K240ES
K244FO
K254CR
K268CT
K296HA
K270BW
K275CI
K283CI
K287BY
K291CW
K295CQ
K297BI
KATZ
KATZ-FM
HD2
KCFV
KCLC
HD2
KDHX
KDO89
KEZK-FM
HD2
HD3
KFAV
KFNS
KFNS-FM
KFTK-FM
HD2
KFUO
KGNA-FM
KGNX
KHOJ
KHZR
KJFF
KLJY
HD2
KLOU
KMOX
KNLH
KPNT
HD2
KRAP
KRTK
KSD
HD2
KSHE
HD2
HD3
KSIQ-LP
KSIV
KSIV-FM
KSLQ
KSLZ
HD2
KSTL
KTJJ
KTLK-FM
HD2
KTRS
KWAP-LP
KWEC-LP
KWMU
HD2
HD3
KWRE
KWRH-LP
KWUL
KWUL-FM
KWUR
KXBS
KXEN
KXFN
KXI70
KXOK-LP
KYFI
KYKY
HD2
HD3
KYRO
W224DC
W232CR
W296DR
W279AQ
WARH
HD2
HD3
WBGZ
WCBW-FM
WEW
WFUN-FM
HD2
HD3
WHHL
WIJR
WIL-FM
HD2
WLCA
HD2
WRYT
WSDZ
WSIE
WXOS
HD2
HD3
Defunct
KFUO-FM1
KADY (1460 AM)
WESL/WFFX/WQQX/KFTK (1490 AM)
KHAD/KRFT/KQQZ (1190 AM)
WEB/WIL/WRTH/KZQZ (1430 AM)
WTMV/WAMV/WBBR (1490 AM)
WINU/WDID/WXOZ/WQQW (1510 AM)
Satellite radio local traffic/weather
XM Channel 217
Sirius Channel 151
Nearby regions
Cape Girardeau-Jackson
Columbia
Hannibal/Quincy
Marion–Carbondale
Mount Vernon
Springfield, IL
See also
List of radio stations in Missouri
List of radio stations in Illinois
Notes
1. Now internet-only.
vteBroadcast television in the Greater St. Louis and Metro East Illinois areasReception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable televisionFull-power
KTVI (2.1 Fox, 2.2 ANT, 2.3 Mystery, 2.4 Dabl)
KMOV (4.1 CBS, 4.2 MNTV, 4.3 Cozi, 4.4 Laff, 4.5 The365)
KSDK (5.1 NBC, 5.2 Get, 5.3 Crime, 5.4 Quest, 5.5 Twist, 5.6 This)
KETC (9.1 PBS, 9.2 PBS Kids, 9.3 World, 9.4 Create)
KPLR-TV (11.1 CW, 11.2 Court, 11.3 Comet, 11.4 REW)
WPXS (13.1 Daystar, 13.2 Retro, 13.3 Daystar Español)
KNLC (24.1 MeTV, 24.2 Rel. Ind., 24.3 H&I, 24.4 Movies!, 24.5 Catchy, 24.6 Start, 24.7 MeTV+, 24.8 Story)
KDNL-TV (30.1 ABC, 30.2 TBD, 30.3 Charge!, 30.4 Stadium)
WRBU (46.1 Ion, 46.2 Bounce, 46.3 Grit, 46.4 Laff, 46.5 Defy, 46.6 TrueReal, 46.7 Scripps, 46.8 HSN)
Low-power
KDTL-LD (4.6 WxNOW)
KPTN-LD (7.1 HSN, 7.2 SBN, 7.3 QVC2, 7.4 Ads, 7.5 Ads, 7.6 Ads, 7.7 Cheddar)
K15KP-D (15.1 HSN, 15.2 QVC, 15.3 HSN2, 15.4 QVC2, 15.5 QVC3, 15.6 Dabl, 15.7 Heartland)
KEFN-CD (20.1 EWTN)
KBGU-LD (33.1 Buzzr, 33.2 LC, 33.3 getTV, 33.4/5/6 Ads)
WODK-LD (45.1–.5 Ads, 45.6 QVC2, 45.7 Ads)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"},{"link_name":"St. Louis (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/seɪnt ˈluːɪs, sənt ˈluːɪs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"independent city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"city proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_proper"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020_Census_(City)-8"},{"link_name":"its bi-state metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"largest metropolitan area in Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"European settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Antoine_de_St._Maxent"},{"link_name":"Pierre Laclède","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Lacl%C3%A8de"},{"link_name":"Auguste Chouteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Chouteau"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cazorla_et_al-13"},{"link_name":"Louis IX of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"Illinois Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Country"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase"},{"link_name":"St. Louis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"independent city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_city"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Purchase Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"global city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_city"},{"link_name":"Globalization and World Cities Research Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Fortune 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_1000"},{"link_name":"Fortune 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_500"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"research universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university"},{"link_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_University"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri–St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri%E2%80%93St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Washington University Medical Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_Medical_Center"},{"link_name":"Central West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_West_End,_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"medical and pharmaceutical institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Barnes-Jewish Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes-Jewish_Hospital"},{"link_name":"four professional sports teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Blues"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"St. Louis City SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_City_SC"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"St. Louis BattleHawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_BattleHawks"},{"link_name":"XFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFL_(2020)"},{"link_name":"Gateway Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Arch"},{"link_name":"Downtown St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Missouri Botanical Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Bellefontaine Cemetery and Arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellefontaine_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"This article is about the city in Missouri, United States. For other uses, see St. Louis (disambiguation).Independent city in Missouri, United StatesSt. Louis (/seɪnt ˈluːɪs, sənt ˈluːɪs/)[11] is an independent city in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is located near the confluence of the Mississippi and the Missouri rivers. In 2020, the city proper had a population of 301,578,[8] while its bi-state metropolitan area, which extends into Illinois, had an estimated population of over 2.8 million. It is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri and the second largest in Illinois. The city's combined statistical area (CSA) is the 21st largest in the United States.[12]The land that is now St. Louis had been occupied by Native American cultures for thousands of years before European settlement. The city was founded on February 14, 1764, by French fur traders Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent, Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau.[13] They named it for king Louis IX of France, and it quickly became the regional center of the French Illinois Country. In 1804, the United States acquired St. Louis as part of the Louisiana Purchase. In the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River; from 1870 until the 1920 census, it was the fourth-largest city in the country. It separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, also known as the St. Louis World's Fair, and the Summer Olympics.[14][15]Designated as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, the GDP of Greater St. Louis was $209.9 billion in 2022.[16][17] St. Louis has a diverse economy with strengths in the service, manufacturing, trade, transportation, and aviation industries.[18] It is home to fifteen Fortune 1000 companies, seven of which are also Fortune 500 companies.[19] Federal agencies headquartered in the city or with significant operations there include the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.Major research universities in Greater St. Louis include Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis University, and the University of Missouri–St. Louis. The Washington University Medical Center in the Central West End neighborhood hosts an agglomeration of medical and pharmaceutical institutions, including Barnes-Jewish Hospital.St. Louis has four professional sports teams: the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League, St. Louis City SC of Major League Soccer, and the St. Louis BattleHawks of the XFL. Among the city's notable attractions are the 630-foot (192 m) Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis, the St. Louis Zoo, the Missouri Botanical Garden, the St. Louis Art Museum, and Bellefontaine Cemetery and Arboretum.[20][21][22]","title":"St. Louis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_St._Louis"}],"text":"For a chronological guide, see Timeline of St. Louis.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"French First Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Mississippian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_culture"},{"link_name":"earthwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthwork_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_builder_(people)"},{"link_name":"Cahokia Mounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahokia_Mounds"},{"link_name":"earthworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"Siouan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouan"},{"link_name":"Osage people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_people"},{"link_name":"Illiniwek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illiniwek"},{"link_name":"Louis Jolliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Jolliet"},{"link_name":"Jacques Marquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Marquette"},{"link_name":"La Salle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle"},{"link_name":"La Louisiane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Chouteau_Mansion,_St._Louis._Mo_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Auguste Chouteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Chouteau"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Antoine_de_St._Maxent"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cazorla_et_al-13"},{"link_name":"Pierre Laclède","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Lacl%C3%A8de"},{"link_name":"Illinois Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Country"},{"link_name":"Cahokia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahokia,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Kaskaskia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskaskia,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Fort de Chartres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_de_Chartres"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Ste. Genevieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ste._Genevieve,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Seven Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Pierre Laclède","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Lacl%C3%A8de"},{"link_name":"Auguste Chouteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Chouteau"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Louis XV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles III of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"circular reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it"},{"link_name":"fur trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_trade"},{"link_name":"Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"African slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)"},{"link_name":"New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"French First Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Mississippian culture and European exploration","text":"Historical affiliations\n\n Kingdom of France 1690s–1763 Kingdom of Spain 1763–1800 French First Republic 1800–1803 United States 1803–presentThe area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture, which built numerous temple and residential earthwork mounds on both sides of the Mississippi River. Their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 to 1500. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the \"Mound City\". These mounds were mostly demolished during the city's development. Historic Native American tribes in the area encountered by early Europeans included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, and the Illiniwek.European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane, also known as Louisiana.The home of Auguste Chouteau in St. Louis. Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent,[13] Chouteau and Pierre Laclède founded St. Louis in 1764.The earliest European settlements in the Illinois Country (also known as Upper Louisiana) were built by the French during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, and Fort de Chartres. Migrants from the French villages on the east side of the Mississippi River, such as Kaskaskia, also founded Ste. Genevieve in the 1730s.In 1764, after France lost the Seven Years' War, Pierre Laclède and his stepson Auguste Chouteau founded what was to become the city of St. Louis.[23] (French lands east of the Mississippi had been ceded to Great Britain and the lands west of the Mississippi to Spain; Catholic France and Spain were 18th-century allies. Louis XV of France and Charles III of Spain were cousins, both from the House of Bourbon.[24][circular reference]) The French families built the city's economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe. French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city.During the negotiations for the 1763 Treaty of Paris, French negotiators agreed to transfer France's colonial territories west of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers to New Spain to compensate for Spanish territorial losses during the war. These areas remained under Spanish control until 1803, when they were transferred to the French First Republic. During the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was unsuccessfully attacked by British-allied Native Americans in the 1780 Battle of St. Louis.[25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Antoine_de_St._Maxent"},{"link_name":"Pierre Laclède (Liguest)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Lacl%C3%A8de"},{"link_name":"Ste. Genevieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ste._Genevieve,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Auguste Chouteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Chouteau"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wade3-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wade3-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-louis-attack.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Pontiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_(Odawa_leader)"},{"link_name":"French First Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase"},{"link_name":"the official transfer of authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Flags_Day"},{"link_name":"Lewis and Clark Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Ashley's Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley%27s_Hundred"}],"sub_title":"City founding","text":"The founding of St. Louis was preceded by a trading business between Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent and Pierre Laclède (Liguest) in the fall of 1763. St. Maxent invested in a Mississippi River expedition led by Laclède, who searched for a location to base the company's fur trading operations. Though Ste. Genevieve was already established as a trading center, he sought a place less prone to flooding. He found an elevated area overlooking the flood plain of the Mississippi River, not far south from its confluence with the Missouri and Illinois rivers. In addition to having an advantageous natural drainage system, there were nearby forested areas to supply timber and grasslands which could easily be converted for agricultural purposes. This place, declared Laclède, \"might become, hereafter, one of the finest cities in America.\" He dispatched his 14-year-old stepson, Auguste Chouteau, to the site, with the support of 30 settlers in February 1764.[26]Laclède arrived at the future town site two months later and produced a plan for St. Louis based on the New Orleans street plan. The default block size was 240 by 300 feet, with just three long avenues running parallel to the west bank of the Mississippi. He established a public corridor of 300 feet fronting the river, but later this area was released for private development.[26]During the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was unsuccessfully attacked by British-allied Native American in the 1780 Battle of St. Louis.For the first few years of St. Louis's existence, the city was not recognized by any of the governments. Although the settlement was thought to be under the control of the Spanish government, no one asserted any authority over it, and thus St. Louis had no local government. This vacuum led Laclède to assume civil control, and all problems were disposed in public settings, such as communal meetings. In addition, Laclède granted new settlers lots in town and the surrounding countryside. In hindsight, many of these original settlers thought of these first few years as \"the golden age of St. Louis\".[27] In 1763, the Native Americans in the region around St. Louis began expressing dissatisfaction with the victorious British, objecting to their refusal to continue to the French tradition of supplying gifts to Natives. Odawa chieftain Pontiac began forming a pan-tribal alliance to counter British control over the region, but received little support from the indigenous residents of St. Louis. By 1765, the city began receiving visits from representatives of the British, French, and Spanish governments.St. Louis was transferred to the French First Republic in 1800 (although all of the colonial lands continued to be administered by Spanish officials), then sold by the French to the U.S. in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase. St. Louis became the capital of, and gateway to, the new territory. Shortly after the official transfer of authority was made, the Lewis and Clark Expedition was commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson. The expedition departed from St. Louis in May 1804 along the Missouri River to explore the vast territory. There were hopes of finding a water route to the Pacific Ocean, but the party had to go overland in the Upper West. They reached the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia River in summer 1805. They returned, reaching St. Louis on September 23, 1806. Both Lewis and Clark lived in St. Louis after the expedition. Many other explorers, settlers, and trappers (such as Ashley's Hundred) would later take a similar route to the West.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Louis in the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_men_pose,_104_Locust_Street,_St._Louis,_Missouri_in_1852_at_Lynch%27s_Slave_Market_-_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"slave market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_market"},{"link_name":"Steamboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_of_Saint_Louis_and_Riverfront,_1874.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Louis,_Mo._tornado_May_27,_1896_south_broadway.JPG"},{"link_name":"slave state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_slave_states"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"clash with Union troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Jackson_Affair"},{"link_name":"Union blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_blockade"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"ironclads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad"},{"link_name":"Union Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Navy"},{"link_name":"Slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"free state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_slave_states"},{"link_name":"freedom suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_suits"},{"link_name":"Elijah Parish Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy"},{"link_name":"Alton, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Eads Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eads_Bridge"},{"link_name":"East St. Louis, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_St._Louis,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Gateway Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Arch"},{"link_name":"secede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_secession"},{"link_name":"St. Louis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"a general strike occurred there","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_St._Louis_general_strike"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Anheuser-Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anheuser-Busch"},{"link_name":"Ralston Purina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralston_Purina"},{"link_name":"Desloge Consolidated Lead Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desloge_Consolidated_Lead_Company"},{"link_name":"brass era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_era"},{"link_name":"Success Automobile Manufacturing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Success_Automobile_Manufacturing_Company"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Wainwright Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainwright_Building"},{"link_name":"Louis Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Sullivan"}],"sub_title":"19th century","text":"See also: St. Louis in the American Civil WarWhite men pose, 104 Locust Street, St. Louis, Missouri, in 1852 at Lynch's slave market.The city elected its first municipal legislators (called trustees) in 1808. Steamboats first arrived in St. Louis in 1817, improving connections with New Orleans and eastern markets. Missouri was admitted as a state in 1821. St. Louis was incorporated as a city in 1822, and continued to develop largely due to its busy port and trade connections.City of St. Louis and Riverfront, 1874South Broadway after a May 27, 1896, tornadoImmigrants from Ireland and Germany arrived in St. Louis in significant numbers starting in the 1840s, and the population of St. Louis grew from less than 20,000 inhabitants in 1840, to 77,860 in 1850, to more than 160,000 by 1860. By the mid-1800s, St. Louis had a greater population than New Orleans.Settled by many Southerners in a slave state, the city was split in political sympathies and became polarized during the American Civil War. In 1861, 28 civilians were killed in a clash with Union troops. The war hurt St. Louis economically, due to the Union blockade of river traffic to the south on the Mississippi River. The St. Louis Arsenal constructed ironclads for the Union Navy.Slaves worked in many jobs on the waterfront as well as on the riverboats. Given the city's location close to the free state of Illinois and others, some slaves escaped to freedom. Others, especially women with children, sued in court in freedom suits, and several prominent local attorneys aided slaves in these suits. About half the slaves achieved freedom in hundreds of suits before the American Civil War.\nThe printing press of abolitionist Elijah Parish Lovejoy was destroyed for the third time by townsfolk. He was murdered the next year in nearby Alton, Illinois.After the war, St. Louis profited via trade with the West, aided by the 1874 completion of the Eads Bridge, named for its design engineer. Industrial developments on both banks of the river were linked by the bridge, the second in the Midwest over the Mississippi River after the Hennepin Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis. The bridge connects St. Louis, Missouri to East St. Louis, Illinois. The Eads Bridge became a symbolic image of the city of St. Louis, from the time of its erection until 1965 when the Gateway Arch Bridge was constructed. The bridge crosses the St. Louis riverfront between Laclede's Landing, to the north, and the grounds of the Gateway Arch, to the south. Today the road deck has been restored, allowing vehicular and pedestrian traffic to cross the river. The St. Louis MetroLink light rail system has used the rail deck since 1993. An estimated 8,500 vehicles pass through it daily.On August 22, 1876, the city of St. Louis voted to secede from St. Louis County and become an independent city, and, following a recount of the votes in November, officially did so in March 1877.[28] 1877 was year of significant upheaval for the city when a general strike occurred there, in a fight for the eight-hour day & the banning of child labor.[29]Industrial production continued to increase during the late 19th century. Major corporations such as the Anheuser-Busch brewery, Ralston Purina company and Desloge Consolidated Lead Company were established at St. Louis which was also home to several brass era automobile companies, including the Success Automobile Manufacturing Company;[30] St. Louis is the site of the Wainwright Building, a skyscraper designed in 1892 by architect Louis Sullivan.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition_St._Louis_1904.jpg"},{"link_name":"1904 World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition"},{"link_name":"several months-long strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_streetcar_strike_of_1900"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_World%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1904_Olympics-32"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Purchase Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition"},{"link_name":"Forest Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Park_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Missouri History Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_History_Museum"},{"link_name":"Jim Crow Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Shelley v. Kraemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley_v._Kraemer"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Douglass University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglass_University"},{"link_name":"historically black university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_university"},{"link_name":"B. F. Bowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_F._Bowles"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-37"},{"link_name":"Great Migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"NAACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP"},{"link_name":"civil rights activists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"air pollution in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"anthracite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracite"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FromLacledesLanding.JPG"},{"link_name":"Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Arch"},{"link_name":"Laclede's Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laclede%27s_Landing"},{"link_name":"De jure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Midwestern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritage-41"},{"link_name":"Suburbanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbanization"},{"link_name":"urban renewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_renewal"},{"link_name":"Pruitt–Igoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruitt%E2%80%93Igoe"},{"link_name":"Downtown St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_St._Louis"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"The Government Building at the 1904 World's FairIn 1900, the entire streetcar system was shut down by a several months-long strike, with significant unrest occurring in the city & violence against the striking workers.[31]In 1904, the city hosted the World's Fair and the Olympics, becoming the first non-European city to host the games.[32] The formal name for the 1904 World's Fair was the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Permanent facilities and structures remaining from the fair are located in Forest Park, and other notable structures within the park's boundaries include the St. Louis Art Museum, the St. Louis Zoo and the Missouri History Museum, as well as Tower Grove Park and the Botanical Gardens.After the Civil War, social and racial discrimination in housing and employment were common in St. Louis. In 1916, during the Jim Crow Era, St. Louis passed a residential segregation ordinance[33] saying that if 75% of the residents of a neighborhood were of a certain race, no one from a different race was allowed to move in.[34] That ordinance was struck down in a court challenge, by the NAACP,[35] after which racial covenants were used to prevent the sale of houses in certain neighborhoods to \"persons not of Caucasian race\".[clarification needed] Again, St. Louisans offered a lawsuit in challenge, and such covenants were ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1948 in Shelley v. Kraemer.[36]In 1926, Douglass University, a historically black university was founded by B. F. Bowles in St. Louis, and at the time no other college in St. Louis County admitted black students.[37]In the first half of the 20th century, St. Louis was a destination in the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South seeking better opportunities. During World War II, the NAACP campaigned to integrate war factories. In 1964, civil rights activists protested at the construction of the Gateway Arch to publicize their effort to gain entry for African Americans into the skilled trade unions, where they were underrepresented. The Department of Justice filed the first suit against the unions under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.Between 1900 and 1929, St. Louis, had about 220 automakers, close to 10 percent of all American carmakers, about half of which built cars exclusively in St. Louis. Notable names include Dorris, Gardner and Moon.[38]In the first part of the century, St. Louis had some of the worst air pollution in the United States. In April 1940, the city banned the use of soft coal mined in nearby states. The city hired inspectors to ensure that only anthracite was burned. By 1946, the city had reduced air pollution by about 75%.[39]View of the Arch (completed 1965) from Laclede's Landing, the remaining section of St. Louis's commercial riverfrontDe jure educational segregation continued into the 1950s, and de facto segregation continued into the 1970s, leading to a court challenge and interdistrict desegregation agreement. Students have been bused mostly from the city to county school districts to have opportunities for integrated classes, although the city has created magnet schools to attract students.[40]St. Louis, like many Midwestern cities, expanded in the early 20th century due to industrialization, which provided jobs to new generations of immigrants and migrants from the South. It reached its peak population of 856,796 at the 1950 census.[41] Suburbanization from the 1950s through the 1990s dramatically reduced the city's population, as did restructuring of industry and loss of jobs. The effects of suburbanization were exacerbated by the small geographical size of St. Louis due to its earlier decision to become an independent city, and it lost much of its tax base. During the 19th and 20th century, most major cities aggressively annexed surrounding areas as residential development occurred away from the central city; however, St. Louis was unable to do so.Several urban renewal projects were built in the 1950s, as the city worked to replace old and substandard housing. Some of these were poorly designed and resulted in problems. One prominent example, Pruitt–Igoe, became a symbol of failure in public housing, and was torn down less than two decades after it was built.Since the 1980s, several revitalization efforts have focused on Downtown St. Louis.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"old garment district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Avenue_Historic_District_(St._Louis,_Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Downtown West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_West,_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"American Planning Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Planning_Association"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Cortex Innovation Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex_Innovation_Community"},{"link_name":"Central West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_West_End,_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Forest Park Southeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Park_Southeast,_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Rams"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Stan Kroenke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Kroenke"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"The urban revitalization projects that started in the 1980s continued into the new century. The city's old garment district, centered on Washington Avenue in the Downtown and Downtown West neighborhoods, experienced major development starting in the late 1990s as many of the old factory and warehouse buildings were converted into lofts. The American Planning Association designated Washington Avenue as one of 10 Great Streets for 2011.[42] The Cortex Innovation Community, located within the city's Central West End neighborhood, was founded in 2002 and has become a multi-billion dollar economic engine for the region, with companies such as Microsoft and Boeing currently leasing office space.[43][44] The Forest Park Southeast neighborhood in the central corridor has seen major investment starting in the early 2010s. Between 2013 and 2018, over $50 million worth of residential construction has been built in the neighborhood.[45] The population of the neighborhood has increased by 19% from the 2010 to 2020 Census.[46]The St. Louis Rams of the National Football League controversially returned to Los Angeles in 2016. The city of St. Louis sued the NFL in 2017, alleging the league breached its own relocation guidelines to profit at the expense of the city. In 2021, the NFL and Rams owner Stan Kroenke agreed to settle out of court with the city for $790 million.[47][48]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Landmarks of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmarks_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"List of public art in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_St._Louis"}],"sub_title":"Landmarks","text":"Further information: Landmarks of St. LouisSee also: List of public art in St. Louis","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of tallest buildings in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_St._Louis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wainwright_building_st_louis_USA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wainwright Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainwright_Building"},{"link_name":"early skyscraper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_skyscrapers"},{"link_name":"Louis Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Sullivan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lafayette_Square_St-Louis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lafayette Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"Gateway Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Arch"},{"link_name":"monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-50"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"French Colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Colonial"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"early American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"modern architectural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture"},{"link_name":"Basilica of St. Louis, King of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Louis,_King_of_France"},{"link_name":"Christ Church Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral_(St._Louis,_Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Old St. Louis County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Courthouse_(St._Louis,_Missouri)"},{"link_name":"cast iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_iron"},{"link_name":"U.S. Customhouse and Post Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Customhouse_and_Post_Office_(St._Louis,_Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Laclede's Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laclede%27s_Landing"},{"link_name":"Anheuser-Busch Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anheuser%E2%80%93Busch#St._Louis_headquarters_and_brewery"},{"link_name":"Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Thomas P. Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._Barnett"},{"link_name":"Neo-Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Byzantine"},{"link_name":"St. Stanislaus Kostka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stanislaus_Kostka_Church_(St._Louis,_Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Polish Cathedral style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Cathedral_style"},{"link_name":"St. Alphonsus Liguori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Alphonsus_Catholic_Church,_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Second Presbyterian Church of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Presbyterian_Church_(St._Louis,_Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Richardsonian Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque"},{"link_name":"1900 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census,_1900"},{"link_name":"world's fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_fair"},{"link_name":"Forest Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Park_(St._Louis,_Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Purchase Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Cass Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Missouri History Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_History_Museum"},{"link_name":"Theodore Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Link"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Union_Station"},{"link_name":"One US Bank Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_US_Bank_Plaza"},{"link_name":"US Bancorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Bancorp"},{"link_name":"structural expressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_expressionist"},{"link_name":"postmodern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_architecture"},{"link_name":"former AT&T building at 909 Chestnut Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/909_Chestnut_Street"},{"link_name":"One Metropolitan Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Metropolitan_Square"},{"link_name":"Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_F._Eagleton_United_States_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"One Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_Above_the_Park"},{"link_name":"One Cardinal Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Cardinal_Way&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Architecture","text":"See also: List of tallest buildings in St. LouisWainwright Building (1891), an important early skyscraper designed by Louis SullivanMany houses in Lafayette Square are built with a blending of Greek Revival, Federal and Italianate styles.The architecture of St. Louis exhibits a variety of commercial, residential, and monumental architecture. St. Louis is known for the Gateway Arch, the tallest monument constructed in the United States at 630 feet (190 m).[50] The Arch pays homage to Thomas Jefferson and St. Louis's position as the gateway to the West. Architectural influences reflected in the area include French Colonial, German, early American, and modern architectural styles.Several examples of religious structures are extant from the pre-Civil War period, and most reflect the common residential styles of the time. Among the earliest is the Basilica of St. Louis, King of France (referred to as the Old Cathedral). The Basilica was built between 1831 and 1834 in the Federal style. Other religious buildings from the period include SS. Cyril and Methodius Church (1857) in the Romanesque Revival style and Christ Church Cathedral (completed in 1867, designed in 1859) in the Gothic Revival style.A few civic buildings were constructed during the early 19th century. The original St. Louis courthouse was built in 1826 and featured a Federal style stone facade with a rounded portico. However, this courthouse was replaced during renovation and expansion of the building in the 1850s. The Old St. Louis County Courthouse (known as the Old Courthouse) was completed in 1864 and was notable for having a cast iron dome and for being the tallest structure in Missouri until 1894. Finally, a customs house was constructed in the Greek Revival style in 1852, but was demolished and replaced in 1873 by the U.S. Customhouse and Post Office.Because much of the city's commercial and industrial development was centered along the riverfront, many pre-Civil War buildings were demolished during construction of the Gateway Arch. The city's remaining architectural heritage of the era includes a multi-block district of cobblestone streets and brick and cast-iron warehouses called Laclede's Landing. Now popular for its restaurants and nightclubs, the district is located north of Gateway Arch along the riverfront. Other industrial buildings from the era include some portions of the Anheuser-Busch Brewery, which date to the 1860s.St. Louis saw a vast expansion in variety and number of religious buildings during the late 19th century and early 20th century. The largest and most ornate of these is the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, designed by Thomas P. Barnett and constructed between 1907 and 1914 in the Neo-Byzantine style. The St. Louis Cathedral, as it is known, has one of the largest mosaic collections in the world. Another landmark in religious architecture of St. Louis is the St. Stanislaus Kostka, which is an example of the Polish Cathedral style. Among the other major designs of the period were St. Alphonsus Liguori (known as The Rock Church) (1867) in the Gothic Revival and Second Presbyterian Church of St. Louis (1900) in Richardsonian Romanesque.By the 1900 census, St. Louis was the fourth largest city in the country. In 1904, the city hosted a world's fair at Forest Park called the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Its architectural legacy is somewhat scattered. Among the fair-related cultural institutions in the park are the St. Louis Art Museum designed by Cass Gilbert, part of the remaining lagoon at the foot of Art Hill, and the Flight Cage at the St. Louis Zoo. The Missouri History Museum was built afterward, with the profit from the fair. But 1904 left other assets to the city, like Theodore Link's 1894 St. Louis Union Station, and an improved Forest Park.One US Bank Plaza, the local headquarters for US Bancorp, was constructed in 1976 in the structural expressionist style. Several notable postmodern commercial skyscrapers were built downtown in the 1970s and 1980s, including the former AT&T building at 909 Chestnut Street (1986), and One Metropolitan Square (1989), which is the tallest building in St. Louis.During the 1990s, St. Louis saw the construction of the largest United States courthouse by area, the Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse(2000). The Eagleton Courthouse is home to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri and the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. The most recent high-rise buildings in St. Louis include two residential towers: One Hundred in the Central West End neighborhood and One Cardinal Way in the Downtown neighborhood.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neighborhoods of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_St._Louis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LafayetteSquareHouses.jpg"},{"link_name":"Second Empire style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_style"},{"link_name":"Lafayette Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_St._Louis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blueberry_Hill_patio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Delmar Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmar_Loop"},{"link_name":"Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"St. Louis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Neighborhoods","text":"Further information: Neighborhoods of St. LouisSecond Empire style houses in Lafayette SquareThe Delmar Loop is a neighborhood close to Washington University, on the border of the city and St. Louis County.The city is divided into 79 government-designated neighborhoods.[51] The neighborhood divisions have no legal standing, although some neighborhood associations administer grants or hold veto power over historic-district development.Several neighborhoods are lumped together in categories such as \"North City\", \"South City\", and \"The Central West End\".","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Louis_Rivers.png"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-52"},{"link_name":"bluffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill"},{"link_name":"Midwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"Limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"dolomite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)"},{"link_name":"Mississippian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippian_age"},{"link_name":"epoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale"},{"link_name":"karst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst"},{"link_name":"clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay"},{"link_name":"millerite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millerite"},{"link_name":"dimension stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension_stone"},{"link_name":"St. Louis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"River des Peres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_des_Peres"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Great Flood of 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1993"},{"link_name":"Meramec River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meramec_River"}],"sub_title":"Topography","text":"Rivers in the St. Louis areaAccording to the United States Census Bureau, St. Louis has a total area of 66 square miles (170 km2), of which 62 square miles (160 km2) is land and 4.1 square miles (11 km2) (6.2%) is water.[52] The city is built on bluffs and terraces that rise 100–200 feet above the western banks of the Mississippi River, in the Midwestern United States just south of the Missouri-Mississippi confluence. Much of the area is a fertile and gently rolling prairie that features low hills and broad, shallow valleys. Both the Mississippi River and the Missouri River have cut large valleys with wide flood plains.Limestone and dolomite of the Mississippian epoch underlie the area, and parts of the city are karst in nature. This is particularly true of the area south of downtown, which has numerous sinkholes and caves. Most of the caves in the city have been sealed, but many springs are visible along the riverfront. Coal, brick clay, and millerite ore were once mined in the city. The predominant surface rock, known as St. Louis limestone, is used as dimension stone and rubble for construction.Near the southern boundary of the city of St. Louis (separating it from St. Louis County) is the River des Peres, practically the only river or stream within the city limits that is not entirely underground.[53] Most of River des Peres was confined to a channel or put underground in the 1920s and early 1930s. The lower section of the river was the site of some of the worst flooding of the Great Flood of 1993.The city's eastern boundary is the Mississippi River, which separates Missouri from Illinois. The Missouri River forms the northern line of St. Louis County, except for a few areas where the river has changed its course. The Meramec River forms most of its southern line.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geography of St. Louis § Climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_St._Louis#Climate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Captains%27_Return_statue_and_Eads_Bridge.JPG"},{"link_name":"subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"metropolitan region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"urban heat island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_heat_island"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Lambert–St. Louis International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert%E2%80%93St._Louis_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"thunderstorms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderstorm"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weatherbase-54"},{"link_name":"hail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail"},{"link_name":"Tornado Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado_Alley"},{"link_name":"damaging tornadoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_tornado_history"},{"link_name":"Great Flood of 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1993"},{"link_name":"Lambert–St. Louis Int'l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Lambert_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"ultraviolet index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_index"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA_STL_TXT-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWS_St._Louis,_MO_(LSX)-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WMO_1961%E2%80%9390_KSTL-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UVIT-61"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Further information: Geography of St. Louis § ClimateThe Captains' Return statue inundated by the Mississippi River, 2010.The urban area of St. Louis has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa); however, its metropolitan region even to the south may present a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa), which shows the effect of the urban heat island in the city. The city experiences hot, humid summers and chilly to cold winters. It is subject to both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico. The average annual temperature recorded at nearby Lambert–St. Louis International Airport, is 57.4 °F (14.1 °C). 100 and 0 °F (38 and −18 °C) temperatures can be seen on an average 3 and 1 days per year, respectively. Precipitation averages 41.70 inches (1,100 mm), but has ranged from 20.59 in (523 mm) in 1953 to 61.24 in (1,555 mm) in 2015. The highest recorded temperature in St. Louis was 115 °F (46 °C) on July 14, 1954, and the lowest was −22 °F (−30 °C) on January 5, 1884.St. Louis experiences thunderstorms 48 days a year on average.[54] Especially in the spring, these storms can often be severe, with high winds, large hail and tornadoes. Lying within the hotbed of Tornado Alley, St. Louis is one of the most frequently tornado-struck metropolitan areas in the U.S. and has an extensive history of damaging tornadoes. Severe flooding, such as the Great Flood of 1993, may occur in spring and summer; the (often rapid) melting of thick snow cover upstream on the Missouri or Mississippi Rivers can contribute to springtime flooding.Climate data for St. Louis, Missouri (Lambert–St. Louis Int'l), 1991−2020 normals,[a] extremes 1874−present[b]\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n77(25)\n\n85(29)\n\n92(33)\n\n93(34)\n\n98(37)\n\n108(42)\n\n115(46)\n\n110(43)\n\n104(40)\n\n94(34)\n\n86(30)\n\n76(24)\n\n115(46)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n64.7(18.2)\n\n71.0(21.7)\n\n79.4(26.3)\n\n86.4(30.2)\n\n90.4(32.4)\n\n95.5(35.3)\n\n99.2(37.3)\n\n99.1(37.3)\n\n93.4(34.1)\n\n87.0(30.6)\n\n75.5(24.2)\n\n66.9(19.4)\n\n100.7(38.2)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n40.4(4.7)\n\n45.8(7.7)\n\n56.6(13.7)\n\n68.0(20.0)\n\n77.1(25.1)\n\n85.9(29.9)\n\n89.6(32.0)\n\n88.3(31.3)\n\n81.1(27.3)\n\n69.2(20.7)\n\n55.5(13.1)\n\n44.5(6.9)\n\n66.8(19.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n32.1(0.1)\n\n36.7(2.6)\n\n46.6(8.1)\n\n57.5(14.2)\n\n67.5(19.7)\n\n76.5(24.7)\n\n80.4(26.9)\n\n78.8(26.0)\n\n71.0(21.7)\n\n59.1(15.1)\n\n46.5(8.1)\n\n36.5(2.5)\n\n57.4(14.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n23.8(−4.6)\n\n27.6(−2.4)\n\n36.7(2.6)\n\n47.0(8.3)\n\n57.9(14.4)\n\n67.2(19.6)\n\n71.1(21.7)\n\n69.3(20.7)\n\n60.9(16.1)\n\n49.1(9.5)\n\n37.4(3.0)\n\n28.5(−1.9)\n\n48.0(8.9)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n4.4(−15.3)\n\n9.6(−12.4)\n\n17.8(−7.9)\n\n32.2(0.1)\n\n43.5(6.4)\n\n55.5(13.1)\n\n61.4(16.3)\n\n60.1(15.6)\n\n47.1(8.4)\n\n33.6(0.9)\n\n22.0(−5.6)\n\n11.0(−11.7)\n\n1.2(−17.1)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−22(−30)\n\n−18(−28)\n\n−5(−21)\n\n20(−7)\n\n31(−1)\n\n43(6)\n\n51(11)\n\n47(8)\n\n32(0)\n\n21(−6)\n\n1(−17)\n\n−16(−27)\n\n−22(−30)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n2.59(66)\n\n2.23(57)\n\n3.50(89)\n\n4.73(120)\n\n4.82(122)\n\n4.49(114)\n\n3.93(100)\n\n3.38(86)\n\n2.96(75)\n\n3.15(80)\n\n3.42(87)\n\n2.50(64)\n\n41.70(1,059)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n5.7(14)\n\n4.3(11)\n\n2.3(5.8)\n\n0.2(0.51)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.9(2.3)\n\n3.2(8.1)\n\n16.6(42)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n9.3\n\n8.7\n\n10.8\n\n11.5\n\n12.6\n\n9.8\n\n8.9\n\n8.4\n\n7.3\n\n8.5\n\n9.0\n\n9.0\n\n113.8\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n4.7\n\n3.9\n\n1.7\n\n0.2\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.8\n\n3.2\n\n14.5\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n73.0\n\n72.0\n\n68.3\n\n63.5\n\n66.5\n\n67.1\n\n68.0\n\n70.0\n\n71.6\n\n68.7\n\n72.2\n\n75.8\n\n69.7\n\n\nAverage dew point °F (°C)\n\n20.1(−6.6)\n\n24.1(−4.4)\n\n33.1(0.6)\n\n42.3(5.7)\n\n52.9(11.6)\n\n62.1(16.7)\n\n66.6(19.2)\n\n65.1(18.4)\n\n58.6(14.8)\n\n46.0(7.8)\n\n36.0(2.2)\n\n25.5(−3.6)\n\n44.4(6.9)\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n161.2\n\n158.3\n\n198.3\n\n223.5\n\n266.5\n\n291.9\n\n308.9\n\n269.8\n\n236.1\n\n208.4\n\n140.9\n\n129.9\n\n2,593.7\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n53\n\n53\n\n53\n\n56\n\n60\n\n66\n\n68\n\n64\n\n63\n\n60\n\n47\n\n44\n\n58\n\n\nAverage ultraviolet index\n\n1.7\n\n2.7\n\n4.5\n\n6.4\n\n7.9\n\n9.0\n\n9.1\n\n8.2\n\n6.3\n\n4.0\n\n2.3\n\n1.6\n\n5.3\n\n\nSource 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point, and sun 1961−1990)[56][57][58]\n\n\nSource 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022)[59]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tower_Grove_Park_Scene_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tower Grove Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Grove_Park"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Missouri_Botanical_Garden_-_Seiwa-en.JPG"},{"link_name":"Missouri Botanical Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden"},{"link_name":"oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple"},{"link_name":"hickory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickory"},{"link_name":"Ozarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ozarks"},{"link_name":"eastern redbud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_redbud"},{"link_name":"serviceberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serviceberry"},{"link_name":"flowering dogwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_dogwood"},{"link_name":"Riparian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riparian"},{"link_name":"American sycamore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_sycamore"},{"link_name":"Japanese honeysuckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_honeysuckle"},{"link_name":"coyotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote"},{"link_name":"white-tailed deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_deer"},{"link_name":"Eastern gray squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel"},{"link_name":"cottontail rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottontail_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Virginia opossum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_opossum"},{"link_name":"Canada goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_goose"},{"link_name":"mallard duck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallard_duck"},{"link_name":"shorebirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorebird"},{"link_name":"great egret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_egret"},{"link_name":"great blue heron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_blue_heron"},{"link_name":"Gulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull"},{"link_name":"barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"bald eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_eagle"},{"link_name":"Chain of Rocks Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_of_Rocks_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Flyway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Flyway"},{"link_name":"Eurasian tree sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_tree_sparrow"},{"link_name":"Tower Grove Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Grove_Park"},{"link_name":"American toad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_toad"},{"link_name":"spring peepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_peeper"},{"link_name":"cicadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicada"},{"link_name":"ladybugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladybug"},{"link_name":"no-see-ums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-see-ums"},{"link_name":"honeybees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_honey_bee"},{"link_name":"armadillos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillos"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Flora and fauna","text":"Tower Grove Park in springThe Missouri Botanical GardenBefore the founding of the city, the area was mostly prairie and open forest. Native Americans maintained this environment, good for hunting, by burning underbrush. Trees are mainly oak, maple, and hickory, similar to the forests of the nearby Ozarks; common understory trees include eastern redbud, serviceberry, and flowering dogwood. Riparian areas are forested with mainly American sycamore.Most of the residential areas of the city are planted with large native shade trees. The largest native forest area is found in Forest Park. In autumn, the changing color of the trees is notable. Most species here are typical of the eastern woodland, although numerous decorative non-native species are found. The most notable invasive species is Japanese honeysuckle, which officials are trying to manage because of its damage to native trees. It is removed from some parks.Large mammals found in the city include urbanized coyotes and white-tailed deer. Eastern gray squirrel, cottontail rabbit, and other rodents are abundant, as well as the nocturnal Virginia opossum. Large bird species are abundant in parks and include Canada goose, mallard duck, as well as shorebirds, including the great egret and great blue heron. Gulls are common along the Mississippi River; these species follow barge traffic.Winter populations of bald eagles are found along the Mississippi River around the Chain of Rocks Bridge. The city is on the Mississippi Flyway, used by migrating birds, and has a large variety of small bird species, common to the eastern U.S. The Eurasian tree sparrow, an introduced species, is limited in North America to the counties surrounding St. Louis. The city has special sites for birdwatching of migratory species, including Tower Grove Park.Frogs are found in the springtime, especially after extensive wet periods. Common species include the American toad and species of chorus frogs called spring peepers, which are found in nearly every pond. Some years have outbreaks of cicadas or ladybugs. Mosquitoes, no-see-ums, and houseflies are common insect nuisances, especially in July and August; because of this, windows are almost always fitted with screens. Invasive populations of honeybees have declined in recent years. Numerous native species of pollinator insects have recovered to fill their ecological niche, and armadillos are seen throughout the St. Louis area.[60]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Race_and_ethnicity_2010_St._Louis.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pruitt-Igoe-overview.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pruitt–Igoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruitt%E2%80%93Igoe"},{"link_name":"Great Migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census1-65"},{"link_name":"white flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historical_populations-66"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethnic_Origins_in_St._Louis,_MO.png"},{"link_name":"1950 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Youngstown, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"2010 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_American"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_American"},{"link_name":"Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_American"},{"link_name":"Dutchtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutchtown,_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Central West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_West_End,_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_American"},{"link_name":"Benton Park West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benton_Park_West,_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Gravois Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravois_Park,_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-censusus-69"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_American"},{"link_name":"The Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill,_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"housing units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_unit"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Louis&action=edit"},{"link_name":"primary language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_language"},{"link_name":"main language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_language"},{"link_name":"mother language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_language"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"text":"Map of racial distribution in St. Louis, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ OtherPruitt–Igoe was a large housing project constructed in 1954, which became infamous for poverty, crime and segregation. It was demolished in 1972.St. Louis grew slowly until the American Civil War, when industrialization and immigration sparked a boom. Mid-19th century immigrants included many Irish and Germans; later there were immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. In the early 20th century, African American and white migrants came from the South; the former as part of the Great Migration out of rural areas of the Deep South. Many came from Mississippi and Arkansas. Italians, Serbians, Lebanese, Syrians, and Greeks settled in St. Louis by the late 19th-Century.[62]After years of immigration, migration, and expansion, the city reached its peak population in 1950. That year, the Census Bureau reported St. Louis's population as 82% White and 17.9% African American.[63] After World War II, St. Louis began losing population to the suburbs, first because of increased demand for new housing, unhappiness with city services, ease of commuting by highways, and later, white flight.[64] St. Louis's population decline has resulted in a significant increase of abandoned residential housing units and vacant lots throughout the city proper; this blight has attracted much wildlife (such as deer and coyotes) to the many abandoned overgrown lots.Ethnic origins in St. LouisSt. Louis has lost 64.0% of its population since the 1950 United States census, the highest percent of any city that had a population of 100,000 or more at the time of the 1950 Census. Detroit, Michigan, and Youngstown, Ohio, are the only other cities that have had population declines of at least 60% in the same time frame. The population of the city of St. Louis has been in decline since the 1950 census; during this period the population of the St. Louis Metropolitan Area, which includes more than one county, has grown every year and continues to do so. A big factor in the decline has been the rapid increase in suburbanization.According to the 2010 United States census, St. Louis had 319,294 people living in 142,057 households, of which 67,488 households were families. The population density was 5,158.2 people per square mile (1,991.6 people/km2). About 24% of the population was 19 or younger, 9% were 20 to 24, 31% were 25 to 44, 25% were 45 to 64, and 11% were 65 or older. The median age was about 34 years.The African-American population is concentrated in the north side of the city (the area north of Delmar Boulevard is 94.0% black, compared with 35.0% in the central corridor and 26.0% in the south side of St. Louis[65]). Among the Asian-American population in the city, the largest ethnic group is Vietnamese (0.9%), followed by Chinese (0.6%) and Indians (0.5%). The Vietnamese community has concentrated in the Dutchtown neighborhood of south St. Louis; Chinese are concentrated in the Central West End.[66] People of Mexican descent are the largest Latino group, and make up 2.2% of St. Louis's population. They have the highest concentration in the Dutchtown, Benton Park West (Cherokee Street), and Gravois Park neighborhoods.[67] People of Italian descent are concentrated in The Hill.In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $29,156, and the median income for a family was $32,585. Males had a median income of $31,106; females, $26,987. Per capita income was $18,108.Some 19% of the city's housing units were vacant, and slightly less than half of these were vacant structures not for sale or rent.In 2010, St. Louis's per-capita rates of online charitable donations and volunteerism were among the highest among major U.S. cities.[68]As of 2010[update], 91.05% (270,934) of St. Louis city residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 2.86% (8,516) spoke Spanish, 0.91% (2,713) Serbo-Croatian, 0.74% (2,200) Vietnamese, 0.50% (1,495) African languages, 0.50% (1,481) Chinese, and French was spoken as a main language by 0.45% (1,341) of the population over the age of five. In total, 8.95% (26,628) of St. Louis's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.[69]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of the Bosnians in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Bosnians_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Bosnian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_War"},{"link_name":"Bosniaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniaks"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Bosnian-Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian-Americans"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Bosnians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_American"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnians_in_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Bevo Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevo_Mill"},{"link_name":"Affton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affton,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Mehlville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehlville"},{"link_name":"Oakville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"St. Louis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"Bosnian population","text":"See also: History of the Bosnians in St. LouisAbout fifteen families from Bosnia settled in St. Louis between 1960 and 1970. After the Bosnian War started in 1992, more Bosnian refugees began arriving and by 2000, tens of thousands of Bosnian refugees settled in St. Louis with the help of Catholic aid societies. Many of them were professionals and skilled workers who had to take any job opportunity to be able to support their families. Most Bosnian refugees are Muslim, ethnically Bosniaks (87%); they have settled primarily in south St. Louis[75] and South County. Bosnian-Americans are well integrated into the city, developing many businesses and ethnic/cultural organizations.[76]An estimated 70,000 Bosnians live in the metro area, which is tied with Chicago for largest population of Bosnians in the United States and the largest Bosnian population outside their homeland. The highest concentration of Bosnians is in the neighborhood of Bevo Mill and in Affton, Mehlville, and Oakville of south St. Louis County.[77][78]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Louis&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crimerate-82"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crimerate-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"index crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_crime"},{"link_name":"United States national average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Louis&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department,_City_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017murders-89"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"John Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hayden_Jr."},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2017murders-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"sub_title":"Crime","text":"Since 2014 the city of St. Louis has had, as of April 2017[update], one of the highest murder rates, per capita, in the United States,[79] with 188 homicides in 2015 (59.3 homicides per 100,000)[80][81] and ranks No. 13 of the most dangerous cities in the world by homicide rate. Detroit, Flint, Memphis, Birmingham, and Baltimore have higher overall violent crime rates than St. Louis, when comparing other crimes such as rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.[80][82] Despite these high crime rates relative to other American cities, St. Louis index crime rates have declined almost every year since the peak in 1993 (16,648), to the 2014 level of 7,931 (which is the sum of violent crimes and property crimes) per 100,000. In 2015, the index crime rate reversed the 2005–2014 decline to a level of 8,204. Between 2005 and 2014, violent crime has declined by 20%, although rates of violent crime remains 6 times higher than the United States national average and property crime in the city remains 2 1⁄2 times the national average.[83] St. Louis has a higher homicide rate than the rest of the U.S. for both whites and blacks and a higher proportion committed by males. As of October 2016[update], 7 of the homicide suspects were white, 95 black, 0 Hispanic, 0 Asian and 1 female out of the 102 suspects. In 2016, St. Louis was the most dangerous city in the United States with populations of 100,000 or more, ranking 1st in violent crime and 2nd in property crime. It was also ranked 6th of the most dangerous of all establishments in the United States, and East St. Louis, a suburb of the city itself, was ranked 1st.[84][85] The St. Louis Police Department at the end of 2016 reported a total of 188 murders for the year, the same number of homicides that had occurred in the city in 2015.[86] According to the STLP At the end of 2017, St. Louis had 205 murders but the city recorded only 159 inside St. Louis city limits.[87][88] The new Chief of Police, John Hayden said two-thirds (67%) of all the murders and one-half of all the assaults are concentrated in a triangular area in the North part of the city.[87]Yet another factor when comparing the murder rates of St. Louis and other cities is the manner of drawing municipal boundaries. While many other municipalities have annexed many suburbs, St. Louis has not annexed as much suburban area as most American cities. According to a 2018 estimate, the St. Louis metro area included about 3 million residents and the city included about 300,000 residents. Therefore, the city contains about ten percent of the metro population, a low ratio indicating that the municipal boundaries include only a small part of the metro population.[89]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gross domestic product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007econcensus-94"}],"text":"The gross domestic product of Greater St. Louis was $209.9 billion in 2022, up from $192.9 billion the previous year.[16] Greater St. Louis had a GDP per capita of $68,574 in 2021, up 10% from the previous year.[90][91] In 2007, manufacturing in the city conducted nearly $11 billion in business, followed by the health care and social service industry with $3.5 billion; professional or technical services with $3.1 billion; and the retail trade with $2.5 billion. The health care sector was the area's biggest employer with 34,000 workers, followed by administrative and support jobs, 24,000; manufacturing, 21,000, and food service, 20,000.[92]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StLouisABPackaging_Plant.JPG"},{"link_name":"Anheuser-Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anheuser-Busch"},{"link_name":"Fortune 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_500"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Arch Coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Coal"},{"link_name":"Bunge Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunge_Limited"},{"link_name":"Wells Fargo Advisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Advisors"},{"link_name":"Energizer Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energizer_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Patriot Coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Coal"},{"link_name":"Post Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Foods"},{"link_name":"United Van Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Van_Lines"},{"link_name":"Mayflower Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower_Transit"},{"link_name":"Post Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Olin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olin_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Enterprise Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Holdings"},{"link_name":"car rental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_rental"},{"link_name":"Cassidy Turley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassidy_Turley"},{"link_name":"Kerry Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Group"},{"link_name":"Mastercard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastercard"},{"link_name":"BMO Harris Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMO_Harris_Bank"},{"link_name":"World Wide Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Technology"},{"link_name":"Pfizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer"},{"link_name":"Donald Danforth Plant Science Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Danforth_Plant_Science_Center"},{"link_name":"Solae Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solae_Company"},{"link_name":"Sigma-Aldrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-Aldrich"},{"link_name":"Multidata Systems International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidata_Systems_International"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Wentzville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentzville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Truck Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Truck_Assembly"},{"link_name":"GMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"Chrysler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Fenton, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenton,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Assembly Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Assembly_Plant"},{"link_name":"Anheuser-Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anheuser-Busch"},{"link_name":"InBev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InBev"},{"link_name":"Missouri Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Omaha, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Boeing Defense, Space & Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Defense,_Space_%26_Security"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Trans World Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Mallinckrodt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallinckrodt"},{"link_name":"Tyco International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyco_International"},{"link_name":"Ralston Purina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralston_Purina"},{"link_name":"Nestlé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"May Department Stores Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Department_Stores_Company"},{"link_name":"Famous-Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous-Barr"},{"link_name":"Marshall Field's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Field%27s"},{"link_name":"Federated Department Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_Department_Stores"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Furniture Brands International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniture_Brands_International"},{"link_name":"Heritage Home Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Home_Group"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JeffersonLake_BJC.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barnes-Jewish Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes-Jewish_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Washington University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Washington University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Barnes-Jewish Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes-Jewish_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_J._Siteman_Cancer_Center"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Children%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"BJC HealthCare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BJC_HealthCare"},{"link_name":"McDonnell Genome Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Genome_Institute"},{"link_name":"Human Genome Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_University"},{"link_name":"SSM Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSM_Health"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Glennon_Children%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis University Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_University_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_(healthcare_organization)"},{"link_name":"Cortex Innovation Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex_Innovation_Community"},{"link_name":"Midtown neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Aon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aon_(company)"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"Centene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centene"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brookings-stl-106"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cortex-official-107"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"IT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"LaunchCode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaunchCode"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Arch Grants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Grants"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Business Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Business_Journal"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Louis&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"sub_title":"Major companies and institutions","text":"The Anheuser-Busch packaging plant in St. LouisAs of 2022, the St. Louis Metropolitan Area is home to seven Fortune 500 companies. They include Centene, Emerson Electric, Reinsurance Group of America, Edward Jones, Olin, Graybar Electric, and Ameren.[93]Other notable corporations headquartered in the region include Arch Coal, Bunge Limited, Wells Fargo Advisors (formerly A.G. Edwards), Energizer Holdings, Patriot Coal, Post Foods, United Van Lines, and Mayflower Transit, Post Holdings, Olin, Enterprise Holdings (a parent company of several car rental companies). Notable corporations with operations in St. Louis include Cassidy Turley, Kerry Group, Mastercard, TD Ameritrade, BMO Harris Bank, and World Wide Technology.Health care and biotechnology institutions with operations in St. Louis include Pfizer, the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, the Solae Company, Sigma-Aldrich, and Multidata Systems International. General Motors manufactures automobiles in Wentzville, while an earlier plant, known as the St. Louis Truck Assembly, built GMC automobiles from 1920 until 1987. Chrysler closed its St. Louis Assembly production facility in nearby Fenton, Missouri and Ford closed the St. Louis Assembly Plant in Hazelwood.Several once-independent pillars of the local economy have been purchased by other corporations. Among them are Anheuser-Busch, purchased by Belgium-based InBev; Missouri Pacific Railroad, which was headquartered in St. Louis, merged with the Omaha, Nebraska-based Union Pacific Railroad in 1982;[94] McDonnell Douglas, whose operations are now part of Boeing Defense, Space & Security;[95] Trans World Airlines, which was headquartered in the city for its last decade of existence, prior to being acquired by American Airlines; Mallinckrodt, purchased by Tyco International; and Ralston Purina, now a wholly owned subsidiary of Nestlé.[96] The May Department Stores Company (which owned Famous-Barr and Marshall Field's stores) was purchased by Federated Department Stores, which has its regional headquarters in the area. The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in downtown is one of two federal reserve banks in Missouri.[97] Most of the assets of Furniture Brands International were sold to Heritage Home Group in 2013, which moved to North Carolina.[98][99]Barnes-Jewish Hospital, which is affiliated with the Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis is a center of medicine and biotechnology.[100] The Washington University School of Medicine is affiliated with Barnes-Jewish Hospital, the fifth largest hospital in the world. Both institutions operate the Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center.[101] The School of Medicine also is affiliated with St. Louis Children's Hospital, one of the country's top pediatric hospitals.[102] Both hospitals are owned by BJC HealthCare. The McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University played a major role in the Human Genome Project.[103] Saint Louis University Medical School is affiliated with SSM Health's Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital and Saint Louis University Hospital. It also has a cancer center, vaccine research center, geriatric center, and a bioethics institute. Several different organizations operate hospitals in the area, including BJC HealthCare, Mercy, SSM Health Care, and Tenet.Cortex Innovation Community in Midtown neighborhood is the largest innovation hub in the midwest. Cortex is home to offices of Square, Microsoft, Aon, Boeing, and Centene. Cortex has generated 3,800 tech jobs in 14 years. Once built out, projections are for it to make $2 billion in development and create 13,000 jobs for the region.[104][105]Boeing employs nearly 15,000 people in its north St. Louis campus, headquarters to its defense unit. In 2013, the company said it would move about 600 jobs from Seattle, where labor costs have risen, to a new IT center in St. Louis.[106][107] Other companies, such as LaunchCode and LockerDome, think the city could become the next major tech hub.[108] Programs such as Arch Grants are attracting new startups to the region.[109]According to the St. Louis Business Journal, the top employers in the St. Louis metropolitan area as of 1 April 2021[update], are:[110]According to St. Louis's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report (June 30),[111] the top employers in the city only are (representing 82,481 people, or 18.74% of the city's total employment of 440,000):","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saint_Louis_(St._Louis,_MO)_-_exterior,_quarter_view_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"St. Louis cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_cuisine"},{"link_name":"List of museums in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Alfonso D'Artega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_D%27Artega"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ethical Culture Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_Society"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saint_Louis"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StLouisArtMuseumMO.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Forest Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Park_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"Basilica of St. Louis, King of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Louis,_King_of_France"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Abbey"},{"link_name":"St. Francis de Sales Oratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Francis_de_Sales_Church_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"neo-Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Gothic"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"ragtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragtime"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Symphony"},{"link_name":"symphony orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_orchestra"},{"link_name":"KFUO-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFUO-FM"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Opera Theatre of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Theatre_of_Saint_Louis"},{"link_name":"The Death of Klinghoffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Klinghoffer"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"The Ghosts of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ghosts_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Gateway Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Arch"},{"link_name":"Dred Scott case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford"},{"link_name":"University City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Delmar Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmar_Loop"},{"link_name":"American Planning Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Planning_Association"},{"link_name":"toasted ravioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toasted_ravioli"},{"link_name":"gooey butter cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gooey_butter_cake"},{"link_name":"provel cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provel_cheese"},{"link_name":"slinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slinger_(dish)"},{"link_name":"Gerber sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerber_sandwich"},{"link_name":"St. Paul sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul_sandwich"},{"link_name":"St. Louis-style pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis-style_pizza"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Ted Drewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Drewes"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"}],"text":"The Cathedral Basilica of St. LouisSee also: St. Louis cuisine and List of museums in St. LouisThe same year as the 1904 World's Fair, the Strassberger Music Conservatory Building was constructed at 2300 Grand. Otto Wilhelmi was the architect. In 1911, the conservatory had over 1,100 students.[112] The building is presently in the National Register of Historic Places.[113] A well known graduate was Alfonso D'Artega.[114]With its French past and waves of Catholic immigrants in the 19th and 20th centuries, from Ireland, Germany and Italy, St. Louis is a major center of Roman Catholicism in the United States. St. Louis also boasts the largest Ethical Culture Society in the United States and is one of the most generous cities in the United States, ranking ninth in 2013.[115] Several places of worship in the city are noteworthy, such as the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, home of the world's largest mosaic installation.[116]The St. Louis Art Museum in Forest ParkOther notable churches include the Basilica of St. Louis, King of France, the oldest Roman Catholic cathedral west of the Mississippi River and the oldest church in St. Louis; the St. Louis Abbey, whose distinctive architectural style garnered multiple awards at the time of its completion in 1962; and St. Francis de Sales Oratory, a neo-Gothic church completed in 1908 in South St. Louis and the second largest church in the city.The city is identified with music and the performing arts, especially its association with blues, jazz, and ragtime. St. Louis is home to the St. Louis Symphony, the second oldest symphony orchestra in the United States. Until 2010, it was also home to KFUO-FM, one of the oldest classical music FM radio stations west of the Mississippi River.[117] Opera Theatre of St. Louis has been called \"one of America's best summer festivals\" by the Washington Post. Former general director Timothy O'Leary was known for drawing the community into discussions of challenging operas. John Adams's \"The Death of Klinghoffer\", which touched off protests and controversy when performed by the Metropolitan Opera in 2014, had no such problems in St. Louis three years before, because the company fostered a citywide discussion, with interfaith dialogues addressing the tough issues of terrorism, religion and the nature of evil that the opera brings up. St. Louis's Jewish Community Relations Council gave O'Leary an award. Under O'Leary, the company—always known for innovative work—gave second chances to other major American operas, such as John Corigliano's \"The Ghosts of Versailles\", presented in 2009 in a smaller-scale version.[118]The Gateway Arch anchors downtown St. Louis and a historic center that includes: the Federal courthouse where the Dred Scott case was first argued, an expanded public library, major churches and businesses, and retail. An increasing downtown residential population has taken to adapted office buildings and other historic structures. In nearby University City is the Delmar Loop, ranked by the American Planning Association as a \"great American street\" for its variety of shops and restaurants, and the Tivoli Theater, all within walking distance.Unique city and regional cuisine reflecting various immigrant groups include toasted ravioli, gooey butter cake, provel cheese, the slinger, the Gerber sandwich, and the St. Paul sandwich. Some St. Louis chefs have begun emphasizing use of local produce, meats and fish, and neighborhood farmers' markets have become more popular. Artisan bakeries, salumeria, and chocolatiers also operate in the city.St. Louis-style pizza has thin crust, provel cheese, and is cut in small squares.[119] Frozen-custard purveyor Ted Drewes offers its \"Concrete\": frozen custard blended with any combination of dozens of ingredients into a mixture so thick that a spoon inserted into the custard does not fall if the cup is inverted.[120]","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soccer in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Blues"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"St. Louis City SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_City_SC"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"}],"text":"See also: Soccer in St. LouisSt. Louis is home to the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball and the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League. In 2019, it became the eighth North American city to have won titles in all four major leagues (MLB, NBA, NFL, and NHL) when the Blues won the Stanley Cup championship. It also has notable and collegiate-level soccer teams and is one of three American cities to have hosted the Summer Olympic Games. A third major team, the St. Louis City SC of Major League Soccer, began play in 2023.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Busch_Stadium_2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"Busch Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busch_Stadium"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"most pennants for the league franchise in one city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_League_pennant_winners"},{"link_name":"World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Busch Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busch_Stadium"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_St._Louis_Browns"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"Baltimore, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"1944 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_World_Series"},{"link_name":"Sportsman's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsman%27s_Park"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Stars (baseball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Stars_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Negro league baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_league_baseball"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Maroons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Maroons/Indianapolis_Hoosiers"},{"link_name":"Union Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Association"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"2015-16 Golden State Warriors season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015-16_Golden_State_Warriors_season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Louis_blues_home_enterprise_center.jpg"},{"link_name":"Enterprise Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Center"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Blues"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Enterprise Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Center"},{"link_name":"1967 expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_NHL_expansion"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"Boston Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Eagles"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"St. Louis All-Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_All-Stars"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Gunners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Gunners"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_St._Louis_Cardinals_(NFL)"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_St._Louis_Rams"},{"link_name":"Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"NFL playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League_playoffs"},{"link_name":"1964 Playoff Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playoff_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams"},{"link_name":"Edward Jones Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dome_at_America%27s_Center"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XXXIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXIV"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XXXVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVI"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"Kiel Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"NBA championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NBA_champions"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_NBA_Finals"},{"link_name":"NBA Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Finals"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_NBA_Finals"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_NBA_Finals"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_NBA_Finals"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Bombers"},{"link_name":"Basketball Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"Spirits of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirits_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"American Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_Association"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_Park,_Saint_Louis.jpg"},{"link_name":"CityPark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CityPark"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"St. Louis City SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_City_SC"},{"link_name":"CityPark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citypark_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"MLS Next Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS_Next_Pro"},{"link_name":"St. Louis City SC 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_City_SC_2"},{"link_name":"USL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_Championship"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_FC"},{"link_name":"World Wide Technology Soccer Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Technology_Soccer_Park"},{"link_name":"St. Louis BattleHawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_BattleHawks"},{"link_name":"XFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFL_(2020)"},{"link_name":"The Dome at America's Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dome_at_America%27s_Center"},{"link_name":"Gateway Grizzlies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Grizzlies"},{"link_name":"Frontier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_League"},{"link_name":"Sauget, IL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzlies_Ballpark"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Trotters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Trotters"},{"link_name":"Independent Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Ambush_(2013)"},{"link_name":"St. Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Charles,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Family Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Arena"},{"link_name":"Major Arena Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Arena_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Slam"},{"link_name":"Women's Football Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Football_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Harlen C. Hunter Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlen_C._Hunter_Stadium"},{"link_name":"INDYCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INDYCAR"},{"link_name":"NHRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHRA"},{"link_name":"drag racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_racing"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"World Wide Technology Raceway at Gateway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Technology_Raceway_at_Gateway"},{"link_name":"Madison, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"flat racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_racing"},{"link_name":"Fairmount Park Racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmount_Park_Racetrack"},{"link_name":"Collinsville, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collinsville,_Illinois"}],"sub_title":"Professional sports","text":"Pro teams in the St. Louis area include:Busch Stadium in downtown St. LouisThe St. Louis Cardinals are one of the most successful franchises in Major League Baseball.[121] The Cardinals have won 19 National League (NL) titles (the most pennants for the league franchise in one city) and 11 World Series titles (second to the New York Yankees and the most by any NL franchise), recently in 2011.[122] They play at Busch Stadium. Previously, the St. Louis Browns played in the American League (AL) from 1902 to 1953, before moving to Baltimore, Maryland to become the current incarnation of the Orioles. The 1944 World Series was an all-St. Louis World Series, matching up the St. Louis Cardinals and St. Louis Browns at Sportsman's Park, won by the Cardinals in six games. It was the third and final time that the teams shared a home field. St. Louis also was home to the St. Louis Stars (baseball), also known as the St. Louis Giants from 1906 to 1921, who played in the Negro league baseball from 1920 to 1931 and won championships in 1928, 1930, and 1931, and the St. Louis Maroons who played in both the Union Association in 1884 and the National League from 1885 to 1889. In 1884, The St. Louis Maroons won the Union Association pennant and started the season with 20 straight wins, a feat that was not surpassed by any major professional sports team in America until the 2015-16 Golden State Warriors season when they started their NBA season with 24 straight wins.The Enterprise Center in downtown St. LouisThe St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL) play at the Enterprise Center. They were one of the six teams added to the NHL in the 1967 expansion. The Blues went to the Stanley Cup finals in their first three years, but got swept every time. Although they were the first 1967 expansion team to make the Stanley Cup Finals, they were also the last of the 1967 expansion teams to win the Stanley Cup. They finally won their first Stanley Cup in 2019 after beating the Boston Bruins in the final. This championship made St. Louis the eighth city to win a championship in each of the four major U.S. sports. Prior to the Blues, the city was home to the St. Louis Eagles. The team played in the 1934–35 season.St. Louis has been home to four National Football League (NFL) teams. The St. Louis All-Stars played in the city in 1923, the St. Louis Gunners in 1934, the St. Louis Cardinals from 1960 to 1987, and the St. Louis Rams from 1995 to 2015. The football Cardinals advanced to the NFL playoffs four times (1964, 1974, 1975 and 1982), never hosting in any appearance. They did, however, win the 1964 Playoff Bowl for third place against the Green Bay Packers by a score of 24–17. The Cardinals moved to Phoenix, Arizona, in 1988. The Rams played at the Edward Jones Dome from 1995 to 2015 and won Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000. They also went to Super Bowl XXXVI but lost to the New England Patriots. The Rams then returned to Los Angeles in 2016.The St. Louis Hawks of the National Basketball Association (NBA) played at Kiel Auditorium from 1955 to 1968. They won the NBA championship in 1958 and played in three other NBA Finals: 1957, 1960, and 1961. In 1968 the Hawks moved to Atlanta. St. Louis was also the home to the St. Louis Bombers of the Basketball Association of America from 1946 to 1949 and the National Basketball Association from 1949 to 1950 and the Spirits of St. Louis of the American Basketball Association from 1974 to 1976 when the ABA and NBA merged.CityPark in downtown St. LouisMajor League Soccer's St. Louis City SC began play in 2023 at CityPark. Their MLS Next Pro affiliate is St. Louis City SC 2, which began play in 2022 and also plays at CityPark. Formerly, USL Championship's Saint Louis FC played in the area from 2015 to 2020 at World Wide Technology Soccer Park.The St. Louis BattleHawks of the XFL began play in 2020, using The Dome at America's Center as their home field. After a two-year hiatus of the league, the Battlehawks returned in 2023, when the XFL resumed play.St. Louis hosts several minor league sports teams. The Gateway Grizzlies of the independent Frontier League play in the area in Sauget, IL. The St. Louis Trotters of the Independent Basketball Association play at Matthews-Dickey Boys and Girls Club. The St. Louis Ambush indoor soccer team plays in nearby St. Charles at the Family Arena as a part of the Major Arena Soccer League. The St. Louis Slam play in the Women's Football Alliance at Harlen C. Hunter Stadium.The region hosts INDYCAR, NHRA drag racing, and NASCAR events at World Wide Technology Raceway at Gateway in Madison, Illinois. Thoroughbred flat racing events are hosted at Fairmount Park Racetrack near Collinsville, Illinois.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Final Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Four"},{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"Frozen Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_Four"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_University"},{"link_name":"NCAA men's soccer championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA_men%27s_soccer_championship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"College Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Soccer_Championship"},{"link_name":"United States men's national soccer team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"National Soccer Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Soccer_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"corkball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corkball"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"American Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_Association_(2000%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Club Atletico Saint Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atletico_Saint_Louis"},{"link_name":"National Premier Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Premier_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"St. Louis University High School Soccer Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_University_High_School"}],"sub_title":"Amateur sports","text":"St. Louis has hosted the Final Four of both the women's and men's college basketball NCAA Division I championship tournaments, and the Frozen Four collegiate ice hockey tournament. Saint Louis University has won 10 NCAA men's soccer championships, and the city has hosted the College Cup several times. In addition to collegiate soccer, many St. Louisans have played for the United States men's national soccer team, and 20 St. Louisans have been elected into the National Soccer Hall of Fame. St. Louis also is the origin of the sport of corkball, a type of baseball in which there is no base running.Although the area does not have a National Basketball Association team, it hosts the St. Louis Phoenix, an American Basketball Association team.Club Atletico Saint Louis, a semi-professional soccer team, competes within the National Premier Soccer League and plays out of St. Louis University High School Soccer Stadium.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SinquefieldCup2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sinquefield Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinquefield_Cup"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis Chess Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Chess_Club"},{"link_name":"U.S. Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"Rex Sinquefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Sinquefield"},{"link_name":"World Chess Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Sinquefield Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinquefield_Cup"},{"link_name":"Fabiano Caruana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabiano_Caruana"},{"link_name":"Hikaru Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaru_Nakamura"},{"link_name":"Susan Polgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Polgar"}],"sub_title":"Chess","text":"The Sinquefield Cup chess tournament is hosted annually in St. LouisSt. Louis is home to the Saint Louis Chess Club where the U.S. Chess Championship is held. St. Louisan Rex Sinquefield founded the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of St. Louis (which was renamed as St. Louis Chess Club later) and moved the World Chess Hall of Fame to St. Louis in 2011. The Sinquefield Cup Tournament started at St. Louis in 2013. In 2014 the Sinquefield Cup was the highest-rated chess tournament of all time. Former U.S. Chess Champions Fabiano Caruana and Hikaru Nakamura have lived in St. Louis. Former women's chess champion Susan Polgar also resides in St. Louis.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parks in Greater St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_in_Greater_St._Louis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Forest_Park,_St_Louis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Forest Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Park_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Zoo"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Missouri History Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_History_Museum"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Science Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Science_Center"},{"link_name":"Forest Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Park_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-50"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Zoo"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Science Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Science_Center"},{"link_name":"Missouri History Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_History_Museum"},{"link_name":"the Muny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muny"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-50"},{"link_name":"Gateway Arch National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Arch_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Gateway Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Arch"},{"link_name":"National Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Memorial_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Eero Saarinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen"},{"link_name":"Old Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Courthouse_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"Dred Scott v. Sandford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JewelBox2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jewel Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel_Box_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"Forest Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Park_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"Missouri Botanical Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden"},{"link_name":"Tower Grove Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Grove_Park"},{"link_name":"Carondelet Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carondelet_Park"},{"link_name":"Citygarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citygarden"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-50"},{"link_name":"Henry Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Shaw_(philanthropist)"},{"link_name":"Climatron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatron"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-50"},{"link_name":"Tower Grove Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Grove_Park"},{"link_name":"Henry Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Shaw_(philanthropist)"},{"link_name":"sculpture park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture_park"},{"link_name":"Fernand Léger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger"},{"link_name":"Aristide Maillol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Maillol"},{"link_name":"Julian Opie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Opie"},{"link_name":"Tom Otterness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Otterness"},{"link_name":"Niki de Saint Phalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki_de_Saint_Phalle"},{"link_name":"Mark di Suvero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_di_Suvero"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Richard Serra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Serra"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serra-127"}],"text":"For parks in the region, see Parks in Greater St. Louis.Forest Park features a variety of attractions, including the St. Louis Zoo, the St. Louis Art Museum, the Missouri History Museum, and the St. Louis Science Center.The city operates more than 100 parks, with amenities that include sports facilities, playgrounds, concert areas, picnic areas, and lakes. Forest Park, located on the western edge of city, is the largest, occupying 1,400 acres of land, making it almost twice as large as Central Park in New York City.[50] The park is home to five major institutions, including the St. Louis Art Museum, the St. Louis Zoo, the St. Louis Science Center, the Missouri History Museum, and the Muny amphitheatre.[50] Another significant park in the city is Gateway Arch National Park, which was known as Jefferson National Expansion Memorial until 2018 and is located on the riverfront in downtown St. Louis. The centerpiece of the park is the 630-foot (192 m) tall Gateway Arch, a National Memorial designed by noted architect Eero Saarinen and completed on October 28, 1965. Also part of the historic park is the Old Courthouse, where the first two trials of Dred Scott v. Sandford were held in 1847 and 1850.The Jewel Box, a greenhouse and event venue in Forest ParkOther notable parks in the city include the Missouri Botanical Garden, Tower Grove Park, Carondelet Park and Citygarden. The Missouri Botanical Garden, a private garden and botanical research facility, is a National Historic Landmark and one of the oldest botanical gardens in the United States.[50] The Garden features 79 acres of horticultural displays from around the world. This includes a Japanese strolling garden, Henry Shaw's original 1850 estate home and a geodesic dome called the Climatron.[50] Immediately south of the Missouri Botanical Garden is Tower Grove Park, a gift to the city by Henry Shaw. Citygarden is an urban sculpture park located in downtown St. Louis, with art from Fernand Léger, Aristide Maillol, Julian Opie, Tom Otterness, Niki de Saint Phalle, and Mark di Suvero.[123][124] The park is divided into three sections, each of which represent a different theme: river bluffs; flood plains; and urban gardens. Another downtown sculpture park is the Serra Sculpture Park, with the 1982 Richard Serra sculpture Twain.[125]","title":"Parks and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"independent cities in the U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDoC2001-128"},{"link_name":"mayor–council government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government"},{"link_name":"Board of Aldermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Board_of_Aldermen"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citygovt-129"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014budget-131"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"}],"text":"St. Louis is one of the 41 independent cities in the U.S. that does not legally belong to any county.[126] St. Louis has a strong mayor–council government with legislative authority and oversight vested in the Board of Aldermen and with executive authority in the mayor and six other elected officials.[127] The Board of Aldermen is made up of 28 members (one elected from each of the city's wards) plus a board president who is elected citywide.[128] The 2014 fiscal year budget topped $1 billion for the first time, a 1.9% increase over the $985.2 million budget in 2013.[129] 238,253 registered voters lived in the city in 2012,[130] down from 239,247 in 2010, and 257,442 in 2008.[131]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tishaura_Jones_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Louis&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"William Carr Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carr_Lane"},{"link_name":"John Fletcher Darby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fletcher_Darby"},{"link_name":"John Wimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wimer"},{"link_name":"John How","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_How"},{"link_name":"Tishaura Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tishaura_Jones"},{"link_name":"Lyda Krewson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyda_Krewson"},{"link_name":"Francis Slay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Slay"},{"link_name":"Arthur Barret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Barret"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Zoo"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Missouri Botanical Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Gardens"},{"link_name":"MetroLink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetroLink_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"}],"sub_title":"Structure","text":"St. Louis Mayor Tishaura Jones in 2017The mayor is the chief executive officer of the city and is responsible for appointing city department heads including; the director of public safety, the director of streets & traffic, the director of health, the director of human services, the director of the airport, the director of parks & recreation, the director of workforce development, the director of the Community Development Agency, the director of economic development, the director of public utilities, the director of the Civil Rights Enforcement Agency, the register, and the assessor, among other department-level or senior administrative positions. The President of the Board of Aldermen is the second highest-ranking official in the city. The President is the presiding officer of the Board of Aldermen which is the legislative branch of government of the city.Municipal elections in St. Louis are held in odd-numbered years, with the primary elections in March and the general election in April. The mayor is elected in odd-numbered years following the United States presidential election, as are the aldermen representing odd-numbered wards. The president of the board of aldermen and the aldermen from even-numbered wards are elected in the off-years. The Democratic Party has dominated St. Louis city politics for decades. The city has not had a Republican mayor since 1949, and the last time a Republican was elected to another citywide office was in the 1970s. As of 2015[update], all 28 of the city's aldermen are Democrats.[134]Forty-seven individuals have held the office of mayor of St. Louis, four of whom—William Carr Lane, John Fletcher Darby, John Wimer, and John How—served non-consecutive terms. The most terms served by a mayor was by Lane, who served 8 full terms plus the unexpired term of Darby. The current mayor is Tishaura Jones, who took office April 20, 2021, and is the first African-American woman to hold the post. She succeeded Lyda Krewson, the first female mayor of the city, who retired in 2021 after serving for four years. The longest-serving mayor was Francis Slay, who took office April 17, 2001, and left office April 18, 2017, a total of 16 years and six days over four terms in office. The shortest-serving mayor was Arthur Barret, who died 11 days after taking office.Although St. Louis separated from St. Louis County in 1876, some mechanisms have been put in place for joint funding management and funding of regional assets. The St. Louis Zoo-Museum district collects property taxes from residents of both St. Louis City and County, and the funds are used to support cultural institutions including the St. Louis Zoo, St. Louis Art Museum and the Missouri Botanical Gardens. Similarly, the Metropolitan Sewer District provides sanitary and storm sewer service to the city and much of St. Louis County. The Bi-State Development Agency (now known as Metro) runs the region's MetroLink light rail system and bus system.The City of St. Louis Sheriff's Office (STLSO or STLCSO) primarily provides security services for the courtrooms, as well as serving court documents and issuing gun carry permits. In 2022, they gained the ability to make arrests and traffic stops.[136]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Missouri House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Missouri Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Senate"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Missouri's 1st congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtmaps-142"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_F._Eagleton_United_States_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"}],"sub_title":"State and federal government","text":"St. Louis is split between 8 districts in the Missouri House of Representatives: the 76th, 77th, 78th, 79th, 80th, 81st, 82nd, and 84th districts.[138] The 5th Missouri Senate district is entirely within the city, while the 4th is shared with St. Louis County.[139]At the federal level, St. Louis is the heart of Missouri's 1st congressional district, which also includes part of northern St. Louis County.[140] A Republican has not represented a significant portion of St. Louis in the U.S. House since 1953. Correspondingly, despite voting Republican prior to 1928 in presidential elections, from then on the city has become a Democratic stronghold at the presidential level. George H. W. Bush in 1988 was the most recent Republican to win even a quarter of the city's votes in a presidential election.The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri are based in the Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse in downtown St. Louis. St. Louis is also home to a Federal Reserve System branch, the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) also maintains major facilities in the St. Louis area.[141]The Military Personnel Records Center (NPRC-MPR) located at 9700 Page Avenue in St. Louis, is a branch of the National Personnel Records Center and is the repository of over 56 million military personnel records and medical records pertaining to retired, discharged, and deceased veterans of the U.S. armed forces.[142]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Education in Greater St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Greater_St._Louis"}],"text":"For education in the region, see Education in Greater St. Louis.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WUBrookings.JPG"},{"link_name":"Brookings Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Hall"},{"link_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_University"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"Washington University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"Washington University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-50"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Harris–Stowe State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris%E2%80%93Stowe_State_University"},{"link_name":"historically black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities"},{"link_name":"public university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"Kenrick-Glennon Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenrick-Glennon_Seminary"},{"link_name":"Aquinas Institute of Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquinas_Institute_of_Theology"},{"link_name":"Order of Preachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"Eden Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"United Church of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"Covenant Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Church in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America"},{"link_name":"Concordia Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_Seminary"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod"}],"sub_title":"Colleges and universities","text":"Brookings Hall at Washington University in St. LouisThe city is home to three national research universities, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis University, as classified under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis has been ranked among the top 10 medical schools in the country by U.S. News & World Report for as long as the list has been published, and as high as second, in 2003 and 2004. U.S. News & World Report also ranks the undergraduate school and other graduate schools, such as the Washington University School of Law, in the top 20 in the nation.[50][143]St. Louis Metropolitan Region is home to St. Louis Community College. It is also home to several other four-year colleges & universities, including Harris–Stowe State University, a historically black public university, Fontbonne University, Webster University, Missouri Baptist University, University of Health Sciences & Pharmacy (the former Saint Louis College of Pharmacy), Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville (SIUE), and Lindenwood University.In addition to Catholic theological institutions such as Kenrick-Glennon Seminary and Aquinas Institute of Theology sponsored by the Order of Preachers, St. Louis is home to three Protestant seminaries: Eden Theological Seminary of the United Church of Christ, Covenant Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church in America, and Concordia Seminary of the St. Louis-based Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SLUH.JPG"},{"link_name":"St. Louis University High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_University_High_School"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"magnet schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet_schools"},{"link_name":"accreditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accreditation"},{"link_name":"school board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_board"},{"link_name":"charter schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_schools"},{"link_name":"kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"parochial schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parochial_schools"},{"link_name":"Montessori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fulton_School"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_school"},{"link_name":"Lutheran schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_school"},{"link_name":"St. Louis University High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_University_High_School"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Missouri School for the Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_School_for_the_Blind"}],"sub_title":"Primary and secondary schools","text":"St. Louis University High School was founded in 1818. Their current building pictured here was built in 1924.The St. Louis Public Schools (SLPS), which covers the entire city,[144] operate more than 75 schools, attended by more than 25,000 students, including several magnet schools. SLPS operates under provisional accreditation from the state of Missouri and is under the governance of a state-appointed school board called the Special Administrative Board, although a local board continues to exist without legal authority over the district. Since 2000, charter schools have operated in the city of St. Louis using authorization from Missouri state law. These schools are sponsored by local institutions or corporations and take in students from kindergarten through high school.[145] In addition, several private schools exist in the city, and the Archdiocese of St. Louis operates dozens of parochial schools in the city, including parochial high schools. The city also has several private high schools, including secular, Montessori, Catholic and Lutheran schools. St. Louis University High School – a Jesuit preparatory high school founded in 1818 – is the oldest secondary educational institution in the U.S. west of the Mississippi River.[146] The state-operated K-12 boarding school Missouri School for the Blind is in St. Louis.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Louis_Post-Dispatch_headquarters.JPG"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Post-Dispatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch"},{"link_name":"Greater St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"media market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_market"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"KTVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTVI"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"KMOV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMOV"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"MyNetworkTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyNetworkTV"},{"link_name":"KSDK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSDK"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"KETC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KETC"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service"},{"link_name":"KPLR-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPLR-TV"},{"link_name":"The CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW"},{"link_name":"KNLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNLC"},{"link_name":"MeTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeTV"},{"link_name":"KDNL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDNL"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"WRBU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRBU"},{"link_name":"Ion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Television"},{"link_name":"WPXS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPXS"},{"link_name":"Daystar Television Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daystar_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"KMOX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMOX"},{"link_name":"KLOU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLOU"},{"link_name":"WIL-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIL-FM"},{"link_name":"WARH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WARH"},{"link_name":"KSLZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSLZ"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arbitron-150"},{"link_name":"public radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_radio"},{"link_name":"KWMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWMU"},{"link_name":"NPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR"},{"link_name":"community radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_radio"},{"link_name":"KDHX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDHX"},{"link_name":"KFNS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFNS_(AM)"},{"link_name":"WXOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXOS"},{"link_name":"KSHE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSHE"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Post-Dispatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch"},{"link_name":"Suburban Journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburban_Journals"},{"link_name":"alternative newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_newspaper"},{"link_name":"Riverfront Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverfront_Times"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Argus"},{"link_name":"St. Louis American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_American"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Sentinel"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Magazine"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Business Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Business_Journal"},{"link_name":"online newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_newspaper"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Beacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Beacon"},{"link_name":"KWMU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWMU"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beacon-151"},{"link_name":"Meet Me in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_Me_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"American Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Flyers"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"The Killing Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Killing_Dance"},{"link_name":"Meet Me in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_Me_in_St._Louis_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Runaway Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Runaway_Soul"},{"link_name":"The Rose of Old St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rose_of_Old_St._Louis_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Circus of the Damned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_of_the_Damned"},{"link_name":"The Immigrant in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Immigrant_in_St._Louis_(book)"}],"text":"The former St. Louis Post-Dispatch building in downtown St. LouisGreater St. Louis commands the 19th-largest media market in the United States, a position roughly unchanged for over a decade.[147] All of the major U.S. television networks have affiliates in St. Louis, including KTVI 2 (Fox), KMOV 4 (CBS, with MyNetworkTV on DT2), KSDK 5 (NBC), KETC 9 (PBS), KPLR-TV 11 (The CW), KNLC 24 (MeTV), KDNL 30 (ABC), WRBU 46 (Ion), and WPXS 51 Daystar Television Network. Among the area's most popular radio stations are KMOX (AM sports and talk, notable as the longtime flagship station for St. Louis Cardinals broadcasts), KLOU (FM oldies), WIL-FM (FM country), WARH (FM adult hits), and KSLZ (FM Top 40 mainstream).[148] St. Louis also supports public radio's KWMU, an NPR affiliate, and community radio's KDHX. All-sports stations, such as KFNS 590 AM \"The Fan\" and WXOS \"101.1 ESPN\" are also popular. KSHE 95 FM \"Real Rock Radio\" has broadcast rock music since November 1967 - longer than any other radio station in the United States.The St. Louis Post-Dispatch is the region's major newspaper. Others in the region include the Suburban Journals, which serve parts of St. Louis County, while the primary alternative newspaper is the Riverfront Times. Three weeklies serve the African-American community: the St. Louis Argus, the St. Louis American, and the St. Louis Sentinel. St. Louis Magazine, a monthly magazine, covers topics such as local history, cuisine, and lifestyles, while the weekly St. Louis Business Journal provides coverage of regional business news. St. Louis was served by an online newspaper, the St. Louis Beacon, but that publication merged with KWMU in 2013.[149]Many books and movies have been written about St. Louis. A few of the most influential and prominent films are Meet Me in St. Louis and American Flyers,[150] and novels include The Killing Dance, Meet Me in St. Louis, The Runaway Soul, The Rose of Old St. Louis, and Circus of the Damned.As St. Louis was a prime location for immigrants to move to, much of the early social work depicting immigrant life was based on St. Louis, such as in the book The Immigrant in St. Louis.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transportation in Greater St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Greater_St._Louis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Louis,_MO.jpg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_64"},{"link_name":"Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_transport"},{"link_name":"rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport"},{"link_name":"ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_transport"},{"link_name":"air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation"},{"link_name":"Greater St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"public transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transportation"},{"link_name":"bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport_bus_service"},{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail"}],"text":"See also: Transportation in Greater St. LouisInterstate 64 crossing the Mississippi in Downtown St. LouisRoad, rail, ship, and air transportation modes connect the city with surrounding communities in Greater St. Louis, national transportation networks, and international locations. St. Louis also supports a public transportation network that includes bus and light rail service.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Streets of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"interstate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"Interstate 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70"},{"link_name":"downtown St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Interstate 55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_55"},{"link_name":"Carondelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carondelet,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Interstate 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_64"},{"link_name":"Interstate 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_44"},{"link_name":"Gateway Arch National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Arch_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Poplar Street Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar_Street_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Interstate 270","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_270_(Missouri%E2%80%93Illinois)"},{"link_name":"Avenue of the Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_of_the_Saints"},{"link_name":"St. Paul, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Memorial Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Drive_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"Grand Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Boulevard_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Avenue_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"Gravois Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Route_30"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_66"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Route_180"}],"sub_title":"Roads and highways","text":"See also: Streets of St. LouisFour interstate highways connect the city to a larger regional highway system. Interstate 70, an east–west highway, runs from the northwest corner of the city to downtown St. Louis. The north–south Interstate 55 enters the city at the south near the Carondelet neighborhood and runs toward the center of the city, and both Interstate 64 and Interstate 44 enter the city on the west, running parallel to the east. Two of the four interstates (Interstates 55 and 64) merge south of Gateway Arch National Park and leave the city on the Poplar Street Bridge into Illinois, while Interstate 44 terminates at Interstate 70 at its new interchange near N Broadway and Cass Ave. A small portion of the Interstate 270 outer belt freeway runs through the northern end of the city.The 563-mile Avenue of the Saints links St. Louis with St. Paul, Minnesota.Major roadways include the north–south Memorial Drive, located on the western edge of Gateway Arch National Park and parallel to Interstate 70, the north–south streets of Grand Boulevard and Jefferson Avenue, both of which run the length of the city, and Gravois Road, which runs from the southeastern portion of the city to downtown and used to be signed as U.S. Route 66. An east-west roadway that connects the city with surrounding communities is Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive, which carries traffic from the western edge of the city to downtown.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Louis_Metrolink_train.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Louis MetroLink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_MetroLink"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University_City-Big_Bend_MetroLink_station.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MetroLink_map_(article_version).svg"},{"link_name":"double track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_track"},{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail"},{"link_name":"Forest Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Park_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"Eads Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eads_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Bi-State Development Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-State_Development_Agency"},{"link_name":"sales taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_tax"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Multimodal_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Union_Station"}],"sub_title":"Metro Light Rail and Subway","text":"St. Louis MetroLink Red Line train leaving St. Louis Union StationUniversity City-Big Bend Subway Station along the Blue Line, near Washington University.The St. Louis metro area is served by MetroLink (known as Metro) and is the 11th-largest light rail system in the country with 46 mi (74 km) of double track light rail. The Red Line and The Blue Line both serve all the stations in the inner city, and branch to different destinations beyond in the suburban areas. Both lines enter the city north of Forest Park on the western edge of the city or on the Eads Bridge in downtown St. Louis to Illinois. All of the system track is in independent right of way, with both surface level and underground subway track in the city. All stations are independent entry, while all platforms are flush-level with trains. Rail service is provided by the Bi-State Development Agency (also known as Metro), which is funded by a sales taxes levied in the city and other counties in the region.[151] The Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center acts as the hub station in the city of St. Louis, linking the city's light rail system, local bus system, passenger rail service, and national bus service. It is located just east of the historic grand St. Louis Union Station.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Western_Perspective_of_St._Louis_Lambert_International_Airport_T1.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Lambert International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Lambert_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flystl.com-154"},{"link_name":"Southwest Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Trans World Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines"},{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"AmericanConnection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmericanConnection"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flystl.com-154"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-travelpulse.com-155"},{"link_name":"MidAmerica St. Louis Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MidAmerica_St._Louis_Airport"},{"link_name":"MidAmerica St. Louis Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MidAmerica_St._Louis_Airport"},{"link_name":"Spirit of St. Louis Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis_Airport"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Downtown Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Downtown_Airport"}],"sub_title":"Airports","text":"Control tower and main terminal at St. Louis LambertSt. Louis is served by two passenger airports. St. Louis Lambert International Airport, owned and operated by the City of St. Louis, is 11 miles northwest of downtown along highway I-70 between I-170 and I-270 in St. Louis County. It is the largest and busiest airport in the state. In 2016, when the airport had more than 255 daily departures to about 90 domestic and international locations, it served more than 15 million passengers.[152] The airport serves as a focus hub city for Southwest Airlines; it was once a hub for Trans World Airlines and a focus-city for American Airlines and AmericanConnection.[152] The airport has two terminals with a total of five concourses. International flights and passengers use Terminal 2, whose lower level holds the Immigration and Customs gates. Passengers can move between the terminals on complimentary buses that run continuously, or via MetroLink for a fee. It was possible to walk between the terminals until Concourse D was closed in 2008.[153]MidAmerica St. Louis Airport is the secondary passenger airport serving the metropolitan area. Located 17 miles east of the city downtown core, the airport serves domestic passengers. Air cargo transportation is available at Lambert International and at other nearby regional airports, including MidAmerica St. Louis Airport, Spirit of St. Louis Airport, and St. Louis Downtown Airport.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_transportation"},{"link_name":"Port of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"barges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"}],"sub_title":"Port authority","text":"River transportation is available through the Port of St. Louis, which is 19.3 miles of riverbank on the Mississippi River that handles more than 32 million tons of freight annually. The Port is the second largest inland port by trip-ton miles, and the third largest by tonnage in the United States, with more than 100 docks for barges and 16 public terminals on the river.[154] The Port Authority added two new small fire and rescue craft in 2012 and 2013.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terminal_Railroad_Association_of_St._Louis_Freight_Train.jpg"},{"link_name":"Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_Railroad_Association_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Inter-city rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-city_rail"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Multimodal_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Service"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Missouri River Runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River_Runner_(Amtrak)"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Texas Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Freight rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_rail"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Manufacturers Railway (St. Louis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturers_Railway_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_Railroad_Association_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afftontrucking.com-159"},{"link_name":"BNSF Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNSF_Railway"},{"link_name":"Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_Railroad_Association_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"switching and terminal railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switching_and_terminal_railroad"},{"link_name":"diesel-electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel-electric"},{"link_name":"classification yards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_yards"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Bridge (St. Louis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Bridge_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"Merchants Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"inter-city rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-city_rail"}],"sub_title":"Railroad service","text":"An eastbound Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis freight train passing under the Hampton Avenue viaduct.Inter-city rail passenger train service in the city is provided by Amtrak at the Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center downtown. Amtrak trains terminating in the city include the Lincoln Service to Chicago and the Missouri River Runner to Kansas City, Missouri. St. Louis is an intermediate stop on the Texas Eagle route which provides long-distance passenger service between Chicago, San Antonio, and three days a week, to Los Angeles.[155]St. Louis is the nation's third largest freight rail hub, moving Missouri exports such as fertilizer, gravel, crushed stone, prepared foodstuffs, fats, oils, nonmetallic mineral products, grain, alcohol, tobacco products, automobiles, and automobile parts.[156] Freight rail service in St. Louis is provided on tracks owned by Union Pacific Railroad, Norfolk Southern Railway, Foster Townsend Rail Logistics – formerly Manufacturers Railway (St. Louis), Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis, Affton Trucking,[157] and the BNSF Railway.The Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis (reporting mark: TRRA) is a switching and terminal railroad jointly owned by all the major rail carriers in St. Louis. The company operates 30 diesel-electric locomotives to move railcars around the classification yards, deliver railcars to local industries, and ready trains for departure.[158] The TRRA processes and dispatches a significant portion of railroad traffic moving through the city and owns and operates a network of rail bridges and tunnels including the MacArthur Bridge (St. Louis) and the Merchants Bridge.[159] This infrastructure is also used by inter-city rail and long-distance passenger trains serving St. Louis.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MetroBus_at_St_Louis_Science_Center.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bi-State Development Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-State_Development_Agency"},{"link_name":"MetroBus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetroBus_(St._Louis)"},{"link_name":"Madison County Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_County_Transit"},{"link_name":"Madison County, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Greyhound Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_Lines"},{"link_name":"Burlington Trailways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_Trailways"},{"link_name":"Amtrak Thruway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak_Thruway"},{"link_name":"Gateway Transportation Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"Megabus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabus_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Union_Station"}],"sub_title":"Bus service","text":"Bus passing under the St. Louis Science Center walkwayLocal bus service in the city of St. Louis is provided by the Bi-State Development Agency via MetroBus, with more than 75 routes connecting to MetroLink light rail transit and stops in the city and region. The city is also served by Madison County Transit, which connects downtown St. Louis to Madison County, Illinois. National bus service in the city is offered by Greyhound Lines, Burlington Trailways and Amtrak Thruway, with a station at the Gateway Transportation Center, and Megabus, with a stop at St. Louis Union Station.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taxicab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab"},{"link_name":"taximeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taximeter"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taxicode-162"}],"sub_title":"Taxi","text":"Taxicab service in the city is provided by private companies regulated by the Metropolitan Taxicab Commission. Rates vary by vehicle type, size, passengers and distance, and by regulation all taxicab fares must be calculated using a taximeter and be payable in cash or credit card.[160] Solicitation by a driver is prohibited, although a taxicab may be hailed on the street or at a stand.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People from St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"List of people from St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_St._Louis"}],"text":"Main category: People from St. LouisFor a more comprehensive list, see List of people from St. Louis.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sister cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_cities"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St._Louis_Twinnings-163"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"Bogor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogor"},{"link_name":"Brčko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko_(city)"},{"link_name":"Brčko District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko_District"},{"link_name":"Donegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donegal_(town)"},{"link_name":"County Donegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Donegal"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway"},{"link_name":"County Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"},{"link_name":"Georgetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Guyana"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"Nanjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing"},{"link_name":"Rosario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Province"},{"link_name":"Saint-Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Louis,_Senegal"},{"link_name":"Samara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara,_Russia"},{"link_name":"San Luis Potosí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD,_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stuttgart_twinnings-164"},{"link_name":"Suwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwa,_Nagano"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Szczecin_twinnings-165"},{"link_name":"Wuhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan"}],"text":"St. Louis has 16 sister cities.[161]Bologna, Italy\n Bogor, Indonesia\n Brčko, Brčko District, Bosnia and Herzegovina\n Donegal, County Donegal, Ireland\n Galway, County Galway, Ireland\n Georgetown, Guyana\n Lyon, France\n Nanjing, China\n Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina\n Saint-Louis, Senegal\n Samara, Russia\n San Luis Potosí, Mexico\n Stuttgart, Germany[162]\n Suwa, Japan\n Szczecin, Poland[163]\n Wuhan, China","title":"Sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"Eads Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eads_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"text":"^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.\n\n^ Official records for St. Louis were kept at the Weather Bureau Office from January 1874 to December 1892, Eads Bridge from January 1893 to December 1929, and at Lambert–St. Louis Int'l since January 1930.[55]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of St. Louis § Further reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_St._Louis#Further_reading"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780812220940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812220940"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lionofvalleystlo00prim"}],"text":"Further information: History of St. Louis § Further readingBerger, Henry W. St. Louis and Empire: 250 Years of Imperial Quest and Urban Crisis. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2015.\nEkberg, Carl J., and Sharon K. Person, St. Louis Rising: The French Regime of Louis St. Ange de Bellerive. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2015.\nGordon, Colin. Mapping Decline: St. Louis and the Fate of the American City. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. ISBN 9780812220940\nPrimm, James Neal. Lion of the Valley: St. Louis, Missouri, 1764-1980 (1998) a major scholarly history online","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"The home of Auguste Chouteau in St. Louis. Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent,[13] Chouteau and Pierre Laclède founded St. Louis in 1764.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Old_Chouteau_Mansion%2C_St._Louis._Mo_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Old_Chouteau_Mansion%2C_St._Louis._Mo_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"During the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was unsuccessfully attacked by British-allied Native American in the 1780 Battle of St. Louis.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/St-louis-attack.jpg/220px-St-louis-attack.jpg"},{"image_text":"White men pose, 104 Locust Street, St. Louis, Missouri, in 1852 at Lynch's slave market.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/White_men_pose%2C_104_Locust_Street%2C_St._Louis%2C_Missouri_in_1852_at_Lynch%27s_Slave_Market_-_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-White_men_pose%2C_104_Locust_Street%2C_St._Louis%2C_Missouri_in_1852_at_Lynch%27s_Slave_Market_-_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"City of St. Louis and Riverfront, 1874","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/City_of_Saint_Louis_and_Riverfront%2C_1874.jpg/220px-City_of_Saint_Louis_and_Riverfront%2C_1874.jpg"},{"image_text":"South Broadway after a May 27, 1896, tornado","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/St._Louis%2C_Mo._tornado_May_27%2C_1896_south_broadway.JPG/220px-St._Louis%2C_Mo._tornado_May_27%2C_1896_south_broadway.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Government Building at the 1904 World's Fair","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition_St._Louis_1904.jpg/220px-Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition_St._Louis_1904.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the Arch (completed 1965) from Laclede's Landing, the remaining section of St. Louis's commercial riverfront","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/FromLacledesLanding.JPG/170px-FromLacledesLanding.JPG"},{"image_text":"Wainwright Building (1891), an important early skyscraper designed by Louis Sullivan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Wainwright_building_st_louis_USA.jpg/170px-Wainwright_building_st_louis_USA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Many houses in Lafayette Square are built with a blending of Greek Revival, Federal and Italianate styles.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lafayette_Square_St-Louis.jpg/220px-Lafayette_Square_St-Louis.jpg"},{"image_text":"Second Empire style houses in Lafayette Square","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/LafayetteSquareHouses.jpg/220px-LafayetteSquareHouses.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Delmar Loop is a neighborhood close to Washington University, on the border of the city and St. Louis County.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Blueberry_Hill_patio.jpg/220px-Blueberry_Hill_patio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rivers in the St. Louis area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/St_Louis_Rivers.png"},{"image_text":"The Captains' Return statue inundated by the Mississippi River, 2010.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/The_Captains%27_Return_statue_and_Eads_Bridge.JPG/220px-The_Captains%27_Return_statue_and_Eads_Bridge.JPG"},{"image_text":"Tower Grove Park in spring","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tower_Grove_Park_Scene_1.jpg/220px-Tower_Grove_Park_Scene_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Missouri Botanical Garden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Missouri_Botanical_Garden_-_Seiwa-en.JPG/220px-Missouri_Botanical_Garden_-_Seiwa-en.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map of racial distribution in St. Louis, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ Other","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Race_and_ethnicity_2010_St._Louis.png/220px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010_St._Louis.png"},{"image_text":"Pruitt–Igoe was a large housing project constructed in 1954, which became infamous for poverty, crime and segregation. It was demolished in 1972.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pruitt-Igoe-overview.jpg/220px-Pruitt-Igoe-overview.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ethnic origins in St. Louis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ethnic_Origins_in_St._Louis%2C_MO.png/220px-Ethnic_Origins_in_St._Louis%2C_MO.png"},{"image_text":"The Anheuser-Busch packaging plant in St. Louis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/StLouisABPackaging_Plant.JPG/220px-StLouisABPackaging_Plant.JPG"},{"image_text":"Barnes-Jewish Hospital, which is affiliated with the Washington University School of Medicine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/JeffersonLake_BJC.jpg/220px-JeffersonLake_BJC.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saint_Louis_%28St._Louis%2C_MO%29_-_exterior%2C_quarter_view_2.jpg/220px-Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saint_Louis_%28St._Louis%2C_MO%29_-_exterior%2C_quarter_view_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The St. Louis Art Museum in Forest Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/StLouisArtMuseumMO.jpg/220px-StLouisArtMuseumMO.jpg"},{"image_text":"Busch Stadium in downtown St. Louis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Busch_Stadium_2022.jpg/220px-Busch_Stadium_2022.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Enterprise Center in downtown St. Louis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/St._Louis_blues_home_enterprise_center.jpg/220px-St._Louis_blues_home_enterprise_center.jpg"},{"image_text":"CityPark in downtown St. Louis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/City_Park%2C_Saint_Louis.jpg/220px-City_Park%2C_Saint_Louis.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Sinquefield Cup chess tournament is hosted annually in St. Louis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SinquefieldCup2015.jpg/220px-SinquefieldCup2015.jpg"},{"image_text":"Forest Park features a variety of attractions, including the St. Louis Zoo, the St. Louis Art Museum, the Missouri History Museum, and the St. Louis Science Center.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Forest_Park%2C_St_Louis.jpg/220px-Forest_Park%2C_St_Louis.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Jewel Box, a greenhouse and event venue in Forest Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/JewelBox2013.jpg/220px-JewelBox2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"St. Louis Mayor Tishaura Jones in 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tishaura_Jones_crop.jpg/220px-Tishaura_Jones_crop.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brookings Hall at Washington University in St. Louis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/WUBrookings.JPG/220px-WUBrookings.JPG"},{"image_text":"St. Louis University High School was founded in 1818. Their current building pictured here was built in 1924.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/SLUH.JPG/220px-SLUH.JPG"},{"image_text":"The former St. Louis Post-Dispatch building in downtown St. Louis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch_headquarters.JPG/220px-St._Louis_Post-Dispatch_headquarters.JPG"},{"image_text":"Interstate 64 crossing the Mississippi in Downtown St. Louis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/St._Louis%2C_MO.jpg/220px-St._Louis%2C_MO.jpg"},{"image_text":"St. Louis MetroLink Red Line train leaving St. Louis Union Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/St_Louis_Metrolink_train.jpg/220px-St_Louis_Metrolink_train.jpg"},{"image_text":"University City-Big Bend Subway Station along the Blue Line, near Washington University.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/University_City-Big_Bend_MetroLink_station.jpg/220px-University_City-Big_Bend_MetroLink_station.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/MetroLink_map_%28article_version%29.svg/420px-MetroLink_map_%28article_version%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Control tower and main terminal at St. Louis Lambert","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Western_Perspective_of_St._Louis_Lambert_International_Airport_T1.jpg/220px-Western_Perspective_of_St._Louis_Lambert_International_Airport_T1.jpg"},{"image_text":"An eastbound Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis freight train passing under the Hampton Avenue viaduct.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Terminal_Railroad_Association_of_St._Louis_Freight_Train.jpg/220px-Terminal_Railroad_Association_of_St._Louis_Freight_Train.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bus passing under the St. Louis Science Center walkway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MetroBus_at_St_Louis_Science_Center.jpg/220px-MetroBus_at_St_Louis_Science_Center.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"North America portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:North_America"},{"title":"Geography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography"},{"title":"Caves of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caves_of_St._Louis"},{"title":"Delmar Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delmar_Divide"},{"title":"Downtown St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_St._Louis"},{"title":"Laclede's Landing, St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laclede%27s_Landing,_St._Louis"},{"title":"Downtown West, St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_West,_St._Louis"},{"title":"Great Flood of 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1993"},{"title":"Heat wave of 2006 derecho series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_wave_of_2006_derecho_series"},{"title":"History of the Jews in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_St._Louis"},{"title":"LaClede Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaClede_Town"},{"title":"LGBT culture in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_St._Louis"},{"title":"List of mayors of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_St._Louis"},{"title":"List of tallest buildings in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_St._Louis"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis (city, A–L), Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_St._Louis_(city,_A%E2%80%93L),_Missouri"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis (city, M-Z), Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_St._Louis_(city,_M-Z),_Missouri"},{"title":"Neighborhoods of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhoods_of_St._Louis"},{"title":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_St._Louis"},{"title":"St. Louis cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_cuisine"},{"title":"St. Louis Fire of 1849","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Fire_of_1849"},{"title":"St. Louis in the Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_in_the_Civil_War"},{"title":"1939 St. Louis smog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_St._Louis_smog"},{"title":"List of Veiled Prophet Parade themes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Veiled_Prophet_Parade_themes"},{"title":"USS St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_St._Louis"}]
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[{"reference":"\"St. Louis United States – Visiting the Gateway to the West\". Globosapiens.net. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved March 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globosapiens.net/travel-information/St.+Louis-698.html","url_text":"\"St. Louis United States – Visiting the Gateway to the West\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110515090544/http://www.globosapiens.net/travel-information/St.+Louis-698.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rome of the West\". Stltoday.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.romeofthewest.com/","url_text":"\"Rome of the West\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170810033358/http://www.romeofthewest.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neilson,_Reid_and_Company
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Neilson and Company
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["1 Stationary Engines","2 Locomotives","3 Turn of the 20th century","4 Preserved Neilson engines","4.1 Argentina","4.2 Australia","4.3 Finland","4.4 Ireland","4.5 New Zealand","4.6 United Kingdom","5 Hyde Park Locomotive Works F.C.","6 Fiction","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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British locomotive manufacturer, 1836–1903
Restored Neilson 0-6-0 Finnish Steam Locomotive Class C1, used in Finland from 1869 well into the 1920s, preserved at the Finnish Railway Museum
Neilson & Co works plate, on the same locomotive
The cab interior, on the same locomotive
Neilson and Company was a locomotive manufacturer in Glasgow, Scotland.
The company was started in 1836 at McAlpine Street by Walter Neilson and James Mitchell to manufacture marine and stationary engines. In 1837 the firm moved to Hyde Park Street and was known as Kerr, Mitchell and Neilson and, in 1840, Kerr, Neilson and Company, becoming Neilson and Mitchell in 1843.
Locomotive building began in 1843 for the local railways. In 1855 production of marine and stationary engines discontinued and the company changed its name again to Neilson and Company.
Among those who later became notable in the field were Henry Dübs and Patrick Stirling.
By 1861, business had increased to such an extent, that a new works was built at Springburn, also named "Hyde Park Works." In 1864, Henry Dübs set up in business on his own at Queens Park Works, as Dübs and Company, taking a number of key staff with him. James Reid, who had previously worked for Neilson, however, returned and became a partner.
Stationary Engines
When the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway was opened in 1842, it used a pair of Neilson & Mitchell beam engines to work the rope incline from Glasgow to Cowlairs station. The engines were covered by an article illustrated with drawings in The Practical Mechanic and Engineer's Magazine in Jan 1844. They were beam engines mounted on an entablature supported on fluted columns. The engines had 28 inch cylinders, and 6 foot stroke. They were supplied with steam at 50psi by 8 boilers, each 30 foot long and 5 foot diameter.
Locomotives
4-6-0 locomotive built in 1883
By 1855, the company was building four-coupled tank engines, along with 2-4-0 and 0-4-2 tender locos. Some of these were for Cowlairs and St. Rollox, but many more went to India.
Through the 1870s considerable numbers of 0-4-4 tank engines were built for the London, Chatham and Dover Railway, the Midland and the Great Eastern. Many other types were built for railways at home and abroad, including fifty 0-4-2s for India. The company's first eight-coupled locos were built in 1872, also for India.
In 1879 the first 2-6-0s to run on British rails were built for William Adams of the Great Eastern. One of these was named "Mogul" and this became the name applied to all locomotives of this wheel arrangement. (However, the name had already been employed in the USA about ten years earlier.)
More overseas orders followed, with engines for South Africa and South America. The Engineer journal in 1883 carried a photograph of a Neilson 4-6-0 with Joy valve gear produced for the Cape Government Railways.
Turn of the 20th century
In 1884, Neilson left to form a new company, the Clyde Locomotive Company; although Reid became the sole owner of Neilson & Co., it was not until 1898 that the company changed its name to Neilson, Reid and Company.
However, by this time, intense competition from United States meant that small companies were unable to survive. There was a need for amalgamation, and in 1903 Neilson Reid combined with Dübs and Company and Sharp Stewart and Company to form the North British Locomotive Company, the largest locomotive company in the world outside the United States.
Preserved Neilson engines
Argentina
General Urquiza Railway
• 3804 1888 FCNEA #5, FCNGU #66. 2-6-0+4 “San Martín” Preserved at Cerrito, province of Entre Ríos.
• 3854 1888 FCNEA #11, FCNGU #68. 2-6-0+4 “Yatay” Preserved on restoration at Ferroclub Argentino, province of Buenos Aires.
• 3864 1890 FCNEA #21, FCNGU #36. 0-6-0+4 “Itatí” Preserved at Liniers Club APDFA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires.
• 3870 1890 FCNEA #27, FCNGU #41. 0-6-0+4 “Monte Caseros” Preserved on work at Ferroclub Argentino, province of Buenos Aires.
• 3872 1890 FCNEA #29, FCNGU #43. 0-6-0+4 “Juarez Celman” Preserved at Basavilbaso, province of Entre Ríos.
• 3873 1890 FCNEA #30, FCNGU #44. 0-6-0+4 “Sarmiento” Preserved at Oro Verde, province of Entre Ríos.
Australia
The Workshops, Ipswich 0-4-2 No 1170 of 1865 Queensland A10 Neilson class locomotive
The Workshops, Ipswich 0-4-2 No 1214 of 1866 Queensland A10 Neilson class locomotive
Rail Heritage WA 0-6-0T No 3631 of 1888 WAGR H class
Finland
Finnish Railway Museum at Hyvinkaa 0-6-0 Finnish Steam Locomotive Class C1 No 1427 of 1869
Ireland
GNR(I) Q class 4-4-0 No. 131 (works number 5727) of 1901, preserved at Railway Preservation Society of Ireland
New Zealand
Ferrymead Railway – "Peveril" No. 1692 of 1872 (F13)
Silver Stream Railway – No. 1847 of 1874 (D143)
Pleasant Point Railway – No. 2306 of 1878 (D16)
Helensville Railway Station – No. 2563 of 1880 (D170)
Ocean Beach Railway – No. 2564 of 1880 (D6)
Kaitaia Township – No. 2565 of 1880 (D221)
Bush Tramway Club – No. 3751 of 1888 (F216)
Neilson and Company supplied the first (F13 of 1872) and last (F216 of 1888) members of the 88-strong New Zealand Railways F class. Six builders supplied F class engines between the arrivals of F13 and F216.
United Kingdom
GER Class 209 0-4-0ST No. 229 (works number 2119) of 1876, in store at The Flour Mill, Gloucestershire
0-4-0ST (works number 2203) of 1876, preserved at the Scottish Railway Preservation Society
0-4-0ST (works number 2937) of 1882, preserved at Chasewater Railway
LSWR 415 class 4-4-2T No. 488 (works number 3209) of 1885, preserved at the Bluebell Railway
Caledonian Railway Single 4-2-2 No. 123 of 1886, preserved at the Riverside Museum
Beckton Gas Works 0-4-0WT No. 1 (works number 4444) of 1892, awaiting sale at Preston Services, Kent
Beckton Gas Works 0-4-0ST No. 25 (works number 5087) of 1896, preserved at Bressingham Steam and Gardens
Taff Vale Railway O2 class 0-6-2T No. 85 of 1899, preserved on the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway
Hyde Park Locomotive Works F.C.
Football clubHyde Park Locomotive Works F.C.Founded1876Dissolved1877GroundVale ParkSecretaryThomas M'Ara
Home colours
In 1876, the company founded an association football club, called the Hyde Park Locomotive Works, playing in red and white 2 inch hoops. The club entered the 1876–77 Scottish Cup and lost in the first round, 2–1 at home to Crosshill, the club's goal scored by Watt.
The club entered for the following year's competition, and was drawn to play Blackfriars of Parkhead, but the club had already broken up, its last noted fixture being against Petershill in January 1877.
Fiction
A character in The Railway Series by the Rev. W. Awdry is based on a Neilson prototype. Neil is a 'box tank' locomotive, who worked on the Sodor & Mainland Railway between 1853 and 1901.
See also
Finnish Railway Museum
Category:Neilson locomotives
References
^ "Stationary Engines and Geering at Cowlairs, on the Incline of the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway", The Practical Mechanic and Engineer's Magazine, January 1844, p129-130 and plates IV-VI
^ "Locomotive Goods Engine for the Cape Government Railways". The Engineer: supplement. 30 March 1883.
^ Nicolson, Murdoch (1987). Glasgow : locomotive builder to the world. Edinburgh: Polygan. ISBN 0-948275-46-4.
^ "Hyde Park v Possil Park". North British Daily Mail: 3. 31 October 1876.
^ Dick, William (1876). Scottish Football Annual 1876–77. Mackay & Kirkwood. p. 104.
^ "Hyde Park Locomotive Works v Crosshill". North British Daily Mail: 6. 2 October 1876.
^ "Scottish Football Association". North British Daily Mail: 4. 12 September 1877.
^ Dick, William (1877). Scottish Football Annual 1876–77. Cranstonhill: Mackay & Kirkwood. p. 87.
^ "Local football fixtures". North British Daily Mail: 6. 24 January 1877.
Lowe, J.W., (1989) British Steam Locomotive Builders, Guild Publishing
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neilson and Company.
Finnish Railway Museum
Steam Locomotives in Finland Including the Finnish Railway Museum
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In 1837 the firm moved to Hyde Park Street and was known as Kerr, Mitchell and Neilson and, in 1840, Kerr, Neilson and Company, becoming Neilson and Mitchell in 1843.Locomotive building began in 1843 for the local railways. In 1855 production of marine and stationary engines discontinued and the company changed its name again to Neilson and Company.\nAmong those who later became notable in the field were Henry Dübs and Patrick Stirling.By 1861, business had increased to such an extent, that a new works was built at Springburn, also named \"Hyde Park Works.\" In 1864, Henry Dübs set up in business on his own at Queens Park Works, as Dübs and Company, taking a number of key staff with him. 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Some of these were for Cowlairs and St. Rollox, but many more went to India.Through the 1870s considerable numbers of 0-4-4 tank engines were built for the London, Chatham and Dover Railway, the Midland and the Great Eastern. Many other types were built for railways at home and abroad, including fifty 0-4-2s for India. The company's first eight-coupled locos were built in 1872, also for India.In 1879 the first 2-6-0s to run on British rails were built for William Adams of the Great Eastern. One of these was named \"Mogul\" and this became the name applied to all locomotives of this wheel arrangement. (However, the name had already been employed in the USA about ten years earlier.)More overseas orders followed, with engines for South Africa and South America. The Engineer journal in 1883 carried a photograph of a Neilson 4-6-0 with Joy valve gear produced for the Cape Government Railways.[2]","title":"Locomotives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clyde Locomotive Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Locomotive_Company"},{"link_name":"Dübs and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCbs_and_Company"},{"link_name":"Sharp Stewart and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Stewart_and_Company"},{"link_name":"North British Locomotive Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_British_Locomotive_Company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicolson_1987-3"}],"text":"In 1884, Neilson left to form a new company, the Clyde Locomotive Company; although Reid became the sole owner of Neilson & Co., it was not until 1898 that the company changed its name to Neilson, Reid and Company.However, by this time, intense competition from United States meant that small companies were unable to survive. There was a need for amalgamation, and in 1903 Neilson Reid combined with Dübs and Company and Sharp Stewart and Company to form the North British Locomotive Company, the largest locomotive company in the world outside the United States.[3]","title":"Turn of the 20th century"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Preserved Neilson engines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Urquiza Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Urquiza_Railway"},{"link_name":"Yatay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotora_n.%C2%BA_11_%22Yatay%22"},{"link_name":"Ferroclub Argentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroclub_Argentino"},{"link_name":"Ferroclub Argentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroclub_Argentino"}],"sub_title":"Argentina","text":"General Urquiza Railway• 3804 1888 FCNEA #5, FCNGU #66. 2-6-0+4 “San Martín” Preserved at Cerrito, province of Entre Ríos.• 3854 1888 FCNEA #11, FCNGU #68. 2-6-0+4 “Yatay” Preserved on restoration at Ferroclub Argentino, province of Buenos Aires.• 3864 1890 FCNEA #21, FCNGU #36. 0-6-0+4 “Itatí” Preserved at Liniers Club APDFA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires.• 3870 1890 FCNEA #27, FCNGU #41. 0-6-0+4 “Monte Caseros” Preserved on work at Ferroclub Argentino, province of Buenos Aires.• 3872 1890 FCNEA #29, FCNGU #43. 0-6-0+4 “Juarez Celman” Preserved at Basavilbaso, province of Entre Ríos.• 3873 1890 FCNEA #30, FCNGU #44. 0-6-0+4 “Sarmiento” Preserved at Oro Verde, province of Entre Ríos.","title":"Preserved Neilson engines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queensland A10 Neilson class locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_A10_Neilson_class_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Queensland A10 Neilson class locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_A10_Neilson_class_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Rail Heritage WA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_Heritage_WA"},{"link_name":"WAGR H class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAGR_H_class"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"The Workshops, Ipswich 0-4-2 No 1170 of 1865 Queensland A10 Neilson class locomotive\nThe Workshops, Ipswich 0-4-2 No 1214 of 1866 Queensland A10 Neilson class locomotive\nRail Heritage WA 0-6-0T No 3631 of 1888 WAGR H class","title":"Preserved Neilson engines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Finnish Railway Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Railway_Museum"},{"link_name":"Hyvinkaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyvinkaa"},{"link_name":"Finnish Steam Locomotive Class C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Steam_Locomotive_Class_C1"}],"sub_title":"Finland","text":"Finnish Railway Museum at Hyvinkaa 0-6-0 Finnish Steam Locomotive Class C1 No 1427 of 1869","title":"Preserved Neilson engines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GNR(I)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Q class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNRI_Class_Q"},{"link_name":"Railway Preservation Society of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Preservation_Society_of_Ireland"}],"sub_title":"Ireland","text":"GNR(I) Q class 4-4-0 No. 131 (works number 5727) of 1901, preserved at Railway Preservation Society of Ireland","title":"Preserved Neilson engines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ferrymead Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrymead_Railway"},{"link_name":"Silver Stream Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Stream_Railway"},{"link_name":"Pleasant Point Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_Point_Railway"},{"link_name":"Helensville Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helensville_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"Ocean Beach Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Beach_Railway"},{"link_name":"Kaitaia Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitaia"},{"link_name":"Bush Tramway Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_Tramway_Club"},{"link_name":"F class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZR_F_class"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand","text":"Ferrymead Railway – \"Peveril\" No. 1692 of 1872 (F13)\nSilver Stream Railway – No. 1847 of 1874 (D143)\nPleasant Point Railway – No. 2306 of 1878 (D16)\nHelensville Railway Station – No. 2563 of 1880 (D170)\nOcean Beach Railway – No. 2564 of 1880 (D6)\nKaitaia Township – No. 2565 of 1880 (D221)\nBush Tramway Club – No. 3751 of 1888 (F216)Neilson and Company supplied the first (F13 of 1872) and last (F216 of 1888) members of the 88-strong New Zealand Railways F class. Six builders supplied F class engines between the arrivals of F13 and F216.","title":"Preserved Neilson engines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GER Class 209","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GER_Class_209"},{"link_name":"Scottish Railway Preservation Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Railway_Preservation_Society"},{"link_name":"Chasewater Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasewater_Railway"},{"link_name":"LSWR 415 class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSWR_415_class"},{"link_name":"Bluebell Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebell_Railway"},{"link_name":"Caledonian Railway Single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonian_Railway_Single"},{"link_name":"Riverside Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_Museum"},{"link_name":"Beckton Gas Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckton_Gas_Works"},{"link_name":"Beckton Gas Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beckton_Gas_Works"},{"link_name":"Bressingham Steam and Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bressingham_Steam_and_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Taff Vale Railway O2 class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taff_Vale_Railway_O2_class"},{"link_name":"Keighley and Worth Valley Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keighley_and_Worth_Valley_Railway"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"GER Class 209 0-4-0ST No. 229 (works number 2119) of 1876, in store at The Flour Mill, Gloucestershire\n0-4-0ST (works number 2203) of 1876, preserved at the Scottish Railway Preservation Society\n0-4-0ST (works number 2937) of 1882, preserved at Chasewater Railway\nLSWR 415 class 4-4-2T No. 488 (works number 3209) of 1885, preserved at the Bluebell Railway\nCaledonian Railway Single 4-2-2 No. 123 of 1886, preserved at the Riverside Museum\nBeckton Gas Works 0-4-0WT No. 1 (works number 4444) of 1892, awaiting sale at Preston Services, Kent\nBeckton Gas Works 0-4-0ST No. 25 (works number 5087) of 1896, preserved at Bressingham Steam and Gardens\nTaff Vale Railway O2 class 0-6-2T No. 85 of 1899, preserved on the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway","title":"Preserved Neilson engines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1876–77 Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876%E2%80%9377_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Crosshill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosshill_F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"following year's competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877%E2%80%9378_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Blackfriars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfriars_F.C."},{"link_name":"Parkhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkhead"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Petershill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petershill_F.C._(1877)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Football clubIn 1876, the company founded an association football club, called the Hyde Park Locomotive Works, playing in red and white 2 inch hoops.[5] The club entered the 1876–77 Scottish Cup and lost in the first round, 2–1 at home to Crosshill, the club's goal scored by Watt.[6]The club entered for the following year's competition, and was drawn to play Blackfriars of Parkhead,[7] but the club had already broken up,[8] its last noted fixture being against Petershill in January 1877.[9]","title":"Hyde Park Locomotive Works F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Railway Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Railway_Series"},{"link_name":"Rev. W. Awdry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.V._Awdry"},{"link_name":"Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodor_%26_Mainland_Railway#Locomotives"},{"link_name":"Sodor & Mainland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodor_%26_Mainland_Railway"}],"text":"A character in The Railway Series by the Rev. W. Awdry is based on a Neilson prototype. Neil is a 'box tank' locomotive, who worked on the Sodor & Mainland Railway between 1853 and 1901.","title":"Fiction"}]
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[{"image_text":"Restored Neilson 0-6-0 Finnish Steam Locomotive Class C1, used in Finland from 1869 well into the 1920s, preserved at the Finnish Railway Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Loco21.jpg/220px-Loco21.jpg"},{"image_text":"Neilson & Co works plate, on the same locomotive","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Finland_Neilson1.JPG/220px-Finland_Neilson1.JPG"},{"image_text":"The cab interior, on the same locomotive","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Finland_Neilson2.JPG/220px-Finland_Neilson2.JPG"},{"image_text":"4-6-0 locomotive built in 1883","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/NeilsonLoco1883.jpg/220px-NeilsonLoco1883.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Finnish Railway Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Railway_Museum"},{"title":"Category:Neilson locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Neilson_locomotives"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Locomotive Goods Engine for the Cape Government Railways\". The Engineer: supplement. 30 March 1883.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RB5HAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Locomotive Goods Engine for the Cape Government Railways\""}]},{"reference":"Nicolson, Murdoch (1987). Glasgow : locomotive builder to the world. Edinburgh: Polygan. ISBN 0-948275-46-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948275-46-4","url_text":"0-948275-46-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Hyde Park v Possil Park\". North British Daily Mail: 3. 31 October 1876.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dick, William (1876). Scottish Football Annual 1876–77. Mackay & Kirkwood. p. 104.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Hyde Park Locomotive Works v Crosshill\". North British Daily Mail: 6. 2 October 1876.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Scottish Football Association\". North British Daily Mail: 4. 12 September 1877.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dick, William (1877). Scottish Football Annual 1876–77. Cranstonhill: Mackay & Kirkwood. p. 87.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Local football fixtures\". North British Daily Mail: 6. 24 January 1877.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RB5HAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Locomotive Goods Engine for the Cape Government Railways\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716115318/http://www.rautatie.org/web/en/default.asp","external_links_name":"Finnish Railway Museum"},{"Link":"http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/finland01.htm","external_links_name":"Steam Locomotives in Finland Including the Finnish Railway Museum"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badu_Island,_Torres_Strait
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Badu Island
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["1 History","2 Facilities","3 Notable people","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 10°07′13″S 142°08′22″E / 10.1202°S 142.1394°E / -10.1202; 142.1394 (Badu Island (centre of locality))Island in Queensland, Australia
Badu; Badu IslandQueenslandA satellite image of Badu IslandBadu; Badu IslandCoordinates10°07′13″S 142°08′22″E / 10.1202°S 142.1394°E / -10.1202; 142.1394 (Badu Island (centre of locality))Population704 (SAL 2021)Postcode(s)4875Area101.0 km2 (39.0 sq mi)Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)LGA(s)Torres Strait Island RegionState electorate(s)CookFederal division(s)Leichhardt
Badu or Badu Island (/ˈbɑːduː/; Kala Lagaw Ya: Badhu, pronounced ; also Mulgrave Island), is an island in the Torres Strait 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of Thursday Island, Queensland, Australia. Badu Island is also a locality in the Torres Strait Island Region, and Wakaid is the only town, located on the south-east coast. This island is one of the Torres Strait Islands. The language of Badu is Kala Lagaw Ya.
The Mura Badulgal (Torres Strait Islanders) Corporation administers land on behalf of the Badulgal people. The Badulgal people's ownership of Badu and surrounding islands in the Torres Strait was recognised in a native title determination on 1 February 2014, when the Queensland Government handed over to the Badhulgal traditional owners freehold title to 9,836 hectares (24,310 acres) of land. The Mura Badulgal (Torres Strait Islanders) Corporation (an RNTBC) administers land on behalf of the Badulgal people.
In the 2021 census, Badu Island had a population of 704 people.
History
Kala Lagaw Ya is one of the languages of the Torres Strait. Kalaw Lagaw Ya is the traditional language used on the Western and Central islands of the Torres Strait. The Kalaw Lagaw Ya language region includes the territory within the local government boundaries of the Torres Shire Council.
In 1606, Luís Vaz de Torres sailed to the north of Australia through Torres Strait, navigating it, along New Guinea's southern coast.
Warfare (feuding, headhunting), farming, fishing, canoe building, house building, turtle and dugong hunting and a host of other activities were the main occupations of Badu men until the 1870s. However, headhunting and warfare along some pagan customs ceased with the adoption of Christianity.
Pearlers established bases on the island during the 1870s and by the early 1880s the islanders were becoming dependent on wages earned as lugger crews. At the same time, the first missionaries arrived. At the peak of the shell industry in the late 1950s, the Badu fleet of 13 boats employed a workforce of 200 providing work for many men, even from other islands as well. Once the shell trade declined, many people moved to the mainland for work.
Badu Island State School opened on 29 January 1905. On 1 January 2007, it became the Badu Island campus of Tagai State College.
On 1 February 2014, the Queensland Government handed over to the Badhulgal traditional owners freehold title to 9,836 hectares (24,310 acres) of land on Badu Island, ending a struggle for recognition dating back to 1939. The title deed was handed over by David Kempton, Assistant Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs, to Badu Elder Lily Ahmat at a ceremony on the island. An Indigenous land use agreement was signed on 7 July 2014.
In the 2016 census, Badu Island had a population of 813 people.
In the 2021 census, Badu Island had a population of 704 people.
Facilities
Infrastructure on Badu Island includes:
airport
regional council office
state school (years 1 to 7)
health centre with permanent doctor
two grocery stores, with locally-owned J&J Supermarket
post office
Centrelink agency
football field
motel
A number of other locally-owned run businesses are in operation at Badu including live seafood exports.
St. Mark's Church was constructed in 1933 and construction was completed in 1935. On 12 January 1936 the church was dedicated to Reverend Stephen Davies, Bishop of Carpentaria. The church was built to accommodate approximately 700 people. The church is still used today
The Badu Island Indigenous Knowledge Centre (IKC) is located in the Rural Transaction Centre on Nona Street, and is operated by the Torres Strait Island Regional Council. IKCs operate as libraries, meeting places, hubs, and keeping places.
The Badhulgaw Kuthinaw Mudh Art Centre sees local arts display and cell their works, and internationally recognised with the works of artists such as Alick Tipoti and Laurie Nona. Storing significant cultural artefacts, the centre also provides skills development and training.
Notable people
Notable people who are from or who have lived on Badu Island include:
Ethel May Eliza Zahel (1877–1951), teacher and public servant.
Tanu Nona (1902–1980), pearler and politician.
See also
Queensland portalGeography portal
Badu Island Airport
List of Torres Strait Islands
References
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Badu Island (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Badu Island (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021.
^ "Badu Island – island in Torres Strait Island Region (entry 1216)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
^ "Badu Island – locality in Torres Strait Island Region (entry 46705)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
^ "Wakaid – population centre in Torres Strait Island Region (entry 10263)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
^ a b "Badu Island traditional owners granted freehold title". The Queensland Cabinet and Ministerial Directory. 1 February 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
^ a b "Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements project". ATNS. 7 July 2014. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Badu Island (SAL)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
^ This Wikipedia article incorporates CC-BY-4.0 licensed text from: "Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map". State Library of Queensland. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
^ "ADBonline.anu.edu.au". ADBonline.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
^ Beckett 1987, pp. 147ff.
^ 2006 Bruno David and Marshall Weisler, KURTURNIAIWAK (BADU) and the Archaeology of Villages in Torres Strait Australian Archiology, No. 63,December
^ "Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools". Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
^ Queensland Family History Society (2010), Queensland schools past and present (Version 1.01 ed.), Queensland Family History Society, ISBN 978-1-921171-26-0
^ Torres News, 10–16 February 2014
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Badu Island (SSC)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
^ Randall, Brian (15 August 2013). "Queensland Places - St. Mark's Church, Badu". State Library Of Queensland. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
^ "Badu Island Indigenous Knowledge Centre". Public Libraries Connect. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
^ a b This Wikipedia article incorporates text from Badu IKC (30 September 2022) by Indigenous services published by the State Library of Queensland under CC BY licence, accessed on 18 January 2023.
^ Lawrie, Margaret (1990). "Zahel, Ethel May Eliza (1877–1951)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
^ "Biography - Tanu Nona". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
Bibliography
Dixon, Robert (2013). "Cannibalising indigenous texts:headhunting and fantasy in Ion L. Idriess's Coral Sea Adventures". In Creed, Barbara; Hoorn, Jeanette (eds.). Body Trade: Captivity, Cannibalism and Colonialism in the Pacific. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-71308-8.
Beckett, Jeremy . (1987). Torres Strait Islanders: custom and colonialism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37862-8.
Moore, David R. (1979). Islanders and Aborigines at Cape York. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. ISBN 978-0-855-75082-4.
Shnukal (1), Anna (2008). "Traditional Mua" (PDF). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 4 (2): 7–33.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
External links
"Badu". Queensland Places. University of Queensland.
"Badu". Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community histories. Queensland Government.
Torrens family photographs, photographic slides and film footage of Badu Island and Wujal Wujal, State Library of Queensland. Includes photos and video footage of Badu Island in the 1970s
Far North and North Queensland photographs and slides, 1970-2018, State Library of Queensland. Collection includes photos of life and culture on Badu Island, such as sports games.
Badu IKC, State Library of Queensland blog
vteTowns and localities in the Torres Strait Island Region, Queensland
Badu Island
Boigu
Boigu Island
Burrar Islet
Coconut Island
Darnley Island
Dauan Island
Dogai
Dowar Islet
Erub Island
Guijar Islet
Hammond Island
Iama Island
Keriri Island
Kubin
Mabuiag Island
Masig Island
Mer Island
Moa Island
Murray Island
Poruma Island
Saibai
Saibai Island
St Pauls
Stephens Island
Sue Island
Ugar Island
Warraber Islet
Waua Islet
Yam Island
Main Article: Local government areas of Queensland
vteList of Torres Strait topicsTorres Strait Islands,islets, and caysBellevue group
Aipus
Cap
Kamutnab
Keatinge
Mabuiag
Pulu
Subur
Warakuikul Talab
Widul
Bourke group
Aukane
Aureed
Kabbikane
Layoak
Mimi
Roberts
Yam
Duncan group
Kanig
Maitak
Meth
Inner group
Port Lihou
Yeta
Adolphus Channel group
Albany
Bush
Eborac
Ida
Middle Brother
Talbot group
Aubussi
Boigu
Moimi
The Three Sisters group
Bet
Poll
Sue
Yorke group
Keats
Marsden
Rennel
Smith
Ungrouped
Allison
Anchor
Arden
Badu
Barn
Barney
Bond
Booby
Bramble
Browne
Campbell
Canoe
Castle
Coconut
Crab
Dalrymple
Darnley
Dauan
Dayman
Deliverance
Dove
Dugong
Dumaralug
East
East Strait
Entrance
Farewell
Flat
Friday
Gabba
Getullai
Goods
Great Woody
Green
Halfway
Hammond
Hawkesbury
High
Horn
Kaumag
Kerr
Lacey
Little Adolphus
Little Woody
Lowry
Mai
Meddler
Moa
Morilug
Mouinndo
Mount Adolphus
Mount Ernest
Murangi
Murray
Nepean
Nicklin
North
North Possession
North West
Obelisk
Packe
Passage
Pearce
Phipps
Portlock
Prince of Wales
Quoin
Red
Red Wallis
Roko
Saddle
Saibai
Salter
Sassie
Spencer
Stephens
Suarji
Thursday Island
Tobin
Travers
Tree
Trochus
Tudu
Tukupai
Turnagain
Turtle Head
Turtle
Turu
Twin
Underdown
Wednesday
West
Whale
Woody Wallis
York
Yorke
Zagai
People, culture,communities andlanguagesNotable Torres Strait Islanders
Christine Anu
Seaman Dan
Aaron Fa'aoso
Josh Hoffman
Nathan Jawai
Ellen Jose
Robert Lui
Eddie Mabo
Rachael Maza
Patty Mills
Rita Mills
Mills Sisters
Danny Morseu
Tanu Nona
Albert Proud
Wendell Sailor
Sam Thaiday
Brent Webb
Jesse Williams
Culture
Indigenous music of Australia
Mabo (film)
Taba Naba
Communities
Bamaga
Kaurareg
Mabuiag
Meriam (people)
Seisia
Languages
Bine
Eastern Trans-Fly
Gizrra
Kalaw Lagaw Ya
Meriam
Torres Strait Creole
Torres Strait English
Wipi
Governance andlegal mattersGovernance
Shire of Torres
Torres Strait Islander Flag
Torres Strait Island Region
Torres Strait Regional Authority
Legal cases and principles
Akiba v Commonwealth
Mabo v Queensland
No 1
No 2
Terra nullius
Buildings and structures
Boigu Island Airport
Booby Island Light
Coconut Island Airport
Darnley Island Airport
Eborac Island Light
Goods Island Light
Kubin Airport
Murray Island Airport
Saibai Island Airport
Warraber Island Airport
Wyborn Reef Light
Yam Island Airport
Yorke Island Airport
Other
Adolphus Channel
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
Birds of Boigu, Saibai and Dauan Islands
Endeavour Strait
Alfred Cort Haddon
Margaret Lawrie
Sea Swift
Warul Kawa Indigenous Protected Area
Category Commons See also: List of Torres Strait Islands
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈbɑːduː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Kala Lagaw Ya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala_Lagaw_Ya_language"},{"link_name":"[bad̪u]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait"},{"link_name":"Thursday Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thursday_Island"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpni-3"},{"link_name":"locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbs_and_localities_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Island Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_Region"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnl-4"},{"link_name":"Wakaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wakaid,_Queensland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpn-5"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands"},{"link_name":"Kala Lagaw Ya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala_Lagaw_Ya"},{"link_name":"native title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_title_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Queensland Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government"},{"link_name":"Badhulgal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badhulgal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"traditional owners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_owners"},{"link_name":"RNTBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNTBC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qld-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATNS_2014-7"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2021-8"}],"text":"Island in Queensland, AustraliaBadu or Badu Island (/ˈbɑːduː/; Kala Lagaw Ya: Badhu, pronounced [bad̪u]; also Mulgrave Island), is an island in the Torres Strait 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of Thursday Island, Queensland, Australia.[3] Badu Island is also a locality in the Torres Strait Island Region,[4] and Wakaid is the only town, located on the south-east coast.[5] This island is one of the Torres Strait Islands. The language of Badu is Kala Lagaw Ya.The Mura Badulgal (Torres Strait Islanders) Corporation administers land on behalf of the Badulgal people. The Badulgal people's ownership of Badu and surrounding islands in the Torres Strait was recognised in a native title determination on 1 February 2014, when the Queensland Government handed over to the Badhulgal traditional owners freehold title to 9,836 hectares (24,310 acres) of land. The Mura Badulgal (Torres Strait Islanders) Corporation (an RNTBC) administers land on behalf of the Badulgal people.[6][7]In the 2021 census, Badu Island had a population of 704 people.[8]","title":"Badu Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kala Lagaw Ya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait"},{"link_name":"Torres Shire Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Shire_Council"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Luís Vaz de Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Vaz_de_Torres"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"dugong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugong"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett1987147ff-11"},{"link_name":"Pearlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_hunting"},{"link_name":"lugger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugger"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qs-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qfhs-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qld-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Indigenous land use agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_land_use_agreement"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATNS_2014-7"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016-16"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2021-8"}],"text":"Kala Lagaw Ya is one of the languages of the Torres Strait. Kalaw Lagaw Ya is the traditional language used on the Western and Central islands of the Torres Strait. The Kalaw Lagaw Ya language region includes the territory within the local government boundaries of the Torres Shire Council.[9]In 1606, Luís Vaz de Torres sailed to the north of Australia through Torres Strait, navigating it, along New Guinea's southern coast.[10]Warfare (feuding, headhunting), farming, fishing, canoe building, house building, turtle and dugong hunting and a host of other activities were the main occupations of Badu men until the 1870s. However, headhunting and warfare along some pagan customs ceased with the adoption of Christianity.[11]Pearlers established bases on the island during the 1870s and by the early 1880s the islanders were becoming dependent on wages earned as lugger crews. At the same time, the first missionaries arrived. At the peak of the shell industry in the late 1950s, the Badu fleet of 13 boats employed a workforce of 200 providing work for many men, even from other islands as well. Once the shell trade declined, many people moved to the mainland for work.[12]Badu Island State School opened on 29 January 1905.[13] On 1 January 2007, it became the Badu Island campus of Tagai State College.[14]On 1 February 2014, the Queensland Government handed over to the Badhulgal traditional owners freehold title to 9,836 hectares (24,310 acres) of land on Badu Island,[6] ending a struggle for recognition dating back to 1939. The title deed was handed over by David Kempton, Assistant Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs, to Badu Elder Lily Ahmat at a ceremony on the island.[15] An Indigenous land use agreement was signed on 7 July 2014.[7]In the 2016 census, Badu Island had a population of 813 people.[16]In the 2021 census, Badu Island had a population of 704 people.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Centrelink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrelink"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Island Regional Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Island_Regional_Council"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLQ2022-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLQ2022-19"}],"text":"Infrastructure on Badu Island includes:airport\nregional council office\nstate school (years 1 to 7)\nhealth centre with permanent doctor\ntwo grocery stores, with locally-owned J&J Supermarket\npost office\nCentrelink agency\nfootball field\nmotelA number of other locally-owned run businesses are in operation at Badu including live seafood exports.St. Mark's Church was constructed in 1933 and construction was completed in 1935. On 12 January 1936 the church was dedicated to Reverend Stephen Davies, Bishop of Carpentaria. The church was built to accommodate approximately 700 people. The church is still used today[17]The Badu Island Indigenous Knowledge Centre (IKC) is located in the Rural Transaction Centre on Nona Street, and is operated by the Torres Strait Island Regional Council.[18][19] IKCs operate as libraries, meeting places, hubs, and keeping places.The Badhulgaw Kuthinaw Mudh Art Centre sees local arts display and cell their works, and internationally recognised with the works of artists such as Alick Tipoti and Laurie Nona.[19] Storing significant cultural artefacts, the centre also provides skills development and training.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethel May Eliza Zahel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_May_Eliza_Zahel"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Tanu Nona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanu_Nona"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Notable people who are from or who have lived on Badu Island include:Ethel May Eliza Zahel (1877–1951), teacher and public servant.[20]\nTanu Nona (1902–1980), pearler and politician.[21]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Cannibalising indigenous texts:headhunting and fantasy in Ion L. Idriess's Coral Sea Adventures\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=aXpEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA112"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-136-71308-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-71308-8"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Islanders: custom and colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=7iO-blAUczcC&pg=PA149"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-37862-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37862-8"},{"link_name":"Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_Studies"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-855-75082-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-855-75082-4"},{"link_name":"\"Traditional Mua\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:246236/Qld_heritage_v2_no1_1969_p35_p42.pdf"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list"}],"text":"Dixon, Robert (2013). \"Cannibalising indigenous texts:headhunting and fantasy in Ion L. Idriess's Coral Sea Adventures\". In Creed, Barbara; Hoorn, Jeanette (eds.). Body Trade: Captivity, Cannibalism and Colonialism in the Pacific. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-71308-8.\nBeckett, Jeremy . (1987). Torres Strait Islanders: custom and colonialism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37862-8.\nMoore, David R. (1979). Islanders and Aborigines at Cape York. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. ISBN 978-0-855-75082-4.\nShnukal (1), Anna (2008). \"Traditional Mua\" (PDF). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 4 (2): 7–33.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Queensland portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Queensland"},{"title":"Geography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography"},{"title":"Badu Island Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badu_Island_Airport"},{"title":"List of Torres Strait Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Torres_Strait_Islands"}]
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[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Badu Island (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL30113","url_text":"\"Badu Island (suburb and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Badu Island (suburb and locality)\". Australian Census 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/UCL321006","url_text":"\"Badu Island (suburb and locality)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Badu Island – island in Torres Strait Island Region (entry 1216)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 20 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Badu_Island&types=0&place=Badu_Island1216","url_text":"\"Badu Island – island in Torres Strait Island Region (entry 1216)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Badu Island – locality in Torres Strait Island Region (entry 46705)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 5 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Badu_Island&types=0&place=Badu_Island46705","url_text":"\"Badu Island – locality in Torres Strait Island Region (entry 46705)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Wakaid – population centre in Torres Strait Island Region (entry 10263)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 8 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Wakaid&types=0&place=Wakaid10263","url_text":"\"Wakaid – population centre in Torres Strait Island Region (entry 10263)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"\"Badu Island traditional owners granted freehold title\". The Queensland Cabinet and Ministerial Directory. 1 February 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://statements.qld.gov.au/Statement/2014/2/1/badu-island-traditional-owners-granted-freehold-title","url_text":"\"Badu Island traditional owners granted freehold title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements project\". ATNS. 7 July 2014. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200726064958/https://www.atns.net.au/agreement.asp?EntityID=6573","url_text":"\"Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements project\""},{"url":"https://www.atns.net.au/agreement.asp?EntityID=6573","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Badu Island (SAL)\". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 28 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL30113","url_text":"\"Badu Island (SAL)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map\". State Library of Queensland. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 30 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.slq.qld.gov.au/iyil/view/kalaw-lagaw-ya-77","url_text":"\"Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_of_Queensland","url_text":"State Library of Queensland"}]},{"reference":"\"ADBonline.anu.edu.au\". ADBonline.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 14 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020488b.htm","url_text":"\"ADBonline.anu.edu.au\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools\". Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://education.qld.gov.au/about-us/history/school-anniversaries/opening-closing-dates","url_text":"\"Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]},{"reference":"Queensland Family History Society (2010), Queensland schools past and present (Version 1.01 ed.), Queensland Family History Society, ISBN 978-1-921171-26-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Family_History_Society","url_text":"Queensland Family History Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921171-26-0","url_text":"978-1-921171-26-0"}]},{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"Badu Island (SSC)\". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC30113","url_text":"\"Badu Island (SSC)\""}]},{"reference":"Randall, Brian (15 August 2013). \"Queensland Places - St. Mark's Church, Badu\". State Library Of Queensland. Retrieved 18 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/queensland-places-st-marks-church-badu","url_text":"\"Queensland Places - St. Mark's Church, Badu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Badu Island Indigenous Knowledge Centre\". Public Libraries Connect. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://plconnect.slq.qld.gov.au/networking/directory-of-public-libraries/branches/torres_strait/badu_library","url_text":"\"Badu Island Indigenous Knowledge Centre\""}]},{"reference":"Lawrie, Margaret (1990). \"Zahel, Ethel May Eliza (1877–1951)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 22 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/zahel-ethel-may-eliza-9225","url_text":"\"Zahel, Ethel May Eliza (1877–1951)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography - Tanu Nona\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 23 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://adb.online.anu.edu.au/biography/nona-tanu-11252","url_text":"\"Biography - Tanu Nona\""}]},{"reference":"Dixon, Robert (2013). \"Cannibalising indigenous texts:headhunting and fantasy in Ion L. Idriess's Coral Sea Adventures\". In Creed, Barbara; Hoorn, Jeanette (eds.). Body Trade: Captivity, Cannibalism and Colonialism in the Pacific. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-71308-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aXpEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA112","url_text":"\"Cannibalising indigenous texts:headhunting and fantasy in Ion L. Idriess's Coral Sea Adventures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-71308-8","url_text":"978-1-136-71308-8"}]},{"reference":"Beckett, Jeremy . (1987). Torres Strait Islanders: custom and colonialism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37862-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7iO-blAUczcC&pg=PA149","url_text":"Torres Strait Islanders: custom and colonialism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37862-8","url_text":"978-0-521-37862-8"}]},{"reference":"Moore, David R. (1979). Islanders and Aborigines at Cape York. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. ISBN 978-0-855-75082-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_Studies","url_text":"Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-855-75082-4","url_text":"978-0-855-75082-4"}]},{"reference":"Shnukal (1), Anna (2008). \"Traditional Mua\" (PDF). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 4 (2): 7–33.","urls":[{"url":"http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:246236/Qld_heritage_v2_no1_1969_p35_p42.pdf","url_text":"\"Traditional Mua\""}]},{"reference":"\"Badu\". Queensland Places. University of Queensland.","urls":[{"url":"http://queenslandplaces.com.au/badu","url_text":"\"Badu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Badu\". Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community histories. Queensland Government.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qld.gov.au/firstnations/cultural-awareness-heritage-arts/community-histories/community-histories-a-b/community-histories-badu","url_text":"\"Badu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government","url_text":"Queensland Government"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Badu_Island¶ms=10.1202_S_142.1394_E_type:city_region:AU-QLD&title=Badu+Island+%28centre+of+locality%29","external_links_name":"10°07′13″S 142°08′22″E / 10.1202°S 142.1394°E / -10.1202; 142.1394 (Badu Island (centre of locality))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Badu_Island¶ms=10.1202_S_142.1394_E_type:city_region:AU-QLD&title=Badu+Island+%28centre+of+locality%29","external_links_name":"10°07′13″S 142°08′22″E / 10.1202°S 142.1394°E / -10.1202; 142.1394 (Badu Island (centre of locality))"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL30113","external_links_name":"\"Badu Island (suburb and locality)\""},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/UCL321006","external_links_name":"\"Badu Island (suburb and locality)\""},{"Link":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Badu_Island&types=0&place=Badu_Island1216","external_links_name":"\"Badu Island – island in Torres Strait Island Region (entry 1216)\""},{"Link":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Badu_Island&types=0&place=Badu_Island46705","external_links_name":"\"Badu Island – locality in Torres Strait Island Region (entry 46705)\""},{"Link":"https://www.dnrm.qld.gov.au/qld/environment/land/place-names/search#/search=Wakaid&types=0&place=Wakaid10263","external_links_name":"\"Wakaid – population centre in Torres Strait Island Region (entry 10263)\""},{"Link":"http://statements.qld.gov.au/Statement/2014/2/1/badu-island-traditional-owners-granted-freehold-title","external_links_name":"\"Badu Island traditional owners granted freehold title\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200726064958/https://www.atns.net.au/agreement.asp?EntityID=6573","external_links_name":"\"Agreements, Treaties and Negotiated Settlements project\""},{"Link":"https://www.atns.net.au/agreement.asp?EntityID=6573","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL30113","external_links_name":"\"Badu Island (SAL)\""},{"Link":"http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/home/copyright","external_links_name":"licensed"},{"Link":"https://maps.slq.qld.gov.au/iyil/view/kalaw-lagaw-ya-77","external_links_name":"\"Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map\""},{"Link":"http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020488b.htm","external_links_name":"\"ADBonline.anu.edu.au\""},{"Link":"https://education.qld.gov.au/about-us/history/school-anniversaries/opening-closing-dates","external_links_name":"\"Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools\""},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC30113","external_links_name":"\"Badu Island (SSC)\""},{"Link":"https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/queensland-places-st-marks-church-badu","external_links_name":"\"Queensland Places - St. Mark's Church, Badu\""},{"Link":"http://plconnect.slq.qld.gov.au/networking/directory-of-public-libraries/branches/torres_strait/badu_library","external_links_name":"\"Badu Island Indigenous Knowledge Centre\""},{"Link":"https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/badu-ikc","external_links_name":"Badu IKC"},{"Link":"http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/home/copyright","external_links_name":"licence"},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/zahel-ethel-may-eliza-9225","external_links_name":"\"Zahel, Ethel May Eliza (1877–1951)\""},{"Link":"http://adb.online.anu.edu.au/biography/nona-tanu-11252","external_links_name":"\"Biography - Tanu Nona\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aXpEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA112","external_links_name":"\"Cannibalising indigenous texts:headhunting and fantasy in Ion L. Idriess's Coral Sea Adventures\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7iO-blAUczcC&pg=PA149","external_links_name":"Torres Strait Islanders: custom and colonialism"},{"Link":"http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:246236/Qld_heritage_v2_no1_1969_p35_p42.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Traditional Mua\""},{"Link":"http://queenslandplaces.com.au/badu","external_links_name":"\"Badu\""},{"Link":"https://www.qld.gov.au/firstnations/cultural-awareness-heritage-arts/community-histories/community-histories-a-b/community-histories-badu","external_links_name":"\"Badu\""},{"Link":"https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/tqqf2h/alma99183588405902061","external_links_name":"Torrens family photographs, photographic slides and film footage of Badu Island and Wujal Wujal"},{"Link":"https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/tqqf2h/alma99183602316202061","external_links_name":"Far North and North Queensland photographs and slides, 1970-2018"},{"Link":"https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/badu-ikc","external_links_name":"Badu IKC"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vathy,_Euboea
|
Vathy, Euboea
|
["1 Population","2 Ritsona","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 38°24′N 23°36′E / 38.400°N 23.600°E / 38.400; 23.600Place in GreeceVathy
ΒαθύVathyCoordinates: 38°24′N 23°36′E / 38.400°N 23.600°E / 38.400; 23.600CountryGreeceAdministrative regionCentral GreeceRegional unitEuboeaMunicipalityChalcisMunicipal unitAvlidaPopulation (2011) • Rural2,385Community • Population4,098 (2011)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Vehicle registrationΧΑ
Vathy (Greek: Βαθύ) is a town and a community in the municipal unit of Avlida in the Euboea regional unit, Greece. It is situated on the Greek mainland, near the South Euboean Gulf, 6 km south of Chalcis. The Greek National Road 44 (Thebes - Chalcis - Karystos) passes west of the town. The community Vathy consists of the town Vathy and the villages Mikro Vathy, Paralia and Ritsona.
Population
Year
Population
1981
2211
1991
2490
2001
2546
2011
2385
Ritsona
The village Ritsona (Greek: Ριτσώνα), population 535, is 7 km west of Vathy. The name Ritsona is believed to come from resin, referring to the pines that used to be abundant in the area. In recent years due to forest fires, a large part of the area's pine trees have disappeared. Today there are many vineyards.
Its history began during the Homeric period with the ancient Boeotian city of Mykalissos. The archaeological site was extensively excavated between 1909 and 1922 by Ronald Burrows and Percy and Annie Ure, under the aegis of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. In May 1944, during World War II, the occupying Germans executed 110 Greek soldiers here that had been wounded in the Greco-Italian War in retaliation for an assault by the Greek resistance.
The Ritsona Rally is one of the most famous car races in Greece, taking place every year in December since 1956.
Ritsona is the place, where – 13 years after legalization – the first crematorium in Greece was opened at the end of September 2019.
See also
List of settlements in the Euboea regional unit
References
^ a b "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
^ Tasos Kokkinidis (2019-10-11). "Greece Acquires its First Crematorium". GreekReporter.com. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
External links
Vathy at the GTP Travel Pages
vteSubdivisions of the municipality of ChalcisMunicipal unit of Anthidona
Drosia
Loukisia
Municipal unit of Avlida
Faros
Kalochori-Panteichi
Paralia Avlidas
Vathy
Municipal unit of Chalcis
Chalcis
Municipal unit of Lilantia
Afrati
Agios Nikolaos
Fylla
Mytikas
Nea Lampsakos
Vasiliko
Municipal unit of Nea Artaki
Nea Artaki
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Avlida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avlida"},{"link_name":"Euboea regional unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euboea_(regional_unit)"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"South Euboean Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Euboean_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Chalcis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcis"},{"link_name":"Greek National Road 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_National_Road_44"},{"link_name":"Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Greece"}],"text":"Place in GreeceVathy (Greek: Βαθύ) is a town and a community in the municipal unit of Avlida in the Euboea regional unit, Greece. It is situated on the Greek mainland, near the South Euboean Gulf, 6 km south of Chalcis. The Greek National Road 44 (Thebes - Chalcis - Karystos) passes west of the town. The community Vathy consists of the town Vathy and the villages Mikro Vathy, Paralia and Ritsona.","title":"Vathy, Euboea"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Homeric period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages"},{"link_name":"Boeotian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeotia"},{"link_name":"Mykalissos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykalissos"},{"link_name":"Ronald Burrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Burrows"},{"link_name":"Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Ure"},{"link_name":"Annie Ure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Ure"},{"link_name":"American School of Classical Studies at Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_School_of_Classical_Studies_at_Athens"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Greco-Italian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Italian_War"},{"link_name":"crematorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crematorium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The village Ritsona (Greek: Ριτσώνα), population 535, is 7 km west of Vathy. The name Ritsona is believed to come from resin, referring to the pines that used to be abundant in the area. In recent years due to forest fires, a large part of the area's pine trees have disappeared. Today there are many vineyards.Its history began during the Homeric period with the ancient Boeotian city of Mykalissos. The archaeological site was extensively excavated between 1909 and 1922 by Ronald Burrows and Percy and Annie Ure, under the aegis of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. In May 1944, during World War II, the occupying Germans executed 110 Greek soldiers here that had been wounded in the Greco-Italian War in retaliation for an assault by the Greek resistance.The Ritsona Rally is one of the most famous car races in Greece, taking place every year in December since 1956.Ritsona is the place, where – 13 years after legalization – the first crematorium in Greece was opened at the end of September 2019.[2]","title":"Ritsona"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of settlements in the Euboea regional unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_the_Euboea_regional_unit"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός\" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/1210503/resident_population_census2011rev.xls","url_text":"\"Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός\""}]},{"reference":"Tasos Kokkinidis (2019-10-11). \"Greece Acquires its First Crematorium\". GreekReporter.com. Retrieved 2020-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://greece.greekreporter.com/2019/10/11/first-crematorium-opens-in-greece/","url_text":"\"Greece Acquires its First Crematorium\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vathy,_Euboea¶ms=38_24_N_23_36_E_type:city_region:GR-H","external_links_name":"38°24′N 23°36′E / 38.400°N 23.600°E / 38.400; 23.600"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vathy,_Euboea¶ms=38_24_N_23_36_E_type:city_region:GR-H","external_links_name":"38°24′N 23°36′E / 38.400°N 23.600°E / 38.400; 23.600"},{"Link":"http://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/1210503/resident_population_census2011rev.xls","external_links_name":"\"Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός\""},{"Link":"https://greece.greekreporter.com/2019/10/11/first-crematorium-opens-in-greece/","external_links_name":"\"Greece Acquires its First Crematorium\""},{"Link":"http://www.gtp.gr/LocPage.asp?id=5050","external_links_name":"Vathy at the GTP Travel Pages"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_County,_TX
|
Cameron County, Texas
|
["1 Geography","1.1 Major highways","1.2 Adjacent counties and municipalities","1.3 National protected areas","2 Demographics","3 Government and infrastructure","4 Politics","5 Education","6 Economy","7 Media","7.1 Radio stations","7.2 Newspapers","8 Communities","8.1 Cities","8.2 Towns","8.3 Village","8.4 Census-designated places","8.5 Other unincorporated communities","8.6 Ghost towns","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 26°09′N 97°27′W / 26.15°N 97.45°W / 26.15; -97.45County in Texas, United States
Not to be confused with Cameron, Texas.
Parts of this article (those related to politics, government, and the economy) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2019)
County in TexasCameron CountyCountyThe Cameron County Courthouse in Brownsville
Administration Building
SealLogoLocation within the U.S. state of TexasTexas's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 26°09′N 97°27′W / 26.15°N 97.45°W / 26.15; -97.45Country United StatesState TexasFounded1848Named forEwen CameronSeatBrownsvilleLargest cityBrownsvilleArea • Total1,276 sq mi (3,300 km2) • Land891 sq mi (2,310 km2) • Water386 sq mi (1,000 km2) 30%Population (2020) • Total421,017 • Density330/sq mi (130/km2)Time zoneUTC−6 (Central) • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)Congressional district34thWebsitewww.co.cameron.tx.us
Cameron County, officially the County of Cameron, is the southernmost county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 421,017. Its county seat is Brownsville.
The county was founded in 1848 and is named for Captain Ewen Cameron, a soldier during the Texas Revolution and in the ill-fated Mier Expedition. During the later 19th century and through World War II, Fort Brown was a US Army outpost here, stimulating the development of the city of Brownsville.
Cameron County comprises the Brownsville–Harlingen, TX metropolitan statistical area, as well as the Brownsville–Harlingen–Raymondville combined statistical area, which itself is part of the larger Rio Grande Valley region.
The second-largest city in the county is Harlingen and the county also contains Boca Chica, which is site to the SpaceX Starbase spaceport; it is also the residence of Elon Musk, the world's second-richest person and wealthiest US citizen.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,276 square miles (3,300 km2), of which 891 square miles (2,310 km2) are land and 386 square miles (1,000 km2) (30%) are covered by water. To the east, the county borders the Gulf of Mexico.
Major highways
Interstate 2
Interstate 69E/U.S. Highway 77
Interstate 169/State Highway 550
U.S. Highway 83
U.S. Highway 281
State Highway 4
State Highway 48
State Highway 100
State Highway 107
State Highway 345
Adjacent counties and municipalities
Willacy County (north)
Gulf of Mexico (east)
Matamoros Municipality, Tamaulipas, Mexico (south)
Hidalgo County (west)
National protected areas
Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge (part)
Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge (part)
Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18508,541—18606,028−29.4%187010,99982.5%188014,95936.0%189014,424−3.6%190016,09511.6%191027,15868.7%192036,66235.0%193077,540111.5%194083,2027.3%1950125,17050.4%1960151,09820.7%1970140,368−7.1%1980209,68049.4%1990260,12024.1%2000335,22728.9%2010406,22021.2%2020421,0173.6%U.S. Decennial Census1850–2010 2010 2020
Cameron County, Texas - Demographic Profile (NH = Non-Hispanic)
Race / Ethnicity
Pop 2010
Pop 2020
% 2010
% 2020
White alone (NH)
43,427
37,107
10.69%
8.81%
Black or African American alone (NH)
1,192
1,405
0.29%
0.33%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)
385
365
0.09%
0.09%
Asian alone (NH)
2,486
2,596
0.61%
0.62%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)
76
80
0.02%
0.02%
Some Other Race alone (NH)
191
846
0.05%
0.20%
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH)
716
1,938
0.18%
0.46%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)
357,747
376,680
88.07%
89.47%
Total
406,220
421,017
100.00%
100.00%
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.
As of the census of 2010, 406,220 people, 119,631 households, and 96,579 families were residing in the county. The population density was 370 people per square mile (140 people/km2). The 141,924 housing units averaged 132 per square mile (51/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 87.0% White, 0.5% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 9.8% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. About 88.1% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.
Of the 119,631 households, 50.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.80% were married couples living together, 20.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.3% were not families. About 16.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.36, and the average family size was 3.80.
In the county, the age distribution was 33.0% under the age of18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.10% who were 65 or older. The median age was 30.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.90 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 86.30 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $31,264, and for a family was $33,770. Males had a median income of $21,410 versus $15,597 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,695. About 30.0% of families and 34.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 46.8% of those under age 18 and 24.8% of those age 65 or over.
A 2000 Texas A&M study stated that of the residents of Cameron County, 43% do not have basic literacy skills.
Within the 2010s decade, a noticeable trend in the county population showed that growth among the county's northern cities (defined as major towns whose city limits lie entirely north or east of U.S. Highway 83 in the county) on average has been greater than those cities on U.S. Highway 83 in the county, suggesting a possible desire among both locals and new residents from outside the Rio Grande Valley to move away from the population centers of the county. This trend has also been shared by nearby Hidalgo County. Los Fresnos, for example, grew by 42.2% from 2010 to 2018. Other major cities, such as Indian Lake, Primera, and Rio Hondo, all grew by more than 15% in the same period. In contrast, the cities of Harlingen, La Feria, and San Benito, all cities along U.S. Highway 83, have seen growths less than 1% in the same period. The city that grew the most among the Highway 83 cities in the county was Brownsville, which grew by 4.4% from 2010 to 2019.
Government and infrastructure
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement operates the Port Isabel Service Processing Center, located in an unincorporated area adjacent to the Port Isabel-Cameron County Airport, which is itself owned and operated by the county. The airport has four runways and offers fuel and other general aviation services.
U.S. District Judge Andrew S. Hanen stated in 2013 that the corruption in the county judiciary and legal system was so pervasive that most people would not believe it "unless they heard it themselves."
Politics
Cameron County leans toward the Democratic Party in presidential elections. The last Republican to win the county was George W. Bush in 2004. Donald Trump's 2016 showing of 32.0% was the lowest received by a Republican candidate in the county since Alf Landon in 1936. However, in 2020, Trump's performance of 43% was the best for a Republican in the county since 2004.
In the Texas House of Representatives, Cameron County is covered by Districts 35, 37 and 38.
As of 2006, officeholders tend to be Democrats. As of 2006, about 20,000 to 30,000 people in Cameron County vote in primary elections, and presidential elections have higher turnouts. Politiqueras, women hired to help elderly people vote, are crucial in South Texas elections.
United States presidential election results for Cameron County, Texas
Year
Republican
Democratic
Third party
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
2020
49,032
42.89%
64,063
56.04%
1,231
1.08%
2016
29,472
31.80%
59,402
64.10%
3,791
4.09%
2012
26,099
33.94%
49,975
64.99%
821
1.07%
2008
26,671
35.06%
48,480
63.72%
926
1.22%
2004
34,801
50.32%
33,998
49.16%
357
0.52%
2000
27,800
44.80%
33,214
53.52%
1,043
1.68%
1996
18,434
32.63%
34,891
61.76%
3,168
5.61%
1992
20,123
34.07%
29,435
49.84%
9,499
16.08%
1988
24,263
43.68%
30,972
55.75%
317
0.57%
1984
29,545
52.64%
26,394
47.03%
187
0.33%
1980
22,041
47.62%
23,200
50.12%
1,044
2.26%
1976
16,448
39.06%
25,310
60.10%
353
0.84%
1972
20,816
60.69%
13,340
38.89%
144
0.42%
1968
11,759
39.82%
15,726
53.26%
2,042
6.92%
1964
9,531
37.14%
16,056
62.57%
72
0.28%
1960
10,190
45.01%
12,416
54.84%
34
0.15%
1956
11,952
56.85%
8,829
42.00%
241
1.15%
1952
14,018
64.89%
7,559
34.99%
25
0.12%
1948
4,689
39.54%
6,778
57.15%
392
3.31%
1944
5,309
44.82%
5,998
50.63%
539
4.55%
1940
3,370
35.73%
6,035
63.98%
28
0.30%
1936
2,160
26.32%
5,887
71.74%
159
1.94%
1932
1,785
19.87%
7,146
79.53%
54
0.60%
1928
3,544
52.45%
3,202
47.39%
11
0.16%
1924
1,266
34.52%
2,225
60.68%
176
4.80%
1920
909
49.24%
920
49.84%
17
0.92%
1916
420
24.48%
1,260
73.43%
36
2.10%
1912
149
6.13%
2,146
88.35%
134
5.52%
Education
Cameron County is served by several school districts. They include:
Brownsville Independent School District
Harlingen Consolidated Independent School District
La Feria Independent School District
Los Fresnos Consolidated Independent School District
Lyford Consolidated Independent School District (partially)
Point Isabel Independent School District
Rio Hondo Independent School District
San Benito Consolidated Independent School District
Santa Maria Independent School District
Santa Rosa Independent School District
In addition, residents are eligible to apply to South Texas Independent School District's magnet schools.
All of the county is in the service area of Texas Southmost College.
Economy
Cameron County has been considered one of the poorest urban counties in the US
The FAA approved a SpaceX private spaceport east of Brownsville on the Gulf Coast.
The SpaceX South Texas Launch Site is projected to employ 75–100 full-time workers in the early years with up to 150 full-time employees/contractors by 2019. In 2014, SpaceX acquired additional land near Boca Chica, which they consolidated into a subdivision called "Mars Crossing", possibly named after the novel by science-fiction writer Geoffrey A. Landis.
View of SpaceX's launch pad at Boca Chica Village near Brownsville
SN15 and SN16
Starship and SuperHeavy production site
The Southern Cattle Tick (Rhipicephalus microplus) is invasive here. Populations here have also become highly permethrin resistant. In 2014 the problem had become so severe that spread to neighboring counties was feared, and a Temporary Preventative Quarantine Area was established to preserve efficacy in those counties. All quarantine efforts have been somewhat unsuccessful, due at least in part to the ticks' infestation of wildlife including whitetail (Odocoileus virginianus).
Media
Radio stations
KFRQ 94.5FM
KKPS 99.5FM
KNVO 101.1FM
KVLY 107.9FM
KVMV 96.9FM
Newspapers
The Brownsville Herald (A Freedom Communications, Inc. newspaper based in Brownsville, TX)
Valley Morning Star (A Freedom Communications, Inc. newspaper based in Harlingen, TX)
El Nuevo Heraldo (AIM Media Texas newspaper based in Brownsville, TX)
Communities
Cities
Brownsville (county seat)
Harlingen
La Feria
Los Fresnos
Palm Valley
Port Isabel
Rio Hondo
San Benito
Towns
A picture of the Cameron County Courthouse (1912), the Dancy Building, in Brownsville, Texas, which served as the County Courthouse until the construction of a replacement: It was restored in 2006 and houses County Court at Law No 1, as well as some county offices.
Bayview
Combes
Indian Lake
Laguna Vista
Los Indios
Primera
Rancho Viejo
Santa Rosa
South Padre Island
Village
Rangerville
Census-designated places
Arroyo Colorado Estates
Arroyo Gardens
Bixby
Bluetown
Cameron Park
Chula Vista
Del Mar Heights
El Camino Angosto
Encantada-Ranchito-El Calaboz
Grand Acres (former)
Green Valley Farms
Iglesia Antigua
Juarez
La Feria North
La Paloma
La Tina Ranch
Lago
Laguna Heights
Las Palmas II
Lasana
Laureles
Lozano
Olmito
Orason
Palmer
Ratamosa
Reid Hope King
Rice Tracts
San Pedro
Santa Maria
Solis
South Point
Tierra Bonita
Villa del Sol
Villa Pancho
Yznaga
Other unincorporated communities
Adams Gardens
Arroyo Alto
Arroyo City
Boca Chica (to be incorporated as "Starbase")
Buena Vista
Carricitos
Cavazos
Holly Beach
La Penusca
Landrum
Lantana
Las Yescas
Los Cuates
Monte Grande
Russelltown
Villa Nueva
Ghost towns
Del Mar
La Leona
Las Rusias
Santa Rita
Stuart Place
See also
Texas portal
List of museums in the Texas Gulf Coast
National Register of Historic Places listings in Cameron County, Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Cameron County
References
^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Cameron County, Texas". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 4, 2023. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
^ "Cameron County, Texas". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 25, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
^ "DeWitt Colony Militia Captains". Tamu.edu. Archived from the original on January 10, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2012.
^ "Rare Photo of the Elon Musk's $50,000 Tiny Home Shared by Biographer". The New York Observer. August 7, 2023.
^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
^ "Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decade". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 16, 2022.
^ "Texas Almanac: Population History of Counties from 1850–2010" (PDF). Texas Almanac. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
^ a b "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Cameron County, Texas". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 25, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
^ a b "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Cameron County, Texas". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 25, 2022. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
^ Clark, Steve. "Borders liquidation to bring down local Waldenbooks." The Brownsville Herald. July 20, 2011. Retrieved on July 21, 2011.
^ "Port Isabel Service Processing Center Archived May 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine." U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved on 21.July 2010.
^ "Texas Airport Directory - Port Isabel, Port Isabel-Cameron County (PIL)" (PDF). Texas Department of Transportation. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
^ FAA Airport Form 5010 for PIL PDF. Federal Aviation Administration, Effective 26 April 2018.
^ Perez-Treviño, Emma. "Judge: Hard to believe depths of Cameron County corruption Archived 2014-09-14 at the Wayback Machine." Valley Morning Star at The Monitor. Wednesday, January 1, 2014. Retrieved on January 5, 2014.
^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Cameron County, TX" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2022. - list Archived June 30, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
^ "About". South Texas Independent School District. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved June 29, 2022. The district stretches over three counties, Cameron, Hidalgo and Willacy,
^ Texas Education Code, Sec. 130.204. TEXAS SOUTHMOST COLLEGE DISTRICT SERVICE AREA. Archived September 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Poverty in Texas". The Texas Politics Project. September 16, 2008. Archived from the original on July 22, 2023. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
^ Kaswan, Mark J. (July 3, 2014). "Developing democracy: cooperatives and democratic theory". International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development. 6 (2): 190–205. Bibcode:2014IJUSD...6..190K. doi:10.1080/19463138.2014.951048. ISSN 1946-3138.
^
Martinez, Laura (April 10, 2012). "Brownsville area candidate for spaceport". The Monitor. Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2012.
^ a b
Nield, George C. (April 2014). Draft Environmental Impact Statement: SpaceX Texas Launch Site (PDF) (Report). Vol. 1. Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Commercial Space Transportation. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013.
^ Perez-Treviño, Emma (February 19, 2014). "SpaceX continues local land purchases". Valley Morning Star. Retrieved February 19, 2014.
^ a b c d
• Showler, Allan T.; Pérez de León, Adalberto; Saelao, Perot (2021). "Biosurveillance and Research Needs Involving Area-Wide Systematic Active Sampling to Enhance Integrated Cattle Fever Tick (Ixodida: Ixodidae) Eradication". Journal of Medical Entomology. Oxford University Press (Entomological Society of America). 58 (4): 1601–1609. doi:10.1093/jme/tjab051. ISSN 0022-2585. PMID 33822110. S2CID 233036282. • Thomas, Donald B.; Klafke, Guilherme; Busch, Joseph D.; Olafson, Pia U.; Miller, Robert A.; Mosqueda, Juan; Stone, Nathan E.; Scoles, Glen; Wagner, David M.; Perez-De-Leon, Adalberto (2020). "Tracking the Increase of Acaricide Resistance in an Invasive Population of Cattle Fever Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and Implementation of Real-Time PCR Assays to Rapidly Genotype Resistance Mutations". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. Oxford University Press (Entomological Society of America). 113 (4): 298–309. doi:10.1093/aesa/saz053. ISSN 0013-8746. S2CID 216254066.
^ "Q945rocks.com". Archived from the original on November 8, 2006. Retrieved October 20, 2006.
^ "99.5 La Nueva FM KKPS musica regional Mexicana". Archived from the original on May 20, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
^ "Inicio - RADIO JOSE McAllen". July 19, 2012. Archived from the original on November 5, 2006. Retrieved October 20, 2006.
^ Staff, 107.9 Mix FM. "107.9 Mix FM - KVLY". Archived from the original on November 2, 2006. Retrieved October 20, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Faith, Hope, and Love: KVMV 96.9FM". KVMV 96.9FM. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
^ "Brownsville Herald". Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
^ "Valley Morning Star". Archived from the original on February 16, 2007. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
^ "El Nuevo Heraldo". Archived from the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
^ @nextspaceflight (March 2, 2021). "The Boca Chica Village area (part of..." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
External links
Media related to Cameron County, Texas at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
Cameron County at Texas State Historical Association
Places adjacent to Cameron County, Texas
Willacy County
Hidalgo County
Cameron County, Texas
Gulf of Mexico
Matamoros Municipality, Tamaulipas
vteMunicipalities and communities of Cameron County, Texas, United StatesCounty seat: BrownsvilleCities
Brownsville
Harlingen
La Feria
Los Fresnos
Palm Valley
Port Isabel
Rio Hondo
San Benito
Cameron County mapTowns
Bayview
Combes
Indian Lake
Laguna Vista
Los Indios
Primera
Rancho Viejo
Santa Rosa
South Padre Island
Village
Rangerville
CDPs
Arroyo Colorado Estates
Arroyo Gardens
Bixby
Bluetown
Cameron Park
Chula Vista
Del Mar Heights
El Camino Angosto
Encantada-Ranchito-El Calaboz
Grand Acres
Green Valley Farms
Iglesia Antigua
Juarez
La Feria North
La Paloma
La Tina Ranch
Lago
Laguna Heights
Las Palmas II
Lasana
Laureles
Lozano
Olmito
Orason
Palmer
Ratamosa
Reid Hope King
Rice Tracts
San Pedro
Santa Maria
Solis
South Point
Tierra Bonita
Villa del Sol
Villa Pancho
Yznaga
Other communities
Adams Gardens
Arroyo Alto
Arroyo City
Boca Chica
Buena Vista
Carricitos
Cavazos
Holly Beach
La Penusca
Landrum
Lantana
Las Yescas
Los Cuates
Monte Grande
Russelltown
Villa Nueva
Ghost towns
Del Mar
La Leona
Las Rusias
Santa Rita
Stuart Place
Texas portal
United States portal
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26°09′N 97°27′W / 26.15°N 97.45°W / 26.15; -97.45
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cameron, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron,_Texas"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QF-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Brownsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-3"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(OF-2)"},{"link_name":"Ewen Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewen_Cameron_(Captain)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Texas Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Mier Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mier_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Fort Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Brown"},{"link_name":"Harlingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlingen,_Texas"},{"link_name":"metropolitan statistical area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville%E2%80%93Harlingen_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Raymondville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymondville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"combined statistical area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville-Harlingen-Raymondville_combined_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Harlingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlingen,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Boca Chica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Chica_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"SpaceX Starbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase"},{"link_name":"Elon Musk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"County in Texas, United StatesNot to be confused with Cameron, Texas.County in TexasCameron County, officially the County of Cameron, is the southernmost county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 421,017.[1][2] Its county seat is Brownsville.[3]The county was founded in 1848 and is named for Captain Ewen Cameron,[4] a soldier during the Texas Revolution and in the ill-fated Mier Expedition. During the later 19th century and through World War II, Fort Brown was a US Army outpost here, stimulating the development of the city of Brownsville.Cameron County comprises the Brownsville–Harlingen, TX metropolitan statistical area, as well as the Brownsville–Harlingen–Raymondville combined statistical area, which itself is part of the larger Rio Grande Valley region.The second-largest city in the county is Harlingen and the county also contains Boca Chica, which is site to the SpaceX Starbase spaceport; it is also the residence of Elon Musk, the world's second-richest person and wealthiest US citizen.[5]","title":"Cameron County, Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-6"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"}],"text":"According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,276 square miles (3,300 km2), of which 891 square miles (2,310 km2) are land and 386 square miles (1,000 km2) (30%) are covered by water.[6] To the east, the county borders the Gulf of Mexico.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-2_(TX).svg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-69E_(TX).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_77.svg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 69E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_69E"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_77_in_Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-169_(TX).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toll_Texas_550.svg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_169_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"State Highway 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107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_107"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_345.svg"},{"link_name":"State Highway 345","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_345"}],"sub_title":"Major highways","text":"Interstate 2\n Interstate 69E/U.S. Highway 77\n Interstate 169/State Highway 550\n U.S. Highway 83\n U.S. Highway 281\n State Highway 4\n State Highway 48\n State Highway 100\n State Highway 107\n State Highway 345","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willacy County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willacy_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Matamoros Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamoros_Municipality,_Tamaulipas"},{"link_name":"Tamaulipas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaulipas"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Hidalgo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent counties and municipalities","text":"Willacy County (north)\nGulf of Mexico (east)\nMatamoros Municipality, Tamaulipas, Mexico (south)\nHidalgo County (west)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Atascosa_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Rio_Grande_Valley_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Palo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto_Battlefield_National_Historical_Park"}],"sub_title":"National protected areas","text":"Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge (part)\nLower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge (part)\nPalo Alto Battlefield National Historical Park","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR8-11"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"median income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_income"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2010s decade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010s_decade"},{"link_name":"Hidalgo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Los Fresnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Fresnos,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Indian Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Lake,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Primera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rio Hondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Hondo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Harlingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlingen,_Texas"},{"link_name":"La Feria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Feria,_Texas"},{"link_name":"San Benito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Benito,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brownsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas"}],"text":"Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.As of the census[11] of 2010, 406,220 people, 119,631 households, and 96,579 families were residing in the county. The population density was 370 people per square mile (140 people/km2). The 141,924 housing units averaged 132 per square mile (51/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 87.0% White, 0.5% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 9.8% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. About 88.1% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.Of the 119,631 households, 50.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.80% were married couples living together, 20.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.3% were not families. About 16.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.36, and the average family size was 3.80.In the county, the age distribution was 33.0% under the age of18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.10% who were 65 or older. The median age was 30.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.90 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 86.30 males.The median income for a household in the county was $31,264, and for a family was $33,770. Males had a median income of $21,410 versus $15,597 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,695. About 30.0% of families and 34.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 46.8% of those under age 18 and 24.8% of those age 65 or over.A 2000 Texas A&M study stated that of the residents of Cameron County, 43% do not have basic literacy skills.[12]Within the 2010s decade, a noticeable trend in the county population showed that growth among the county's northern cities (defined as major towns whose city limits lie entirely north or east of U.S. Highway 83 in the county) on average has been greater than those cities on U.S. Highway 83 in the county, suggesting a possible desire among both locals and new residents from outside the Rio Grande Valley to move away from the population centers of the county. This trend has also been shared by nearby Hidalgo County. Los Fresnos, for example, grew by 42.2% from 2010 to 2018. Other major cities, such as Indian Lake, Primera, and Rio Hondo, all grew by more than 15% in the same period. In contrast, the cities of Harlingen, La Feria, and San Benito, all cities along U.S. Highway 83, have seen growths less than 1% in the same period. The city that grew the most among the Highway 83 cities in the county was Brownsville, which grew by 4.4% from 2010 to 2019.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement"},{"link_name":"unincorporated area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Port Isabel-Cameron County Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Isabel-Cameron_County_Airport"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-txdot_pil-14"},{"link_name":"general aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_aviation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAA-15"},{"link_name":"Andrew S. Hanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Hanen"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement operates the Port Isabel Service Processing Center, located in an unincorporated area adjacent to the Port Isabel-Cameron County Airport,[13] which is itself owned and operated by the county.[14] The airport has four runways and offers fuel and other general aviation services.[15]U.S. District Judge Andrew S. Hanen stated in 2013 that the corruption in the county judiciary and legal system was so pervasive that most people would not believe it \"unless they heard it themselves.\"[16]","title":"Government and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Alf Landon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Landon"},{"link_name":"Texas House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_35th_House_of_Representatives_district"},{"link_name":"37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_37th_House_of_Representatives_district"},{"link_name":"38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_38th_House_of_Representatives_district"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Cameron County leans toward the Democratic Party in presidential elections. The last Republican to win the county was George W. Bush in 2004. Donald Trump's 2016 showing of 32.0% was the lowest received by a Republican candidate in the county since Alf Landon in 1936. However, in 2020, Trump's performance of 43% was the best for a Republican in the county since 2004.In the Texas House of Representatives, Cameron County is covered by Districts 35, 37 and 38.As of 2006, officeholders tend to be Democrats. As of 2006, about 20,000 to 30,000 people in Cameron County vote in primary elections, and presidential elections have higher turnouts.[citation needed] Politiqueras, women hired to help elderly people vote, are crucial in South Texas elections.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"school districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_districts"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Brownsville Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Harlingen Consolidated Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlingen_Consolidated_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"La Feria Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Feria_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Los Fresnos Consolidated Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Fresnos_Consolidated_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Lyford Consolidated Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyford_Consolidated_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Point Isabel Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Isabel_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Rio Hondo Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Hondo_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"San Benito Consolidated Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Benito_Consolidated_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"Santa Rosa Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rosa_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"South Texas Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Texas_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Texas Southmost College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Southmost_College"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Cameron County is served by several school districts. They include:[18]Brownsville Independent School District\nHarlingen Consolidated Independent School District\nLa Feria Independent School District\nLos Fresnos Consolidated Independent School District\nLyford Consolidated Independent School District (partially)\nPoint Isabel Independent School District\nRio Hondo Independent School District\nSan Benito Consolidated Independent School District\nSanta Maria Independent School District\nSanta Rosa Independent School DistrictIn addition, residents are eligible to apply to South Texas Independent School District's magnet schools.[19]All of the county is in the service area of Texas Southmost College.[20]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAA"},{"link_name":"SpaceX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tm20120410-23"},{"link_name":"SpaceX South Texas Launch Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_South_Texas_Launch_Site"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faa201304v1-24"},{"link_name":"Mars Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Crossing"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey A. Landis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_A._Landis"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SpaceX_Starbase_launch_facility_(51438071556).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_-_Texas_-_Boca_Chica_-_Starbase_(51286054441).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_-_Texas_-_Boca_Chica_-_Starbase_(51285307187).jpg"},{"link_name":"Starship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship"},{"link_name":"SuperHeavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Rhipicephalus microplus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipicephalus_microplus"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas-26"},{"link_name":"permethrin resistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permethrin#Resistance"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas-26"},{"link_name":"Odocoileus virginianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odocoileus_virginianus"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas-26"}],"text":"Cameron County has been considered one of the poorest urban counties in the US[21][22]The FAA approved a SpaceX private spaceport east of Brownsville on the Gulf Coast.[23]The SpaceX South Texas Launch Site is projected to employ 75–100 full-time workers in the early years with up to 150 full-time employees/contractors by 2019.[24] In 2014, SpaceX acquired additional land near Boca Chica, which they consolidated into a subdivision called \"Mars Crossing\", possibly named after the novel by science-fiction writer Geoffrey A. Landis.[25]View of SpaceX's launch pad at Boca Chica Village near Brownsville\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSN15 and SN16\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStarship and SuperHeavy production siteThe Southern Cattle Tick (Rhipicephalus microplus) is invasive here.[26] Populations here have also become highly permethrin resistant.[26] In 2014 the problem had become so severe that spread to neighboring counties was feared, and a Temporary Preventative Quarantine Area was established to preserve efficacy in those counties.[26] All quarantine efforts have been somewhat unsuccessful, due at least in part to the ticks' infestation of wildlife including whitetail (Odocoileus virginianus).[26]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Radio stations","text":"KFRQ 94.5FM[27]\nKKPS 99.5FM[28]\nKNVO 101.1FM[29]\nKVLY 107.9FM[30]\nKVMV 96.9FM[31]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Newspapers","text":"The Brownsville Herald (A Freedom Communications, Inc. newspaper based in Brownsville, TX)[32]\nValley Morning Star (A Freedom Communications, Inc. newspaper based in Harlingen, TX)[33]\nEl Nuevo Heraldo (AIM Media Texas newspaper based in Brownsville, TX)[34]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brownsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Harlingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlingen,_Texas"},{"link_name":"La Feria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Feria,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Los Fresnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Fresnos,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Palm Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Valley,_Cameron_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Port Isabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Isabel,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rio Hondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Hondo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"San Benito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Benito,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Cities","text":"Brownsville (county seat)\nHarlingen\nLa Feria\nLos Fresnos\nPalm Valley\nPort Isabel\nRio Hondo\nSan Benito","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dancycourthouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cameron County Courthouse (1912)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_County_Courthouse_(1912)"},{"link_name":"Bayview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayview,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Combes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combes,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Indian Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Lake,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Laguna Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Vista,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Los Indios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Indios,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Primera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rancho Viejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Viejo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Santa Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_Texas"},{"link_name":"South Padre Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Padre_Island,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Towns","text":"A picture of the Cameron County Courthouse (1912), the Dancy Building, in Brownsville, Texas, which served as the County Courthouse until the construction of a replacement: It was restored in 2006 and houses County Court at Law No 1, as well as some county offices.Bayview\nCombes\nIndian Lake\nLaguna Vista\nLos Indios\nPrimera\nRancho Viejo\nSanta Rosa\nSouth Padre Island","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rangerville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangerville,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Village","text":"Rangerville","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arroyo Colorado Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_Colorado_Estates,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Arroyo Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_Gardens,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bixby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bixby,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bluetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetown,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cameron Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Park,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Chula Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chula_Vista,_Cameron_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Del Mar Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Mar_Heights,_Texas"},{"link_name":"El Camino Angosto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Camino_Angosto,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Encantada-Ranchito-El Calaboz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encantada-Ranchito-El_Calaboz,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Grand Acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Acres,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Green Valley Farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Valley_Farms,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Iglesia Antigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_Antigua,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Juarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juarez,_Texas"},{"link_name":"La Feria North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Feria_North,_Texas"},{"link_name":"La Paloma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paloma,_Texas"},{"link_name":"La Tina Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Tina_Ranch,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Laguna Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Heights,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Las Palmas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Palmas_II,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lasana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasana,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Laureles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laureles,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lozano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozano,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Olmito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmito,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Orason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orason,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer,_Cameron_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ratamosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratamosa,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Reid Hope King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_Hope_King,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Rice Tracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_Tracts,_Texas"},{"link_name":"San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Solis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solis,_Texas"},{"link_name":"South Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Point,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Tierra Bonita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_Bonita,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Villa del Sol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_del_Sol,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Villa Pancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Pancho,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Yznaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yznaga,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Census-designated places","text":"Arroyo Colorado Estates\nArroyo Gardens\nBixby\nBluetown\nCameron Park\nChula Vista\nDel Mar Heights\nEl Camino Angosto\nEncantada-Ranchito-El Calaboz\nGrand Acres (former)\nGreen Valley Farms\nIglesia Antigua\nJuarez\nLa Feria North\nLa Paloma\nLa Tina Ranch\nLago\nLaguna Heights\nLas Palmas II\nLasana\nLaureles\nLozano\nOlmito\nOrason\nPalmer\nRatamosa\nReid Hope King\nRice Tracts\nSan Pedro\nSanta Maria\nSolis\nSouth Point\nTierra Bonita\nVilla del Sol\nVilla Pancho\nYznaga","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adams Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_Gardens,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Arroyo Alto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_Alto,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Arroyo City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_City,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Boca Chica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca_Chica_Village,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faa201304v1-24"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Buena Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buena_Vista,_Cameron_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Carricitos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carricitos,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cavazos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavazos,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Holly Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Beach,_Texas"},{"link_name":"La Penusca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Penusca,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Landrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landrum,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lantana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantana,_Cameron_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Las Yescas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Yescas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Los Cuates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Cuates,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Monte Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Grande,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Russelltown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russelltown,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Villa Nueva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Nueva,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Other unincorporated communities","text":"Adams Gardens\nArroyo Alto\nArroyo City\nBoca Chica[24] (to be incorporated as \"Starbase\"[35])\nBuena Vista\nCarricitos\nCavazos\nHolly Beach\nLa Penusca\nLandrum\nLantana\nLas Yescas\nLos Cuates\nMonte Grande\nRusselltown\nVilla Nueva","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Del Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Del_Mar,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Leona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Leona,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Las Rusias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Las_Rusias,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Santa Rita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rita,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Stuart Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuart_Place,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Ghost towns","text":"Del Mar\nLa Leona\nLas Rusias\nSanta Rita\nStuart Place","title":"Communities"}]
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[{"image_text":"A picture of the Cameron County Courthouse (1912), the Dancy Building, in Brownsville, Texas, which served as the County Courthouse until the construction of a replacement: It was restored in 2006 and houses County Court at Law No 1, as well as some county offices.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dancycourthouse.jpg/180px-Dancycourthouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cameron County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Cameron_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Cameron_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Texas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Texas"},{"title":"List of museums in the Texas Gulf Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_the_Texas_Gulf_Coast"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Cameron County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cameron_County,_Texas"},{"title":"Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Cameron County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Recorded_Texas_Historic_Landmarks_(Cameron-Duval)#Cameron_County"}]
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[{"reference":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Cameron County, Texas\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 4, 2023. Retrieved January 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/cameroncountytexas/PST120221","url_text":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Cameron County, Texas\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230804013112/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/cameroncountytexas/PST120221","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cameron County, Texas\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 25, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0500000US48061","url_text":"\"Cameron County, Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220225235226/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0500000US48061","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""},{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DeWitt Colony Militia Captains\". Tamu.edu. Archived from the original on January 10, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110110063640/http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/captains.htm#cameron","url_text":"\"DeWitt Colony Militia Captains\""},{"url":"http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/captains.htm#cameron","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rare Photo of the Elon Musk's $50,000 Tiny Home Shared by Biographer\". The New York Observer. August 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://observer.com/2023/08/elon-musk-boca-chica-home-photo/","url_text":"\"Rare Photo of the Elon Musk's $50,000 Tiny Home Shared by Biographer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Observer","url_text":"The New York Observer"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manly_West,_Queensland
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Manly West, Queensland
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["1 Geography","2 History","3 Demographics","4 Heritage listings","5 Education","6 Amenities","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 27°27′49″S 153°10′09″E / 27.4636°S 153.1691°E / -27.4636; 153.1691 (Manly West (centre of suburb))
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Suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaManly WestBrisbane, QueenslandRobtrish Street Park, 2018Manly WestCoordinates27°27′49″S 153°10′09″E / 27.4636°S 153.1691°E / -27.4636; 153.1691 (Manly West (centre of suburb))Population11,978 (2016 census) • Density2,349/km2 (6,080/sq mi)Postcode(s)4179Area5.1 km2 (2.0 sq mi)Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)Location17.6 km (11 mi) E of Brisbane GPOLGA(s)City of Brisbane(Doboy Ward)State electorate(s) Lytton ChatsworthFederal division(s)Bonner
Suburbs around Manly West:
Wynnum West
Wynnum
Manly
Tingalpa
Manly West
Lota
Tingalpa
Wakerley
Wakerley
Manly West is a suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the 2016 census, Manly West had a population of 11,978 people.
Geography
Manly West is one suburb inland from Moreton Bay and the most common style of housing in the area is modern, low-set brick houses. It is 17.6 kilometres (10.9 mi) by road east of the Brisbane GPO.
There are two neighbourhoods in the suburb:
Green Camp, in the south-east of the suburb (27°28′30″S 153°10′13″E / 27.4749°S 153.1703°E / -27.4749; 153.1703 (Green Camp (neighbourhood)))
The Springs, in the south of the suburb (27°28′23″S 153°09′36″E / 27.4730°S 153.1600°E / -27.4730; 153.1600 (The Springs (neighbourhood)))
Roles Hill rises to 48 metres (157 ft) in the north-east of the suburb (27°27′31″S 153°10′33″E / 27.4587°S 153.1757°E / -27.4587; 153.1757 (Roles Hill)).
History
Manly West originally was a part of the suburb of Manly (which takes its name from Manly, New South Wales). It was officially gazetted as a separate suburb in 1975.
Moreton Bay Girls' High School opened on 31 January 1901 on Bay Terrace Wynnum with 20 day students and 6 boarding students. It was established by Alice J Alison Greene and her sister Anne. In 1944 the Greene family gave the school to the Methodist Church which transferred it to the Presbyterian and Methodist Schools' Association. In 1957, the school was renamed Moreton Bay College. In 1975 the PMSA decided to close the school due to a slump in student numbers to 125. Negative reaction from parents and the community resulted in the Uniting Church taking back control of the school and establishing an independent board to pursue a new strategic plan. The boarding school closed in 1980. In 1981 a new site of 20 hectares (49 acres) was purchased in Wondall Road in Manly West. The primary school commenced operations on the new site at the start of 1984 with the secondary school relocating at the start of 1986. The school celebrated its centenary in 2001 with an enrolment of 1,170 students. In April 2003 the Upper Brookfield Uniting church building was relocated to the school for use as its Centenary Chapel.
The Springs Methodist Church, 1916
The Springs Methodist Church was officially opened on Sunday 10 December 1916 by Reverend W. Smith. It was sold in 1985. It was at 481 Manly Road (27°28′31″S 153°09′49″E / 27.4753°S 153.1636°E / -27.4753; 153.1636 (The Springs Methodist Church)). The church building is no longer extant.
In 1951, land in Preston Road was purchased to build a Methodist church. A stump-capping ceremony was held on 1 November 1952. Sunday School commenced in the unfinished church on 12 April 1953 with the 22 children and 3 teachers being lifted into the building as the steps had not yet been built. Preston Road Methodist Church (also known as Manly West Methodist Church) opened on 22 August 1953 by the President of the Queensland Methodist Conference, Reverend Arthur Charles Tempest. In 1977, it became the Preston Road Uniting Church, when the Methodist Church amalgamated into the Uniting Church in Australia.The church was at 186 Preston Road (27°27′18″S 153°10′08″E / 27.4550°S 153.1688°E / -27.4550; 153.1688 (Preston Road Methodist/Uniting Church (former))). It is now in private ownership but, at 2021, the church building is still extant and being used as a childcare centre.
Manly West State School, March 1959
Manly West State School opened on 28 January 1958. The swimming pool was added in 1977.
Wynnum Christian Community Church opened in Preston Road in 1962.
Wondall Road State School opened on 12 September 1966. In 1967 it was renamed Wondall Heights State School.
A chapel for the Manly Ward of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints opened in Strawberry Road in 1972.
Eastside Community Church opened in Wondall Road in 1977.
Bayside Uniting Church was established in 1990, combining four Uniting Churches located at:
Ashton Street, Wynnum, a former Methodist Church
Kingsley Terrace, Manly, a former Methodist Church
Preston Road, Manly West, a former Methodist Church
Yamboyna Street, Manly, a former Congregational Church
Due to earlier or later closures, the Bayside Uniting Church also incorporated congregations from:
Manly West ("The Springs") Methodist Church in Manly Road
Lota Methodist Church in Ambool Street, Lota
Lindum Methodist Church at 174 Sibley Road, Wynnum West
Hemmant Methodist Church in Hemmant-Tingalpa Road, Hemmant
Initially the Bayside Uniting congregation held services at Oriel Handley Hall at Moreton Bay College, until their new Wondall Road church was opened on 16 November 1991.
Moreton Bay Boys College opened on 24 February 2003.
Demographics
In the 2011 census, Manly West has a population of 11,195 people, 52% female and 48% male. The median age of the Manly West population was 38 years of age, 1 year above the Australian median. 78.1% of people living in Manly West were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 69.8%; the next most common countries of birth were England 4.9%, New Zealand 4.8%, South Africa 0.9%, Scotland 0.7%, Philippines 0.5%. 91.4% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.4% German, 0.3% Tagalog, 0.3% Japanese, 0.3% Arabic, 0.3% Spanish. Over 47% of households in this area consist of a couple with children and a further 35% are couples without children. Stand alone house account for 87% of all dwellings in this area, with townhouses accounting for a further 10%.
In the 2016 census, Manly West had a population of 11,978 people.
Heritage listings
There are a number of heritage-listed sites in Manly West:
10 Preston Road (27°27′33″S 153°10′34″E / 27.4593°S 153.1760°E / -27.4593; 153.1760 (Burwells (house))): Burwells, a Federation Queen Anne house
30 Preston Road (27°27′30″S 153°10′31″E / 27.4584°S 153.1752°E / -27.4584; 153.1752 (Roles Hill Reservoirs)): Roles Hill Reservoirs
Road reserve, Manly Road (27°28′29″S 153°09′31″E / 27.4747°S 153.1585°E / -27.4747; 153.1585 (Bunya Trees)): Bunya trees
Education
Centenary Chapel at Moreton Bay College, 2014
Manly West State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 226 Manly Road (27°28′08″S 153°10′27″E / 27.4690°S 153.1742°E / -27.4690; 153.1742 (Manly West State School)). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 474 students with 33 teachers (30 full-time equivalent) and 21 non-teaching staff (14 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.
Wondall Heights State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Wondall Road (27°27′51″S 153°09′31″E / 27.4641°S 153.1587°E / -27.4641; 153.1587 (Wondall Heights State School)). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 678 students with 50 teachers (45 full-time equivalent) and 38 non-teaching staff (23 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.
Moreton Bay College is a private primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for girls at 450 Wondall Road (27°28′11″S 153°09′01″E / 27.4698°S 153.1502°E / -27.4698; 153.1502 (Moreton Bay College)). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 1,116 students with 107 teachers (99 full-time equivalent) and 105 non-teaching staff (81 full-time equivalent).
Moreton Bay Boys College is a private primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for boys at 258-302 Manly Road (27°28′15″S 153°10′21″E / 27.4707°S 153.1724°E / -27.4707; 153.1724 (Moreton Bay Boys College)). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 476 students with 49 teachers (47 full-time equivalent) and 11 non-teaching staff (10 full-time equivalent).
Manly West also has a preschool.
Amenities
Manly West is serviced by a fortnightly visit of the Brisbane City Council's mobile library service at the Mayfair Village Shopping Centre on Manly Road (27°28′29″S 153°09′22″E / 27.4748°S 153.1561°E / -27.4748; 153.1561 (Mayfair Village shopping centre)).
There are a number of churches in Manly West, including:
Bayside Uniting Church, 420 Wondall Road (27°28′09″S 153°09′05″E / 27.4693°S 153.1514°E / -27.4693; 153.1514 (Bayside Uniting Church))
Eastside Community Church, a Baptish church, 568 Wondall Road (27°28′27″S 153°08′48″E / 27.4743°S 153.1466°E / -27.4743; 153.1466 (Eastside Community Church))
Manly Ward of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 17 Daisy Road & 12 Strawberry Road (27°27′26″S 153°10′29″E / 27.4571°S 153.1746°E / -27.4571; 153.1746 (Manly Ward of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints))
Wynnum Christian Community Church, affiliated with the Christian Community Churches of Australia, 165 Preston Road (27°27′17″S 153°10′12″E / 27.4548°S 153.1700°E / -27.4548; 153.1700 (Wynnum Christian Community Church))
Wynnum Manly Alliance Church, affiliated with the Christian and Missionary Alliance of Australia, 56-60 Preston Road (27°27′24″S 153°10′29″E / 27.4567°S 153.1746°E / -27.4567; 153.1746 (Wynnum Manly Alliance Church))
References
^ a b c Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Manly West (SSC)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
^ "Doboy Ward". Brisbane City Council. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
^ a b "Manly West – suburb in City of Brisbane (entry 50231)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
^ Google (25 December 2021). "Brisbane GPO to Manly West" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
^ "Green Camp – locality unbounded in City of Brisbane (entry 39146)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
^ "The Springs – locality unbounded in City of Brisbane (entry 34134)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
^ "Mountain peaks and capes - Queensland". Queensland Open Data. Queensland Government. 12 November 2020. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
^ "History of Manly West". Our Brisbane. Archived from the original on 14 September 2006. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
^ a b c d Queensland Family History Society (2010), Queensland schools past and present (Version 1.01 ed.), Queensland Family History Society, ISBN 978-1-921171-26-0
^ "Our history". Moreton Bay College. 20 February 2020. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
^ "PRIVATE T. H. CRISP". The Week. Vol. LXXXII, no. 2, 140. Queensland, Australia. 29 December 1916. p. 20. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
^ a b c d Nicholson, Cherrie (December 2016). "History of the establishment of the Bayside Uniting Church and its Methodist Church predecessors" (PDF). Bayside Uniting Church. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
^ Blake, Thom. "The Springs Methodist Church". Queensland religious places database. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
^ "Preston Road Uniting Church - Former". Churches Australia. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
^ Blake, Thom. "Manly West Methodist Church". Queensland religious places database. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
^ Google (26 December 2021). "Manly West Child Care, 186 Preston Road, Manly West" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
^ "Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools". Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
^ Blake, Thom. "Wynnum Christian Community Church". Queensland religious places database. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
^ Blake, Thom. "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints". Queensland religious places database. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
^ Blake, Thom. "Eastside Community Church". Queensland religious places database. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
^ a b c "Who We Are". Bayside United Church. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Manly West, Qld (State Suburb)". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
^ "Burwells". Brisbane Heritage Register. Brisbane City Council. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
^ "Roles Hill Reservoirs". Brisbane Heritage Register. Brisbane City Council. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
^ "Bunya Trees". Brisbane Heritage Register. Brisbane City Council. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
^ a b c d e f "State and non-state school details". Queensland Government. 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ "Manly West State School". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ a b c d "ACARA School Profile 2018". Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
^ "Wondall Heights State School". Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ "Moreton Bay College". Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ "Moreton Bay Boys College". Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ "Mobile library services". Brisbane City Council. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
^ "Welcome to Bayside Uniting Church". bayuca.org.au. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^ "Bayside Uniting Church". Churches Australia. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^ "Home Page". Eastside Community Church. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
^ "Eastside Community Church". Churches Australia. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
^ "Manly Ward". Meetinghouse Locator. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
^ "Wynnum Christian Community Church". Churches Australia. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
^ "Wynnum Manly Alliance Church". Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
^ "Wynnum Manly Alliance Church". Churches Australia. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manly West, Queensland.
"Manly West". Queensland Places. Centre for the Government of Queensland, University of Queensland.
ourbrisbane.com website, Manly West section: Archived at the Wayback Machine
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Cowan Cowan
Kooringal
Moreton Bay
Moreton Island
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbs_and_localities_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"City of Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnl-3"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016-1"}],"text":"Suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaManly West is a suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.[3] In the 2016 census, Manly West had a population of 11,978 people.[1]","title":"Manly West, Queensland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moreton Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Bay"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Brisbane GPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_GPO"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"27°28′30″S 153°10′13″E / 27.4749°S 153.1703°E / -27.4749; 153.1703 (Green Camp (neighbourhood))","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_West,_Queensland¶ms=27.4749_S_153.1703_E_type:city_region:AU-QLD&title=Green+Camp+%28neighbourhood%29"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpn39146-5"},{"link_name":"27°28′23″S 153°09′36″E / 27.4730°S 153.1600°E / -27.4730; 153.1600 (The Springs (neighbourhood))","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_West,_Queensland¶ms=27.473_S_153.16_E_type:city_region:AU-QLD&title=The+Springs+%28neighbourhood%29"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpn34134-6"},{"link_name":"27°27′31″S 153°10′33″E / 27.4587°S 153.1757°E / -27.4587; 153.1757 (Roles Hill)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_West,_Queensland¶ms=27.4587_S_153.1757_E_type:mountain_region:AU-QLD&title=Roles+Hill"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MountainPeaksCapes-7"}],"text":"Manly West is one suburb inland from Moreton Bay and the most common style of housing in the area is modern, low-set brick houses.[citation needed] It is 17.6 kilometres (10.9 mi) by road east of the Brisbane GPO.[4]There are two neighbourhoods in the suburb:Green Camp, in the south-east of the suburb (27°28′30″S 153°10′13″E / 27.4749°S 153.1703°E / -27.4749; 153.1703 (Green Camp (neighbourhood)))[5]\nThe Springs, in the south of the suburb (27°28′23″S 153°09′36″E / 27.4730°S 153.1600°E / -27.4730; 153.1600 (The Springs (neighbourhood)))[6]Roles Hill rises to 48 metres (157 ft) in the north-east of the suburb (27°27′31″S 153°10′33″E / 27.4587°S 153.1757°E / -27.4587; 153.1757 (Roles Hill)).[7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manly,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Manly, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manly,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qpnl-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qfhs-9"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian and Methodist Schools' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_and_Methodist_Schools_Association"},{"link_name":"Upper Brookfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Brookfield,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Methodist_Church,_The_Springs,_Manly_Road,_at_the_time_of_its_opening,_Sunday_10_December_1916.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baysidehistory-12"},{"link_name":"27°28′31″S 153°09′49″E / 27.4753°S 153.1636°E / -27.4753; 153.1636 (The Springs Methodist Church)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_West,_Queensland¶ms=27.4753_S_153.1636_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=The+Springs+Methodist+Church"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"stump-capping ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stump-capping_ceremony"},{"link_name":"Uniting Church in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"27°27′18″S 153°10′08″E / 27.4550°S 153.1688°E / -27.4550; 153.1688 (Preston Road Methodist/Uniting Church (former))","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_West,_Queensland¶ms=27.455_S_153.1688_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Preston+Road+Methodist%2FUniting+Church+%28former%29"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baysidehistory-12"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queensland_State_Archives_6379_Manly_West_State_School_Brisbane_March_1959.png"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qfhs-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qfhs-9"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baysidehistory-12"},{"link_name":"Wynnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynnum,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Manly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manly,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baysidehistory-12"},{"link_name":"Lota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lota,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Wynnum West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynnum_West,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Hemmant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemmant,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Moreton Bay College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Bay_College"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qfhs-9"}],"text":"Manly West originally was a part of the suburb of Manly (which takes its name from Manly, New South Wales). It was officially gazetted as a separate suburb in 1975.[3][8]Moreton Bay Girls' High School opened on 31 January 1901 on Bay Terrace Wynnum with 20 day students and 6 boarding students. It was established by Alice J Alison Greene and her sister Anne.[9] In 1944 the Greene family gave the school to the Methodist Church which transferred it to the Presbyterian and Methodist Schools' Association. In 1957, the school was renamed Moreton Bay College. In 1975 the PMSA decided to close the school due to a slump in student numbers to 125. Negative reaction from parents and the community resulted in the Uniting Church taking back control of the school and establishing an independent board to pursue a new strategic plan. The boarding school closed in 1980. In 1981 a new site of 20 hectares (49 acres) was purchased in Wondall Road in Manly West. The primary school commenced operations on the new site at the start of 1984 with the secondary school relocating at the start of 1986. The school celebrated its centenary in 2001 with an enrolment of 1,170 students. In April 2003 the Upper Brookfield Uniting church building was relocated to the school for use as its Centenary Chapel.[10]The Springs Methodist Church, 1916The Springs Methodist Church was officially opened on Sunday 10 December 1916 by Reverend W. Smith.[11] It was sold in 1985.[12] It was at 481 Manly Road (27°28′31″S 153°09′49″E / 27.4753°S 153.1636°E / -27.4753; 153.1636 (The Springs Methodist Church)). The church building is no longer extant.[13]In 1951, land in Preston Road was purchased to build a Methodist church. A stump-capping ceremony was held on 1 November 1952. Sunday School commenced in the unfinished church on 12 April 1953 with the 22 children and 3 teachers being lifted into the building as the steps had not yet been built. Preston Road Methodist Church (also known as Manly West Methodist Church) opened on 22 August 1953 by the President of the Queensland Methodist Conference, Reverend Arthur Charles Tempest. In 1977, it became the Preston Road Uniting Church, when the Methodist Church amalgamated into the Uniting Church in Australia.The church was at 186 Preston Road (27°27′18″S 153°10′08″E / 27.4550°S 153.1688°E / -27.4550; 153.1688 (Preston Road Methodist/Uniting Church (former))). It is now in private ownership but, at 2021, the church building is still extant and being used as a childcare centre.[14][15][12][16]Manly West State School, March 1959Manly West State School opened on 28 January 1958.[9][17] The swimming pool was added in 1977.Wynnum Christian Community Church opened in Preston Road in 1962.[18]Wondall Road State School opened on 12 September 1966. In 1967 it was renamed Wondall Heights State School.[9]A chapel for the Manly Ward of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints opened in Strawberry Road in 1972.[19]Eastside Community Church opened in Wondall Road in 1977.[20]Bayside Uniting Church was established in 1990, combining four Uniting Churches located at:[21][12]Ashton Street, Wynnum, a former Methodist Church\nKingsley Terrace, Manly, a former Methodist Church\nPreston Road, Manly West, a former Methodist Church\nYamboyna Street, Manly, a former Congregational ChurchDue to earlier or later closures, the Bayside Uniting Church also incorporated congregations from:[21][12]Manly West (\"The Springs\") Methodist Church in Manly Road\nLota Methodist Church in Ambool Street, Lota\nLindum Methodist Church at 174 Sibley Road, Wynnum West\nHemmant Methodist Church in Hemmant-Tingalpa Road, HemmantInitially the Bayside Uniting congregation held services at Oriel Handley Hall at Moreton Bay College, until their new Wondall Road church was opened on 16 November 1991.[21]Moreton Bay Boys College opened on 24 February 2003.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2011-22"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2016-1"}],"text":"In the 2011 census, Manly West has a population of 11,195 people, 52% female and 48% male. The median age of the Manly West population was 38 years of age, 1 year above the Australian median. 78.1% of people living in Manly West were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 69.8%; the next most common countries of birth were England 4.9%, New Zealand 4.8%, South Africa 0.9%, Scotland 0.7%, Philippines 0.5%. 91.4% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.4% German, 0.3% Tagalog, 0.3% Japanese, 0.3% Arabic, 0.3% Spanish. Over 47% of households in this area consist of a couple with children and a further 35% are couples without children. Stand alone house account for 87% of all dwellings in this area, with townhouses accounting for a further 10%.[22]In the 2016 census, Manly West had a population of 11,978 people.[1]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"27°27′33″S 153°10′34″E / 27.4593°S 153.1760°E / -27.4593; 153.1760 (Burwells (house))","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_West,_Queensland¶ms=27.4593_S_153.176_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Burwells+%28house%29"},{"link_name":"Federation Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Queen_Anne"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BHR1025-23"},{"link_name":"27°27′30″S 153°10′31″E / 27.4584°S 153.1752°E / -27.4584; 153.1752 (Roles Hill Reservoirs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_West,_Queensland¶ms=27.4584_S_153.1752_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Roles+Hill+Reservoirs"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BHR1026-24"},{"link_name":"27°28′29″S 153°09′31″E / 27.4747°S 153.1585°E / -27.4747; 153.1585 (Bunya Trees)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_West,_Queensland¶ms=27.4747_S_153.1585_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Bunya+Trees"},{"link_name":"Bunya trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucaria_bidwillii"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BHR1024-25"}],"text":"There are a number of heritage-listed sites in Manly West:10 Preston Road (27°27′33″S 153°10′34″E / 27.4593°S 153.1760°E / -27.4593; 153.1760 (Burwells (house))): Burwells, a Federation Queen Anne house [23]\n30 Preston Road (27°27′30″S 153°10′31″E / 27.4584°S 153.1752°E / -27.4584; 153.1752 (Roles Hill Reservoirs)): Roles Hill Reservoirs [24]\nRoad reserve, Manly Road (27°28′29″S 153°09′31″E / 27.4747°S 153.1585°E / -27.4747; 153.1585 (Bunya Trees)): Bunya trees [25]","title":"Heritage listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moreton_Bay_College_uniting_church.jpg"},{"link_name":"27°28′08″S 153°10′27″E / 27.4690°S 153.1742°E / -27.4690; 153.1742 (Manly West State School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_West,_Queensland¶ms=27.469_S_153.1742_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Manly+West+State+School"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2018-28"},{"link_name":"special education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_education"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-26"},{"link_name":"27°27′51″S 153°09′31″E / 27.4641°S 153.1587°E / -27.4641; 153.1587 (Wondall Heights State School)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_West,_Queensland¶ms=27.4641_S_153.1587_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Wondall+Heights+State+School"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-26"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2018-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-26"},{"link_name":"Moreton Bay College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Bay_College"},{"link_name":"27°28′11″S 153°09′01″E / 27.4698°S 153.1502°E / -27.4698; 153.1502 (Moreton Bay College)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_West,_Queensland¶ms=27.4698_S_153.1502_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Moreton+Bay+College"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-26"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2018-28"},{"link_name":"Moreton Bay Boys College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreton_Bay_Boys_College"},{"link_name":"27°28′15″S 153°10′21″E / 27.4707°S 153.1724°E / -27.4707; 153.1724 (Moreton Bay Boys College)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_West,_Queensland¶ms=27.4707_S_153.1724_E_type:edu_region:AU-QLD&title=Moreton+Bay+Boys+College"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchoolList2018-26"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACARA2018-28"},{"link_name":"preschool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preschool"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Centenary Chapel at Moreton Bay College, 2014Manly West State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 226 Manly Road (27°28′08″S 153°10′27″E / 27.4690°S 153.1742°E / -27.4690; 153.1742 (Manly West State School)).[26][27] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 474 students with 33 teachers (30 full-time equivalent) and 21 non-teaching staff (14 full-time equivalent).[28] It includes a special education program.[26]Wondall Heights State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Wondall Road (27°27′51″S 153°09′31″E / 27.4641°S 153.1587°E / -27.4641; 153.1587 (Wondall Heights State School)).[26][29] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 678 students with 50 teachers (45 full-time equivalent) and 38 non-teaching staff (23 full-time equivalent).[28] It includes a special education program.[26]Moreton Bay College is a private primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for girls at 450 Wondall Road (27°28′11″S 153°09′01″E / 27.4698°S 153.1502°E / -27.4698; 153.1502 (Moreton Bay College)).[26][30] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 1,116 students with 107 teachers (99 full-time equivalent) and 105 non-teaching staff (81 full-time equivalent).[28]Moreton Bay Boys College is a private primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for boys at 258-302 Manly Road (27°28′15″S 153°10′21″E / 27.4707°S 153.1724°E / -27.4707; 153.1724 (Moreton Bay Boys College)).[26][31] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 476 students with 49 teachers (47 full-time equivalent) and 11 non-teaching staff (10 full-time equivalent).[28]Manly West also has a preschool.[citation needed]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brisbane City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_City_Council"},{"link_name":"27°28′29″S 153°09′22″E / 27.4748°S 153.1561°E / -27.4748; 153.1561 (Mayfair Village shopping centre)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_West,_Queensland¶ms=27.4748_S_153.1561_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Mayfair+Village+shopping+centre"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"27°28′09″S 153°09′05″E / 27.4693°S 153.1514°E / -27.4693; 153.1514 (Bayside Uniting Church)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_West,_Queensland¶ms=27.4693_S_153.1514_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Bayside+Uniting+Church"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"27°28′27″S 153°08′48″E / 27.4743°S 153.1466°E / -27.4743; 153.1466 (Eastside Community Church)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_West,_Queensland¶ms=27.4743_S_153.1466_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Eastside+Community+Church"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"27°27′26″S 153°10′29″E / 27.4571°S 153.1746°E / -27.4571; 153.1746 (Manly Ward of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_West,_Queensland¶ms=27.4571_S_153.1746_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Manly+Ward+of+the+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Christian Community Churches of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Community_Churches_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"27°27′17″S 153°10′12″E / 27.4548°S 153.1700°E / -27.4548; 153.1700 (Wynnum Christian Community Church)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_West,_Queensland¶ms=27.4548_S_153.17_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Wynnum+Christian+Community+Church"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"27°27′24″S 153°10′29″E / 27.4567°S 153.1746°E / -27.4567; 153.1746 (Wynnum Manly Alliance Church)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manly_West,_Queensland¶ms=27.4567_S_153.1746_E_type:landmark_region:AU-QLD&title=Wynnum+Manly+Alliance+Church"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Manly West is serviced by a fortnightly visit of the Brisbane City Council's mobile library service at the Mayfair Village Shopping Centre on Manly Road (27°28′29″S 153°09′22″E / 27.4748°S 153.1561°E / -27.4748; 153.1561 (Mayfair Village shopping centre)).[32]There are a number of churches in Manly West, including:Bayside Uniting Church, 420 Wondall Road (27°28′09″S 153°09′05″E / 27.4693°S 153.1514°E / -27.4693; 153.1514 (Bayside Uniting Church))[33][34]\nEastside Community Church, a Baptish church, 568 Wondall Road (27°28′27″S 153°08′48″E / 27.4743°S 153.1466°E / -27.4743; 153.1466 (Eastside Community Church))[35][36]\nManly Ward of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 17 Daisy Road & 12 Strawberry Road (27°27′26″S 153°10′29″E / 27.4571°S 153.1746°E / -27.4571; 153.1746 (Manly Ward of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints))[37]\nWynnum Christian Community Church, affiliated with the Christian Community Churches of Australia, 165 Preston Road (27°27′17″S 153°10′12″E / 27.4548°S 153.1700°E / -27.4548; 153.1700 (Wynnum Christian Community Church))[38]\nWynnum Manly Alliance Church, affiliated with the Christian and Missionary Alliance of Australia, 56-60 Preston Road (27°27′24″S 153°10′29″E / 27.4567°S 153.1746°E / -27.4567; 153.1746 (Wynnum Manly Alliance Church))[39][40]","title":"Amenities"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Springs Methodist Church, 1916","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/New_Methodist_Church%2C_The_Springs%2C_Manly_Road%2C_at_the_time_of_its_opening%2C_Sunday_10_December_1916.jpg/220px-New_Methodist_Church%2C_The_Springs%2C_Manly_Road%2C_at_the_time_of_its_opening%2C_Sunday_10_December_1916.jpg"},{"image_text":"Manly West State School, March 1959","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Queensland_State_Archives_6379_Manly_West_State_School_Brisbane_March_1959.png/220px-Queensland_State_Archives_6379_Manly_West_State_School_Brisbane_March_1959.png"},{"image_text":"Centenary Chapel at Moreton Bay College, 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Moreton_Bay_College_uniting_church.jpg/220px-Moreton_Bay_College_uniting_church.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"Manly West (SSC)\". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC31765","url_text":"\"Manly West (SSC)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doboy Ward\". Brisbane City Council. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-strategy/councillors-wards/doboy-ward","url_text":"\"Doboy Ward\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171638/https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-strategy/councillors-wards/doboy-ward","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Manly West – suburb in City of Brisbane (entry 50231)\". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. 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Retrieved 26 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list-of-churches/denominations/christian-community-churches-of-australia/directory/4628-wynnum-christian-community-church","url_text":"\"Wynnum Christian Community Church\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211226031636/https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list-of-churches/denominations/christian-community-churches-of-australia/directory/4628-wynnum-christian-community-church","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Wynnum Manly Alliance Church\". Archived from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baycma.org/","url_text":"\"Wynnum Manly Alliance Church\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211225090825/https://www.baycma.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Wynnum Manly Alliance Church\". Churches Australia. Retrieved 25 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list-of-churches/denominations/other-denominations/directory/4625-wynnum-manly-alliance-church","url_text":"\"Wynnum Manly Alliance Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manly West\". Queensland Places. Centre for the Government of Queensland, University of Queensland.","urls":[{"url":"http://queenslandplaces.com.au/manly-west","url_text":"\"Manly West\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Dichloroamphetamine
|
3,4-Dichloroamphetamine
|
["1 Synthesis","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Chemical compound
3,4-DichloroamphetamineClinical dataATC codenoneIdentifiers
IUPAC name
1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propan-2-amine
CAS Number4806-87-5 YPubChem CID17535ChemSpider16580 YUNII4Q81NBO3IAChEMBLChEMBL48888 YCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID30896913 ECHA InfoCard100.023.060 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC9H11Cl2NMolar mass204.09 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image
SMILES
Clc1ccc(CC(N)C)cc1Cl
InChI
InChI=1S/C9H11Cl2N/c1-6(12)4-7-2-3-8(10)9(11)5-7/h2-3,5-6H,4,12H2,1H3 YKey:PUFDZMUCDFIRQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
NY (what is this?) (verify)
3,4-Dichloroamphetamine (DCA), is an amphetamine derived drug invented by Eli Lilly in the 1960s, which has a number of pharmacological actions. It acts as a highly potent and selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA) and binds to the serotonin transporter with high affinity, but also acts as a selective serotonergic neurotoxin in a similar manner to the related para-chloroamphetamine, though with slightly lower potency. It is also a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), as well as a very potent inhibitor of the enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase which normally functions to transform noradrenaline into adrenaline in the body.
Synthesis
Patent: Alternate proc:
The reaction of 3,4-Dichlorobenzyl Chloride (1) with cyanide anion gives 3,4-Dichlorophenylacetonitrile (2). Reaction with sodium methoxide and ethylacetate gives Alpha-Acetoxy-3,4-Dichlorobenzeneacetonitrile, CID:14318103 (3). Removal of the nitrile group in the presence of sulfuric acid gives 3,4-Dichlorophenylacetone (4). Oxime formation with hydroxylamine gives N-hydroxylamine, CID:74315855 (5). Reduction of the oxime completed the synthesis of 3,4-Dichloroamphetamine (6).
See also
3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine
Cericlamine
Chlorphentermine
Clortermine
Etolorex
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine
Parachloroamphetamine
Paramethoxyamphetamine
References
^ Rodríguez GJ, Roman DL, White KJ, Nichols DE, Barker EL (July 2003). "Distinct recognition of substrates by the human and Drosophila serotonin transporters". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 306 (1): 338–46. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.048751. PMID 12682215. S2CID 17485209.
^ Roman DL, Saldaña SN, Nichols DE, Carroll FI, Barker EL (February 2004). "Distinct molecular recognition of psychostimulants by human and Drosophila serotonin transporters". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 308 (2): 679–87. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.057836. PMID 14593087. S2CID 6439942.
^ Walline CC, Nichols DE, Carroll FI, Barker EL (June 2008). "Comparative molecular field analysis using selectivity fields reveals residues in the third transmembrane helix of the serotonin transporter associated with substrate and antagonist recognition". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 325 (3): 791–800. doi:10.1124/jpet.108.136200. PMC 2637348. PMID 18354055.
^ Wenthur CJ, Rodríguez GJ, Kuntz CP, Barker EL (November 2010). "Conformational flexibility of transmembrane helix VII of the human serotonin transporter impacts ion dependence and transport". Biochemical Pharmacology. 80 (9): 1418–26. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.005. PMC 2942994. PMID 20637736.
^ Fuller RW, Hines CW, Mills J (April 1965). "Lowering of brain serotonin level by chloramphetamines". Biochemical Pharmacology. 14 (4): 483–8. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(65)90221-2. PMID 14322972.
^ Fuller RW, Walters CP (February 1965). "Inhibition of monoamine oxidase action on kynuramine by substrate amines and stereoisomeric α-methyl amines". Biochemical Pharmacology. 14 (2): 159–63. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(65)90071-7. PMID 14332461.
^ Fuller RW, Mills J, Marsh MM (April 1971). "Inhibition of phenethanolamine N-methyl transferase by ring-substituted alpha-methylphenethylamines (amphetamines)". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 14 (4): 322–5. doi:10.1021/jm00286a012. PMID 5553744.
^ Wu Q, Gee CL, Lin F, Tyndall JD, Martin JL, Grunewald GL, McLeish MJ (November 2005). "Structural, mutagenic, and kinetic analysis of the binding of substrates and inhibitors of human phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 48 (23): 7243–52. doi:10.1021/jm050568o. PMID 16279783.
^ Harley M Hanson, U.S. patent 3,215,598 (1965 to Merck and Co Inc).
^ Charles Jackson Barnett, U.S. patent 4,199,525 (1980 to Eli Lilly and Co).
vteMonoamine neurotoxinsAdrenergic
DSP-4
Oxidopamine (6-OHDA)
Dopaminergic
Fenpropathrin
Methamphetamine
MPP+
MPTP
Norsalsolinol
Oxidopamine (6-OHDA)
Rotenone
Salsolinol
Serotonergic
3-CA
4-CAB
5,7-DHT
α-Me-DA (3,4-DHA)
αET
αMT
DCA
MDA (tenamfetamine)
MDMA (midomafetamine)
PBA
PCA
PIA
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Adrenergics • Dopaminergics • Melatonergics • Serotonergics • Monoamine reuptake inhibitors • Monoamine releasing agents • Monoamine metabolism modulators
vteMonoamine releasing agentsDRAsTooltip Dopamine releasing agents
Morpholines: Fenbutrazate
Fenmetramide
Morazone
Morforex
Phendimetrazine
Phenmetrazine
Pseudophenmetrazine
Oxazolines: 4-MAR
Aminorex
Clominorex
Cyclazodone
Fenozolone
Fluminorex
Pemoline
Thozalinone
Phenethylamines: 2-OH-PEA
4-CAB
4-FA
4-FMA
4-MA
4-MMA
Alfetamine
Amfecloral
Amfepentorex
Amfepramone
Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine
Levoamphetamine)
Amphetaminil
β-Me-PEA
BDB
BOH
Benzphetamine
Buphedrone
Butylone
Cathine
Cathinone
Clobenzorex
Clortermine
D-Deprenyl
DMA
DMMA
Dimethylamphetamine
Ephedrine
Ethcathinone
EBDB
Ethylone
Etilamfetamine
Famprofazone
Fenethylline
Fenproporex
Flephedrone
Fludorex
Furfenorex
Hordenine
4-Hydroxyamphetamine
Iofetamine (123I)
Lisdexamfetamine
Lophophine
Mefenorex
Mephedrone
Metamfepramone
Methamphetamine
Dextromethamphetamine
Levomethamphetamine
Methcathinone
Methedrone
MMDA
MMDMA
MBDB
MDA (tenamfetamine)
MDEA
MDMA (midomafetamine)
MDMPEA
MDOH
MDPEA
Methylone
Morforex
Ortetamine
pBA
pCA
pIA
Pholedrine
Phenethylamine
Pholedrine
Phenpromethamine
Prenylamine
Propylamphetamine
Pseudoephedrine
Tiflorex
Tyramine
Xylopropamine
Zylofuramine
Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP
BZP
MBZP
MDBZP
MeOPP
oMPP
Others: 2-ADN
2-AI
2-AT
4-BP
5-APDI
5-IAI
Amineptine
Clofenciclan
Cyclopentamine
Cypenamine
Cyprodenate
Feprosidnine
Gilutensin
Heptaminol
Hexacyclonate
Indanorex
Isometheptene
Methylhexanamine
Naphthylaminopropane
Octodrine
Phthalimidopropiophenone
Phenylbiguanide
Propylhexedrine
Levopropylhexedrine
NRAsTooltip Norepinephrine releasing agents
Morpholines: Fenbutrazate
Fenmetramide
Morazone
Morforex
Phendimetrazine
Phenmetrazine
Pseudophenmetrazine
Oxazolines: 4-MAR
Aminorex
Clominorex
Cyclazodone
Fenozolone
Fluminorex
Pemoline
Thozalinone
Phenethylamines: 2-OH-PEA
4-CAB
4-FA
4-FMA
4-MA
4-MMA
Alfetamine
Amfecloral
Amfepentorex
Amfepramone
Amphetamine
Dextroamphetamine
Levoamphetamine
Amphetaminil
β-Me-PEA
BDB
Benzphetamine
BOH
Buphedrone
Butylone
Cathine
Cathinone
Clobenzorex
Clortermine
Dimethylamphetamine
DMA
DMMA
EBDB
Ephedrine
Ethcathinone
Ethylone
Etilamfetamine
Famprofazone
Fenethylline
Fenproporex
Flephedrone
Fludorex
Furfenorex
Hordenine
4-Hydroxyamphetamine
5-APDI (IAP)
Iofetamine (123I)
Lisdexamfetamine
Lophophine
MBDB
MDA (tenamfetamine)
MDEA
MDMA (midomafetamine)
Metamfepramone
MDMPEA
MDOH
MDPEA
Mefenorex
Mephedrone
Mephentermine
Methamphetamine
Dextromethamphetamine
Levomethamphetamine
Methcathinone
Methedrone
Methylone
Morforex
Naphthylaminopropane
Ortetamine
pBA
pCA
Pentorex
Phenethylamine
Pholedrine
Phenpromethamine
Phentermine
Phenylpropanolamine
pIA
Prenylamine
Propylamphetamine
Pseudoephedrine
Selegiline (also D-Deprenyl)
Tiflorex
Tyramine
Xylopropamine
Zylofuramine
Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP
BZP
MBZP
mCPP
MDBZP
MeOPP
oMPP
pFPP
Others: 2-ADN
2-AI
2-AT
2-BP
4-BP
5-IAI
Clofenciclan
Cyclopentamine
Cypenamine
Cyprodenate
Feprosidnine
Gilutensin
Heptaminol
Hexacyclonate
Indanorex
Isometheptene
Methylhexanamine
Octodrine
Phthalimidopropiophenone
Propylhexedrine (Levopropylhexedrine)
Tuaminoheptane
SRAsTooltip Serotonin releasing agents
Aminoindanes: 5-IAI
AMMI
ETAI
MDAI
MDMAI
MMAI
TAI
Aminotetralins: 6-CAT
8-OH-DPAT
MDAT
MDMAT
Oxazolines: 4-Methylaminorex
Aminorex
Clominorex
Fluminorex
Phenethylamines: 2-Methyl-MDA
4-CAB
4-FA
4-FMA
4-HA
4-MTA
5-APDB
5-Methyl-MDA
6-APDB
6-Methyl-MDA
AEMMA
Amiflamine
BDB
BOH
Brephedrone
Butylone
Chlorphentermine
Cloforex
Amfepramone
Metamfepramone
DCA
Dexfenfluramine
DFMDA
DMA
DMMA
EBDB
EDMA
Ethylone
Etolorex
Fenfluramine
Flephedrone
Flucetorex
IAP
Iofetamine
Levofenfluramine
Lophophine
MBDB
MDA (tenamfetamine)
MDEA
MDHMA
MDMA (midomafetamine)
MDMPEA
MDOH
MDPEA
Mephedrone
Methedrone
Methylone
MMA
MMDA
MMDMA
MMMA
NAP
Norfenfluramine
4-TFMA
pBA
pCA
pIA
PMA
PMEA
PMMA
TAP
Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP
3-MeOPP
BZP
DCPP
MBZP
mCPP
MDBZP
MeOPP
Mepiprazole
oMPP
pCPP
pFPP
pTFMPP
TFMPP
Tryptamines: 4-Methyl-αET
4-Methyl-αMT
5-CT
5-MeO-αET
5-MeO-αMT
5-MT
αET
αMT
DMT
Tryptamine
Others: Indeloxazine
Viqualine
Others
Monoamine activity enhancers: BPAP
PPAP
DAT modulators: Agonist-like: SoRI-9804
SoRI-20040; Antagonist-like: SoRI-20041
Adrenergic release blockers: Bethanidine
Bretylium
Guanadrel
Guanazodine
Guanethidine
Guanoxan
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Monoamine reuptake inhibitors • Adrenergics • Dopaminergics • Serotonergics • Monoamine metabolism modulators • Monoamine neurotoxins
vteMonoamine metabolism modulatorsNon-specificAAADTooltip Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
Substrates→Products: L-DOPA (levodopa)→Dopamine
5-HTP→Serotonin
L-Histidine→Histamine
Phenylalanine→Phenethylamine
L-Tyrosine→Tyramine
Tryptophan→Tryptamine
Inhibitors: Benserazide
Carbidopa
DFMD
Genistein
Methyldopa
MAOTooltip Monoamine oxidase
Substrates→Products (with ALDHTooltip Aldehyde dehydrogenase/ALRTooltip ALR): Epinephrine (adrenaline)→DHMA
Metanephrine→MHPG/VMA
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)→DHMA
Normetanephrine→MHPG/VMA
Dopamine→DOPAC
3-Methoxytyramine→HVA
Serotonin→5-HIAA
Inhibitors: Non-selective: Benmoxin
Caroxazone
Echinopsidine
Furazolidone
Guineesine
Hydralazine
Indantadol
Iproclozide
Iproniazid
Isocarboxazid
Isoniazid
Linezolid
Mebanazine
Metfendrazine
Nialamide
Octamoxin
Paraxazone
Phenelzine
Pheniprazine
Phenoxypropazine
Pivhydrazine
Procarbazine
Safrazine
Tranylcypromine
Inhibitors: MAO-A-selective: Amiflamine
Bazinaprine
Befloxatone
Brofaromine
Cimoxatone
Clorgiline
CX157 (Tyrima)
Eprobemide
Esuprone
Harmala alkaloids (e.g., harmine, harmaline, harman, norharman, tetrahydroharmine)
Methylene blue
Metralindole
Minaprine
Moclobemide
Pirlindole
Sercloremine
Tetrindole
Toloxatone
Inhibitors: MAO-B selective: Adarigiline
Almoxatone
D-Deprenyl
Ethanol
Ladostigil
Lazabemide
Milacemide
Mofegiline
Nicotine
Pargyline‡
Rasagiline
Safinamide
Selegiline (L-Deprenyl)
Sembragiline
Phenethylamines(dopamine, epinephrine,norepinephrine)PAHTooltip Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Substrates→Products: Phenylalanine→Tyrosine
Inhibitors: 3,4-Dihydroxystyrene
THTooltip Tyrosine hydroxylase
Substrates→Products: Tyrosine→L-DOPA (levodopa)
Inhibitors: 2-Hydroxyestradiol
2-Hydroxyestrone
3-Iodotyrosine
Aquayamycin
Bulbocapnine
Metirosine
Oudenone
DBHTooltip Dopamine beta-monooxygenase
Substrates→Products: Dopamine→Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
Inhibitors: Bupicomide
Disulfiram
Dopastin
Fusaric acid
Nepicastat
Phenopicolinic acid
Tropolone
PNMTTooltip Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
Substrates→Products: Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)→Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Inhibitors: CGS-19281A
SKF-64139
SKF-7698
COMTTooltip Catechol-O-methyl transferase
Substrates→Products: Dopamine→3-Methoxytyramine
DOPAC→Homovanillic acid
Norepinephrine→Normetanephrine
Epinephrine→Metanephrine
DOPEG→MOPEG
DOMA→VMA
2-Hydroxyestradiol→2-Methoxyestradiol
2-Hydroxyestrone→2-Methoxyestrone
4-Hydroxyestradiol→4-Methoxyestradiol
4-Hydroxyestrone→4-Methoxyestrone
Inhibitors: 2-Hydroxyestradiol
2-Hydroxyestrone
Entacapone
Neluxicapone
Nitecapone
Opicapone
Quinalizarin
Tolcapone
Tryptamines(serotonin, melatonin)TPHTooltip Tryptophan hydroxylase
Substrates→Products: Tryptophan→5-HTP
Inhibitors: AGN-2979
Fenclonine (PCPA)
Telotristat ethyl
AANATTooltip Serotonin N-acetyl transferase
Substrates→Products: Serotonin→N-Acetylserotonin
ASMTTooltip Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase
Substrates→Products: N-Acetylserotonin→Melatonin
HistamineHDCTooltip Histidine decarboxylase
Substrates→Products: L-Histidine→Histamine
Inhibitors: Catechin
Alpha-Fluoromethylhistidine
Histidine methyl ester
Meciadanol
Naringenin
Tritoqualine
HNMTTooltip Histamine N-methyltransferase
Substrates→Products: Histamine→N-Methylhistamine
Inhibitors: Amodiaquine
Diphenhydramine
Harmaline
Metoprine
Quinacrine
SKF-91488
Tacrine
DAOTooltip Diamine oxidase
Substrates→Products: Histamine→Imidazole acetic acid
Inhibitors: Pimagedine (aminoguanidine)
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Adrenergics • Dopaminergics • Melatonergics • Serotonergics • Monoamine reuptake inhibitors • Monoamine releasing agents • Monoamine neurotoxins
This drug article relating to the nervous system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine"},{"link_name":"drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug"},{"link_name":"Eli Lilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company"},{"link_name":"selective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_selectivity"},{"link_name":"serotonin releasing agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_releasing_agent"},{"link_name":"serotonin transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin_transporter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"neurotoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxin"},{"link_name":"para-chloroamphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-chloroamphetamine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"monoamine oxidase inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylethanolamine_N-methyl_transferase"},{"link_name":"noradrenaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noradrenaline"},{"link_name":"adrenaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenaline"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"3,4-Dichloroamphetamine (DCA), is an amphetamine derived drug invented by Eli Lilly in the 1960s, which has a number of pharmacological actions. It acts as a highly potent and selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA) and binds to the serotonin transporter with high affinity,[1][2][3][4] but also acts as a selective serotonergic neurotoxin in a similar manner to the related para-chloroamphetamine, though with slightly lower potency.[5] It is also a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI),[6] as well as a very potent inhibitor of the enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase which normally functions to transform noradrenaline into adrenaline in the body.[7][8]","title":"3,4-Dichloroamphetamine"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3,4-Dichloroamphetamine_synthesis.svg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"ethylacetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylacetate"},{"link_name":"CID:14318103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14318103"},{"link_name":"CID:74315855","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/74315855"}],"text":"Patent:[9] Alternate proc:[10]The reaction of 3,4-Dichlorobenzyl Chloride [102-47-6] (1) with cyanide anion gives 3,4-Dichlorophenylacetonitrile [3218-49-3] (2). Reaction with sodium methoxide and ethylacetate gives Alpha-Acetoxy-3,4-Dichlorobenzeneacetonitrile, CID:14318103 (3). Removal of the nitrile group in the presence of sulfuric acid gives 3,4-Dichlorophenylacetone [6097-32-1] (4). Oxime formation with hydroxylamine gives N-[1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propan-2-ylidene]hydroxylamine, CID:74315855 (5). Reduction of the oxime completed the synthesis of 3,4-Dichloroamphetamine (6).","title":"Synthesis"}]
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[{"image_text":"Patent:[9] Alternate proc:[10]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/3%2C4-Dichloroamphetamine_synthesis.svg/500px-3%2C4-Dichloroamphetamine_synthesis.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Methoxy-4-methylamphetamine"},{"title":"Cericlamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cericlamine"},{"title":"Chlorphentermine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphentermine"},{"title":"Clortermine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clortermine"},{"title":"Etolorex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etolorex"},{"title":"3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine"},{"title":"Parachloroamphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachloroamphetamine"},{"title":"Paramethoxyamphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramethoxyamphetamine"}]
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[{"reference":"Rodríguez GJ, Roman DL, White KJ, Nichols DE, Barker EL (July 2003). \"Distinct recognition of substrates by the human and Drosophila serotonin transporters\". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 306 (1): 338–46. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.048751. PMID 12682215. S2CID 17485209.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fjpet.103.048751","url_text":"10.1124/jpet.103.048751"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12682215","url_text":"12682215"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17485209","url_text":"17485209"}]},{"reference":"Roman DL, Saldaña SN, Nichols DE, Carroll FI, Barker EL (February 2004). \"Distinct molecular recognition of psychostimulants by human and Drosophila serotonin transporters\". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 308 (2): 679–87. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.057836. PMID 14593087. S2CID 6439942.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fjpet.103.057836","url_text":"10.1124/jpet.103.057836"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14593087","url_text":"14593087"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6439942","url_text":"6439942"}]},{"reference":"Walline CC, Nichols DE, Carroll FI, Barker EL (June 2008). \"Comparative molecular field analysis using selectivity fields reveals residues in the third transmembrane helix of the serotonin transporter associated with substrate and antagonist recognition\". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 325 (3): 791–800. doi:10.1124/jpet.108.136200. PMC 2637348. PMID 18354055.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2637348","url_text":"\"Comparative molecular field analysis using selectivity fields reveals residues in the third transmembrane helix of the serotonin transporter associated with substrate and antagonist recognition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fjpet.108.136200","url_text":"10.1124/jpet.108.136200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2637348","url_text":"2637348"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18354055","url_text":"18354055"}]},{"reference":"Wenthur CJ, Rodríguez GJ, Kuntz CP, Barker EL (November 2010). \"Conformational flexibility of transmembrane helix VII of the human serotonin transporter impacts ion dependence and transport\". Biochemical Pharmacology. 80 (9): 1418–26. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.005. PMC 2942994. PMID 20637736.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2942994","url_text":"\"Conformational flexibility of transmembrane helix VII of the human serotonin transporter impacts ion dependence and transport\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bcp.2010.07.005","url_text":"10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2942994","url_text":"2942994"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20637736","url_text":"20637736"}]},{"reference":"Fuller RW, Hines CW, Mills J (April 1965). \"Lowering of brain serotonin level by chloramphetamines\". Biochemical Pharmacology. 14 (4): 483–8. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(65)90221-2. PMID 14322972.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-2952%2865%2990221-2","url_text":"10.1016/0006-2952(65)90221-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14322972","url_text":"14322972"}]},{"reference":"Fuller RW, Walters CP (February 1965). \"Inhibition of monoamine oxidase action on kynuramine by substrate amines and stereoisomeric α-methyl amines\". Biochemical Pharmacology. 14 (2): 159–63. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(65)90071-7. PMID 14332461.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-2952%2865%2990071-7","url_text":"10.1016/0006-2952(65)90071-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14332461","url_text":"14332461"}]},{"reference":"Fuller RW, Mills J, Marsh MM (April 1971). \"Inhibition of phenethanolamine N-methyl transferase by ring-substituted alpha-methylphenethylamines (amphetamines)\". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 14 (4): 322–5. doi:10.1021/jm00286a012. PMID 5553744.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjm00286a012","url_text":"10.1021/jm00286a012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5553744","url_text":"5553744"}]},{"reference":"Wu Q, Gee CL, Lin F, Tyndall JD, Martin JL, Grunewald GL, McLeish MJ (November 2005). \"Structural, mutagenic, and kinetic analysis of the binding of substrates and inhibitors of human phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase\". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 48 (23): 7243–52. doi:10.1021/jm050568o. PMID 16279783.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjm050568o","url_text":"10.1021/jm050568o"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16279783","url_text":"16279783"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Marshal,_Earl_of_Pembroke
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William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke
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["1 Early life","2 Knight errant","3 Service to Young King Henry","4 Royal favour","5 King John and Magna Carta","6 Regent for Henry III","7 Death and legacy","8 Descendants of William Marshal and Isabel de Clare","8.1 Fate of the Marshal family","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","11.1 Attribution","12 Sources","13 External links"]
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12th-century Anglo-Norman soldier and statesman
"William Marshal" redirects here. For other uses, see William Marshal (disambiguation).
William MarshalEarl of PembrokePossible tomb effigy of William Marshal in Temple Church, LondonBorn1146 or 1147Died(1219-05-14)14 May 1219 (aged 72)Caversham, Oxfordshire, EnglandBuriedTemple Church, LondonNoble familyMarshalSpouse(s)
Isabel de Clare (m. 1189)FatherJohn MarshalMotherSybilla of Salisbury
William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1146 or 1147 – 14 May 1219), also called William the Marshal (Norman French: Williame li Mareschal, French: Guillaume le Maréchal), was an Anglo-Norman soldier and statesman. He served five English kings- Henry II and his son and de jure co-ruler Young King Henry, Richard I, John, and finally John's son Henry III.
Knighted in 1166, he spent his younger years as a knight errant and a successful tournament competitor; Stephen Langton eulogised him as the "best knight that ever lived." In 1189, he became the de facto earl of Pembroke through his marriage to Isabel de Clare whose mother was Aoife MacMurrough and father was Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, though the title of earl was not officially granted until 1199 during the second creation of the Pembroke earldom. In 1216, he was appointed protector for the nine-year-old Henry III, and regent of the kingdom.
Before him, his father's family held a hereditary title of Marshal to the king, which by his father's time had become recognised as a chief or master Marshalcy, involving management over other Marshals and functionaries. William became known as "the Marshal", although by his time much of the function was delegated to more specialised representatives (as happened with other functions in the King's household). Because he was an earl, and also known as the marshal, the term "earl marshal" was commonly used and this later became an established hereditary title in the English peerage.
Early life
William's father, John Marshal, supported King Stephen when he took the throne in 1135, but in about 1139 he changed sides to support the Empress Matilda in the civil war of succession between her and Stephen which led to the collapse of England into "the Anarchy".
When King Stephen besieged Newbury Castle in 1152, according to William's biographer, he used the young William as a hostage to ensure that John kept his promise to surrender the castle. John, however, used the time allotted to reinforce the castle and to alert Matilda's forces. When Stephen ordered John to surrender immediately, threatening that William would be hanged, John replied that he should go ahead saying, "I still have the hammer and the anvil with which to forge still more and better sons!" Subsequently, a pretence was made to launch William from a pierrière (a type of trebuchet) towards the castle. Stephen could not bring himself to harm young William. William remained a crown hostage for many months, and was released following the peace resulting from the terms agreed at Winchester on 6 November 1153, by which the civil war was ended.
Knight errant
The Château de Tancarville in Normandy, where William Marshal began his training as a knight
As a younger son of a minor nobleman, William had no lands or fortune to inherit, and had to make his own way in life. Around the age of twelve, when his father's career was faltering, he was sent to the Château de Tancarville in Normandy to be brought up in the household of William de Tancarville, a great magnate and cousin of young William's mother. Here he began his training as a knight. This would have included biblical stories, Latin prayers, and exposure to French romance literature to confer precepts of chivalry upon the future knight. In Tancarville's household he is also likely to have learned practical lessons in the politics of courtly life. According to his thirteenth-century biography, L'Histoire de Guillaume le Marechal, Marshal had enemies at Tancarville's court who plotted against him—presumably men threatened by his close relationship with the magnate.
In 1166, he was knighted on campaign in Upper Normandy, then being invaded from Flanders. His first experience in battle received mixed reviews. According to L'Histoire, everyone who witnessed the young knight in combat agreed that he had acquitted himself well. However, as medieval historian David Crouch remarks, "War in the twelfth century was not fought wholly for honour. Profit was there to be made..." In this regard Marshal was not so successful, as he was unable to translate his combat victories into profit from either ransom or seized booty. L'Histoire relates that the Earl of Essex, expecting the customary tribute from his valorous knight after the battle, jokingly remarked: "Oh? But Marshal, what are you saying? You had forty or sixty of them—yet you refuse me so small a thing!"
In 1167, he was sponsored by William de Tancarville in his first tournament, where he found his true calling and began to develop skills that later made him a tournament champion.
In 1168 he served in the household of his mother's brother, Patrick, Earl of Salisbury. Later that year Patrick was escorting Queen Eleanor on a journey near the boundary of her province of Aquitaine and Marshal was part of the escort. They were ambushed by Guy de Lusignan, who was trying to capture Queen Eleanor. Although Queen Eleanor escaped unharmed, Patrick was killed; William was wounded in the thigh and was taken prisoner and conveyed to a Lusignan castle to be held for ransom. Someone at the castle took pity on the young knight because it is told that he received a loaf of bread in which were concealed several lengths of clean linen bandages with which to dress his wounds. This act of kindness by an unknown person perhaps saved Marshal's life as infection of the wound could have killed him. After a period of time, he was ransomed by Eleanor of Aquitaine, who was apparently impressed by tales of his bravery. He would remain a member of Queen Eleanor's household for the next two years, taking part in tournaments and increasing his reputation as a chivalrous knight.
Service to Young King Henry
In 1170, Marshal was appointed as Young King Henry's tutor-in-arms by the Young King's father, Henry II. During the Young King-led Revolt of 1173–1174, little is known of Marshal's specific activities besides his loyalty to the Young King. After the failed rebellion, Young King Henry and his retinue, including Marshal, travelled with Henry II for eighteen months, before asking for, and receiving, permission to travel to Europe to participate in knightly tournaments. Marshal followed the Young King, and from 1176 to 1182 both Marshal and the Young King gained prestige from winning tournaments. Tournaments were dangerous, often deadly, staged battles in which money and valuable prizes were to be won by capturing and ransoming opponents, their horses and armour. Marshal became a legendary tournament champion: on his deathbed, he recalled besting 500 knights during his tournament career.
In late 1182, Marshal was accused of having an affair with the Young King's wife, Margaret of France. Historian Thomas Asbridge has stated that, while the affair very strongly appears to have been fabricated by Marshal's political enemies within the Young King's service, it cannot be proven either way. David Crouch has suggested that the charge against William was actually one of lèse-majesté, brought on by Marshal's own arrogance and greed, with the charge of adultery only introduced in the Life of William Marshal as a distraction from the real charges, of which he was most probably guilty. Regardless of the truth of the accusations, by early 1183 Marshal had been removed from the Young King's service.
Young King Henry declared war against his brother, Richard the Lionheart, in January 1183, with Henry II siding with Richard. By May, Marshal had been cleared of all charges against the Young King, and returned to his service. However, the Young King became sick in late May, and died on 11 June 1183. On his deathbed, the Young King asked Marshal to fulfil the vow the Young King had made in 1182 to take up the cross and undertake a crusade to the Holy Land, and after receiving Henry II's blessing Marshal left for Jerusalem in late 1183. Nothing is known of his activities during the two years he was gone, except that he fulfilled the Young King's vow, and secretly committed to joining the Knights Templar on his deathbed.
Royal favour
Modern Memorial in Cartmel Priory, Cumbria
After his return from the Holy Land in late 1185 or early 1186, William rejoined the court of King Henry II, and now served as a loyal captain through the many difficulties of Henry II's final years. The returns of royal favour were almost immediate. The king gave William the large royal estate of Cartmel in Cumbria, and the keeping of Heloise, the heiress of the northern barony of Lancaster. It may be that the king expected him to take the opportunity to marry her and become a northern baron, but William seems to have had grander ambitions for his marriage.
In 1188, faced with an attempt by Philip II to seize the disputed region of Berry, Henry II summoned the Marshal to his side. The letter by which he did this survives, and makes some sarcastic comments about William's complaints that he had not been properly rewarded to date for his service to the king. Henry therefore promised him the marriage and lands of Dionisia, lady of Châteauroux in Berry. In the resulting campaign, the king fell out with his heir Richard, count of Poitou, who consequently allied with Philip II against his father.
In 1189, while covering the flight of Henry II from Le Mans to Chinon, William unhorsed the undutiful Richard in a skirmish. William could have killed the prince but killed his horse instead, to make that point clear. He is said to have been the only man ever to unhorse Richard. Nonetheless, after Henry's death Marshal was welcomed at court by his former adversary, now King Richard I, apparently recognising that Marshal's loyalty and military accomplishments were too useful to ignore, especially for a king who was intending to go on Crusade.
During the old king's last days he had promised the Marshal the hand and estates of Isabel de Clare (c. 1172–1220), but had not completed the arrangements. King Richard, however, confirmed the offer and so in August 1189, at the age of 43, the Marshal married the 17-year-old daughter of Richard de Clare (Strongbow). Her father had been Earl of Pembroke, and Marshal acquired large estates and claims in England, Wales, Normandy and Ireland. Some estates, however, were excluded from the deal. Marshal did not obtain Pembroke and the title of earl, which his father-in-law had enjoyed, until 1199, as it had been taken into the king's hand in 1154. However, the marriage transformed the landless knight from a minor family into one of the richest men in the kingdom, a sign of his power and prestige at court. They had five sons and five daughters, and have numerous descendants. William made many improvements to his wife's lands, including extensive additions to Pembroke Castle and Chepstow Castle. Even though the marriage was a reward for his political and military services, and despite the twenty-six year age difference, the couple appear to have developed a real love and affection for each other. It is also notable that there is no evidence that Marshall ever took a mistress, which was commonplace for nobles and often widely discussed and reported.
William was included in the council of regency which King Richard appointed on his departure for the Third Crusade in 1190. He took the side of John, the king's brother, when the latter expelled the justiciar, William Longchamp, from the kingdom, but he soon discovered that the interests of John were different from those of Richard. Hence in 1193 he joined with the loyalists in making war upon him. In Spring 1194, during the course of the hostilities in England and before King Richard's return, William Marshal's elder brother John Marshal (who was serving as seneschal) was killed while defending Marlborough for the king's brother John. Richard allowed Marshal to succeed his brother in the hereditary marshalship, and his paternal honour of Hamstead Marshall. The Marshal served the king in his wars in Normandy against Philip II. On Richard's death-bed, the king designated Marshal as custodian of Rouen and of the royal treasure during the interregnum.
King John and Magna Carta
A 13th-century depiction of the Second Battle of Lincoln, which occurred at Lincoln Castle on 20 May 1217; the illustration shows the death of Thomas du Perche, the Comte de la Perche
William supported King John when he became king in 1199, arguing against those who maintained the claims of Arthur of Brittany, the teenage son of John's elder brother Geoffrey. William was heavily engaged with the defence of Normandy against the growing pressure of the Capetian armies between 1200 and 1203. He sailed with King John when he abandoned the duchy in December 1203. He and the king had a falling out in the aftermath of the loss of the duchy, when he was sent with the earl of Leicester as ambassadors to negotiate a truce with King Philip II of France in 1204. The Marshal took the opportunity to negotiate the continued possession of his Norman lands.
Before commencing negotiations with King Philip, William had been generously permitted to do homage to the King of France by King John so he might keep his possessions in Normandy; land which must have been of sentimental value due to the time spent there in his adolescence. However, once official negotiations began, Philip demanded that such homage be paid exclusively to him, which King John had not consented to. When William paid homage to King Philip, John took offence and there was a major row at court which led to cool relations between the two men. This became outright hostility in 1207 when John began to move against several major Irish magnates, including William.
Though he left for Leinster in 1207 William was recalled and humiliated at court in the autumn of 1208, while John's justiciar in Ireland Meilyr fitz Henry invaded his lands, burning the town of New Ross.
Meilyr's defeat by Countess Isabel led to her husband's return to Leinster. He was once again in conflict with King John in his war with the Braose and Lacy families in 1210, but managed to survive. He stayed in Ireland until 1213, during which time he had Carlow Castle erected and restructured his honour of Leinster. Taken back into favour in 1212, he was summoned in 1213 to return to the English court.
Despite their differences, William remained loyal throughout the hostilities between John and his barons which culminated on 15 June 1215 at Runnymede with the sealing of Magna Carta. William was one of the few English earls to remain loyal to the king through the First Barons' War. It was William whom King John trusted on his deathbed to make sure John's nine-year-old son Henry would get the throne. It was William who took responsibility for the king's funeral and burial at Worcester Cathedral.
Regent for Henry III
On 11 November 1216 at Gloucester, upon the death of King John, William Marshal was named by the king's council (the chief barons who had remained loyal to King John in the First Barons' War) to serve as protector of the nine-year-old King Henry III, and regent of the kingdom. In spite of his advanced age (around 70) he prosecuted the war against Prince Louis and the rebel barons with remarkable energy. In the battle of Lincoln he charged and fought at the head of the young King's army, leading them to victory. He was preparing to besiege Louis in London when the war was terminated by the naval victory of Hubert de Burgh in the straits of Dover.
Inverted shield of William the Marshal (the incomparable knight) with obituary and epitaph portrayed by Matthew Paris
William was criticised for the generosity of the terms he accorded to Louis and the rebels in September 1217, but his expedient settlement was dictated by sound statesmanship and a desire to remove the French from England as quickly as possible. Self-restraint and compromise were the keynotes of Marshal's policy, hoping to secure peace and stability for his young liege. Both before and after the peace of 1217 he reissued the Magna Carta, in which he is a signatory as one of the witnessing barons.
Death and legacy
William Marshal was interred in Temple Church, London
Arms of William Marshal
Further information: Cultural depictions of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke
By 1219 the Marshal had reached an advanced age for the time and his health was in decline. By March, he realised that he was dying, so he summoned his eldest son, also William, and his household knights, and left the Tower of London for his estate at Caversham in Berkshire, near Reading, where he called a meeting of the barons, Henry III, the Papal legate Pandulf Verraccio, the royal justiciar (Hubert de Burgh), and Peter des Roches (Bishop of Winchester and the young King's guardian). William rejected the Bishop's claim to the regency and entrusted the regency to the care of the papal legate; he apparently did not trust the Bishop or any of the other magnates that he had gathered to this meeting. Fulfilling the vow he had made while on crusade, he was invested into the order of the Knights Templar on his deathbed. He died peacefully on 14 May 1219 at Caversham, surrounded by his friends and family. He was buried in the Temple Church in London, where his tomb can still be seen.
A statue of Marshal on horseback was unveiled in front of Pembroke Castle in May 2022. It was created by Harriet Addyman, and followed a campaign by Pembroke and Monkton Local History Society.Statue Of William Marshal in front of Pembroke Castle
Descendants of William Marshal and Isabel de Clare
William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (1190 – 6 April 1231), married (1) Alice de Béthune, daughter of Baldwin of Bethune; (2) 23 April 1224 Eleanor Plantagenet, daughter of King John of England. They had no children.
Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (1191 – 16 April 1234), married Gervaise de Dinan. He died in captivity. They had no children.
Maud Marshal (1194 – 27 March 1248), married (1) Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk, they had four children; (2) William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey, they had two children.
Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke (1197 – 27 June 1241), married (1) Marjorie of Scotland, youngest daughter of King William I of Scotland; by an unknown mistress he had one illegitimate daughter:
Isabel Marshal, betrothed to Rhys ap Maelgwn Fychan (son of Maelgwn ap Rhys)
Walter Marshal, 5th Earl of Pembroke (c. 1199 – November 1245), married Margaret de Quincy, Countess of Lincoln, granddaughter of Hugh de Kevelioc, 3rd Earl of Chester. No children.
Isabel Marshal (9 October 1200 – 17 January 1240), married (1) Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford, whose daughter Isabel de Clare married Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale, the grandfather of Robert the Bruce; (2) Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Cornwall
Sibyl Marshal (c. 1201 – 27 April 1245), married William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby; they had seven daughters.
Agnes de Ferrers (died 11 May 1290), married William de Vesci.
Isabel de Ferrers (died before 26 November 1260)
Maud de Ferrers (died 12 March 1298), married (1) Simon de Kyme, (2) William de Vivonia (de Forz), and (3) Amaury IX of Rochechouart.
Sibyl de Ferrers, married Sir Franco de Bohun.
Joan de Ferrers (died 1267)
Agatha de Ferrers (died May 1306), married Hugh de Mortimer, of Chelmarsh.
Eleanor de Ferrers (died 16 October 1274), married to:
Eva Marshal (1203–1246), married William de Braose, Lord of Abergavenny
Isabella de Braose (born 1222), married Prince Dafydd ap Llywelyn. She died childless.
Maud de Braose (1224–1301), in 1247, she married Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer and they had descendants.
Eva de Braose (1227 – 28 July 1255), married Sir William de Cantelou and had descendants.
Eleanor de Braose (c. 1228 – 1251). On an unknown date after August 1241, she married Sir Humphrey de Bohun and had descendants.
Anselm Marshal, 6th Earl of Pembroke (c. 1208 – 22 December 1245), married Maud de Bohun, daughter of Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford. They had no children.
Joan Marshal (1210–1234), married Warin de Munchensi (died 1255), Lord of Swanscombe
Joan de Munchensi (1230 – 20 September 1307) married William of Valence, the fourth son of King John's widow, Isabella of Angoulême, and her second husband, Hugh X of Lusignan, Count of La Marche. Valence was half-brother to Henry III and Edward I's uncle.
Fate of the Marshal family
During Ireland's civil wars, William took two manors that the Bishop of Ferns claimed but could not get back. Some years after William's death, that bishop is said to have laid a curse on the family that William's sons would have no children, and the great Marshal estates would be scattered. Each of William's sons did become earl of Pembroke and marshal of England, and each died without legitimate issue. William's vast holdings were then divided among the husbands of his five daughters. The title of "Marshal" went to the husband of the oldest daughter, Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk, and later passed to the Mowbray dukes of Norfolk and then to the Howard dukes of Norfolk, becoming "Earl Marshal" along the way. The title of "Earl of Pembroke" passed to William of Valence, the husband of Joan Marshal's daughter, Joan de Munchensi; he became the first of the de Valence line of earls of Pembroke.
Through his daughter Isabel, William is an ancestor to both the Bruce and Stewart kings of Scots. Through his granddaughter Maud de Braose, William is an ancestor to the last Plantagenet kings, Edward IV through to Richard III, and all English monarchs from Henry VIII and afterward.
See also
Cultural depictions of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke
Notes
^ Although now in Berkshire, Caversham was historically in Oxfordshire
References
^ Crouch p.226 writes: "From his earliest appearances in the History, William son of John Marshal is invariably William li Mareschal, or often just li Mareschal."
^ a b c d e f g Kingsford 1893.
^ Painter 1933, p. 289
^ Crouch (2016) Appendix II
^ Chadwick, Elizabeth (11 October 2009). "Biography of John Marshall". livingthehistoryelizabethchadwick.blogspot.co.uk.
^ "L'Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal" (PDF). Paris: Société de l'histoire de France. 1891–1901. p. 11. (with partial translation of the original sources into Modern French.)
^ Crouch (1990) pp. 22–23
^ Crouch (1990), pp. 23–24
^ Crouch (1990) p. 32.
^ Crouch (1990) p. 33.
^ Asbridge (2015) p. 87
^ Asbridge (2015) pp. 112–115
^ Asbridge (2015) Chapter 5
^ Abels, Dr. Richard. Medieval Chivalry, The United States Naval Academy. Accessed 8 February 2012.
^ Asbridge (2015) p. 373
^ Asbridge (2015) pp. 140–146
^ Asbridge (2015) p. 148
^ Asbridge (2015) p. 163
^ Asbridge (2015) p. 170
^ Asbridge (2015) p. 175
^ Kenyon, John R. (2011). The Medieval Castles of Wales. University of Wales. p. 67. ISBN 978-0708321805.
^ Asbridge (2015) p. 210
^ a b c Chisholm 1911, p. 78.
^ Dan Jones (2014). The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England. Penguin Books. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-0143124924.
^ Crouch (1990) pp. 84–87
^ "Carlow Castle". Carlow Town.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2007.
^ Asbridge (2015) p. 363
^
Ruth Davies, "William Marshal statue unveiled in Pembroke", The National, 9 May 2022 Archived 26 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 26 May 2022
^ Gies, Frances and Joseph (1990). Daily Life in Medieval Times. New York, NY: Black Dog and Leventhal Publishers. p. 24. ISBN 1579120695.
Attribution
Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1885–1900). "Marshal, William (d. 1219)" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pembroke, Earls of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–80.
Sources
Asbridge, Thomas (2015). The Greatest Knight: The Remarkable Life of William Marshal, Power Behind Five English Thrones. London: Simon & Schuster.
Benson, Larry D. (1980). 'The Tournament in the romances of Chrétien de Troyes and L'Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal' in Studies in Medieval Culture XIV 1–24
Crouch, David (2007). "Biography as Propaganda in the 'History of William Marshal", in Convaincre et persuader: Communication et propagande aux XII et XIIIe siècles. Ed. par Martin Aurell. Poitiers: Université de Poitiers-centre d'études supérieures de civilisation médiévale.
Crouch, David edited (2015). The Acts and Letters of the Marshal Family, Marshals of England and Earls of Pembroke, 1145–1248. Camden Society, 5th series, vol. 47.
Crouch, David (2016). William Marshal: Knighthood, War and Chivalry, 1147–1219 (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315642468. ISBN 978-1-317-28308-9. OCLC 953857684.
Duby, Georges (1985). William Marshal, the Flower of Chivalry. New York: Pantheon.
Gillingham, John (1988). "War and Chivalry in the History of William the Marshal" in Thirteenth Century England II ed. P.R. Coss and S.D. Lloyd. Woodbridge, 1–13.
Meyer, Paul (1891–1901). L'Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal, with partial translation of the original sources into Modern French. Edition, History of William Marshal, (3 vols). Paris: Société de l'histoire de France. Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3
Painter, Sidney (1933). William Marshal, Knight-Errant, Baron, and Regent of England. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
External links
Media related to William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke at Wikimedia Commons
William Marshall at Castlewales.com
Abels, Richard, William Marshal—Events in Life and Historical Context
Peerage of England
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Earl of Pembroke 1199–1219
Succeeded byWilliam Marshal
Honorary titles
Preceded byJohn Marshal
Lord Marshal 1194–1219
Succeeded byWilliam Marshal
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For other uses, see William Marshal (disambiguation).William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1146 or 1147 – 14 May 1219), also called William the Marshal (Norman French: Williame li Mareschal,[1] French: Guillaume le Maréchal), was an Anglo-Norman soldier and statesman.[2] He served five English kings- Henry II and his son and de jure co-ruler Young King Henry, Richard I, John, and finally John's son Henry III.Knighted in 1166, he spent his younger years as a knight errant and a successful tournament competitor; Stephen Langton eulogised him as the \"best knight that ever lived.\"[3] In 1189, he became the de facto earl of Pembroke through his marriage to Isabel de Clare whose mother was Aoife MacMurrough and father was Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, though the title of earl was not officially granted until 1199 during the second creation of the Pembroke earldom. In 1216, he was appointed protector for the nine-year-old Henry III, and regent of the kingdom.Before him, his father's family held a hereditary title of Marshal to the king, which by his father's time had become recognised as a chief or master Marshalcy, involving management over other Marshals and functionaries. William became known as \"the Marshal\", although by his time much of the function was delegated to more specialised representatives (as happened with other functions in the King's household). Because he was an earl, and also known as the marshal, the term \"earl marshal\" was commonly used and this later became an established hereditary title in the English peerage.[4]","title":"William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshal_(Marshal_of_England)"},{"link_name":"King Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_of_England"},{"link_name":"Empress Matilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Matilda"},{"link_name":"the Anarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anarchy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Newbury Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury_Castle"},{"link_name":"trebuchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebuchet"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-histoire-7"},{"link_name":"terms agreed at Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Wallingford"}],"text":"William's father, John Marshal, supported King Stephen when he took the throne in 1135, but in about 1139 he changed sides to support the Empress Matilda in the civil war of succession between her and Stephen which led to the collapse of England into \"the Anarchy\".[5]When King Stephen besieged Newbury Castle in 1152, according to William's biographer, he used the young William as a hostage to ensure that John kept his promise to surrender the castle. John, however, used the time allotted to reinforce the castle and to alert Matilda's forces. When Stephen ordered John to surrender immediately, threatening that William would be hanged, John replied that he should go ahead saying, \"I still have the hammer and the anvil with which to forge still more and better sons!\" Subsequently, a pretence was made to launch William from a pierrière (a type of trebuchet) towards the castle. Stephen could not bring himself to harm young William.[6] William remained a crown hostage for many months, and was released following the peace resulting from the terms agreed at Winchester on 6 November 1153, by which the civil war was ended.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Tancarville,_Seine-Maritime.jpg"},{"link_name":"Château de Tancarville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Tancarville"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"Château de Tancarville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Tancarville"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"Tancarville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tancarville"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"romance literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalric_romance"},{"link_name":"chivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"L'Histoire de Guillaume le Marechal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Histoire_de_Guillaume_le_Marechal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"Upper Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"David Crouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crouch_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournament_(medieval)"},{"link_name":"Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Earl of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Guy de Lusignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_de_Lusignan"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Aquitaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Château de Tancarville in Normandy, where William Marshal began his training as a knightAs a younger son of a minor nobleman, William had no lands or fortune to inherit, and had to make his own way in life. Around the age of twelve, when his father's career was faltering, he was sent to the Château de Tancarville in Normandy to be brought up in the household of William de Tancarville, a great magnate and cousin of young William's mother. Here he began his training as a knight. This would have included biblical stories, Latin prayers, and exposure to French romance literature to confer precepts of chivalry upon the future knight.[7] In Tancarville's household he is also likely to have learned practical lessons in the politics of courtly life. According to his thirteenth-century biography, L'Histoire de Guillaume le Marechal, Marshal had enemies at Tancarville's court who plotted against him—presumably men threatened by his close relationship with the magnate.[8]In 1166, he was knighted on campaign in Upper Normandy, then being invaded from Flanders. His first experience in battle received mixed reviews. According to L'Histoire, everyone who witnessed the young knight in combat agreed that he had acquitted himself well. However, as medieval historian David Crouch remarks, \"War in the twelfth century was not fought wholly for honour. Profit was there to be made...\"[9] In this regard Marshal was not so successful, as he was unable to translate his combat victories into profit from either ransom or seized booty. L'Histoire relates that the Earl of Essex, expecting the customary tribute from his valorous knight after the battle, jokingly remarked: \"Oh? But Marshal, what are you saying? You had forty or sixty of them—yet you refuse me so small a thing!\"[10]In 1167, he was sponsored by William de Tancarville in his first tournament, where he found his true calling and began to develop skills that later made him a tournament champion.In 1168 he served in the household of his mother's brother, Patrick, Earl of Salisbury. Later that year Patrick was escorting Queen Eleanor on a journey near the boundary of her province of Aquitaine and Marshal was part of the escort. They were ambushed by Guy de Lusignan, who was trying to capture Queen Eleanor. Although Queen Eleanor escaped unharmed, Patrick was killed; William was wounded in the thigh and was taken prisoner and conveyed to a Lusignan castle to be held for ransom. Someone at the castle took pity on the young knight because it is told that he received a loaf of bread in which were concealed several lengths of clean linen bandages with which to dress his wounds. This act of kindness by an unknown person perhaps saved Marshal's life as infection of the wound could have killed him. After a period of time, he was ransomed by Eleanor of Aquitaine, who was apparently impressed by tales of his bravery. He would remain a member of Queen Eleanor's household for the next two years, taking part in tournaments and increasing his reputation as a chivalrous knight.[11]","title":"Knight errant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Young King Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King"},{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Revolt of 1173–1174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_1173%E2%80%9374"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Margaret of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England_and_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"lèse-majesté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Life of William Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Histoire_de_Guillaume_le_Marechal"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Richard the Lionheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Knights Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"In 1170, Marshal was appointed as Young King Henry's tutor-in-arms by the Young King's father, Henry II. During the Young King-led Revolt of 1173–1174, little is known of Marshal's specific activities besides his loyalty to the Young King. After the failed rebellion, Young King Henry and his retinue, including Marshal, travelled with Henry II for eighteen months, before asking for, and receiving, permission to travel to Europe to participate in knightly tournaments.[12] Marshal followed the Young King, and from 1176 to 1182 both Marshal and the Young King gained prestige from winning tournaments.[13] Tournaments were dangerous, often deadly, staged battles in which money and valuable prizes were to be won by capturing and ransoming opponents, their horses and armour. Marshal became a legendary tournament champion: on his deathbed, he recalled besting 500 knights during his tournament career.[14][15]In late 1182, Marshal was accused of having an affair with the Young King's wife, Margaret of France. Historian Thomas Asbridge has stated that, while the affair very strongly appears to have been fabricated by Marshal's political enemies within the Young King's service, it cannot be proven either way.[16] David Crouch has suggested that the charge against William was actually one of lèse-majesté, brought on by Marshal's own arrogance and greed, with the charge of adultery only introduced in the Life of William Marshal as a distraction from the real charges, of which he was most probably guilty. Regardless of the truth of the accusations, by early 1183 Marshal had been removed from the Young King's service.[17]Young King Henry declared war against his brother, Richard the Lionheart, in January 1183, with Henry II siding with Richard. By May, Marshal had been cleared of all charges against the Young King, and returned to his service. However, the Young King became sick in late May, and died on 11 June 1183. On his deathbed, the Young King asked Marshal to fulfil the vow the Young King had made in 1182 to take up the cross and undertake a crusade to the Holy Land, and after receiving Henry II's blessing Marshal left for Jerusalem in late 1183.[18] Nothing is known of his activities during the two years he was gone, except that he fulfilled the Young King's vow, and secretly committed to joining the Knights Templar on his deathbed.[19]","title":"Service to Young King Henry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_to_William_Marshal,_Earl_of_Pembroke.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cartmel Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartmel_Priory"},{"link_name":"Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbria"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Cartmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartmel"},{"link_name":"Philip II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry,_France"},{"link_name":"Châteauroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauroux"},{"link_name":"Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Poitou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou"},{"link_name":"Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"Chinon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingsford1893-3"},{"link_name":"Isabel de Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_de_Clare,_4th_Countess_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Richard de Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingsford1893-3"},{"link_name":"Pembroke Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_Castle"},{"link_name":"Chepstow Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chepstow_Castle"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Third Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Crusade"},{"link_name":"William Longchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Longchamp"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191178-24"},{"link_name":"seneschal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneschal"},{"link_name":"Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough,_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"marshalship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Marshal"},{"link_name":"Hamstead Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamstead_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"interregnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregnum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingsford1893-3"}],"text":"Modern Memorial in Cartmel Priory, CumbriaAfter his return from the Holy Land in late 1185 or early 1186,[20] William rejoined the court of King Henry II, and now served as a loyal captain through the many difficulties of Henry II's final years. The returns of royal favour were almost immediate. The king gave William the large royal estate of Cartmel in Cumbria, and the keeping of Heloise, the heiress of the northern barony of Lancaster. It may be that the king expected him to take the opportunity to marry her and become a northern baron, but William seems to have had grander ambitions for his marriage.In 1188, faced with an attempt by Philip II to seize the disputed region of Berry, Henry II summoned the Marshal to his side. The letter by which he did this survives, and makes some sarcastic comments about William's complaints that he had not been properly rewarded to date for his service to the king. Henry therefore promised him the marriage and lands of Dionisia, lady of Châteauroux in Berry. In the resulting campaign, the king fell out with his heir Richard, count of Poitou, who consequently allied with Philip II against his father.In 1189, while covering the flight of Henry II from Le Mans to Chinon, William unhorsed the undutiful Richard in a skirmish. William could have killed the prince but killed his horse instead, to make that point clear. He is said to have been the only man ever to unhorse Richard. Nonetheless, after Henry's death Marshal was welcomed at court by his former adversary, now King Richard I, apparently recognising that Marshal's loyalty and military accomplishments were too useful to ignore, especially for a king who was intending to go on Crusade.[2]During the old king's last days he had promised the Marshal the hand and estates of Isabel de Clare (c. 1172–1220), but had not completed the arrangements. King Richard, however, confirmed the offer and so in August 1189, at the age of 43, the Marshal married the 17-year-old daughter of Richard de Clare (Strongbow). Her father had been Earl of Pembroke, and Marshal acquired large estates and claims in England, Wales, Normandy and Ireland. Some estates, however, were excluded from the deal. Marshal did not obtain Pembroke and the title of earl, which his father-in-law had enjoyed, until 1199, as it had been taken into the king's hand in 1154. However, the marriage transformed the landless knight from a minor family into one of the richest men in the kingdom, a sign of his power and prestige at court. They had five sons and five daughters, and have numerous descendants.[2] William made many improvements to his wife's lands, including extensive additions to Pembroke Castle and Chepstow Castle.[21] Even though the marriage was a reward for his political and military services, and despite the twenty-six year age difference, the couple appear to have developed a real love and affection for each other. It is also notable that there is no evidence that Marshall ever took a mistress, which was commonplace for nobles and often widely discussed and reported.[22]William was included in the council of regency which King Richard appointed on his departure for the Third Crusade in 1190. He took the side of John, the king's brother, when the latter expelled the justiciar, William Longchamp, from the kingdom, but he soon discovered that the interests of John were different from those of Richard. Hence in 1193 he joined with the loyalists in making war upon him.[23] In Spring 1194, during the course of the hostilities in England and before King Richard's return, William Marshal's elder brother John Marshal (who was serving as seneschal) was killed while defending Marlborough for the king's brother John. Richard allowed Marshal to succeed his brother in the hereditary marshalship, and his paternal honour of Hamstead Marshall. The Marshal served the king in his wars in Normandy against Philip II. On Richard's death-bed, the king designated Marshal as custodian of Rouen and of the royal treasure during the interregnum.[2]","title":"Royal favour"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BitvaLincoln1217ortho.jpg"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Castle"},{"link_name":"Arthur of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_I,_Duke_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_II,_Duke_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Capetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Philip II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"paid homage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commendation_ceremony"},{"link_name":"Leinster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster"},{"link_name":"justiciar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justiciar"},{"link_name":"Meilyr fitz Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meilyr_fitz_Henry"},{"link_name":"New Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ross"},{"link_name":"Carlow Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlow_Castle"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Runnymede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runnymede"},{"link_name":"Magna Carta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta"},{"link_name":"First Barons' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Barons%27_War"},{"link_name":"Worcester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingsford1893-3"}],"text":"A 13th-century depiction of the Second Battle of Lincoln, which occurred at Lincoln Castle on 20 May 1217; the illustration shows the death of Thomas du Perche, the Comte de la PercheWilliam supported King John when he became king in 1199, arguing against those who maintained the claims of Arthur of Brittany, the teenage son of John's elder brother Geoffrey.[24] William was heavily engaged with the defence of Normandy against the growing pressure of the Capetian armies between 1200 and 1203. He sailed with King John when he abandoned the duchy in December 1203. He and the king had a falling out in the aftermath of the loss of the duchy, when he was sent with the earl of Leicester as ambassadors to negotiate a truce with King Philip II of France in 1204. The Marshal took the opportunity to negotiate the continued possession of his Norman lands.Before commencing negotiations with King Philip, William had been generously permitted to do homage to the King of France by King John so he might keep his possessions in Normandy; land which must have been of sentimental value due to the time spent there in his adolescence. However, once official negotiations began, Philip demanded that such homage be paid exclusively to him, which King John had not consented to.[25] When William paid homage to King Philip, John took offence and there was a major row at court which led to cool relations between the two men. This became outright hostility in 1207 when John began to move against several major Irish magnates, including William.\nThough he left for Leinster in 1207 William was recalled and humiliated at court in the autumn of 1208, while John's justiciar in Ireland Meilyr fitz Henry invaded his lands, burning the town of New Ross.Meilyr's defeat by Countess Isabel led to her husband's return to Leinster. He was once again in conflict with King John in his war with the Braose and Lacy families in 1210, but managed to survive. He stayed in Ireland until 1213, during which time he had Carlow Castle erected[26] and restructured his honour of Leinster. Taken back into favour in 1212, he was summoned in 1213 to return to the English court.\nDespite their differences, William remained loyal throughout the hostilities between John and his barons which culminated on 15 June 1215 at Runnymede with the sealing of Magna Carta. William was one of the few English earls to remain loyal to the king through the First Barons' War. It was William whom King John trusted on his deathbed to make sure John's nine-year-old son Henry would get the throne. It was William who took responsibility for the king's funeral and burial at Worcester Cathedral.[2]","title":"King John and Magna Carta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"},{"link_name":"First Barons' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Barons%27_War"},{"link_name":"King Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Prince Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"battle of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lincoln_(1217)"},{"link_name":"the naval victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dover_(1217)"},{"link_name":"Hubert de Burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_de_Burgh,_1st_Earl_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"straits of Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Dover"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingsford1893-3"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191178-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matthew_Paris_-_William_Marshal2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Matthew Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Paris"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"liege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_(feudal)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm191178-24"}],"text":"On 11 November 1216 at Gloucester, upon the death of King John, William Marshal was named by the king's council (the chief barons who had remained loyal to King John in the First Barons' War) to serve as protector of the nine-year-old King Henry III, and regent of the kingdom. In spite of his advanced age (around 70) he prosecuted the war against Prince Louis and the rebel barons with remarkable energy. In the battle of Lincoln he charged and fought at the head of the young King's army, leading them to victory. He was preparing to besiege Louis in London when the war was terminated by the naval victory of Hubert de Burgh in the straits of Dover.[2][23]Inverted shield of William the Marshal (the incomparable knight) with obituary and epitaph portrayed by Matthew ParisWilliam was criticised for the generosity of the terms he accorded to Louis and the rebels in September 1217, but his expedient settlement was dictated by sound statesmanship and a desire to remove the French from England as quickly as possible.[27] Self-restraint and compromise were the keynotes of Marshal's policy, hoping to secure peace and stability for his young liege. Both before and after the peace of 1217 he reissued the Magna Carta, in which he is a signatory as one of the witnessing barons.[23]","title":"Regent for Henry III"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Templechurch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Temple Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Marshal_arms.png"},{"link_name":"Cultural depictions of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"Caversham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caversham,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Papal legate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_legate"},{"link_name":"Pandulf Verraccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandulf_Verraccio"},{"link_name":"Hubert de Burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_de_Burgh"},{"link_name":"Peter des Roches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_des_Roches"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester"},{"link_name":"Knights Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Templar"},{"link_name":"Temple Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Church"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKingsford1893-3"},{"link_name":"Pembroke Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_Castle"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_Of_William_Marshal.jpg"}],"text":"William Marshal was interred in Temple Church, LondonArms of William MarshalFurther information: Cultural depictions of William Marshal, 1st Earl of PembrokeBy 1219 the Marshal had reached an advanced age for the time and his health was in decline. By March, he realised that he was dying, so he summoned his eldest son, also William, and his household knights, and left the Tower of London for his estate at Caversham in Berkshire, near Reading, where he called a meeting of the barons, Henry III, the Papal legate Pandulf Verraccio, the royal justiciar (Hubert de Burgh), and Peter des Roches (Bishop of Winchester and the young King's guardian). William rejected the Bishop's claim to the regency and entrusted the regency to the care of the papal legate; he apparently did not trust the Bishop or any of the other magnates that he had gathered to this meeting. Fulfilling the vow he had made while on crusade, he was invested into the order of the Knights Templar on his deathbed. He died peacefully on 14 May 1219 at Caversham, surrounded by his friends and family. He was buried in the Temple Church in London, where his tomb can still be seen.[2]A statue of Marshal on horseback was unveiled in front of Pembroke Castle in May 2022. It was created by Harriet Addyman, and followed a campaign by Pembroke and Monkton Local History Society.[28]Statue Of William Marshal in front of Pembroke Castle","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Marshal,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Béthune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9thune"},{"link_name":"Baldwin of Bethune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_of_Bethune"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Plantagenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Countess_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"John of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_England"},{"link_name":"Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Marshal,_3rd_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Maud Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_Marshal"},{"link_name":"Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Bigod,_3rd_Earl_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Warenne,_5th_Earl_of_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Marshal,_4th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"William I of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Maelgwn ap Rhys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelgwn_ap_Rhys"},{"link_name":"Walter Marshal, 5th Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Marshal,_5th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Margaret de Quincy, Countess of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_de_Quincy,_Countess_of_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Hugh de Kevelioc, 3rd Earl of Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_de_Kevelioc,_3rd_Earl_of_Chester"},{"link_name":"Isabel Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Marshal"},{"link_name":"Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_4th_Earl_of_Hertford"},{"link_name":"Isabel de Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Gloucester_and_Hertford"},{"link_name":"Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bruce,_5th_Lord_of_Annandale"},{"link_name":"Robert the Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Ferrers,_5th_Earl_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"William de Vesci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Vesci_(d.1253)"},{"link_name":"William de Vivonia (de Forz)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_de_Vivonne"},{"link_name":"Chelmarsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmarsh"},{"link_name":"Eva Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Marshal"},{"link_name":"William de Braose, Lord of Abergavenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Braose_(died_1230)"},{"link_name":"Isabella de Braose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_de_Braose"},{"link_name":"Dafydd ap Llywelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Llywelyn"},{"link_name":"Maud de Braose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_de_Braose,_Baroness_Mortimer"},{"link_name":"Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_1st_Baron_Mortimer"},{"link_name":"Eva de Braose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_de_Braose"},{"link_name":"Sir William de Cantelou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Cantilupe_(died_1254)"},{"link_name":"Eleanor de Braose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_de_Braose"},{"link_name":"Anselm Marshal, 6th Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Marshal,_6th_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_de_Bohun,_2nd_Earl_of_Hereford"},{"link_name":"Swanscombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanscombe"},{"link_name":"Joan de Munchensi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_de_Munchensi"},{"link_name":"William of Valence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Valence,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"King John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_England"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Angoulême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Angoul%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"Hugh X of Lusignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_X_of_Lusignan"},{"link_name":"Count of La Marche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_La_Marche"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"}],"text":"William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (1190 – 6 April 1231), married (1) Alice de Béthune, daughter of Baldwin of Bethune; (2) 23 April 1224 Eleanor Plantagenet, daughter of King John of England. They had no children.\nRichard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (1191 – 16 April 1234), married Gervaise de Dinan. He died in captivity. They had no children.\nMaud Marshal (1194 – 27 March 1248), married (1) Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk, they had four children; (2) William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey, they had two children.\nGilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke (1197 – 27 June 1241), married (1) Marjorie of Scotland, youngest daughter of King William I of Scotland; by an unknown mistress he had one illegitimate daughter:\nIsabel Marshal, betrothed to Rhys ap Maelgwn Fychan (son of Maelgwn ap Rhys)\nWalter Marshal, 5th Earl of Pembroke (c. 1199 – November 1245), married Margaret de Quincy, Countess of Lincoln, granddaughter of Hugh de Kevelioc, 3rd Earl of Chester. No children.\nIsabel Marshal (9 October 1200 – 17 January 1240), married (1) Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford, whose daughter Isabel de Clare married Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale, the grandfather of Robert the Bruce; (2) Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Cornwall\nSibyl Marshal (c. 1201 – 27 April 1245), married William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby; they had seven daughters.\nAgnes de Ferrers (died 11 May 1290), married William de Vesci.\nIsabel de Ferrers (died before 26 November 1260)\nMaud de Ferrers (died 12 March 1298), married (1) Simon de Kyme, (2) William de Vivonia (de Forz), and (3) Amaury IX of Rochechouart.\nSibyl de Ferrers, married Sir Franco de Bohun.\nJoan de Ferrers (died 1267)\nAgatha de Ferrers (died May 1306), married Hugh de Mortimer, of Chelmarsh.\nEleanor de Ferrers (died 16 October 1274), married to:\nEva Marshal (1203–1246), married William de Braose, Lord of Abergavenny\nIsabella de Braose (born 1222), married Prince Dafydd ap Llywelyn. She died childless.\nMaud de Braose (1224–1301), in 1247, she married Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer and they had descendants.\nEva de Braose (1227 – 28 July 1255), married Sir William de Cantelou and had descendants.\nEleanor de Braose (c. 1228 – 1251). On an unknown date after August 1241, she married Sir Humphrey de Bohun and had descendants.\nAnselm Marshal, 6th Earl of Pembroke (c. 1208 – 22 December 1245), married Maud de Bohun, daughter of Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford. They had no children.\nJoan Marshal (1210–1234), married Warin de Munchensi (died 1255), Lord of Swanscombe\nJoan de Munchensi (1230 – 20 September 1307) married William of Valence, the fourth son of King John's widow, Isabella of Angoulême, and her second husband, Hugh X of Lusignan, Count of La Marche. Valence was half-brother to Henry III and Edward I's uncle.","title":"Descendants of William Marshal and Isabel de Clare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop of Ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ferns"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Bigod,_3rd_Earl_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"dukes of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"William of Valence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Valence,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Joan de Munchensi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_de_Munchensi"},{"link_name":"earls of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earls_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"Maud de Braose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_de_Braose"},{"link_name":"Edward IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England"},{"link_name":"Richard III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"}],"sub_title":"Fate of the Marshal family","text":"During Ireland's civil wars, William took two manors that the Bishop of Ferns claimed but could not get back. Some years after William's death, that bishop is said to have laid a curse on the family that William's sons would have no children, and the great Marshal estates would be scattered.[29] Each of William's sons did become earl of Pembroke and marshal of England, and each died without legitimate issue. William's vast holdings were then divided among the husbands of his five daughters. The title of \"Marshal\" went to the husband of the oldest daughter, Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk, and later passed to the Mowbray dukes of Norfolk and then to the Howard dukes of Norfolk, becoming \"Earl Marshal\" along the way. The title of \"Earl of Pembroke\" passed to William of Valence, the husband of Joan Marshal's daughter, Joan de Munchensi; he became the first of the de Valence line of earls of Pembroke.Through his daughter Isabel, William is an ancestor to both the Bruce and Stewart kings of Scots. Through his granddaughter Maud de Braose, William is an ancestor to the last Plantagenet kings, Edward IV through to Richard III, and all English monarchs from Henry VIII and afterward.","title":"Descendants of William Marshal and Isabel de Clare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Caversham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caversham,_Reading"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"}],"text":"^ Although now in Berkshire, Caversham was historically in Oxfordshire","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asbridge, Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Asbridge"},{"link_name":"Simon & Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster"},{"link_name":"Crouch, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crouch_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Crouch, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crouch_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Crouch, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crouch_(historian)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4324/9781315642468","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315642468"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-317-28308-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-28308-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"953857684","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/953857684"},{"link_name":"L'Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Histoire_de_Guillaume_le_Mar%C3%A9chal"},{"link_name":"Modern French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_French"},{"link_name":"Société de l'histoire de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_l%27histoire_de_France"},{"link_name":"Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lhistoiredeguill01meyeuoft"},{"link_name":"Volume 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lhistoiredeguill02meyeuoft"},{"link_name":"Volume 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lhistoiredeguill03meyeuoft"},{"link_name":"Painter, Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Painter"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Press"}],"text":"Asbridge, Thomas (2015). The Greatest Knight: The Remarkable Life of William Marshal, Power Behind Five English Thrones. London: Simon & Schuster.\nBenson, Larry D. (1980). 'The Tournament in the romances of Chrétien de Troyes and L'Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal' in Studies in Medieval Culture XIV 1–24\nCrouch, David (2007). \"Biography as Propaganda in the 'History of William Marshal\", in Convaincre et persuader: Communication et propagande aux XII et XIIIe siècles. Ed. par Martin Aurell. Poitiers: Université de Poitiers-centre d'études supérieures de civilisation médiévale.\nCrouch, David edited (2015). The Acts and Letters of the Marshal Family, Marshals of England and Earls of Pembroke, 1145–1248. Camden Society, 5th series, vol. 47.\nCrouch, David (2016). William Marshal: Knighthood, War and Chivalry, 1147–1219 (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315642468. ISBN 978-1-317-28308-9. OCLC 953857684.\nDuby, Georges (1985). William Marshal, the Flower of Chivalry. New York: Pantheon.\nGillingham, John (1988). \"War and Chivalry in the History of William the Marshal\" in Thirteenth Century England II ed. P.R. Coss and S.D. Lloyd. Woodbridge, 1–13.\nMeyer, Paul (1891–1901). L'Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal, with partial translation of the original sources into Modern French. Edition, History of William Marshal, (3 vols). Paris: Société de l'histoire de France. Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3\nPainter, Sidney (1933). William Marshal, Knight-Errant, Baron, and Regent of England. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Château de Tancarville in Normandy, where William Marshal began his training as a knight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Tancarville%2C_Seine-Maritime.jpg/260px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Tancarville%2C_Seine-Maritime.jpg"},{"image_text":"Modern Memorial in Cartmel Priory, Cumbria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Memorial_to_William_Marshal%2C_Earl_of_Pembroke.jpg/220px-Memorial_to_William_Marshal%2C_Earl_of_Pembroke.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 13th-century depiction of the Second Battle of Lincoln, which occurred at Lincoln Castle on 20 May 1217; the illustration shows the death of Thomas du Perche, the Comte de la Perche","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/BitvaLincoln1217ortho.jpg/290px-BitvaLincoln1217ortho.jpg"},{"image_text":"Inverted shield of William the Marshal (the incomparable knight) with obituary and epitaph portrayed by Matthew Paris","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Matthew_Paris_-_William_Marshal2.jpg/220px-Matthew_Paris_-_William_Marshal2.jpg"},{"image_text":"William Marshal was interred in Temple Church, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Templechurch.jpg/220px-Templechurch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arms of William Marshal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/William_Marshal_arms.png/220px-William_Marshal_arms.png"},{"image_text":"Statue Of William Marshal in front of Pembroke Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Statue_Of_William_Marshal.jpg/220px-Statue_Of_William_Marshal.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Cultural depictions of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke"}]
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[{"reference":"Chadwick, Elizabeth (11 October 2009). \"Biography of John Marshall\". livingthehistoryelizabethchadwick.blogspot.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://livingthehistoryelizabethchadwick.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/biography-of-john-marshal.html","url_text":"\"Biography of John Marshall\""}]},{"reference":"\"L'Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal\" (PDF). Paris: Société de l'histoire de France. 1891–1901. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lhistoiredeguill03meyeuoft","url_text":"\"L'Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_l%27histoire_de_France","url_text":"Société de l'histoire de France"}]},{"reference":"Kenyon, John R. (2011). The Medieval Castles of Wales. University of Wales. p. 67. ISBN 978-0708321805.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0708321805","url_text":"978-0708321805"}]},{"reference":"Dan Jones (2014). The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England. Penguin Books. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-0143124924.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143124924","url_text":"978-0143124924"}]},{"reference":"\"Carlow Castle\". Carlow Town.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071117025154/http://carlowtown.com/info_tosee.asp","url_text":"\"Carlow Castle\""},{"url":"http://www.carlowtown.com/info_tosee.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gies, Frances and Joseph (1990). Daily Life in Medieval Times. New York, NY: Black Dog and Leventhal Publishers. p. 24. ISBN 1579120695.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie0000gies/page/24","url_text":"Daily Life in Medieval Times"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmedie0000gies/page/24","url_text":"24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1579120695","url_text":"1579120695"}]},{"reference":"Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1885–1900). \"Marshal, William (d. 1219)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Marshal,_William_(d._1219)","url_text":"\"Marshal, William (d. 1219)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Pembroke, Earls of\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 78–80.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pembroke,_Earls_of","url_text":"Pembroke, Earls of"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Asbridge, Thomas (2015). The Greatest Knight: The Remarkable Life of William Marshal, Power Behind Five English Thrones. London: Simon & Schuster.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Asbridge","url_text":"Asbridge, Thomas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"}]},{"reference":"Crouch, David (2016). William Marshal: Knighthood, War and Chivalry, 1147–1219 (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315642468. ISBN 978-1-317-28308-9. OCLC 953857684.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crouch_(historian)","url_text":"Crouch, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315642468","url_text":"10.4324/9781315642468"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-28308-9","url_text":"978-1-317-28308-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953857684","url_text":"953857684"}]},{"reference":"Painter, Sidney (1933). William Marshal, Knight-Errant, Baron, and Regent of England. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Painter","url_text":"Painter, Sidney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Press","url_text":"Johns Hopkins Press"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey,_Colorado
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Bailey, Colorado
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["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Arts and culture","4 Education","5 Notable people","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 39°24′20″N 105°28′24″W / 39.40556°N 105.47333°W / 39.40556; -105.47333
Unincorporated community in Colorado, United StatesBailey, ColoradoUnincorporated communityDowntown Bailey, ColoradoBailey, ColoradoLocation within the state of ColoradoCoordinates: 39°24′20″N 105°28′24″W / 39.40556°N 105.47333°W / 39.40556; -105.47333Country United StatesState ColoradoCountyPark CountyElevation7,740 ft (2,360 m)Population (2010) • Total8,042Time zoneUTC−7 (MST) • Summer (DST)UTC−6 (MDT)ZIP Code80421Area code303Highways US 285GNIS feature ID204727
Bailey is an unincorporated community and U.S. Post Office in northeastern Park County, Colorado, United States. Bailey's Post Office ZIP Code is 80421.
The town community consists of several small businesses, restaurants and churches.
The North Fork South Platte River flows through Bailey.
History
William Bailey settled a ranch and built a stage station known as Bailey's Ranch in 1864. Bailey also built a hotel at the station, and the town eventually became known as Bailey. The Denver & South Park Railroad reached Bailey in 1878, and the Bailey Post Office opened on November 20, 1878.
On March 18, 2006, the Coney Island Hot Dog Stand, a landmark building shaped like a giant hot dog was moved from Aspen Park to Bailey.
On September 27, 2006, a hostage crisis occurred after a lone gunman took seven female students hostage at a classroom in Platte Canyon High School and sexually assaulted them before opening fire after a SWAT team breached the room. One hostage was killed, while the remaining escaped uninjured. The hostage-taker then committed suicide after being shot by police.
On February 24, 2016, three Park County Sheriffs were shot, one fatally. The officers were serving an eviction to a known disgruntled man in a house.
The rustic Glen-Isle Resort in Bailey, as well as the Estabrook Historic District northeast of Bailey, are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Geography
Bailey is located in the mountains of Park County CO, approximately 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Denver along U.S. Highway 285. It is located on the east side of Kenosha Pass and is one of the largest communities in the Platte Canyon region.
Climate
Bailey has a humid continental climate (Dfb) with cold winters and warm summers.
Climate data for Bailey, Colorado, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1901–present
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
65(18)
70(21)
72(22)
78(26)
86(30)
95(35)
95(35)
93(34)
91(33)
83(28)
72(22)
67(19)
95(35)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
52.2(11.2)
54.4(12.4)
64.0(17.8)
69.6(20.9)
77.7(25.4)
85.7(29.8)
87.7(30.9)
84.6(29.2)
81.8(27.7)
73.4(23.0)
60.2(15.7)
53.4(11.9)
88.6(31.4)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
37.5(3.1)
39.9(4.4)
48.3(9.1)
53.9(12.2)
63.1(17.3)
74.8(23.8)
79.4(26.3)
76.9(24.9)
70.9(21.6)
58.6(14.8)
45.1(7.3)
37.2(2.9)
57.1(14.0)
Daily mean °F (°C)
23.2(−4.9)
25.0(−3.9)
32.9(0.5)
38.5(3.6)
47.0(8.3)
56.6(13.7)
61.9(16.6)
59.9(15.5)
52.8(11.6)
41.6(5.3)
30.5(−0.8)
22.9(−5.1)
41.1(5.0)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
8.9(−12.8)
10.1(−12.2)
17.5(−8.1)
23.1(−4.9)
30.9(−0.6)
38.4(3.6)
44.4(6.9)
42.9(6.1)
34.8(1.6)
24.5(−4.2)
15.9(−8.9)
8.7(−12.9)
25.0(−3.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
−11.6(−24.2)
−11.6(−24.2)
−2.1(−18.9)
6.9(−13.9)
19.8(−6.8)
29.6(−1.3)
37.4(3.0)
35.4(1.9)
23.8(−4.6)
8.9(−12.8)
−3.9(−19.9)
−12.4(−24.7)
−17.8(−27.7)
Record low °F (°C)
−46(−43)
−48(−44)
−31(−35)
−6(−21)
4(−16)
20(−7)
28(−2)
26(−3)
7(−14)
−10(−23)
−24(−31)
−33(−36)
−48(−44)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.52(13)
0.65(17)
1.38(35)
1.98(50)
2.03(52)
1.62(41)
2.71(69)
2.52(64)
1.43(36)
1.11(28)
0.69(18)
0.57(14)
17.21(437)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
8.0(20)
10.3(26)
15.4(39)
17.8(45)
4.2(11)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
1.2(3.0)
6.9(18)
9.4(24)
9.4(24)
82.6(210)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
4.1
4.9
6.6
7.4
8.3
7.3
12.0
13.1
7.0
5.0
4.2
4.3
84.2
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
4.3
5.1
6.2
5.3
1.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
2.6
3.9
4.4
34.2
Source 1: NOAA
Source 2: National Weather Service
Arts and culture
Glen-Isle Resort
Bailey Day street festival is an annual summer event in the city, featuring bands, vendors and family activities.
The Bailey HUNDO is a 100-mile endurance mountain bike race that begins and ends in Bailey. It has been an annual event since 2009, and money raised is invested in the construction of new bike trails and in youth biking initiatives in Colorado. Both the Buffalo Creek Trail System and the Colorado Trail are easily accessible from Bailey.
Tomahawk Ranch, a residential camp operated by the Girl Scouts of Colorado, is located near Bailey.
In 2004, Bailey was the location for Apogaea, an annual outdoor arts and music festival.
Education
Bailey is served by the Platte Canyon School District #1.
Platte Canyon High School has approximately 300 students. In sports, they are a 3A school in the Frontier League. The Girls' Cross Country Team was the Colorado State 3A Champion in 1986, and the Girls' Track Team was the Colorado State 3A Champion in 1996 and in 2005, and the Boys' Track Team was the Colorado 3A State Champion in 2008. The Speech and Debate team holds the record for the most individual State Champions at the Festival Level.
Notable people
Erwin Jay Boydston, recipient of the Medal of Honor, America's highest military award.
Hal Hickel, Academy Award winning visual effects animator.
See also
Colorado portal
The High Timber Times
Outline of Colorado
References
^ "ZIP Code 80421". United States Zip Codes. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Bailey, Colorado
^ a b "ZIP Code Lookup". United States Postal Service. Archived from the original (JavaScript/HTML) on September 3, 2007. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
^ a b Eichler, Geo. R. (1977). Colorado Place Names. Johnson Publishing Company.
^ Bauer, William H.; James L. Ozment; John H. Willard (1990). Colorado Post Offices 1859-1989. The Colorado Railroad Museum. ISBN 0-918654-42-4.
^ "Evergreen Newspapers, Inc". www.evergreenco.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
^ Rouse, Karen (September 27, 2006). "Teenage hostage fatally shot after authorities stormed a Platte Canyon High School". The Denver Post. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
^ Paul, Jesse; Hern, Elizabeth; Ehern, Ez | (February 24, 2016). "Park County sheriff's deputy killed, two others wounded in shootout". The Denver Post. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
^
"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
^
"NOAA Online Weather Data". National Weather Service. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bailey, Colorado.
Platte Canyon Area Chamber of Commerce
vteMunicipalities and communities of Park County, Colorado, United StatesCounty seat: FairplayTowns
Alma
Fairplay
Map of Colorado highlighting Park CountyCDPs
Guffey
Hartsel
Unincorporatedcommunities
Bailey
Como
Grant
Jefferson
Lake George
Shawnee
Tarryall
Ghost towns
Alma Junction
Antero Junction
Buckskin Joe
Garo
Tarryall
Trump
Colorado portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
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Bailey's Post Office ZIP Code is 80421.[3]The town community consists of several small businesses, restaurants and churches.The North Fork South Platte River flows through Bailey.","title":"Bailey, Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ColoPlaceNames-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ColoPlaceNames-4"},{"link_name":"Denver & South Park Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver,_South_Park_and_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ColoPostOffices-5"},{"link_name":"Coney Island Hot Dog Stand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coney_Island_Hot_Dog_Stand"},{"link_name":"Aspen Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen_Park,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"a hostage crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platte_Canyon_High_School_hostage_crisis"},{"link_name":"Platte Canyon High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platte_Canyon_High_School"},{"link_name":"SWAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAT"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Park County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_County,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Glen-Isle Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenisle"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Park_County,_Colorado"}],"text":"William Bailey settled a ranch and built a stage station known as Bailey's Ranch in 1864.[4] Bailey also built a hotel at the station, and the town eventually became known as Bailey.[4] The Denver & South Park Railroad reached Bailey in 1878, and the Bailey Post Office opened on November 20, 1878.[5]On March 18, 2006, the Coney Island Hot Dog Stand, a landmark building shaped like a giant hot dog was moved from Aspen Park to Bailey.[6]On September 27, 2006, a hostage crisis occurred after a lone gunman took seven female students hostage at a classroom in Platte Canyon High School and sexually assaulted them before opening fire after a SWAT team breached the room. One hostage was killed, while the remaining escaped uninjured. The hostage-taker then committed suicide after being shot by police.[7]On February 24, 2016, three Park County Sheriffs were shot, one fatally.[8] The officers were serving an eviction to a known disgruntled man in a house.The rustic Glen-Isle Resort in Bailey, as well as the Estabrook Historic District northeast of Bailey, are both listed on the National Register of Historic Places.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_285"},{"link_name":"Kenosha Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenosha_Pass"},{"link_name":"Platte Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platte_Canyon"}],"text":"Bailey is located in the mountains of Park County CO, approximately 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Denver along U.S. Highway 285. It is located on the east side of Kenosha Pass and is one of the largest communities in the Platte Canyon region.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Dfb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-10"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Bailey has a humid continental climate (Dfb) with cold winters and warm summers.Climate data for Bailey, Colorado, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1901–present\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n65(18)\n\n70(21)\n\n72(22)\n\n78(26)\n\n86(30)\n\n95(35)\n\n95(35)\n\n93(34)\n\n91(33)\n\n83(28)\n\n72(22)\n\n67(19)\n\n95(35)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n52.2(11.2)\n\n54.4(12.4)\n\n64.0(17.8)\n\n69.6(20.9)\n\n77.7(25.4)\n\n85.7(29.8)\n\n87.7(30.9)\n\n84.6(29.2)\n\n81.8(27.7)\n\n73.4(23.0)\n\n60.2(15.7)\n\n53.4(11.9)\n\n88.6(31.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n37.5(3.1)\n\n39.9(4.4)\n\n48.3(9.1)\n\n53.9(12.2)\n\n63.1(17.3)\n\n74.8(23.8)\n\n79.4(26.3)\n\n76.9(24.9)\n\n70.9(21.6)\n\n58.6(14.8)\n\n45.1(7.3)\n\n37.2(2.9)\n\n57.1(14.0)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n23.2(−4.9)\n\n25.0(−3.9)\n\n32.9(0.5)\n\n38.5(3.6)\n\n47.0(8.3)\n\n56.6(13.7)\n\n61.9(16.6)\n\n59.9(15.5)\n\n52.8(11.6)\n\n41.6(5.3)\n\n30.5(−0.8)\n\n22.9(−5.1)\n\n41.1(5.0)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n8.9(−12.8)\n\n10.1(−12.2)\n\n17.5(−8.1)\n\n23.1(−4.9)\n\n30.9(−0.6)\n\n38.4(3.6)\n\n44.4(6.9)\n\n42.9(6.1)\n\n34.8(1.6)\n\n24.5(−4.2)\n\n15.9(−8.9)\n\n8.7(−12.9)\n\n25.0(−3.9)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n−11.6(−24.2)\n\n−11.6(−24.2)\n\n−2.1(−18.9)\n\n6.9(−13.9)\n\n19.8(−6.8)\n\n29.6(−1.3)\n\n37.4(3.0)\n\n35.4(1.9)\n\n23.8(−4.6)\n\n8.9(−12.8)\n\n−3.9(−19.9)\n\n−12.4(−24.7)\n\n−17.8(−27.7)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−46(−43)\n\n−48(−44)\n\n−31(−35)\n\n−6(−21)\n\n4(−16)\n\n20(−7)\n\n28(−2)\n\n26(−3)\n\n7(−14)\n\n−10(−23)\n\n−24(−31)\n\n−33(−36)\n\n−48(−44)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n0.52(13)\n\n0.65(17)\n\n1.38(35)\n\n1.98(50)\n\n2.03(52)\n\n1.62(41)\n\n2.71(69)\n\n2.52(64)\n\n1.43(36)\n\n1.11(28)\n\n0.69(18)\n\n0.57(14)\n\n17.21(437)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n8.0(20)\n\n10.3(26)\n\n15.4(39)\n\n17.8(45)\n\n4.2(11)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n1.2(3.0)\n\n6.9(18)\n\n9.4(24)\n\n9.4(24)\n\n82.6(210)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n4.1\n\n4.9\n\n6.6\n\n7.4\n\n8.3\n\n7.3\n\n12.0\n\n13.1\n\n7.0\n\n5.0\n\n4.2\n\n4.3\n\n84.2\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n4.3\n\n5.1\n\n6.2\n\n5.3\n\n1.9\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.5\n\n2.6\n\n3.9\n\n4.4\n\n34.2\n\n\nSource 1: NOAA[9]\n\n\nSource 2: National Weather Service[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glenisle.JPG"},{"link_name":"Colorado Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Trail"},{"link_name":"Girl Scouts of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting_in_Colorado#Girl_Scouts_of_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Apogaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apogaea"}],"text":"Glen-Isle ResortBailey Day street festival is an annual summer event in the city, featuring bands, vendors and family activities.The Bailey HUNDO is a 100-mile endurance mountain bike race that begins and ends in Bailey. It has been an annual event since 2009, and money raised is invested in the construction of new bike trails and in youth biking initiatives in Colorado. Both the Buffalo Creek Trail System and the Colorado Trail are easily accessible from Bailey.Tomahawk Ranch, a residential camp operated by the Girl Scouts of Colorado, is located near Bailey.In 2004, Bailey was the location for Apogaea, an annual outdoor arts and music festival.","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Platte Canyon High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platte_Canyon_High_School"}],"text":"Bailey is served by the Platte Canyon School District #1.Platte Canyon High School has approximately 300 students. In sports, they are a 3A school in the Frontier League. The Girls' Cross Country Team was the Colorado State 3A Champion in 1986, and the Girls' Track Team was the Colorado State 3A Champion in 1996 and in 2005, and the Boys' Track Team was the Colorado 3A State Champion in 2008. The Speech and Debate team holds the record for the most individual State Champions at the Festival Level.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erwin Jay Boydston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Jay_Boydston"},{"link_name":"Hal Hickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Hickel"}],"text":"Erwin Jay Boydston, recipient of the Medal of Honor, America's highest military award.\nHal Hickel, Academy Award winning visual effects animator.","title":"Notable people"}]
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[{"image_text":"Glen-Isle Resort","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Glenisle.JPG/220px-Glenisle.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map of Colorado highlighting Park County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Map_of_Colorado_highlighting_Park_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Colorado_highlighting_Park_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Colorado portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Colorado"},{"title":"The High Timber Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_High_Timber_Times"},{"title":"Outline of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Colorado"}]
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[{"reference":"\"ZIP Code 80421\". United States Zip Codes. Retrieved February 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unitedstateszipcodes.org/80421/","url_text":"\"ZIP Code 80421\""}]},{"reference":"\"ZIP Code Lookup\". United States Postal Service. Archived from the original (JavaScript/HTML) on September 3, 2007. Retrieved September 3, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070903025217/http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp","url_text":"\"ZIP Code Lookup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service","url_text":"United States Postal Service"},{"url":"http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript","url_text":"JavaScript"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML","url_text":"HTML"}]},{"reference":"Eichler, Geo. R. (1977). Colorado Place Names. Johnson Publishing Company.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bauer, William H.; James L. Ozment; John H. Willard (1990). Colorado Post Offices 1859-1989. The Colorado Railroad Museum. ISBN 0-918654-42-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Railroad_Museum","url_text":"Colorado Railroad Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918654-42-4","url_text":"0-918654-42-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Evergreen Newspapers, Inc\". www.evergreenco.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928203916/http://www.evergreenco.com/story_display.php?sid=2575","url_text":"\"Evergreen Newspapers, Inc\""},{"url":"http://www.evergreenco.com/story_display.php?sid=2575","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rouse, Karen (September 27, 2006). \"Teenage hostage fatally shot after authorities stormed a Platte Canyon High School\". The Denver Post. Retrieved May 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denverpost.com/2006/09/27/hostage-horror/","url_text":"\"Teenage hostage fatally shot after authorities stormed a Platte Canyon High School\""}]},{"reference":"Paul, Jesse; Hern, Elizabeth; Ehern, Ez | (February 24, 2016). \"Park County sheriff's deputy killed, two others wounded in shootout\". The Denver Post. Retrieved May 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denverpost.com/2016/02/24/park-county-sheriffs-deputy-killed-two-others-wounded-in-shootout/","url_text":"\"Park County sheriff's deputy killed, two others wounded in shootout\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00050454&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","url_text":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access\""}]},{"reference":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Weather Service. Retrieved August 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=bou","url_text":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bailey,_Colorado¶ms=39_24_20_N_105_28_24_W_type:city_region:US-CO","external_links_name":"39°24′20″N 105°28′24″W / 39.40556°N 105.47333°W / 39.40556; -105.47333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bailey,_Colorado¶ms=39_24_20_N_105_28_24_W_type:city_region:US-CO","external_links_name":"39°24′20″N 105°28′24″W / 39.40556°N 105.47333°W / 39.40556; -105.47333"},{"Link":"https://www.unitedstateszipcodes.org/80421/","external_links_name":"\"ZIP Code 80421\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/204727","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Bailey, Colorado"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070903025217/http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp","external_links_name":"\"ZIP Code Lookup\""},{"Link":"http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928203916/http://www.evergreenco.com/story_display.php?sid=2575","external_links_name":"\"Evergreen Newspapers, Inc\""},{"Link":"http://www.evergreenco.com/story_display.php?sid=2575","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.denverpost.com/2006/09/27/hostage-horror/","external_links_name":"\"Teenage hostage fatally shot after authorities stormed a Platte Canyon High School\""},{"Link":"https://www.denverpost.com/2016/02/24/park-county-sheriffs-deputy-killed-two-others-wounded-in-shootout/","external_links_name":"\"Park County sheriff's deputy killed, two others wounded in shootout\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00050454&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access\""},{"Link":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=bou","external_links_name":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data\""},{"Link":"http://www.bailey-colorado.org/","external_links_name":"Platte Canyon Area Chamber of Commerce"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/153788227","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538024405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98102827","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Canadian_Infantry_Battalion_(90th_Regiment),_CEF
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Royal Winnipeg Rifles
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["1 Lineage","1.1 The Royal Winnipeg Rifles","1.2 The Winnipeg Light Infantry","1.3 Lineage charts","2 Perpetuations","2.1 North-West Rebellion","2.2 The Great War","3 History","3.1 Early history","3.2 The First World War","3.3 1920s-1930s","3.4 The Second World War","3.5 Post-WWII to the Present","4 Structure","4.1 The Royal Winnipeg Rifles Band","5 Traditions","6 Alliances","7 Battle honours","8 Recognition","9 Royal Canadian Army Cadets","10 Notable Members","11 Victoria Cross holders","12 The Royal Winnipeg Rifles Museum and Archives","13 Media","14 See also","15 Order of precedence","16 Notes","17 References","18 External links"]
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Coordinates: 49°53′27″N 97°10′44″W / 49.8907°N 97.1788°W / 49.8907; -97.1788This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Royal Winnipeg Rifles" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Royal Winnipeg RiflesCap badge of the Royal Winnipeg RiflesActive1883–presentCountryCanadaBranchCanadian ArmyTypeRiflesPart of38 Canadian Brigade GroupGarrison/HQMinto Armoury, Winnipeg, ManitobaNickname(s)Little Black DevilsMotto(s)Hosti acie nominati (Latin for 'Named by the enemy')March"Old Solomon Levi"Engagements
North-West Rebellion
Second Boer War
First World War
Second World War
War in Afghanistan
Battle honoursSee #Battle honoursWebsitewww.theroyalwinnipegrifles.comCommandersColonel-in-ChiefKing Charles IIINotablecommandersWilliam Nassau KennedyAbbreviationR Wpg RifMilitary unit
The Royal Winnipeg Rifles (R Wpg Rif) are a Primary Reserve one-battalion infantry regiment of the Canadian Army. Nicknamed the "Little Black Devils", they are based at Minto Armoury in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The Royal Winnipeg Rifles are part of 3rd Canadian Division's 38 Canadian Brigade Group.
Lineage
The Royal Winnipeg Rifles
Originated on 9 November 1883, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, as the 90th Winnipeg Battalion of Rifles
Redesignated on 8 May 1900, as the 90th Regiment Winnipeg Rifles
Redesignated on 12 March 1920, as The Winnipeg Rifles
Redesignated on 3 June 1935, as The Royal Winnipeg Rifles
Redesignated on 7 November 1940, as the 2nd (Reserve) Battalion, The Royal Winnipeg Rifles
Redesignated on 28 March 1946, as The Royal Winnipeg Rifles
Amalgamated on 30 June 1955, with The Winnipeg Light Infantry Retaining its designation.
The Winnipeg Light Infantry
Main article: The Winnipeg Light Infantry
Originated on 1 April 1912, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, as the 106th Regiment, Winnipeg Light Infantry.
Redesignated on 12 March 1920, as The Winnipeg Light Infantry.
Redesignated on 15 December 1936, as The Winnipeg Light Infantry (Machine Gun).
Redesignated on 18 March 1942, as the 2nd (Reserve) Battalion, The Winnipeg Light Infantry (Machine Gun).
Redesignated on 1 June 1945, as The Winnipeg Light Infantry (Machine Gun).
Redesignated on 1 April 1946, as The Winnipeg Light Infantry.
Amalgamated on 30 June 1955, with The Royal Winnipeg Rifles.
Lineage charts
Lineage chart 1878–1914
1878Winnipeg Infy Coy
188390th "Winnipeg" Bn of Rifles
1885Mobilized for active serviceWinnipeg Light Infy Bn
1885Removed from active serviceRemoved from active service
188691st "Winnipeg" Bn of Light Infy
1888Disbanded
190090th Regt "Winnipeg Rifles"
1912106th Regt, Winnipeg Light Infy
Lineage chart 1914–1936
90th Regt "Winnipeg Rifles"106th Regt, Winnipeg Light Infy
19148th Bn, CEF10th Bn, CEF44th Bn, CEF27th Bn, CEF
191590th "Overseas" Bn, CEF144th "Overseas" Bn, CEF61st "Overseas" Bn, CEF101st "Overseas" Bn, CEF
1916Absorbed by 11th Reserve Bn190th "Overseas" Bn, CEF203rd "Overseas" Bn, CEFAbsorbed by 11th Reserve BnAbsorbed by 17th Reserve Bn222nd "Overseas" Bn, CEF226th "Overseas" Bn, CEF
1917Absorbed by 18th Reserve BnAbsorbed by 18th Reserve BnAbsorbed by 18th Reserve BnAbsorbed by 19th Reserve BnAbsorbed by 14th Reserve Bn
1920DisbandedDisbandedDisbandedDisbanded
19201st Bn (8th Bn, CEF), The Winnipeg Rifles2nd Bn (90th Bn, CEF), The Winnipeg Rifles3rd Bn (144th Bn, CEF), The Winnipeg Rifles4th Bn (190th Bn, CEF), The Winnipeg Rifles5th Bn (203rd Bn, CEF), The Winnipeg Rifles1st Bn (10th Bn, CEF), The Winnipeg Light Infy2nd Bn (61st Bn, CEF), The Winnipeg Light Infy3rd Bn (101st Bn, CEF), The Winnipeg Light Infy4th Bn (222nd Bn, CEF), The Winnipeg Light Infy5th Bn (226th Bn, CEF), The Winnipeg Light Infy
1932Perpetuates 91st BnPerpetuates 91st BnPerpetuates 91st BnPerpetuates 91st BnPerpetuates 91st Bn
19351st Bn (8th Bn, CEF), The Royal Winnipeg Rifles2nd Bn (90th Bn, CEF), The Royal Winnipeg Rifles3rd Bn (144th Bn, CEF), The Royal Winnipeg Rifles4th Bn (190th Bn, CEF), The Royal Winnipeg Rifles5th Bn (203rd Bn, CEF), The Royal Winnipeg Rifles
1936The Royal Winnipeg RiflesDisbandedDisbandedDisbandedDisbandedThe Winnipeg Light Infy (MG)DisbandedDisbandedDisbandedDisbanded
Lineage chart 1936–present
The Royal Winnipeg RiflesThe Winnipeg Light Infy (MG)
1940The Royal Winnipeg Rifles, CASF
19401st Bn, The Royal Winnipeg Rifles, CASF2nd (Reserve) Bn, The Royal Winnipeg Rifles
19423rd Bn, The Royal Winnipeg Rifles, CASF1st Bn, The Winnipeg Light Infy, CASF2nd (Reserve) Bn, The Winnipeg Light Infy (MG)
1943Disbanded
19454th Bn, The Royal Winnipeg Rifles, CIC, CAOFDisbandedThe Winnipeg Light Infy (MG)
1946DisbandedThe Royal Winnipeg RiflesDisbandedThe Winnipeg Light Infy
1951"E" Coy, The Royal Winnipeg Rifles"F" Coy, The Royal Winnipeg Rifles
1951Absorbed by 1st Canadian Rifle Bn
1952Absorbed by 2nd Canadian Rifle Bn
1955The Royal Winnipeg Rifles
1969Perpetuates 44th Bn
1999Perpetuates 27th Bn
Perpetuations
North-West Rebellion
91st "Winnipeg" Battalion of Light Infantry of 1885–1888
The Great War
8th Battalion (90th Winnipeg Rifles), CEF
10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF
27th Battalion (City of Winnipeg), CEF
44th Battalion (Manitoba), CEF
61st Battalion (Winnipeg), CEF
90th Battalion (Winnipeg Rifles), CEF
101st Battalion (Winnipeg Light Infantry), CEF
144th Battalion (Winnipeg Rifles), CEF
190th Battalion (Winnipeg Rifles), CEF
203rd Battalion (Winnipeg Rifles), CEF
222nd Battalion, CEF
226th Battalion (Men of the North), CEF
History
Early history
The 90th Winnipeg Battalion of Rifles were formed on 9 November 1883 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William Nassau Kennedy. Within two years of formation, the 90th battalion served in the 1885 North-West Rebellion, fighting at Fish Creek and Batoche. The regimental Latin motto is hosti acie nominati, which means “named by the enemy in battle”. After the Battle of Fish Creek, a captured Métis asked, "The red coats we know, but who are those little black devils?" – infantry of the line wore red tunics, but the Winnipeg soldiers were clad in rifle green, a shade dark enough to be mistaken for black. From that point on, the 90th Rifles (and later Royal Winnipeg Rifles) became informally nicknamed the "Little Black Devils".
Some former members of the 90th Rifles served in South Africa during the Second Boer War as members of other Canadian units, resulting in the award of the South Africa 1899–1900 battle honour.
The First World War
The regiment raised several battalions for the Canadian Expeditionary Force in the Great War, the most notable being the 8th Battalion (90th Winnipeg Rifles), CEF, which served in the 2nd Infantry Brigade, 1st Canadian Division. The battalion saw some of the heaviest fighting in World War I, distinguishing itself at battles such as Ypres, the Somme, Vimy, Passchendaele, Amiens, Arras and Cambrai.
Three members of the 8th battalion were awarded Canada's highest honour for gallantry in the face of the enemy, the Victoria Cross.
The distinguishing patch of the 8th Battalion (90th Winnipeg Rifles), CEF.
1920s-1930s
In the 1920 reorganization of the Canadian Militia following the report of the Otter Committee, the regiment's former designation as 90th Regiment was dropped and became known as The Winnipeg Rifles. In 1935 the unit was awarded the prefix 'Royal' for its distinguished service to King George V, and the current designation of The Royal Winnipeg Rifles (R Wpg Rif) was adopted.
The Second World War
In World War II the regiment landed in England in September 1940. As part of the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade, 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, the Rifles were in the first wave of landings on D Day, 6 June 1944. The Royal Winnipeg Rifles fought throughout the Normandy campaign, fighting in famous battles such as Caen and the Falaise Gap. After helping liberate several of the Channel Ports, the regiment fought to clear the Scheldt Estuary to allow the re-opening of the Antwerp harbour. After helping to liberate the Netherlands, the regiment ended the war preparing to assault the northern German town of Aurich.
Three battalions of the regiment served during the Second World War. The 1st Battalion served in the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, the 2nd Battalion was a reserve unit that remained on part-time duty in Winnipeg, and a 3rd Battalion served in the Canadian Army Occupation Force.
The 1st Battalion were among the first Allied troops to land on the Normandy beaches on D-Day. They served throughout the Northwest Europe campaign, including the Battle of the Scheldt, the Rhineland, and the final battles across the Rhine, before returning to Canada in 1945. The 3rd Battalion was raised in 1945 and remained in Germany until 1946.
LCA (Landing Craft Assault) containing Winnipeg Rifles head for the Normandy Juno beach - June 6, 1944. Most are wearing Mk III helmets.
Royal Winnipeg Rifles, during Operation Spring, France, 25 July 1944.
Troops of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles near Ifs, Calvados, France, 25 July 1944.
Post-WWII to the Present
In 1950 the regiment helped the civil authority during the Winnipeg flood during Operation Red Ramp. During 1951–53, they provided men to the 1st Canadian Rifle Battalion for NATO duty with 27th Canadian Infantry Brigade in Germany. Members of the regiment also served with other units during the Korean War. In 1955, The Winnipeg Light Infantry amalgamated with The Royal Winnipeg Rifles bringing together the histories and traditions of two military units with no change in designation.
On 6 June 1964, a commemorative D-Day monument was erected on the beaches at Courseulles-sur-Mer. In 1978 Prince Charles, The Prince of Wales, became the Colonel-in-Chief of the regiment. Subsequently, a contingent of Rifles attended the wedding of Prince Charles to Lady Diana Spencer on 29 July 1981.
In 1983 The Royal Winnipeg Rifles, celebrated a one hundred years of military service to Canada with numerous events and an official postage stamp.
The regiment contributed numerous soldiers to overseas deployments in the Balkans and to Canadian operations in Afghanistan.
In 2009, the Royal Winnipeg Rifles and the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders (both stationed at Minto Armoury) merged into the Winnipeg Infantry Tactical Group (Wpg Inf Tac Grp, or WITG). Both infantry regiments retained a large majority of their traditions but had a mixed and fully cooperative chain of command with only one commanding officer (CO) for both units. In 2018, the units were disaggregated, now with two separate chains of command and with different roles. The new main role for the Royal Winnipeg Rifles is maintaining the Arctic Response Company Group.
Structure
Leadership and appointments
Colonel-in-Chief: Charles III
Honorary Colonel: Emőke Szathmáry
Honorary Lieutenant-Colonel: Abdo El Tassi
Commanding Officer: Lieutenant-Colonel Piotr Sliwowski
Regimental Sergeant Major: Chief Warrant Officer Joel Alo
Band Sergeant Major: Master Warrant Officer Emily Kenny
Battalion structure
Alpha Company
Regimental Band
Ceremonial Detachment (The Skirmishers and The Pioneers)
Sub-Units
The Royal Winnipeg Rifles Band
The Regimental Band is as old as the Regiment, dating back to 1883, making it the oldest concert band in Winnipeg. In 1885, members of the band accompanied the Regiment to the Northwest Rebellion. At first consisting only of buglers and drummers, the band has developed into a professional brass and reed concert band, capable of supporting vocals and a multitude of styles and genres in its repertoire, while maintaining its traditions with a bugle line. Bugles, by tradition and practical use, are closely associated with Rifle Regiments; in garrison and on the battlefield, orders were relayed by buglers. Today the Band continues to entertain the people of Manitoba and assist in the esprit de corps of the Regiment. Bands of the perpetuated regiments date back to when the 106th Winnipeg Light Infantry Band was organized. During the First World War, bandmaster Thomas William James took the band to England where it would merge with the 10th Battalion Band to become the first Canadian band to serve on French soil.
The Royal Winnipeg Rifles Band during a Remembrance Day ceremony at Minto Armoury, 11 November 2018.
Bugle Band of 144th Battalion, CEF
Traditions
The Royal Winnipeg Rifles follow the traditions of rifle regiments throughout the Commonwealth. Thus they do not have a stand of regimental colours, and they march at the traditional rate of 140 paces a minute instead of the CF standard 120. Rifles are usually carried "at the trail". Battle honours are borne on the cap badge and drums. The regimental badge depicts a devil carrying a trident and in imitation of a rifleman's role on the battlefield, he is depicted as running. As is also traditional in rifle regiments for reasons of concealment, buttons and badges are "blackened" or darkened and are not polished.
The rank designation of a trained private (one chevron) of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles is "Rifleman."
The regimental band's drums are emblazoned with the unit's battle honours. The regimental pioneers form the escort to the colours when on parade. The pioneers wear leather aprons and carry special tools and weapons: axes or hatchets, picks, and halberds. Along with the pioneers there are also skirmishers who wear the traditional uniform of a 90th Battalion rifleman circa 1885. The skirmishers often appear in ceremonies and memorials such as Remembrance Day and events.
The regimental march of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles is "Pork, Beans and Hard Tack (Old Solomon Levi)" and the double quick march is "The Keel Row."
Alliances
United Kingdom — The Rifles
Battle honours
In the list below, battle honours in small capitals were awarded for participation in large operations and campaigns, while those in lowercase indicate honours granted for more specific battles. The battle honours in bold type are emblazoned on the cap badge.
North West Rebellion
Fish Creek
Batoche
North West Canada, 1885
South African War
South Africa, 1899–1900
First World War
Ypres, 1915, '17
Gravenstafel
St. Julien
Festubert, 1915
Mount Sorrel
Somme, 1916, '18
Flers–Courcelette
Thiepval
Ancre Heights
Ancre, 1916
Arras, 1917, '18
Vimy, 1917
Arleux
Hill 70
Passchendaele
Amiens
Scarpe, 1917, '18
Drocourt–Quéant
Hindenburg Line
Canal du Nord
Cambrai, 1918
Valenciennes
France and Flanders, 1915–18
Second World War
Normandy Landing
Putot-en-Bessin
Caen
Carpiquet
The Orne
Bourguébus Ridge
Falaise
The Laison
The Seine, 1944
Calais, 1944
The Scheldt
Leopold Canal
Breskens Pocket
The Rhineland
Waal Flats
Moyland Wood
The Rhine
Emmerich–Hoch Elten
Deventer
North-West Europe, 1944–1945
War in Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Recognition
On 10 November 1983 Canada Post issued 'The Royal Winnipeg Rifles, The Royal Canadian Dragoons
as part of the Canadian Forces, Regiments, 1883–1983 series. The stamps were designed by Ralph Tibbles, based on a painting by William Southern. The 32¢ stamps are perforated 13.5 x 13 and were printed by Canadian Bank Note Company, Limited.
Royal Canadian Army Cadets
The RWR has an army cadet corps of the same name, Royal Winnipeg Rifles Cadet Corps, formed in 1947. The cadet corps is based at Minto Armoury in Winnipeg.
Notable Members
Lieutenant Colonel William Nassau Kennedy
Lieutenant Hugh John Macdonald PC
Major Frank Fane MC ED
Captain Frank Mackenzie Ross CMG MC OD
Lieutenant Colonel Jeff Nicklin OBE
Major Clifford Chadderton CC OOnt
Pilot Officer Art Grant
Warrant Officer Robert Falcon Ouellette
Lieutenant Gordon A. Smith CM RCA
Acting Commissioner Zachary Taylor Wood
Victoria Cross holders
Alexander Picton Brereton
Frederick George Coppins
Frederick William Hall
Andrew Mynarski
The Royal Winnipeg Rifles Museum and Archives
Military Museum in Manitoba, CanadaThe Royal Winnipeg Rifles Museum and ArchivesLocationMinto Armoury, 969 St. Matthews Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaTypeMilitary Museum
The museum preserves the history of The Royal Winnipeg Rifles through the collection, conservation and display of artefacts and archives commencing with the Red River Expedition of 1870 to the present. It provides a source of training in the regiment's history for all members of the regiment and the public, fostering an interest, knowledge and sense of pride in the regiment's activities and accomplishments. It also maintains a current record of all regimental memorials and monuments in Canada and elsewhere. The Museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN and Virtual Museum of Canada.
Media
Named by the Enemy: A History of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles by Brian A. Reid (Jan 31 2010)
Little Black Devils: A History of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles by Bruce; Wells, Eric Tascona (1983)
See also
Canada portal
The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Forces
38 Canadian Brigade Group Website (ref: Royal Winnipeg Rifles) Archived 2012-06-16 at the Wayback Machine
Order of precedence
Preceded byThe Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa (Duke of Edinburgh's Own)
The Royal Winnipeg Rifles
Succeeded byThe Essex and Kent Scottish
Notes
^ Mobilized for active service
^ a b c d e f g h Reserve order of battle
^ a b Regular Force
References
^ a b c d "The Royal Winnipeg Rifles". Official Lineages Volume 3, Part 2: Infantry Regiments. Directorate of History and Heritage. 9 November 2004. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
^ a b c "The Royal Winnipeg Rifles". www.canada.ca. 2018-11-06. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Royal Winnipeg Rifles". Army.gc.ca. 2012-07-20. Archived from the original on 2012-06-16. Retrieved 2012-07-26.
^ "38 Canadian Brigade Group website". Archived from the original on 2012-06-16. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
^ "www.canadiansoldiers.com". www.canadiansoldiers.com. Retrieved 2021-11-25.
^ "www.canadiansoldiers.com". www.canadiansoldiers.com. Retrieved 2021-11-25.
^ a b "The Royal Winnipeg Rifles - the Royal Winnipeg Rifles Battalion".
^ "The Royal Winnipeg Rifles - the Royal Winnipeg Rifles Band".
^ "Music Bands | the Canadian Encyclopedia".
^ "South-West Asia Theatre Honours". Office of the Prime Minister of Canada. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
^ Canada Post stamp
^ A-AD-266-000/AG-001 Canadian Forces Museums –Operations and Administration 2002-04-03
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Royal Winnipeg Rifles.
Official website
The Royal Winnipeg Rifles site (unofficial)
The Royal Winnipeg Rifles (Army.ca)
The Royal Winnipeg Rifles Museum and Archives
vteCanadian Army infantry regiments in order of precedenceCanadian Forces Regular Force
Royal Canadian Regiment
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry
Royal 22e RégimentCanadian Forces Primary Reserve
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Canadian Grenadier Guards
Queen's Own Rifles of Canada
Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada
Voltigeurs de Québec
Royal Regiment of Canada
Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment)
Princess of Wales' Own Regiment
Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment
Lincoln and Welland Regiment
Royal Canadian Regiment
Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada
Grey and Simcoe Foresters
Lorne Scots (Peel, Dufferin and Halton Regiment)
Brockville Rifles
Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders
Les Fusiliers du St-Laurent
Régiment de la Chaudière
Royal 22e Régiment
Princess Louise Fusiliers
Fusiliers Mont-Royal
Royal New Brunswick Regiment
West Nova Scotia Regiment
North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment
Nova Scotia Highlanders
Régiment de Maisonneuve
Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa
Royal Winnipeg Rifles
Essex and Kent Scottish
48th Highlanders of Canada
Régiment du Saguenay
Cape Breton Highlanders
Algonquin Regiment (Northern Pioneers)
Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada (Princess Louise's)
Lake Superior Scottish Regiment
North Saskatchewan Regiment
Royal Regina Rifles
Rocky Mountain Rangers
Loyal Edmonton Regiment
Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada
Royal Westminster Regiment
Calgary Highlanders
Fusiliers de Sherbrooke
Seaforth Highlanders of Canada
Canadian Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary's)
Royal Montreal Regiment
Irish Regiment of Canada
Toronto Scottish Regiment (Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's Own)
Royal Newfoundland RegimentSupplementary Order of Battle
Canadian Guards
Victoria Rifles of Canada
Royal Rifles of Canada
Régiment de Joliette
Perth Regiment
South Saskatchewan Regiment
Winnipeg Grenadiers
Yukon Regiment
vteCanadian ArmyHistory
History of the Canadian Army
Canadian Corps
First Canadian Army
Military History of Canada
Fort Frontenac Library
Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps
Structure
Structure of the Canadian Army
2nd Canadian Division
3rd Canadian Division
4th Canadian Division
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List of Units
Mechanized brigade groups
1 CMBG
2 CMBG
5 CMBG
(former) 4 CMBG
Brigade groups
31 CBG
32 CBG
33 CBG
34 CBG
35 CBG
36 CBG
37 CBG
38 CBG
39 CBG
41 CBG
Support brigades
6 CCSB
Small arms
C9 light machine gun
C7 rifle/C8 carbine
C6 general purpose machine gun
Browning .50 calibre heavy machine gun
Browning-HP 9 mm pistol
P225, 226
C15 Long Range Sniper Weapon (LRSW)
C3A1 sniper rifle
C14 Timberwolf
C19 rifle
C20 DMR
C21 sniper rifle
C13 fragmentation grenade
M203 grenade launcher
M72 SRAAW(L)
Crewed weapons
Carl Gustav SRAAW(M)
TOW LRAAW(H)
81 mm mortar
Skyguard
C3 close support howitzer
LG1 Mark II 105 mm towed howitzer
M777 lightweight 155mm howitzer
C16 CASW
Armoured fighting vehicles
LAV III
LAV VI
Coyote Reconnaissance Vehicle
Leopard 2
Bison APC
M113A3 and MTVL
RG-31
Textron TAPV
Schools
Canadian Army Command and Staff College
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Category
Commons
49°53′27″N 97°10′44″W / 49.8907°N 97.1788°W / 49.8907; -97.1788
|
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As part of the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade, 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, the Rifles were in the first wave of landings on D Day, 6 June 1944. The Royal Winnipeg Rifles fought throughout the Normandy campaign, fighting in famous battles such as Caen and the Falaise Gap. After helping liberate several of the Channel Ports, the regiment fought to clear the Scheldt Estuary to allow the re-opening of the Antwerp harbour. After helping to liberate the Netherlands, the regiment ended the war preparing to assault the northern German town of Aurich.[3]Three battalions of the regiment served during the Second World War. The 1st Battalion served in the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, the 2nd Battalion was a reserve unit that remained on part-time duty in Winnipeg, and a 3rd Battalion served in the Canadian Army Occupation Force.The 1st Battalion were among the first Allied troops to land on the Normandy beaches on D-Day. They served throughout the Northwest Europe campaign, including the Battle of the Scheldt, the Rhineland, and the final battles across the Rhine, before returning to Canada in 1945. The 3rd Battalion was raised in 1945 and remained in Germany until 1946.LCA (Landing Craft Assault) containing Winnipeg Rifles head for the Normandy Juno beach - June 6, 1944. Most are wearing Mk III helmets.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoyal Winnipeg Rifles, during Operation Spring, France, 25 July 1944.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTroops of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles near Ifs, Calvados, France, 25 July 1944.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"27th Canadian Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"The Winnipeg Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winnipeg_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-army.gc.ca-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Courseulles-sur-Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courseulles-sur-Mer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-army.gc.ca-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-army.gc.ca-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-army.gc.ca-6"},{"link_name":"Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Cameron_Highlanders_of_Canada"}],"sub_title":"Post-WWII to the Present","text":"In 1950 the regiment helped the civil authority during the Winnipeg flood during Operation Red Ramp. During 1951–53, they provided men to the 1st Canadian Rifle Battalion for NATO duty with 27th Canadian Infantry Brigade in Germany. Members of the regiment also served with other units during the Korean War. In 1955, The Winnipeg Light Infantry amalgamated with The Royal Winnipeg Rifles bringing together the histories and traditions of two military units with no change in designation.[3][5][6]On 6 June 1964, a commemorative D-Day monument was erected on the beaches at Courseulles-sur-Mer. In 1978 Prince Charles, The Prince of Wales, became the Colonel-in-Chief of the regiment. Subsequently, a contingent of Rifles attended the wedding of Prince Charles to Lady Diana Spencer on 29 July 1981.[3]In 1983 The Royal Winnipeg Rifles, celebrated a one hundred years of military service to Canada with numerous events and an official postage stamp.[3]The regiment contributed numerous soldiers to overseas deployments in the Balkans and to Canadian operations in Afghanistan.[3]In 2009, the Royal Winnipeg Rifles and the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders (both stationed at Minto Armoury) merged into the Winnipeg Infantry Tactical Group (Wpg Inf Tac Grp, or WITG). Both infantry regiments retained a large majority of their traditions but had a mixed and fully cooperative chain of command with only one commanding officer (CO) for both units. In 2018, the units were disaggregated, now with two separate chains of command and with different roles. The new main role for the Royal Winnipeg Rifles is maintaining the Arctic Response Company Group.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III"},{"link_name":"Emőke Szathmáry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Em%C5%91ke_Szathm%C3%A1ry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"}],"text":"Leadership and appointments[7]\nColonel-in-Chief: Charles III\nHonorary Colonel: Emőke Szathmáry\nHonorary Lieutenant-Colonel: Abdo El Tassi\nCommanding Officer: Lieutenant-Colonel Piotr Sliwowski\nRegimental Sergeant Major: Chief Warrant Officer Joel Alo\nBand Sergeant Major: Master Warrant Officer Emily Kenny\nBattalion structure[7]\nAlpha Company\nRegimental Band\nCeremonial Detachment (The Skirmishers and The Pioneers)\nSub-Units","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winnipeg_Rifles_band.jpg"},{"link_name":"Remembrance Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance_Day"},{"link_name":"Minto Armoury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minto_Armoury"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:144thBugleBand.jpg"}],"sub_title":"The Royal Winnipeg Rifles Band","text":"The Regimental Band is as old as the Regiment, dating back to 1883, making it the oldest concert band in Winnipeg. In 1885, members of the band accompanied the Regiment to the Northwest Rebellion. At first consisting only of buglers and drummers, the band has developed into a professional brass and reed concert band, capable of supporting vocals and a multitude of styles and genres in its repertoire, while maintaining its traditions with a bugle line. Bugles, by tradition and practical use, are closely associated with Rifle Regiments; in garrison and on the battlefield, orders were relayed by buglers. Today the Band continues to entertain the people of Manitoba and assist in the esprit de corps of the Regiment.[8] Bands of the perpetuated regiments date back to when the 106th Winnipeg Light Infantry Band was organized. During the First World War, bandmaster Thomas William James took the band to England where it would merge with the 10th Battalion Band to become the first Canadian band to serve on French soil.[9]The Royal Winnipeg Rifles Band during a Remembrance Day ceremony at Minto Armoury, 11 November 2018.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBugle Band of 144th Battalion, CEF","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rifle regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle_regiment"},{"link_name":"regimental colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimental_colours"},{"link_name":"Battle honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_honour"},{"link_name":"pioneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_(military)"},{"link_name":"halberds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halberds"},{"link_name":"skirmishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirmishers"},{"link_name":"Remembrance Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance_Day"},{"link_name":"regimental march","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorized_marches_of_the_Canadian_Forces"},{"link_name":"Pork, Beans and Hard Tack (Old Solomon Levi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pork,_Beans_and_Hard_Tack_(Old_Solomon_Levi)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Keel Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Keel_Row"}],"text":"The Royal Winnipeg Rifles follow the traditions of rifle regiments throughout the Commonwealth. Thus they do not have a stand of regimental colours, and they march at the traditional rate of 140 paces a minute instead of the CF standard 120. Rifles are usually carried \"at the trail\". Battle honours are borne on the cap badge and drums. The regimental badge depicts a devil carrying a trident and in imitation of a rifleman's role on the battlefield, he is depicted as running. As is also traditional in rifle regiments for reasons of concealment, buttons and badges are \"blackened\" or darkened and are not polished.The rank designation of a trained private (one chevron) of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles is \"Rifleman.\"The regimental band's drums are emblazoned with the unit's battle honours. The regimental pioneers form the escort to the colours when on parade. The pioneers wear leather aprons and carry special tools and weapons: axes or hatchets, picks, and halberds. Along with the pioneers there are also skirmishers who wear the traditional uniform of a 90th Battalion rifleman circa 1885. The skirmishers often appear in ceremonies and memorials such as Remembrance Day and events.The regimental march of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles is \"Pork, Beans and Hard Tack (Old Solomon Levi)\" and the double quick march is \"The Keel Row.\"","title":"Traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"The Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rifles"}],"text":"United Kingdom — The Rifles","title":"Alliances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fish Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fish_Creek"},{"link_name":"Batoche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Batoche"},{"link_name":"North West Canada, 1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"South Africa, 1899–1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"'17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele"},{"link_name":"Festubert, 1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Festubert"},{"link_name":"Mount Sorrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Sorrel"},{"link_name":"1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"'18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Somme_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Flers–Courcelette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Flers%E2%80%93Courcelette"},{"link_name":"Thiepval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thiepval_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Ancre Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre_Heights"},{"link_name":"Ancre, 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ancre"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Vimy, 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimy,_1917"},{"link_name":"Hill 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_70"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)"},{"link_name":"'18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scarpe_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Drocourt–Quéant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Drocourt-Qu%C3%A9ant_Line"},{"link_name":"Canal du Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Canal_du_Nord"},{"link_name":"Cambrai, 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrai,_1918"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Normandy Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_Landing"},{"link_name":"Caen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Caen"},{"link_name":"Falaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaise_pocket"},{"link_name":"The Laison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Laison"},{"link_name":"The Scheldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt"},{"link_name":"Breskens Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breskens_Pocket"},{"link_name":"The Rhineland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Rhineland"},{"link_name":"The Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Plunder"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In the list below, battle honours in small capitals were awarded for participation in large operations and campaigns, while those in lowercase indicate honours granted for more specific battles. The battle honours in bold type are emblazoned on the cap badge.North West Rebellion\nFish Creek\nBatoche\nNorth West Canada, 1885\nSouth African War\nSouth Africa, 1899–1900\nFirst World War\nYpres, 1915, '17\nGravenstafel\nSt. Julien\nFestubert, 1915\nMount Sorrel\nSomme, 1916, '18\nFlers–Courcelette\nThiepval\nAncre Heights\nAncre, 1916\nArras, 1917, '18\nVimy, 1917\nArleux\nHill 70\nPasschendaele\nAmiens\nScarpe, 1917, '18\nDrocourt–Quéant\nHindenburg Line\nCanal du Nord\nCambrai, 1918\nValenciennes\nFrance and Flanders, 1915–18\nSecond World War\nNormandy Landing\nPutot-en-Bessin\nCaen\nCarpiquet\nThe Orne\nBourguébus Ridge\nFalaise\nThe Laison\nThe Seine, 1944\nCalais, 1944\nThe Scheldt\nLeopold Canal\nBreskens Pocket\nThe Rhineland\nWaal Flats\nMoyland Wood\nThe Rhine\nEmmerich–Hoch Elten\nDeventer\nNorth-West Europe, 1944–1945\nWar in Afghanistan\nAfghanistan[10]","title":"Battle honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"On 10 November 1983 Canada Post issued 'The Royal Winnipeg Rifles, The Royal Canadian Dragoons\nas part of the Canadian Forces, Regiments, 1883–1983 series. The stamps were designed by Ralph Tibbles, based on a painting by William Southern. The 32¢ stamps are perforated 13.5 x 13 and were printed by Canadian Bank Note Company, Limited.[11]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Winnipeg Rifles Cadet Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Winnipeg_Rifles_Cadet_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"}],"text":"The RWR has an army cadet corps of the same name, Royal Winnipeg Rifles Cadet Corps, formed in 1947. The cadet corps is based at Minto Armoury in Winnipeg.","title":"Royal Canadian Army Cadets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Nassau Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Nassau_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Hugh John Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_John_Macdonald"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada"},{"link_name":"Frank Fane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fane"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"ED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Efficiency_Decoration"},{"link_name":"Frank Mackenzie Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Mackenzie_Ross"},{"link_name":"CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"OD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Dogwood"},{"link_name":"Jeff Nicklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Nicklin"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Clifford Chadderton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Chadderton"},{"link_name":"CC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"OOnt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Art Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Grant_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Robert Falcon Ouellette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Ouellette"},{"link_name":"Gordon A. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_A._Smith"},{"link_name":"CM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Academy_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Zachary Taylor Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor_Wood"}],"text":"Lieutenant Colonel William Nassau Kennedy\nLieutenant Hugh John Macdonald PC\nMajor Frank Fane MC ED\nCaptain Frank Mackenzie Ross CMG MC OD\nLieutenant Colonel Jeff Nicklin OBE\nMajor Clifford Chadderton CC OOnt\nPilot Officer Art Grant\nWarrant Officer Robert Falcon Ouellette\nLieutenant Gordon A. Smith CM RCA\nActing Commissioner Zachary Taylor Wood","title":"Notable Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Picton Brereton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Picton_Brereton"},{"link_name":"Frederick George Coppins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_George_Coppins"},{"link_name":"Frederick William Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_Hall"},{"link_name":"Andrew Mynarski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Mynarski"}],"text":"Alexander Picton Brereton\nFrederick George Coppins\nFrederick William Hall\nAndrew Mynarski","title":"Victoria Cross holders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"CMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Museums_Association"},{"link_name":"CHIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Heritage_Information_Network"},{"link_name":"Virtual Museum of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Museum_of_Canada"}],"text":"Military Museum in Manitoba, CanadaThe museum preserves the history of The Royal Winnipeg Rifles through the collection, conservation and display of artefacts and archives commencing with the Red River Expedition of 1870 to the present. It provides a source of training in the regiment's history for all members of the regiment and the public, fostering an interest, knowledge and sense of pride in the regiment's activities and accomplishments. It also maintains a current record of all regimental memorials and monuments in Canada and elsewhere.[12] The Museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN and Virtual Museum of Canada.","title":"The Royal Winnipeg Rifles Museum and Archives"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Named by the Enemy: A History of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles by Brian A. Reid (Jan 31 2010)\nLittle Black Devils: A History of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles by Bruce; Wells, Eric Tascona (1983)","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Order of precedence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ROB_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ROB_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ROB_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ROB_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ROB_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ROB_4-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ROB_4-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ROB_4-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RF_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RF_5-1"}],"text":"^ Mobilized for active service\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Reserve order of battle\n\n^ a b Regular Force","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"The Royal Winnipeg Rifles\". Official Lineages Volume 3, Part 2: Infantry Regiments. Directorate of History and Heritage. 9 November 2004. Retrieved 19 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/ol-lo/vol-tom-3/par2/rwr-eng.asp","url_text":"\"The Royal Winnipeg Rifles\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Royal Winnipeg Rifles\". www.canada.ca. 2018-11-06. Retrieved 2023-05-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/official-military-history-lineages/lineages/infantry-regiments/royal-winnipeg-rifles.html","url_text":"\"The Royal Winnipeg Rifles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Winnipeg Rifles\". Army.gc.ca. 2012-07-20. Archived from the original on 2012-06-16. Retrieved 2012-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120616105932/http://www.army.gc.ca/iaol/143000440001579/index-Eng.html","url_text":"\"Royal Winnipeg Rifles\""},{"url":"http://www.army.gc.ca/iaol/143000440001579/index-Eng.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"38 Canadian Brigade Group website\". Archived from the original on 2012-06-16. Retrieved 2012-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120616105932/http://www.army.gc.ca/iaol/143000440001579/index-Eng.html","url_text":"\"38 Canadian Brigade Group website\""},{"url":"http://www.army.gc.ca/iaol/143000440001579/index-Eng.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"www.canadiansoldiers.com\". www.canadiansoldiers.com. Retrieved 2021-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/regiments/infantry/106thwinnipeglightinfantry.htm","url_text":"\"www.canadiansoldiers.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"www.canadiansoldiers.com\". www.canadiansoldiers.com. Retrieved 2021-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/regiments/infantry/winnipeglightinfantry.htm","url_text":"\"www.canadiansoldiers.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Royal Winnipeg Rifles - the Royal Winnipeg Rifles Battalion\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theroyalwinnipegrifles.com/the-royal-winnipeg-rifles-battalion","url_text":"\"The Royal Winnipeg Rifles - the Royal Winnipeg Rifles Battalion\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Royal Winnipeg Rifles - the Royal Winnipeg Rifles Band\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theroyalwinnipegrifles.com/band","url_text":"\"The Royal Winnipeg Rifles - the Royal Winnipeg Rifles Band\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music Bands | the Canadian Encyclopedia\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bands-emc#ReserveBands","url_text":"\"Music Bands | the Canadian Encyclopedia\""}]},{"reference":"\"South-West Asia Theatre Honours\". Office of the Prime Minister of Canada. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231549/http://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2014/05/09/south-west-asia-theatre-honours","url_text":"\"South-West Asia Theatre Honours\""},{"url":"http://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2014/05/09/south-west-asia-theatre-honours","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Township,_Freeborn_County,_Minnesota
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Moscow Township, Freeborn County, Minnesota
|
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 43°43′15″N 93°7′37″W / 43.72083°N 93.12694°W / 43.72083; -93.12694Township in Minnesota, United States
Township in Minnesota, United StatesMoscow TownshipTownshipMoscow TownshipLocation within the state of MinnesotaShow map of MinnesotaMoscow TownshipMoscow Township (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 43°43′15″N 93°7′37″W / 43.72083°N 93.12694°W / 43.72083; -93.12694CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyFreebornArea • Total36.2 sq mi (93.9 km2) • Land36.1 sq mi (93.5 km2) • Water0.1 sq mi (0.3 km2)Elevation1,260 ft (384 m)Population (2000) • Total605 • Density16.8/sq mi (6.5/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)FIPS code27-44404GNIS feature ID0665045
Moscow Township is a township in Freeborn County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 605 at the 2000 census.
Moscow Township was organized in 1858, and named after Moscow, in Russia.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.2 square miles (93.9 km2), of which 36.1 square miles (93.5 km2) is land and 0.1 square mile (0.3 km2) (0.36%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 605 people, 229 households, and 179 families residing in the township. The population density was 16.8 people per square mile (6.5/km2). There were 257 housing units at an average density of 7.1/sq mi (2.7/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.52% White, 0.17% African American, 0.33% Asian, 1.32% from other races, and 0.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.64% of the population.
There were 229 households, out of which 35.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.6% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.8% were non-families. 19.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.03.
In the township the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.0 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $38,472, and the median income for a family was $45,208. Males had a median income of $31,023 versus $26,058 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,442. About 8.3% of families and 9.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.8% of those under age 18 and 6.6% of those age 65 or over.
References
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 201.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Freeborn County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: Albert LeaCities
Albert Lea
Alden
Clarks Grove
Conger
Emmons
Freeborn
Geneva
Glenville
Hartland
Hayward
Hollandale
Manchester
Myrtle
Twin Lakes
Map of Minnesota highlighting Freeborn CountyTownships
Albert Lea
Alden
Bancroft
Bath
Carlston
Freeborn
Freeman
Geneva
Hartland
Hayward
London
Manchester
Mansfield
Moscow
Newry
Nunda
Oakland
Pickerel Lake
Riceland
Shell Rock
Unincorporatedcommunities
Armstrong
Corning‡
Mansfield
Gordonsville
London
Maple Island
Moscow
Oakland
Petran
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Minnesota portal
United States portal
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freeborn County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeborn_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Township in Minnesota, United StatesTownship in Minnesota, United StatesMoscow Township is a township in Freeborn County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 605 at the 2000 census.Moscow Township was organized in 1858, and named after Moscow, in Russia.[3]","title":"Moscow Township, Freeborn County, Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.2 square miles (93.9 km2), of which 36.1 square miles (93.5 km2) is land and 0.1 square mile (0.3 km2) (0.36%) is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-1"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 605 people, 229 households, and 179 families residing in the township. The population density was 16.8 people per square mile (6.5/km2). There were 257 housing units at an average density of 7.1/sq mi (2.7/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.52% White, 0.17% African American, 0.33% Asian, 1.32% from other races, and 0.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.64% of the population.There were 229 households, out of which 35.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.6% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.8% were non-families. 19.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.03.In the township the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.0 males.The median income for a household in the township was $38,472, and the median income for a family was $45,208. Males had a median income of $31,023 versus $26,058 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,442. About 8.3% of families and 9.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.8% of those under age 18 and 6.6% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Map of Minnesota highlighting Freeborn County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Freeborn_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Freeborn_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 201.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Upham","url_text":"Upham, Warren"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ShcLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA201","url_text":"Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Moscow_Township,_Freeborn_County,_Minnesota¶ms=43_43_15_N_93_7_37_W_region:US-MN_type:city(605)","external_links_name":"43°43′15″N 93°7′37″W / 43.72083°N 93.12694°W / 43.72083; -93.12694"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Moscow_Township,_Freeborn_County,_Minnesota¶ms=43_43_15_N_93_7_37_W_region:US-MN_type:city(605)","external_links_name":"43°43′15″N 93°7′37″W / 43.72083°N 93.12694°W / 43.72083; -93.12694"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ShcLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA201","external_links_name":"Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft,_Montana
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Taft, Montana
|
["1 History","2 Today","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 47°25′04″N 115°36′06″W / 47.41778°N 115.60167°W / 47.41778; -115.60167
Populated place in Montana, United StatesTaft, MontanaPopulated placeCoordinates: 47°25′04″N 115°36′06″W / 47.41778°N 115.60167°W / 47.41778; -115.60167CountryUnited StatesStateMontanaCountyMineralNamed forPresident William TaftElevation3,708 ft (1,130 m)Time zoneUTC-7 (MST) • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (MDT)Area Code406GNIS feature ID791856
Taft is a populated place in Mineral County, Montana. Located in the Bitterroot Range near the Idaho border along the route of the Mullan Road, it was a thriving railroad town c. 1908, named after William H. Taft (shortly before he was elected president in 1908).
It is said in both Up the Swiftwater by Sandra A. Crowell and David O. Asleson, and in The Big Burn by Timothy Egan, that the unnamed work camp got its name after Taft, then Secretary of War, traveling on a Northern Pacific train, berated the town as a blight on the American landscape which must clean up its act, to a cheering drunken crowd. The town was then enthusiastically named in his honor.
History
The boomtown was founded when the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad ("The Milwaukee Road") built its Pacific Coast extension (1906–1909) and had to bore a 1.66-mile (2.67 km) tunnel through the mountains near its site. Tunnel #20 on the railroad, it is known as St. Paul Pass Tunnel or Taft Tunnel; its East Portal is two miles (3 km) southwest at approximately 4,150 feet (1,260 m) above sea level and heads southwest into Idaho.
In its earliest years, the town consisted mostly of men working for the railroad, mining, or forest industries. It was notorious for drinking, gambling, a murder rate higher than Chicago, and a reputed "five prostitutes for every man." One reporter described it as "the wickedest city in America."
Taft burned to the ground 114 years ago on 21 August 1910, during "The Big Burn" - a giant forest wildfire fed by Palouser winds, and was not rebuilt. (see The Big Burn by Timothy Egan. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2009.)
Today
Today, on Interstate 90, the site is noted by exit 5, marked "Taft." The area hosts a maintenance yard for the Montana Department of Transportation, access to the Route of the Hiawatha rail trail, and access to St. Regis (Sohon) / Mullan Pass vía Randolph Creek Road, which heads north and west from I-90.
References
^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Taft, Montana
^ Kershner, Jim (August 20, 2010). "Great fire wiped out wild towns of Taft, Grand Forks". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Retrieved December 9, 2019.
^ Description of Taft in 1939 from MTlinks.com
^ a b "Trail map". Route of the Hiawatha. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
^ a b "The Big Burn-Transcript". American Experience. PBS. February 3, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
^ "Loss in Montana". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). August 22, 1910. p. 8.
^ "Aged man a refugee". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). August 27, 1910. p. 1.
External links
"Gamblers, Wastrels and Lumberjacks: An Old Cemetery Gives Up Its Secret History; An estimated 72 people died during construction of a rail tunnel through the Montana mountains. After more than 100 years, their final resting place has been found," by Bill Morlin, New York Times, December 15, 2019
vteMunicipalities and communities of Mineral County, Montana, United StatesCounty seat: SuperiorTowns
Alberton
Superior
Mineral County mapCDPs
Cyr
De Borgia
Haugan
Riverbend
Saltese
St. Regis
Unincorporatedcommunities
East Portal
Tarkio
Ghost town
Taft
Montana portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mineral County, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_County,_Montana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"},{"link_name":"Bitterroot Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitterroot_Range"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"Mullan Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullan_Road"},{"link_name":"railroad town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_town"},{"link_name":"William H. Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Timothy Egan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Egan"},{"link_name":"Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"Northern Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srsipou-2"}],"text":"Populated place in Montana, United StatesTaft is a populated place in Mineral County, Montana.[1] Located in the Bitterroot Range near the Idaho border along the route of the Mullan Road, it was a thriving railroad town c. 1908, named after William H. Taft (shortly before he was elected president in 1908).It is said in both Up the Swiftwater by Sandra A. Crowell and David O. Asleson, and in The Big Burn by Timothy Egan, that the unnamed work camp got its name after Taft, then Secretary of War, traveling on a Northern Pacific train, berated the town as a blight on the American landscape which must clean up its act, to a cheering drunken crowd. The town was then enthusiastically named in his honor.[2]","title":"Taft, Montana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boomtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomtown"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Milwaukee,_St._Paul_and_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast"},{"link_name":"extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Milwaukee,_St._Paul_and_Pacific_Railroad#Pacific_Extension"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"St. Paul Pass Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul_Pass_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rohtrlmp-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmExp-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-limtn-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-agman-7"},{"link_name":"The Big Burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_1910"},{"link_name":"Palouser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palouse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmExp-5"}],"text":"The boomtown was founded when the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (\"The Milwaukee Road\") built its Pacific Coast extension (1906–1909) and had to bore a 1.66-mile (2.67 km) tunnel through the mountains near its site.[3] Tunnel #20 on the railroad, it is known as St. Paul Pass Tunnel or Taft Tunnel; its East Portal is two miles (3 km) southwest at approximately 4,150 feet (1,260 m) above sea level and heads southwest into Idaho.[4]In its earliest years, the town consisted mostly of men working for the railroad, mining, or forest industries. It was notorious for drinking, gambling, a murder rate higher than Chicago, and a reputed \"five prostitutes for every man.\" One reporter described it as \"the wickedest city in America.\"[5]Taft burned to the ground 114 years ago on 21 August 1910,[6][7] during \"The Big Burn\" - a giant forest wildfire fed by Palouser winds, and was not rebuilt.[5] (see The Big Burn by Timothy Egan. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing, 2009.)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interstate 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90_in_Montana"},{"link_name":"exit 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90_in_Montana#Exit_list"},{"link_name":"Montana Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Route of the Hiawatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout_Pass_Ski_and_Recreation_Area#Route_of_the_Hiawatha_Trail"},{"link_name":"rail trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_trail"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rohtrlmp-4"},{"link_name":"St. Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Regis,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Mullan Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullan_Pass#Second_Mullan_Pass"}],"text":"Today, on Interstate 90, the site is noted by exit 5, marked \"Taft.\" The area hosts a maintenance yard for the Montana Department of Transportation, access to the Route of the Hiawatha rail trail,[4] and access to St. Regis (Sohon) / Mullan Pass vía Randolph Creek Road, which heads north and west from I-90.","title":"Today"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Mineral County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Map_of_Montana_highlighting_Mineral_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Montana_highlighting_Mineral_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Kershner, Jim (August 20, 2010). \"Great fire wiped out wild towns of Taft, Grand Forks\". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Retrieved December 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2010/aug/20/great-fire-wiped-out-wild-towns-taft-grand-forks/","url_text":"\"Great fire wiped out wild towns of Taft, Grand Forks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trail map\". Route of the Hiawatha. Retrieved July 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ridethehiawatha.com/trail-maps","url_text":"\"Trail map\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Big Burn-Transcript\". American Experience. PBS. February 3, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/burn/","url_text":"\"The Big Burn-Transcript\""}]},{"reference":"\"Loss in Montana\". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). August 22, 1910. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ddZYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BfQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6816%2C2000071","url_text":"\"Loss in Montana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aged man a refugee\". Spokane Daily Chronicle. (Washington). August 27, 1910. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=etZYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BfQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4909%2C2630254","url_text":"\"Aged man a refugee\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Taft,_Montana¶ms=47_25_04_N_115_36_06_W_type:city_region:US-MT","external_links_name":"47°25′04″N 115°36′06″W / 47.41778°N 115.60167°W / 47.41778; -115.60167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Taft,_Montana¶ms=47_25_04_N_115_36_06_W_type:city_region:US-MT","external_links_name":"47°25′04″N 115°36′06″W / 47.41778°N 115.60167°W / 47.41778; -115.60167"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/791856","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Taft, Montana"},{"Link":"http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2010/aug/20/great-fire-wiped-out-wild-towns-taft-grand-forks/","external_links_name":"\"Great fire wiped out wild towns of Taft, Grand Forks\""},{"Link":"http://mtlinks.com/Regions/Glacier_Country/Mineral_County/Taft/taft.html","external_links_name":"Description of Taft in 1939"},{"Link":"http://www.ridethehiawatha.com/trail-maps","external_links_name":"\"Trail map\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/burn/","external_links_name":"\"The Big Burn-Transcript\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ddZYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BfQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6816%2C2000071","external_links_name":"\"Loss in Montana\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=etZYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BfQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4909%2C2630254","external_links_name":"\"Aged man a refugee\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/14/us/taft-cemetery-railroad-montana-boot-hill.html","external_links_name":"\"Gamblers, Wastrels and Lumberjacks: An Old Cemetery Gives Up Its Secret History; An estimated 72 people died during construction of a rail tunnel through the Montana mountains. After more than 100 years, their final resting place has been found,\" by Bill Morlin, New York Times, December 15, 2019"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/131553696","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007471758905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2004078811","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyman,_Kentucky
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Wyman, Kentucky
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 37°37′56″N 87°19′57″W / 37.63222°N 87.33250°W / 37.63222; -87.33250
Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United States
Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United StatesWyman, KentuckyUnincorporated communityWymanShow map of KentuckyWymanShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 37°37′56″N 87°19′57″W / 37.63222°N 87.33250°W / 37.63222; -87.33250CountryUnited StatesStateKentuckyCountyMcLeanElevation466 ft (142 m)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)GNIS feature ID509414
Wyman is an unincorporated community located in McLean County, Kentucky, United States.
References
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Wyman, Kentucky
vteMunicipalities and communities of McLean County, Kentucky, United StatesCounty seat: CalhounCities
Calhoun
Island
Livermore
Sacramento
Location of McLean County, KentuckyCDP
Beech Grove
Unincorporatedcommunities
Buel
Buttonsberry
Cleopatra
Congleton
Glenville
Guffie
Lemon
Nuckols
Poverty
Rumsey
Semiway
Wyman
Kentucky portal
United States portal
This McLean County, Kentucky state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"McLean County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLean_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Kentucky, United StatesUnincorporated community in Kentucky, United StatesWyman is an unincorporated community located in McLean County, Kentucky, United States.","title":"Wyman, Kentucky"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Location of McLean County, Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_McLean_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_McLean_County.svg.png"}]
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[]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wyman,_Kentucky¶ms=37_37_56_N_87_19_57_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"37°37′56″N 87°19′57″W / 37.63222°N 87.33250°W / 37.63222; -87.33250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wyman,_Kentucky¶ms=37_37_56_N_87_19_57_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"37°37′56″N 87°19′57″W / 37.63222°N 87.33250°W / 37.63222; -87.33250"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/509414","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Wyman, Kentucky"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wyman,_Kentucky&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusanovo,_Vologda_Oblast
|
Rusanovo, Vologda Oblast
|
["1 Geography","2 References"]
|
Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaRusanovo
РусановоVillageRusanovoShow map of Vologda OblastRusanovoShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 58°58′N 39°02′E / 58.967°N 39.033°E / 58.967; 39.033CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictSheksninsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00
Rusanovo (Russian: Русаново) is a rural locality (a village) in Fominskoye Rural Settlement, Sheksninsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 13 as of 2002.
Geography
Rusanovo is located 56 km southeast of Sheksna (the district's administrative centre) by road. Fominskoye is the nearest rural locality.
References
^ Деревня Русаново на карте
^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004.
^ Расстояние от Шексны до Русанова
vteRural localities in Sheksninsky District
Afanasovo
Alexeyevo
Alferovo
Andreykovo
Andryushino
Anisimovo
Ankimarovo
Antipino
Aristovo
Artemyevo
Bekarevo
Beloye
Beregovoy
Bereznik
Biryuchevo
Bolshaya Mushnya
Bolshaya Stepanovskaya
Bolshoy Ovinets
Bolshoye Ivanovskoye
Bolshoye Mitenino
Bolshoye Pankino
Boryatino
Boyarovo
Bratkovo
Bratovets
Bronnikovo
Brykino
Bugry
Bulatovo
Burakovo
Bylino
Chagino
Charomskoye
Cherneyevo
Chetverikovo
Churilovo
Churovskoye
Davydkovo
Davydovo
Demenskoye
Demidovo
Demino
Demsino
Deryagino
Dobrets
Domshino
Dubki
Dudkino
Dumino
Durasovo
Dyakonitsa
Dyakonovskoye
Fedorovo
Fedotovo
Filyakovo
Florida
Fonino
Gavrilovo
Gerasimovo
Globena
Glupovskoye
Glyadkovo
Gologuzka
Gorodskoye
Gorokhovskoye
Gramotino
Grigoryevskoye
Gubino
Gushchino
Gvozdevo
Ignatovskoye
Igumnovo
Irma
Ivankovo
Kalikino
Kameshnik
Kameshnitsa
Kapustino
Katayevo
Kelbuy
Khanevo
Khodyrevo
Khoroshevo
Kichino
Kirgody
Kiselevo
Knyazhe
Kochino
Koluberevo
Komarovo
Konshevo
Koposikha
Kopylovo
Korotkovo
Koryakino
Koshcheyevo
Kostinskoye
Kotovo
Kovshovo
Kozhevnikovo
Krasnoye
Krasny Kholm
Krenevo
Kukino
Kulpino
Kurovo
Kurya
Kuryakovo
Kvasyunino
Larionovo
Leonovo
Leushkino
Levinskaya
Lgovo
Loginovo
Lukinki
Lupanda
Lyskovo
Lyubomirovo
Lyutchik
Machevo
Makaryino
Malaya Mushnya
Malinukha
Maloye Pankino
Maly Ovinets
Malyino
Matveyevskoye
Maurino
Maximkovo
Maximovskoye
Medvezhye
Mikhaylovskoye
Mineyka
Mironkovo
Mititsyno
Mitkino
Mitrokhovo
Molodishchevo
Molodki
Mys
Myshkino
Nazarovo
Nefedkovo
Nesterovo
Nikolskoye
Nizhny Dor
Nizhnyaya Gorka
Nizkiye
Nokshino
Norovka
Novo
Novoselki
Obukhovo
Osyutino
Pacha
Pakhomovo
Panfilovo
Pankino
Papushino
Pashnets
Pavlikovo
Pavlovskoye
Pegusha
Perkhino
Pervino
Pleshchakovo
Poddubye
Podgorny
Podolets
Polezhayevo
Polyana
Potanino
Pozdeyevo
Progress
Prokino
Pryadino
Pustoshka
Pyryayevo
Pyzheyevo
Ramenye
Razbuy
Rebyachyevo
Rechnaya Sosnovka
Roitsa
Romannikovo
Roshcha
Rusanovo
Rylovo
Rzhanitsyno
Saunino
Seletskaya
Seltsa
Semkino
Shapkino
Shelomovo
Shelukhino
Shigoyevo
Shipitsyno
Skorynino
Slavyanka
Slizovo
Sobolevo
Sobolino
Sokolye
Sologost
Solovarka
Spitsy
Starovo
Staroye Selo
Sukholomovo
Suslovskoye
Svatkovo
Svetilovo
Syamichi
Syromyatkino
Sızma
Tarkanovo
Telibanovo
Timshino
Tirkovo
Tochka
Troshino
Turtsevo
Tyapino
Uloshkovo
Ustyanovo
Uvarovo
Vakarino
Vaneyevo
Vasilyevo
Vasilyevskoye
Vaskovo
Velikoye
Velyushevo
Verkhny Dor
Vinogradovo
Volkovo
Vorkop
Vorontsovo
Voterka
Yakunina Gora
Yedoma
Yefimovo
Yekimovskoye
Yeremino
Yershovo
Yurochkino
Zadnyaya
Zaozerye
Zarechnoye
Zhabino
Zhayno
Zolotukha
Zverinets
Zytsovo
This Sheksninsky District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Sheksninsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheksninsky_District"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Rusanovo (Russian: Русаново) is a rural locality (a village) in Fominskoye Rural Settlement, Sheksninsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 13 as of 2002.[2]","title":"Rusanovo, Vologda Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheksna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheksna,_Sheksninsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Rusanovo is located 56 km southeast of Sheksna (the district's administrative centre) by road. Fominskoye is the nearest rural locality.[3]","title":"Geography"}]
|
[]
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[]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rusanovo,_Vologda_Oblast¶ms=58_58_N_39_02_E_type:city_region:RU-VLG","external_links_name":"58°58′N 39°02′E / 58.967°N 39.033°E / 58.967; 39.033"},{"Link":"https://mapdata.ru/vologodskaya-oblast/sheksninskiy-rayon/derevnya-rusanovo/","external_links_name":"Деревня Русаново на карте"},{"Link":"http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_sheksna_rusanovo-35","external_links_name":"Расстояние от Шексны до Русанова"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rusanovo,_Vologda_Oblast&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shongaloo,_Louisiana
|
Shongaloo, Louisiana
|
["1 Geography","1.1 Transportation","1.2 Interstate 69","2 Etymology and pronunciation","3 Demographics","4 Local channels","5 Education","6 Notable people","7 References"]
|
Coordinates: 32°56′17″N 93°17′54″W / 32.93806°N 93.29833°W / 32.93806; -93.29833
City in Louisiana, United StatesShongaloo, LouisianaCityShongaloo Civic CenterLocation of Shongaloo in Webster Parish, Louisiana.Location of Louisiana in the United StatesCoordinates: 32°56′17″N 93°17′54″W / 32.93806°N 93.29833°W / 32.93806; -93.29833CountryUnited StatesStateLouisianaParishWebsterArea • Total7.93 sq mi (20.53 km2) • Land7.90 sq mi (20.45 km2) • Water0.03 sq mi (0.08 km2)Elevation256 ft (78 m)Population (2020) • Total151 • Density19.12/sq mi (7.38/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Area code318FIPS code22-69455
Shongaloo is a village in Webster Parish, Louisiana, United States.
West of Shongaloo on Louisiana Highway 2 is Munn Hill, a homestead of Daniel and Rebecca Munn, established on July 26, 1900.
Shongaloo has a civic center for town council meetings as well as general usage. There is an adjacent museum with a restored log cabin.
Geography
Shongaloo is located at 32°56′17″N 93°17′54″W / 32.93806°N 93.29833°W / 32.93806; -93.29833 (32.938129, -93.298369).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 7.9 square miles (20 km2), of which 7.9 square miles (20 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (0.38%) is water.
Dorcheat Bayou, 115-mile-long (185 km) runs through Shongaloo, making it one of the longest natural bayous in the U.S.
Mt. Paran Baptist Church is lined with flags in observance of Memorial Day 2009.
Transportation
Shongaloo is connected to other cities by road; currently, there is no air or boat access directly to the village. Air transportation is possible by using the Springhill Airport (15–20 minutes) or using the Shreveport Regional Airport (60–80 minutes). Shongaloo is connected to Sarepta and Homer via LA 2. Shongaloo is also connected to Magnolia and Minden via LA 159). LA 157 connects Shongaloo to Springhill and ALT LA 2 and LA 615 to Haynesville.
Interstate 69
Proposals have been made to build Interstate 69 south of the city around the community of Leton and east of the city near Haynesville. Currently, Shongaloo will have access to the freeway via interchanges at LA 159, LA 2, and LA 2 Alt.
Etymology and pronunciation
Shongaloo (pronounced Shawn-ga-lew) is an Indian term meaning "Running Water" or "Cypress Tree".
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1970173—1980163−5.8%1990161−1.2%20001620.6%201018212.3%2020151−17.0%U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 162 people, 65 households, and 47 families residing in the village. The population density was 20.5 inhabitants per square mile (7.9 inhabitants/km2). There were 77 housing units at an average density of 9.7 per square mile (3.7/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.15% White, 0.62% Native American, and 1.23% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.62% of the population.
There were 65 households, out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.2% were married couples living together, 4.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.2% were non-families. 23.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.83.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 21.6% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 22.8% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 21.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.8 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $41,250, and the median income for a family was $48,750. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the village was $20,809. About 5.0% of families and 10.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.5% of those under the age of eighteen and 18.8% of those sixty-five or over.
Local channels
Local channels
Channel
Number
Network
City of licence
KTBS
3
ABC
Shreveport, Louisiana
KTAL
6
NBC
Shreveport, Louisiana
KTVE
10
NBC
El Dorado, Arkansas
KSLA
12
CBS
Shreveport, Louisiana
KPXJ
21
The CW
Minden, Louisiana
KLTS
24
PBS/LPB
Shreveport, Louisiana
KMSS
33
FOX
Shreveport, Louisiana
KSHV
45
MNT
Shreveport, Louisiana
Shongaloo is located in the Shreveport/Texarkana broadcasting market (#82 DMA Market).
Education
North Webster Lower Elementary School on Louisiana Highway 2 is located in the plant of the defunct Shongaloo High School.
The Shongaloo Museum is a log cabin structure behind the Civic Center.
North Webster Lower Elementary School, formerly Shongaloo High School before 2011, serves Shongaloo, Sarepta, and Cotton Valley for Pre-K-2nd graders. The school was formed during consolidation which moved Shongaloo 3rd-12th grade students to various schools within Webster Parish.
In 1979, the Shongaloo Tiger baseball team won the Louisiana LHSAA Class C State Championship.
Notable people
Parey Pershing Branton, Sr., former member of the Louisiana House of Representatives, the Webster Parish School Board, and mayor of Shongaloo; father of Daniel Branton
Henry Burns, state representative for District 9 in Bossier Parish; Shongaloo native born in 1947, candidate in 2015 for the Louisiana State Senate
E.D. Gleason (1899–1959), member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1952 until his death in office
Mary Smith Gleason (1899–1967) of the nearby Evergreen Community, succeeded her husband as a member of the Louisiana House from 1959 to 1960.
Talmadge L. Heflin, born in Shongaloo, is a Republican former member of the Texas House of Representatives.
W. W. Hicks (1843-1925), member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1900 to 1904 and the Webster Parish Police Jury from 1904 to 1908; South Carolina native living in Shongaloo.
Carlus D. Morgan (1917–2007), educator and member of the Webster Parish Police Jury from 1988 to 1992, resided in the Evergreen community.
References
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "USGS TNM 2.0 Viewer". viewer.nationalmap.gov. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Webster Parish, Louisiana, United StatesParish seat: MindenCities
Minden
Springhill
Towns
Cotton Valley
Cullen
Sarepta
Sibley
Villages
Dixie Inn
Doyline
Dubberly
Heflin
Shongaloo
Unincorporated communities
Midway
Yellow Pine
Louisiana portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_(Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"Webster Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Highway 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Highway_2"}],"text":"City in Louisiana, United StatesShongaloo is a village in Webster Parish, Louisiana, United States.West of Shongaloo on Louisiana Highway 2 is Munn Hill, a homestead of Daniel and Rebecca Munn, established on July 26, 1900.Shongaloo has a civic center for town council meetings as well as general usage. There is an adjacent museum with a restored log cabin.","title":"Shongaloo, Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"32°56′17″N 93°17′54″W / 32.93806°N 93.29833°W / 32.93806; -93.29833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shongaloo,_Louisiana¶ms=32_56_17_N_93_17_54_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-2"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mt._Parran_Baptist_Church_in_Shongaloo,_LA_IMG_0656.JPG"},{"link_name":"Memorial Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day"}],"text":"Shongaloo is located at 32°56′17″N 93°17′54″W / 32.93806°N 93.29833°W / 32.93806; -93.29833 (32.938129, -93.298369).[2]According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 7.9 square miles (20 km2), of which 7.9 square miles (20 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (0.38%) is water.Dorcheat Bayou, 115-mile-long (185 km)[3] runs through Shongaloo, making it one of the longest natural bayous in the U.S.Mt. Paran Baptist Church is lined with flags in observance of Memorial Day 2009.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Springhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springhill,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Shreveport Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Sarepta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarepta,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"LA 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Highway_2"},{"link_name":"Magnolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia"},{"link_name":"Minden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minden,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"LA 159","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_159"},{"link_name":"LA 157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_157"},{"link_name":"ALT LA 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALT_LA_2"},{"link_name":"LA 615","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_615"},{"link_name":"Haynesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haynesville,_Louisiana"}],"sub_title":"Transportation","text":"Shongaloo is connected to other cities by road; currently, there is no air or boat access directly to the village. Air transportation is possible by using the Springhill Airport (15–20 minutes) or using the Shreveport Regional Airport (60–80 minutes). Shongaloo is connected to Sarepta and Homer via LA 2. Shongaloo is also connected to Magnolia and Minden via LA 159). LA 157 connects Shongaloo to Springhill and ALT LA 2 and LA 615 to Haynesville.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interstate 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_69_in_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Leton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haynesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haynesville,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway"},{"link_name":"LA 159","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_159"},{"link_name":"LA 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Highway_2"},{"link_name":"LA 2 Alt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_2_Alt."}],"sub_title":"Interstate 69","text":"Proposals have been made to build Interstate 69 south of the city around the community of Leton and east of the city near Haynesville. Currently, Shongaloo will have access to the freeway via interchanges at LA 159, LA 2, and LA 2 Alt.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"}],"text":"Shongaloo (pronounced Shawn-ga-lew) is an Indian term meaning \"Running Water\" or \"Cypress Tree\".","title":"Etymology and pronunciation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 162 people, 65 households, and 47 families residing in the village. The population density was 20.5 inhabitants per square mile (7.9 inhabitants/km2). There were 77 housing units at an average density of 9.7 per square mile (3.7/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.15% White, 0.62% Native American, and 1.23% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.62% of the population.There were 65 households, out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.2% were married couples living together, 4.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.2% were non-families. 23.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.83.In the village, the population was spread out, with 21.6% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 22.8% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 21.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.8 males.The median income for a household in the village was $41,250, and the median income for a family was $48,750. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the village was $20,809. About 5.0% of families and 10.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.5% of those under the age of eighteen and 18.8% of those sixty-five or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Shongaloo is located in the Shreveport/Texarkana broadcasting market (#82 DMA Market).","title":"Local channels"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Webster_Lower_Elementary_School%E2%80%93Shongaloo_(LA)_High_School_IMG_0659.jpg"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Highway 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Highway_2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shongaloo_(LA)_log_cabin_museum_IMG_0663.JPG"}],"text":"North Webster Lower Elementary School on Louisiana Highway 2 is located in the plant of the defunct Shongaloo High School.The Shongaloo Museum is a log cabin structure behind the Civic Center.North Webster Lower Elementary School, formerly Shongaloo High School before 2011, serves Shongaloo, Sarepta, and Cotton Valley for Pre-K-2nd graders. The school was formed during consolidation which moved Shongaloo 3rd-12th grade students to various schools within Webster Parish.In 1979, the Shongaloo Tiger baseball team won the Louisiana LHSAA Class C State Championship.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parey Pershing Branton, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parey_Branton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louisiana House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Board"},{"link_name":"Henry Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lee_Burns"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"E.D. Gleason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E.D._Gleason&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mary Smith Gleason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Smith_Gleason&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Talmadge L. Heflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmadge_L._Heflin"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Texas House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"W. W. Hicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Hicks"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Carlus D. Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minden_High_School_(Minden,_Louisiana)"}],"text":"Parey Pershing Branton, Sr., former member of the Louisiana House of Representatives, the Webster Parish School Board, and mayor of Shongaloo; father of Daniel Branton\nHenry Burns, state representative for District 9 in Bossier Parish; Shongaloo native born in 1947, candidate in 2015 for the Louisiana State Senate\nE.D. Gleason (1899–1959), member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1952 until his death in office\nMary Smith Gleason (1899–1967) of the nearby Evergreen Community, succeeded her husband as a member of the Louisiana House from 1959 to 1960.\nTalmadge L. Heflin, born in Shongaloo, is a Republican former member of the Texas House of Representatives.\nW. W. Hicks (1843-1925), member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1900 to 1904 and the Webster Parish Police Jury from 1904 to 1908; South Carolina native living in Shongaloo.\nCarlus D. Morgan (1917–2007), educator and member of the Webster Parish Police Jury from 1988 to 1992, resided in the Evergreen community.","title":"Notable people"}]
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[{"image_text":"Mt. Paran Baptist Church is lined with flags in observance of Memorial Day 2009.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mt._Parran_Baptist_Church_in_Shongaloo%2C_LA_IMG_0656.JPG/200px-Mt._Parran_Baptist_Church_in_Shongaloo%2C_LA_IMG_0656.JPG"},{"image_text":"North Webster Lower Elementary School on Louisiana Highway 2 is located in the plant of the defunct Shongaloo High School.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/North_Webster_Lower_Elementary_School%E2%80%93Shongaloo_%28LA%29_High_School_IMG_0659.jpg/200px-North_Webster_Lower_Elementary_School%E2%80%93Shongaloo_%28LA%29_High_School_IMG_0659.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Shongaloo Museum is a log cabin structure behind the Civic Center.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Shongaloo_%28LA%29_log_cabin_museum_IMG_0663.JPG/200px-Shongaloo_%28LA%29_log_cabin_museum_IMG_0663.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Map_of_Louisiana_highlighting_Webster_Parish.svg/180px-Map_of_Louisiana_highlighting_Webster_Parish.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_22.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"USGS TNM 2.0 Viewer\". viewer.nationalmap.gov. Retrieved December 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/","url_text":"\"USGS TNM 2.0 Viewer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bloomfield,_2nd_Baron_Bloomfield
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John Bloomfield, 2nd Baron Bloomfield
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["1 Background","2 Career","3 Marriage and family","4 Death","4.1 Bloomfield Mausoleum","5 Arms","6 References"]
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Portrait of John Bloomfield by Thomas Lawrence, 1819
John Arthur Douglas Bloomfield, 2nd Baron Bloomfield GCB PC DL (12 November 1802 – 17 August 1879) was a British peer and diplomatist.
Background
Bloomfield was the eldest son of Benjamin Bloomfield, 1st Baron Bloomfield and his wife Hariott, the oldest daughter of Thomas Douglas, of Grantham.
Career
From 1824, Bloomfield was attaché at Lisbon and was transferred as secretary of legation to Stuttgart in the following year. He was sent to Stockholm in 1826 and came as secretary of embassy to St Petersburg in 1839. Five years later, he was promoted to envoy. In 1846, he succeeded his father as baron and in 1848, he was awarded a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB).
Bloomfield was appointed ambassador to Berlin in 1851 and on this occasion was advanced to a Knight Commander (KCB). In 1858, he was further honoured as a Knight Grand Cross (GCB). He reached his highest post as ambassador to Vienna in 1860 and was sworn of the Privy Council. . He represented Britain at many official functions, helped organize international conferences, and gathered information on Austria-Hungary, Prussia and nearby smaller nations, sending daily reports to London. He supported the British policy of noninvolvement and saw the Emperor as essential to the balance of power and stability in continental Europe. On his retirement in 1871, he was created Baron Bloomfield, of Ciamaltha in the County of Tipperary, this time in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, which entitled him to a seat in the House of Lords. He represented County Tipperary as a Deputy Lieutenant.
Marriage and family
On 4 September 1845, Bloomfield had married Georgiana Liddell, the 16th and youngest child of Thomas Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth and a former maid of honour to Queen Victoria. The couple had no children. Lord Bloomfield had an extramarital daughter named Thecla born in 1833 by Swedish actress Emilie Högquist, and a son Albert whose birthdate is unknown. Albert was not mentioned after Emilie Högquist came under the protection of King Oscar I of Sweden.
Death
John Arthur Douglas, Lord Bloomfield died without legitimate heir in 1879 at his home, Ciamhaltha, near Newport, County Tipperary and his titles became extinct. Bloomfield was buried in his family's vault at Borrisnafarney parish Church, beside the Loughton Demense and Moneygall, in County Offaly. An impressive memorial exists in the church in his memory.
Bloomfield Mausoleum
The Borrisnafarney Parish Church in the Bloomfield Mausoleum, located 1.5 miles from the village of Moneygall beside the Loughton Estate in County Offaly, Ireland.
"The interior name plaques, that commemorate those who lie there, ensure that history will not forget them: they read 'Thomas Ryder Pepper 1828; Mrs Bloomfield 1828; Mrs Ryder Pepper 1841; Lieutenant General Benjamin Baron Bloomfield 1846;"
Arms
Coat of arms of John Bloomfield, 2nd Baron Bloomfield
Crest
Out of a mural crown Or charged with two cinquefoils in fess Azure a bull's head Proper.
Escutcheon
Argent three lozenges in fess Gules between as many cinquefoils Azure on a canton of the last three ostrich feathers of the field issuing through the rim of a royal coronet Or.
Supporters
On either side a horse reguardant Argent their tails flowing between the hind legs each gorged with a chaplet of oak Proper the dexter charged on the shoulder with an escocheon Gules thereon a plume of feathers as on the canton in the shield and the sinister with an escocheon Or charged with a grenade Sable fired Proper.
Motto
Fortes Fortuna Juvat
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j Cokayne et al., The Complete Peerage, volume II, p.194
^ a b Dod, Robert P. (1860). The Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage of Great Britain and Ireland. London: Whitaker and Co. p. 122.,
(John Douglas listed in the peerage is incorrect)
^ "No. 23761". The London Gazette. 1 August 1871. p. 3413.
^ Söderhjelm & Palmstierna in Oscar I, Bonniers, Stockholm 1944, p. 279
^ Geni record in world family tree
^ Burke's Peerage 3rd edition. 1830. p. 75.
Court offices
Preceded byFrederick Turner
Page of Honour 1816–1818
Succeeded byArthur Richard Wellesley
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byThe Lord Stuart de Rothesay(as Ambassador)
British Minister to Russia 1844 – 1851
Succeeded bySir George Seymour
Preceded byThe Earl of Westmorland
British Minister to Prussia 1851 – 1860
Succeeded byLord Augustus Loftus
Preceded byLord Augustus Loftus
British Ambassador to Austria(Austria-Hungary from 1867) 1860 – 1871
Succeeded bySir Andrew Buchanan
Peerage of Ireland
Preceded byBenjamin Bloomfield
Baron Bloomfield 1846 – 1879
Extinct
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation
Baron Bloomfield 1871 – 1879
Extinct
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Arthur_Douglas_Bloomfield,_2nd_Baron_Bloomfield_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence_(painter)"},{"link_name":"GCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"DL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage"},{"link_name":"diplomatist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PII194-1"}],"text":"Portrait of John Bloomfield by Thomas Lawrence, 1819John Arthur Douglas Bloomfield, 2nd Baron Bloomfield GCB PC DL (12 November 1802 – 17 August 1879) was a British peer and diplomatist.[1]","title":"John Bloomfield, 2nd Baron Bloomfield"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benjamin Bloomfield, 1st Baron Bloomfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Bloomfield,_1st_Baron_Bloomfield"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dod-2"}],"text":"Bloomfield was the eldest son of Benjamin Bloomfield, 1st Baron Bloomfield and his wife Hariott, the oldest daughter of Thomas Douglas, of Grantham.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PII194-1"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"St Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PII194-1"},{"link_name":"envoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envoy_(title)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PII194-1"},{"link_name":"Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PII194-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PII194-1"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PII194-1"},{"link_name":"Ciamaltha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ciamaltha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Peerage of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PII194-1"},{"link_name":"County Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Deputy Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dod-2"}],"text":"From 1824, Bloomfield was attaché at Lisbon and was transferred as secretary of legation to Stuttgart in the following year.[1] He was sent to Stockholm in 1826 and came as secretary of embassy to St Petersburg in 1839.[1] Five years later, he was promoted to envoy.[1] In 1846, he succeeded his father as baron and in 1848, he was awarded a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB).[1]Bloomfield was appointed ambassador to Berlin in 1851 and on this occasion was advanced to a Knight Commander (KCB). In 1858, he was further honoured as a Knight Grand Cross (GCB).[1] He reached his highest post as ambassador to Vienna in 1860 and was sworn of the Privy Council. . He represented Britain at many official functions, helped organize international conferences, and gathered information on Austria-Hungary, Prussia and nearby smaller nations, sending daily reports to London. He supported the British policy of noninvolvement and saw the Emperor as essential to the balance of power and stability in continental Europe.[1] On his retirement in 1871, he was created Baron Bloomfield, of Ciamaltha in the County of Tipperary,[3] this time in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, which entitled him to a seat in the House of Lords.[1] He represented County Tipperary as a Deputy Lieutenant.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgiana Liddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiana_Bloomfield,_Baroness_Bloomfield"},{"link_name":"Thomas Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Liddell,_1st_Baron_Ravensworth"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PII194-1"},{"link_name":"Emilie Högquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_H%C3%B6gquist"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On 4 September 1845, Bloomfield had married Georgiana Liddell, the 16th and youngest child of Thomas Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth and a former maid of honour to Queen Victoria.[1] The couple had no children. Lord Bloomfield had an extramarital daughter named Thecla born in 1833 by Swedish actress Emilie Högquist, and a son Albert whose birthdate is unknown. Albert was not mentioned after Emilie Högquist came under the protection of King Oscar I of Sweden.[4]","title":"Marriage and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newport, County Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PII194-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Moneygall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneygall"},{"link_name":"County Offaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Offaly"}],"text":"John Arthur Douglas, Lord Bloomfield died without legitimate heir in 1879 at his home, Ciamhaltha, near Newport, County Tipperary and his titles became extinct.[1][5] Bloomfield was buried in his family's vault at Borrisnafarney parish Church, beside the Loughton Demense and Moneygall, in County Offaly. An impressive memorial exists in the church in his memory.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borrisnafarney Parish Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=OF®no=14946008"},{"link_name":"Bloomfield Mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=OF®no=14946011"}],"sub_title":"Bloomfield Mausoleum","text":"The Borrisnafarney Parish Church in the Bloomfield Mausoleum, located 1.5 miles from the village of Moneygall beside the Loughton Estate in County Offaly, Ireland.\"The interior name plaques, that commemorate those who lie there, ensure that history will not forget them: they read 'Thomas Ryder Pepper 1828; Mrs Bloomfield 1828; Mrs Ryder Pepper 1841; Lieutenant General Benjamin Baron Bloomfield 1846;\"","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arms"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Portrait of John Bloomfield by Thomas Lawrence, 1819","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/John_Arthur_Douglas_Bloomfield%2C_2nd_Baron_Bloomfield_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg/200px-John_Arthur_Douglas_Bloomfield%2C_2nd_Baron_Bloomfield_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Dod, Robert P. (1860). The Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage of Great Britain and Ireland. London: Whitaker and Co. p. 122.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"No. 23761\". The London Gazette. 1 August 1871. p. 3413.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23761/page/3413","url_text":"\"No. 23761\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Burke's Peerage 3rd edition. 1830. p. 75.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=OF®no=14946008","external_links_name":"Borrisnafarney Parish Church"},{"Link":"http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=OF®no=14946011","external_links_name":"Bloomfield Mausoleum"},{"Link":"https://www.geni.com/people/Harriot-Baroness-Bloomfield-of-Oakhampton-and-Redwood/6000000029695548969","external_links_name":"listed in the peerage is incorrect"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23761/page/3413","external_links_name":"\"No. 23761\""},{"Link":"https://www.geni.com/people/John-Arthur-Douglas-Bloomfield-2nd-Baron-Bloomfield/6000000029695209495","external_links_name":"Geni record in world family tree"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_Luigi_de_Borgia,_1st_Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa
|
Pier Luigi de Borgia, 1st Duke of Gandía
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
1st duke of Gandía and son of Pope Alexander VI
Arms of the Duke of Gandía and of the Borja or Borgia
Pier Luigi de Borgia, 1st Duke of Gandía (Spanish: Pedro Luis de Borja, Latin: Petrus Ludovicus de Boria) (1458 or 1460 – 1488 or 1491) was a Valencian noble. Pier Luigi was the son of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia (later Pope Alexander VI), and an unknown free-woman (de tune Diacono Cardinali et soluta). He was half-brother of, among others, Isabella Borgia and Girolama Borgia, born by unknown mothers, and Cesare Borgia, Giovanni Borgia, Lucrezia Borgia and Goffredo Borgia, all born by Vannozza Cattanei.
He was promised to María Enríquez de Luna of the House of Enríquez. Due to Pier Luigi's untimely death, she would later wed his younger brother Giovanni (also known as Juan) in September 1493.
Pier Luigi Borgia fought alongside the Spanish armies during the Granada War (Reconquista). Following his heroic triumph during the Battle of Ronda, King Ferdinand II rewarded him with the title of 'grandee of Spain' on 18 May 1485.
The lands of Gandia, the ancestral home of the Borgia family, were initially inherited by Pier Luigi (Pedro Luis). However, before becoming duke of Gandía, he purchased the duchy through a financial agreement with local nobles Andrés de Cabrera, Marquis of Moya, and his wife, Beatriz de Bobadilla. Through this agreement, Pier Luigi was required to provide the marquis an unknown sum, albeit considered small, and accept certain rights pertaining to the crown and of Valencia over the lands of the duchy. Some sources state that Pedro Luis' father gave him 50,000 ducats in order to purchase the territory. In late 1485, King Ferdinand II officially elevated Pier Luigi's status to duke of Gandía.
In his will, Pier Luigi ceded the duchy to his younger brother Giovanni and demanded a dowry of 10,000 florins to be given to his sister, Lucrezia.
See also
House of Borgia
Route of the Borgias
References
^ Sabatini, Rafael (1912). The Life of Cesare Borgia. p. 39. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
^ Hernán, Enrique García (1894). Sanctus Franciscus Borgia. pp. 226–228. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
^ Oliver y Hurtado, Manuel D. Rodrigo de Borja; Sus hijos y descendientes (Spanish) Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia p408-409
^ Williams, George L. (1998). Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. p. 217. ISBN 0-7864-2071-5.
^ Williams, George L. (1998). Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. p. 217. ISBN 0-7864-2071-5.
Preceded byFerdinand II of Aragon
Duke of Gandía 1483 - 1491
Succeeded byGiovanni Borgia
|
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|
[{"image_text":"Arms of the Duke of Gandía and of the Borja or Borgia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/COA_Duke_of_Gandia.svg/120px-COA_Duke_of_Gandia.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"House of Borgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Borgia"},{"title":"Route of the Borgias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_the_Borgias"}]
|
[{"reference":"Sabatini, Rafael (1912). The Life of Cesare Borgia. p. 39. Retrieved February 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NBEEAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The Life of Cesare Borgia"}]},{"reference":"Hernán, Enrique García (1894). Sanctus Franciscus Borgia. pp. 226–228. Retrieved February 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WFYRAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Sanctus Franciscus Borgia"}]},{"reference":"Williams, George L. (1998). Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. p. 217. ISBN 0-7864-2071-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-mq7ctwMNdoC&pg=PA217","url_text":"Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2071-5","url_text":"0-7864-2071-5"}]},{"reference":"Williams, George L. (1998). Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. p. 217. ISBN 0-7864-2071-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-mq7ctwMNdoC&pg=PA217","url_text":"Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2071-5","url_text":"0-7864-2071-5"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NBEEAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"The Life of Cesare Borgia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WFYRAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Sanctus Franciscus Borgia"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/boletnrealacad0809realuoft#page/408/mode/2up","external_links_name":"D. Rodrigo de Borja; Sus hijos y descendientes"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-mq7ctwMNdoC&pg=PA217","external_links_name":"Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-mq7ctwMNdoC&pg=PA217","external_links_name":"Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111_Avenue,_Edmonton
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111/112 Avenue
|
["1 Overview","1.1 Mayfield Road","1.2 111 Avenue","1.3 112 Avenue","2 Redevelopment","3 Neighbourhoods","4 Major intersections","5 See also","6 References"]
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Route map: Road in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
111/112 AvenueStart/End points of Mayfield Rd and 111/112 AveMaintained bythe City of EdmontonLocationEdmonton, AlbertaMayfield RoadLength1.9 km (1.2 mi)Southwest end170 Street / Stony Plain RoadMajorjunctions107 AvenueNortheast end163 Street / 111 Avenue----111 Avenue, 112 AvenueNorwood BoulevardLength12.4 km (7.7 mi)West end163 Street / Mayfield RoadMajorjunctions156 Street, 149 Street, 142 Street, Groat Road, 124 Street, 109 Street, Kingsway, 97 Street, 82 Street, Wayne Gretzky Drive, 66 StreetEast end50 Street----111 Avenue (west segment)Length3.7 km (2.3 mi)West endAnthony Henday DriveMajorjunctions184 Street, 178 Street, 170 StreetEast end163 Street
Mayfield Road, 111 Avenue (Norwood Boulevard), and 112 Avenue is a major arterial road in north Edmonton, Alberta. It serves Edmonton's Northwest Industrial District, the former Town of Jasper Place (amalgamated with Edmonton in 1964), the inner city north Downtown Edmonton, and post-World War II Edmonton. Prior to the opening of Yellowhead Trail in the early 1980s, Highway 16 followed Mayfield Road and 111 Avenue between Stony Plain Road and 109 Street.
Overview
Mayfield Road
The roadway begins as "Mayfield Road" and runs northeast from 170 Street, north of Stony Plain Road, and travels north-east for approximately 1.9 km (1.2 mi) before it turns east and continues as 111 Avenue. Originally there was an interchange at the intersection of Mayfield Road, Stony Plain Road, and 170 Street where through traffic travelled from Highway 16 west (presently part of Stony Plain Road) to Mayfield Road. The interchange was removed in the mid-1980s as part of a larger project that included converting Stony Plain Road and 100 Avenue to one-way streets and accommodating increased traffic on 170 Street.
111 Avenue
At 163 Street, Mayfield Road turns east and becomes the main segment of 111 Avenue; it forms the boundary between the residential areas of the former town of Jasper Place and Northwest Industrial District. At 142 Street, 111 Avenue passes through the Edmonton's Central core residential neighbourhoods, passing a number of landmarks including the Telus World of Science, Westmount Centre, Kingsway Mall, Royal Alexandra Hospital, and Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital. The portion between 101 Street and 90 Street has the name "Norwood Boulevard" in addition to 111 Avenue, this name has remained since the City of Edmonton decided to number its streets, but keep a select few names.
111 Avenue also has a western segment which continues west of Mayfield Road. It is a collector road which originates at Anthony Henday Drive, passes through the northwestern industrial areas, and ends at 163 Street just north its intersection with 111 Avenue / Mayfield Road.
112 Avenue
At 90 Street the roadway becomes 112 Avenue and passes Commonwealth Stadium. To the east, it enters post-World War II neighbourhoods that are aligned with the North Saskatchewan River and at 76 Street, just west of Wayne Gretzky Drive, it begins run northeast. 112 Avenue ends at 50 Street between 114 Avenue and 115 Avenue, three blocks south of 118 Avenue. The misalignment of cross-streets along 50 Street is due to the street layout of the former town of Beverly.
Redevelopment
On February 25, 2013 City Council passed a motion and will start evaluating option 2 for 111 Avenue redevelopment with a target area between 82 Street and 101 Street
Option 2: Improve Physical Infrastructure along Norwood Boulevard. Coordinate a streetscape plan that incorporates
landscape infrastructure conducive to enhancing connectivity to surrounding initiatives and projects. This could include intersection modifications and associated landscape improvements on 96 Street and 95 Street linking to neighbourhood revitalization projects, business revitalization zones and others. Adapt existing eligibility requirements for the Façade Improvement Program and the Development Incentive Program to enable property owners along Norwood Boulevard to access funding. Currently, Façade Improvement Program funding is limited to projects within existing Business Revitalization Zone
boundaries. A capital program and cost estimate for streetscape improvements would need to be developed. Physical infrastructure improvements are generally seen as a mechanism for encouraging business development in a given area.
Neighbourhoods
Looking east along 111 Avenue towards Commonwealth Stadium
List of neighbourhoods Mayfield Road, 111 Avenue, and 112 Avenue runs through, in order from west to east.
Britannia Youngstown
Mayfield
High Park
McQueen
North Glenora
Woodcroft
Inglewood
Westmount
Prince Rupert
Queen Mary Park
Central McDougall
Spruce Avenue
McCauley
Alberta Avenue
Parkdale
Cromdale
Virginia Park
Bellevue
Highlands
Major intersections
The entire route is in Edmonton.
kmmiDestinationsNotes
0.00.0 170 Street / Stony Plain Road to Hwy 16A westAt-grade (traffic lights); northbound exit and southbound entrance
1.10.68107 Avenue
1.91.2163 Street (to 111 Avenue)North end of Mayfield Road; west end of 111 Avenue
2.71.7156 Street
3.52.2149 Street
4.42.7142 StreetAccess to Telus World of Science
5.03.1135 StreetAccess to Ross Sheppard High School and Westmount Centre
5.33.3Groat RoadTo Hwy 2 north
6.33.9124 Street
8.25.1109 StreetAccess to Kingsway Mall, NAIT, and City Centre
8.45.2 KingswayAccess to Kingsway/Royal Alex station, and Royal Alexandra Hospital
8.55.3106 StreetAdjacent to at-grade LRT crossing; alternate access to Kingsway Mall and NAIT
9.15.7101 StreetWest end of Norwood Boulevard
9.35.897 StreetTo Hwy 28 north
10.16.390 StreetEast end of 111 Avenue / Norwood Boulevard; west end of 112 Avenue
10.56.5 86 Street / Stadium RoadAccess to Stadium station and Commonwealth Stadium
10.96.882 StreetNear at-grade LRT crossing
12.27.673 StreetAccess to Concordia University
12.37.6Wayne Gretzky DriveDiamond interchange (traffic lights)
14.38.950 Street
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Incomplete access Route transition
West segment
The entire route is in Edmonton.
kmmiDestinationsNotes
0.00.0 Anthony Henday Drive (Hwy 216 north)Northbound right-in/right-out; Hwy 216 exit 22
1.10.68184 Street
2.01.2178 Street
2.71.7170 Street
3.6–3.72.2–2.3163 Street / Mayfield Road / 111 Avenue (east)
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Incomplete access
See also
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/111/112 AvenueKML is not from Wikidata
List of avenues in Edmonton
Transportation in Edmonton
References
^ a b c d e f Google (October 30, 2017). "111/112 Avenue in Edmonton, AB" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
^ a b Travel Alberta. Alberta Official Road Map (Map) (1978-79 ed.). Government of Alberta. Edmonton inset.
^ "SIRE Public Access". Archived from the original on 2015-09-30. Retrieved 2013-02-28.
^ http://sirepub.edmonton.ca/sirepub/cache/2/tvmc5pyyhsc0zhahazwlkd45/19936202282013014245901.PDF
^ "City of Edmonton map utility". Archived from the original on 2006-09-02. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
vteRoads in Edmonton, Sherwood Park, and St. Albert, Alberta, CanadaNorth–south streets
17 Street
Victoria Trail
34 Street
50 Street
66 Street
66/75 Street
82 Street
83 Street
91 Street
97 Street
99 Street
101 Street
Calgary Trail & Gateway Boulevard
105 Street
109 Street
111 Street
113/114 Street
119/122 Street
124 Street
127 Street
149 Street
156 Street
170 Street
178 Street
184 Street
Winterburn Road (215 Street)
East–west streets
41 Avenue SW
Ellerslie Road (9 Avenue SW)
23 Avenue NW
34 Avenue NW
51 Avenue
61/63 Avenue
Fox Drive
University Avenue
Whyte (82) Avenue
87 Avenue
100 Avenue
97/98/101 Avenue (Baseline Road)
Jasper Avenue
Stony Plain Road
106 Avenue
107 Avenue
111/112 Avenue (Norwood Boulevard)
118 (Alberta) Avenue
127 Avenue
137 Avenue
153 Avenue
167 Avenue
Other streets
Argyll Road
Belgravia Road
Campbell Road
Castle Downs Road
Connors Road
Fort Road
Hebert Road
Kingsway (Avenue)
Lessard Road
Mayfield Road
Mill Woods Road
Parsons Road
Princess Elizabeth Avenue
Queen Elizabeth Park Road
Rowland Road
St. Albert Trail
Saskatchewan Drive
Scona Road
Walterdale Hill
Freeways and highways
2 (QE2 Highway)
14
15 (Manning Drive)
16 (Yellowhead Trail)
16A
19 (105 Avenue SW)
21
28
28A
37 (259 Avenue)
Sherwood Park Freeway (100)
Anthony Henday Drive (216)
Maskêkosihk Trail (627)
Whitemud Drive (628)
Wye Road (630)
Villeneuve Road (633)
814
825
Groat Road
Ray Gibbon Drive
Terwillegar Drive
Wayne Gretzky Drive
More
Transportation in Edmonton
Edmonton Transit Service
Bridges in Edmonton
List of neighbourhoods in Edmonton
List of attractions and landmarks in Edmonton
Edmonton Metropolitan Region
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arterial road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Northwest Industrial District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Edmonton#Northwest_Industrial"},{"link_name":"Jasper Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Place"},{"link_name":"amalgamated with Edmonton in 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_annexations#Jasper_Place_and_Sherwood_Park"},{"link_name":"Downtown Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Yellowhead Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowhead_Trail"},{"link_name":"Highway 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Highway_16"},{"link_name":"Stony Plain Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Plain_Road"},{"link_name":"109 Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/109_Street,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1978_79_map-2"}],"text":"Road in Edmonton, Alberta, CanadaMayfield Road, 111 Avenue (Norwood Boulevard), and 112 Avenue is a major arterial road in north Edmonton, Alberta. It serves Edmonton's Northwest Industrial District, the former Town of Jasper Place (amalgamated with Edmonton in 1964), the inner city north Downtown Edmonton, and post-World War II Edmonton. Prior to the opening of Yellowhead Trail in the early 1980s, Highway 16 followed Mayfield Road and 111 Avenue between Stony Plain Road and 109 Street.[2]","title":"111/112 Avenue"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"170 Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/170_Street,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Stony Plain Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Plain_Road"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-length-1"},{"link_name":"100 Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Avenue,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1978_79_map-2"}],"sub_title":"Mayfield Road","text":"The roadway begins as \"Mayfield Road\" and runs northeast from 170 Street, north of Stony Plain Road, and travels north-east for approximately 1.9 km (1.2 mi) before it turns east and continues as 111 Avenue. Originally there was an interchange at the intersection of Mayfield Road, Stony Plain Road, and 170 Street where through traffic travelled from Highway 16 west (presently part of Stony Plain Road) to Mayfield Road.[1] The interchange was removed in the mid-1980s as part of a larger project that included converting Stony Plain Road and 100 Avenue to one-way streets and accommodating increased traffic on 170 Street.[2]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Edmonton#Central_core"},{"link_name":"Telus World of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telus_World_of_Science_(Edmonton)"},{"link_name":"Westmount Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmount_Centre"},{"link_name":"Kingsway Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsway_Mall"},{"link_name":"Royal Alexandra Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Alexandra_Hospital,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenrose_Rehabilitation_Hospital"},{"link_name":"select few names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Edmonton#Street_layout"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-length-1"},{"link_name":"collector road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collector_road"},{"link_name":"Anthony Henday Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Henday_Drive"}],"sub_title":"111 Avenue","text":"At 163 Street, Mayfield Road turns east and becomes the main segment of 111 Avenue; it forms the boundary between the residential areas of the former town of Jasper Place and Northwest Industrial District. At 142 Street, 111 Avenue passes through the Edmonton's Central core residential neighbourhoods, passing a number of landmarks including the Telus World of Science, Westmount Centre, Kingsway Mall, Royal Alexandra Hospital, and Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital. The portion between 101 Street and 90 Street has the name \"Norwood Boulevard\" in addition to 111 Avenue, this name has remained since the City of Edmonton decided to number its streets, but keep a select few names.[1]111 Avenue also has a western segment which continues west of Mayfield Road. It is a collector road which originates at Anthony Henday Drive, passes through the northwestern industrial areas, and ends at 163 Street just north its intersection with 111 Avenue / Mayfield Road.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Commonwealth Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Stadium_(Edmonton)"},{"link_name":"North Saskatchewan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River"},{"link_name":"Wayne Gretzky Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky_Drive"},{"link_name":"50 Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Street,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"118 Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/118_Avenue,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-length-1"},{"link_name":"Beverly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly,_Alberta"}],"sub_title":"112 Avenue","text":"At 90 Street the roadway becomes 112 Avenue and passes Commonwealth Stadium. To the east, it enters post-World War II neighbourhoods that are aligned with the North Saskatchewan River and at 76 Street, just west of Wayne Gretzky Drive, it begins run northeast. 112 Avenue ends at 50 Street between 114 Avenue and 115 Avenue, three blocks south of 118 Avenue.[1] The misalignment of cross-streets along 50 Street is due to the street layout of the former town of Beverly.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On February 25, 2013 City Council passed a motion and will start evaluating option 2[3] for 111 Avenue redevelopment with a target area between 82 Street and 101 StreetOption 2: Improve Physical Infrastructure along Norwood Boulevard. Coordinate a streetscape plan that incorporates\nlandscape infrastructure conducive to enhancing connectivity to surrounding initiatives and projects. This could include intersection modifications and associated landscape improvements on 96 Street and 95 Street linking to neighbourhood revitalization projects, business revitalization zones and others. Adapt existing eligibility requirements for the Façade Improvement Program and the Development Incentive Program to enable property owners along Norwood Boulevard to access funding. Currently, Façade Improvement Program funding is limited to projects within existing Business Revitalization Zone\nboundaries. A capital program and cost estimate for streetscape improvements would need to be developed. Physical infrastructure improvements are generally seen as a mechanism for encouraging business development in a given area.[4]","title":"Redevelopment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:111_Ave_Edmonton.PNG"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Stadium_(Edmonton)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-utility-5"},{"link_name":"Britannia Youngstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Youngstown,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Mayfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfield,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"High Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Park,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"McQueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McQueen,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"North Glenora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Glenora,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Woodcroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcroft,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Inglewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglewood,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Westmount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmount,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Prince Rupert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rupert,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mary_Park,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Central McDougall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_McDougall,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Spruce Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce_Avenue,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"McCauley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCauley,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Alberta Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Avenue,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Parkdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkdale,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Cromdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromdale,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Virginia Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Park,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Bellevue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue,_Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlands,_Edmonton"}],"text":"Looking east along 111 Avenue towards Commonwealth StadiumList of neighbourhoods Mayfield Road, 111 Avenue, and 112 Avenue runs through, in order from west to east.[5]Britannia Youngstown\nMayfield\nHigh Park\nMcQueen\nNorth Glenora\nWoodcroft\nInglewood\nWestmount\nPrince Rupert\nQueen Mary Park\nCentral McDougall\nSpruce Avenue\nMcCauley\nAlberta Avenue\nParkdale\nCromdale\nVirginia Park\nBellevue\nHighlands","title":"Neighbourhoods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton,_Alberta"}],"text":"The entire route is in Edmonton.West segmentThe entire route is in Edmonton.","title":"Major intersections"}]
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[{"image_text":"Looking east along 111 Avenue towards Commonwealth Stadium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/111_Ave_Edmonton.PNG/220px-111_Ave_Edmonton.PNG"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Nicetas,_Banjane
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Church of St. Nicetas, Banjane
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["1 History","2 Architecture","3 Fresco paintings","4 Iconostasis","5 References"]
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Saint Nicetas in Banjane
Church of Saint Nicetas in Banjane (Macedonian and Serbian Cyrillic: Свети Никита) is a medieval Eastern Orthodox church in the village of Banjane, midway between this and the villages of Čučer-Sandevo and Gornjane (thus it is also often referred to as Saint Nicetas in Čučer). The church and all the villages are a part of Čučer-Sandevo municipality, North Macedonia. The church nowadays belongs to the Skopje diocese of the Ohrid Archbishopric.
History
The early 14th century founders' inscription mentioning Serbian king Milutin was overpainted with the new inscription in 1484
The monastery and church, dedicated to Saint Nicetas, was built by the Serbian king Milutin ca. 1300 on the ruins of a previous church. The monastery was donated by Milutin short after their construction to the Serb monastery Chilandar on Mount Athos. St Nicetas was thoroughly renovated in 1484.
Architecture
Saint Nicetas has a simple cross-in-square base with a central dome standing on pendentives and four columns. The outer decoration is typically Byzantine, done in layers of stone and red brick. The nicest decoration is to be found on the wall of the apse.
Fresco paintings
Jesus drives the Traders from the Temple, fresco by Michael and Eutichios, early 14th century
The signature on the shield of St Theodore reveals that the church was painted by the famous Michael, son of Eutichios, the favorite court painter of King Milutin who painted many other of his churches as well (for example Staro Nagoričane). The frescoes are well preserved and all date from around 1324, except those in the dome which are from 19th century, done by the well-known Dimitar "Dičo Zograf" Krstević.
One of the reasons for their good condition was the renovation of 1484 done in an astonishingly modern manner by the group that fresco painted Treskavec Monastery (1483), old katholikon of the Monastery of Great Meteoron (1483) and the church of St Nicholas of the Nun Eupraxia in Kastoria (1486).
In the lowest section are represented life size figures of saints. In the middle section we see Christ's miracles while in the upper parts of the church are representations of Passion. The inscriptions are in Greek and Church Slavonic of Serbian redaction.
Iconostasis
Saint John the Baptist by Dičo Zograf
The iconostasis of the church was painted in 1846/47 by Dičo Zograf.
References
^ В. Кораћ, Споменици монументалне српске архитектуре XIV века у Повардарју, Београд 2003, стр. 15
^ "Грешка".
^ ИКОНОПИСНОТО ТВОРЕШТВО НА ДИЧО ЗОГРАФ ВО СКОПЈЕ И СКОПСКИОТ РЕГИОН, http://preminportal.com.mk/ikonopis-i-freskopis/43-ikonopis-i-freskopis/2714-ikonopisnoto-tvoreshtvo-na-dicho-zograf-vo-skopje-i-skopskiot-region
^ I. Bentchev, The restoration of the wall-paintings in the Church of St. Nikita at Čučer/Macedonia in 1483–1484 // 8th Triennial Meeting, P. 533–537
^ "Грешка".
Authority control databases
VIAF
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The church and all the villages are a part of Čučer-Sandevo municipality, North Macedonia. The church nowadays belongs to the Skopje diocese of the Ohrid Archbishopric.","title":"Church of St. Nicetas, Banjane"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StNikita123.JPG"},{"link_name":"king Milutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Milutin"},{"link_name":"Saint Nicetas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicetas"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"king Milutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Milutin"},{"link_name":"Milutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Milutin"},{"link_name":"Chilandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilandar"},{"link_name":"Mount Athos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Athos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The early 14th century founders' inscription mentioning Serbian king Milutin was overpainted with the new inscription in 1484The monastery and church, dedicated to Saint Nicetas, was built by the Serbian king Milutin ca. 1300 on the ruins of a previous church. The monastery was donated by Milutin short after their construction to the Serb monastery Chilandar on Mount Athos. St Nicetas was thoroughly renovated in 1484.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pendentives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendentive"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Saint Nicetas has a simple cross-in-square base with a central dome standing on pendentives and four columns. The outer decoration is typically Byzantine, done in layers of stone and red brick. The nicest decoration is to be found on the wall of the apse.[2]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Izgonuvanjeto_na_trgovcite_od_hramot_Sv._Nikita_Banjani.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Theodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_the_Martyr"},{"link_name":"King Milutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Milutin"},{"link_name":"Staro Nagoričane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Staro_Nagori%C4%8Dane"},{"link_name":"Dimitar \"Dičo Zograf\" Krstević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C4%8Do_Zograf"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Treskavec Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treskavec_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ"},{"link_name":"Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Church Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Slavonic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Jesus drives the Traders from the Temple, fresco by Michael and Eutichios, early 14th centuryThe signature on the shield of St Theodore reveals that the church was painted by the famous Michael, son of Eutichios, the favorite court painter of King Milutin who painted many other of his churches as well (for example Staro Nagoričane). The frescoes are well preserved and all date from around 1324, except those in the dome which are from 19th century, done by the well-known Dimitar \"Dičo Zograf\" Krstević.[3]One of the reasons for their good condition was the renovation of 1484 done in an astonishingly modern manner by the group that fresco painted Treskavec Monastery (1483), old katholikon of the Monastery of Great Meteoron (1483) and the church of St Nicholas of the Nun Eupraxia in Kastoria (1486).[4]In the lowest section are represented life size figures of saints. In the middle section we see Christ's miracles while in the upper parts of the church are representations of Passion. The inscriptions are in Greek and Church Slavonic of Serbian redaction.[5]","title":"Fresco paintings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Nikita_Church_Banjani_Dich_Zograf_John_the_Baptist.jpg"},{"link_name":"iconostasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconostasis"},{"link_name":"Dičo Zograf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C4%8Do_Zograf"}],"text":"Saint John the Baptist by Dičo ZografThe iconostasis of the church was painted in 1846/47 by Dičo Zograf.","title":"Iconostasis"}]
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[{"image_text":"Saint Nicetas in Banjane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%E2%80%9E%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%E2%80%9C_4.jpg/220px-%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%E2%80%9E%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%E2%80%9C_4.jpg"},{"image_text":"The early 14th century founders' inscription mentioning Serbian king Milutin was overpainted with the new inscription in 1484","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/StNikita123.JPG/220px-StNikita123.JPG"},{"image_text":"Jesus drives the Traders from the Temple, fresco by Michael and Eutichios, early 14th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Izgonuvanjeto_na_trgovcite_od_hramot_Sv._Nikita_Banjani.jpg/220px-Izgonuvanjeto_na_trgovcite_od_hramot_Sv._Nikita_Banjani.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saint John the Baptist by Dičo Zograf","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/St._Nikita_Church_Banjani_Dich_Zograf_John_the_Baptist.jpg/220px-St._Nikita_Church_Banjani_Dich_Zograf_John_the_Baptist.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incheh,_Nir
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Incheh, Nir
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 38°01′59″N 48°13′39″E / 38.03306°N 48.22750°E / 38.03306; 48.22750Village in Ardabil, IranIncheh
اينچهvillageInchehCoordinates: 38°01′59″N 48°13′39″E / 38.03306°N 48.22750°E / 38.03306; 48.22750Country IranProvinceArdabilCountyNirBakhshKuraimRural DistrictMehmandustPopulation (2006) • Total82Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Incheh (Persian: اينچه, also Romanized as Īncheh) is a village in Mehmandust Rural District, Kuraim District, Nir County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 82, in 23 families.
References
^ Incheh can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3770895" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
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This Nir County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mehmandust Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmandust_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Kuraim District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuraim_District"},{"link_name":"Nir County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nir_County"},{"link_name":"Ardabil Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Ardabil, IranIncheh (Persian: اينچه, also Romanized as Īncheh)[1] is a village in Mehmandust Rural District, Kuraim District, Nir County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 82, in 23 families.[2]","title":"Incheh, Nir"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/24.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/24.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaneyville,_Maryland
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Chaneyville, Maryland
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Coordinates: 38°41′30″N 76°38′24″W / 38.69167°N 76.64000°W / 38.69167; -76.64000Unincorporated community in Maryland, U.S.
"Chaneyville" redirects here. For other uses, see Cheneyville (disambiguation).
Chaneyville is a small, rural unincorporated community located at the crossroads of MD 4, Chaneyville Road, and Fowler Road in Calvert County, Maryland, United States. It is generally considered part of either Owings or Dunkirk.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Calvert County, Maryland, United StatesCounty seat: Prince FrederickTowns
Chesapeake Beach
North Beach
CDPs
Broomes Island
Calvert Beach
Chesapeake Ranch Estates
Drum Point
Dunkirk
Huntingtown
Long Beach
Lusby
Owings
Prince Frederick
St. Leonard
Solomons
Othercommunities
Adelina
Barstow
Bowens
Chaneyville
Dares Beach
Dowell
Johnstown
Lower Marlboro
Mutual
Parran
Pleasant Valley
Port Republic
Scientists Cliffs
Stoakley
Sunderland
Wallville
Wilson
Ghost town
Wilson
Maryland portal
United States portal
38°41′30″N 76°38′24″W / 38.69167°N 76.64000°W / 38.69167; -76.64000
This article about a location in Calvert County, Maryland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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-76.64000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chaneyville,_Maryland¶ms=38_41_30_N_76_38_24_W_type:city_region:US-MD_source:GNIS-enwiki"},{"link_name":"Calvert County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvert_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaneyville,_Maryland&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:CalvertCountyMD-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:CalvertCountyMD-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CalvertCountyMD-geo-stub"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Maryland, U.S.\"Chaneyville\" redirects here. For other uses, see Cheneyville (disambiguation).Chaneyville is a small, rural unincorporated community located at the crossroads of MD 4, Chaneyville Road, and Fowler Road in Calvert County, Maryland, United States. It is generally considered part of either Owings or Dunkirk.vteMunicipalities and communities of Calvert County, Maryland, United StatesCounty seat: Prince FrederickTowns\nChesapeake Beach\nNorth Beach\nCDPs\nBroomes Island\nCalvert Beach\nChesapeake Ranch Estates\nDrum Point\nDunkirk\nHuntingtown\nLong Beach\nLusby\nOwings\nPrince Frederick\nSt. Leonard\nSolomons\nOthercommunities\nAdelina\nBarstow\nBowens\nChaneyville\nDares Beach\nDowell\nJohnstown\nLower Marlboro\nMutual\nParran\nPleasant Valley\nPort Republic\nScientists Cliffs\nStoakley\nSunderland\nWallville\nWilson\nGhost town\nWilson\n\nMaryland portal\nUnited States portal38°41′30″N 76°38′24″W / 38.69167°N 76.64000°W / 38.69167; -76.64000This article about a location in Calvert County, Maryland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Chaneyville, Maryland"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Coplestone_Bampfylde,_2nd_Baronet
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Sir Coplestone Bampfylde, 2nd Baronet
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["1 Origins","2 Career","2.1 Greets Grand Duke of Tuscany","3 Marriage and progeny","4 Character","5 Death and burial","6 Succession","7 References"]
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SirCoplestone Bampfylde, 2nd BaronetArms of Bampfylde, Barons Poltimore: Or, on a bend gules three mullets argentMember of the English Parliamentfor TivertonIn office1659–1659Serving with Francis WarnerPreceded byRobert ShapcoteSucceeded byNot represented in Restored RumpMember of the English Parliamentfor DevonIn office1671–1679Serving with Sir John RollePreceded bySir John RolleEarl of TorringtonSucceeded bySir Edward SeymourSir William CourtenayMember of the English Parliamentfor DevonIn office1685–1689Serving with Sir Bourchier WreyPreceded bySamuel RolleSir William CourtenaySucceeded bySamuel RolleFrancis Courtenay
Personal detailsBornca. 1633Died(1692-02-09)9 February 1692Warleigh, EnglandCause of deathGoutResting placePoltimore, Devon, EnglandParentSir John Bampfylde, 1st Baronet (father)RelativesSir Coplestone Bampfylde, 3rd Baronet (grandson)
Sir Coplestone Bampfylde, 2nd Bt., DL,
JP (ca. 1633 – 9 February 1692) of Poltimore and North Molton and Warleigh, Tamerton Foliot, in Devon, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1659 and 1689.
Origins
Bampfylde was the eldest son of Sir John Bampfylde, 1st Baronet (1590–1650), of Poltimore and North Molton, by his wife, Gertrude Coplestone, 4th daughter of Amyas Coplestone and co-heiress of her brother John Coplestone of Copplestone in the parish of Colebrooke and of Warleigh in the parish of Tamerton Foliot, Devon. His brother-in-law was Sir William Morice, 1st Baronet, husband of his sister Gertrude Bampfylde.
Career
He matriculated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford on 20 March 1651, where he befriended Sir John Drake, 1st Baronet.
He succeeded to the baronetcy in 1651 on the death of his father. He was nominated Justice of the Peace for Devon in 1656 and one year later became a Commissioner for Assessment.
In 1659, Bampfylde was elected Member of Parliament for Tiverton, Devon, in the Third Protectorate Parliament. Although his father and two of his uncles were considered Roundheads (Parliamentarians), Bampfylde himself was a very active Royalist.
In February 1660, he delivered a petition from Devon's population for more rights to the king's general George Monck, on the discovery of which by Parliament he was temporarily imprisoned in the Tower of London.
In 1660, he was appointed a Commissioner of Militia, serving subsequently as colonel of the Devon Militia. He became the first High Sheriff of Devon after the Restoration of the Monarchy and toured the Western Circuit as a Commissioner of Oyer and Terminer. He was a Deputy Lieutenant of Devon from 1661 and worked as Commissioner for Corporations in the following two years.
In 1671, Bampfylde was elected MP for Devon in 1671 in a by-election to the Cavalier Parliament which seat he held until 1679. He was reasonably diligent as an MP, until the outbreak of the Popish Plot in the autumn of 1678, when the hysterical political atmosphere caused him to retire to his home. He generally voted with the Court party, especially after his second marriage, when he was much influenced by his father-in-law, Sir Courtenay Pole, who enjoyed the personal regard of Charles II. He was again elected MP for Devon in 1685 and held the seat until 1689. He initially welcomed the Glorious Revolution, but in his last years became a stern critic of the new regime.
Greets Grand Duke of Tuscany
Sir Coplestone Bampfylde is mentioned in the Travel Journal of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1642–1723) in connection with his visit to Plymouth on 5 April 1669:
"The governor then came to take leave, and afterwards Sir Richard Edgecumbe and Mr. Prideaux came in, to wish his highness a good journey. About three they dined, and towards five, took their departure; his Highness being attended by the governor on horseback, who, when they had got two miles from Plymouth, appeared at the coach-door, to take leave once more. He had wished to have paraded the military, as was done on his highness's arrival, but the latter courteously declined it. When they had proceeded about a mile after the governor's departure, there came galloping up to the coach, Sir Copleston Bampfylde, with his wife and sister. They happened to be hunting in that neighbourhood and wished not to lose the opportunity of performing an act of respect to his highness. The serene prince stopped the carriage, and received their compliments, but did not alight to salute them, not knowing, till afterwards, who the ladies were".
Marriage and progeny
He married twice:
Firstly on 16 November 1655 to Margaret Bulkeley, daughter of Francis Bulkeley of Burgate, Hampshire, by whom he had two sons and a daughter:
Col. Hugh Bampfield (d. 1690), eldest son and heir apparent, who predeceased his father having died in a fall from his horse. He married Mary Clifford, daughter of James Clifford of Ware, by whom he had a son Sir Coplestone Bampfylde, 3rd Baronet.
Coplestone Bampfylde (1659–1669), 2nd son, a precocious scholar who died young aged 10 and whose monument survives on the south side of the chancel in St Mary's Church, Tamerton Foliot. His effigy, dressed like an adult man, is shown seated at a desk with hand on a book and wears a gown and band with a large bushy wig. Below are elaborate inscriptions in Latin and Greek.
John Coplestone Bulkeley Bampfield, 3rd son, who died without issue.
Margaret Bampfield, died an infant.
Secondly at Houghton, South Devon, on 21 October 1674 to Jane Pole, daughter of Sir Courtenay Pole, 2nd Baronet of Shute, Devon and his wife Urith Shapcote; without progeny. She remarried Edward Gibbons.
Character
He was tall, strongly built and handsome, with "ready wit and good judgment"; in manner "a true gentleman, courteous and obliging". His luxurious way of life caused him to live beyond his income for many years.
Death and burial
Bampfyle died of gout at Warleigh and was buried at Poltimore. On his deathbed, he required his assembled family to pledge loyalty to the Church of England and to the crown.
Succession
His eldest son Hugh Bampfield having predeceased him by one year, he was succeeded in the baronetcy by his grandson Sir Coplestone Bampfylde, 3rd Baronet.
References
^ a b Lodge, Edmund (1838). The Genealogy of the Existing British Peerage (6th ed.). London: Saunder and Otley. p. 388.
^ Vivian, Lt.Col. J.L., (Ed.) The Visitations of the County of Devon: Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1531, 1564 & 1620, Exeter, 1895, p. 40, pedigree of Bampfield.
^ a b c d Debrett, John (1824). Debrett's Baronetage of England. Vol. I (5th ed.). London: G. Woodfall. p. 139.
^ "'Alumni Oxonienses, 1500-1714: Baal-Barrow'", Alumni Oxonienses 1500-1714 (1891), pp. 51–78. Date accessed: 23 June 2012.
^ a b c Kimber, Edward (1771). Richard Johnson (ed.). The Baronetage of England: Containing a Genealogical and Historical Account of All the English Baronets. Vol. I. London: Thomas Wotton. pp. 377–380.
^ a b c d e f History of Parliament Online: Bampfylde, Coplestone. Accessed 9 January 2023.
^ Magalotti, Lorenzo, Conte, 1637–1712, Travels of Cosmo the Third, Grand Duke of Tuscany, through England during the Reign of King Charles the Second (1669), Translated from the Italian Manuscript in the Laurentian Library at Florence. To which is Prefixed, a Memoir of his Life, London, 1821, pp. 126-127
^ a b Vivian, p. 40
^ Pevsner, Nikolaus & Cherry, Bridget, The Buildings of England: Devon, London, 2004, p. 680
^ Lysons, Magna Britannia, vol 6, Devon, 1882
^ Burke, John (1832). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. Vol. II (4th ed.). London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley. p. 306.
Parliament of England
Preceded byRobert Shapcote
Member of Parliament for Tiverton 1659 With: Francis Warner
Succeeded byNot represented in Restored Rump
Preceded bySir John RolleEarl of Torrington
Member of Parliament for Devon 1671–1679 With: Sir John Rolle
Succeeded bySir Edward SeymourSir William Courtenay
Preceded bySamuel RolleSir William Courtenay
Member of Parliament for Devon 1685–1689 With: Sir Bourchier Wrey
Succeeded bySamuel RolleFrancis Courtenay
Baronetage of England
Preceded byJohn Bampfylde
Baronet (of Poltimore) 1651–1692
Succeeded byCoplestone Bampfylde
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"JP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace"},{"link_name":"Poltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_of_Poltimore"},{"link_name":"North Molton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_of_North_Molton"},{"link_name":"Warleigh, Tamerton Foliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warleigh,_Tamerton_Foliot"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"}],"text":"Sir Coplestone Bampfylde, 2nd Bt., DL,\nJP (ca. 1633 – 9 February 1692) of Poltimore and North Molton and Warleigh, Tamerton Foliot, in Devon, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1659 and 1689.","title":"Sir Coplestone Bampfylde, 2nd Baronet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir John Bampfylde, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Bampfylde,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lodge-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Copplestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copplestone"},{"link_name":"Colebrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colebrooke,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Tamerton Foliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamerton_Foliot"},{"link_name":"Sir William Morice, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Morice,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debrett-3"}],"text":"Bampfylde was the eldest son of Sir John Bampfylde, 1st Baronet (1590–1650), of Poltimore and North Molton, by his wife, Gertrude Coplestone, 4th daughter of Amyas Coplestone[1] and co-heiress of her brother John Coplestone[2] of Copplestone in the parish of Colebrooke and of Warleigh in the parish of Tamerton Foliot, Devon. His brother-in-law was Sir William Morice, 1st Baronet, husband of his sister Gertrude Bampfylde.[3]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corpus Christi College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alumni-4"},{"link_name":"Sir John Drake, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Drake,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimber-5"},{"link_name":"baronetcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bampfylde_Baronets"},{"link_name":"Justice of the Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOP-6"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Tiverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiverton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Third Protectorate Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Protectorate_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOP-6"},{"link_name":"Roundheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundheads"},{"link_name":"Royalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimber-5"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"George Monck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Monck,_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lodge-1"},{"link_name":"Devon Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_Militia"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Restoration of the Monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_(1660)"},{"link_name":"Commissioner of Oyer and Terminer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_of_Oyer_and_Terminer"},{"link_name":"Deputy Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOP-6"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Cavalier Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOP-6"},{"link_name":"Popish Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popish_Plot"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Glorious Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOP-6"}],"text":"He matriculated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford on 20 March 1651,[4] where he befriended Sir John Drake, 1st Baronet.[5]He succeeded to the baronetcy in 1651 on the death of his father. He was nominated Justice of the Peace for Devon in 1656 and one year later became a Commissioner for Assessment.[6]In 1659, Bampfylde was elected Member of Parliament for Tiverton, Devon, in the Third Protectorate Parliament.[6] Although his father and two of his uncles were considered Roundheads (Parliamentarians), Bampfylde himself was a very active Royalist.[5]In February 1660, he delivered a petition from Devon's population for more rights to the king's general George Monck, on the discovery of which by Parliament he was temporarily imprisoned in the Tower of London.[1]In 1660, he was appointed a Commissioner of Militia, serving subsequently as colonel of the Devon Militia. He became the first High Sheriff of Devon after the Restoration of the Monarchy and toured the Western Circuit as a Commissioner of Oyer and Terminer. He was a Deputy Lieutenant of Devon from 1661 and worked as Commissioner for Corporations in the following two years.[6]In 1671, Bampfylde was elected MP for Devon in 1671 in a by-election to the Cavalier Parliament which seat he held until 1679.[6] He was reasonably diligent as an MP, until the outbreak of the Popish Plot in the autumn of 1678, when the hysterical political atmosphere caused him to retire to his home. He generally voted with the Court party, especially after his second marriage, when he was much influenced by his father-in-law, Sir Courtenay Pole, who enjoyed the personal regard of Charles II. He was again elected MP for Devon in 1685 and held the seat until 1689. He initially welcomed the Glorious Revolution, but in his last years became a stern critic of the new regime.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_III_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Greets Grand Duke of Tuscany","text":"Sir Coplestone Bampfylde is mentioned in the Travel Journal of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1642–1723) in connection with his visit to Plymouth on 5 April 1669:[7]\"The governor then came to take leave, and afterwards Sir Richard Edgecumbe and Mr. Prideaux came in, to wish his highness a good journey. About three they dined, and towards five, took their departure; his Highness being attended by the governor on horseback, who, when they had got two miles from Plymouth, appeared at the coach-door, to take leave once more. He had wished to have paraded the military, as was done on his highness's arrival, but the latter courteously declined it. When they had proceeded about a mile after the governor's departure, there came galloping up to the coach, Sir Copleston Bampfylde, with his wife and sister. They happened to be hunting in that neighbourhood and wished not to lose the opportunity of performing an act of respect to his highness. The serene prince stopped the carriage, and received their compliments, but did not alight to salute them, not knowing, till afterwards, who the ladies were\".[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vivian,_p._40-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debrett-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vivian,_p._40-8"},{"link_name":"Sir Coplestone Bampfylde, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Coplestone_Bampfylde,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Houghton, South Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houghton,_Devon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debrett-3"},{"link_name":"Sir Courtenay Pole, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Courtenay_Pole,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Shute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Shute_House"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debrett-3"}],"text":"He married twice:Firstly on 16 November 1655 to Margaret Bulkeley, daughter of Francis Bulkeley of Burgate, Hampshire,[8] by whom he had two sons and a daughter:[3]\nCol. Hugh Bampfield (d. 1690), eldest son and heir apparent, who predeceased his father having died in a fall from his horse.[8] He married Mary Clifford, daughter of James Clifford of Ware, by whom he had a son Sir Coplestone Bampfylde, 3rd Baronet.\nCoplestone Bampfylde (1659–1669), 2nd son, a precocious scholar who died young aged 10 and whose monument survives on the south side of the chancel in St Mary's Church, Tamerton Foliot. His effigy, dressed like an adult man,[9] is shown seated at a desk with hand on a book and wears a gown and band with a large bushy wig.[10] Below are elaborate inscriptions in Latin and Greek.\nJohn Coplestone Bulkeley Bampfield, 3rd son, who died without issue.\nMargaret Bampfield, died an infant.\nSecondly at Houghton, South Devon, on 21 October 1674[3] to Jane Pole, daughter of Sir Courtenay Pole, 2nd Baronet of Shute, Devon and his wife Urith Shapcote; without progeny. She remarried Edward Gibbons.[3]","title":"Marriage and progeny"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"He was tall, strongly built and handsome, with \"ready wit and good judgment\"; in manner \"a true gentleman, courteous and obliging\". His luxurious way of life caused him to live beyond his income for many years.","title":"Character"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warleigh,_Tamerton_Foliot"},{"link_name":"Poltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltimore,_Devon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOP-6"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimber-5"}],"text":"Bampfyle died of gout at Warleigh and was buried at Poltimore.[6] On his deathbed, he required his assembled family to pledge loyalty to the Church of England and to the crown.[5]","title":"Death and burial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baronetcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetcy"},{"link_name":"Sir Coplestone Bampfylde, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Coplestone_Bampfylde,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"His eldest son Hugh Bampfield having predeceased him by one year, he was succeeded in the baronetcy by his grandson Sir Coplestone Bampfylde, 3rd Baronet.[11]","title":"Succession"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Lodge, Edmund (1838). The Genealogy of the Existing British Peerage (6th ed.). London: Saunder and Otley. p. 388.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/genealogyofexist01lodg","url_text":"The Genealogy of the Existing British Peerage"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/genealogyofexist01lodg/page/388","url_text":"388"}]},{"reference":"Debrett, John (1824). Debrett's Baronetage of England. Vol. I (5th ed.). London: G. Woodfall. p. 139.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kimber, Edward (1771). Richard Johnson (ed.). The Baronetage of England: Containing a Genealogical and Historical Account of All the English Baronets. Vol. I. London: Thomas Wotton. pp. 377–380.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Kimber","url_text":"Kimber, Edward"}]},{"reference":"Burke, John (1832). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. Vol. II (4th ed.). London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley. p. 306.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/genealogyofexist01lodg","external_links_name":"The Genealogy of the Existing British Peerage"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/genealogyofexist01lodg/page/388","external_links_name":"388"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=117044","external_links_name":"\"'Alumni Oxonienses, 1500-1714: Baal-Barrow'\""},{"Link":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/bampfylde-sir-coplestone-1633-92","external_links_name":"History of Parliament Online: Bampfylde, Coplestone"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/travelsofcosmoth00magarich","external_links_name":"[1]"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witton,_North_Norfolk
|
Witton, North Norfolk
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°49′42″N 1°28′19″E / 52.82838°N 1.47207°E / 52.82838; 1.47207
Human settlement in EnglandWittonA view of Witton ChurchWittonLocation within NorfolkArea9.77 km2 (3.77 sq mi)Population318 (2011)• Density33/km2 (85/sq mi)OS grid referenceTG340313Civil parishWittonDistrictNorth NorfolkShire countyNorfolkRegionEastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townNORTH WALSHAMPostcode districtNR28PoliceNorfolkFireNorfolkAmbulanceEast of England
List of places
UK
England
Norfolk
52°49′42″N 1°28′19″E / 52.82838°N 1.47207°E / 52.82838; 1.47207
Witton is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It is located 8 km (5.0 mi) east of the town of North Walsham and 30 km (19 mi) north of the city of Norwich. It should not be confused with the quite different Norfolk village of similar name in the parish of Postwick with Witton, some 8 km (5.0 mi) east of Norwich.
The villages name means 'wood farm/settlement'.
The civil parish (officially known as Witton) also includes the village of Ridlington and has an area of 9.77 km2 (3.77 sq mi) and in the 2001 census had a population of 298 in 134 households, increasing to a population of 318 in 141 households at the 2011 Census. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of North Norfolk.
The parish church has a round tower, making it one of the many round-towered churches in Norfolk and Suffolk.
References
^ "Civil Parish population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
^ Ordnance Survey (2002). OS Explorer Map 252 - Norfolk Coast East. ISBN 0-319-21888-0
^ "Key to English Place-names".
^ Office for National Statistics & Norfolk County Council (2001) Archived 2017-02-11 at the Wayback Machine
^ "St Margaret, Witton (Witton by Walsham)". Norfolk Churches. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
External links
Map sources for Witton, North Norfolk.
Information from Genuki Norfolk on Witton.
St Margaret's on the European Round Tower Churches website
vteCivil parishes of North Norfolk
Alby with Thwaite
Aldborough and Thurgarton
Antingham
Ashmanhaugh
Aylmerton
Baconsthorpe
Bacton
Barsham
Barton Turf
Beeston Regis
Binham
Blakeney
Bodham
Briningham
Brinton
Briston
Brumstead
Burgh and Tuttington
Catfield
Cley next the Sea
Calthorpe
Colby
Corpusty and Saxthorpe
Cromer
Dilham
Dunton
East Beckham
East Ruston
Edgefield
Erpingham
Fakenham
Felbrigg
Felmingham
Field Dalling
Fulmodeston
Gimingham
Great Snoring
Gresham
Gunthorpe
Hanworth
Happisburgh
Helhoughton
Hempstead
Hempton
Hickling
High Kelling
Hindolveston
Hindringham
Holkham
Holt
Honing
Horning
Horsey
Hoveton
Ingham
Ingworth
Itteringham
Kelling
Kettlestone
Knapton
Langham
Lessingham
Letheringsett with Glandford
Little Barningham
Little Snoring
Ludham
Matlaske
Melton Constable
Morston
Mundesley
Neatishead
Northrepps
North Walsham
Overstrand
Paston
Plumstead
Potter Heigham
Pudding Norton
Raynham
Roughton
Runton
Ryburgh
Salthouse
Scottow
Sculthorpe
Sea Palling
Sheringham
Sidestrand
Skeyton
Sloley
Smallburgh
Southrepps
Stalham
Stibbard
Stiffkey
Stody
Suffield
Sustead
Sutton
Swafield
Swanton Abbott
Swanton Novers
Tatterford
Tattersett
Thornage
Thorpe Market
Thurning
Thursford
Trimingham
Trunch
Tunstead
Upper Sheringham
Walcott
Walsingham
Warham
Wells-next-the-Sea
West Beckham
Westwick
Weybourne
Wickmere
Wighton
Witton
Wiveton
Wood Norton
Worstead
See also
South Norfolk
Great Yarmouth
Broadland
North Norfolk
King's Lynn and West Norfolk
Breckland
Authority control databases: National
Israel
This Norfolk location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"North Walsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Walsham"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich"},{"link_name":"Postwick with Witton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postwick_with_Witton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ridlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridlington,_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"2001 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district"},{"link_name":"North Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandWitton is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It is located 8 km (5.0 mi) east of the town of North Walsham and 30 km (19 mi) north of the city of Norwich. It should not be confused with the quite different Norfolk village of similar name in the parish of Postwick with Witton, some 8 km (5.0 mi) east of Norwich.[2]The villages name means 'wood farm/settlement'.[3]The civil parish (officially known as Witton) also includes the village of Ridlington and has an area of 9.77 km2 (3.77 sq mi) and in the 2001 census had a population of 298 in 134 households, increasing to a population of 318 in 141 households at the 2011 Census. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of North Norfolk.[4]The parish church has a round tower,[5] making it one of the many round-towered churches in Norfolk and Suffolk.","title":"Witton, North Norfolk"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 15 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11130836&c=witton&d=16&e=62&g=6449575&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1471258466562&enc=1","url_text":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Key to English Place-names\".","urls":[{"url":"http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Norfolk/Witton","url_text":"\"Key to English Place-names\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Margaret, Witton (Witton by Walsham)\". Norfolk Churches. Retrieved 29 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.norfolkchurches.co.uk/witton/witton.htm","url_text":"\"St Margaret, Witton (Witton by Walsham)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Witton,_North_Norfolk¶ms=52.82838_N_1.47207_E_region:GB_type:city(318)","external_links_name":"52°49′42″N 1°28′19″E / 52.82838°N 1.47207°E / 52.82838; 1.47207"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Witton,_North_Norfolk¶ms=52.828266_N_1.472066_E_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Witton","external_links_name":"TG340313"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Witton,_North_Norfolk¶ms=52.82838_N_1.47207_E_region:GB_type:city(318)","external_links_name":"52°49′42″N 1°28′19″E / 52.82838°N 1.47207°E / 52.82838; 1.47207"},{"Link":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11130836&c=witton&d=16&e=62&g=6449575&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1471258466562&enc=1","external_links_name":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\""},{"Link":"http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Norfolk/Witton","external_links_name":"\"Key to English Place-names\""},{"Link":"http://www.norfolk.gov.uk/consumption/groups/public/documents/general_resources/ncc017867.xls","external_links_name":"Office for National Statistics & Norfolk County Council (2001)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170211032229/http://www.norfolk.gov.uk/consumption/groups/public/documents/general_resources/ncc017867.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.norfolkchurches.co.uk/witton/witton.htm","external_links_name":"\"St Margaret, Witton (Witton by Walsham)\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Witton,_North_Norfolk¶ms=52.828266_N_1.472066_E_region:GB_scale:100000","external_links_name":"Map sources"},{"Link":"http://www.origins.org.uk/genuki/NFK/places/w/witton_nr_nwalsham/","external_links_name":"Information from Genuki Norfolk"},{"Link":"https://www.roundtowerchurches.net/norfolk/norfolk-w-y/witton-2/","external_links_name":"St Margaret's on the European Round Tower Churches website"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559816105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witton,_North_Norfolk&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank_building,_Bremen
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Deutsche Bank building, Bremen
|
["1 History and architecture","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 53°04′36″N 8°48′33″E / 53.07667°N 8.80917°E / 53.07667; 8.80917
Deutsche Bank building on the Domshof
Unser Planet – a sculpture outside the bank
The Deutsche Bank building (German: Deutsche Bank am Domshof) on Domshof Square in the centre of Bremen, Germany, was completed in 1891 in a Historicist style by the architects Wilhelm Martens and Friedrich Wilhelm Rauschenberg.
History and architecture
The imposing building located at No. 25 Domshof was designed by Wilhelm Martens (1842–1910) from Berlin and the Bremen architect Friedrich Wilhelm Rauschenberg (1853–1935). The building was for the Deutsche Bank which had been founded in 1870 in Berlin with a major aim of supporting foreign trade with Germany. The bank's building is built in red sandstone from the Main Valley in a currently popular Historicist style derived from Italian 16th-century practice, in which colossal Ionic pilasters link two main floors above a high rusticated basement storey; the expanded central entrance bay is pedimented and the end bays are slightly emphasized and lightly projecting.
Martens, the house architect of Deutsche Bank, Berlin, was considered a specialist in bank design. He also drew up plans for the Sparkasse building on Bremen's Am Brill which was completed in 1906. Rauchenberg, who above all was responsible for overseeing the actual construction of the building, is remembered for his many residential and commercial buildings in the city, mainly designed in the Neo-Renaissance style. The Deutsche Bank am Domshof has been a listed building since 1981.
In connection with the construction of the Domshof Passage from 1996 to 1999, the bank building was modernized by the Bremen architects Harm Haslob, Peter Hartlich and Jens Kruse. The passage is a shopping arcade with sixteen shops which allows visitors to travel to the Katherinenpassage which was built less than ten years before.
The building faces the Domshof, the market square, in Bremen and just in front of the bank is a sculpture based on a model of the world. Titled Unser Planet (Our Planet), it was made by the German sculptor Bernd Altenstein.
References
^ a b "Database Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Bremen". (in German)
^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Deutsche Bank, The" . Encyclopedia Americana.
^ Thomas Kuzaj (4 April 2013). "Repräsentativer roter Stein" (in German). kreiszeitung.de. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
^ "German Bank at Domshof". Bremen-tourism.de. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
^ "Denkmäler, Kunstwerke und Skulpturen: Kunst im öffentlichen Raum Bremen - Mitte: Altstadt, Ostertor" (in German). Bremen-freizeit.de. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deutsche Bank in Bremen.
vteBremenBuildings andstructures
Aalto-Hochhaus
Atlantis House
Bremen Parliament
Cotton Exchange
Courthouse
Ehemaliges Hauptpostamt (old post office)
Deutsche Bank
Essighaus
Forum Domshof
Glockenspiel House
Heineken House
House of the Seven Lazy Brothers
Karstadt building
Kontorhaus am Markt
Landherrnamt
New Town Hall
Post Office
Raths-Apotheke
Rathscafé
Robinson Crusoe House
Schlachte Great Crane
Schütting (Chamber of Commerce)
Shipper's House
Spitzen Gebel
Stadtsparkasse Building
Suding & Soeken Kaufmannshaus
Stadtwaage (Weigh house)
Stock exchange
City Hall
Weser Tower
Precincts
Böttcherstraße
Bremer Marktplatz
Domsheide (square)
Domshof (Cathedral Court)
Langenstraße
Schlachte Embankment
Schnoor (district)
Teerhof
Das Viertel
Waterfront Bremen
History
List of mayors
Timeline
Churches etc
Birgittenkloster (convent)
Bremen Cathedral
Church of Our Lady
St. John's Church
St. Martin's Church
St Catherine's Monastery
Culturalinstitutions
Am Wall Windmill
Altes Pumpwerk (Water treatment museum)
Die Glocke (concert hall)
Bremer Philharmoniker
Forum am Wall (library)
Gerhard Marcks Museum (sculpture)
Kunsthalle Bremen (art gallery)
Ludwig Roselius Museum
Paula Modersohn-Becker Museum (paintings)
Rundfunkmuseum (Radios)
Staatsarchiv Bremen
Theater Bremen
Theater am Goetheplatz
Übersee-Museum (Natural History)
Universum Science Center
Weserburg (modern art)
Wilhelm Wagenfeld House (design exhibitions)
Science andeducation
University of Bremen
Jacobs University Bremen
Transportation
Domsheide (trams and buses)
Bremen Airport
Bremen Hauptbahnhof
53°04′36″N 8°48′33″E / 53.07667°N 8.80917°E / 53.07667; 8.80917
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DeutscheBank-Domshof.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weltkugelbrunnen.JPG"},{"link_name":"Domshof Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domshof"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"Historicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Martens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Martens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm Rauschenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Rauschenberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfd-1"}],"text":"Deutsche Bank building on the DomshofUnser Planet – a sculpture outside the bankThe Deutsche Bank building (German: Deutsche Bank am Domshof) on Domshof Square in the centre of Bremen, Germany, was completed in 1891 in a Historicist style by the architects Wilhelm Martens and Friedrich Wilhelm Rauschenberg.[1]","title":"Deutsche Bank building, Bremen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutsche Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amer-2"},{"link_name":"Main Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_(river)"},{"link_name":"colossal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossal_order"},{"link_name":"Ionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_order"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaster"},{"link_name":"rusticated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustication_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"pedimented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediment"},{"link_name":"Am Brill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Am_Brill&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neo-Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Renaissance_architecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfd-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Katherinenpassage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Catherine%27s_Monastery,_Bremen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bernd Altenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Altenstein"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The imposing building located at No. 25 Domshof was designed by Wilhelm Martens (1842–1910) from Berlin and the Bremen architect Friedrich Wilhelm Rauschenberg (1853–1935). The building was for the Deutsche Bank which had been founded in 1870 in Berlin with a major aim of supporting foreign trade with Germany.[2] The bank's building is built in red sandstone from the Main Valley in a currently popular Historicist style derived from Italian 16th-century practice, in which colossal Ionic pilasters link two main floors above a high rusticated basement storey; the expanded central entrance bay is pedimented and the end bays are slightly emphasized and lightly projecting.Martens, the house architect of Deutsche Bank, Berlin, was considered a specialist in bank design. He also drew up plans for the Sparkasse building on Bremen's Am Brill which was completed in 1906. Rauchenberg, who above all was responsible for overseeing the actual construction of the building, is remembered for his many residential and commercial buildings in the city, mainly designed in the Neo-Renaissance style. The Deutsche Bank am Domshof has been a listed building since 1981.[1][3]In connection with the construction of the Domshof Passage from 1996 to 1999, the bank building was modernized by the Bremen architects Harm Haslob, Peter Hartlich and Jens Kruse. The passage is a shopping arcade with sixteen shops which allows visitors to travel to the Katherinenpassage which was built less than ten years before.[4]The building faces the Domshof, the market square, in Bremen and just in front of the bank is a sculpture based on a model of the world. Titled Unser Planet (Our Planet), it was made by the German sculptor Bernd Altenstein.[5]","title":"History and architecture"}]
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[{"image_text":"Deutsche Bank building on the Domshof","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/DeutscheBank-Domshof.jpg/220px-DeutscheBank-Domshof.jpg"},{"image_text":"Unser Planet – a sculpture outside the bank","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Weltkugelbrunnen.JPG/220px-Weltkugelbrunnen.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Database Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Bremen\".","urls":[{"url":"http://denkmalpflege.bremen.de/sixcms/detail.php?template=20_denkmal_wrapper_d&obj=00000321","url_text":"\"Database Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Bremen\""}]},{"reference":"Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). \"Deutsche Bank, The\" . Encyclopedia Americana.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Deutsche_Bank,_The","url_text":"\"Deutsche Bank, The\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana","url_text":"Encyclopedia Americana"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Kuzaj (4 April 2013). \"Repräsentativer roter Stein\" (in German). kreiszeitung.de. Retrieved 3 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kreiszeitung.de/lokales/bremen/repraesentativer-roter-stein-2937910.html","url_text":"\"Repräsentativer roter Stein\""}]},{"reference":"\"German Bank at Domshof\". Bremen-tourism.de. Retrieved 3 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bremen-tourism.de/every-building-tells-a-story-the-old-quarter-and-schlachte-embankment-1#German%20bank%20at%20Domshof","url_text":"\"German Bank at Domshof\""}]},{"reference":"\"Denkmäler, Kunstwerke und Skulpturen: Kunst im öffentlichen Raum Bremen - Mitte: Altstadt, Ostertor\" (in German). Bremen-freizeit.de. Retrieved 4 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bremen-freizeit.de/bremen/stadt/denkmal/cnm2-denkmaeler.php","url_text":"\"Denkmäler, Kunstwerke und Skulpturen: Kunst im öffentlichen Raum Bremen - Mitte: Altstadt, Ostertor\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patan,_Udaipur
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Patan, Udaipur
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["1 References"]
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Patan, Udaipur" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Patan is a small village in Salumbar tehsil, Udaipur district, Rajasthan, India.
References
vtePopulated places in Udaipur districtCities and towns
Bajajnagar
Rundera
Bedla
Bhalariya
Bhinder
Bhuwana
Dhariawad
Fatehnagar
Gogunda
Jhadol
Kanor
Kherwara Chhaoni
Rikhabdeo
Salumbar
Saradit
Udaipur
Jaswantgarh (Udaipur)
Villages and settlements
Aachhat
Aala Ki Dhani
Aar
Aawra
Alsigarh
Bachar
Badanga
Badgaon Bandh
Balicha
Banswari
Bargaon
Biliya
Boraj Tawaran
Borao Ka Khera
Chandesara
Cheetarawas
Dodawali
Ghasa
Gudli
Jaswantgarh
Jeerai
Kachhwa
Kaya
Khakhri
Khemli
Khempur
Kumariya Khera
Majam
Makradeo
Nagda
Nai
Nayagaon
Oghna
Pai
Patan
Peepliya
Phalasia
Phanda
Roopnagar
Rundera
Sagatada
Saradit
Tarpal
Umarda
Vallabhnagar
This article related to a location in Rajasthan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
Patan is the small village of Slumber Block that village nearest of Jaismand Lake it was the very beautiful village
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salumbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salumbar"},{"link_name":"Udaipur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaipur_district"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"}],"text":"Patan is a small village in Salumbar tehsil, Udaipur district, Rajasthan, India.","title":"Patan, Udaipur"}]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plave%C4%8D,_Star%C3%A1_%C4%BDubov%C5%88a_District
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Plaveč, Stará Ľubovňa District
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["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Geography","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 49°16′N 20°51′E / 49.267°N 20.850°E / 49.267; 20.850For the village in the Czech Republic, see Plaveč (Znojmo District).
Location of Stará Ľubovňa District in the Prešov Region.
Plaveč (German: Plautsch; Hungarian: Palocsa; Polish: Pławiec) is a village and municipality in Stará Ľubovňa District in the Prešov Region of northern Slovakia.
Etymology
Plavec (Polovtsian in Slovak) → Plaveč.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1287. The ruins of the 13th century Plaveč Castle lie above the town, after a fire in 1856.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 488 metres and covers an area of 16.683 km². It has a population of about 1857 people.
References
^ Krajčovič, Rudolf (2014). "Z lexiky stredovekej slovenčiny s výkladmi názvov obcí a miest (48)". Kultúra slova (in Slovak). Martin: Vydavateľstvo Matice slovenskej (6): 331.
^ "Plaveč Castle".
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plaveč.
vteMunicipalities of Stará Ľubovňa District
Podolínec
Stará Ľubovňa
Čirč
Ďurková
Forbasy
Hajtovka
Haligovce
Hniezdne
Hraničné
Hromoš
Chmeľnica
Jakubany
Jarabina
Kamienka
Kolačkov
Kremná
Kyjov
Lacková
Legnava
Lesnica
Litmanová
Lomnička
Ľubotín
Malý Lipník
Matysová
Mníšek nad Popradom
Nižné Ružbachy
Nová Ľubovňa
Obručné
Orlov
Plaveč
Plavnica
Pusté Pole
Ruská Voľa nad Popradom
Starina
Stráňany
Sulín
Šambron
Šarišské Jastrabie
Údol
Veľká Lesná
Veľký Lipník
Vislanka
Vyšné Ružbachy
49°16′N 20°51′E / 49.267°N 20.850°E / 49.267; 20.850
Authority control databases
VIAF
This Prešov Region geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plaveč (Znojmo District)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plave%C4%8D_(Znojmo_District)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okres_stara.png"},{"link_name":"Stará Ľubovňa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%A1_%C4%BDubov%C5%88a_District"},{"link_name":"Prešov Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov_Region"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Stará Ľubovňa District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C3%A1_%C4%BDubov%C5%88a_District"},{"link_name":"Prešov Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov_Region"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"}],"text":"For the village in the Czech Republic, see Plaveč (Znojmo District).Location of Stará Ľubovňa District in the Prešov Region.Plaveč (German: Plautsch; Hungarian: Palocsa; Polish: Pławiec) is a village and municipality in Stará Ľubovňa District in the Prešov Region of northern Slovakia.","title":"Plaveč, Stará Ľubovňa District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polovtsian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumans"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krajcovic-1"}],"text":"Plavec (Polovtsian in Slovak) → Plaveč.[1]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historical records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Plaveč Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plave%C4%8D_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1287. The ruins of the 13th century Plaveč Castle lie above the town, after a fire in 1856.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"altitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude"},{"link_name":"area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palocsacivertanlegi1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palocsacivertanlegi2.jpg"}],"text":"The municipality lies at an altitude of 488 metres and covers an area of 16.683 km². It has a population of about 1857 people.","title":"Geography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Location of Stará Ľubovňa District in the Prešov Region.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Okres_stara.png/350px-Okres_stara.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Krajčovič, Rudolf (2014). \"Z lexiky stredovekej slovenčiny s výkladmi názvov obcí a miest (48)\". Kultúra slova (in Slovak). Martin: Vydavateľstvo Matice slovenskej (6): 331.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Kraj%C4%8Dovi%C4%8D","url_text":"Krajčovič, Rudolf"}]},{"reference":"\"Plaveč Castle\".","urls":[{"url":"http://wikimapia.org/7597701/Plave%C4%8D-Castle","url_text":"\"Plaveč Castle\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindon,_New_Zealand
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Hindon, New Zealand
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 45°43′40″S 170°18′10″E / 45.72778°S 170.30278°E / -45.72778; 170.30278
Hindon Railway Station beside the Taieri River circa 1926
Hindon
Hindon is a small settlement in inland Otago, in the South Island of New Zealand. It is located 24 kilometres (15 mi) northwest of Dunedin in the Silverpeaks Range, close to the edge of the Strath Taieri. The Taieri Gorge Railway runs through Hindon on its way between Dunedin and Middlemarch.
Hindon was named by provincial superintendent John Hyde Harris, who owned land in the area, though the origin of the name is not known. The area was a centre of activity during the latter part of the Otago Gold Rush, with several mines working the gold-bearing quartz reefs at Hindon and nearby Barewood. The size of the township dwindled markedly after the end of the rush. Little remains of the mines, though some subsided shafts remain as hazards for local farmers.
Hindon has a population of around 70 people. At the height of the gold rush its population was around 1200.
References
^ Reed, A.W. (1975) Place names of New Zealand. Wellington: A.H. & A.W. Reed. p. 174.
^ "The Hindon and Barewood Reefs", Otago Witness, 31 March 1892. Retrieved from Papers Past, New Zealand National Library, 7 November 2015.
^ Hutchinson, D., "Hindon mine shaft 'bit of a graveyard'," Otago Daily Times, 5 May 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
45°43′40″S 170°18′10″E / 45.72778°S 170.30278°E / -45.72778; 170.30278
This Otago geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_of_Hindon_Railway_Station_beside_the_Taieri_River._ATLIB_292402.png"},{"link_name":"Taieri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taieri_River"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Zealand_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Otago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago"},{"link_name":"South Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Dunedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin"},{"link_name":"Silverpeaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverpeaks"},{"link_name":"Strath Taieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strath_Taieri"},{"link_name":"Taieri Gorge Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taieri_Gorge_Railway"},{"link_name":"Middlemarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlemarch,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"John Hyde Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hyde_Harris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Otago Gold Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"gold-bearing quartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_reef_mining"},{"link_name":"reefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reef_(mining)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Hindon Railway Station beside the Taieri River circa 1926HindonHindon is a small settlement in inland Otago, in the South Island of New Zealand. It is located 24 kilometres (15 mi) northwest of Dunedin in the Silverpeaks Range, close to the edge of the Strath Taieri. The Taieri Gorge Railway runs through Hindon on its way between Dunedin and Middlemarch.Hindon was named by provincial superintendent John Hyde Harris, who owned land in the area, though the origin of the name is not known.[1] The area was a centre of activity during the latter part of the Otago Gold Rush, with several mines working the gold-bearing quartz reefs at Hindon and nearby Barewood. The size of the township dwindled markedly after the end of the rush.[2] Little remains of the mines, though some subsided shafts remain as hazards for local farmers.[3]Hindon has a population of around 70 people. At the height of the gold rush its population was around 1200.","title":"Hindon, New Zealand"}]
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[{"image_text":"Hindon Railway Station beside the Taieri River circa 1926","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/View_of_Hindon_Railway_Station_beside_the_Taieri_River._ATLIB_292402.png/220px-View_of_Hindon_Railway_Station_beside_the_Taieri_River._ATLIB_292402.png"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hindon,_New_Zealand¶ms=45_43_40_S_170_18_10_E_region:NZ_type:city","external_links_name":"45°43′40″S 170°18′10″E / 45.72778°S 170.30278°E / -45.72778; 170.30278"},{"Link":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=OW18920331.2.33.1","external_links_name":"The Hindon and Barewood Reefs"},{"Link":"http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/255438/hindon-mine-shaft-bit-graveyard","external_links_name":"Hindon mine shaft 'bit of a graveyard'"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hindon,_New_Zealand¶ms=45_43_40_S_170_18_10_E_region:NZ_type:city","external_links_name":"45°43′40″S 170°18′10″E / 45.72778°S 170.30278°E / -45.72778; 170.30278"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindon,_New_Zealand&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_February_28,_2044
|
Solar eclipse of February 28, 2044
|
["1 Images","2 Related eclipses","2.1 Solar eclipses of 2044–2047","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Future annular solar eclipse
Solar eclipse of February 28, 2044MapType of eclipseNatureAnnularGamma−0.9954Magnitude0.96Maximum eclipseDuration147 sec (2 m 27 s)Coordinates62°12′S 25°36′W / 62.2°S 25.6°W / -62.2; -25.6Max. width of band- kmTimes (UTC)Greatest eclipse20:24:40ReferencesSaros121 (62 of 71)Catalog # (SE5000)9605
An annular solar eclipse will occur on Sunday, February 28, 2044. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun's, blocking most of the Sun's light and causing the Sun to look like an annulus (ring). An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region of the Earth thousands of kilometres wide.
This is the last of 55 umbral eclipses of Solar Saros 121. The 1st was in 1070 and the 55th will be in 2044. The total duration is 974 years.
Images
Animated path
Related eclipses
Solar eclipses of 2044–2047
This eclipse is a member of a semester series. An eclipse in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon's orbit.
Solar eclipse series sets from 2044–2047
Ascending node
Descending node
121
February 28, 2044Annular
126
August 23, 2044Total
131
February 16, 2045Annular
136
August 12, 2045Total
141
February 5, 2046Annular
146
August 2, 2046Total
151
January 26, 2047Partial
156
July 22, 2047Partial
Partial solar eclipses on June 23, 2047 and December 16, 2047 occur on the next lunar year eclipse set.
References
^ van Gent, R.H. "Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
External links
http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot2001/SE2044Feb28A.GIF
vteSolar eclipsesLists of eclipsesBy era
Antiquity
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Category
This solar eclipse–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"van Gent, R.H. \"Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present\". A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles. Utrecht University. Retrieved 6 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/eclipse/eclipsecycles.htm#Sar%20%28Half%20Saros%29","url_text":"\"Solar- and Lunar-Eclipse Predictions from Antiquity to the Present\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keene_Township,_Michigan
|
Keene Township, Michigan
|
["1 Geography","2 Communities","3 Demographics","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Sources"]
|
Coordinates: 42°59′7″N 85°15′45″W / 42.98528°N 85.26250°W / 42.98528; -85.26250
Township in Michigan, United StatesKeene Township, MichiganTownshipWhites Bridge, which crosses the Flat RiverKeene TownshipShow map of MichiganKeene TownshipShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 42°59′7″N 85°15′45″W / 42.98528°N 85.26250°W / 42.98528; -85.26250CountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountyIoniaArea • Total36.0 sq mi (93.2 km2) • Land35.7 sq mi (92.5 km2) • Water0.3 sq mi (0.7 km2)Elevation866 ft (264 m)Population (2000) • Total1,660 • Density46.5/sq mi (17.9/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)FIPS code26-42520GNIS feature ID1626556
Keene Township is a civil township of Ionia County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,660 at the 2000 census.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.0 square miles (93 km2), of which 35.7 square miles (92 km2) is land and 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2) (0.78%) is water.
Communities
Dickertown was an unincorporated community in the township.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,660 people, 542 households, and 448 families residing in the township. The population density was 46.5 inhabitants per square mile (18.0/km2). There were 568 housing units at an average density of 15.9 per square mile (6.1/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 96.33% White, 0.72% Native American, 0.06% Asian, 1.93% from other races, and 0.96% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.25% of the population.
There were 542 households, out of which 45.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.2% were married couples living together, 4.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.3% were non-families. 13.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.02 and the average family size was 3.32.
In the township the population was spread out, with 32.7% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 7.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.6 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $50,114, and the median income for a family was $54,423. Males had a median income of $37,875 versus $24,917 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,017. About 4.5% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.0% of those under age 18 and 0.9% of those age 65 or over.
References
Notes
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Keene Township, Michigan
^ Romig 1986, p. 157.
Sources
Romig, Walter (October 1, 1986) . Michigan Place Names: The History of the Founding and the Naming of More Than Five Thousand Past and Present Michigan Communities (Paperback). Great Lakes Books Series. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-1838-6.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Ionia County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: IoniaCities
Belding
Ionia
Portland
Map of Michigan highlighting Ionia CountyVillages
Clarksville
Hubbardston‡
Lake Odessa
Lyons
Muir
Pewamo
Saranac
Townships
Berlin
Boston
Campbell
Danby
Easton
Ionia
Keene
Lyons
North Plains
Odessa
Orange
Orleans
Otisco
Portland
Ronald
Sebewa
Unincorporatedcommunities
Berlin Center
Collins
Cooks Corners
Dildine
Elmdale
Matherton
Orleans
Palo
Sebewa
Shiloh
Smyrna
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Michigan portal
United States portal
|
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|
[{"image_text":"Map of Michigan highlighting Ionia County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Ionia_County.svg/85px-Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Ionia_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker%27s_Town_Peninsula,_Bermuda
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Tucker's Town Peninsula, Bermuda
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 32°20′02″N 64°41′02″W / 32.334°N 64.684°W / 32.334; -64.684Peninsula in Bermuda
One of the natural arches on Natural Arch Beach, prior to 2003
Tucker's Town Peninsula is a two-mile long (3200 metre long) peninsula which extends from the northeastern tip of the main island of Bermuda. It is in St. George's Parish, and within the small settlement of Tucker's Town.
The area around Tucker's Town contains some of the most exclusive and expensive property in the world, and is the haunt of foreign millionaires, attracted to the area by its climate, surroundings and tax-free status. Access is heavily restricted, with people who do not live in Tucker's Town generally barred from the peninsula which extends along the southeastern edge of Castle Harbor.
Natural Arches Beach is located at the southern tip of the peninsula, where it joins with the mainland. This is Bermuda's most famous beach, and was noted for its natural rock formations and caves until they were largely destroyed by Hurricane Fabian in 2003.
References
^ Rider, Fremont (1922). Rider's Bermuda: A Guide Book for Travelers with 4 Maps. H. Holt. p. 99.
32°20′02″N 64°41′02″W / 32.334°N 64.684°W / 32.334; -64.684
This Bermuda location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NATURAL_ARCH,_TUCKER%27S_TOWN,_BERMUDA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"St. George's Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George%27s_Parish,_Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Tucker's Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker%27s_Town,_Bermuda"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Fabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Fabian"}],"text":"Peninsula in BermudaOne of the natural arches on Natural Arch Beach, prior to 2003Tucker's Town Peninsula is a two-mile long (3200 metre long) peninsula which extends from the northeastern tip of the main island of Bermuda.[1] It is in St. George's Parish, and within the small settlement of Tucker's Town.The area around Tucker's Town contains some of the most exclusive and expensive property in the world, and is the haunt of foreign millionaires, attracted to the area by its climate, surroundings and tax-free status. Access is heavily restricted, with people who do not live in Tucker's Town generally barred from the peninsula which extends along the southeastern edge of Castle Harbor.[citation needed]Natural Arches Beach is located at the southern tip of the peninsula, where it joins with the mainland. This is Bermuda's most famous beach, and was noted for its natural rock formations and caves until they were largely destroyed by Hurricane Fabian in 2003.","title":"Tucker's Town Peninsula, Bermuda"}]
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[{"image_text":"One of the natural arches on Natural Arch Beach, prior to 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/NATURAL_ARCH%2C_TUCKER%27S_TOWN%2C_BERMUDA.jpg/220px-NATURAL_ARCH%2C_TUCKER%27S_TOWN%2C_BERMUDA.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Rider, Fremont (1922). Rider's Bermuda: A Guide Book for Travelers with 4 Maps. H. Holt. p. 99.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u3_VAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Rider's Bermuda: A Guide Book for Travelers with 4 Maps"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tucker%27s_Town_Peninsula,_Bermuda¶ms=32.334_N_64.684_W_dim:3000_region:BM","external_links_name":"32°20′02″N 64°41′02″W / 32.334°N 64.684°W / 32.334; -64.684"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u3_VAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Rider's Bermuda: A Guide Book for Travelers with 4 Maps"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tucker%27s_Town_Peninsula,_Bermuda¶ms=32.334_N_64.684_W_dim:3000_region:BM","external_links_name":"32°20′02″N 64°41′02″W / 32.334°N 64.684°W / 32.334; -64.684"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tucker%27s_Town_Peninsula,_Bermuda&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tancred,_King_of_Sicily
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Tancred, King of Sicily
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["1 Early career","2 Kingship","2.1 Accession","2.2 Treaty with Richard","2.3 Contention with Constance","3 Family","4 Notes","5 References"]
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12th-century king of Sicily
For the play, see Tancred, King of Sicily (play).
TancredTancred of Sicily with his sons Roger and WilliamKing of SicilyReign1189–1194PredecessorWilliam IISuccessorWilliam IIIBorn1138Lecce (Apulia), Kingdom of SicilyDied1194 (aged 56)BurialLa Magione, PalermoSpouseSibylla of AcerraIssueRoger III of SicilyWilliam III of SicilyElviraConstanceValdradaHouseHautevilleFatherRoger III, Duke of ApuliaMotherEmma of Lecce
Tancred (Italian: Tancredi; 1138 – 20 February 1194) was King of Sicily from 1189 to 1194. He was born in Lecce an illegitimate son of Roger III, Duke of Apulia (the eldest son of King Roger II) by his mistress Emma, a daughter of Achard II, Count of Lecce. He inherited the title "Count of Lecce" from his grandfather and is consequently often referred to as Tancred of Lecce. Due to his short stature and unhandsome visage, he was mocked by his critics as "The Monkey King".
Early career
After the death of Duke Roger, to prevent any future trouble, King Roger II kept Tancred and his younger brother William in close custody in Palermo.
On 9 March 1161, Tancred joined his uncle Simon, Prince of Taranto, in invading the palace, detained the king and queen, William I and Margaret, and their two sons, and incited a massacre of Muslims. Originally, the older of these two sons, Roger IV, Duke of Apulia, was destined to be crowned in place of William, but soon the populace supported the accession of Simon himself. Before Simon could put himself forward as a candidate, however, the rebellion had broken down and the people were restless. The insurrectionists were forced to free the king and retreat to their castles. Pardon was given them on condition of exile and many, including Tancred, took the offer. Tancred was exiled to Constantinople and returned to Sicily in 1166 upon the accession of the new king, his cousin William II.
In 1174 Tancred led a large fleet to Egypt on behalf of William II. The Sicilians landed near Alexandria but when they realised that their expected allies would not be coming (due to King Amalric I of Jerusalem's death) and with Saladin's army approaching they returned to their ships and sailed home.
As William II was heirless, Tancred had a chance to claim the throne; to prevent this, in October 1184 William released his aunt Constance from monastery, approved her marriage and designated her as his heir.
In June 1185, Tancred led a huge Sicilian fleet of 300 ships under the command of Richard, Count of Acerra his brother-in-law to Durazzo to attack the core of the Byzantine Empire. In August, surrounded by navy and army, Thessaloniki was occupied and looted. The Sicilian army was then heavily damaged by the army of the Byzantine emperor Isaac II and was annihilated on the way back to the Balkans, while the fleet of Tancred returned to Sicily unharmed.
In June 1186, Tancred and Margaritus of Brindisi led the Norman fleet to Cyprus (the governor of Cyprus, Isaac Comnenus, had rebelled against Byzantine), captured 70 warships of Isaac II easily, expelled the Byzantine generals who came there, causing the greatest naval loss of Byzantine empire; later Margaritus was appointed as Counts of Zakynthos, Cephalonia, and Ithaki.
Tancred was the governor of Lecce: he built the Church of St. Nicholas in Catado in Lecce (1180); he built the complex of St. Maria church near Squinzano and the important works in the Otranto Cathedral.
Kingship
Accession
Despite having sworn fealty to Constance, as soon as William II died, in 1189, Tancred rebelled and seized control of the island. He was crowned early in 1190. His coup was backed by the vice chancellor Matthew d'Ajello and the official class, while the rival claims of Constance and her husband, Henry VI, King of the Romans, were supported by most of the nobles. Roger, Count of Andria, also a candidate for Sicilian throne, was among the supporters of Constance and Henry. Matthew d'Ajello managed to defame Roger, and in the same year Richard, Count of Acerra brother-in-law of Tancred tricked Roger into captivity and execution. Matthew also persuaded Pope Clement III to support Tancred, and Tancred appointed Matthew as chancellor.
Treaty with Richard
Tancred was a good soldier, though his tiny stature earned him the nickname "Tancredulus" from the poet chronicler Peter of Eboli. Despite a measure of popular support, his rule faced daunting challenges right from the start.
In 1190, King Richard I of England arrived in Sicily at the head of a large crusading army on its way to the Holy Land. Richard immediately demanded the release of his sister, William II's wife Joan, imprisoned by Tancred in 1189, along with every penny of her dowry and dower (in response of her vocal support of Germans). He also insisted that Tancred fulfil the financial commitments made by William II to the crusade. When Tancred balked at these demands, Richard seized a monastery and the castle of La Bagnara.
Richard was joined in Sicily by the French crusading army, led by King Philip II. The presence of two foreign armies soon caused unrest among the locals. In October the people of Messina revolted, demanding that the foreigners leave the island. Richard responded by attacking Messina, which he captured on 4 October 1190. After the city had been looted and burned, Richard established his base there and decided to stay the winter.
Richard remained at Messina until March 1191, when Tancred finally agreed to a treaty. According to the treaty's main terms:
Joan was to be released, receiving her dower along with the dowry.
Richard and Philip recognised Tancred as King of Sicily and vowed to keep the peace among all three of their kingdoms.
Richard officially proclaimed his nephew Arthur of Brittany as his heir presumptive, and Tancred promised to marry one of his daughters to Arthur when he came of age (Arthur was four years old at the time).
After signing the treaty Richard and Philip finally left Sicily for the Holy Land. It is rumoured that before he left, Richard gave Tancred a sword he claimed was Excalibur in order to secure their friendship.
Contention with Constance
Having at last rid himself of the crusaders, Tancred next confronted the threat from the north. In April 1191 in Rome, Henry and Constance were crowned emperor and empress of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Celestine III, and now the pair turned south to claim the Kingdom of Sicily. Constance accompanied her husband at the head of a substantial imperial army that descended into the Regno. The northern towns of the kingdom opened their gates to Henry, including the earliest Norman strongholds Capua and Aversa. Salerno, once Roger II's mainland capital, sent word ahead that Henry was welcome and invited Constance to stay in her father's old palace to escape the summer heat. Naples offered the first resistance of the whole campaign, withstanding a siege with the help of Margaritus of Brindisi's fleet, until much of the imperial army had succumbed to malaria and disease. Eventually the imperial army was forced to withdraw from the kingdom altogether. Constance remained in Salerno with a small garrison, as a sign that Henry would soon return.
Once Henry had withdrawn with the bulk of the imperial army, the towns that had supposedly fallen to the empire immediately declared their allegiance to Tancred, for the most part now fearing his retribution. The populace of Salerno saw an opportunity to win some favour with Tancred and delivered Constance to him in Messina, an important prize given that Henry had every intention of returning. Tancred angrily blamed Constance for German invasion, but Constance, in her attire as empress, replied that she was taking back her dominion grabbed by Tancred. Despite this Tancred always treated his aunt, now detained, honourably with courtesy, which his wife Queen Sibylla strongly opposed, believing this would implicitly acknowledge the claim of the latter. Constance was sent to Palermo supervised by Sibylla, eating with her and sleeping in her bedroom. Sybilla suggested that Constance be put to death after sensing that the citizens of Palermo seemed to sympathize with her or view her as the legal heiress of Sicily, but Tancred did not agree, worrying that this would harm his popularity; instead, he suggested Sybilla to consult with Matthew d'Ajello, and after receiving a letter written by Matthew d'Ajello in presence of Sybilla, he had Constance locked in Castel dell'Ovo in Naples to be better-guarded. With the empress in his hand Tancred initially wanted to force Henry into a cease-fire and would not permit her to be ransomed unless Henry recognized him. In 1192 he created Margaritus Count of Malta, perhaps for his unexpected success in capturing the empress. However, Tancred was willing to give up his negotiation advantage, that is, his aunt, in exchange for Pope Celestine III legitimizing him as King of Sicily. In turn, the Pope was hoping that by securing Constance's safe passage back to Rome, Henry would be better disposed towards the papacy, and he was still hoping to keep the empire and the kingdom from uniting. Under the Pope's threat of excommunication, Tancred was forced to do so and gave Constance gifts. However, imperial soldiers were able to intervene at the borders of the Papal States before Constance made it to Rome; and they returned her safely across the Alps in summer 1192. So both Tancred and Pope effectively gained nothing from the captivity of the Empress.
Henry had left garrisons along the frontiers of the Regno. Tancred now sought to win over the towns by extensive grants of privileges. At Gravina (June 1192) he reinforced his papal support by surrendering the royal legateship over Sicily. In 1192 and 1193 he personally led successful campaigns against the Apulian barons. But his death at Palermo (20 February 1194) two months after that of his young son and co-king, Roger III, opened the way for Hohenstaufen rule in Sicily.
His widow, Sibylla of Acerra, established a regency for their son, William III, but Henry returned to Italy later that year, with his army financed by the lucrative ransom of Richard I. Naples surrendered in May, almost without a blow, and the rest of the Regno followed. Sybilla and the loyal Margaritus prepared to defend Palermo, but the citizens admitted the Emperor on 20 November 1194. Tancred's family fell into Henry's hands, and William III, rumoured castrated and blinded, seemed to have died in Germany in 1198. Henry also had the body of Tancred pulled out of his grave.
Family
Tancred's children with Sibylla were:
Roger III, duke of Apulia and king of Sicily
William III, duke of Apulia and king of Sicily
Elvira, countess of Lecce after the death of her brother; married firstly Walter III of Brienne, secondly Giacomo Sanseverino, Count of Tricario, and thirdly Tigrini Guidi, Count of Modigliano (or Count Palatine in Tuscany?)
Constance, married Pietro Ziani, later Doge of Venice
Medania
Valdrada, married Giacomo Tello, later Doge of Venice
Notes
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
^ Lars Brownworth, The Normans: From Raiders to Kings
^ F. Giunta, Magnus comito Tancredus, Storiografia e storia, Studi in onore di Eugenio Dupré Theiseider II, Roma 1976, 648.
^ Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100-1187, Penguin Books, 1990, p. 403.
^ Gisleberti chronicon Hanoniense, c. 33, ed. L. Vanderkindere, Bruxelles 1904, 66.
^ a b c d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tancred". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 395.
^ M. I. Finley, Denis Mack Smith and Christopher Duggan, A History of Sicily (New York: Viking, 1987), p. 65.
^ An introduction to the history of the principal states of Europe, Vol. 2, p. 129, Samuel Pufendorf (Freiherr von), Antoine Augustin Bruzen de La Martinière, Joseph Sayer
^ Henry Morley, English Writers: An Attempt Towards a History of English Literature, vol.3, p. 161
^ Caffaro, Genoa and the Twelfth-Century Crusades, transl. Martin Hall and Jonathan Philips(Mike Carr), Crusades: Volume 14, ed. Nikolaos G. Chrissis, Benjamin Z Kedar and Jonathan Phillips, (Ashgate Publishing, 2015), 248.
References
John Julius Norwich, The Kingdom in the Sun, reprinted as part of his The Normans in Sicily, ISBN 0-14-015212-1
Regnal titles
Preceded byWilliam II
King of Sicily 1189–1194with Roger III
Succeeded byWilliam III
Preceded byGeoffrey III
Count of Lecce 1181–1194
vteMonarchs of SicilyCounty of Sicily (1071–1130)
Roger I
Simon
Roger II
Kingdom of Sicily (1130–1816)
Roger II
William I
William II
Tancred
Roger III
William III
Constance I
Henry I
Frederick I
Henry II
Conrad I
Conrad II
Manfred
Charles I
Constance II
Peter I
James I
Frederick II
Peter II
Louis
Frederick III
Maria
Martin I
Martin II
Ferdinand I
Alfonso I
John
Ferdinand II
Joanna
Charles II
Philip I
Philip II
Philip III
Charles III
Philip IV
Victor Amadeus
Charles IV
Charles V
Ferdinand III
vteCounts of LecceHouse of Hauteville (1055–1194)
Raynald
Godfrey I
Godfrey II
Achard II
Godfrey III
Tancred
William
House of Hohenstaufen (1194–1200)
Henry
Robert of Biccari
House of Brienne (1200–1205, 1266–1356)
Walter I
Hugh
Walter II
Walter III
House of Enghien (1356–1393)
John of Enghien
Peter of Enghien
Mary of Enghien
House of Orsini (1393–1463)
Raimondo (dominus)
Ladislaus
Mary of Enghien
Giovanni Antonio
Authority control databases International
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He was born in Lecce an illegitimate son of Roger III, Duke of Apulia (the eldest son of King Roger II) by his mistress Emma, a daughter of Achard II, Count of Lecce. He inherited the title \"Count of Lecce\" from his grandfather and is consequently often referred to as Tancred of Lecce. 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Originally, the older of these two sons, Roger IV, Duke of Apulia, was destined to be crowned in place of William, but soon the populace supported the accession of Simon himself. Before Simon could put himself forward as a candidate, however, the rebellion had broken down and the people were restless. The insurrectionists were forced to free the king and retreat to their castles. Pardon was given them on condition of exile and many, including Tancred, took the offer. Tancred was exiled to Constantinople and returned to Sicily in 1166 upon the accession of the new king, his cousin William II.In 1174 Tancred led a large fleet to Egypt on behalf of William II. The Sicilians landed near Alexandria but when they realised that their expected allies would not be coming (due to King Amalric I of Jerusalem's death) and with Saladin's army approaching they returned to their ships and sailed home.[3]As William II was heirless, Tancred had a chance to claim the throne; to prevent this, in October 1184 William released his aunt Constance from monastery, approved her marriage and designated her as his heir.[4]In June 1185, Tancred led a huge Sicilian fleet of 300 ships under the command of Richard, Count of Acerra his brother-in-law to Durazzo to attack the core of the Byzantine Empire. In August, surrounded by navy and army, Thessaloniki was occupied and looted. The Sicilian army was then heavily damaged by the army of the Byzantine emperor Isaac II and was annihilated on the way back to the Balkans, while the fleet of Tancred returned to Sicily unharmed.In June 1186, Tancred and Margaritus of Brindisi led the Norman fleet to Cyprus (the governor of Cyprus, Isaac Comnenus, had rebelled against Byzantine), captured 70 warships of Isaac II easily, expelled the Byzantine generals who came there, causing the greatest naval loss of Byzantine empire; later Margaritus was appointed as Counts of Zakynthos, Cephalonia, and Ithaki.Tancred was the governor of Lecce: he built the Church of St. Nicholas in Catado in Lecce (1180); he built the complex of St. Maria church near Squinzano and the important works in the Otranto Cathedral.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kingship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew d'Ajello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_d%27Ajello"},{"link_name":"Henry VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-5"},{"link_name":"Roger, Count of Andria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_of_Andria"},{"link_name":"Richard, Count of Acerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard,_Count_of_Acerra"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_III"}],"sub_title":"Accession","text":"Despite having sworn fealty to Constance, as soon as William II died, in 1189, Tancred rebelled and seized control of the island. He was crowned early in 1190. His coup was backed by the vice chancellor Matthew d'Ajello and the official class, while the rival claims of Constance and her husband, Henry VI, King of the Romans, were supported by most of the nobles.[5] Roger, Count of Andria, also a candidate for Sicilian throne, was among the supporters of Constance and Henry. Matthew d'Ajello managed to defame Roger, and in the same year Richard, Count of Acerra brother-in-law of Tancred tricked Roger into captivity and execution. Matthew also persuaded Pope Clement III to support Tancred, and Tancred appointed Matthew as chancellor.","title":"Kingship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter of Eboli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Eboli"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-5"},{"link_name":"King Richard I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Joan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_consort_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"},{"link_name":"dower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dower"},{"link_name":"King Philip II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Messina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina,_Italy"},{"link_name":"Arthur of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Excalibur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excalibur"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Treaty with Richard","text":"Tancred was a good soldier, though his tiny stature earned him the nickname \"Tancredulus\" from the poet chronicler Peter of Eboli.[5] Despite a measure of popular support, his rule faced daunting challenges right from the start.In 1190, King Richard I of England arrived in Sicily at the head of a large crusading army on its way to the Holy Land. Richard immediately demanded the release of his sister, William II's wife Joan, imprisoned by Tancred in 1189, along with every penny of her dowry and dower (in response of her vocal support of Germans). He also insisted that Tancred fulfil the financial commitments made by William II to the crusade. When Tancred balked at these demands, Richard seized a monastery and the castle of La Bagnara.Richard was joined in Sicily by the French crusading army, led by King Philip II. The presence of two foreign armies soon caused unrest among the locals. In October the people of Messina revolted, demanding that the foreigners leave the island. Richard responded by attacking Messina, which he captured on 4 October 1190. After the city had been looted and burned, Richard established his base there and decided to stay the winter.Richard remained at Messina until March 1191, when Tancred finally agreed to a treaty. According to the treaty's main terms:Joan was to be released, receiving her dower along with the dowry.\nRichard and Philip recognised Tancred as King of Sicily and vowed to keep the peace among all three of their kingdoms.\nRichard officially proclaimed his nephew Arthur of Brittany as his heir presumptive, and Tancred promised to marry one of his daughters to Arthur when he came of age (Arthur was four years old at the time).After signing the treaty Richard and Philip finally left Sicily for the Holy Land. It is rumoured that before he left, Richard gave Tancred a sword he claimed was Excalibur in order to secure their friendship.[6]","title":"Kingship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Pope Celestine III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III"},{"link_name":"Capua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capua"},{"link_name":"Aversa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aversa"},{"link_name":"Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salerno"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Margaritus of Brindisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaritus_of_Brindisi"},{"link_name":"Messina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina"},{"link_name":"Queen Sibylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylla_of_Acerra"},{"link_name":"Castel dell'Ovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel_dell%27Ovo"},{"link_name":"Pope Celestine III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III"},{"link_name":"excommunication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunication"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gravina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravina_di_Catania"},{"link_name":"Apulian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulia"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"Roger III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_III_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-5"},{"link_name":"Sibylla of Acerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylla_of_Acerra"},{"link_name":"William III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Contention with Constance","text":"Having at last rid himself of the crusaders, Tancred next confronted the threat from the north. In April 1191 in Rome, Henry and Constance were crowned emperor and empress of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Celestine III, and now the pair turned south to claim the Kingdom of Sicily. Constance accompanied her husband at the head of a substantial imperial army that descended into the Regno. The northern towns of the kingdom opened their gates to Henry, including the earliest Norman strongholds Capua and Aversa. Salerno, once Roger II's mainland capital, sent word ahead that Henry was welcome and invited Constance to stay in her father's old palace to escape the summer heat. Naples offered the first resistance of the whole campaign, withstanding a siege with the help of Margaritus of Brindisi's fleet, until much of the imperial army had succumbed to malaria and disease. Eventually the imperial army was forced to withdraw from the kingdom altogether. Constance remained in Salerno with a small garrison, as a sign that Henry would soon return.Once Henry had withdrawn with the bulk of the imperial army, the towns that had supposedly fallen to the empire immediately declared their allegiance to Tancred, for the most part now fearing his retribution. The populace of Salerno saw an opportunity to win some favour with Tancred and delivered Constance to him in Messina, an important prize given that Henry had every intention of returning. Tancred angrily blamed Constance for German invasion, but Constance, in her attire as empress, replied that she was taking back her dominion grabbed by Tancred. Despite this Tancred always treated his aunt, now detained, honourably with courtesy, which his wife Queen Sibylla strongly opposed, believing this would implicitly acknowledge the claim of the latter. Constance was sent to Palermo supervised by Sibylla, eating with her and sleeping in her bedroom. Sybilla suggested that Constance be put to death after sensing that the citizens of Palermo seemed to sympathize with her or view her as the legal heiress of Sicily, but Tancred did not agree, worrying that this would harm his popularity; instead, he suggested Sybilla to consult with Matthew d'Ajello, and after receiving a letter written by Matthew d'Ajello in presence of Sybilla, he had Constance locked in Castel dell'Ovo in Naples to be better-guarded. With the empress in his hand Tancred initially wanted to force Henry into a cease-fire and would not permit her to be ransomed unless Henry recognized him. In 1192 he created Margaritus Count of Malta, perhaps for his unexpected success in capturing the empress. However, Tancred was willing to give up his negotiation advantage, that is, his aunt, in exchange for Pope Celestine III legitimizing him as King of Sicily. In turn, the Pope was hoping that by securing Constance's safe passage back to Rome, Henry would be better disposed towards the papacy, and he was still hoping to keep the empire and the kingdom from uniting. Under the Pope's threat of excommunication, Tancred was forced to do so and gave Constance gifts. However, imperial soldiers were able to intervene at the borders of the Papal States before Constance made it to Rome; and they returned her safely across the Alps in summer 1192. So both Tancred and Pope effectively gained nothing from the captivity of the Empress.[7]Henry had left garrisons along the frontiers of the Regno. Tancred now sought to win over the towns by extensive grants of privileges. At Gravina (June 1192) he reinforced his papal support by surrendering the royal legateship over Sicily. In 1192 and 1193 he personally led successful campaigns against the Apulian barons. But his death at Palermo (20 February 1194) two months after that of his young son and co-king, Roger III, opened the way for Hohenstaufen rule in Sicily.[5]His widow, Sibylla of Acerra, established a regency for their son, William III, but Henry returned to Italy later that year, with his army financed by the lucrative ransom of Richard I. Naples surrendered in May, almost without a blow, and the rest of the Regno followed. Sybilla and the loyal Margaritus prepared to defend Palermo, but the citizens admitted the Emperor on 20 November 1194. Tancred's family fell into Henry's hands, and William III, rumoured castrated and blinded, seemed to have died in Germany in 1198.[5] Henry also had the body of Tancred pulled out of his grave.[8]","title":"Kingship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_III_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"duke of Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Apulia"},{"link_name":"William III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Elvira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvira_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Walter III of Brienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_III_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Constance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_of_Sicily,_Dogaressa_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Pietro Ziani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Ziani"},{"link_name":"Doge of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doge_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Valdrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdrada_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Tello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Tello"},{"link_name":"Doge of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doge_of_Venice"}],"text":"Tancred's children with Sibylla were:Roger III, duke of Apulia and king of Sicily\nWilliam III, duke of Apulia and king of Sicily\nElvira, countess of Lecce after the death of her brother; married firstly Walter III of Brienne,[9] secondly Giacomo Sanseverino, Count of Tricario, and thirdly Tigrini Guidi, Count of Modigliano (or Count Palatine in Tuscany?)\nConstance, married Pietro Ziani, later Doge of Venice\nMedania\nValdrada, married Giacomo Tello, later Doge of Venice","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Steven Runciman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_5-3"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Tancred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tancred_(Sicily)"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"}],"text":"^ Lars Brownworth, The Normans: From Raiders to Kings\n\n^ F. Giunta, Magnus comito Tancredus, Storiografia e storia, Studi in onore di Eugenio Dupré Theiseider II, Roma 1976, 648.\n\n^ Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100-1187, Penguin Books, 1990, p. 403.\n\n^ Gisleberti chronicon Hanoniense, c. 33, ed. L. Vanderkindere, Bruxelles 1904, 66.\n\n^ a b c d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Tancred\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 395.\n\n^ M. I. Finley, Denis Mack Smith and Christopher Duggan, A History of Sicily (New York: Viking, 1987), p. 65.\n\n^ An introduction to the history of the principal states of Europe, Vol. 2, p. 129, Samuel Pufendorf (Freiherr von), Antoine Augustin Bruzen de La Martinière, Joseph Sayer\n\n^ Henry Morley, English Writers: An Attempt Towards a History of English Literature, vol.3, p. 161\n\n^ Caffaro, Genoa and the Twelfth-Century Crusades, transl. Martin Hall and Jonathan Philips(Mike Carr), Crusades: Volume 14, ed. Nikolaos G. Chrissis, Benjamin Z Kedar and Jonathan Phillips, (Ashgate Publishing, 2015), 248.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Tancred\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 395.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tancred_(Sicily)","url_text":"Tancred"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1850188/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000037040365X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/237051735","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118620703","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274422105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83012602","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/127163","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118620703.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/028515927","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Nuclear_Medicine,_Oncology_and_Radiotherapy
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Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy
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["1 See also","2 External links","3 References"]
|
Cancer hospital in Pakistan
The Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy (Urdu: جوہری طبی رسولی اور شعاعي علاج کا ادارہ, or INOR) is located inside premises of Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The facility is one of 18 cancer hospitals operated by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission or PAEC. The PAEC has made a priority to apply nuclear technology in order to improve Pakistan's health sector. INOR patients receive state-of-the-art diagnostic and treatment either free of charge or at subsidized rates and is also involved in the "National Cancer Awareness & Prevention Program"
See also
Ayub Teaching Hospital
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine
External links
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Ayub Medical College
Ayub Alumni Website
References
^ "Cancer Hospitals". Paec.gov.pk. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
^ "Medical Centers in Pakistan". Paec.gov.pk. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
vteAyub Medical College
Ayub Medical College
Ayub College of Dentistry
School of Nursing at Ayub Teaching Hospital
Ayub Teaching Hospital
Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
This nuclear medicine article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Ayub Teaching Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Teaching_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Abbottabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabad"},{"link_name":"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy (Urdu: جوہری طبی رسولی اور شعاعي علاج کا ادارہ, or INOR) is located inside premises of Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The facility is one of 18 cancer hospitals operated by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission or PAEC.[1] The PAEC has made a priority to apply nuclear technology in order to improve Pakistan's health sector. INOR patients receive state-of-the-art diagnostic and treatment either free of charge or at subsidized rates and is also involved in the \"National Cancer Awareness & Prevention Program\"[2]","title":"Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Ayub Teaching Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Teaching_Hospital"},{"title":"Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission"},{"title":"Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Radiotherapy_and_Nuclear_Medicine"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Cancer Hospitals\". Paec.gov.pk. Retrieved 2022-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paec.gov.pk/Medical/","url_text":"\"Cancer Hospitals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Medical Centers in Pakistan\". Paec.gov.pk. Retrieved 2022-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paec.gov.pk/Medical/Centres/","url_text":"\"Medical Centers in Pakistan\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.paec.gov.pk/","external_links_name":"Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission"},{"Link":"http://www.ayubmed.edu.pk/JAMC","external_links_name":"Ayub Medical College"},{"Link":"http://www.ayubians.com/","external_links_name":"Ayub Alumni Website"},{"Link":"http://www.paec.gov.pk/Medical/","external_links_name":"\"Cancer Hospitals\""},{"Link":"http://www.paec.gov.pk/Medical/Centres/","external_links_name":"\"Medical Centers in Pakistan\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/239278576","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2012183272","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Nuclear_Medicine,_Oncology_and_Radiotherapy&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Branford,_Connecticut
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North Branford, Connecticut
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["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Education","5 Historical preservation","6 Notable locations","7 Commerce","8 Notable people","9 References","10 External links"]
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Coordinates: 41°21′25″N 72°46′05″W / 41.35694°N 72.76806°W / 41.35694; -72.76806
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "North Branford, Connecticut" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Town in Connecticut, United StatesNorth Branford, ConnecticutTownTown of North BranfordNorth Branford Town Hall New Haven County and Connecticut South Central Connecticut Planning Region and ConnecticutShow North BranfordShow ConnecticutShow the United StatesCoordinates: 41°21′25″N 72°46′05″W / 41.35694°N 72.76806°W / 41.35694; -72.76806Country United StatesU.S. state ConnecticutCountyNew HavenRegionSouth Central CTIncorporated1831Government • TypeCouncil-manager • Town managerMichael Downes • Town councilJeffrey Macmillen, MayorThomas Zampano, Deputy MayorBruce AbelsonRose Marie AngeloniMarie DiamondNick PalladinoWalter GoadVincent Mase Sr.Ronald Pelliccia Jr.Area • Total26.7 sq mi (69.2 km2) • Land24.9 sq mi (64.5 km2) • Water1.7 sq mi (4.5 km2)Elevation107 ft (35 m)Population (2020) • Total13,544 • Density510/sq mi (200/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (Eastern)ZIP code06471, 06472Area code(s)203/475FIPS code09-53890GNIS feature ID0213477Websitewww.northbranfordct.gov
North Branford is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the South Central Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 13,544 at the 2020 census. The town is primarily known for agriculture and for other points of interest including Lake Gaillard and Northford Ice Pavilion. Wallingford, Durham, and North Haven border it to the north- East Haven to the west, Guilford to the east, and Branford to the south.
The town has the neighborhoods of Totoket, Wood Chase, Sea Hill, Twin Lakes, Ashley Park, and Doral Farms. North Branford also includes the village of Northford.
History
This early mill and farming community incorporated from Branford in 1831. The year prior, Maltby Fowler had opened a button-making shop. Its success along with the inventiveness of his six sons—who devised a range of machines to produce such things as screws, embossed silk, pins, and horseshoe nails—saw the rise of new manufactures along the town's Farm River. By the early 1900s, North Branford's abundant supply of trap rock, a material used for making roadways, made quarrying a growth industry. Today, the town's manufacturing sector is concentrated in electronics and electronic components.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 26.6 square miles (69.0 km2), of which 24.9 square miles (64.5 km2) is land and 1.7 square miles (4.5 km2) (6.49%) is water. Neighboring towns are Wallingford and Durham to the north, Guilford to the east, Branford to the south, and North Haven and East Haven to the west.
Much of the town's acreage is dominated by Totoket Mountain, part of the Metacomet Ridge, a mountainous trap rock ridgeline that stretches from Long Island Sound almost to the Vermont border. The north side of Saltonstall Mountain is also located in North Branford. Totoket Mountain contains Lake Gaillard, a reservoir, formed in 1926, managed by the South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority (SCCRWA). The SCCRWA maintains a network of hiking trails on Totoket Mountain in the Big Gulph area of Northford. The SCCRWA is said to own one-third of the town's area.
Totoket Mountain, 720 feet high, is the highest point of the town in the Northford neighborhood.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1850998—18601,0505.2%18701,035−1.4%18801,025−1.0%1890825−19.5%1900814−1.3%19108332.3%19201,11033.3%19301,32919.7%19401,4388.2%19502,01740.3%19606,771235.7%197010,77859.2%198011,5547.2%199012,99612.5%200013,9067.0%201014,4073.6%202013,544−6.0%U.S. Decennial Census
See also: List of Connecticut locations by per capita income
As of the census of 2000, there were 13,906 people (6,303 of which reside in the village of Northford), 5,132 households, and 3,869 families residing in the town. The population density was 558.0 inhabitants per square mile (215.4/km2). There were 5,246 housing units at an average density of 210.5/sq. mi. (81.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.50% White, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.80% of the population, 1.19% African American, 0.92% Asian, 0.84% from two or more races, 0.06% Native American, and 0.02% Pacific Islander.
There were 5,132 households, of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.2% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.6% were nonfamilies. 20.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70, and the average family size was 3.15.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older; the median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males; for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.9 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $64,438, and the median income for a family was $71,813. Males had a median income of $46,852 versus $33,469 for females. The per capita income for the town was $28,542. About 1.2% of families and 1.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.9% of those under age 18 and 3.7% of those age 65 or over.
The Totoket, an Algonkian speaking native tribe, lived in the Branford and North Branford area.
Education
The high school in town is North Branford High School; their athletic teams are known as the North Branford Thunderbirds. The middle school is North Branford Intermediate School; it has just recently undergone a new construction project which renovated an existing structure and added approximately 35,000 square feet (3,300 m2) to the school. Their teams are known as the North Branford Thunderbirds. There are two elementary schools, Jerome Harrison (JHS) and Totoket Valley (TVES). In mid- 2010, the decision was made to rearrange grades and close the Stanley T. Williams elementary school in Northford.
Historical preservation
Headquartered in town is the Totoket Historical Society, Inc. Founded in 1958 as the Northford Historical Institute, the society runs four historic buildings in town: the Reynolds Beers House (the main museum and office), the Miller Barn, the "Little White Gas Station", and the Little Red Schoolhouse. THS has a collection of local historical artifacts, many now being digitized. The Society's vast collection includes items such as historical photographs, business documents and ledgers, and documents relating to land transfer and the incorporation of the town, as well as many more assorted documents. In the Miller Barn is a collection of vintage farm equipment.
The Reynolds-Beers House is open regularly, and other Society buildings are opened to the public on predetermined dates or by appointment.
Notable locations
Branford Steam Railroad, a formerly steam-powered freight railroad in town, utilized by Tilcon for the transportation of its products to shoreline barges.
Northford Ice Pavilion
Lake Gaillard
Northford Center Historic District added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002
Commerce
North Branford contains many commercial offices, such as Tilcon, Fire-Lite Alarms, and many more businesses located on major roads in North Branford and Northford.
Notable people
Charlotte Fowler Baldwin (1805–1873), American missionary in Hawaii
Agnes G. Doody (1930-2023), professor of speech communication at University of Rhode Island
Adam Erne (born 1995), NHL player for the Detroit Red Wings
Robert Ward (died 2021), longest-serving minority leader of the Connecticut House of Representatives
Paul F. Zukunft (born 1955), Commandant of the United States Coast Guard
References
^ "Census - Geography Profile: North Branford town, New Haven County, Connecticut". Retrieved December 18, 2021.
^ The Connecticut Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly. Connecticut Magazine Company. 1903. p. 333.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
External links
Town of North Branford official website
Totoket Historical Society
Grown in North Branford/Northford Farm Map
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_town"},{"link_name":"New Haven County, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_County,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"South Central Connecticut Planning Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_Connecticut_Planning_Region,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lake Gaillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Gaillard"},{"link_name":"Northford Ice Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northford_Ice_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Twin Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Lakes_(North_Branford,_Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"Northford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northford,_Connecticut"}],"text":"Town in Connecticut, United StatesNorth Branford is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the South Central Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 13,544 at the 2020 census.[1] The town is primarily known for agriculture and for other points of interest including Lake Gaillard and Northford Ice Pavilion. Wallingford, Durham, and North Haven border it to the north- East Haven to the west, Guilford to the east, and Branford to the south.The town has the neighborhoods of Totoket, Wood Chase, Sea Hill, Twin Lakes, Ashley Park, and Doral Farms. North Branford also includes the village of Northford.","title":"North Branford, Connecticut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Branford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This early mill and farming community incorporated from Branford in 1831.[2] The year prior, Maltby Fowler had opened a button-making shop. Its success along with the inventiveness of his six sons—who devised a range of machines to produce such things as screws, embossed silk, pins, and horseshoe nails—saw the rise of new manufactures along the town's Farm River. By the early 1900s, North Branford's abundant supply of trap rock, a material used for making roadways, made quarrying a growth industry. Today, the town's manufacturing sector is concentrated in electronics and electronic components.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Wallingford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallingford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Guilford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Branford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"North Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"East Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Totoket Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totoket_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Metacomet Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacomet_Ridge"},{"link_name":"trap rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_rock"},{"link_name":"Long Island Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Sound"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"Saltonstall Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltonstall_Mountain"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 26.6 square miles (69.0 km2), of which 24.9 square miles (64.5 km2) is land and 1.7 square miles (4.5 km2) (6.49%) is water. Neighboring towns are Wallingford and Durham to the north, Guilford to the east, Branford to the south, and North Haven and East Haven to the west.Much of the town's acreage is dominated by Totoket Mountain, part of the Metacomet Ridge, a mountainous trap rock ridgeline that stretches from Long Island Sound almost to the Vermont border. The north side of Saltonstall Mountain is also located in North Branford. Totoket Mountain contains Lake Gaillard, a reservoir, formed in 1926, managed by the South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority (SCCRWA). The SCCRWA maintains a network of hiking trails on Totoket Mountain in the Big Gulph area of Northford. The SCCRWA is said to own one-third of the town's area.Totoket Mountain, 720 feet high, is the highest point of the town in the Northford neighborhood.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Connecticut locations by per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Connecticut_locations_by_per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-4"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"Totoket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totoket"}],"text":"See also: List of Connecticut locations by per capita incomeAs of the census[4] of 2000, there were 13,906 people (6,303 of which reside in the village of Northford), 5,132 households, and 3,869 families residing in the town. The population density was 558.0 inhabitants per square mile (215.4/km2). There were 5,246 housing units at an average density of 210.5/sq. mi. (81.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.50% White, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.80% of the population, 1.19% African American, 0.92% Asian, 0.84% from two or more races, 0.06% Native American, and 0.02% Pacific Islander.There were 5,132 households, of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.2% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.6% were nonfamilies. 20.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70, and the average family size was 3.15.In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older; the median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males; for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.9 males.The median income for a household in the town was $64,438, and the median income for a family was $71,813. Males had a median income of $46,852 versus $33,469 for females. The per capita income for the town was $28,542. About 1.2% of families and 1.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.9% of those under age 18 and 3.7% of those age 65 or over.The Totoket, an Algonkian speaking native tribe, lived in the Branford and North Branford area.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Branford High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Branford_High_School"}],"text":"The high school in town is North Branford High School; their athletic teams are known as the North Branford Thunderbirds. The middle school is North Branford Intermediate School; it has just recently undergone a new construction project which renovated an existing structure and added approximately 35,000 square feet (3,300 m2) to the school. Their teams are known as the North Branford Thunderbirds. There are two elementary schools, Jerome Harrison (JHS) and Totoket Valley (TVES). In mid- 2010, the decision was made to rearrange grades and close the Stanley T. Williams elementary school in Northford.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Headquartered in town is the Totoket Historical Society, Inc. Founded in 1958 as the Northford Historical Institute, the society runs four historic buildings in town: the Reynolds Beers House (the main museum and office), the Miller Barn, the \"Little White Gas Station\", and the Little Red Schoolhouse. THS has a collection of local historical artifacts, many now being digitized. The Society's vast collection includes items such as historical photographs, business documents and ledgers, and documents relating to land transfer and the incorporation of the town, as well as many more assorted documents. In the Miller Barn is a collection of vintage farm equipment.The Reynolds-Beers House is open regularly, and other Society buildings are opened to the public on predetermined dates or by appointment.","title":"Historical preservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Branford Steam Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branford_Steam_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Northford Ice Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northford_Ice_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"Lake Gaillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Gaillard"},{"link_name":"Northford Center Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northford_Center_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"}],"text":"Branford Steam Railroad, a formerly steam-powered freight railroad in town, utilized by Tilcon for the transportation of its products to shoreline barges.\nNorthford Ice Pavilion\nLake Gaillard\nNorthford Center Historic District added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002","title":"Notable locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fire-Lite Alarms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-Lite_Alarms"}],"text":"North Branford contains many commercial offices, such as Tilcon, Fire-Lite Alarms, and many more businesses located on major roads in North Branford and Northford.","title":"Commerce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlotte Fowler Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Fowler_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Agnes G. Doody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_G._Doody"},{"link_name":"University of Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Adam Erne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Erne"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL"},{"link_name":"Detroit Red Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings"},{"link_name":"Robert Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ward_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"Connecticut House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Paul F. Zukunft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_F._Zukunft"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"}],"text":"Charlotte Fowler Baldwin (1805–1873), American missionary in Hawaii\nAgnes G. Doody (1930-2023), professor of speech communication at University of Rhode Island\nAdam Erne (born 1995), NHL player for the Detroit Red Wings\nRobert Ward (died 2021), longest-serving minority leader of the Connecticut House of Representatives\nPaul F. Zukunft (born 1955), Commandant of the United States Coast Guard","title":"Notable people"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Map_of_Connecticut_highlighting_New_Haven_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Connecticut_highlighting_New_Haven_County.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Map_of_Connecticut_highlighting_South_Central_Connecticut_Planning_Region.svg/180px-Map_of_Connecticut_highlighting_South_Central_Connecticut_Planning_Region.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Census - Geography Profile: North Branford town, New Haven County, Connecticut\". Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0600000US0900953890","url_text":"\"Census - Geography Profile: North Branford town, New Haven County, Connecticut\""}]},{"reference":"The Connecticut Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly. Connecticut Magazine Company. 1903. p. 333.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qoEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA333","url_text":"The Connecticut Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Hutchins,_Inc.
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Mitchell Hutchins
|
["1 History","2 References"]
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Mitchell, Hutchins & Co.IndustryFinancial servicesFoundedJune 21, 1919; 104 years ago (June 21, 1919)DefunctMay 27, 1977; 46 years ago (May 27, 1977)FateAcquired by Paine Webber
Mitchell, Hutchins & Co. was a securities research firm based in New York City. In 1977, it was acquired by Paine Webber.
History
The firm was founded in 1919 in Chicago, Illinois, by William H. Mitchell and James C. Hutchins, Jr., members of two prominent Chicago banking families involved with the Illinois Bank & Trust. The firm's first officers were W. Edwin Stanley (president), Hutchins, J. Ogden Armour, Chauncey Keep, Charles Garfield King (vice presidents), Robert A. Gardner (treasurer), and Mitchell (secretary). Its first stockholders included John J. Mitchell, William Wrigley Jr., and Albert Lasker.
In 1965, the company acquired D.B. Marron & Company, founded in 1959 by Donald Marron. In 1967, Marron was named president of the company. Under Marron, the firm's prominence grew significantly.
In 1975, the firm was chosen as the best research firm on Wall Street by portfolio managers.
In 1977, Mitchell Hutchins was acquired by Paine Webber. Paine Webber continued to use the Mitchell Hutchins brand until the company was acquired by UBS in 2000.
In 2001, Mitchell Hutchins was merged into Brinson Partners.
References
^ "BANKERS GIVE SONS START.; Chicago Bond Firm Launched for Mitchell-Hutchins Heirs" (PDF). The New York Times. June 21, 1919.
^ "Chicago Bankers Expect New Federal Loan". Commercial West. July 19, 1919. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
^ Dorfman, Dan (March 17, 1975). "Mitchell Hutchins Says Buy". New York.
^ SLOANE, LEONARD (June 12, 1977). "SPOTLIGHT". The New York Times.
^ Grimes, William (May 4, 2009). "James W. Davant, Who Rose to Top of Paine Webber, Is Dead at 93". The New York Times.(subscription required)
^ STERNGOLD, JAMES (February 8, 1987). "Don Marron's Dream Slips Away". The New York Times.
^ "Asset Management: Mitchell Hutchins Renamed Brinson Advisors". The Bond Buyer. February 23, 2001.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"securities research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_research"},{"link_name":"Paine Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paine_Webber"}],"text":"Mitchell, Hutchins & Co. was a securities research firm based in New York City. In 1977, it was acquired by Paine Webber.","title":"Mitchell Hutchins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"J. Ogden Armour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Ogden_Armour"},{"link_name":"Robert A. Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gardner_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"John J. Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Mitchell_(banker)"},{"link_name":"William Wrigley Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wrigley_Jr."},{"link_name":"Albert Lasker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lasker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Donald Marron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_B._Marron_Sr."},{"link_name":"Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street"},{"link_name":"portfolio managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portfolio_manager"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Paine Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paine_Webber"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"UBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBS"},{"link_name":"Brinson Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinson_Partners"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The firm was founded in 1919 in Chicago, Illinois, by William H. Mitchell and James C. Hutchins, Jr., members of two prominent Chicago banking families involved with the Illinois Bank & Trust.[1] The firm's first officers were W. Edwin Stanley (president), Hutchins, J. Ogden Armour, Chauncey Keep, Charles Garfield King (vice presidents), Robert A. Gardner (treasurer), and Mitchell (secretary). Its first stockholders included John J. Mitchell, William Wrigley Jr., and Albert Lasker.[2]In 1965, the company acquired D.B. Marron & Company, founded in 1959 by Donald Marron. In 1967, Marron was named president of the company. Under Marron, the firm's prominence grew significantly.In 1975, the firm was chosen as the best research firm on Wall Street by portfolio managers.[3]In 1977, Mitchell Hutchins was acquired by Paine Webber.[4][5][6] Paine Webber continued to use the Mitchell Hutchins brand until the company was acquired by UBS in 2000.In 2001, Mitchell Hutchins was merged into Brinson Partners.[7]","title":"History"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"BANKERS GIVE SONS START.; Chicago Bond Firm Launched for Mitchell-Hutchins Heirs\" (PDF). The New York Times. June 21, 1919.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/06/21/96317530.pdf","url_text":"\"BANKERS GIVE SONS START.; Chicago Bond Firm Launched for Mitchell-Hutchins Heirs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago Bankers Expect New Federal Loan\". Commercial West. July 19, 1919. Retrieved 23 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e6owAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Chicago Bankers Expect New Federal Loan\""}]},{"reference":"Dorfman, Dan (March 17, 1975). \"Mitchell Hutchins Says Buy\". New York.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dorfman","url_text":"Dorfman, Dan"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SekCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA13","url_text":"\"Mitchell Hutchins Says Buy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)","url_text":"New York"}]},{"reference":"SLOANE, LEONARD (June 12, 1977). \"SPOTLIGHT\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1977/06/12/archives/spotlight-the-researcher-wins-out.html","url_text":"\"SPOTLIGHT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Grimes, William (May 4, 2009). \"James W. Davant, Who Rose to Top of Paine Webber, Is Dead at 93\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/business/05davant.html","url_text":"\"James W. Davant, Who Rose to Top of Paine Webber, Is Dead at 93\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"STERNGOLD, JAMES (February 8, 1987). \"Don Marron's Dream Slips Away\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/08/business/don-marron-s-dream-slips-away.html","url_text":"\"Don Marron's Dream Slips Away\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Asset Management: Mitchell Hutchins Renamed Brinson Advisors\". The Bond Buyer. February 23, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bondbuyer.com/news/asset-management-mitchell-hutchins-renamed-brinson-advisors","url_text":"\"Asset Management: Mitchell Hutchins Renamed Brinson Advisors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bond_Buyer","url_text":"The Bond Buyer"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/06/21/96317530.pdf","external_links_name":"\"BANKERS GIVE SONS START.; Chicago Bond Firm Launched for Mitchell-Hutchins Heirs\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e6owAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Chicago Bankers Expect New Federal Loan\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SekCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA13","external_links_name":"\"Mitchell Hutchins Says Buy\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1977/06/12/archives/spotlight-the-researcher-wins-out.html","external_links_name":"\"SPOTLIGHT\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/business/05davant.html","external_links_name":"\"James W. Davant, Who Rose to Top of Paine Webber, Is Dead at 93\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/08/business/don-marron-s-dream-slips-away.html","external_links_name":"\"Don Marron's Dream Slips Away\""},{"Link":"https://www.bondbuyer.com/news/asset-management-mitchell-hutchins-renamed-brinson-advisors","external_links_name":"\"Asset Management: Mitchell Hutchins Renamed Brinson Advisors\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Heart_High_School_(Ville_Platte,_Louisiana)
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Sacred Heart High School (Ville Platte, Louisiana)
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["1 History","2 Campus","3 Student body","4 Accreditation","5 Athletics","5.1 Championships","6 Notable alumni","7 Notes and references","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 30°41′7″N 92°16′8″W / 30.68528°N 92.26889°W / 30.68528; -92.26889This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sacred Heart High School" Ville Platte, Louisiana – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Private, coeducational school in Ville Platte, , Louisiana, United StatesSacred Heart SchoolAddress114 Trojan LaneVille Platte, (Evangeline Parish), Louisiana 70586United StatesCoordinates30°41′7″N 92°16′8″W / 30.68528°N 92.26889°W / 30.68528; -92.26889InformationTypePrivate, CoeducationalReligious affiliation(s)Roman CatholicEstablished1913Head of schoolFr. Tom Voorhies, PastorGradesK–12Average class size55LanguageEnglishHours in school day7CampusHigh SchoolCampus typeUrbanColor(s)Blue and Gold AthleticsFootball, Baseball, Basketball, Softball, Golf, Tennis, Track & FieldMascotTrojanTeam nameTrojansAccreditationSouthern Association of Colleges and SchoolsUSNWR ranking1AHigh School PrincipalDawn ShippElementary PrincipalVirginia MorienAthletic DirectorJosh HarperWebsitewww.shsvp.com
Sacred Heart School is a private, Roman Catholic high school in Ville Platte, Louisiana. It is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lafayette.
It is the only Catholic school in Evangeline Parish.
History
The Sisters of Mount Carmel opened the school in 1913. A poor area economy forced the school to close in 1928 but it reopened in September 1931 due to efforts from Father J. Maurice Bourgeois.
In May 2015 a group of parents protested, asking for the school to remove principal Dianne Fontenot, complaining about a decrease in student enrollment and excessive firing of personnel.
Campus
The school has a high school and elementary school section. Both the elementary and high school each house administrative offices and a chapel. The high school chapel has a confessional, and the high school has 13 classrooms, a library, a science laboratory, a commons area, a dining area, and a gymnasium. The elementary school has 24 classrooms, two libraries, a gymnasium, a cafeteria, and a science laboratory.
Student body
As of 2014 the school had 718 students in grades K-12, with 464 of them in K-8 and 254 in high school. As of 2014 students originated from Ville Platte, Bunkie, Grand Prairie, Mamou, Opelousas, Pine Prairie, Vidrine, Washington, and Whiteville.
Accreditation
Sacred Heart of Jesus Catholic School is accredited by AdvancED.
AdvancED is the unified organization of the North Central Association Commission on Accreditation and School Improvement (NCA CASI), Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Council on Accreditation and School Improvement (SACS CASI), and Commission on International and Transregional Accreditation (CITA).
Athletics
Sacred Heart athletics competes in the LHSAA.
Championships
Football Championships
(1) State Championship: 1967
Football
Sacred Heart and Ville Platte High School, since 2000, regularly play each other in the Tee Cotton Bowl. Jeré Longman of The New York Times stated that this game was created as a "unifying civic gesture".
Notable alumni
Danny Ardoin, Former MLB player (Minnesota Twins, Texas Rangers, Colorado Rockies, Baltimore Orioles, Los Angeles Dodgers)
Bernard LeBas (Class of 1961), Democratic member of the Louisiana House of Representatives for District 38 for Evangeline and St. Landry parishes since 2008
Notes and references
^ SACS-CASI. "SACS-Council on Accreditation and School Improvement". Archived from the original on April 29, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
^ a b c d "Sacred Heart School Archived 2016-12-03 at the Wayback Machine." AdvancED. Retrieved on December 4, 2016. p. 4.
^ "Sacred Heart protest in Ville Platte". KATC. 2015-05-04. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
^ "AdvancED - Institution Summary". www.advanc-ed.org. AdvancED. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
^ Longman, Jeré (2008-11-12). "Louisiana School Could Be Facing a Last Hurrah". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-12-04. - Print: page B12, New York edition, title: "The Last Hurrah?"
^ "H. Bernard LeBas". house.louisiana.gov. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
External links
School Website
Parish Website
vteEvangeline Parish, Louisiana schoolsEvangeline Parish School Board5-12 schools
Basile High School
Mamou High School
Ville Platte High School
PK-4 and 9-12 schools
Pine Prairie High School
Private schoolsK-12 schools
Sacred Heart High School
This list is incomplete.
vteRoman Catholic Diocese of Lafayette in LouisianaOrdinaries
Bishops
Jules Benjamin Jeanmard
Maurice Schexnayder
Gerard Louis Frey
Harry Joseph Flynn
Edward Joseph O'Donnell
Charles Michael Jarrell
J. Douglas Deshotel
Priests who became bishops
Glen Provost
Churches
Cathedral
St. John's Cathedral, Lafayette
Monastery
Monastery of Mary, Mother of Grace, Lafayette
Education
High schools
Academy of the Sacred Heart, Grand Coteau
Catholic High School, New Iberia
Hanson Memorial High School, Franklin
Notre Dame High School, Crowley
Opelousas Catholic School, Opelousas
Sacred Heart High School, Ville Platte
St. Edmund High School, Eunice
Holy Rosary Institute, Lafayette
St. Thomas More Catholic High School, Lafayette
Teurlings Catholic High School, Lafayette
Vermilion Catholic High School, Abbeville
Independent school
John Paul The Great Academy
Former
Holy Ghost High School
St. Charles College, Grand Coteau
Catholicism portal
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It is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lafayette.It is the only Catholic school in Evangeline Parish.[2]","title":"Sacred Heart High School (Ville Platte, Louisiana)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sisters of Mount Carmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sisters_of_Mount_Carmel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Advancedprofp4-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Sisters of Mount Carmel opened the school in 1913. A poor area economy forced the school to close in 1928 but it reopened in September 1931 due to efforts from Father J. Maurice Bourgeois.[2]In May 2015 a group of parents protested, asking for the school to remove principal Dianne Fontenot, complaining about a decrease in student enrollment and excessive firing of personnel.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Advancedprofp4-2"}],"text":"The school has a high school and elementary school section. Both the elementary and high school each house administrative offices and a chapel. The high school chapel has a confessional, and the high school has 13 classrooms, a library, a science laboratory, a commons area, a dining area, and a gymnasium. The elementary school has 24 classrooms, two libraries, a gymnasium, a cafeteria, and a science laboratory.[2]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_Heart_High_School_(Ville_Platte,_Louisiana)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Bunkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkie,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Grand Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prairie,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Mamou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamou,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Opelousas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opelousas"},{"link_name":"Pine Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Prairie,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Vidrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vidrine,_Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Whiteville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteville,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Advancedprofp4-2"}],"text":"As of 2014[update] the school had 718 students in grades K-12, with 464 of them in K-8 and 254 in high school. As of 2014 students originated from Ville Platte, Bunkie, Grand Prairie, Mamou, Opelousas, Pine Prairie, Vidrine, Washington, and Whiteville.[2]","title":"Student body"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Sacred Heart of Jesus Catholic School is accredited by AdvancED.\nAdvancED is the unified organization of the North Central Association Commission on Accreditation and School Improvement (NCA CASI), Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Council on Accreditation and School Improvement (SACS CASI), and Commission on International and Transregional Accreditation (CITA).[4]","title":"Accreditation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LHSAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_High_School_Athletic_Association"}],"text":"Sacred Heart athletics competes in the LHSAA.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ville Platte High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ville_Platte_High_School"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Longmanlast-5"}],"sub_title":"Championships","text":"Football Championships(1) State Championship: 1967Football\nSacred Heart and Ville Platte High School, since 2000, regularly play each other in the Tee Cotton Bowl. Jeré Longman of The New York Times stated that this game was created as a \"unifying civic gesture\".[5]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danny Ardoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Ardoin"},{"link_name":"MLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Colorado Rockies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rockies"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Bernard LeBas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_LeBas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louisiana House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Danny Ardoin, Former MLB player (Minnesota Twins, Texas Rangers, Colorado Rockies, Baltimore Orioles, Los Angeles Dodgers)\nBernard LeBas (Class of 1961), Democratic member of the Louisiana House of Representatives for District 38 for Evangeline and St. Landry parishes since 2008[6]","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SACS-Council_on_Accreditation_and_School_Improvement_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"SACS-Council on Accreditation and School Improvement\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090429033455/http://www.advanc-ed.org/schools_districts/school_district_listings/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.advanc-ed.org/schools_districts/school_district_listings/?"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Advancedprofp4_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Advancedprofp4_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Advancedprofp4_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Advancedprofp4_2-3"},{"link_name":"Sacred Heart School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.advanc-ed.org/oasis2/u/par/accreditation/summary/pdf?institutionId=12762"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161203170232/http://www.advanc-ed.org/oasis2/u/par/accreditation/summary/pdf?institutionId=12762"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"AdvancED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdvancED"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Sacred Heart protest in Ville Platte\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.katc.com/story/28969659/sacred-heart-protest-in-ville-platte"},{"link_name":"KATC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KATC_(TV)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"AdvancED - Institution Summary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.advanc-ed.org/oasis2/u/par/accreditation/summary?institutionId=12762#"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Longmanlast_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Louisiana School Could Be Facing a Last Hurrah\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2008/11/12/sports/12preps.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"H. Bernard LeBas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//house.la.gov/H_Reps/members.asp?ID=38"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"}],"text":"^ SACS-CASI. \"SACS-Council on Accreditation and School Improvement\". Archived from the original on April 29, 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-23.\n\n^ a b c d \"Sacred Heart School Archived 2016-12-03 at the Wayback Machine.\" AdvancED. Retrieved on December 4, 2016. p. 4.\n\n^ \"Sacred Heart protest in Ville Platte\". KATC. 2015-05-04. Retrieved 2016-12-04.\n\n^ \"AdvancED - Institution Summary\". www.advanc-ed.org. AdvancED. Retrieved 1 October 2016.\n\n^ Longman, Jeré (2008-11-12). \"Louisiana School Could Be Facing a Last Hurrah\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-12-04. - Print: page B12, New York edition, title: \"The Last Hurrah?\"\n\n^ \"H. Bernard LeBas\". house.louisiana.gov. Retrieved May 7, 2015.[permanent dead link]","title":"Notes and references"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka_School_(Hattiesburg,_Mississippi)
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Eureka School (Hattiesburg, Mississippi)
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["1 History","2 Restoration","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 31°20′05″N 89°17′28″W / 31.3347°N 89.2911°W / 31.3347; -89.2911Historic building in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States
Eureka SchoolFront facade in 2015Location412 East 6th StreetHattiesburg, MississippiCoordinates31°20′05″N 89°17′28″W / 31.3347°N 89.2911°W / 31.3347; -89.2911Built1921Governing bodyHattiesburg Convention Commission
Mississippi LandmarkDesignatedJuly 14, 2005Reference no.035-HAT-0309.2-ML
Location of Eureka School in Mississippi
Eureka School, located at 412 East 6th Street in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, was constructed in 1921 as a public school for African Americans. The school was the first brick school building for black students to be built in Mississippi. The former school building, which now houses a civil rights museum, was designated a Mississippi Landmark in 2005.
History
Construction of Eureka School was completed in September 1921, as a two-story brick building of about 27,000 sq ft (2,500 m2). Funding was provided by a $75,000 bond issue.
Eureka School was the only public school for African Americans in Hattiesburg from 1921 to 1949, serving grades 1 through 12. Enrollment increased from 800 students in 1940 to 1,400 by 1947, requiring more school facilities. By 1949, a new high school for African Americans was built, but Eureka School continued to serve as an elementary school through desegregation, until 1987.
After the public school closed in 1987, the building was used as an adult literacy center and storage facility for the Hattiesburg Public School District.
Restoration
In 2008, a groundbreaking ceremony was held to begin restoration of Eureka School for use as an African American Heritage and Cultural Museum. Funding for restoration was provided by grants through the Mississippi Department of Archives and History.
On February 10, 2013, an EF-4 tornado passed through Hattiesburg. During the storm, the roof of Eureka School was severely damaged. By the end of August 2013, roof repairs had been completed.
Restoration of the building's interior continued through 2014. Multi-phase renovations proceeded as funds became available. In January 2017, plumbing and electrical repairs and improvements were being scheduled, as well as interior painting, to complete the building's renovation.
References
^ a b c "MDAH Historic Resources (Fact Sheet—Eureka School)". Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Retrieved 2015-01-12.
^ Hattiesburg Convention Commission Retrieved 2015-01-14.
^ "MDAH Historic Resources (Architectural—Eureka School)". Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Archived from the original on 2015-02-03. Retrieved 2015-01-12.
^ a b c Eureka School Restoration and Renewal Retrieved 2015-01-12.
^ a b Jones, Albert C. "Mrs. Iola Williams' return to Hattiesburg a work in heritage tourism and revival of World War II-era USO Club". America, The Diversity Place. Archived from the original on 2020-01-19. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
^ a b Telling the Story of African-Americans in Hattiesburg, Mississippi: A Case Study of Socially Sustainable Tourism? Southeastern Geographer 2013 53(4):428–454 Retrieved 2015-01-12.
^ Eureka School Future Restoration Retrieved 2015-01-14.
^ MDAH 2007 Community Heritage Preservation Grant Winners Archived 2007-08-16 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2015-01-14.
^ MDAH announces grants awarded to civil rights sites (2011) Retrieved 2015-01-14.
^ a b MDAH awards $2M in grants. Hattiesburg American (December 7, 2014) Retrieved 2015-01-12.
^ Pine Belt Tornado Event Retrieved 2015-01-12.
^ Tornado hits Hattiesburg, Miss.—USA Today (February 11, 2013) Retrieved 2015-01-12.
^ Eureka School damage almost repaired. Hattiesburg American (August 5, 2013) Archived January 18, 2015, at archive.today Retrieved 2015-01-12.
^ Work to continue on Eureka School. Hattiesburg American (January 6, 2017) Retrieved 2017-03-25.
External links
Historic Hattiesburg school recovers from February tornado Retrieved 2015-01-12.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hattiesburg, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"public school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)"},{"link_name":"African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eureka-4"},{"link_name":"brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adp-5"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adp-5"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Landmark#Forrest"}],"text":"Historic building in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United StatesEureka School, located at 412 East 6th Street in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, was constructed in 1921 as a public school for African Americans.[4] The school was the first brick school building for black students to be built in Mississippi.[5] The former school building, which now houses a civil rights museum,[5] was designated a Mississippi Landmark in 2005.","title":"Eureka School (Hattiesburg, Mississippi)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDAH-1"},{"link_name":"bond issue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_(finance)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eureka-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eureka-4"},{"link_name":"desegregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_integration_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book-6"},{"link_name":"Hattiesburg Public School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattiesburg_Public_School_District"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book-6"}],"text":"Construction of Eureka School was completed in September 1921, as a two-story brick building of about 27,000 sq ft (2,500 m2).[1] Funding was provided by a $75,000 bond issue.[4]Eureka School was the only public school for African Americans in Hattiesburg from 1921 to 1949, serving grades 1 through 12.[4] Enrollment increased from 800 students in 1940 to 1,400 by 1947, requiring more school facilities. By 1949, a new high school for African Americans was built, but Eureka School continued to serve as an elementary school through desegregation, until 1987.[6]After the public school closed in 1987, the building was used as an adult literacy center and storage facility for the Hattiesburg Public School District.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Department of Archives and History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Department_of_Archives_and_History"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Award-10"},{"link_name":"February 10, 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Hattiesburg,_Mississippi,_tornado"},{"link_name":"EF-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Fujita_scale"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDAH-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Award-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In 2008, a groundbreaking ceremony was held to begin restoration of Eureka School for use as an African American Heritage and Cultural Museum.[7] Funding for restoration was provided by grants through the Mississippi Department of Archives and History.[8][9][10]On February 10, 2013, an EF-4 tornado passed through Hattiesburg.[11][12] During the storm, the roof of Eureka School was severely damaged.[1] By the end of August 2013, roof repairs had been completed.[13]Restoration of the building's interior continued through 2014.[10] Multi-phase renovations proceeded as funds became available. In January 2017, plumbing and electrical repairs and improvements were being scheduled, as well as interior painting, to complete the building's renovation.[14]","title":"Restoration"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"MDAH Historic Resources (Fact Sheet—Eureka School)\". Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Retrieved 2015-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=6541&view=facts&y=860","url_text":"\"MDAH Historic Resources (Fact Sheet—Eureka School)\""}]},{"reference":"\"MDAH Historic Resources (Architectural—Eureka School)\". Mississippi Department of Archives and History. Archived from the original on 2015-02-03. Retrieved 2015-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150203234640/http://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?view=architectural","url_text":"\"MDAH Historic Resources (Architectural—Eureka School)\""},{"url":"http://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?view=architectural","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Albert C. \"Mrs. Iola Williams' return to Hattiesburg a work in heritage tourism and revival of World War II-era USO Club\". America, The Diversity Place. Archived from the original on 2020-01-19. Retrieved 2020-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americadiversityplace.com/Other/SeniorVoices.aspx","url_text":"\"Mrs. Iola Williams' return to Hattiesburg a work in heritage tourism and revival of World War II-era USO Club\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200119133157/http://www.americadiversityplace.com/Other/SeniorVoices.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eureka_School_(Hattiesburg,_Mississippi)¶ms=31.3347_N_89.2911_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"31°20′05″N 89°17′28″W / 31.3347°N 89.2911°W / 31.3347; -89.2911"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eureka_School_(Hattiesburg,_Mississippi)¶ms=31.3347_N_89.2911_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"31°20′05″N 89°17′28″W / 31.3347°N 89.2911°W / 31.3347; -89.2911"},{"Link":"http://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?id=6541&view=facts&y=860","external_links_name":"\"MDAH Historic Resources (Fact Sheet—Eureka School)\""},{"Link":"http://www.hattiesburgconventioncommission.com/","external_links_name":"Hattiesburg Convention Commission"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150203234640/http://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?view=architectural","external_links_name":"\"MDAH Historic Resources (Architectural—Eureka School)\""},{"Link":"http://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/Public/prop.aspx?view=architectural","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hattiesburgeureka.com/","external_links_name":"Eureka School Restoration and Renewal"},{"Link":"http://www.americadiversityplace.com/Other/SeniorVoices.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Mrs. Iola Williams' return to Hattiesburg a work in heritage tourism and revival of World War II-era USO Club\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200119133157/http://www.americadiversityplace.com/Other/SeniorVoices.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9bwYAwAAQBAJ&dq=Eureka+School+Hattiesburg&pg=PT129","external_links_name":"Telling the Story of African-Americans in Hattiesburg, Mississippi: A Case Study of Socially Sustainable Tourism? Southeastern Geographer 2013 53(4):428–454"},{"Link":"http://www.hattiesburgeureka.com/index.cfm/photo-galleries/future-restoration/","external_links_name":"Eureka School Future Restoration"},{"Link":"http://mdah.state.ms.us/admin/news/chpgrantwin07.html","external_links_name":"MDAH 2007 Community Heritage Preservation Grant Winners"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070816235844/http://www.mdah.state.ms.us/admin/news/chpgrantwin07.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://misspreservation.com/2011/07/28/mdah-announces-grants-awarded-to-civil-rights/","external_links_name":"MDAH announces grants awarded to civil rights sites (2011)"},{"Link":"http://www.hattiesburgamerican.com/story/news/local/2014/12/07/community-heritage-awards-announced/20067665/","external_links_name":"MDAH awards $2M in grants. Hattiesburg American (December 7, 2014)"},{"Link":"http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jan/?n=2013_02_10_11_tor","external_links_name":"Pine Belt Tornado Event"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/02/10/tornado-mississippi-hattiesburg-storm/1907859/","external_links_name":"Tornado hits Hattiesburg, Miss.—USA Today (February 11, 2013)"},{"Link":"http://archive.hattiesburgamerican.com/article/20130806/NEWS01/308060014/Eureka-School-damage-almost-repaired","external_links_name":"Eureka School damage almost repaired. Hattiesburg American (August 5, 2013)"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20150118054514/http://archive.hattiesburgamerican.com/article/20130806/NEWS01/308060014/Eureka-School-damage-almost-repaired","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hattiesburgamerican.com/story/news/local/2017/01/06/work-continue-eureka-school/96255336/","external_links_name":"Work to continue on Eureka School. Hattiesburg American (January 6, 2017)"},{"Link":"http://blog.gulflive.com/mississippi-press-news/2013/08/historic_hattiesburg_school_re.html","external_links_name":"Historic Hattiesburg school recovers from February tornado"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Grammar_School,_Ashbourne
|
Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Ashbourne
|
["1 History","2 Current buildings","2.1 Sixth form centre","3 Notable former pupils","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 53°01′19″N 1°43′46″W / 53.02198°N 1.72936°W / 53.02198; -1.72936For other uses, see Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School (disambiguation).
Academy in Ashbourne, Derbyshire, EnglandQueen Elizabeth's Grammar SchoolQueen Elizabeth's Grammar School Logo: The Coat of Arms and Motto of The Cokayne FamilyAddressThe Green RoadAshbourne, Derbyshire, DE6 1EPEnglandCoordinates53°01′19″N 1°43′46″W / 53.02198°N 1.72936°W / 53.02198; -1.72936InformationTypeAcademyMottoEn bon espoyr Established1585; 439 years ago (1585)Department for Education URN136972 TablesOfstedReportsChair of GovernorsHelen BakerHead of AcademyScott GarrityGenderCoeducationalAge11 to 18Enrolment~1,400 pupilsHousesCokayne Boothby, Hull, SpaldenPublicationQEGS PressWebsitehttp://www.queenelizabeths.derbyshire.sch.uk/
Queen Elizabeth's School (QEGS) is a non-selective academy school for 11- to 18-year-olds in the town of Ashbourne, Derbyshire, England. In the academic year 2009–10, there were 1,396 pupils on roll.
Both the main school and 6th form have in the past appeared within the top 25 in league tables, and in October 2008, Ofsted marked the school as "good" or "outstanding" in all sections. However in 2013 Ofsted marked the school as 'requires improvement' in 3 of the 4 categories. In 2009 the school celebrated 100 years at the Green Road site.
History
The group who founded the school in 1585, included Sir Thomas Cokayne (1520-1592), (High Sheriff of Derbyshire, Lordship of the Town of Ashbourne) and Thomas Carter of the Middle Temple, London.
Sir Thomas Cokayne, the principal founding benefactor, granted £4 a year out of his lands towards the maintenance of the school. Having been instrumental in
petitioning Queen Elizabeth to found the school in the first place, Sir Thomas Cokayne and his heirs continued down the generations to take a proprietary interest in the school as governors. The school still bears the Cokayne shield of arms of three cocks for its own badge. The original building still exists today.
The school moved to its current site on the Green Road in 1909.
Prior to 1973 the school was a grammar school, with an "11 plus" entry exam. In 1973 QEGS merged with the Ashbourne County Secondary School on Old Derby Road. The school kept both sites, and continued to use the historical name "Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School" although it operated as a comprehensive secondary school, not a grammar school, and had no entry exam and was the sole state secondary school in the town.
QEGS was awarded technology specialist status in 2005, and a new technology block was built with the funding received. On 1 August 2011 it converted to Academy Status and became an Independent State School but still serves the same catchment area and has the same admissions procedures.
Current buildings
The school
'Old building': is the oldest part of the school, and is used for teaching maths and ICT. It also holds some smaller classrooms for SEN teaching.
'Science corridor': runs adjacent to the old building. Chemistry and physics are taught here. It is connected to the main building by a corridor with the library off it. The drama studio and gym are also connected to the science corridor.
'West wing': holds the main SEN classroom and a sixth form chemistry lab.
'East wing': contains a computer room and several offices.
'Teaching block' or 'New building': the largest building of the school. Subjects taught here include modern foreign languages, geography, history, biology, chemistry, physics, English, religious studies and art.
'Halls block': contains the canteen, main hall, sports hall and the music department.
'Old technology block': several technology workshops as well as food technology areas.
'New technology block': built in 2005, this contains up-to-date technology classrooms and workshop.
Sixth form centre
There are two buildings at the sixth form centre, where sixth form studies are taught, such as psychology, sociology and economics. An extension to the sixth form centre has now been added which is now open to staff and pupils, including a new information technology suite.
Notable former pupils
Gordon Bourne (1921–29) Obstetrician and author
William Charles Langdon Brown CBE (1931–), Banker
Captain Sir Robert Beaufin Irving OBE (1877–1954)
Charlotte Methuen FRHistS (1964-), Church historian and Anglican priest
Raymond Spencer Millard, (1920–97), Civil Engineer
William Kenneth Ward, (1918–95), Under-Secretary, Department of Trade
Neil Cooper, (1973–), drummer for Therapy?, teaches drumming at QEGS.
Andrew Lewer MBE (1971-) Conservative Party politician
See also
List of English and Welsh endowed schools (19th century)
References
^ "Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School Profile". Retrieved 1 July 2010.
^ "The Independent: Average Level 3 point score per student Top 200 Comprehensive or Modern". Retrieved 1 July 2010. (Linking article)
^ "The Guardian: A-Levels: Comprehensives and Academies results 2009". London. 21 July 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
^ "Ofsted: Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School". Retrieved 1 July 2010.
^ "Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School: Centenary Celebrations". Retrieved 1 July 2010.
^ a b COKAYNE, Sir Thomas (1520-92), of Ashbourne, Derbys. | History of Parliament Online
^ Carlisle (1808), Concise Description of Grammar School Foundations, vol.I, p.202
^ Stephen Wright, ‘Cokayne, Sir Thomas (1519–1592)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 24 Feb 2010
^ a b "Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School: Brief History". Retrieved 1 July 2010.
^ ‘Bourne, Gordon Lionel’, Who's Who 2009, A & C Black, 2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2008 accessed 18 Feb 2009
^ Brown, William Charles Langdon’, Who's Who 2009, A & C Black, 2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2008 accessed 18 Feb 2009
^ ‘Irving, Captain Sir Robert Beaufin’, Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007 accessed 18 Feb 2009
^ Millard, Raymond Spencer’, Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007 accessed 18 Feb 2009
^ ‘WARD, William Kenneth’, Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007 accessed 18 Feb 2009
External links
Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School
School profile
Ofsted reports
The Times league tables
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Derbyshire portal
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Grammar_School_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"academy school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_(English_school)"},{"link_name":"Ashbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashbourne,_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ofsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Standards_in_Education"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ofsted-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For other uses, see Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School (disambiguation).Academy in Ashbourne, Derbyshire, EnglandQueen Elizabeth's School (QEGS) is a non-selective academy school for 11- to 18-year-olds in the town of Ashbourne, Derbyshire, England. In the academic year 2009–10, there were 1,396 pupils on roll.[1]Both the main school and 6th form have in the past appeared within the top 25 in league tables,[2][3] and in October 2008, Ofsted marked the school as \"good\" or \"outstanding\" in all sections.[4] However in 2013 Ofsted marked the school as 'requires improvement' in 3 of the 4 categories. In 2009 the school celebrated 100 years at the Green Road site.[5]","title":"Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Ashbourne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Cokayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cokayne"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Derbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Derbyshire"},{"link_name":"Middle Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Temple"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historyofparliamentonline.org-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historyofparliamentonline.org-6"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qegs-history-9"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_College"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qegs-history-9"}],"text":"The group who founded the school in 1585, included Sir Thomas Cokayne (1520-1592), (High Sheriff of Derbyshire, Lordship of the Town of Ashbourne) and Thomas Carter of the Middle Temple, London.[6][7]Sir Thomas Cokayne, the principal founding benefactor, granted £4 a year out of his lands towards the maintenance of the school.[6] Having been instrumental in\npetitioning Queen Elizabeth to found the school in the first place, Sir Thomas Cokayne and his heirs continued down the generations to take a proprietary interest in the school as governors. The school still bears the Cokayne shield of arms of three cocks for its own badge.[8] The original building still exists today.The school moved to its current site on the Green Road in 1909.[9]Prior to 1973 the school was a grammar school, with an \"11 plus\" entry exam. In 1973 QEGS merged with the Ashbourne County Secondary School on Old Derby Road. The school kept both sites, and continued to use the historical name \"Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School\" although it operated as a comprehensive secondary school, not a grammar school, and had no entry exam and was the sole state secondary school in the town.QEGS was awarded technology specialist status in 2005, and a new technology block was built with the funding received.[9] On 1 August 2011 it converted to Academy Status and became an Independent State School but still serves the same catchment area and has the same admissions procedures.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_Grammar_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"SEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_educational_needs"},{"link_name":"sixth form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_form"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The school'Old building': is the oldest part of the school, and is used for teaching maths and ICT. It also holds some smaller classrooms for SEN teaching.\n'Science corridor': runs adjacent to the old building. Chemistry and physics are taught here. It is connected to the main building by a corridor with the library off it. The drama studio and gym are also connected to the science corridor.\n'West wing': holds the main SEN classroom and a sixth form chemistry lab.\n'East wing': contains a computer room and several offices.\n'Teaching block' or 'New building': the largest building of the school. Subjects taught here include modern foreign languages, geography, history, biology, chemistry, physics, English, religious studies and art.\n'Halls block': contains the canteen, main hall, sports hall and the music department.\n'Old technology block': several technology workshops as well as food technology areas.\n'New technology block': built in 2005, this contains up-to-date technology classrooms and workshop.[citation needed]","title":"Current buildings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sixth form centre","text":"There are two buildings at the sixth form centre, where sixth form studies are taught, such as psychology, sociology and economics. An extension to the sixth form centre has now been added which is now open to staff and pupils, including a new information technology suite.","title":"Current buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Obstetrician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Methuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Methuen"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Neil Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Cooper_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Therapy?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy%3F"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lewer"}],"text":"Gordon Bourne (1921–29) Obstetrician and author[10]\nWilliam Charles Langdon Brown CBE (1931–), Banker [11]\nCaptain Sir Robert Beaufin Irving OBE (1877–1954)[12]\nCharlotte Methuen FRHistS (1964-), Church historian and Anglican priest\nRaymond Spencer Millard, (1920–97), Civil Engineer[13]\nWilliam Kenneth Ward, (1918–95), Under-Secretary, Department of Trade[14]\nNeil Cooper, (1973–), drummer for Therapy?, teaches drumming at QEGS.[citation needed]\nAndrew Lewer MBE (1971-) Conservative Party politician","title":"Notable former pupils"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The school","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Queen_Elizabeth_Grammar_School.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_Grammar_School.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of English and Welsh endowed schools (19th century)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_and_Welsh_endowed_schools_(19th_century)"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%27s_Your_Dog,_Charlie_Brown
|
He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Credits","4 Production notes","4.1 Music score","5 Home media","6 References","7 External links"]
|
1968 television special
He's Your Dog, Charlie BrownGenreAnimated television specialCreated byCharles M. SchulzWritten byCharles M. SchulzDirected byBill MelendezVoices ofPeter RobbinsGail DeFariaChristopher SheaSally DryerBill MelendezAnn AltieriLisa DeFariaMatthew LiftinGlenn MendelsonHilary MombergerKerry MacLaneTheme music composerVince GuaraldiEnding theme"He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown"ComposersVince GuaraldiJohn Scott TrotterCountry of originU.S.Original languageEnglishProductionProducersLee MendelsonBill MelendezEditorsRobert T. GillisSteven MelendezCamera setupNick VasuRunning time25:05Production companiesLee Mendelson Film ProductionsBill Melendez ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkCBSReleaseFebruary 14, 1968 (1968-02-14)Related
You're in Love, Charlie Brown (1967)
Charlie Brown and Charles Schulz (1969)
He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown is the fifth prime-time animated TV special based upon the popular comic strip Peanuts, by Charles M. Schulz. It was originally broadcast on the CBS network on February 14, 1968.
Plot
Snoopy's persistent mischief is angering the other kids in the neighborhood, and they all demand that Charlie Brown do something about it, as Snoopy is his dog. To appease them, Charlie Brown decides to send a reluctant Snoopy back to his birthplace, the Daisy Hill Puppy Farm, for obedience training. As it is a two-day trip, Charlie Brown calls Peppermint Patty and asks to let Snoopy stay there for one night en route; Peppermint Patty agrees, but a scheming Snoopy decides to stay on and has her waiting on him hand and foot, which confuses her.
A week later, the Puppy Farm calls Charlie Brown to inform him that Snoopy never arrived. Realizing Snoopy is still at Peppermint Patty's house, Charlie Brown goes over to her house with a leash to take Snoopy home, but the dog escapes and runs back. Peppermint Patty lets Snoopy stay, but instead of returning to the easy life he enjoyed before, she puts him to work doing menial chores, much to his dismay.
As the other children start to miss Snoopy, Charlie Brown tries again to bring him home, but Snoopy breaks the leash and sends Charlie Brown away. Devastated by Snoopy’s refusal to return home, Charlie Brown and the kids call out for him to come home. That night, while doing dishes, Snoopy, having had enough, becomes infuriated and starts breaking dishes, and Peppermint Patty puts him in the garage as punishment. While there, Snoopy realizes that he had a better life at home and starts to howl incessantly. When Peppermint Patty comes out to check on him, he knocks her down, dashes out the garage, gathers all his belongings from inside the house and runs back home to an overjoyed Charlie Brown, with whom he compromises on promising to behave if his master does not send him away. The next day, after taking Linus on a wild blanket ride and picking a fight with Lucy, the other children are also glad that Snoopy is back. Contented, Snoopy goes to nap on his dog house.
Cast
Peter Robbins as Charlie Brown
Bill Melendez as Snoopy
Sally Dryer as Lucy van Pelt
Christopher Shea as Linus van Pelt
Gail DeFaria as Peppermint Patty
Glenn Mendelson as Schroeder
Ann Altieri as Violet
Lisa DeFaria as Patty
Matthew Liftin as 5
Roy appears but does not have a speaking role.
Credits
Created and Written by: Charles M. Schulz
Produced and Directed by: Bill Melendez
Executive Producer: Lee Mendelson
Original Score Composed and Performed by: Vince Guaraldi
Arranged and Conducted by: John Scott Trotter
Graphic Blandishment by: Ruth Kissane, Frank Smith, Dean Spille, Beverly Robbins, Bob Carlson, Ed Levitt, Frank Braxton, Bernard Gruver, Dick Thompson, Bill Littlejohn, Phil Roman, Bob Matz, Eleanor Warren, Faith Kovaleski, Manuel Perez, Jan Green, Alan Zaslove, Gwenn Dotzler
Editing: Robert T. Gillis
Assisted by: Steven Melendez
Sound by: Producers' Sound Service
Camera: Nick Vasu
Production notes
He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown was the last Peanuts special featuring the majority of the original voice cast from the first Peanuts special, A Charlie Brown Christmas. It was also the first special to credit Bill Melendez as the voice of Snoopy.
Both He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown and You're in Love, Charlie Brown were nominated for an Emmy award for Outstanding Achievement in Children's Programming in 1968.
Stock footage from It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown (1966) is used when Snoopy flies on his doghouse.
The ending segment where Snoopy and Lucy quarrel was inspired by a comic strip storyline that originally ran May 24–29, 1965. It was later adapted for The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show (1983) episode "Snoopy: Man's Best Friend" and the French television series Peanuts (2014) episode "L'amour du risque".
Music score
The music score for He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown was composed by Vince Guaraldi (except where noted) and conducted and arranged by John Scott Trotter. The score was recorded by the Vince Guaraldi Quintet on January 11, 1968, at United Western Recorders, featuring John Gray (guitar), Frank Strozier (alto saxophone, flute), Ralph Peña (bass), and Colin Bailey (drums).
Retitled variations of several songs previously released on Jazz Impressions of A Boy Named Charlie Brown ("Pebble Beach," "Schroeder") were featured in He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown.
"Red Baron" (version 1)
"Red Baron" (version 2)
"He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown" (version 1)
"He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown" (version 2)
"Peppermint Patty" (version 1)
"He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown" (version 3)
"Bon Voyage"
"Peppermint Patty" (version 2)
"Oh, Good Grief" (Vince Guaraldi, Lee Mendelson)
"Happiness Theme"
"Charlie Brown and His All-Stars"
"Red Baron" (version 3)
"Schroeder's Wolfgang" (variation of "Choro," from the Guaraldi/Bola Sete album From All Sides)
"Red Baron" (version 4)
"Housewife Theme" (flute variation of "Pebble Beach", version 1)
"Beethoven Theme" (retitled version of "Schroeder")
"Housewife Theme" (flute variation of "Pebble Beach", version 2)
"Blue Charlie Brown" (slow version)
"The Red Baron" (version 5, minor key)
"He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown" (version 4)
"Linus and Lucy"
"He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown" (version 5, end credits)
No official soundtrack for He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown was commercially released. However, variations of "Peppermint Patty", "The Red Baron," "Oh, Good Grief," "Linus and Lucy," and the eponymous theme song (mistitled "It's Your Dog, Charlie Brown"), were released on the 1968 album Oh Good Grief!.
Home media
He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown was rebroadcast yearly on CBS between February 1969 and June 1972.
The special was first released on home media in 1982 on RCA's SelectaVision CED format, along with Be My Valentine, Charlie Brown, It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown, and Life Is a Circus, Charlie Brown. It was later released on VHS in 1987 by Hi-Tops Video. Snoopy Double Feature Vol. 2, a VHS release containing He's Your Dog and It's Flashbeagle, Charlie Brown, was released on March 9, 1994 (it would later be re-issued in 1997 after Viacom bought Paramount). The first DVD release came on July 7, 2009, in remastered form as part of the DVD box set Peanuts 1960s Collection. A separate DVD of the special and Life Is a Circus, Charlie Brown was released on September 21, 2010.
References
^ Woolery, George W. (1989). Animated TV Specials: The Complete Directory to the First Twenty-Five Years, 1962-1987. Scarecrow Press. pp. 196–197. ISBN 0-8108-2198-2. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
^ Solomon, Charles (2012). The Art and Making of Peanuts Animation: Celebrating Fifty Years of Television Specials. Chronicle Books. pp. 80–89, 191–192. ISBN 978-1452110912.
^ Lee Mendelson Film Productions Retrieved December 28, 2017.
^ a b c Bang, Derrick. "Vince Guaraldi's Peanuts Song Library: He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown". fivecentsplease.org. Derrick Bang, Scott McGuire. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
^ Bang, Derrick. "Vince Guaraldi Timeline: 1968". fivecentsplease.org. Derrick Bang, Scott McGuire. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
^ Ginell, Richard S. "Oh, Good Grief!". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
External links
He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown at IMDb
vtePeanuts filmographyAnimated specials1960s
A Charlie Brown Christmas
Charlie Brown's All Stars!
It's the Great Pumpkin...
You're in Love...
He's Your Dog...
It Was a Short Summer...
1970s
Play It Again...
You're Not Elected...
There's No Time for Love...
A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving
It's a Mystery...
It's the Easter Beagle...
Be My Valentine...
You're a Good Sport...
It's Arbor Day...
It's Your First Kiss...
What a Nightmare...
You're the Greatest...
1980s
She's a Good Skate...
Life Is a Circus...
It's Magic...
Someday You'll Find Her...
A Charlie Brown Celebration
Is This Goodbye...?
It's an Adventure...
What Have We Learned...?
It's Flashbeagle...
Snoopy's Getting Married...
You're a Good Man...
Happy New Year...!
Snoopy! The Musical
It's the Girl in the Red Truck...
1990s
Why, Charlie Brown, Why?
Snoopy's Reunion
It's Spring Training...
It's Christmastime Again...
You're in the Super Bowl...
It Was My Best Birthday Ever...
2000s
It's the Pied Piper...
A Charlie Brown Valentine
Charlie Brown's Christmas Tales
Lucy Must Be Traded...
I Want a Dog for Christmas...
He's a Bully...
2010s
Happiness Is a Warm Blanket...
2020s–present
For Auld Lang Syne
It's The Small Things...
To Mom (and Dad), With Love
Lucy’s School
One-of-a-Kind Marcie
Welcome Home, Franklin
Feature films
A Boy Named Charlie Brown
Snoopy Come Home
Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown
Bon Voyage, Charlie Brown (and Don't Come Back!!)
The Peanuts Movie
TV series
The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show
This Is America...
Peanuts Motion Comics
Peanuts
Snoopy in Space
The Snoopy Show (episodes)
Camp Snoopy
Documentaries
A Boy Named Charlie Brown
Charlie Brown and Charles Schulz
Happy Anniversary...
Happy Birthday...
It's Your 20th Television Anniversary...
You Don't Look 40...
Good Grief... : A Tribute to Charles Schulz
Here's to You... : 50 Great Years
The Making of "A Charlie Brown Christmas"
Peanuts in Space: Secrets of Apollo 10
Who Are You, Charlie Brown?
Educational films
Tooth Brushing
It's Dental Flossophy, Charlie Brown
Musicals
You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown
Snoopy! The Musical
vteVince GuaraldiStudio albums
Modern Music from San Francisco (1956)
Vince Guaraldi Trio (1956)
A Flower Is a Lovesome Thing (1958)
Jazz Impressions of Black Orpheus (1962)
The Latin Side of Vince Guaraldi (1964)
Jazz Impressions of A Boy Named Charlie Brown (1964)
A Charlie Brown Christmas (1965)
Vince Guaraldi with the San Francisco Boys Chorus (1967)
Oh Good Grief! (1968)
The Eclectic Vince Guaraldi (1969)
Alma-Ville (1969)
A Boy Named Charlie Brown: Selections from the Film Soundtrack (1970)
A Boy Named Charlie Brown: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (2017)
It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown: Original Soundtrack Recording (2018)
A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving: Original Soundtrack Recording (2023)
Compilation albums
Jazz Impressions (1964)
Greatest Hits (1980)
Charlie Brown's Holiday Hits (1998)
The Charlie Brown Suite & Other Favorites (2003)
Oaxaca (2004)
North Beach (2006)
Vince Guaraldi and the Lost Cues from the Charlie Brown Television Specials (2007)
Vince Guaraldi and the Lost Cues from the Charlie Brown Television Specials, Volume 2 (2008)
Essential Standards (2009)
The Definitive Vince Guaraldi (2009)
Peanuts Portraits (2010)
The Very Best of Vince Guaraldi (2012)
Peanuts Greatest Hits (2015)
The Peanuts Movie (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2015)
The Complete Warner Bros.–Seven Arts Recordings (2018)
Live albums
In Person (1963)
At Grace Cathedral (1965)
Live on the Air (2008)
An Afternoon with the Vince Guaraldi Quartet (2011)
with Bola Sete
Vince Guaraldi, Bola Sete and Friends (1964)
From All Sides (1965)
Live at El Matador (1966)
Jazz Casual: Paul Winter/Bola Sete and Vince Guaraldi (2001)
The Navy Swings (2010)
Singles
"Samba de Orpheus"/"Cast Your Fate to the Wind"
"Zelao"/"Jitterbug Waltz"
"Days of Wine and Roses"/"Star Song"
"Treat Street"/"Mr. Lucky"
"Oh, Good Grief"/"Linus and Lucy"
"Theme to Grace"/"Adore Devote (Humbly I Adore Thee)"
"Christmas Time Is Here"/"What Child Is This"
"I'm a Loser"/"Favela"
"Eleanor Rigby"/"Peppermint Patty"
"Blowin' in the Wind"/"Monterey"
"Linus and Lucy"/"Oh, Good Grief"
"Christmas Time Is Here"/"Christmas Time Is Here" (alternate vocal Take 5)
"O Tannenbaum"
"Baseball Theme"/"Baseball Theme" (alternate take)
Tribute albums
Happy Anniversary, Charlie Brown (1989)
Joe Cool's Blues (1995)
Linus and Lucy: The Music of Vince Guaraldi (1996)
Here's to You, Charlie Brown: 50 Great Years! (2000)
40 Years: A Charlie Brown Christmas (2005)
Jazz for Peanuts (2008)
Love Will Come: The Music of Vince Guaraldi, Volume 2 (2010)
The Peanuts Movie (2015)
Related articles
List of cover versions of Vince Guaraldi songs
|
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It was originally broadcast on the CBS network on February 14, 1968.[1]","title":"He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Snoopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoopy"},{"link_name":"Charlie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Brown"},{"link_name":"Peppermint Patty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppermint_Patty"},{"link_name":"Linus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_van_Pelt"},{"link_name":"Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_van_Pelt"}],"text":"Snoopy's persistent mischief is angering the other kids in the neighborhood, and they all demand that Charlie Brown do something about it, as Snoopy is his dog. To appease them, Charlie Brown decides to send a reluctant Snoopy back to his birthplace, the Daisy Hill Puppy Farm, for obedience training. As it is a two-day trip, Charlie Brown calls Peppermint Patty and asks to let Snoopy stay there for one night en route; Peppermint Patty agrees, but a scheming Snoopy decides to stay on and has her waiting on him hand and foot, which confuses her.A week later, the Puppy Farm calls Charlie Brown to inform him that Snoopy never arrived. Realizing Snoopy is still at Peppermint Patty's house, Charlie Brown goes over to her house with a leash to take Snoopy home, but the dog escapes and runs back. Peppermint Patty lets Snoopy stay, but instead of returning to the easy life he enjoyed before, she puts him to work doing menial chores, much to his dismay.As the other children start to miss Snoopy, Charlie Brown tries again to bring him home, but Snoopy breaks the leash and sends Charlie Brown away. Devastated by Snoopy’s refusal to return home, Charlie Brown and the kids call out for him to come home. 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Contented, Snoopy goes to nap on his dog house.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Robbins_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Charlie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Brown"},{"link_name":"Bill Melendez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Melendez"},{"link_name":"Snoopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoopy"},{"link_name":"Sally Dryer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Dryer"},{"link_name":"Lucy van Pelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_van_Pelt"},{"link_name":"Linus van Pelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_van_Pelt"},{"link_name":"Peppermint Patty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppermint_Patty"},{"link_name":"Schroeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schroeder_(Peanuts)"},{"link_name":"Violet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_(Peanuts)"},{"link_name":"Patty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty_(Peanuts)"}],"text":"Peter Robbins as Charlie Brown\nBill Melendez as Snoopy\nSally Dryer as Lucy van Pelt\nChristopher Shea as Linus van Pelt\nGail DeFaria as Peppermint Patty\nGlenn Mendelson as Schroeder\nAnn Altieri as Violet\nLisa DeFaria as Patty\nMatthew Liftin as 5Roy appears but does not have a speaking role.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Created and Written by: Charles M. Schulz\nProduced and Directed by: Bill Melendez\nExecutive Producer: Lee Mendelson\nOriginal Score Composed and Performed by: Vince Guaraldi\nArranged and Conducted by: John Scott Trotter\nGraphic Blandishment by: Ruth Kissane, Frank Smith, Dean Spille, Beverly Robbins, Bob Carlson, Ed Levitt, Frank Braxton, Bernard Gruver, Dick Thompson, Bill Littlejohn, Phil Roman, Bob Matz, Eleanor Warren, Faith Kovaleski, Manuel Perez, Jan Green, Alan Zaslove, Gwenn Dotzler\nEditing: Robert T. Gillis\nAssisted by: Steven Melendez\nSound by: Producers' Sound Service\nCamera: Nick Vasu","title":"Credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Charlie Brown Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Charlie_Brown_Christmas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bill Melendez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Melendez"},{"link_name":"You're in Love, Charlie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_in_Love,_Charlie_Brown"},{"link_name":"Emmy award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_the_Great_Pumpkin,_Charlie_Brown"},{"link_name":"The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Charlie_Brown_and_Snoopy_Show"},{"link_name":"Peanuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanuts_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown was the last Peanuts special featuring the majority of the original voice cast from the first Peanuts special, A Charlie Brown Christmas.[2] It was also the first special to credit Bill Melendez as the voice of Snoopy.Both He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown and You're in Love, Charlie Brown were nominated for an Emmy award for Outstanding Achievement in Children's Programming in 1968.[3]Stock footage from It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown (1966) is used when Snoopy flies on his doghouse.The ending segment where Snoopy and Lucy quarrel was inspired by a comic strip storyline that originally ran May 24–29, 1965. It was later adapted for The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show (1983) episode \"Snoopy: Man's Best Friend\" and the French television series Peanuts (2014) episode \"L'amour du risque\".[citation needed]","title":"Production notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vince Guaraldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Guaraldi"},{"link_name":"John Scott Trotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scott_Trotter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bangsonglist-4"},{"link_name":"United Western Recorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Western_Recorders"},{"link_name":"Frank Strozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Strozier"},{"link_name":"Ralph Peña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Pe%C3%B1a_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Colin Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Bailey_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bangtimeline-5"},{"link_name":"Jazz Impressions of A Boy Named Charlie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_Impressions_of_A_Boy_Named_Charlie_Brown"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bangsonglist-4"},{"link_name":"Lee Mendelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Mendelson"},{"link_name":"Bola Sete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_Sete"},{"link_name":"From All Sides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_All_Sides"},{"link_name":"Linus and Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_and_Lucy"},{"link_name":"Oh Good Grief!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Good_Grief!"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bangsonglist-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Music score","text":"The music score for He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown was composed by Vince Guaraldi (except where noted) and conducted and arranged by John Scott Trotter.[4] The score was recorded by the Vince Guaraldi Quintet on January 11, 1968, at United Western Recorders, featuring John Gray (guitar), Frank Strozier (alto saxophone, flute), Ralph Peña (bass), and Colin Bailey (drums).[5]Retitled variations of several songs previously released on Jazz Impressions of A Boy Named Charlie Brown (\"Pebble Beach,\" \"Schroeder\") were featured in He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown.[4]\"Red Baron\" (version 1)\n\"Red Baron\" (version 2)\n\"He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown\" (version 1)\n\"He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown\" (version 2)\n\"Peppermint Patty\" (version 1)\n\"He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown\" (version 3)\n\"Bon Voyage\"\n\"Peppermint Patty\" (version 2)\n\"Oh, Good Grief\" (Vince Guaraldi, Lee Mendelson)\n\"Happiness Theme\"\n\"Charlie Brown and His All-Stars\"\n\"Red Baron\" (version 3)\n\"Schroeder's Wolfgang\" (variation of \"Choro,\" from the Guaraldi/Bola Sete album From All Sides)\n\"Red Baron\" (version 4)\n\"Housewife Theme\" (flute variation of \"Pebble Beach\", version 1)\n\"Beethoven Theme\" (retitled version of \"Schroeder\")\n\"Housewife Theme\" (flute variation of \"Pebble Beach\", version 2)\n\"Blue Charlie Brown\" (slow version)\n\"The Red Baron\" (version 5, minor key)\n\"He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown\" (version 4)\n\"Linus and Lucy\"\n\"He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown\" (version 5, end credits)No official soundtrack for He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown was commercially released. However, variations of \"Peppermint Patty\", \"The Red Baron,\" \"Oh, Good Grief,\" \"Linus and Lucy,\" and the eponymous theme song (mistitled \"It's Your Dog, Charlie Brown\"), were released on the 1968 album Oh Good Grief!.[4][6]","title":"Production notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA"},{"link_name":"SelectaVision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SelectaVision"},{"link_name":"CED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitance_Electronic_Disc"},{"link_name":"Be My Valentine, Charlie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_My_Valentine,_Charlie_Brown"},{"link_name":"It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_the_Easter_Beagle,_Charlie_Brown"},{"link_name":"Life Is a Circus, Charlie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Is_a_Circus,_Charlie_Brown"},{"link_name":"Hi-Tops Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Tops_Video"},{"link_name":"It's Flashbeagle, Charlie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Flashbeagle,_Charlie_Brown"},{"link_name":"Viacom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"remastered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remaster"},{"link_name":"Life Is a Circus, Charlie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Is_a_Circus,_Charlie_Brown"}],"text":"He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown was rebroadcast yearly on CBS between February 1969 and June 1972.The special was first released on home media in 1982 on RCA's SelectaVision CED format, along with Be My Valentine, Charlie Brown, It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown, and Life Is a Circus, Charlie Brown. It was later released on VHS in 1987 by Hi-Tops Video. Snoopy Double Feature Vol. 2, a VHS release containing He's Your Dog and It's Flashbeagle, Charlie Brown, was released on March 9, 1994 (it would later be re-issued in 1997 after Viacom bought Paramount). The first DVD release came on July 7, 2009, in remastered form as part of the DVD box set Peanuts 1960s Collection. A separate DVD of the special and Life Is a Circus, Charlie Brown was released on September 21, 2010.","title":"Home media"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Woolery, George W. (1989). Animated TV Specials: The Complete Directory to the First Twenty-Five Years, 1962-1987. Scarecrow Press. pp. 196–197. ISBN 0-8108-2198-2. Retrieved 27 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/animatedtvspecia0000wool/page/196/mode/2up","url_text":"Animated TV Specials: The Complete Directory to the First Twenty-Five Years, 1962-1987"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-2198-2","url_text":"0-8108-2198-2"}]},{"reference":"Solomon, Charles (2012). The Art and Making of Peanuts Animation: Celebrating Fifty Years of Television Specials. Chronicle Books. pp. 80–89, 191–192. ISBN 978-1452110912.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1452110912","url_text":"978-1452110912"}]},{"reference":"Bang, Derrick. \"Vince Guaraldi's Peanuts Song Library: He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown\". fivecentsplease.org. Derrick Bang, Scott McGuire. Retrieved 9 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fivecentsplease.org/dpb/cuesheet.html","url_text":"\"Vince Guaraldi's Peanuts Song Library: He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown\""}]},{"reference":"Bang, Derrick. \"Vince Guaraldi Timeline: 1968\". fivecentsplease.org. Derrick Bang, Scott McGuire. Retrieved 25 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fivecentsplease.org/dpb/VinceGuaralditimeline.html#1968","url_text":"\"Vince Guaraldi Timeline: 1968\""}]},{"reference":"Ginell, Richard S. \"Oh, Good Grief!\". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 15 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/oh-good-grief%21-mw0000197069","url_text":"\"Oh, Good Grief!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovi_Corporation","url_text":"Rovi Corporation"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/animatedtvspecia0000wool/page/196/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Animated TV Specials: The Complete Directory to the First Twenty-Five Years, 1962-1987"},{"Link":"http://www.mendelsonproductions.com/awards.php","external_links_name":"Lee Mendelson Film Productions"},{"Link":"http://www.fivecentsplease.org/dpb/cuesheet.html","external_links_name":"\"Vince Guaraldi's Peanuts Song Library: He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown\""},{"Link":"http://www.fivecentsplease.org/dpb/VinceGuaralditimeline.html#1968","external_links_name":"\"Vince Guaraldi Timeline: 1968\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/oh-good-grief%21-mw0000197069","external_links_name":"\"Oh, Good Grief!\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0063048/","external_links_name":"He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_Township,_Seneca_County,_Ohio
|
Seneca Township, Seneca County, Ohio
|
["1 Geography","2 Name and history","3 Government","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 41°2′20″N 83°14′27″W / 41.03889°N 83.24083°W / 41.03889; -83.24083
Township in Ohio, United StatesSeneca Township, Seneca County, OhioTownshipCountryside just east of New RiegelLocation of Seneca Township in Seneca CountyCoordinates: 41°2′20″N 83°14′27″W / 41.03889°N 83.24083°W / 41.03889; -83.24083CountryUnited StatesStateOhioCountySenecaArea • Total36.1 sq mi (93.4 km2) • Land35.6 sq mi (92.2 km2) • Water0.5 sq mi (1.2 km2)Elevation810 ft (247 m)Population (2020) • Total1,444 • Density40.6/sq mi (15.7/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)FIPS code39-71355GNIS feature ID1086954
Seneca Township is one of the fifteen townships of Seneca County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 1,444 people in the township.
Geography
Located in the southwestern part of the county, it borders the following townships:
Hopewell Township - north
Clinton Township - northeast corner
Eden Township - east
Sycamore Township, Wyandot County - southeast corner
Tymochtee Township, Wyandot County - south
Crawford Township, Wyandot County - southwest corner
Big Spring Township - west
Loudon Township - northwest corner
No municipalities are located in Seneca Township.
Name and history
Seneca Township was established in 1820.
Statewide, other Seneca Townships are located in Monroe and Noble counties.
Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.
References
^ a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Seneca township, Seneca County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ Butterfield, Consul Willshire (1848). History of Seneca County: Containing a Detailed Narrative of the Principal Events that Have Occurred Since Its First Settlement Down to the Present Time. D. Campbell. p. 177.
^ §503.24, §505.01, and §507.01 of the Ohio Revised Code. Accessed 4/30/2009.
External links
County website
vteMunicipalities and communities of Seneca County, Ohio, United StatesCounty seat: TiffinCities
Bellevue‡
Fostoria‡
Tiffin
Map of Ohio highlighting Seneca CountyVillages
Attica
Bettsville
Bloomville
Green Springs‡
New Riegel
Republic
Townships
Adams
Big Spring
Bloom
Clinton
Eden
Hopewell
Jackson
Liberty
Loudon
Pleasant
Reed
Scipio
Seneca
Thompson
Venice
CDPs
Bascom
Flat Rock
Fort Seneca
Kansas
McCutchenville‡
Melmore
Old Fort
Unincorporatedcommunities
Adrian
Alvada
Amsden
Angus
Berwick
Caroline
Carrothers
Cooper
Cromers
Fireside
Frenchtown
Iler
Lowell
Maple Grove
Omar
Reedtown
Rehoboth
Rockaway
Saint Stephens
Siam
Springville
Swander
Watson
West Lodi
Ghost towns
Hopewell
Middleburg
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Ohio portal
United States portal
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Seneca County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census,_2020"}],"text":"Township in Ohio, United StatesSeneca Township is one of the fifteen townships of Seneca County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 1,444 people in the township.","title":"Seneca Township, Seneca County, Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hopewell Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell_Township,_Seneca_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Clinton Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Township,_Seneca_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Eden Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Township,_Seneca_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Sycamore Township, Wyandot County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycamore_Township,_Wyandot_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Tymochtee Township, Wyandot County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymochtee_Township,_Wyandot_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Crawford Township, Wyandot County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_Township,_Wyandot_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Big Spring Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Spring_Township,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Loudon Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudon_Township,_Seneca_County,_Ohio"}],"text":"Located in the southwestern part of the county, it borders the following townships:Hopewell Township - north\nClinton Township - northeast corner\nEden Township - east\nSycamore Township, Wyandot County - southeast corner\nTymochtee Township, Wyandot County - south\nCrawford Township, Wyandot County - southwest corner\nBig Spring Township - west\nLoudon Township - northwest cornerNo municipalities are located in Seneca Township.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_Township,_Monroe_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_Township,_Noble_County,_Ohio"}],"text":"Seneca Township was established in 1820.[4]Statewide, other Seneca Townships are located in Monroe and Noble counties.","title":"Name and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer,[5] who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.","title":"Government"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Map of Ohio highlighting Seneca County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Seneca_County.svg/80px-Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Seneca_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Seneca township, Seneca County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Seneca_township,_Seneca_County,_Ohio?g=060XX00US3914771355","url_text":"\"Seneca township, Seneca County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Butterfield, Consul Willshire (1848). History of Seneca County: Containing a Detailed Narrative of the Principal Events that Have Occurred Since Its First Settlement Down to the Present Time. D. Campbell. p. 177.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historysenecaco00buttgoog","url_text":"History of Seneca County: Containing a Detailed Narrative of the Principal Events that Have Occurred Since Its First Settlement Down to the Present Time"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historysenecaco00buttgoog/page/n183","url_text":"177"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seneca_Township,_Seneca_County,_Ohio¶ms=41_2_20_N_83_14_27_W_region:US-OH_type:city(1444)","external_links_name":"41°2′20″N 83°14′27″W / 41.03889°N 83.24083°W / 41.03889; -83.24083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Seneca_Township,_Seneca_County,_Ohio¶ms=41_2_20_N_83_14_27_W_region:US-OH_type:city(1444)","external_links_name":"41°2′20″N 83°14′27″W / 41.03889°N 83.24083°W / 41.03889; -83.24083"},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Seneca_township,_Seneca_County,_Ohio?g=060XX00US3914771355","external_links_name":"\"Seneca township, Seneca County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historysenecaco00buttgoog","external_links_name":"History of Seneca County: Containing a Detailed Narrative of the Principal Events that Have Occurred Since Its First Settlement Down to the Present Time"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historysenecaco00buttgoog/page/n183","external_links_name":"177"},{"Link":"http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/503.24","external_links_name":"§503.24"},{"Link":"http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/505.01","external_links_name":"§505.01"},{"Link":"http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/507.01","external_links_name":"§507.01"},{"Link":"http://www.senecaco.org/","external_links_name":"County website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iraq_War:_A_Historiography_of_Wikipedia_Changelogs
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The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs
|
["1 About","2 Reviews","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
2010 book artwork by James Bridle
The only copy of the 12-volume set
The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs is a 2010 book artwork compiled by British artist and technology writer James Bridle. It consists of a 12-volume, 7,000-page set of printed books that show all 12,000 changes made to the English Wikipedia article on the Iraq War from December 2004 to November 2009. The books are an artistic visualization of the changes made to a particular article at Wikipedia. Only one copy was made; the set has not been published and was not intended for sale. The books have been exhibited in galleries in the United States and in Europe.
About
The work is a historiography compiled by technology writer James Bridle. It contains changelogs of the page for the Wikipedia article on the Iraq War, including arguments, opinions and vandalism. The work shows the editing process for an article and the process of creation, which includes the opinions and biases of many contributors.
The author created their book as a demonstration of the process of making history. They say:
Detail of a page
not only a resource for collating all human knowledge, but a framework for understanding how that knowledge came to be and to be understood; what was allowed to stand and what was not; what we agree on, and what we cannot... Everything should have a history button. We need to talk about historiography, to surface this process, to challenge absolutist narratives of the past, and thus, those of the present and our future.
The project encourages viewers to think of editing contributions and the collections of commentary and disagreement as part of the historical record. It is also an exploration of how recent contributions to various media supplant older contributions and what content may be lost when scholars have access only to the latest publications. Bridle has stated that, despite the history button being on every page of every article, few people use it and to them this phenomenon is the most interesting and enlightening part of Wikipedia.
Reviews
A reviewer for Time described the project as a fascinating visual aid. The review in ReadWriteWeb was that the work was "pretty awesome".
See also
Bibliography of Wikipedia
References
^ a b Jones, Nate (7 September 2010). "Wikipedia Entry on Iraq War Turned Into Actual Encyclopedia". time.com. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
^ Bridle, James. "Iraq War Wikihistoriography". Retrieved 28 June 2012.
^ Geere, Duncan (8 September 2010). "Which Wikipedia page has 12 volumes worth of edits?". Wired. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
^ Bilton, Nick (9 September 2010). "The Story Behind a Wikipedia Entry". New York Times. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
^ Bridle, James (6 September 2010). "On Wikipedia, Cultural Patrimony, and Historiography". booktwo.org. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
^ Cole, Stryker (8 September 2010). "On Wikipedia, Cultural Patrimony, and Historiography". urlesque.com. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
^ Price, Andrew (16 September 2010). "An Encyclopedia of Every Edit to the Iraq War Wikipedia Entry". Good. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
^ dConstruct Conference organizer (3 September 2010). "The Value of Ruins - conference introduction". 2010.dconstruct.org. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ Bridle, James (15 January 2011). "James Bridle on Wikipedia's 10th Anniversary". The Atlantic. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ Kirkpatrick, Marshall (7 September 2010). "Archiving Iraq: One Wikipedia Entry's Edit Wars, Printed in 12 Volumes". readwriteweb.com. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
External links
Official website
Audio of creator giving talk about this work
Interview with the artist
Video of James Bridle discussing Wikipedia
vteWikipediaOverview(outline)
Censorship
Conflict-of-interest editing
political editing incidents
Criticism
Biases
gender
geographical
ideological
racial
Deletion of articles
deletionism and inclusionism
notability
"Ignore all rules"
MediaWiki
Plagiarism
Predictions of the project's end
Reliability
Fact-checking
Citation needed
Vandalism
Community(Wikipedians)
Administrators
AfroCrowd
Arbitration Committee
Art+Feminism
Bots
Lsjbot
Edit count
List of Wikipedias
The Signpost
Wikimedian of the Year
Wikipedian in residence
WikiProject
Women in Red
Events
Edit-a-thon
WikiConference India
Wiki Indaba
WikiConference North America
Wikimania
Wiki Loves
Earth
Folklore
Monuments
Pride
Science
People(list)
Esra'a Al Shafei
Florence Devouard
Sue Gardner
David Gerard
James Heilman
Maryana Iskander
Dariusz Jemielniak
Rebecca MacKinnon
Katherine Maher
Magnus Manske
Ira Brad Matetsky
Erik Möller
Jason Moore
Raju Narisetti
Steven Pruitt
Annie Rauwerda
Larry Sanger
María Sefidari
Lisa Seitz-Gruwell
Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight
Lila Tretikov
Jimmy Wales
Molly White
History
Bomis
Nupedia
First edit
Logo
Internet Watch Foundation
Scientology
Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts
VisualEditor
#1Lib1Ref
2021 Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia
Controversies
Essjay controversy
Henryk Batuta hoax
Jar'Edo Wens hoax
Seigenthaler biography incident
Star Trek Into Darkness debate
United States congressional staff edits
Zhemao hoaxes
Coverage
American politics
Donald Trump
COVID-19 pandemic
Death
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Russian invasion of Ukraine
Honors
274301 Wikipedia
Viola angustifolia
Wikipedia Monument
Referencesand analysis
Academic studies
Bibliography
Cultural
Films
Listen to Wikipedia
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Mobile
Apps
QRpedia
Wapedia
Wikipedia Zero
WikiReader
Wikiwand
Content use
DBpedia
Depths of Wikipedia
Google and Wikipedia
Health information
Kiwix
Science information
Wikimedia Enterprise
Related
The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs
LGBT and Wikipedia
Magna Carta (An Embroidery)
People imprisoned for editing Wikipedia
Print Wikipedia
Wiki rabbit hole
Wikimedia Foundation
Wikimedia movement
Wikipedia for World Heritage
Wikipedia in India
Wikiracing
List of online encyclopedias
List of wikis
List
Category
vteIraq War (2003–2011)Beginning of the Iraqi conflictPreludeBackgroundPre-1990
17 July Revolution
Iranian Revolution
1979 Ba'ath Party Purge
Iran–Iraq War
British / U.S. support for Iraq
Chemical attacks against Iran
Anfal campaign
Iran–Contra affair
1990–2003
Gulf War
Invasion of Kuwait
Nayirah testimony
Sanctions against Iraq
No-fly zones
1991 uprisings
UNSCOM
Arms-to-Iraq affair
Oil-for-Food Programme
Investigations
September 11 attacks
Aftermath
War on terror
2001 anthrax attacks
U.S. War in Afghanistan
Invasion
Rationale
WMD claims
Yellowcake uranium
Aluminum tubes
Biological weapons
Chemical weapons
"Curveball"
Mobile weapon labs
Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory
Anthrax claims
Prague
Ricin claims
Oil as a possible rationale
Issues
American imperialism
Bush Doctrine
Wolfowitz Doctrine
Colin Powell's UN presentation
Disarmament crisis
UNMOVIC
Failed peace initiatives
Iraq resolution / UK parliament's support for invasion
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
Legality
Legitimacy of the invasion
Media coverage
Military analyst program
Rapid response operation
Saddam's alleged shredder
Preemptive war
Saddam Hussein and human rights
Dossiersand memos
Habbush letter
Downing Street memo
September Dossier
Vilnius letter
Letter of the eight
Bush–Blair 2003 memo
February Dossier
Bush–Aznar memo
OverviewKey events
Invasion (2003)
Occupation (2003–2011)
Insurgency
2003–06 period
Anbar campaign
Fallujah
Capture of Saddam Hussein
Interrogation
Trial
Execution / Reactions
2006 al-Askari mosque bombing
Civil war (2006–08)
2007 U.S. troop surge
timeline
U.S. withdrawal
Status of forces agreement
Invasion(2003)
Timeline
Preparations for invasion
Multi-National Force
Battle of Nasiriyah
Fall of Baghdad
Battle of Debecka Pass
Firdos Square statue
Mission Accomplished speech
US public opinion
Occupation(2003–2011)
Occupation of Ramadi
De-Ba'athification
100 Orders
CPA Order 2
CPA Order 17
U.S. military bases
Blackwater
Reconstruction
Development Fund
Economic reform
UNAMI
Al Qa'qaa high explosives
U.S. kill or capture strategy
Replacementgovernments
Coalition Provisional Authority
Iraqi Governing Council
Interim Government
2005 parliamentary elections
Transitional Government
Constitution
Ratification
ParticipantsCountries
Australia
Ba'athist Iraq
Denmark
Georgia
Iran
Italy
Japan
Poland
South Korea
Thailand
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
InsurgentgroupsSunnigroups
Islamic Army in Iraq
1920 Revolution Brigades
Jaish al-Rashideen
Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance
Hamas of Iraq
Jeish Muhammad
Mujahideen Shura Council
Islamic State of Iraq
Al-Qaeda in Iraq
Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah
Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna
Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
Black Banner Organization
Wakefulness and Holy War
Abu Theeb's group
Abu Bakr Al-Salafi Army
Mujahideen Army
Shiagroups
Mahdi Army
Abu Deraa's militia
Badr Organization
Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq
Sheibani Network
Soldiers of Heaven
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
Promised Day Brigade
Kata'ib Hezbollah
Ba'athloyalists
Fedayeen Saddam
Al-Awda
Popular Army
Al-Abud Network
Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation
Battles and operationsOperations2003
Ancient Babylon
Bayonet Lightning
Bulldog Mammoth
Catalyst
Desert Scorpion
Desert Thrust
Falconer
Iron Hammer
Iron Justice
Ivy Blizzard
Northern Delay
Airborne Dragon
Panther Squeeze
Peninsula Strike
Planet X
Capture of Saddam Hussein (Red Dawn)
Telic
2004
Baton Rouge
Bulldog Mammoth
Iron Saber
New Dawn (Al Fajr)
Phantom Fury
Phantom Linebacker
Plymouth Rock
Vigilant Resolve
Warrior's Rage
2005
Able Rising Force
Able Warrior
Badlands
Cyclone
Dagger
Iron Hammer
Matador
New Market
Spear (Romhe)
Squeeze Play
Steel Curtain
2006
Al Majid
Gaugamela
Guardian Tiger
Iron Triangle
River Falcon
Scorpion
Sinbad
Swarmer
Together Forward
2007
Alljah
Arbead II
Ardennes
Black Eagle
Commando Eagle
Forsythe Park
Imposing Law
Leyte Gulf
Marne Avalanche
Marne Torch
Mawtini
Phantom Strike
Phantom Thunder
Polar Tempest
Purple Haze
Saber Guardian
Sledgehammer
Stampede 3
Tiger Hammer
Valiant Guardian (Harris Ba'sil)
2008
Defeat Al Qaeda in the North
Augurs of Prosperity
Phantom Phoenix
2009–2011
New Dawn
Battles2003Invasion
Umm Qasr
Al Faw
Basra I
Nasiriyah
Karbala I
Haditha Dam
Najaf I
Samawah I
Karbala II
Al Kut
Hillah
Karbala Gap
Debecka Pass
Baghdad I
Majar al-Kabir
Ramadan Offensive2004
Spring fighting
Karbala City Hall
Fallujah I
Siege of Sadr City
Ramadi I
Good Friday ambush
Baghdad International Airport
Husaybah
Danny Boy
Najaf II
CIMIC House
Samarra
Fallujah II
Mosul
2005
Lake Tharthar
Abu Ghraib
Al-Qa'im
Hit convoy
Haditha
Tal Afar
2006
Baghdad II
Ramadi II
Diwaniya
Al Rumaythah
Amarah
Turki
2007
Haifa Street
Karbala provincial HQ
Najaf III
Shurta Nasir
Basra II
Baqubah
Route Bismarck
Donkey Island
Karbala III
2008
Spring fighting
Iraqi Day of Ashura
Nineveh
Basra III
Al-Qaeda offensive
2009–2011
Palm Grove (2010)
Related events
Turkish incursions into northern Iraq
2007
2008
Abu Kamal raid
War crimesOccupation forcesKillings andmassacres
During the 2003 invasion
U.S. killings of journalists
Fallujah killings
Killing of Nadhem Abdullah (2003)
Murder of Muhamad Husain Kadir
Mukaradeeb wedding party massacre (2004)
Haifa Street helicopter incident (2005)
Tal Afar shootings (2005)
Basra prison incident (2005)
Haditha massacre (2005)
Mahmudiyah rape and killings (2006)
Ishaqi massacre (2006)
Baghdad detainee killings (2006)
Hamdania incident (2006)
Iraqi bodyguard killing (2006)
Iron Triangle Murders (2006)
Baghdad airstrike (2007)
Nisour Square massacre (2007)
Iraq War Logs (2010)
Chemicalweapons
Use of white phosphorus by the United States (2004–05)
Tortureand abuse
Abu Ghraib prison (2003–06)
Camp Bucca (2003–09)
Camp Nama (2003–04)
Balad Air Base (2003–2011)
Death of Nagem Hatab (2003)
Killing of Baha Mousa (2003)
Death of Abed Hamed Mowhoush (2003)
Killing of Manadel al-Jamadi (2003)
Death of Fashad Mohamed (2004)
§ Other killingsand bombings2003
Jordanian embassy
Canal Hotel
Imam Ali mosque bombing
Baghdad October 2003
2004
Erbil 2004
Ashura massacre
Basra 2004
Mosul 2004
2004 church bombings
Baghdad bombings
14 September
30 September
Karbala and Najaf bombings
Baqubah 2004
Kufa mosque bombing
2005
Al Hillah 2005
Erbil 2005
Musayyib bombing
Baghdad bombings
August
September
Balad 2005
Khanaqin bombings
2006
Karbala and Ramadi
Al-Askari mosque 2006
Buratha mosque bombing
Sadr City bombings
July
November
Hayy Al-Jihad massacre
2007
Mustansiriya University
Baghdad bombings
22 January
3 February
12 February
18 February
29 March
18 April
26 July
1 August
Al Hillah 2007
Tal Afar 2007
Iraqi Parliament
2007 Karbala mosque bombings
Massacres of Yazidis
April massacre
Qahtaniyah bombings
Makhmour
Abu Sayda
Al-Askari mosque 2007
Al-Khilani mosque bombing
Amirli bombing
Kirkuk 2007
Al Amarah bombings
2008
Bagdad bombings
February
March
June
Balad 2008
Karbala 2008
Al-Karmah
Dujail bombing
Balad Ruz bombing
Attacks on Christians in Mosul
2009
Bagdad bombings
March
6 April
June
August
October
December
Baghdad–Miqdadiyah
Taza bombing
Kirkuk 2009
Tal Afar 2009
2010
Nationwide attacks
10 May
25 August
Bagdad bombings
January
February
April
August
September
November
Baqubah 2010
Baghdad church massacre
2011
Nationwide attacks
January
August
Bagdad bombings
January
August
October
Arba'een bombings
Tikrit assault
Al Hillah 2011
Samarra bombing
Al Diwaniyah bombing
Taji bombings
Karbala 2011
Basra 2011
Other war crimes
Raid on Camp Ashraf (2011)
Archaeological looting
Chlorine bombings
Torture by the Wolf Brigade (2004–2011)
Prosecution
United States and the International Criminal Court
Hague Invasion Act
Prosecution for the 2003 invasion
Abtan v. Blackwater
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
Saleh v. Bush
Taguba Report
§ All attacks listed in this group were either committed by insurgents, or have unknown perpetratorsImpactGeneral
Casualties
Iraq Body Count
Iraq Family Health Survey
Lancet surveys
ORB survey
Damage to Baghdad
Al-Aimmah Bridge disaster
Human rights
Humanitarian crisis
2007 cholera outbreak
Financial cost
Refugees
Iraqi Christians
Mandaeans
Violence against Iraqi academics
Politicalcontroversies
Post-invasion WMD conjecture
Iraq scandal in Finland
Dixie Chicks comments
Plame affair
Hood event
Death of David Kelly
Hutton Inquiry
Kidnapping of Angelo dela Cruz
2004 document leak
Al Jazeera bombing memo
Scott Thomas Beauchamp controversy
MoveOn.org ad controversy
Six Days in Fallujah
Role of Canada
War resisters
Investigations
Senate Report on WMD Intelligence
Duelfer Report
Chilcot Inquiry
ReactionsPre-war
Pre-war international reactions
Khuy Voyne!
Saddam Hussein interview
Views on the invasion
U.S. public opinion
Opposition
Criticism
United Nations
Oprah's Anti-war series
Iraqi map pendant
Winter Soldier: Iraq & Afghanistan
Photo Op
A Responsible Plan to End the War in Iraq
Bush shoeing incidentProtests
Halloween 2002
February 15, 2003
March 20, 2003
Bring Them Home Now Tour
January 20, 2005
September 24, 2005
January 27, 2007
March 17, 2007
2007 Port of Tacoma
September 15, 2007
March 19, 2008
Aftermath in Iraq
The rise of ISIL
Insurgency (2011–13)
War in Iraq (2013–17)
War against ISIL (2014–present)
U.S.-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)
Insurgency (2017–present)
MiscellaneousTerminology
Axis of evil
Outposts of tyranny
"Baghdad Bob"
"Chemical Ali"
Coalition of the willing
Dead checking
Embedded journalism
Freedom fries
Friedman Unit
"Mother of All Bombs"
"Mrs. Anthrax"
Old Europe and New Europe
Regime change
Shock and awe
"Sixteen Words"
"Smoking gun / mushroom cloud"
Star Spangled Ice Cream
Strategic reset
"There are unknown unknowns"
Triangle of Death
"Yo, Blair"
Critical
Global arrogance
Inverted totalitarianism
"The wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time"
Memorials
Afghan–Iraqi Freedom Memorial (Salem, Oregon)
Al-Shaheed Monument
Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial (London)
Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial
Old North Memorial Garden
Saving Iraqi Culture
Lists
Assassinations
Aviation shootdowns and accidents
Bombings
Coalition military operations
Documentaries
Iraqi security forces fatality reports
Most-wanted Iraqi playing cards
Private contractor deaths
Timeline
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Related
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
Chelsea Manning
CIA black sites
Efforts to impeach George W. Bush
"Enhanced interrogation techniques"
Torture in the United States
Extraordinary rendition
Green Zone
Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Gulf of Tonkin incident
Resolution
Military–industrial complex
Neoconservatism
Patriot Act
Petrodollar warfare theory
Post-9/11
Special Relationship
The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs
Unilateralism
Unitary executive theory
U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East
WikiLeaks
Ba'ath Party archives
Outline / Category / Wikinews / Multimedia
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Iraq_War-_Wikipedia_Historiography3.jpg"},{"link_name":"book artwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist%27s_book"},{"link_name":"James Bridle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bridle"},{"link_name":"English Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The only copy of the 12-volume setThe Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs is a 2010 book artwork compiled by British artist and technology writer James Bridle. It consists of a 12-volume, 7,000-page set of printed books that show all 12,000 changes made to the English Wikipedia article on the Iraq War from December 2004 to November 2009. The books are an artistic visualization of the changes made to a particular article at Wikipedia. Only one copy was made; the set has not been published and was not intended for sale.[1] The books have been exhibited in galleries in the United States and in Europe.[2]","title":"The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography"},{"link_name":"James Bridle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bridle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Iraq_War-_Wikipedia_Historiography.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The work is a historiography compiled by technology writer James Bridle. It contains changelogs of the page for the Wikipedia article on the Iraq War, including arguments, opinions and vandalism.[3] The work shows the editing process for an article and the process of creation, which includes the opinions and biases of many contributors.[4]The author created their book as a demonstration of the process of making history. They say:Detail of a page[Wikipedia's] not only a resource for collating all human knowledge, but a framework for understanding how that knowledge came to be and to be understood; what was allowed to stand and what was not; what we agree on, and what we cannot...[5] Everything should have a history button. We need to talk about historiography, to surface this process, to challenge absolutist narratives of the past, and thus, those of the present and our future.[6]The project encourages viewers to think of editing contributions and the collections of commentary and disagreement as part of the historical record.[7] It is also an exploration of how recent contributions to various media supplant older contributions and what content may be lost when scholars have access only to the latest publications.[8] Bridle has stated that, despite the history button being on every page of every article, few people use it and to them this phenomenon is the most interesting and enlightening part of Wikipedia.[9]","title":"About"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones-1"},{"link_name":"ReadWriteWeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReadWriteWeb"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A reviewer for Time described the project as a fascinating visual aid.[1] The review in ReadWriteWeb was that the work was \"pretty awesome\".[10]","title":"Reviews"}]
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[{"image_text":"The only copy of the 12-volume set","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_Iraq_War-_Wikipedia_Historiography3.jpg/300px-The_Iraq_War-_Wikipedia_Historiography3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail of a page","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/The_Iraq_War-_Wikipedia_Historiography.jpg/220px-The_Iraq_War-_Wikipedia_Historiography.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Bibliography of Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Wikipedia"}]
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[{"reference":"Jones, Nate (7 September 2010). \"Wikipedia Entry on Iraq War Turned Into Actual Encyclopedia\". time.com. Retrieved 28 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsfeed.time.com/2010/09/07/wikipedia-entry-on-iraq-war-turned-into-actual-encyclopedia/","url_text":"\"Wikipedia Entry on Iraq War Turned Into Actual Encyclopedia\""}]},{"reference":"Bridle, James. \"Iraq War Wikihistoriography\". Retrieved 28 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://shorttermmemoryloss.com/portfolio/project/iraq-war-wikihistoriography","url_text":"\"Iraq War Wikihistoriography\""}]},{"reference":"Geere, Duncan (8 September 2010). \"Which Wikipedia page has 12 volumes worth of edits?\". Wired. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120709071512/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2010-09/08/wikpiedia-page-printing","url_text":"\"Which Wikipedia page has 12 volumes worth of edits?\""},{"url":"https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2010-09/08/wikpiedia-page-printing","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bilton, Nick (9 September 2010). \"The Story Behind a Wikipedia Entry\". New York Times. Retrieved 28 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/the-backstory-of-wikipedias-take-on-the-iraq-war/","url_text":"\"The Story Behind a Wikipedia Entry\""}]},{"reference":"Bridle, James (6 September 2010). \"On Wikipedia, Cultural Patrimony, and Historiography\". booktwo.org. Retrieved 28 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://booktwo.org/notebook/wikipedia-historiography/","url_text":"\"On Wikipedia, Cultural Patrimony, and Historiography\""}]},{"reference":"Cole, Stryker (8 September 2010). \"On Wikipedia, Cultural Patrimony, and Historiography\". urlesque.com. Retrieved 28 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.urlesque.com/2010/09/08/books-wikipedia-iraq-war","url_text":"\"On Wikipedia, Cultural Patrimony, and Historiography\""}]},{"reference":"Price, Andrew (16 September 2010). \"An Encyclopedia of Every Edit to the Iraq War Wikipedia Entry\". Good. Retrieved 28 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.good.is/post/every-edit-to-the-iraq-war-wikipedia-entry-in-book-form/","url_text":"\"An Encyclopedia of Every Edit to the Iraq War Wikipedia Entry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_(magazine)","url_text":"Good"}]},{"reference":"dConstruct Conference organizer (3 September 2010). \"The Value of Ruins - conference introduction\". 2010.dconstruct.org. Retrieved 1 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://2010.dconstruct.org/speakers/james-bridle","url_text":"\"The Value of Ruins - conference introduction\""}]},{"reference":"Bridle, James (15 January 2011). \"James Bridle on Wikipedia's 10th Anniversary\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 1 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/01/james-bridle-on-wikipedias-10th-anniversary/69643/","url_text":"\"James Bridle on Wikipedia's 10th Anniversary\""}]},{"reference":"Kirkpatrick, Marshall (7 September 2010). \"Archiving Iraq: One Wikipedia Entry's Edit Wars, Printed in 12 Volumes\". readwriteweb.com. Retrieved 28 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/man_turns_single_wikipedia_page_into_beautiful_12.php","url_text":"\"Archiving Iraq: One Wikipedia Entry's Edit Wars, Printed in 12 Volumes\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://newsfeed.time.com/2010/09/07/wikipedia-entry-on-iraq-war-turned-into-actual-encyclopedia/","external_links_name":"\"Wikipedia Entry on Iraq War Turned Into Actual Encyclopedia\""},{"Link":"http://shorttermmemoryloss.com/portfolio/project/iraq-war-wikihistoriography","external_links_name":"\"Iraq War Wikihistoriography\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120709071512/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2010-09/08/wikpiedia-page-printing","external_links_name":"\"Which Wikipedia page has 12 volumes worth of edits?\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2010-09/08/wikpiedia-page-printing","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/the-backstory-of-wikipedias-take-on-the-iraq-war/","external_links_name":"\"The Story Behind a Wikipedia Entry\""},{"Link":"http://booktwo.org/notebook/wikipedia-historiography/","external_links_name":"\"On Wikipedia, Cultural Patrimony, and Historiography\""},{"Link":"http://www.urlesque.com/2010/09/08/books-wikipedia-iraq-war","external_links_name":"\"On Wikipedia, Cultural Patrimony, and Historiography\""},{"Link":"http://www.good.is/post/every-edit-to-the-iraq-war-wikipedia-entry-in-book-form/","external_links_name":"\"An Encyclopedia of Every Edit to the Iraq War Wikipedia Entry\""},{"Link":"http://2010.dconstruct.org/speakers/james-bridle","external_links_name":"\"The Value of Ruins - conference introduction\""},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/01/james-bridle-on-wikipedias-10th-anniversary/69643/","external_links_name":"\"James Bridle on Wikipedia's 10th Anniversary\""},{"Link":"http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/man_turns_single_wikipedia_page_into_beautiful_12.php","external_links_name":"\"Archiving Iraq: One Wikipedia Entry's Edit Wars, Printed in 12 Volumes\""},{"Link":"http://jamesbridle.com/works/iraq-war-wikihistoriography","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://huffduffer.com/dConstruct/25256","external_links_name":"Audio of creator giving talk about this work"},{"Link":"http://rhizome.org/editorial/2011/jun/30/artists-ebooks-unbound-interview-james-bridle/","external_links_name":"Interview with the artist"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oG0nt_mzK7k?t=4m20s","external_links_name":"Video of James Bridle discussing Wikipedia"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatlestrand
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Hatlestrand
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 60°02′47″N 05°54′07″E / 60.04639°N 5.90194°E / 60.04639; 5.90194Village in Western Norway, NorwayHatlestrandVillageView of the villageHatlestrandLocation of the villageShow map of VestlandHatlestrandHatlestrand (Norway)Show map of NorwayCoordinates: 60°02′47″N 05°54′07″E / 60.04639°N 5.90194°E / 60.04639; 5.90194CountryNorwayRegionWestern NorwayCountyVestlandDistrictSunnhordlandMunicipalityKvinnheradArea • Total0.22 km2 (0.08 sq mi)Elevation53 m (174 ft)Population (2013) • Total227 • Density1,032/km2 (2,670/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Post Code5635 Hatlestrand
Hatlestrand is a village in Kvinnherad municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The village is located along the Hardangerfjorden, northeast of the villages of Husa and Ølve. The village has a ferry port called Gjermundshamn, which has regular ferry connections to the island of Varaldsøy and to Årsnes on the opposite side of the fjord. Hatlestrand Church is located in the village.
The 0.22-square-kilometre (54-acre) urban area of Gjermundshamn has a population (2015) of 225, giving the village a population density of 1,023 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,650/sq mi). The rest of the Hatlestrand area is more rural with another 250 residents.
References
^ a b c Statistisk sentralbyrå (1 January 2013). "Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality".
^ "Hatlestranda, Kvinnherad (Hordaland)" (in Norwegian). yr.no. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
^ Store norske leksikon. "Gjermundshamn" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 24 March 2015.
This Vestland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kvinnherad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvinnherad"},{"link_name":"Vestland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestland"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Hardangerfjorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardangerfjorden"},{"link_name":"Husa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husa"},{"link_name":"Ølve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98lve"},{"link_name":"Varaldsøy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varalds%C3%B8y"},{"link_name":"Hatlestrand Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatlestrand_Church"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-3"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ssb-1"}],"text":"Village in Western Norway, NorwayHatlestrand is a village in Kvinnherad municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The village is located along the Hardangerfjorden, northeast of the villages of Husa and Ølve. The village has a ferry port called Gjermundshamn, which has regular ferry connections to the island of Varaldsøy and to Årsnes on the opposite side of the fjord. Hatlestrand Church is located in the village.[3]The 0.22-square-kilometre (54-acre) urban area of Gjermundshamn has a population (2015) of 225, giving the village a population density of 1,023 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,650/sq mi).[1] The rest of the Hatlestrand area is more rural with another 250 residents.","title":"Hatlestrand"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Statistisk sentralbyrå (1 January 2013). \"Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Norway","url_text":"Statistisk sentralbyrå"},{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/186162/urban-settlements.population-and-area-by-municipality.1-january-2013","url_text":"\"Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hatlestranda, Kvinnherad (Hordaland)\" (in Norwegian). yr.no. Retrieved 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yr.no/place/Norway/Hordaland/Kvinnherad/Hatlestranda/","url_text":"\"Hatlestranda, Kvinnherad (Hordaland)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr.no","url_text":"yr.no"}]},{"reference":"Store norske leksikon. \"Gjermundshamn\" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 24 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"https://snl.no/Gjermundshamn","url_text":"\"Gjermundshamn\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hatlestrand¶ms=60_02_47_N_05_54_07_E_type:city_region:NO-46","external_links_name":"60°02′47″N 05°54′07″E / 60.04639°N 5.90194°E / 60.04639; 5.90194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hatlestrand¶ms=60_02_47_N_05_54_07_E_type:city_region:NO-46","external_links_name":"60°02′47″N 05°54′07″E / 60.04639°N 5.90194°E / 60.04639; 5.90194"},{"Link":"https://www.ssb.no/186162/urban-settlements.population-and-area-by-municipality.1-january-2013","external_links_name":"\"Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality\""},{"Link":"http://www.yr.no/place/Norway/Hordaland/Kvinnherad/Hatlestranda/","external_links_name":"\"Hatlestranda, Kvinnherad (Hordaland)\""},{"Link":"https://snl.no/Gjermundshamn","external_links_name":"\"Gjermundshamn\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hatlestrand&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Kiesow
|
Groß Kiesow
|
["1 Transport","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 54°01′N 13°27′E / 54.017°N 13.450°E / 54.017; 13.450Municipality in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, GermanyGroß Kiesow MunicipalityMedieval church in Groß KiesowLocation of Groß Kiesow within Vorpommern-Greifswald district
Groß Kiesow Show map of GermanyGroß Kiesow Show map of Mecklenburg-VorpommernCoordinates: 54°01′N 13°27′E / 54.017°N 13.450°E / 54.017; 13.450CountryGermanyStateMecklenburg-VorpommernDistrictVorpommern-Greifswald Municipal assoc.ZüssowSubdivisions11 OrtsteileGovernment • MayorAstrid ZschiescheArea • Total47.65 km2 (18.40 sq mi)Elevation26 m (85 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total1,279 • Density27/km2 (70/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes17495Dialling codes038356Vehicle registrationVG
Groß Kiesow is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It consists of
Dambeck
Groß Kiesow
Groß Kiesow-Meierei
Kessin
Klein Kiesow
Klein Kiesow-Kolonie
Krebsow
Sanz (Hof I, III, IV, V, VI, VII)
Schlagtow
Schlagtow-Meierei
Strellin
Transport
Groß Kiesow railway station connects Groß Kiesow with Stralsund, Greifswald, Züssow, Usedom, Angermünde, Eberswalde and Berlin.
References
^ "Bevölkerungsstand der Kreise, Ämter und Gemeinden 2022" (XLS) (in German). Statistisches Amt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. 2023.
vteTowns and municipalities in Vorpommern-Greifswald
Ahlbeck
Alt Tellin
Altwarp
Altwigshagen
Anklam
Bandelin
Bargischow
Behrenhoff
Bentzin
Benz
Bergholz
Blankensee
Blesewitz
Boldekow
Boock
Brietzig
Brünzow
Bugewitz
Buggenhagen
Butzow
Daberkow
Dargelin
Dargen
Dersekow
Ducherow
Eggesin
Fahrenwalde
Ferdinandshof
Garz
Glasow
Görmin
Grambin
Grambow
Greifswald
Gribow
Groß Kiesow
Groß Luckow
Groß Polzin
Gützkow
Hammer an der Uecker
Hanshagen
Heinrichswalde
Heringsdorf
Hinrichshagen
Hintersee
Iven
Jarmen
Jatznick
Kamminke
Karlsburg
Karlshagen
Katzow
Kemnitz
Klein Bünzow
Koblentz
Korswandt
Koserow
Krackow
Krien
Kröslin
Kruckow
Krugsdorf
Krummin
Krusenfelde
Lassan
Leopoldshagen
Levenhagen
Liepgarten
Löcknitz
Loddin
Loissin
Loitz
Lubmin
Lübs
Luckow
Lütow
Medow
Meiersberg
Mellenthin
Mesekenhagen
Mölschow
Mönkebude
Murchin
Nadrensee
Neetzow-Liepen
Neu Boltenhagen
Neu Kosenow
Neuenkirchen, Anklam-Land
Neuenkirchen, Landhagen
Nieden
Papendorf
Pasewalk
Peenemünde
Penkun
Plöwen
Polzow
Postlow
Pudagla
Ramin
Rankwitz
Rollwitz
Rossin
Rossow
Rothemühl
Rothenklempenow
Rubenow
Rubkow
Sarnow
Sassen-Trantow
Sauzin
Schmatzin
Schönwalde
Spantekow
Stolpe an der Peene
Stolpe auf Usedom
Strasburg
Torgelow
Trassenheide
Tutow
Ückeritz
Ueckermünde
Usedom
Viereck
Vogelsang-Warsin
Völschow
Wackerow
Weitenhagen
Wietstock
Wilhelmsburg
Wolgast
Wrangelsburg
Wusterhusen
Zemitz
Zempin
Zerrenthin
Ziethen
Zinnowitz
Zirchow
Züssow
Authority control databases
VIAF
This Vorpommern-Greifswald location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Bevölkerungsstand der Kreise, Ämter und Gemeinden 2022\" (XLS) (in German). Statistisches Amt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laiv-mv.de/static/LAIV/Statistik/Dateien/Publikationen/A%20I%20Bev%C3%B6lkerungsstand/A123/2022/A123%202022%2022.xlsx","url_text":"\"Bevölkerungsstand der Kreise, Ämter und Gemeinden 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistisches_Amt_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern","url_text":"Statistisches Amt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Barber_(rugby)
|
James Barber (rugby)
|
["1 Rugby union career","2 Rugby league career","3 Legacy","4 References"]
|
NZ international rugby league footballer
James BarberPersonal informationBorn1885Playing informationWeight69 kg (152 lb; 10 st 12 lb)Rugby unionPositionFullback, Scrum-half
Club
Years
Team
Pld
T
G
FG
P
Wellington
Rugby leaguePositionCentre, Scrum-half
Club
Years
Team
Pld
T
G
FG
P
1908–13
Petone
Representative
Years
Team
Pld
T
G
FG
P
1908–12
New Zealand
6
0
0
0
0
1908–14
Wellington
Source: James Barber was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby league.
Rugby union career
The Petone senior rugby team in 1907 with Barber in the second row on the left. Tom Cross (rugby), Hercules Wright, and Henry Knight were in the back row on the left. were next to him to the left Barber originally played rugby union and represented Wellington. He played at fullback or scrum-half and was part of the side that won the Ranfurly Shield.
Rugby league career
Barber in the Wellington side v Auckland at Victoria Park in 1912.Barber originally missed selection for the professional All Blacks for the 1907–1908 tour of Great Britain and Australia but was placed on stand by. By the time the side reached Australia in 1908 the side was short of backs, due to several players opting to remain in Britain, and Barber was called over to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia.
Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912.
In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.
Legacy
Barber was named as the Halfback in the Petone Panthers' Team of the Century in 2012.
References
^ "Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
^ John Haynes From All Blacks to All Golds: Rugby League's Pioneers, Christchurch, Ryan and Haynes, 1996. ISBN 0-473-03864-1
^ "WHY THEY LOST THE FIRST THREE GAMES IN AUSTRALIA". The Evening Post, Volume LXXVII, Issue 145. 12 June 1909. p. 3. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
^ BARBER, James – 1908 – 09, 1912 nzleague.co.nz
^ Lion Red 1988 Rugby League Annual, New Zealand Rugby Football League, 1988. p.p.151-159
^ Team of the Century WEEK 5 Wellington Rugby League
^ "Petone Rugby League marks its 100th year". stuff.co.nz. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
vteNew Zealand squad – 1907–08 tour of Great Britain and AustraliaHercules Wright (captain), George William Smith (vice-captain), Albert Baskiville (secretary), Hubert Turtill, Harold Rowe, Duncan McGregor, Dally Messenger, Edgar Wrigley, Joseph Lavery, Richard Wynyard, William Wynyard, Lance Todd, Edward Tyne, William Tyler, Arthur Kelly, Tom "Angry" Cross, William Massa Johnston, Eric Watkins, Conrad Byrne, Adam Lile, Daniel Gilchrist, Arthur Callum, Charlie Pearce, William Trevarthen, Charles Dunning, William Mackrell, Daniel Fraser (assistant manager), Jim Gleeson (treasurer), and H.J. Palmer (manager)1908 Australian Leg Only: James Barber
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"}],"text":"James Barber was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby league.","title":"James Barber (rugby)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petone_senior_rugby_team_1907.png"},{"link_name":"Tom Cross (rugby)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cross_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"Hercules Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_Wright"},{"link_name":"Henry Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Knight_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"Ranfurly Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranfurly_Shield"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-2"}],"text":"The Petone senior rugby team in 1907 with Barber in the second row on the left. Tom Cross (rugby), Hercules Wright, and Henry Knight were in the back row on the left. were next to him to the leftBarber originally played rugby union and represented Wellington. He played at fullback or scrum-half and was part of the side that won the Ranfurly Shield.[2]","title":"Rugby union career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auckland_v_Wellington,_1912_at_Victoria_Park.png"},{"link_name":"professional All Blacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"1907–1908 tour of Great Britain and Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907-1908_New_Zealand_rugby_tour_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"first ever trans-Tasman test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907%E2%80%9308_New_Zealand_rugby_tour_of_Australia_and_Great_Britain#1908_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Australia national rugby league team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"1909 tour of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_New_Zealand_rugby_league_tour_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Wellington Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Welly-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Barber in the Wellington side v Auckland at Victoria Park in 1912.Barber originally missed selection for the professional All Blacks for the 1907–1908 tour of Great Britain and Australia but was placed on stand by. By the time the side reached Australia in 1908 the side was short of backs, due to several players opting to remain in Britain, and Barber was called over to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia.Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia.[3] His last game for New Zealand was in 1912.[4]In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.[5][6]","title":"Rugby league career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halfback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Halfback"},{"link_name":"Petone Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petone_Panthers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petone_Rugby_League_marks_its_100th_year-7"}],"text":"Barber was named as the Halfback in the Petone Panthers' Team of the Century in 2012.[7]","title":"Legacy"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Petone senior rugby team in 1907 with Barber in the second row on the left. Tom Cross (rugby), Hercules Wright, and Henry Knight were in the back row on the left. were next to him to the left","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Petone_senior_rugby_team_1907.png/220px-Petone_senior_rugby_team_1907.png"},{"image_text":"Barber in the Wellington side v Auckland at Victoria Park in 1912.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Auckland_v_Wellington%2C_1912_at_Victoria_Park.png/220px-Auckland_v_Wellington%2C_1912_at_Victoria_Park.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/John_Barber/summary.html","url_text":"\"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"WHY THEY LOST THE FIRST THREE GAMES IN AUSTRALIA\". The Evening Post, Volume LXXVII, Issue 145. 12 June 1909. p. 3. Retrieved 20 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19090621.2.21","url_text":"\"WHY THEY LOST THE FIRST THREE GAMES IN AUSTRALIA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evening_Post_(New_Zealand)","url_text":"The Evening Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Petone Rugby League marks its 100th year\". stuff.co.nz. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/local-papers/hutt-news/sport/6751720/Petone-Rugby-League-marks-its-100th-year","url_text":"\"Petone Rugby League marks its 100th year\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/John_Barber/summary.html","external_links_name":"\"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\""},{"Link":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19090621.2.21","external_links_name":"\"WHY THEY LOST THE FIRST THREE GAMES IN AUSTRALIA\""},{"Link":"http://nzleague.co.nz/kiwis/player_profile.php?letter=B&id=29","external_links_name":"BARBER, James – 1908 – 09, 1912"},{"Link":"http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?c=1-4979-0-0-0&sID=252512","external_links_name":"Team of the Century WEEK 5"},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/local-papers/hutt-news/sport/6751720/Petone-Rugby-League-marks-its-100th-year","external_links_name":"\"Petone Rugby League marks its 100th year\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estimate_(horse)
|
Estimate (horse)
|
["1 Background","2 Racing career","2.1 2011: two-year-old season","2.2 2012: three-year-old season","2.3 2013: four-year-old season","2.4 2014: five-year-old season","3 Pedigree","4 References"]
|
Irish-bred Thoroughbred racehorse
EstimateRacing colours of Queen Elizabeth II, as used by her father King George VI and great-grandfather King Edward VII: Purple, gold braid, scarlet sleeves, black velvet cap, gold fringeSireMonsunGrandsireKönigsstuhlDamEbaziyaDamsireDarshaanSexFillyFoaled4 April 2009CountryIrelandColourBayBreederThe Aga Khan's StudsOwnerQueen Elizabeth IITrainerSir Michael StouteRecord13: 5-1-2Earnings£374,228Major winsQueen's Vase (2012)Sagaro Stakes (2013)Ascot Gold Cup (2013)Doncaster Cup (2014)AwardsCartier Champion Stayer (2013)
Estimate (foaled 4 April 2009) is an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse who won the Queen's Vase at Royal Ascot as a three-year-old. As a four-year-old she won the Sagaro Stakes before returning to Royal Ascot to win the Gold Cup. She was owned by Queen Elizabeth II and trained by Sir Michael Stoute. In 2014 she tested positive to morphine in a post race drugs test and was disqualified from second place in the Gold Cup, but went on to win the Doncaster Cup.
Background
Estimate is a bay filly bred by the Aga Khan's Studs and foaled on 4 April 2009. She was sired by Monsun, who won the Europa Preis twice. He was also a successful stallion, siring Shirocco, Manduro and Stacelita. Estimate's dam is Ebaziya, a daughter of Darshaan. Ebaziya was trained by John Oxx and won three Listed races in Ireland, including the Ballysax Stakes. The 2009 produce of Ebaziya was made available to Queen Elizabeth II as part of an 80th birthday present from the Aga Khan. She was sent to German sire Monsun, resulting Estimate. She is the 14th and last foal of Ebaziya and one of her eight winning offspring.
Estimate's half-brother, Enzeli, also won the Gold Cup in 1999. Estimate is trained by Sir Michael Stoute.
Racing career
2011: two-year-old season
Estimate's only race as a two-year-old was a maiden over 8+1⁄2 furlongs at Leicester. She was slowly away at the start and raced in the rear for most of the race. She made a few places up near the end of the race and finished in seventh, about eight lengths behind winner Esentepe. Esentepe went on to win the Nell Gwyn Stakes the following season.
2012: three-year-old season
Estimate's regular jockey Ryan Moore
Estimate started her three-year-old career in a twelve furlong maiden at Salisbury. She started the race at the price of 12/1 and was positioned in the middle of the pack by jockey Pat Dobbs. She took the lead with over one furlong left to run and stayed on to win by two and three-quarters of a length from Mysterious Man. Despite only winning a maiden she started as the 3/1 favourite for the Queen's Vase at Royal Ascot. Estimate was ridden by Ryan Moore for the first time, who placed her in the middle of the field. She began to move through the field three furlongs out and took the lead two out. At the end of the race she pulled clear to win by five lengths from Athens. Ed De Gas was a further length and a half behind in third place, with Macbeth in fourth.
At Glorious Goodwood she contested the Lillie Langtry Stakes. In the closing stages she was unable to catch leader Wild Coco and was just overtaken by Jehannedarc in the final few yards, finishing third, about three lengths behind winner Wild Coco. Estimate faced Wild Coco again in the Park Hill Stakes in September. She pulled three lengths clear with one furlong left to run, but was overhauled by Wild Coco and Hazel Lavery, eventually finishing third, one and three quarter lengths behind winner Wild Coco.
2013: four-year-old season
In the Sagaro Stakes, Estimate followed the leaders until making her challenge in the closing stages of the race. She took the lead one furlong out and won by one and three-quarters of a length from Caucus, with Sir Graham Wade a further half length back in third place.
In June she returned to Ascot for the Royal meeting and contested the Ascot Gold Cup, her first attempt at Group 1 level. Saddler's Rock led the race for the first few furlongs, with Estimate, ridden by regular jockey Ryan Moore, near also near the front. Moore asked for an effort as they turned into the finishing straight and took the lead from Colour Vision with one furlong still to run. Estimate was challenged by Simenon and Top Trip, but held on to win by a neck from Simenon.
Top Trip was a further length behind in third, with Colour Vision finishing fourth. The Queen was due to present the trophy to the winner, but it was instead presented by her son Prince Andrew. Estimate's victory was the first time the Gold Cup had been won by the reigning monarch.
On her only subsequent appearance in 2013, Estimate started 2/1 favourite for the British Champions Long Distance Cup at Ascot on 19 October, but made no impact, finishing seventh of the twelve runners behind Royal Diamond.
2014: five-year-old season
Sculpture of Estimate at Sandringham House
Estimate remained in training as a five-year-old, with the Gold Cup as her objective. She suffered from muscular problems in her right hind leg and Stoute was unable to give her a trial race before she ran in the Gold Cup on 19 June. Starting at odds of 8/1 she raced in mid-division before moving up to challenge the leaders in the straight. In a closely contested finish she was beaten into second place, a neck behind the 2013 St Leger winner Leading Light. Ryan Moore reportedly described the mare's performance as a "career best".
In a post race drugs test, Estimate tested positive to morphine, a drug banned on race days, and was disqualified from second place in the Gold Cup. The drug is believed to have been in contaminated food. Four other horses also tested positive to the drug. Her trainer faced no sanction as a result of the poppy seed defence. The filly finished last of the eight runners when starting 2/1 favourite for the Goodwood Cup on 31 July, but returned to form at York in August when she finished second to the Irish mare Pale Mimosa in the Lonsdale Cup.
On 12 September Estimate started the 11/8 favourite for the Doncaster Cup against eleven opponents headed by Time's Up, who had won the last two runnings of the race. Moore positioned the mare just behind the leaders before moving forward in the straight. She took the lead from Brass Ring approaching the final furlong and held on in the closing stages to win by one and a quarter lengths from the six-year-old gelding Whiplash Willie with the 80/1 outsider Kalann in third. After the race Moore said "She was never going to get beat today. She travelled sweetly and she battles away. I never really asked for a serious question and there was plenty left in the tank". On her final racecourse appearance the mare ran for the second time in the British Long Distance Cup and started at odds of 8/1. Racing on heavy ground she tired badly in the last half-mile and finished last of the nine runners behind Forgotten Rules.
Estimate was retired to the Royal Stud at the end of that season and the following Spring covered by Dubawi by whom she had a colt foal in early 2016. She returned to be covered by Dubawi in 2016.
Pedigree
Pedigree of Estimate (IRE), bay mare 2009
SireMonsun (GER)1990
Konigsstuhl (GER)1976
Dschingis Khan
Tamerlane
Donna Diana
Konigskronung
Tiepoletto
Kronung
Mosella (GER)1985
Surumu
Literat
Surama
Monashia
Authi
Monacensia
DamEbaziya (IRE)1989
Darshaan (GB)1981
Shirley Heights
Mill Reef
Hardiemma
Delsy
Abdos
Kelty
Ezana (IRE)1983
Ela-Mana-Mou
Pitcairn
Rose Bertin
Evisa
Dan Cupid
Albanilla
References
^ The Racing Calendar, Owners' Registered Colours, July 1st 2017
^ a b c "Estimate". Racing Post. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
^ "Monsun". Racing Post. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
^ "Ebaziya". Racing Post. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
^ a b Schlink, Leo (21 June 2013). "The Queen becomes first ruling monarch in 207 years to win Gold Cup as Estimate scores". Herald Sun. London. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
^ Madgwick, Tara (21 June 2013). "Queen Wins Ascot Gold Cup". Breed Net. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
^ "Estimate wins gold cup" (PDF). ANZ. 21 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
^ "Results From The 5.00 Race At Leicester". Racing Post. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
^ "Esentepe". Racing Post. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
^ "Results From The 4.10 Race at Salisbury". Racing Post. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
^ "Queen's Vase result". Racing Post. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
^ "Lillie Langtry Stakes result". Racing Post. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
^ "Park Hill Stakes result". Racing Post. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
^ "Sagaro Stakes result". Racing Post. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
^ "Queen's horse Estimate wins Gold Cup at Royal Ascot Ladies' Day". The Guardian. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
^ "Ascot Gold Cup result". Racing Post. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
^ Frank Keogh. "Royal Ascot: The Queen's horse Estimate wins historic Gold Cup". BBC. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
^ Tom Park (19 June 2014). "Leading Light denies Estimate in Gold Cup thriller". Racing Post. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
^ "Queen's horse Estimate tests positive for morphine". BBC Sport. 22 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
^ Wood, Greg (25 September 2014). "The Queen's Estimate disqualified from Gold Cup in morphine case". The Guardian.
^ Estimate digs deep to repel Cup rivals Racing Post. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
^ "Estimate pedigree". Equineline. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"racehorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racehorse"},{"link_name":"Queen's Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Vase"},{"link_name":"Royal Ascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ascot"},{"link_name":"Sagaro Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagaro_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Gold Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Sir Michael Stoute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stoute"},{"link_name":"morphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine"},{"link_name":"Doncaster Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Cup"}],"text":"Estimate (foaled 4 April 2009) is an Irish-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse who won the Queen's Vase at Royal Ascot as a three-year-old. As a four-year-old she won the Sagaro Stakes before returning to Royal Ascot to win the Gold Cup. She was owned by Queen Elizabeth II and trained by Sir Michael Stoute. In 2014 she tested positive to morphine in a post race drugs test and was disqualified from second place in the Gold Cup, but went on to win the Doncaster Cup.","title":"Estimate (horse)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(horse)"},{"link_name":"filly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filly"},{"link_name":"Aga Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racingpost1-2"},{"link_name":"Monsun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsun"},{"link_name":"Europa Preis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preis_von_Europa"},{"link_name":"Shirocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirocco"},{"link_name":"Manduro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manduro"},{"link_name":"Stacelita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacelita"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ebaziya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebaziya"},{"link_name":"Darshaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darshaan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racingpost1-2"},{"link_name":"John Oxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Oxx"},{"link_name":"Listed races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_race#Europe"},{"link_name":"Ballysax Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballysax_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leo21jun-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leo21jun-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tara21june-6"},{"link_name":"Enzeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzeli_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anz21june-7"},{"link_name":"Sir Michael Stoute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Michael_Stoute"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-racingpost1-2"}],"text":"Estimate is a bay filly bred by the Aga Khan's Studs and foaled on 4 April 2009.[2] She was sired by Monsun, who won the Europa Preis twice. He was also a successful stallion, siring Shirocco, Manduro and Stacelita.[3] Estimate's dam is Ebaziya, a daughter of Darshaan.[2] Ebaziya was trained by John Oxx and won three Listed races in Ireland, including the Ballysax Stakes.[4] The 2009 produce of Ebaziya was made available to Queen Elizabeth II as part of an 80th birthday present from the Aga Khan.[5] She was sent to German sire Monsun, resulting Estimate.[5] She is the 14th and last foal of Ebaziya and one of her eight winning offspring.[6]Estimate's half-brother, Enzeli, also won the Gold Cup in 1999.[7] Estimate is trained by Sir Michael Stoute.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_race"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nell Gwyn Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nell_Gwyn_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"2011: two-year-old season","text":"Estimate's only race as a two-year-old was a maiden over 8+1⁄2 furlongs at Leicester. She was slowly away at the start and raced in the rear for most of the race. She made a few places up near the end of the race and finished in seventh, about eight lengths behind winner Esentepe.[8] Esentepe went on to win the Nell Gwyn Stakes the following season.[9]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ryan_Moore_IMG_0293_20121224.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ryan Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Moore_(jockey)"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"12/1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-odds_betting"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Queen's Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Vase"},{"link_name":"Royal Ascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ascot"},{"link_name":"Ryan Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Moore_(jockey)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Glorious Goodwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwood_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Lillie Langtry Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillie_Langtry_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Park Hill Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Hill_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"2012: three-year-old season","text":"Estimate's regular jockey Ryan MooreEstimate started her three-year-old career in a twelve furlong maiden at Salisbury. She started the race at the price of 12/1 and was positioned in the middle of the pack by jockey Pat Dobbs. She took the lead with over one furlong left to run and stayed on to win by two and three-quarters of a length from Mysterious Man.[10] Despite only winning a maiden she started as the 3/1 favourite for the Queen's Vase at Royal Ascot. Estimate was ridden by Ryan Moore for the first time, who placed her in the middle of the field. She began to move through the field three furlongs out and took the lead two out. At the end of the race she pulled clear to win by five lengths from Athens. Ed De Gas was a further length and a half behind in third place, with Macbeth in fourth.[11]At Glorious Goodwood she contested the Lillie Langtry Stakes. In the closing stages she was unable to catch leader Wild Coco and was just overtaken by Jehannedarc in the final few yards, finishing third, about three lengths behind winner Wild Coco.[12] Estimate faced Wild Coco again in the Park Hill Stakes in September. She pulled three lengths clear with one furlong left to run, but was overhauled by Wild Coco and Hazel Lavery, eventually finishing third, one and three quarter lengths behind winner Wild Coco.[13]","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sagaro Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagaro_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ascot Gold Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascot_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"Group 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_One"},{"link_name":"Saddler's Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saddler%27s_Rock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colour Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_Vision_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Prince Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York"},{"link_name":"monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"British Champions Long Distance Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Champions_Long_Distance_Cup"}],"sub_title":"2013: four-year-old season","text":"In the Sagaro Stakes, Estimate followed the leaders until making her challenge in the closing stages of the race. She took the lead one furlong out and won by one and three-quarters of a length from Caucus, with Sir Graham Wade a further half length back in third place.[14]In June she returned to Ascot for the Royal meeting and contested the Ascot Gold Cup, her first attempt at Group 1 level. Saddler's Rock led the race for the first few furlongs, with Estimate, ridden by regular jockey Ryan Moore, near also near the front. Moore asked for an effort as they turned into the finishing straight and took the lead from Colour Vision with one furlong still to run. Estimate was challenged by Simenon and Top Trip, but held on to win by a neck from Simenon.[15]\nTop Trip was a further length behind in third, with Colour Vision finishing fourth.[16] The Queen was due to present the trophy to the winner, but it was instead presented by her son Prince Andrew. Estimate's victory was the first time the Gold Cup had been won by the reigning monarch.[17]On her only subsequent appearance in 2013, Estimate started 2/1 favourite for the British Champions Long Distance Cup at Ascot on 19 October, but made no impact, finishing seventh of the twelve runners behind Royal Diamond.","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sandringham_-_Sandringham_House_-_20210515134813.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sandringham House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandringham_House"},{"link_name":"St Leger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Leger_Stakes"},{"link_name":"Leading Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_Light"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"morphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-28430528-19"},{"link_name":"poppy seed defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppy_seed_defence"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Goodwood Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwood_Cup"},{"link_name":"Lonsdale Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonsdale_Cup"},{"link_name":"Doncaster Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Cup"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Dubawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubawi"}],"sub_title":"2014: five-year-old season","text":"Sculpture of Estimate at Sandringham HouseEstimate remained in training as a five-year-old, with the Gold Cup as her objective. She suffered from muscular problems in her right hind leg and Stoute was unable to give her a trial race before she ran in the Gold Cup on 19 June. Starting at odds of 8/1 she raced in mid-division before moving up to challenge the leaders in the straight. In a closely contested finish she was beaten into second place, a neck behind the 2013 St Leger winner Leading Light. Ryan Moore reportedly described the mare's performance as a \"career best\".[18]In a post race drugs test, Estimate tested positive to morphine, a drug banned on race days, and was disqualified from second place in the Gold Cup. The drug is believed to have been in contaminated food. Four other horses also tested positive to the drug.[19] Her trainer faced no sanction as a result of the poppy seed defence.[20] The filly finished last of the eight runners when starting 2/1 favourite for the Goodwood Cup on 31 July, but returned to form at York in August when she finished second to the Irish mare Pale Mimosa in the Lonsdale Cup.On 12 September Estimate started the 11/8 favourite for the Doncaster Cup against eleven opponents headed by Time's Up, who had won the last two runnings of the race. Moore positioned the mare just behind the leaders before moving forward in the straight. She took the lead from Brass Ring approaching the final furlong and held on in the closing stages to win by one and a quarter lengths from the six-year-old gelding Whiplash Willie with the 80/1 outsider Kalann in third. After the race Moore said \"She was never going to get beat today. She travelled sweetly and she battles away. I never really asked for a serious question and there was plenty left in the tank\".[21] On her final racecourse appearance the mare ran for the second time in the British Long Distance Cup and started at odds of 8/1. Racing on heavy ground she tired badly in the last half-mile and finished last of the nine runners behind Forgotten Rules.Estimate was retired to the Royal Stud at the end of that season and the following Spring covered by Dubawi by whom she had a colt foal in early 2016. She returned to be covered by Dubawi in 2016.","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pedigree"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Estimate's regular jockey Ryan Moore","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ryan_Moore_IMG_0293_20121224.JPG/170px-Ryan_Moore_IMG_0293_20121224.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sculpture of Estimate at Sandringham House","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sandringham_-_Sandringham_House_-_20210515134813.jpg/220px-Sandringham_-_Sandringham_House_-_20210515134813.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Estimate\". Racing Post. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/profile/horse/792639/estimate","url_text":"\"Estimate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monsun\". Racing Post. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/profile/horse/84824/monsun","url_text":"\"Monsun\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ebaziya\". Racing Post. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/profile/horse/69940/ebaziya","url_text":"\"Ebaziya\""}]},{"reference":"Schlink, Leo (21 June 2013). \"The Queen becomes first ruling monarch in 207 years to win Gold Cup as Estimate scores\". Herald Sun. London. Retrieved 22 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/world/riposte-victory-at-royal-ascot-a-fitting-tribute-for-sir-henry/story-fni0xs61-1226667168349","url_text":"\"The Queen becomes first ruling monarch in 207 years to win Gold Cup as Estimate scores\""}]},{"reference":"Madgwick, Tara (21 June 2013). \"Queen Wins Ascot Gold Cup\". Breed Net. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140304230742/http://www.breednet.com.au/news2006.asp?id=90880#.UcV71D7AVgs","url_text":"\"Queen Wins Ascot Gold Cup\""},{"url":"http://www.breednet.com.au/news2006.asp?id=90880#.UcV71D7AVgs","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Estimate wins gold cup\" (PDF). ANZ. 21 June 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063342/http://www.anzbloodstocknews.com/newsletters/ANZ_Jun_21_2013.pdf","url_text":"\"Estimate wins gold cup\""},{"url":"http://www.anzbloodstocknews.com/newsletters/ANZ_Jun_21_2013.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Results From The 5.00 Race At Leicester\". Racing Post. Retrieved 20 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/2/ascot/2013-06-20/576292","url_text":"\"Results From The 5.00 Race At Leicester\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Post","url_text":"Racing Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Esentepe\". Racing Post. Retrieved 20 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/profile/horse/779142/esentepe","url_text":"\"Esentepe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Results From The 4.10 Race at Salisbury\". Racing Post. Retrieved 20 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/52/salisbury/2012-05-06/552472","url_text":"\"Results From The 4.10 Race at Salisbury\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Post","url_text":"Racing Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Queen's Vase result\". Racing Post. Retrieved 20 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/2/ascot/2012-06-22/556906","url_text":"\"Queen's Vase result\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Post","url_text":"Racing Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Lillie Langtry Stakes result\". Racing Post. Retrieved 20 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/21/goodwood/2012-08-02/560057","url_text":"\"Lillie Langtry Stakes result\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Post","url_text":"Racing Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Park Hill Stakes result\". Racing Post. Retrieved 20 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/15/doncaster/2012-09-13/562472","url_text":"\"Park Hill Stakes result\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Post","url_text":"Racing Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Sagaro Stakes result\". Racing Post. Retrieved 20 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/2/ascot/2013-05-01/576320","url_text":"\"Sagaro Stakes result\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Post","url_text":"Racing Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Queen's horse Estimate wins Gold Cup at Royal Ascot Ladies' Day\". The Guardian. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jun/20/queen-horse-estimate-royal-ascot","url_text":"\"Queen's horse Estimate wins Gold Cup at Royal Ascot Ladies' Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ascot Gold Cup result\". Racing Post. Retrieved 20 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/2/ascot/2013-06-20/576292","url_text":"\"Ascot Gold Cup result\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Post","url_text":"Racing Post"}]},{"reference":"Frank Keogh. \"Royal Ascot: The Queen's horse Estimate wins historic Gold Cup\". BBC. Retrieved 20 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/horse-racing/22985971","url_text":"\"Royal Ascot: The Queen's horse Estimate wins historic Gold Cup\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Park (19 June 2014). \"Leading Light denies Estimate in Gold Cup thriller\". Racing Post. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185459/http://www.racingpost.com/news/horse-racing/estimate-a-p-obrien-j-obrien-royal-ascot-leading-light-lands-gold-cup-thriller/1676553/top/#newsArchiveTabs=last7DaysNews","url_text":"\"Leading Light denies Estimate in Gold Cup thriller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Post","url_text":"Racing Post"},{"url":"http://www.racingpost.com/news/horse-racing/estimate-a-p-obrien-j-obrien-royal-ascot-leading-light-lands-gold-cup-thriller/1676553/top/#newsArchiveTabs=last7DaysNews","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Queen's horse Estimate tests positive for morphine\". BBC Sport. 22 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/horse-racing/28430528","url_text":"\"Queen's horse Estimate tests positive for morphine\""}]},{"reference":"Wood, Greg (25 September 2014). \"The Queen's Estimate disqualified from Gold Cup in morphine case\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/sep/25/the-queen-estimate-disqualified-gold-cup-morphine","url_text":"\"The Queen's Estimate disqualified from Gold Cup in morphine case\""}]},{"reference":"\"Estimate pedigree\". Equineline. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.equineline.com/Free-5X-Pedigree.cfm?page_state=ORDER_AND_CONFIRM&reference_number=8852739®istry=T&horse_name==Estimate%20(IRE)&dam_name==Ebaziya%20(IRE)&foaling_year=2009&nicking_stats_indicator=Y","url_text":"\"Estimate pedigree\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://support.racingadmin.co.uk/opencms/export/sites/weatherbys/racing-admin-support/.galleries/racing-admin-downloads/Colours-registered-as-of-1st-July-2017.pdf","external_links_name":"The Racing Calendar, Owners' Registered Colours, July 1st 2017"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/profile/horse/792639/estimate","external_links_name":"\"Estimate\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/profile/horse/84824/monsun","external_links_name":"\"Monsun\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/profile/horse/69940/ebaziya","external_links_name":"\"Ebaziya\""},{"Link":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/world/riposte-victory-at-royal-ascot-a-fitting-tribute-for-sir-henry/story-fni0xs61-1226667168349","external_links_name":"\"The Queen becomes first ruling monarch in 207 years to win Gold Cup as Estimate scores\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140304230742/http://www.breednet.com.au/news2006.asp?id=90880#.UcV71D7AVgs","external_links_name":"\"Queen Wins Ascot Gold Cup\""},{"Link":"http://www.breednet.com.au/news2006.asp?id=90880#.UcV71D7AVgs","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063342/http://www.anzbloodstocknews.com/newsletters/ANZ_Jun_21_2013.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Estimate wins gold cup\""},{"Link":"http://www.anzbloodstocknews.com/newsletters/ANZ_Jun_21_2013.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/2/ascot/2013-06-20/576292","external_links_name":"\"Results From The 5.00 Race At Leicester\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/profile/horse/779142/esentepe","external_links_name":"\"Esentepe\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/52/salisbury/2012-05-06/552472","external_links_name":"\"Results From The 4.10 Race at Salisbury\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/2/ascot/2012-06-22/556906","external_links_name":"\"Queen's Vase result\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/21/goodwood/2012-08-02/560057","external_links_name":"\"Lillie Langtry Stakes result\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/15/doncaster/2012-09-13/562472","external_links_name":"\"Park Hill Stakes result\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/2/ascot/2013-05-01/576320","external_links_name":"\"Sagaro Stakes result\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jun/20/queen-horse-estimate-royal-ascot","external_links_name":"\"Queen's horse Estimate wins Gold Cup at Royal Ascot Ladies' Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.racingpost.com/results/2/ascot/2013-06-20/576292","external_links_name":"\"Ascot Gold Cup result\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/horse-racing/22985971","external_links_name":"\"Royal Ascot: The Queen's horse Estimate wins historic Gold Cup\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185459/http://www.racingpost.com/news/horse-racing/estimate-a-p-obrien-j-obrien-royal-ascot-leading-light-lands-gold-cup-thriller/1676553/top/#newsArchiveTabs=last7DaysNews","external_links_name":"\"Leading Light denies Estimate in Gold Cup thriller\""},{"Link":"http://www.racingpost.com/news/horse-racing/estimate-a-p-obrien-j-obrien-royal-ascot-leading-light-lands-gold-cup-thriller/1676553/top/#newsArchiveTabs=last7DaysNews","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/horse-racing/28430528","external_links_name":"\"Queen's horse Estimate tests positive for morphine\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/sep/25/the-queen-estimate-disqualified-gold-cup-morphine","external_links_name":"\"The Queen's Estimate disqualified from Gold Cup in morphine case\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140915163525/http://www.racingpost.com/news/horse-racing/sir-michael-stoute-the-queen-ryan-moore-doncaster-st-leger-doncaster-estimate-digs-deep-to-repel-cup-rivals/1718730/#newsArchiveTabs=last7DaysNews","external_links_name":"Estimate digs deep to repel Cup rivals"},{"Link":"http://www.equineline.com/Free-5X-Pedigree.cfm?page_state=ORDER_AND_CONFIRM&reference_number=8852739®istry=T&horse_name==Estimate%20(IRE)&dam_name==Ebaziya%20(IRE)&foaling_year=2009&nicking_stats_indicator=Y","external_links_name":"\"Estimate pedigree\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-14_(magazine)
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J-14 (magazine)
|
["1 History and profile","2 Circulation","3 References","4 External links"]
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American magazine targeted at preteen and teenaged girls
J-14The July 2014 issue of J-14. From left to right: Selena Gomez, Niall Horan, Harry Styles, Ariana Grande, and Austin Mahone.FrequencyMonthlyTotal circulation(2011)321,558Founded1998First issueJanuary 1999CompanyAmerican Media, Inc.CountryUnited StatesBased inEnglewood Cliffs, New JerseyLanguageEnglish, SpanishWebsitej-14.com
J-14 is a monthly teenage magazine marketed at pre-teen and teenage girls around age 11–19. It is one of the earliest teen celebrity magazines. The magazine was among the top children's magazines in the 2012 list of Forbes.
In November 2023, it was announced that the print edition of J-14 would be discontinued in January 2024.
History and profile
Launched in 1998, the first issue of the magazine hit stands in January 1999. It was started by Bauer Publishing, the United States division of the German firm Bauer Verlagsgruppe. The contents of these magazines include features like teen gossip, quizzes, fashion, posters, and information on celebrities that pertain to the readers. The name of the publication is a sound-alike abbreviation of its tagline "Just For Teens".
The headquarters of J-14 is in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
In April 2015, the Spanish language online edition the magazine was launched.
American Media, Inc. acquired Bauer's US children's magazines in 2018.
Circulation
An annual survey in 2007 by Experian Simmons Research of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, found that J-14 tied the former Nickelodeon Magazine among American girls 8–14 for familiarity, with nearly one in three girls in that age group surveyed saying they had read or looked at the magazine. Circulation was 217,183 copies in 2006.
References
^ ABC
^ a b Jason Collazo (3 March 2012). "Top Children Magazines In 2012". Forbes. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ Errol Lewis (11 November 2023). "Stephanie Sloane Exits A360media As VP, Editorial Director". Soap Opera Network. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
^ "Media Kit 2015" (PDF). My In Touch Weekly. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
^ Nadine Cheung (9 February 2011). "J-14 Seeks New Editorial Team Member, Like, Seriously". FishbowlNY. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
^ "Bauer Xcel Media Announces the WorldWide Launch of J-14 Espanol: es.j-14.com". PR News. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
^ "Bauer Media sells most of US portfolio – 17 titles down to just four". Mediaweek. 2018-06-18. Retrieved 2018-07-29.
^ Olson, Elizabeth OMG! Cute Boys, Kissing Tips and Lots of Pics, as Magazines Find a Niche, New York Times, 28 May 2007, Retrieved 24 January 2009
External links
J-14 Official Web Site
J-14 Official Spanish Web Site
vteA360media
Closer (US)
Flex
Globe
In Touch
J-14
Muscle & Fitness
National Enquirer
National Examiner
OK! (US)
Radar Online
Snowboarder Magazine
Star
Us Weekly
This teens magazine–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Jason Collazo (3 March 2012). \"Top Children Magazines In 2012\". Forbes. Retrieved 3 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasoncollazo/2012/03/06/top-children-magazines-in-2012/","url_text":"\"Top Children Magazines In 2012\""}]},{"reference":"Errol Lewis (11 November 2023). \"Stephanie Sloane Exits A360media As VP, Editorial Director\". Soap Opera Network. Retrieved 12 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soapoperanetwork.com/2023/11/stephanie-sloane-exits-soap-opera-digest-vp-editorial-director","url_text":"\"Stephanie Sloane Exits A360media As VP, Editorial Director\""}]},{"reference":"\"Media Kit 2015\" (PDF). My In Touch Weekly. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208142936/http://www.myintouchweekly.com/bauerpublishing/mediakits/BTG-MK-2015.pdf","url_text":"\"Media Kit 2015\""},{"url":"http://www.myintouchweekly.com/bauerpublishing/mediakits/BTG-MK-2015.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nadine Cheung (9 February 2011). \"J-14 Seeks New Editorial Team Member, Like, Seriously\". FishbowlNY. Retrieved 28 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adweek.com/fishbowlny/j-14-seeks-new-editorial-team-member-like-seriously/314416","url_text":"\"J-14 Seeks New Editorial Team Member, Like, Seriously\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bauer Xcel Media Announces the WorldWide Launch of J-14 Espanol: es.j-14.com\". PR News. Retrieved 28 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bauer-xcel-media-announces-the-worldwide-launch-of-j-14-espanol-esj-14com-300060913.html","url_text":"\"Bauer Xcel Media Announces the WorldWide Launch of J-14 Espanol: es.j-14.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bauer Media sells most of US portfolio – 17 titles down to just four\". Mediaweek. 2018-06-18. Retrieved 2018-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://mediaweek.com.au/bauer-media-sells-us-portfolio-ami-2018/","url_text":"\"Bauer Media sells most of US portfolio – 17 titles down to just four\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Defiled
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The Defiled
|
["1 History","1.1 Early years, 1888 and Grave Times (2005–2011)","1.2 Line-up changes, Nuclear Blast, Daggers and break-up(2012–2016)","2 Band members","2.1 Timeline","3 Discography","4 References"]
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British metal band
"Defiled" redirects here. For other uses, see Defile (disambiguation) and Defilement (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Defiled" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The DefiledOriginLondon, EnglandGenresMetalcore, industrial metal, groove metalYears active2005–2016LabelsNuclear Blast, Raise the Game, In at the Deep EndMembersLee Downer aka Stitch D The AvDVincent HydeNeedlesPast membersDrex ExelJ.C BrutalAaron CurseJ.J. Gun (Tour Member)Websitethedefiled.net
The Defiled were a four-piece British band from London mixing groove-laden hardcore/metal with electronic music influences. They have been described by Kerrang! magazine as "The saviours of UK Metal" and championed by Metal Hammer as one of the leaders in a new wave of British metal along with bands such as While She Sleeps, Bury Tomorrow and Devil Sold His Soul. The band have built a fanbase following support slots with bands such as Murderdolls, Static-X, Godsmack, Deathstars and Motionless in White as well as playing Bloodstock, Download and Sonisphere festivals.
History
Early years, 1888 and Grave Times (2005–2011)
The band formed in 2005, and quickly embarked a number of tours early in their careers including their second, entitled "The Black Death Tour" climaxing in a sold out London show at the Underworld. These gigs have earned the band a reputation for their energetic and chaotic live shows.
With a series of sought-after demos trading between fans, the band released their first EP (1888) in 2009, and released their full album Grave Times for free, in the January issue of Metal Hammer. The Deluxe edition of the album (including a bonus disc), which had more preorders than both Rob Zombie and Foo Fighters and included the 1888 ReWorks EP and 2 music videos, was released on 14 February 2011.
The Defiled headlined the Jägermeister stage at Sonisphere in July 2011 and opened the main stage at Bloodstock Open Air in August of the same year. They were nominated for the Best New British Band award in the Metal Hammer 2011 Golden Gods awards.
Line-up changes, Nuclear Blast, Daggers and break-up(2012–2016)
In 2012 The Defiled opened for the Jägermeister Music tour 2012 at the Brixton Academy, supporting Black Spiders, Therapy? and Skindred, and performed at South By South West in a Metal Hammer Showcase, as well as play on the Third Stage at Download Festival 2012.
7 March 2012 saw the official welcome of Paul 'Needles' White, the band's 12th drummer, to the band replacing J.C. In June 2012 they won Best New Band at the Metal Hammer Golden Gods awards. The band opened up a PledgeMusic campaign to aid the funding of their second album, recorded in Florida with producer Jason Suecof. The campaign reached its target with over a week to go. To accompany the album, The Defiled also released a live album of Grave Times performed in full. The Defiled supported DragonForce along with Alestorm on the UK and Irish leg of their European Tour in Autumn 2012. In November 2012 they were announced for the 2013 Jägermeister UK Music Tour, supporting Gojira and Ghost. From February to March 2013, they supported Bury Tomorrow on their first European headline tour. On 12 March 2013 Daniel P. Carter premiered a new song, "Sleeper", on BBC Radio One. On 15 March they announced that they had signed to Nuclear Blast to release their second album, Daggers. In May 2013 The Defiled set about some special intimate UK shows in the south but then later expanded the dates doing a full UK tour including a slot at Crooked Ways Festival. On 21 June, on the eve of their first ever US tour with Davey Suicide and The Bunny The Bear (which included a performance on the St Petersburg leg of the Vans Warped Tour), they released their Grave Times Live album to those who had pledged towards the funding of Daggers.
In September 2013, The Defiled toured alongside Glamour of the Kill as the support to Motionless in White on their Infamous UK Tour 2013.
In February 2014, the band embarked on a UK tour with support from Butcher Babies and The Killing Lights.
In July 2014, Aaron Curse left the band. A tribute in the music video for Infected was made to him, in which he was officially "killed off".
In September 2014, the four-piece travelled to Greenland to film a live set on an iceberg, playing a 30-minute set which included songs from their latest album 'daggers'. In doing this, they became the first band ever to play on a free-floating iceberg.
In November 2014, The Defiled toured with Special Guests Avatar as the headliner for the UK leg and as support during the European legs.
They went on a European Tour in May 2016 with In This Moment and also their own headline tour called "Running in Cirles", they also had an EP/Album planned for 2016.
Their influences, as cited by Stitch D in an interview with EverythingRock, include: Nine Inch Nails, Slayer, Nirvana, Ministry, Machine Head and Freddy Krueger.
On 18 March 2016 the band announced that they split up via their Facebook page:
"It is with heavy, blackened hearts, that we inform you that the time has come to lay The Defiled to rest. There is no drama or fallouts, but we have been forced to face the reality that the love of what we do is not enough to keep our black ship sailing; the continuation of The Defiled has become logistically (financially) untenable.
Thank you – you, our fans, have given us a life experience that we could have never dreamed of. From a grotty flat in north London, you have enabled us to reach places we'd previously only read or heard about, allowed us to grace stages all over the world, cheered for us at some of the worlds most prestigious festivals and granted us the opportunity to perform alongside some of our heroes. And we are in the Guinness Book Of World Records – WTF??!!
Seeing you singing our words back to us, hearing your stories on how our music has affected you, watching you lose your shit to the heavy bits and seeing the spontaneous outpouring of love when some of you linked arms and made a "circle of love" at our last London show has moved us in ways that are impossible to articulate, but just know; we love you for it.
This means we are forced to cancel our scheduled shows with In This Moment in May as well as the headline shows planned. We hate to let you down a second time in just a few months, but unfortunately this is unavoidable.
We know this is not good enough, and all of us deserve a proper send off for The Defiled. We are currently working out how to record some final songs for you, and if we can do a farewell tour before our Final Sleep. Until then...
The Defiled
1888 – 2016"
Stitch D now lives in America and fronts the band Lowlives under the stage name Lee Villain. Alex Avdis now plays in Red Method along with members of Gibraltarian group Meta-Stasis.
Band members
Last known line-up
Stitch D – lead vocals, guitar (2005–2016)
The AvD – programming, synthesizer, keyboards, backing vocals (2005–2016), drums (2005–2008)
Vincent Hyde – bass (2010–2016)
Paul "Needles" White – drums (2012–2016)
Former members
Aaron Curse – guitar (2005–2014)
Drex Exel – bass (2005–2010)
J.C – drums, percussion (2008–2012)
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
Grave Times (2011)
Daggers (2013)
Extended plays
1888 (2009)
Live albums
Grave Times Live (2013)
Other appearances
Various artists – Kerrang! Presents: Metallica – The Black Album: Covered (track: "The Unforgiven") (2012)
Various artists – Kerrang! does Green Day's American Idiot (track: "Wake Me Up When September Ends") (2014)
Various artists – Worship and Tributes (track: "It Never Ends" by Bring Me the Horizon) (2015)
Music videos
The Resurrectionists (2010)
Call to Arms (2011)
Black Death (2011)
Blood Sells (2012)
Unspoken (2013)
As I Drown (2013)
No Place Like Home (2014)
Infected (2014)
Five Minutes (2014)
References
^ The Defiled at AllMusic
^ "The Golden Gods 2011: Best New Band | News". Metal Hammer. 13 June 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
^ "The Defiled announced for London date of the 2012 Jagermeister Music Tour". ScribesOfMetal.com. 31 January 2012.
^ "The Golden Gods 2012: Best New Band". Metal Hammer. 11 June 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
^ GHOST To Tour U.K. With GOJIRA, THE DEFILED Blabbermouth.net. 26 November 2012. Accessed 27 November 2012
^ The Defiled Sign With Nuclear Blast, Release 'Sleeper' Lyric Video Metal Hammer 15 March 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2013
^ "The Defiled release new music video as Aaron Curse bids farewell". Global Metal Apocalypse. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
^ Artist Spotlight: Lee Villain (Lowlives) Soundsphere Magazine. 18 June 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
^ "The Defiled Announces New Bassist – in Metal News". Metal Underground.com. 15 August 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Defile (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defile_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Defilement (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defilement_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"groove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_(music)"},{"link_name":"hardcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"electronic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"Kerrang!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!"},{"link_name":"Metal Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Hammer"},{"link_name":"While She Sleeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/While_She_Sleeps"},{"link_name":"Bury Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"Devil Sold His Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil_Sold_His_Soul"},{"link_name":"Murderdolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murderdolls"},{"link_name":"Static-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static-X"},{"link_name":"Godsmack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godsmack"},{"link_name":"Deathstars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathstars"},{"link_name":"Motionless in White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motionless_in_White"},{"link_name":"Bloodstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodstock_Open_Air"},{"link_name":"Download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Download_Festival"},{"link_name":"Sonisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonisphere_Festival"}],"text":"\"Defiled\" redirects here. For other uses, see Defile (disambiguation) and Defilement (disambiguation).The Defiled were a four-piece British band from London mixing groove-laden hardcore/metal with electronic music influences. They have been described by Kerrang! magazine as \"The saviours of UK Metal\" and championed by Metal Hammer as one of the leaders in a new wave of British metal along with bands such as While She Sleeps, Bury Tomorrow and Devil Sold His Soul. The band have built a fanbase following support slots with bands such as Murderdolls, Static-X, Godsmack, Deathstars and Motionless in White as well as playing Bloodstock, Download and Sonisphere festivals.","title":"The Defiled"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Grave Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_Times"},{"link_name":"Jägermeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4germeister"},{"link_name":"Sonisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonisphere"},{"link_name":"Metal Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Hammer"},{"link_name":"Golden Gods awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Hammer_Golden_Gods_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Early years, 1888 and Grave Times (2005–2011)","text":"The band formed in 2005,[1] and quickly embarked a number of tours early in their careers including their second, entitled \"The Black Death Tour\" climaxing in a sold out London show at the Underworld. These gigs have earned the band a reputation for their energetic and chaotic live shows.With a series of sought-after demos trading between fans, the band released their first EP (1888) in 2009, and released their full album Grave Times for free, in the January issue of Metal Hammer. The Deluxe edition of the album (including a bonus disc), which had more preorders than both Rob Zombie and Foo Fighters and included the 1888 ReWorks EP and 2 music videos, was released on 14 February 2011.\nThe Defiled headlined the Jägermeister stage at Sonisphere in July 2011 and opened the main stage at Bloodstock Open Air in August of the same year. They were nominated for the Best New British Band award in the Metal Hammer 2011 Golden Gods awards.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brixton Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton_Academy"},{"link_name":"Black Spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Spiders"},{"link_name":"Therapy?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapy%3F"},{"link_name":"Skindred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skindred"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"South By South West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_By_South_West"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"PledgeMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PledgeMusic"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Jason Suecof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Suecof"},{"link_name":"DragonForce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonForce"},{"link_name":"Alestorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alestorm"},{"link_name":"Gojira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojira_(band)"},{"link_name":"Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_(Swedish_band)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bury Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"Daniel P. Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_P._Carter"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_One"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Blast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Blast"},{"link_name":"Daggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daggers_(The_Defiled_album)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Davey Suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davey_Suicide"},{"link_name":"The Bunny The Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bunny_The_Bear"},{"link_name":"Glamour of the Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_of_the_Kill"},{"link_name":"Motionless in White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motionless_in_White"},{"link_name":"Butcher Babies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butcher_Babies"},{"link_name":"The Killing Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Killing_Lights"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curse_leaving1-7"},{"link_name":"Avatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(Swedish_band)"},{"link_name":"In This Moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_This_Moment"},{"link_name":"EverythingRock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//everythingrocks.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"Nine Inch Nails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails"},{"link_name":"Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slayer"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_(band)"},{"link_name":"Machine Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Head_(band)"},{"link_name":"Freddy Krueger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_Krueger"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gibraltarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"}],"sub_title":"Line-up changes, Nuclear Blast, Daggers and break-up(2012–2016)","text":"In 2012 The Defiled opened for the Jägermeister Music tour 2012 at the Brixton Academy, supporting Black Spiders, Therapy? and Skindred,[3] and performed at South By South West in a Metal Hammer Showcase, as well as play on the Third Stage at Download Festival 2012.\n7 March 2012 saw the official welcome of Paul 'Needles' White, the band's 12th drummer, to the band replacing J.C. In June 2012 they won Best New Band at the Metal Hammer Golden Gods awards.[4] The band opened up a PledgeMusic campaign to aid the funding of their second album, recorded in Florida with producer Jason Suecof. The campaign reached its target with over a week to go. To accompany the album, The Defiled also released a live album of Grave Times performed in full. The Defiled supported DragonForce along with Alestorm on the UK and Irish leg of their European Tour in Autumn 2012. In November 2012 they were announced for the 2013 Jägermeister UK Music Tour, supporting Gojira and Ghost.[5] From February to March 2013, they supported Bury Tomorrow on their first European headline tour. On 12 March 2013 Daniel P. Carter premiered a new song, \"Sleeper\", on BBC Radio One. On 15 March they announced that they had signed to Nuclear Blast to release their second album, Daggers.[6] In May 2013 The Defiled set about some special intimate UK shows in the south but then later expanded the dates doing a full UK tour including a slot at Crooked Ways Festival. On 21 June, on the eve of their first ever US tour with Davey Suicide and The Bunny The Bear (which included a performance on the St Petersburg leg of the Vans Warped Tour), they released their Grave Times Live album to those who had pledged towards the funding of Daggers.In September 2013, The Defiled toured alongside Glamour of the Kill as the support to Motionless in White on their Infamous UK Tour 2013.In February 2014, the band embarked on a UK tour with support from Butcher Babies and The Killing Lights.In July 2014, Aaron Curse left the band. A tribute in the music video for Infected was made to him, in which he was officially \"killed off\".[7]In September 2014, the four-piece travelled to Greenland to film a live set on an iceberg, playing a 30-minute set which included songs from their latest album 'daggers'. In doing this, they became the first band ever to play on a free-floating iceberg.In November 2014, The Defiled toured with Special Guests Avatar as the headliner for the UK leg and as support during the European legs.They went on a European Tour in May 2016 with In This Moment and also their own headline tour called \"Running in Cirles\", they also had an EP/Album planned for 2016.Their influences, as cited by Stitch D in an interview with EverythingRock, include: Nine Inch Nails, Slayer, Nirvana, Ministry, Machine Head and Freddy Krueger.On 18 March 2016 the band announced that they split up via their Facebook page:\"It is with heavy, blackened hearts, that we inform you that the time has come to lay The Defiled to rest. There is no drama or fallouts, but we have been forced to face the reality that the love of what we do is not enough to keep our black ship sailing; the continuation of The Defiled has become logistically (financially) untenable.\nThank you – you, our fans, have given us a life experience that we could have never dreamed of. From a grotty flat in north London, you have enabled us to reach places we'd previously only read or heard about, allowed us to grace stages all over the world, cheered for us at some of the worlds [sic] most prestigious festivals and granted us the opportunity to perform alongside some of our heroes. And we are in the Guinness Book Of World Records – WTF??!!\nSeeing you singing our words back to us, hearing your stories on how our music has affected you, watching you lose your shit to the heavy bits and seeing the spontaneous outpouring of love when some of you linked arms and made a \"circle of love\" at our last London show has moved us in ways that are impossible to articulate, but just know; we love you for it.\nThis means we are forced to cancel our scheduled shows with In This Moment in May as well as the headline shows planned. We hate to let you down a second time in just a few months, but unfortunately this is unavoidable.\nWe know this is not good enough, and all of us deserve a proper send off for The Defiled. We are currently working out how to record some final songs for you, and if we can do a farewell tour before our Final Sleep. Until then...\nThe Defiled\n1888 – 2016\"Stitch D now lives in America and fronts the band Lowlives under the stage name Lee Villain.[8] Alex Avdis now plays in Red Method along with members of Gibraltarian group Meta-Stasis.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Last known line-upStitch D – lead vocals, guitar (2005–2016)\nThe AvD – programming, synthesizer, keyboards, backing vocals (2005–2016), drums (2005–2008)\nVincent Hyde – bass (2010–2016)\nPaul \"Needles\" White – drums (2012–2016)Former membersAaron Curse – guitar (2005–2014)\nDrex Exel – bass (2005–2010)[9]\nJ.C – drums, percussion (2008–2012)","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Timeline","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grave Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_Times"},{"link_name":"Daggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daggers_(The_Defiled_album)"},{"link_name":"1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_(EP)"},{"link_name":"Kerrang!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"The Black Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Unforgiven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unforgiven_(song)"},{"link_name":"Kerrang!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!"},{"link_name":"Green Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Day"},{"link_name":"American Idiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idiot"},{"link_name":"Wake Me Up When September Ends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Me_Up_When_September_Ends"},{"link_name":"It Never Ends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Never_Ends"},{"link_name":"Bring Me the Horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_Me_the_Horizon"}],"text":"Studio albumsGrave Times (2011)\nDaggers (2013)Extended plays1888 (2009)Live albumsGrave Times Live (2013)Other appearancesVarious artists – Kerrang! Presents: Metallica – The Black Album: Covered (track: \"The Unforgiven\") (2012)\nVarious artists – Kerrang! does Green Day's American Idiot (track: \"Wake Me Up When September Ends\") (2014)\nVarious artists – Worship and Tributes (track: \"It Never Ends\" by Bring Me the Horizon) (2015)Music videosThe Resurrectionists (2010)\nCall to Arms (2011)\nBlack Death (2011)\nBlood Sells (2012)\nUnspoken (2013)\nAs I Drown (2013)\nNo Place Like Home (2014)\nInfected (2014)\nFive Minutes (2014)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvano_Piovanelli
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Silvano Piovanelli
|
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Catholic cardinal
His EminenceSilvano PiovanelliCardinal, Archbishop Emeritus of FlorenceChurchCatholic ChurchArchdioceseFlorenceInstalled18 March 1983Term ended21 March 2001PredecessorGiovanni BenelliSuccessorEnnio AntonelliOther post(s)Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria delle Grazie a Via Trionfale (1985–2016)OrdersOrdination13 July 1947by Elia Dalla CostaConsecration24 June 1982by Giovanni BenelliCreated cardinal25 May 1985by John Paul IIRankCardinal-PriestPersonal detailsBorn(1924-02-21)21 February 1924Borgo San Lorenzo, Kingdom of ItalyDied9 July 2016(2016-07-09) (aged 92)Florence, ItalyNationalityItalianDenominationCatholicPrevious post(s)Auxiliary Bishop of Florence (1982–1983)Alma materUniversity of FlorenceMottoIn verbo TuoSignatureCoat of arms
Silvano Piovanelli (21 February 1924 – 9 July 2016) was an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Florence from 1983 to 2001, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1985.
Biography
Silvano Piovanelli was born in Borgo San Lorenzo, in the province of Florence, on 21 February 1924. He studied at the seminary of Florence from 1935 to 1947, and was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Elia Dalla Costa on 13 July 1947. He then served as a curate in the industrial town of Rifredi until October 1948, when he became vice-rector of minor seminary of Florence. He resumed his pastoral ministry in 1961 as a parish priest in Castelfiorentino, and was raised to the rank of Chaplain of His Holiness on 26 October 1966. From 1979 to 1982, he was vicar general of the Archdiocese of Florence.
On 28 May 1982, Piovanelli was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Florence and Titular Bishop of Tubunae in Mauretania by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 24 June from Cardinal Giovanni Benelli, with Bishops Antonio Bagnoli and Giovanni Bianchi serving as co-consecrators, at the Cathedral-Basilica of Santa Maria del Fiore. He selected as his episcopal motto: "In Verbo Tuo". Following the unexpected death of Cardinal Benelli in October 1982, Piovanelli was promoted to Archbishop of Florence on 18 March 1983. John Paul II created him Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria delle Grazie a Via Trionfale in the consistory of 25 May 1985.
After an 18-year-long tenure, he retired as Archbishop on 21 March 2001. He lost the right to participate in a papal conclave upon reaching the age of 80 on 21 February 2004.
Piovanelli died in his sleep on the morning of 9 July 2016 at the age of 92, after three months hospitalisation in a Florence retirement home for priests. Days before his death, he was telephoned by Pope Francis on the pontiff's visit to the city.
His funeral Mass was celebrated in the late afternoon of 12 July 2016 by cardinal Giuseppe Betori and his remains were buried in Santa Maria del Fiore cathedral.
References
^ a b c d Miranda, Salvador. "PIOVANELLI, Silvano". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church.
^ a b c d e "Silvano Cardinal Piovanelli". Catholic-Hierarchy.org.
^ a b "PIOVANELLI Card. Silvano". Holy See.
^ "Piovanelli Silvano". CARDINALI E LORO TITOLI ODIERNI.
^ "E' morto il cardinale Silvano Piovanelli. l'Ultima telefonata del Papa /FOTO/VIDEO".
^ Poli, Simona (9 July 2016). "Firenze, è morto il cardinale Silvano Piovanelli. Il cordoglio del Papa" . La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 9 July 2016.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Silvano Piovanelli.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Silvano Piovanelli.
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byGiovanni Benelli
Archbishop of Florence 18 March 1983 – 21 March 2001
Succeeded byEnnio Antonelli
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Vatican
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"cardinalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"}],"text":"Silvano Piovanelli (21 February 1924 – 9 July 2016) was an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Florence from 1983 to 2001, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1985.","title":"Silvano Piovanelli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borgo San Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgo_San_Lorenzo"},{"link_name":"province of Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miranda-1"},{"link_name":"seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Orders"},{"link_name":"Elia Dalla Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elia_Dalla_Costa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-2"},{"link_name":"curate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curate"},{"link_name":"rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"minor seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_seminary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vatican-3"},{"link_name":"parish priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor"},{"link_name":"Castelfiorentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelfiorentino"},{"link_name":"Chaplain of His Holiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsignor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miranda-1"},{"link_name":"vicar general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_general"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vatican-3"},{"link_name":"Auxiliary Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Titular Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-2"},{"link_name":"episcopal consecration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Benelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Benelli"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Bianchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Bianchi_(physician)"},{"link_name":"co-consecrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecrator"},{"link_name":"Cathedral-Basilica of Santa Maria del Fiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-2"},{"link_name":"motto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coat-4"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-2"},{"link_name":"Cardinal-Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"consistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_consistory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miranda-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-2"},{"link_name":"papal conclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miranda-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Betori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Betori"}],"text":"Silvano Piovanelli was born in Borgo San Lorenzo, in the province of Florence, on 21 February 1924.[1] He studied at the seminary of Florence from 1935 to 1947, and was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Elia Dalla Costa on 13 July 1947.[2] He then served as a curate in the industrial town of Rifredi until October 1948, when he became vice-rector of minor seminary of Florence.[3] He resumed his pastoral ministry in 1961 as a parish priest in Castelfiorentino, and was raised to the rank of Chaplain of His Holiness on 26 October 1966.[1] From 1979 to 1982, he was vicar general of the Archdiocese of Florence.[3]On 28 May 1982, Piovanelli was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Florence and Titular Bishop of Tubunae in Mauretania by Pope John Paul II.[2] He received his episcopal consecration on the following 24 June from Cardinal Giovanni Benelli, with Bishops Antonio Bagnoli and Giovanni Bianchi serving as co-consecrators, at the Cathedral-Basilica of Santa Maria del Fiore.[2] He selected as his episcopal motto: \"In Verbo Tuo\".[4] Following the unexpected death of Cardinal Benelli in October 1982, Piovanelli was promoted to Archbishop of Florence on 18 March 1983.[2] John Paul II created him Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria delle Grazie a Via Trionfale in the consistory of 25 May 1985.[1]After an 18-year-long tenure, he retired as Archbishop on 21 March 2001.[2] He lost the right to participate in a papal conclave upon reaching the age of 80 on 21 February 2004.[1]Piovanelli died in his sleep on the morning of 9 July 2016 at the age of 92, after three months hospitalisation in a Florence retirement home for priests.[5] Days before his death, he was telephoned by Pope Francis on the pontiff's visit to the city.[6]\nHis funeral Mass was celebrated in the late afternoon of 12 July 2016 by cardinal Giuseppe Betori and his remains were buried in Santa Maria del Fiore cathedral.","title":"Biography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Miranda, Salvador. \"PIOVANELLI, Silvano\". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church.","urls":[{"url":"http://webdept.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1985.htm#Piovanelli","url_text":"\"PIOVANELLI, Silvano\""}]},{"reference":"\"Silvano Cardinal Piovanelli\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bpiova.html","url_text":"\"Silvano Cardinal Piovanelli\""}]},{"reference":"\"PIOVANELLI Card. Silvano\". Holy See.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_piovanelli_s_en.html","url_text":"\"PIOVANELLI Card. Silvano\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See","url_text":"Holy See"}]},{"reference":"\"Piovanelli Silvano\". CARDINALI E LORO TITOLI ODIERNI.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.araldicavaticana.com/Hpiovanelli__silvano.htm","url_text":"\"Piovanelli Silvano\""}]},{"reference":"\"E' morto il cardinale Silvano Piovanelli. l'Ultima telefonata del Papa /FOTO/VIDEO\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lanazione.it/firenze/silvano-piovanelli-silvano-cardinale-1.2330446","url_text":"\"E' morto il cardinale Silvano Piovanelli. l'Ultima telefonata del Papa /FOTO/VIDEO\""}]},{"reference":"Poli, Simona (9 July 2016). \"Firenze, è morto il cardinale Silvano Piovanelli. Il cordoglio del Papa\" [Florence, Cardinal Silvano Piovanelli dies. Condolences from the Pope]. La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 9 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://firenze.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/07/09/news/firenze_e_morto_il_cardinale_silvano_piovanelli-143730274/","url_text":"\"Firenze, è morto il cardinale Silvano Piovanelli. Il cordoglio del Papa\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://webdept.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1985.htm#Piovanelli","external_links_name":"\"PIOVANELLI, Silvano\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bpiova.html","external_links_name":"\"Silvano Cardinal Piovanelli\""},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_piovanelli_s_en.html","external_links_name":"\"PIOVANELLI Card. Silvano\""},{"Link":"http://www.araldicavaticana.com/Hpiovanelli__silvano.htm","external_links_name":"\"Piovanelli Silvano\""},{"Link":"http://www.lanazione.it/firenze/silvano-piovanelli-silvano-cardinale-1.2330446","external_links_name":"\"E' morto il cardinale Silvano Piovanelli. l'Ultima telefonata del Papa /FOTO/VIDEO\""},{"Link":"http://firenze.repubblica.it/cronaca/2016/07/09/news/firenze_e_morto_il_cardinale_silvano_piovanelli-143730274/","external_links_name":"\"Firenze, è morto il cardinale Silvano Piovanelli. Il cordoglio del Papa\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000080833248","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3609445","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqBptVFrQ3pRHRpcyFtKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/131595857","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV065140","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007458445305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96110433","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jcu2010600194&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/288771","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/079714676","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailash_Mehra_Sadhu
|
Kailash Mehra Sadhu
|
["1 Early life","2 Work after Kashmir conflict","3 Works","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Kashmiri singer (born 1956)
Kailash Mehra SadhuKailash Mehra Sadhu Lives in Jammu & KashmirBorn1956 (age 67–68)
Kailash Mehra Sadhu (born 1950) is a Kashmiri singer.
Early life
Kailash Mehra Sadhu, also known as Malika-e-Ghazal, was born in Dogra, Nainital. She earned master's degrees from Panjab University, Chandigarh and Prayag Sangeet Samiti, Allahabad (1975), the latter degree focusing on vocal music. She became a music lecturer at the Women's College in Anantnag in 1979.
She earned fame singing Kashmiri ghazals and songs, and has recorded in Kashmiri, Urdu, Gujarati, Sanskrit, Punjabi, Hindi, Persian, Bhaderwahi, Pahari and the Kannad languages. Kailash participated in music competitions organised by the state cultural academy. Her stage performances were organised in Patna, Lucknow, Calcutta, Madras, Trivandrum, Hyderabad, Bangalore and Delhi.
Having married in 1980, she took part in the fourth Festival of Music organised by the Kashmiri Overseas Association of Britain in 1985. She also sang for the film Aarnimall.
She was given the title, Malika-e-Ghazal in 1993 by the Jammu Vikas Sanstha. The Sadiq memorial Committee awarded her the Mehboob Awami Funkara in 1981 and she was chosen the best singer by the Sri Bhat Smarak Samiti in 1980.
Work after Kashmir conflict
Kailash Mehra Sadhu sang for the album 'Poozai Posh'. Alongside fellow Kashmiri singer Vijay Malla, and produced by the Kashmir Overseas Association of the United States of America, this album, containing several sacred bhajans and hymns native to Kashmir, and as a movement to preserve Kashmir's 5000-year-old culture, history and sanctity, this album became highly popular with the millions of Kashmiris in the diaspora worldwide.
Works
Before the Kashmir conflict, Kailash Mehra Sadhu used to be a reasonably well-known singer known for her bhajans and hymns. These hymns gained popularity after the exodus of Kashmiri Pandits, after her collaboration with the Kashmir Overseas Association of the USA.
References
^ "Rhythm Divine - This Sufi music festival recreated the magic of raga Malhar and traditional kalams". Retrieved 30 December 2008.
^ "2012 Australian visit by 'Malika-e-Ghazal' Kailash Mehra". 6 April 2012. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012.
^ a b "KOA Music Section: A Collection of Kashmiri Music, Devotional Songs and Prayers for Kashmiri Pandit Festivals". koausa.org.
^ "KOSHUR MUSIC: A Collection of Kashmiri Music, Devotional Songs and Prayers for Kashmiri Pandit Festivals". koshur.org.
External links
Kashmir News Network page on Kaliash Mehra Sadhu
Profile and her songs
This article about a South Asia–related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article on an Asian singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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She became a music lecturer at the Women's College in Anantnag in 1979.[3]She earned fame singing Kashmiri ghazals and songs, and has recorded in Kashmiri, Urdu, Gujarati, Sanskrit, Punjabi, Hindi, Persian, Bhaderwahi, Pahari and the Kannad languages. Kailash participated in music competitions organised by the state cultural academy. Her stage performances were organised in Patna, Lucknow, Calcutta, Madras, Trivandrum, Hyderabad, Bangalore and Delhi.Having married in 1980,[citation needed] she took part in the fourth Festival of Music organised by the Kashmiri Overseas Association of Britain in 1985. She also sang for the film Aarnimall.[citation needed]She was given the title, Malika-e-Ghazal in 1993 by the Jammu Vikas Sanstha. The Sadiq memorial Committee awarded her the Mehboob Awami Funkara in 1981 and she was chosen the best singer by the Sri Bhat Smarak Samiti in 1980.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kashmiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_music"},{"link_name":"bhajans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajans"},{"link_name":"hymns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymns"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"}],"text":"Kailash Mehra Sadhu sang for the album 'Poozai Posh'.[4] Alongside fellow Kashmiri singer Vijay Malla, and produced by the Kashmir Overseas Association of the United States of America, this album, containing several sacred bhajans and hymns native to Kashmir, and as a movement to preserve Kashmir's 5000-year-old culture, history and sanctity, this album became highly popular with the millions of Kashmiris in the diaspora worldwide.","title":"Work after Kashmir conflict"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kashmir conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflict"},{"link_name":"bhajans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajans"},{"link_name":"exodus of Kashmiri Pandits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Pandits"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"}],"text":"Before the Kashmir conflict, Kailash Mehra Sadhu used to be a reasonably well-known singer known for her bhajans and hymns. These hymns gained popularity after the exodus of Kashmiri Pandits, after her collaboration with the Kashmir Overseas Association of the USA.[3]","title":"Works"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Rhythm Divine - This Sufi music festival recreated the magic of raga Malhar and traditional kalams\". Retrieved 30 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=212821","url_text":"\"Rhythm Divine - This Sufi music festival recreated the magic of raga Malhar and traditional kalams\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Australian visit by 'Malika-e-Ghazal' Kailash Mehra\". 6 April 2012. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120711100103/http://indianherald.com.au/events/visit-by-malika-e-ghazal-kailash-mehra/1334/","url_text":"\"2012 Australian visit by 'Malika-e-Ghazal' Kailash Mehra\""},{"url":"http://indianherald.com.au/events/visit-by-malika-e-ghazal-kailash-mehra/1334/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"KOA Music Section: A Collection of Kashmiri Music, Devotional Songs and Prayers for Kashmiri Pandit Festivals\". koausa.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://koausa.org/music/kailashmehra/index.html","url_text":"\"KOA Music Section: A Collection of Kashmiri Music, Devotional Songs and Prayers for Kashmiri Pandit Festivals\""}]},{"reference":"\"KOSHUR MUSIC: A Collection of Kashmiri Music, Devotional Songs and Prayers for Kashmiri Pandit Festivals\". koshur.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://koshur.org/music/albums/index.html","url_text":"\"KOSHUR MUSIC: A Collection of Kashmiri Music, Devotional Songs and Prayers for Kashmiri Pandit Festivals\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Biyogo_Poko
|
André Biyogo Poko
|
["1 Career","2 Career statistics","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Gabonese footballer (born 1993)
André Poko
Poko training with Bordeaux in April 2015Personal informationFull name
André Ivan Biyogo PokoDate of birth
(1993-01-01) 1 January 1993 (age 31)Place of birth
Bitam, GabonHeight
1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)Position(s)
MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team
Hapoel Be'er ShevaNumber
12Youth career
US BitamSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2009–2011
US Bitam
2011–2014
Bordeaux B
17
(0)2011–2016
Bordeaux
73
(1)2016–2018
Karabükspor
43
(0)2018–2020
Göztepe
57
(2)2021–2022
Altay
36
(2)2022–2023
Al-Khaleej
29
(2)2023–
Hapoel Be'er Sheva
22
(0)International career‡2010–
Gabon
63
(3)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 16 April 2024‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 11:30, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
André Ivan Biyogo Poko (born 1 January 1993) is a Gabonese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Israeli Premier League club Hapoel Be'er Sheva and for the Gabon national team. He was part of the Gabon national team in the 2021 AFCON tournament in Cameroon.
Career
On 31 August 2011, Biyogo Poko joined the French Ligue 1 outfit Bordeaux on a three-year contract.
On 28 July 2022, Poko joined Saudi Professional League club Al-Khaleej on a one-year contract.
He represented his country at the 2012 African Cup of Nations, during which Gabon, as hosts of the competition, reached the quarter-finals.
Career statistics
Scores and results list Gabon's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Biyogo Poko goal.
List of international goals scored by André Biyogo Poko
No.
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
1
14 November 2012
Stade Omar Bongo, Libreville, Gabon
Portugal
2–2
2–2
Friendly
2
16 October 2018
Juba Stadium, Juba, South Sudan
South Sudan
1–0
1–0
2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification
Honours
Bordeaux
Coupe de France: 2012–13
References
^ Communiqué match No.:18 Group A matches TEAM A: Gabon ... Cafonline.com
^ FIFA.com
^ "Africa Cup of Nations (Sky Sports)". Sky Sports. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
^ "Transfert – André Biyogo Poko pour 3 ans". Official site (in French). FC Girondins de Bordeaux. 31 August 2011. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
^ "من هو بوكو لاعب الخليج الجديد؟".
^ "AfricanFootball – Gabon".
^ "2012 Africa Cup of Nations matches".
^ "Biyogo Poko, André". National Football Teams. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
External links
André Biyogo Poko at L'Équipe Football (in French)
André Biyogo Poko at FootballDatabase.eu
André Biyogo Poko at Soccerway
Gabon squads
vteGabon squad – 2012 Africa Cup of Nations
1 Ovono (c)
2 Ambourouet
3 Mouele
4 Ebanega
5 Ecuele Manga
6 Boussoughou
7 N'Guéma
8 Palun
9 Aubameyang
10 Cousin
11 Mouloungui
12 Ndong
13 Mbanangoyé
14 Madinda
15 Biyogo Poko
16 Bidonga
17 Brou Apanga
18 Moubamba
19 Moundounga
20 Do Marcolino
21 Méyé
22 Moussono
23 Bitséki Moto
Coach: Rohr
vteGabon men's football squad – 2012 Summer Olympics
1 Ovono (c)
2 Dinda
3 Nzambé
4 Engonga
5 Ecuele Manga
6 Ebanega
7 Nono
8 N'Doumbou
9 Aubameyang
10 Madinda
11 Méyé
12 Tandjigora
13 Boussoughou
14 Biyogo Poko
15 H. Ndong
16 E. Ndong
17 Obiang
18 Mfa Mezui
21 Mbingui
Coach: Mbourounot
vteGabon squad – 2015 Africa Cup of Nations
1 Ovono
2 Appindangoyé
3 Lengoualama
4 Musavu-King
5 Ecuele Manga
6 Obiang
7 Evouna
8 Palun
9 Aubameyang (c)
10 Bulot
11 Madinda
12 Kanga
13 Mbingui
14 Oto'o
15 H. Ndong
16 Mfa Mezui
17 Biyogo Poko
18 N'Doumbou
19 Zé Ondo
20 Sokambi
21 Rogombé
22 D. Ndong
23 Bitséki
Coach: Costa
vteGabon squad – 2017 Africa Cup of Nations
1 Ovono
2 Appindangoyé
3 Obambou
4 Tandjigora
5 Ecuele Manga
6 Obiang
7 Evouna
8 Palun
9 Aubameyang (c)
10 Lemina
11 Madinda
12 Kanga
13 Mbingui
14 Kevyn
15 Ondo Biyoghé
16 Mfa Mezui
17 Biyogo Poko
18 Martinsson Ngouali
19 Zé Ondo
20 Bouanga
21 Wachter
22 Ndong
23 Bitséki
Coach: Camacho
vteGabon squad – 2021 Africa Cup of Nations
1 Amonome
2 Moucketou-Moussounda
3 Oyono
4 Obissa
5 Ecuele Manga
6 Obiang
7 Boupendza
8 Palun
9 Aubameyang (c)
10 Méyé
11 Allevinah
12 Kanga
13 Mayi
14 Ameka
15 Eneme Ella
16 Mfa Mezui
17 Biyogo Poko
18 Lemina
19 Martinsson Ngouali
20 Bouanga
21 Noubi Fotso
22 Ndzengue
23 Nzé
24 Sambissa
25 Assoumou
26 Biteghé
27 Nguema
28 N'Gakoutou
Coach: Neveu
vteHapoel Be'er Sheva F.C. – current squad
1 Marciano
2 Merenstein
4 Vítor (c)
5 Abu Abaid
7 Sefer
8 Gordana
9 Shushenachev
10 Quiñones
11 Almog
12 Poko
15 Madmon
16 Ganah
17 Turgeman
18 Tibi
19 Elias
20 Shamir
21 Imran
22 Lopes
24 Badash
27 Stoyanov
29 Levi
30 Dadia
35 Bareiro
36 Golan
55 Eliasi
70 Păun
77 Hatuel
Gordin
Ahmed
Manager: Barda
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Israeli Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Hapoel Be'er Sheva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapoel_Be%27er_Sheva_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gabon national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Gabon national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2021 AFCON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"André Ivan Biyogo Poko (born 1 January 1993) is a Gabonese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Israeli Premier League club Hapoel Be'er Sheva and for the Gabon national team. He was part of the Gabon national team in the 2021 AFCON tournament in Cameroon.[3]","title":"André Biyogo Poko"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ligue 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_1"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Girondins_de_Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Saudi Professional League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Professional_League"},{"link_name":"Al-Khaleej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaleej_FC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2012 African Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_African_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"On 31 August 2011, Biyogo Poko joined the French Ligue 1 outfit Bordeaux on a three-year contract.[4]On 28 July 2022, Poko joined Saudi Professional League club Al-Khaleej on a one-year contract.[5]He represented his country at the 2012 African Cup of Nations, during which Gabon, as hosts of the competition, reached the quarter-finals.[6][7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Scores and results list Gabon's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Biyogo Poko goal.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Coupe_de_France"}],"text":"BordeauxCoupe de France: 2012–13","title":"Honours"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Africa Cup of Nations (Sky Sports)\". Sky Sports. Retrieved 9 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/football/comoros-vs-gabon/teams/457196","url_text":"\"Africa Cup of Nations (Sky Sports)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transfert – André Biyogo Poko pour 3 ans\". Official site (in French). FC Girondins de Bordeaux. 31 August 2011. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120326110125/http://www.girondins.com/transfert-andre-biyogo-poko-pour-3-ans.html","url_text":"\"Transfert – André Biyogo Poko pour 3 ans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Girondins_de_Bordeaux","url_text":"FC Girondins de Bordeaux"},{"url":"http://www.girondins.com/transfert-andre-biyogo-poko-pour-3-ans.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"من هو بوكو لاعب الخليج الجديد؟\".","urls":[{"url":"https://arriyadiyah.com/775922","url_text":"\"من هو بوكو لاعب الخليج الجديد؟\""}]},{"reference":"\"AfricanFootball – Gabon\".","urls":[{"url":"https://africanfootball.com/team/35/Gabon/25/2012-Africa-Cup-of-Nations/","url_text":"\"AfricanFootball – Gabon\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Africa Cup of Nations matches\".","urls":[{"url":"https://africanfootball.com/tournament-matches/25/2012-Africa-Cup-of-Nations/","url_text":"\"2012 Africa Cup of Nations matches\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biyogo Poko, André\". National Football Teams. Retrieved 23 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/39581/Andre_Biyogo_Poko.html","url_text":"\"Biyogo Poko, André\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.cafonline.com/userfiles/file/18.pdf","external_links_name":"Communiqué match No.:18 Group A matches TEAM A: Gabon ... Cafonline.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170824222047/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=355887/index.html","external_links_name":"FIFA.com"},{"Link":"https://www.skysports.com/football/comoros-vs-gabon/teams/457196","external_links_name":"\"Africa Cup of Nations (Sky Sports)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120326110125/http://www.girondins.com/transfert-andre-biyogo-poko-pour-3-ans.html","external_links_name":"\"Transfert – André Biyogo Poko pour 3 ans\""},{"Link":"http://www.girondins.com/transfert-andre-biyogo-poko-pour-3-ans.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://arriyadiyah.com/775922","external_links_name":"\"من هو بوكو لاعب الخليج الجديد؟\""},{"Link":"https://africanfootball.com/team/35/Gabon/25/2012-Africa-Cup-of-Nations/","external_links_name":"\"AfricanFootball – Gabon\""},{"Link":"https://africanfootball.com/tournament-matches/25/2012-Africa-Cup-of-Nations/","external_links_name":"\"2012 Africa Cup of Nations matches\""},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/39581/Andre_Biyogo_Poko.html","external_links_name":"\"Biyogo Poko, André\""},{"Link":"https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur43378.html","external_links_name":"André Biyogo Poko"},{"Link":"https://www.footballdatabase.eu/en/player/details/122458","external_links_name":"André Biyogo Poko"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/andre-biyogo-poko/209780/","external_links_name":"André Biyogo Poko"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_107
|
Virginia State Route 107
|
["1 Route description","2 Major intersections","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Route map: State highway in Smyth County, Virginia, US
For former State Routes numbered 107, see State Route 107 (Virginia 1923-1928), State Route 107 (Virginia 1928-1933), and State Route 107 (Virginia 1933-1953).
State Route 107Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength8.39 mi (13.50 km)Existed1961–presentMajor junctionsSouth end I-81 / SR 762 in ChilhowieMajor intersections US 11 in ChilhowieNorth end SR 91 in Saltville
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginiaCountiesSmyth
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 106→ SR 108
State Route 107 (SR 107) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. The state highway runs 8.39 miles (13.50 km) from Interstate 81 (I-81) in Chilhowie north to SR 91 in Saltville in western Smyth County.
Route description
View south at the north end of SR 107 at SR 91 in Saltville
SR 107 begins at the south end of its diamond interchange with I-81 on the southern edge of the town of Chilhowie. The road continues south as SR 762 (White Top Road). The state highway heads north as two-lane undivided White Top Avenue. SR 107 crosses over the Middle Fork Holston River, has a grade crossing of Norfolk Southern Railway's Pulaski District, and intersects U.S. Route 11 (Lee Highway) one block north of Chilhowie's Main Street. The state highway heads north out of the town of Chilhowie. SR 107 follows Sulphur Spring Creek through a gap in Brushy Mountain and passes through Lyons Gap through Walker Mountain. On entering the town of Saltville, the state highway follows Worthy Boulevard, which passes through a sweeping S-curve. SR 107 reaches its northern terminus at an intersection with SR 91 (Main Street) at the east end of downtown Saltville.
Major intersections
The entire route is in Smyth County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Chilhowie0.000.00 I-81 / SR 762 south (White Top Road) – Abingdon, Marion, Whitetop MountainI-81 exit 35; southern terminus; former SR 79 south
0.320.51 US 11 (Lee Highway) – Abingdon, Marion
Saltville8.3913.50 SR 91 (East Main Street) – Glade Spring, Broadford, Museum of the Middle Appalachians, Saltville Historic DistrictNorthern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
References
^ a b c "2010 Traffic Data". Virginia Department of Transportation. 2010. Retrieved 2011-10-25.
Smyth County (PDF)
^ Google (2011-10-25). "Virginia State Route 107" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2011-10-25.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Virginia State Route 107.
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Virginia State Route 107KML is from Wikidata
Virginia Highways Project: VA 107
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Route 107 (Virginia 1923-1928)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_107_(Virginia_1923-1928)"},{"link_name":"State Route 107 (Virginia 1928-1933)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_107_(Virginia_1928-1933)"},{"link_name":"State Route 107 (Virginia 1933-1953)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_107_(Virginia_1933-1953)"},{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Interstate 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_81_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Chilhowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilhowie,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_91"},{"link_name":"Saltville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Smyth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyth_County,_Virginia"}],"text":"State highway in Smyth County, Virginia, USFor former State Routes numbered 107, see State Route 107 (Virginia 1923-1928), State Route 107 (Virginia 1928-1933), and State Route 107 (Virginia 1933-1953).State Route 107 (SR 107) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. The state highway runs 8.39 miles (13.50 km) from Interstate 81 (I-81) in Chilhowie north to SR 91 in Saltville in western Smyth County.","title":"Virginia State Route 107"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-06-12_19_42_07_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_107_(Worthy_Boulevard)_at_Virginia_State_Route_91_(Main_Street)_in_Saltville,_Smyth_County,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"diamond interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_interchange"},{"link_name":"Middle Fork Holston River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Fork_Holston_River"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Pulaski District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulaski_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_11_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"S-curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_curve"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VDOT_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_107-2"}],"text":"View south at the north end of SR 107 at SR 91 in SaltvilleSR 107 begins at the south end of its diamond interchange with I-81 on the southern edge of the town of Chilhowie. The road continues south as SR 762 (White Top Road). The state highway heads north as two-lane undivided White Top Avenue. SR 107 crosses over the Middle Fork Holston River, has a grade crossing of Norfolk Southern Railway's Pulaski District, and intersects U.S. Route 11 (Lee Highway) one block north of Chilhowie's Main Street. The state highway heads north out of the town of Chilhowie. SR 107 follows Sulphur Spring Creek through a gap in Brushy Mountain and passes through Lyons Gap through Walker Mountain. On entering the town of Saltville, the state highway follows Worthy Boulevard, which passes through a sweeping S-curve. SR 107 reaches its northern terminus at an intersection with SR 91 (Main Street) at the east end of downtown Saltville.[1][2]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smyth County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyth_County,_Virginia"}],"text":"The entire route is in Smyth County.","title":"Major intersections"}]
|
[{"image_text":"View south at the north end of SR 107 at SR 91 in Saltville","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/2017-06-12_19_42_07_View_south_along_Virginia_State_Route_107_%28Worthy_Boulevard%29_at_Virginia_State_Route_91_%28Main_Street%29_in_Saltville%2C_Smyth_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"2010 Traffic Data\". Virginia Department of Transportation. 2010. Retrieved 2011-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/2010_traffic_data_by_jurisdiction.asp","url_text":"\"2010 Traffic Data\""}]},{"reference":"Google (2011-10-25). \"Virginia State Route 107\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2011-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Co+Rd+762%2FWhitetop+Rd&daddr=Worthy+Blvd&hl=en&sll=36.884976,-81.754417&sspn=0.016717,0.038581&geocode=FRxvMQId-qch-w%3BFXrJMgIdqnEg-w&vpsrc=0&mra=ls&t=h&z=12","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 107\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/2010_traffic_data_by_jurisdiction.asp","external_links_name":"\"2010 Traffic Data\""},{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/2010/AADT_086_Smyth_2010.pdf","external_links_name":"Smyth County"},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Co+Rd+762%2FWhitetop+Rd&daddr=Worthy+Blvd&hl=en&sll=36.884976,-81.754417&sspn=0.016717,0.038581&geocode=FRxvMQId-qch-w%3BFXrJMgIdqnEg-w&vpsrc=0&mra=ls&t=h&z=12","external_links_name":"\"Virginia State Route 107\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Virginia_State_Route_107&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Virginia_State_Route_107&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://www.vahighways.com/route-log/va101-120.htm#va107","external_links_name":"Virginia Highways Project: VA 107"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEO_Ltd
|
KEO (company)
|
["1 History","2 Divisions","3 Wine Production","4 KEO beer","5 Juice Production","6 Sponsorship","7 Controversy","8 References"]
|
European beverage company
KEO (Κυπριακή Εταιρία Οίνων)Company typePrivate, LLCIndustryFoodFounded1927HeadquartersLimassol, CyprusArea servedCyprusKey peopleCharalambos PanayiotouCEOProductsBeveragesRevenue€62,969,439 (2004)Number of employees420SubsidiariesEtien Wines Spirits & Tobacco LtdKEO (UK) LtdSun Island Canning LtdΚΕΟ Distilling LtdWebsitehttp://www.keogroup.com/
KEO plc, the Greek abbreviation for Cyprus Wine Company (Greek: Κυπριακή Εταιρία Οίνων), is a European beverage company based on the island of Cyprus. It was formed in 1927 and it represents one of the largest industrial employers on the island with more than 90 brands in its portfolio. Its shares are traded on the Cyprus Stock Exchange.
History
KEO is public limited company was formed in 1927. It is a member of the Hellenic Mining Group whose varied interests in mining, cement production, consumer goods and banking make it the largest industrial group in Cyprus. Reflecting its name, it started off as a company producing wine in the Limassol district. In 1951, it ventured into beer production by importing expertise from Czechoslovakia. Its product range has since expanded to include dessert wines (e.g. Commandaria), bottled water, brandy, spirits (including zivania), juices and canned food. The company is also an active participant at the annual Limassol wine festival. The company, till today, markets a wide variety of alcoholic and non-alcoholic products locally and in over thirty countries worldwide. Following Cyprus’ accession to the European Union in 2004, KEO expanded its operations on continental Europe. Its shares are listed on the Cyprus Stock Exchange. Since 2013, the CEO of KEO is Charalambos Panayiotou.
Keo delivery truck
Divisions
KEO operates six trading divisions that include:
Beer
Wines
Spirits
Water
Juices & Soft drinks
Canned Food
Its portfolio comprises both local and international brands.
Wine Production
KEO operates four different wineries across four different vineyards – situated at an altitude of approximately 1,000 meters above sea level.
Topographic map of Cyprus. Troodos Mountains
Krasochoria region of the Troodos Mountains range vineyards
Malia vineyards (mainly planted with Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Lefkada, Chardonnay and Riesling)
Pera Pedi vineyards
Arsos LAONA vineyards
Its wineries are among the first to be built on the island. All four wineries are in close proximity to the vineyards where research is carried out in an effort to increase and safeguard the varieties of grapes, selecting those that will yield the best quality of wine when grown under the local climate. KEO has historically experimented with varieties and cultivation methods whilst it has invested a great deal of resources into rediscovering Cyprus indigenous grape varieties of Mavro and Xynisteri, many of which date back to the classical times, a period when the Cypriot wine reflected the island’s heritage.
KEO beer
Main article: KEO (beer)
Production of KEO Beer -a Pilsner type Lager Beer- started early in 1951. The original brewery had a small production capacity of about 300,000 gallons annually. In order to meet the ever-increasing demand, the company has carried out substantial extensions to the plant and the equipment now being the most up-to-date machinery in the brewing industry. The brewery is currently capable of producing over 30,000 hectoliters of beer monthly. Keo beer was awarded a Gold Medal by the Brewing Industry International Awards. In 2015 KEO Light won “Best New Product” award from the IN Business Magazine. The winners were chosen by public voting and a special committee.
KEO delivery city car in Limassol, Cyprus.
Juice Production
SWS and Sun Island are among the island’s leading fruit juice producers. Their range of products and activities extends from fruit juices to canned fruit and vegetable. Similar with KEO wineries, the two companies cultivate their own citrus plantations in addition to absorbing a great amount of local fruits produced.
Sponsorship
In 2016, KEO (beer) announced the sponsorship of the Cyprus national football team. KEO will support the team throughout its efforts in the qualifying stages of the World Cup 2018. KEO’s collaboration with the Cyprus Football Association aims to strengthen and unify the fans of the sport and all those honoring the island state internationally.
Controversy
In 2010 the appearance of KEO beer in an American pornographic film sparked strong reactions by the largest shareholders (20%), the Orthodox Church of Cyprus.
References
^ KEO Company
^ KEO PLC (CR)
^ "KEO PLC - Cyprus Limited Company - CyprusRegistry.com". cyprusregistry.com. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
^ Bloomberg: Hellenic Mining Company Limited
^ KEO Profile
^ MarketScreener. "KEO PLC : Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile | CY0001300413 | MarketScreener". www.marketscreener.com. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
^ KEO – Vines & Wines
^ Difford's Guide: Keo Group
^ Keo Beer – Cypriot Lager
^ IN Business Awards 2015
^ IN Business Awards 2015: The Winners
^ Cyprus National Football Team
^ Church-backed beer in porn sparks fury
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"beverage company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drink"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Cyprus Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"KEO plc, the Greek abbreviation for Cyprus Wine Company (Greek: Κυπριακή Εταιρία Οίνων), is a European beverage company based on the island of Cyprus. It was formed in 1927 and it represents one of the largest industrial employers on the island with more than 90 brands in its portfolio. Its shares are traded on the Cyprus Stock Exchange.[1][2]","title":"KEO (company)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"Limassol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limassol"},{"link_name":"Commandaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandaria"},{"link_name":"brandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_brandy"},{"link_name":"zivania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivania"},{"link_name":"Limassol wine festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limassol_wine_festival"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Cyprus Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keo_truck.jpg"}],"text":"KEO[3] is public limited company was formed in 1927. It is a member of the Hellenic Mining Group whose varied interests in mining, cement production, consumer goods and banking make it the largest industrial group in Cyprus.[4] Reflecting its name, it started off as a company producing wine in the Limassol district. In 1951, it ventured into beer production by importing expertise from Czechoslovakia. Its product range has since expanded to include dessert wines (e.g. Commandaria), bottled water, brandy, spirits (including zivania), juices and canned food. The company is also an active participant at the annual Limassol wine festival. The company, till today, markets a wide variety of alcoholic and non-alcoholic products locally and in over thirty countries worldwide. Following Cyprus’ accession to the European Union in 2004, KEO expanded its operations on continental Europe. Its shares are listed on the Cyprus Stock Exchange.[5] Since 2013, the CEO of KEO is Charalambos Panayiotou. [6]Keo delivery truck","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"KEO operates six trading divisions that include:Beer\nWines\nSpirits\nWater\nJuices & Soft drinks\nCanned FoodIts portfolio comprises both local and international brands.","title":"Divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wineries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyprus-topographic_map-en.svg"},{"link_name":"Troodos Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troodos_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Krasochoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krasochoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Troodos Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troodos_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Malia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malia,_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Cabernet Sauvignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon"},{"link_name":"Cabernet Franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franc"},{"link_name":"Chardonnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnay"},{"link_name":"Riesling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riesling"},{"link_name":"Pera Pedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pera_Pedi"},{"link_name":"Arsos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsos,_Limassol"},{"link_name":"vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard"},{"link_name":"Mavro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavro"},{"link_name":"Xynisteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xynisteri"},{"link_name":"Cypriot wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypriot_wine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"KEO operates four different wineries across four different vineyards – situated at an altitude of approximately 1,000 meters above sea level.Topographic map of Cyprus. Troodos MountainsKrasochoria region of the Troodos Mountains range vineyards\nMalia vineyards (mainly planted with Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Lefkada, Chardonnay and Riesling)\nPera Pedi vineyards\nArsos LAONA vineyardsIts wineries are among the first to be built on the island. All four wineries are in close proximity to the vineyards where research is carried out in an effort to increase and safeguard the varieties of grapes, selecting those that will yield the best quality of wine when grown under the local climate. KEO has historically experimented with varieties and cultivation methods whilst it has invested a great deal of resources into rediscovering Cyprus indigenous grape varieties of Mavro and Xynisteri, many of which date back to the classical times, a period when the Cypriot wine reflected the island’s heritage.[7]","title":"Wine Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pilsner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilsner"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Brewing Industry International Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewing_Industry_International_Awards"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keo_Peugeot_206.jpg"},{"link_name":"Limassol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limassol"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"}],"text":"Production of KEO Beer -a Pilsner type Lager Beer- started early in 1951. The original brewery had a small production capacity of about 300,000 gallons annually. In order to meet the ever-increasing demand, the company has carried out substantial extensions to the plant and the equipment now being the most up-to-date machinery in the brewing industry. The brewery is currently capable of producing over 30,000 hectoliters of beer monthly.[8] Keo beer was awarded a Gold Medal by the Brewing Industry International Awards.[9] In 2015 KEO Light won “Best New Product” award from the IN Business Magazine. The winners were chosen by public voting and a special committee.[10][11]KEO delivery city car in Limassol, Cyprus.","title":"KEO beer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus"}],"text":"SWS and Sun Island are among the island’s leading fruit juice producers. Their range of products and activities extends from fruit juices to canned fruit and vegetable. Similar with KEO wineries, the two companies cultivate their own citrus plantations in addition to absorbing a great amount of local fruits produced.","title":"Juice Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KEO (beer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEO_(beer)"},{"link_name":"Cyprus national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"World Cup 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Cup_2018"},{"link_name":"Cyprus Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In 2016, KEO (beer) announced the sponsorship of the Cyprus national football team. KEO will support the team throughout its efforts in the qualifying stages of the World Cup 2018. KEO’s collaboration with the Cyprus Football Association aims to strengthen and unify the fans of the sport and all those honoring the island state internationally.[12]","title":"Sponsorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 2010 the appearance of KEO beer in an American pornographic film sparked strong reactions by the largest shareholders (20%), the Orthodox Church of Cyprus.[13]","title":"Controversy"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Keo delivery truck","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/Keo_truck.jpg/220px-Keo_truck.jpg"},{"image_text":"Topographic map of Cyprus. Troodos Mountains","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cyprus-topographic_map-en.svg/220px-Cyprus-topographic_map-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"KEO delivery city car in Limassol, Cyprus.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Keo_Peugeot_206.jpg/220px-Keo_Peugeot_206.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"KEO PLC - Cyprus Limited Company - CyprusRegistry.com\". cyprusregistry.com. Retrieved 2019-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://cyprusregistry.com/companies/HE/835","url_text":"\"KEO PLC - Cyprus Limited Company - CyprusRegistry.com\""}]},{"reference":"MarketScreener. \"KEO PLC : Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile | CY0001300413 | MarketScreener\". www.marketscreener.com. Retrieved 2022-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/KEO-PLC-64303614/company/","url_text":"\"KEO PLC : Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile | CY0001300413 | MarketScreener\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.keogroup.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.keogroup.com/"},{"Link":"http://www.cyprusindustry.com/keo","external_links_name":"KEO Company"},{"Link":"http://www.stockwatch.com.cy/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=25&code=KEO&compcode=&lang=en%20%5Bn%5D","external_links_name":"KEO PLC (CR)"},{"Link":"https://cyprusregistry.com/companies/HE/835","external_links_name":"\"KEO PLC - Cyprus Limited Company - CyprusRegistry.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=22866790","external_links_name":"Bloomberg: Hellenic Mining Company Limited"},{"Link":"http://keogroup.com/page/profile","external_links_name":"KEO Profile"},{"Link":"https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/KEO-PLC-64303614/company/","external_links_name":"\"KEO PLC : Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile | CY0001300413 | MarketScreener\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyprusfoodndrinks.com/cgibin/hweb?-A=1041&-V=ohcompany&_VCATEGORY=502001","external_links_name":"KEO – Vines & Wines"},{"Link":"http://www.diffordsguide.com/producers/376/keo-group/sustainability","external_links_name":"Difford's Guide: Keo Group"},{"Link":"http://www.thedrinkshop.com/products/nlpdetail.php?prodid=2371","external_links_name":"Keo Beer – Cypriot Lager"},{"Link":"http://keogroup.com/news-read/19","external_links_name":"IN Business Awards 2015"},{"Link":"http://www.goldnews.com.cy/en/companies/in-business-awards-2015--the-winners","external_links_name":"IN Business Awards 2015: The Winners"},{"Link":"http://keogroup.com/news-read/20","external_links_name":"Cyprus National Football Team"},{"Link":"http://www.channel24.co.za/News/International/Cyprus-beer-features-in-porn-film-20101228","external_links_name":"Church-backed beer in porn sparks fury"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Reihs
|
Michael Reihs
|
["1 Major results","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Danish cyclist
Michael ReihsMichael Reihs in 2015Personal informationBorn (1979-04-25) 25 April 1979 (age 45)Silkeborg, DenmarkHeight1.89 m (6 ft 2 in)Weight75 kg (165 lb)Team informationCurrent teamRetiredDisciplineRoadRoleRiderProfessional teams2001–2002Phonak2003Team Fakta2005–2010Team Designa Køkken2011–2012Christina Watches–Onfone2013–2015Team Cult Energy2016Stölting Service Group2017Team VéloCONCEPT
Michael Reihs (born 25 April 1979) is a Danish former professional racing cyclist.
Major results
2005
2nd CSC Classic
6th GP Herning
9th Overall Tour du Loir-et-Cher
2006
3rd La Roue Tourangelle
6th GP Herning
2007
2nd Internatie Reningelst
3rd Boucle de l'Artois
7th Overall Ronde de l'Oise
7th GP Herning
2008
7th Ronde van Overijssel
2009
2nd Classic Loire Atlantique
2nd GP Herning
5th Overall Ronde de l'Oise
6th GP Bikebuster
8th Nokere Koerse
10th Paris–Troyes
10th Profronde van Fryslan
2010
1st Stage 6 La Tropicale Amissa Bongo
4th Rogaland GP
5th GP Herning
7th La Roue Tourangelle
9th Grand Prix de la ville de Pérenchies
2011
1st Himmerland Rundt
2nd GP Herning
3rd Road race, National Road Championships
6th Tartu GP
2012
5th Himmerland Rundt
2013
9th GP Herning
2015
6th GP Horsens
2016
8th GP Horsens
References
^ "Michael Reihs". Pro Cycling Stats. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
External links
Michael Reihs at UCI
Michael Reihs at Cycling Archives
Michael Reihs at ProCyclingStats
Michael Reihs at Cycling Quotient
This biographical article relating to Danish cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"racing cyclist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"}],"text":"Michael Reihs (born 25 April 1979) is a Danish former professional racing cyclist.[1]","title":"Michael Reihs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CSC Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colliers_Classic"},{"link_name":"GP Herning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Herning"},{"link_name":"Tour du Loir-et-Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_du_Loir-et-Cher"},{"link_name":"La Roue Tourangelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Roue_Tourangelle"},{"link_name":"GP Herning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Herning"},{"link_name":"Internatie Reningelst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internatie_Reningelst&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boucle de l'Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boucle_de_l%27Artois"},{"link_name":"Ronde de l'Oise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronde_de_l%27Oise"},{"link_name":"GP Herning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Herning"},{"link_name":"Ronde van Overijssel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronde_van_Overijssel"},{"link_name":"Classic Loire Atlantique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Loire_Atlantique"},{"link_name":"GP Herning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Herning"},{"link_name":"Ronde de l'Oise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronde_de_l%27Oise"},{"link_name":"GP Bikebuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GP_Bikebuster&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nokere Koerse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokere_Koerse"},{"link_name":"Paris–Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Troyes"},{"link_name":"Profronde van Fryslan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profronde_van_Fryslan"},{"link_name":"La Tropicale Amissa Bongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_La_Tropicale_Amissa_Bongo"},{"link_name":"Rogaland GP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_des_Fjords"},{"link_name":"GP Herning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Herning"},{"link_name":"La Roue Tourangelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Roue_Tourangelle"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix de la ville de Pérenchies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_de_la_ville_de_P%C3%A9renchies"},{"link_name":"Himmerland Rundt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himmerland_Rundt"},{"link_name":"GP Herning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Herning"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"link_name":"Tartu GP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartu_GP"},{"link_name":"Himmerland Rundt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himmerland_Rundt"},{"link_name":"GP Herning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Herning"},{"link_name":"GP Horsens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Horsens"},{"link_name":"GP Horsens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Horsens"}],"text":"2005\n2nd CSC Classic\n6th GP Herning\n9th Overall Tour du Loir-et-Cher\n2006\n3rd La Roue Tourangelle\n6th GP Herning\n2007\n2nd Internatie Reningelst\n3rd Boucle de l'Artois\n7th Overall Ronde de l'Oise\n7th GP Herning\n2008\n7th Ronde van Overijssel\n2009\n2nd Classic Loire Atlantique\n2nd GP Herning\n5th Overall Ronde de l'Oise\n6th GP Bikebuster\n8th Nokere Koerse\n10th Paris–Troyes\n10th Profronde van Fryslan\n2010\n1st Stage 6 La Tropicale Amissa Bongo\n4th Rogaland GP\n5th GP Herning\n7th La Roue Tourangelle\n9th Grand Prix de la ville de Pérenchies\n2011\n1st Himmerland Rundt\n2nd GP Herning\n3rd Road race, National Road Championships\n6th Tartu GP\n2012\n5th Himmerland Rundt\n2013\n9th GP Herning\n2015\n6th GP Horsens\n2016\n8th GP Horsens","title":"Major results"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Michael Reihs\". Pro Cycling Stats. Retrieved 15 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/Michael_Reihs","url_text":"\"Michael Reihs\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/Michael_Reihs","external_links_name":"\"Michael Reihs\""},{"Link":"https://www.uci.org/rider-details/14103","external_links_name":"Michael Reihs"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928998#P11020"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=4373","external_links_name":"Michael Reihs"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928998#P1409"},{"Link":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/139808","external_links_name":"Michael Reihs"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928998#P1663"},{"Link":"https://cqranking.com/men/asp/gen/rider.asp?riderid=1265","external_links_name":"Michael Reihs"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928998#P1541"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Reihs&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deh-e_Veys_Aqa
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Deh-e Veys Aqa
|
["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 36°59′22″N 45°57′06″E / 36.98944°N 45.95167°E / 36.98944; 45.95167Village in West Azerbaijan, IranDeh-e Veys Aqa
ده ويس اقاvillageDeh-e Veys AqaCoordinates: 36°59′22″N 45°57′06″E / 36.98944°N 45.95167°E / 36.98944; 45.95167Country IranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountyMiandoabBakhshCentralRural DistrictMokriyan-e ShomaliPopulation (2006) • Total663Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Deh-e Veys Aqa (Persian: ده ويس اقا, also Romanized as Deh-e Veys Āqā; also known as Veys Āqā Kandī) is a village in Mokriyan-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Miandoab County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 663, in 132 families.
References
^ Deh-e Veys Aqa can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "346551" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Miandoab CountyCapital
Miandoab
DistrictsCentralCities
Miandoab
Rural Districts and villagesMarhemetabad
Agricultural Station
Gug Tappeh-ye Khaleseh
Gug Tappeh-ye Laleh
Hasan Kandi
Hasel Qubi-ye Afshar
Hasel Qubi-ye Amirabad
Kaniyeh Sar
Shahrak-e Uch Tappeh-ye Kord
Tazeh Kand-e Hasel-e Qubi
Uch Tappeh-ye Kord
Uch Tappeh-ye Qaleh
Yaqin Ali Tappeh
Zanjirabad
Marhemetabad-e Jonubi(South Marhemetabad)
Chelik
Chughanlu
Dash Tappeh
Gerdeh Rash
Heyran
Ilanlu Tappeh
Jafarabad-e Chelik
Kurabad
Lalaklu
Malekabad
Marvan Kandi
Nabikandi
Nezamabad
Qaleh Bozorg
Qareh Papaq
Shakur Kandi
Tappeh Rash
Tappeh Saremi
Tazeh Kand-e Lalaklu
Mokriyan-e Shomali(North Mokriyan)
Armanak-e Olya
Armanak-e Sofla
Bafarvan
Dalek Dash
Deh Mansur
Deh-e Veys Aqa
Dowlatabad
Esmail Kandi
Ganjabad
Gerdeh Qol
Gezelan
Hajji Hasan
Howbeh-ye Kukhan
Jafarabad
Kheyrabad
Kukhan
Mahabad Agricultural Training Camp
Mansur Kandi
Marjanabad
Molla Kandi
Qeshlaq-e Hajji Hasan
Qeshlaq-e Talkhab
Qeshlaq-e Zeynal Kandi
Qez Qaleh
Qol Hasan
Rasulabad
Shirin Ab
Sistak-e Olya
Talkhab
Tazeh Kand
Zangiabad
Zeynal Kandi
Zarrineh Rud
Ali Beyglu
Bagtash
Davahchi
Eslam Tappeh
Hajji Hasan-e Khaleseh
Hajji Hasan-e Olya
Jarchelu
Javad Hesari
Kusehlar-e Olya
Kusehlar-e Sofla
Qermez Khalifeh-ye Olya
Qermez Khalifeh-ye Sofla
Qodrat Kandi
Satelmish-e Mohammadabad
Satelmish-e Mohammadlu
Satelmish-e Tupkhaneh
Tazeh Kand-e Hajj Hasan
Yarijan-e Khaleseh
Yarijan-e Olya
Yarijan-e Sofla
Zarrineh Rud-e Jonubi (South Zarrineh Rud)
Asgarabad
Ebrahimabad
Gavmish Goli
Gug Jalu
Hoseynabad-e Qaleh
Khan Kandi
Mahargan Brick Company
Moshirabad
Qabagh Kandi
Sabzi
Sarchenar
Shahrak-e Sadd-e Nowruzlu
Shinabad
Sowgoli Tappeh
Zarrineh Rud-e Shomali (North Zarrineh Rud)
Hajji Behzad
Hasanabad
Heydarabad
Jafarabad
Mamahdel
Miandoab Industrial Estate
Molla Shahab ol Din
Mozaffarabad
Nasir Kandi
Qareh Tappeh
Qaryaghdi
Shabiluy-e Olya
Shabiluy-e Sofla
Valiabad
BaruqCities
Baruq
Rural Districts and villagesAjorluy-ye Gharbi(West Ajorluy)
Agh Bolagh
Ahmadabad-e Qashqaguz
Bash Achiq
Bash Bolagh
Chakher Ahmad
Esmail Kandi
Eyshgeh
Gowzluy-e Olya
Gowzluy-e Sofla
Jabiglu
Jan Aqa
Malhamlu
Masjed
Qareh Bughaz
Qatar Dash
Qavaqlu
Qoroqchi
Sowghanchi
Tak Aghaj
Yalaklu
Yeli Bolagh
Yengejeh
Zaranji
Ajorluy-ye Sharqi(East Ajorluy)
Aman Kandi
Aqkand
Arbat-e Olya
Arbat-e Sofla
Atdarrahsi
Badamlu
Boyuk Bolagh
Gowzalli
Guy Kharabeh
Hajji Kandi
Hesarlu
Heydar Baghi
Mameh Kandi
Mohammadqoli Qeshlaq
Nokhtalu
Owlamchi
Petaklu
Qamishlu
Quri Daraq
Tazeh Kand
Urta Daraq
Yasti Kand
Yengi Kand
Zagheh
Baruq
Ali Bolaghi
Ali Yar Kandi
Amirabad
Aq Kand-e Baruq
Aydisheh
Chali Khamaz
Dash Alti
Gol Soleymanabad
Hamid
Mirza Nezam
Nader Goli
Nowruzlu
Qareh Saqqal
Qatar
Qermezi Bolagh
Qeshlaq-e Nowruzlu
Sayenjeq
Shurjeh Baruq
Shurjeh Kord
MarhemetabadCities
Chahar Borj
Rural Districts and villagesMarhemetabad-e Miyani(Central Marhemetabad)
Eslamabad
Fesenduz
Firuzabad
Kord Kandi
Moradkhanlu
Qareh Qowzlu
Marhemetabad-e Shomali(North Marhemetabad)
Aghdash
Ebrahim Hesari
Khazineh Anbar-e Jadid
Khazineh Anbar-e Qadim
Mansurabad
Qepchaq
Shabanlu
Uzun Owbeh
Iran portal
This Miandoab County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mokriyan-e Shomali Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokriyan-e_Shomali_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Miandoab_County)"},{"link_name":"Miandoab County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miandoab_County"},{"link_name":"West Azerbaijan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in West Azerbaijan, IranDeh-e Veys Aqa (Persian: ده ويس اقا, also Romanized as Deh-e Veys Āqā; also known as Veys Āqā Kandī)[1] is a village in Mokriyan-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Miandoab County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 663, in 132 families.[2]","title":"Deh-e Veys Aqa"}]
|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overture
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Overture
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["1 French overture","2 Italian overture","3 18th century","4 19th-century opera","5 Concert overture","5.1 Early 19th century","5.2 Later 19th century","5.3 20th century","6 Film","7 List of standard repertoire","8 Citations","9 General and cited references","10 External links"]
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Instrumental introduction to an opera, ballet, or oratorio
For other uses, see Overture (disambiguation).
"Ouverture" redirects here. For other uses, see Ouverture (disambiguation).
Overture (from French ouverture, lit. "opening") is a music instrumental introduction to a ballet, opera, or oratorio in the 17th century. During the early Romantic era, composers such as Beethoven and Mendelssohn composed overtures which were independent, self-existing, instrumental, programmatic works that foreshadowed genres such as the symphonic poem. These were "at first undoubtedly intended to be played at the head of a programme".
The idea of an instrumental opening to opera existed during the 17th century. Peri's Euridice opens with a brief instrumental ritornello, and Monteverdi's L'Orfeo (1607) opens with a toccata, in this case a fanfare for muted trumpets. More important was the prologue, consisting of sung dialogue between allegorical characters which introduced the overarching themes of the stories depicted.
French overture
Main article: French overture
As a musical form, the French overture first appears in the court ballet and operatic overtures of Jean-Baptiste Lully, which he elaborated from a similar, two-section form called Ouverture, found in the French ballets de cour as early as 1640. This French overture consists of a slow introduction in a marked "dotted rhythm" (i.e., exaggerated iambic, if the first chord is disregarded), followed by a lively movement in fugato style. The overture was frequently followed by a series of dance tunes before the curtain rose, and would often return following the Prologue to introduce the action proper. This ouverture style was also used in English opera, most notably in Henry Purcell's Dido and Æneas. Its distinctive rhythmic profile and function thus led to the French overture style as found in the works of late Baroque composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach, Georg Friedrich Händel, and Georg Philipp Telemann. The style is most often used in preludes to suites, and can be found in non-staged vocal works such as cantatas, for example in the opening chorus of Bach's cantata Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 61. Handel also uses the French overture form in some of his Italian operas such as Giulio Cesare.
Italian overture
Main article: Italian overture
In Italy, a distinct form called "overture" arose in the 1680s, and became established particularly through the operas of Alessandro Scarlatti, and spread throughout Europe, supplanting the French form as the standard operatic overture by the mid-18th century. Its stereotypical form is in three generally homophonic movements: fast–slow–fast. The opening movement was normally in duple metre and in a major key; the slow movement in earlier examples was usually quite short, and could be in a contrasting key; the concluding movement was dance-like, most often with rhythms of the gigue or minuet, and returned to the key of the opening section. As the form evolved, the first movement often incorporated fanfare-like elements and took on the pattern of so-called "sonatina form" (sonata form without a development section), and the slow section became more extended and lyrical. Italian overtures were often detached from their operas and played as independent concert pieces. In this context, they became important in the early history of the symphony.
18th century
Prior to the 18th century, the symphony and the overture were almost interchangeable, with overtures being extracted from operas to serve as stand-alone instrumental works, and symphonies being tagged to the front of operas as overtures. With the reform of opera seria, the overture began to distinguish itself from the symphony, and composers began to link the content of overtures to their operas dramatically and emotionally. Elements from the opera are foreshadowed in the overture, following the reform ideology that the music and every other element on stages serves to enhance the plot. One such overture was that of La Magnifique by André-Ernest-Modeste Grétry, in which several of the arias are quoted. This "medley form" persists in the overtures to many works of musical theatre written in the 20th and 21st centuries.
19th-century opera
In 19th-century opera the overture, Vorspiel, Einleitung, Introduction, or whatever else it may be called, is generally nothing more definite than that portion of the music which takes place before the curtain rises. Richard Wagner's Vorspiel to Lohengrin is a short self-contained movement founded on the music of the Grail.
In Italian opera after about 1800, the "overture" became known as the sinfonia. Fisher also notes the term Sinfonia avanti l'opera (literally, the "symphony before the opera") was "an early term for a sinfonia used to begin an opera, that is, as an overture as opposed to one serving to begin a later section of the work".
Concert overture
Early 19th century
Although by the end of the eighteenth century opera overtures were already beginning to be performed as separate items in the concert hall, the "concert overture", intended specifically as an individual concert piece without reference to stage performance and generally based on some literary theme, began to appear early in the Romantic era. Carl Maria von Weber wrote two concert overtures, Der Beherrscher der Geister ('The Ruler of the Spirits', 1811, a revision of the overture to his unfinished opera Rübezahl of 1805), and Jubel-Ouvertüre ('Jubilee Overture', 1818, incorporating God Save the King at its climax).
However, the overture A Midsummer Night's Dream (1826) by Felix Mendelssohn is generally regarded as the first concert overture. Mendelssohn's other contributions to this genre include his Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage overture (1828), his overture The Hebrides (1830; also known as Fingal's Cave) and the overtures Die schöne Melusine (The Fair Melusine, 1834) and Ruy Blas (1839). Other notable early concert overtures were written by Hector Berlioz (e.g., Les Francs juges (1826), and Le corsaire (1828)).
Later 19th century
In the 1850s the concert overture began to be supplanted by the symphonic poem, a form devised by Franz Liszt in several works that began as dramatic overtures. The distinction between the two genres was the freedom to mould the musical form according to external programmatic requirements. The symphonic poem became the preferred form for the more "progressive" composers, such as César Franck, Camille Saint-Saëns, Richard Strauss, Alexander Scriabin, and Arnold Schoenberg, while more conservative composers like Anton Rubinstein, Tchaikovsky, Johannes Brahms, Robert Schumann and Arthur Sullivan remained faithful to the overture.
Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture
In the age when the symphonic poem had already become popular, Brahms wrote his Academic Festival Overture, Op. 80, as well as his Tragic Overture, Op. 81. An example clearly influenced by the symphonic poem is Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture. His equally well-known Romeo and Juliet is also labelled a 'fantasy-overture'.
20th century
In European music after 1900, an example of an overture displaying a connection with the traditional form is Dmitri Shostakovich's Festive Overture, Op. 96 (1954), which is in two linked sections, "Allegretto" and "Presto" (Temperley 2001). Malcolm Arnold's A Grand, Grand Overture, Op. 57 (1956), is a 20th-century parody of the late 19th century concert overture, scored for an enormous orchestra with organ, additional brass instruments, and obbligato parts for four rifles, three Hoover vacuum cleaners (two uprights in B♭, one horizontal with detachable sucker in C), and an electric floor polisher in E♭; it is dedicated "to President Hoover".
One song of the Who's rock opera Tommy is designated as "Underture".
Film
In motion pictures, an overture is a piece of music setting the mood for the film before the opening credits start. Famous examples include Gone with the Wind (1939) and Lawrence of Arabia (1962). For a comprehensive list, see the list of films with overtures.
List of standard repertoire
Some well-known or commonly played overtures:
Anton Arensky: A Dream on the Volga
Malcolm Arnold:
Beckus the Dandipratt
A Grand, Grand Overture
Peterloo
Tam O'Shanter
Daniel Auber: Fra Diavolo
Samuel Barber: Overture to The School for Scandal
Arnold Bax: Overture to a Picaresque Comedy
Ludwig van Beethoven:
Leonora Nr 1
Leonora Nr 2
Leonora Nr 3
Fidelio
Coriolan Overture
Creatures of Prometheus
Egmont
The Ruins of Athens
The Consecration of the House
Arthur Benjamin
Overture to an Italian Comedy
Hector Berlioz:
Benvenuto Cellini
Le carnaval romain
Le corsair
Les Francs-Juges
King Lear
Waverley
Leonard Bernstein: Candide
Georges Bizet: Carmen
Alexander Borodin: Prince Igor
Johannes Brahms:
Academic Festival Overture
Tragic Overture
Anton Bruckner: Overture in G minor (WAB 98)
Aaron Copland: An Outdoor Overture
Antonín Dvořák: Carnival Overture
Edward Elgar:
In the South (Alassio)
Cockaigne
Froissart
George Gershwin:
Cuban Overture
Overture to Strike Up the Band
Philip Glass:
Overture 2012
King Lear Overture
Mikhail Glinka: Ruslan and Lyudmila
Christoph Willibald Gluck:
Iphigénie en Tauride
Orfeo ed Euridice
Alceste
Antônio Carlos Gomes: Il Guarany
Edvard Grieg: In Autumn
George Frideric Handel
Overture to the Music for the Royal Fireworks
Overture to the Water Music
Overture to Messiah and other Oratorios
Joseph Haydn: Armida
Ferdinand Hérold: Zampa
John Ireland:
A London Overture
Satyricon Overture
Édouard Lalo: Le roi d'Ys
Franz Lehár: The Merry Widow
Andrew Lloyd Webber:
"Overture from Phantom of the Opera"
Hamish MacCunn: The Land of the Mountain and the Flood
Felix Mendelssohn:
The Hebrides (or Fingal's Cave)
Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage
A Midsummer Night's Dream
Ruy Blas
Die schöne Melusine (The Fair Melusine)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart:
The Marriage of Figaro
La clemenza di Tito
Così fan tutte
Don Giovanni
Idomeneo
Die Entführung aus dem Serail
The Magic Flute
Modest Mussorgsky: Khovanshchina
Nikolai Myaskovsky:
Pathetic Overture
Salutation Overture
Otto Nicolai: The Merry Wives of Windsor
Carl Nielsen:
Maskarade
Helios Overture
Jacques Offenbach: Orpheus in the Underworld
Sergei Prokofiev: Overture on Hebrew Themes
Emil von Reznicek: Donna Diana
Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov:
Russian Easter Festival Overture
The Maid of Pskov
May Night
Gioachino Rossini:
La cambiale di matrimonio
Tancredi
Il signor Bruschino
Il turco in Italia
La Cenerentola
Semiramide
Il viaggio a Reims
The Barber of Seville
La gazza ladra
L'italiana in Algeri
La scala di seta
William Tell
Franz Schubert:
Overture in Italian Style, D590
Rosamunde
Robert Schumann:
Overture, Scherzo and Finale, Op 52
Manfred
Genoveva
Faust
Julius Caesar
Hermann und Dorothea
The Bride of Messina
Dmitri Shostakovich: Festive Overture
Bedřich Smetana: The Bartered Bride
Johann Strauss: Die Fledermaus
Jean Sibelius: Overture to The Tempest
Arthur Sullivan:
The Mikado
The Gondoliers
The Yeomen of the Guard
Franz von Suppé
Light Cavalry Overture
The Beautiful Galatea
Poet and Peasant
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky:
1812 Overture
Hamlet (Overture-Fantasy)
Romeo and Juliet (Overture-Fantasy)
The Nutcracker (Miniature Overture)
Giuseppe Verdi:
La forza del destino
Nabucco
I vespri siciliani
Richard Wagner:
Faust Overture
The Flying Dutchman
Lohengrin (both Act and Act III Preludes)
Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg
Rienzi
Tannhäuser
Ralph Vaughan Williams: The Wasps
William Walton
Johannesburg Festival Overture
Scapino Overture
Portsmouth Point Overture
Carl Maria von Weber:
Euryanthe
Der Freischütz
Oberon
Citations
^ a b c d e Temperley 2001
^ Blom 1954
^ Carter n.d.
^ Waterman and Anthony 2001
^ a b Tovey 1911, p. 385.
^ Burrows 2012,
^ a b Fisher 2001
^ Larue 2001
^ Taruskin n.d.,
^ Charlton and Bartlet n.d.
^ a b Fisher 1998
^ Anon. 1957; Maycock 2009; Burton-Page n.d.
^ "If You Have An Overture, Do You Also Need An Underture?". www.ratherrarerecords.com. October 3, 2018.
^ Atkins 2000, pp. 121–122.
General and cited references
Anon. 1957. "Music: Op. I for Vacuum Cleaners" Time (April 22).
Atkins, John (2000). The Who on Record: A Critical History, 1963–1998. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0609-8.
Blom, Eric. 1954. "Overture". Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, fifth edition, edited by Eric Blom. London: Macmillan Publishers; Toronto, Canada: Macmillan Publishers.
Burrows, Donald. 2012. Handel, second edition. Master Musicians Series. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Burton-Page, Piers. n.d. "Malcolm Arnold: A Grand, Grand Overture, Programme Note". Chester-Novello publisher's website (accessed 6 November 2009).
Carter, Tim (2001). "Prologue". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5..
Charlton, David and M. Elizabeth C. Bartlet. n.d. "Grétry, André-Ernest-Modeste." Grove Music Online.Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press, accessed March 29, 2016,http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/43361.
Fisher, Stephen C. 1998. "Sinfonia". The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, four volumes, edited by Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-333-73432-7.
Fisher, Stephen C. 2001. "Italian Overture." The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Larue, Jan. 2001. "Sinfonia 2: After 1700". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Maycock, Robert. 2009. "What's On/Programme Notes, Malcolm Arnold (1921–2006), A Grand, Grand Overture, Op. 57 (1956)" BBC Proms programme, Prom 76: Last Night of the Proms (Saturday 12 September).
Taruskin, Richard. n.d. Chapter 10: "Instrumental Music Lifts Off." In his Music In The Seventeenth And Eighteenth Centuries (Oxford History of Western Music). New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
Temperley, Nicholas. 2001. "Overture". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Tovey, Donald Francis (1911). "Overture". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 384–385.
Waterman, George Gow, and James R. Anthony. 2001. "French Overture". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
External links
Media related to Overtures (music) at Wikimedia Commons
Authority control databases: National
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For other uses, see Ouverture (disambiguation).Overture (from French ouverture, lit. \"opening\") is a music instrumental introduction to a ballet, opera, or oratorio in the 17th century.[1] During the early Romantic era, composers such as Beethoven and Mendelssohn composed overtures which were independent, self-existing, instrumental, programmatic works that foreshadowed genres such as the symphonic poem. These were \"at first undoubtedly intended to be played at the head of a programme\".[2]The idea of an instrumental opening to opera existed during the 17th century. Peri's Euridice opens with a brief instrumental ritornello, and Monteverdi's L'Orfeo (1607) opens with a toccata, in this case a fanfare for muted trumpets. More important was the prologue, consisting of sung dialogue between allegorical characters which introduced the overarching themes of the stories depicted.[3]","title":"Overture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_form"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Lully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ballets de cour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballets_de_cour"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-1"},{"link_name":"iambic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iamb_(foot)"},{"link_name":"fugato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugato"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETovey1911385-5"},{"link_name":"Henry Purcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Purcell"},{"link_name":"Dido and Æneas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dido_and_%C3%86neas"},{"link_name":"Johann Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Georg Friedrich Händel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel"},{"link_name":"Georg Philipp Telemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann"},{"link_name":"preludes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_(music)"},{"link_name":"suites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suite_(music)"},{"link_name":"cantatas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantata"},{"link_name":"Bach's cantata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach_cantata"},{"link_name":"Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun_komm,_der_Heiden_Heiland,_BWV_61"},{"link_name":"Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"},{"link_name":"Giulio Cesare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Cesare"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"As a musical form, the French overture first appears in the court ballet and operatic overtures of Jean-Baptiste Lully,[4] which he elaborated from a similar, two-section form called Ouverture, found in the French ballets de cour as early as 1640.[1] This French overture consists of a slow introduction in a marked \"dotted rhythm\" (i.e., exaggerated iambic, if the first chord is disregarded), followed by a lively movement in fugato style. The overture was frequently followed by a series of dance tunes before the curtain rose,[5] and would often return following the Prologue to introduce the action proper. This ouverture style was also used in English opera, most notably in Henry Purcell's Dido and Æneas. Its distinctive rhythmic profile and function thus led to the French overture style as found in the works of late Baroque composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach, Georg Friedrich Händel, and Georg Philipp Telemann. The style is most often used in preludes to suites, and can be found in non-staged vocal works such as cantatas, for example in the opening chorus of Bach's cantata Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 61. Handel also uses the French overture form in some of his Italian operas such as Giulio Cesare.[6]","title":"French overture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alessandro Scarlatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-7"},{"link_name":"homophonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophony"},{"link_name":"movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_(music)"},{"link_name":"gigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigue"},{"link_name":"minuet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuet"},{"link_name":"sonata form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_form"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-7"},{"link_name":"symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In Italy, a distinct form called \"overture\" arose in the 1680s, and became established particularly through the operas of Alessandro Scarlatti, and spread throughout Europe, supplanting the French form as the standard operatic overture by the mid-18th century.[7] Its stereotypical form is in three generally homophonic movements: fast–slow–fast. The opening movement was normally in duple metre and in a major key; the slow movement in earlier examples was usually quite short, and could be in a contrasting key; the concluding movement was dance-like, most often with rhythms of the gigue or minuet, and returned to the key of the opening section. As the form evolved, the first movement often incorporated fanfare-like elements and took on the pattern of so-called \"sonatina form\" (sonata form without a development section), and the slow section became more extended and lyrical.[7] Italian overtures were often detached from their operas and played as independent concert pieces. In this context, they became important in the early history of the symphony.[8]","title":"Italian overture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"La Magnifique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Magnifique"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"medley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medley_(music)"},{"link_name":"musical theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"}],"text":"Prior to the 18th century, the symphony and the overture were almost interchangeable, with overtures being extracted from operas to serve as stand-alone instrumental works, and symphonies being tagged to the front of operas as overtures.[9] With the reform of opera seria, the overture began to distinguish itself from the symphony, and composers began to link the content of overtures to their operas dramatically and emotionally. Elements from the opera are foreshadowed in the overture, following the reform ideology that the music and every other element on stages serves to enhance the plot. One such overture was that of La Magnifique by André-Ernest-Modeste Grétry, in which several of the arias are quoted.[10] This \"medley form\" persists in the overtures to many works of musical theatre written in the 20th and 21st centuries.","title":"18th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Lohengrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETovey1911385-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-11"}],"text":"In 19th-century opera the overture, Vorspiel, Einleitung, Introduction, or whatever else it may be called, is generally nothing more definite than that portion of the music which takes place before the curtain rises. Richard Wagner's Vorspiel to Lohengrin is a short self-contained movement founded on the music of the Grail.[5]In Italian opera after about 1800, the \"overture\" became known as the sinfonia.[11] Fisher also notes the term Sinfonia avanti l'opera (literally, the \"symphony before the opera\") was \"an early term for a sinfonia used to begin an opera, that is, as an overture as opposed to one serving to begin a later section of the work\".[11]","title":"19th-century opera"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Concert overture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romantic era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_era"},{"link_name":"Carl Maria von Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber"},{"link_name":"Rübezahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCbezahl"},{"link_name":"God Save the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Save_the_King"},{"link_name":"A Midsummer Night's Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream_(Mendelssohn)"},{"link_name":"Felix Mendelssohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-1"},{"link_name":"Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calm_Sea_and_Prosperous_Voyage_(Mendelssohn)"},{"link_name":"The Hebrides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hebrides_(overture)"},{"link_name":"Die schöne Melusine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_sch%C3%B6ne_Melusine"},{"link_name":"Hector Berlioz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Berlioz"},{"link_name":"Les Francs juges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_francs-juges"},{"link_name":"Le corsaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtures_by_Hector_Berlioz#Le_corsaire"}],"sub_title":"Early 19th century","text":"Although by the end of the eighteenth century opera overtures were already beginning to be performed as separate items in the concert hall, the \"concert overture\", intended specifically as an individual concert piece without reference to stage performance and generally based on some literary theme, began to appear early in the Romantic era. Carl Maria von Weber wrote two concert overtures, Der Beherrscher der Geister ('The Ruler of the Spirits', 1811, a revision of the overture to his unfinished opera Rübezahl of 1805), and Jubel-Ouvertüre ('Jubilee Overture', 1818, incorporating God Save the King at its climax).However, the overture A Midsummer Night's Dream (1826) by Felix Mendelssohn is generally regarded as the first concert overture.[1] Mendelssohn's other contributions to this genre include his Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage overture (1828), his overture The Hebrides (1830; also known as Fingal's Cave) and the overtures Die schöne Melusine (The Fair Melusine, 1834) and Ruy Blas (1839). Other notable early concert overtures were written by Hector Berlioz (e.g., Les Francs juges (1826), and Le corsaire (1828)).","title":"Concert overture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"symphonic poem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonic_poem"},{"link_name":"Franz Liszt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt"},{"link_name":"programmatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-1"},{"link_name":"César Franck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck"},{"link_name":"Camille Saint-Saëns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns"},{"link_name":"Richard Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss"},{"link_name":"Alexander Scriabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schoenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg"},{"link_name":"Anton Rubinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein"},{"link_name":"Tchaikovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky"},{"link_name":"Johannes Brahms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms"},{"link_name":"Robert Schumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann"},{"link_name":"Arthur Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-1"},{"link_name":"Academic Festival Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Festival_Overture"},{"link_name":"Tragic Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Overture"},{"link_name":"1812 Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_Overture"},{"link_name":"Romeo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_(Tchaikovsky)"}],"sub_title":"Later 19th century","text":"In the 1850s the concert overture began to be supplanted by the symphonic poem, a form devised by Franz Liszt in several works that began as dramatic overtures. The distinction between the two genres was the freedom to mould the musical form according to external programmatic requirements.[1] The symphonic poem became the preferred form for the more \"progressive\" composers, such as César Franck, Camille Saint-Saëns, Richard Strauss, Alexander Scriabin, and Arnold Schoenberg, while more conservative composers like Anton Rubinstein, Tchaikovsky, Johannes Brahms, Robert Schumann and Arthur Sullivan remained faithful to the overture.[1]Tchaikovsky's 1812 OvertureIn the age when the symphonic poem had already become popular, Brahms wrote his Academic Festival Overture, Op. 80, as well as his Tragic Overture, Op. 81. An example clearly influenced by the symphonic poem is Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture. His equally well-known Romeo and Juliet is also labelled a 'fantasy-overture'.","title":"Concert overture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dmitri Shostakovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich"},{"link_name":"Festive Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festive_Overture_(Shostakovich)"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Arnold"},{"link_name":"brass instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument"},{"link_name":"obbligato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obbligato"},{"link_name":"rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle"},{"link_name":"Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hoover_Company"},{"link_name":"vacuum cleaners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner"},{"link_name":"floor polisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_polisher"},{"link_name":"President Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"the Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"rock opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_opera"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkins2000121%E2%80%93122-14"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"In European music after 1900, an example of an overture displaying a connection with the traditional form is Dmitri Shostakovich's Festive Overture, Op. 96 (1954), which is in two linked sections, \"Allegretto\" and \"Presto\" (Temperley 2001). Malcolm Arnold's A Grand, Grand Overture, Op. 57 (1956), is a 20th-century parody of the late 19th century concert overture, scored for an enormous orchestra with organ, additional brass instruments, and obbligato parts for four rifles, three Hoover vacuum cleaners (two uprights in B♭, one horizontal with detachable sucker in C), and an electric floor polisher in E♭; it is dedicated \"to President Hoover\".[12]One song of the Who's rock opera Tommy is designated as \"Underture\".[13][14]","title":"Concert overture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"motion pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_pictures"},{"link_name":"piece of music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidental_music"},{"link_name":"opening credits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_credits"},{"link_name":"Gone with the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lawrence of Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)"},{"link_name":"list of films with overtures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_with_overtures"}],"text":"In motion pictures, an overture is a piece of music setting the mood for the film before the opening credits start. Famous examples include Gone with the Wind (1939) and Lawrence of Arabia (1962). For a comprehensive list, see the list of films with overtures.","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anton Arensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Arensky"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Peterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterloo_(overture)"},{"link_name":"Tam O'Shanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_O%27Shanter_Overture"},{"link_name":"Daniel Auber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Auber"},{"link_name":"Fra Diavolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Diavolo_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Samuel Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Barber"},{"link_name":"The School for Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_for_Scandal_(Barber)"},{"link_name":"Arnold Bax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Bax"},{"link_name":"Overture to a Picaresque Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overture_to_a_Picaresque_Comedy"},{"link_name":"Ludwig van Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"Fidelio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio"},{"link_name":"Coriolan Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolan_Overture"},{"link_name":"Creatures of Prometheus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Creatures_of_Prometheus"},{"link_name":"Egmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egmont_(Beethoven)"},{"link_name":"The Ruins of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ruins_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"The Consecration of the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Consecration_of_the_House_(overture)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Benjamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Benjamin"},{"link_name":"Overture to an Italian Comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overture_to_an_Italian_Comedy"},{"link_name":"Hector Berlioz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Berlioz"},{"link_name":"Benvenuto Cellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtures_by_Hector_Berlioz#Benvenuto_Cellini"},{"link_name":"Le carnaval romain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_carnaval_romain"},{"link_name":"Le corsair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtures_by_Hector_Berlioz#Le_corsair"},{"link_name":"Leonard Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Candide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candide_(operetta)"},{"link_name":"Georges Bizet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bizet"},{"link_name":"Carmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen"},{"link_name":"Alexander Borodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Borodin"},{"link_name":"Prince Igor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Igor"},{"link_name":"Johannes Brahms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms"},{"link_name":"Academic Festival Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Festival_Overture"},{"link_name":"Tragic Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Overture_(Brahms)"},{"link_name":"Anton Bruckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner"},{"link_name":"Overture in G minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overture_(Bruckner)"},{"link_name":"Aaron Copland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Copland"},{"link_name":"Antonín Dvořák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"Carnival Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_Overture_(Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)"},{"link_name":"Edward Elgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Elgar"},{"link_name":"In the South (Alassio)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_South_(Alassio)"},{"link_name":"George Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Cuban Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Overture"},{"link_name":"Strike Up the Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_Up_the_Band_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Philip Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Glinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka"},{"link_name":"Ruslan and Lyudmila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan_and_Lyudmila_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Christoph Willibald Gluck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck"},{"link_name":"Iphigénie en Tauride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphig%C3%A9nie_en_Tauride"},{"link_name":"Orfeo ed Euridice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfeo_ed_Euridice"},{"link_name":"Alceste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alceste_(Gluck)"},{"link_name":"Antônio Carlos Gomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes"},{"link_name":"Edvard Grieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Grieg"},{"link_name":"In Autumn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Autumn"},{"link_name":"George Frideric Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"},{"link_name":"Music for the Royal Fireworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_for_the_Royal_Fireworks"},{"link_name":"Water Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Music"},{"link_name":"Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Haydn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Haydn"},{"link_name":"Armida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armida_(Haydn)"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Hérold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_H%C3%A9rold"},{"link_name":"John Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ireland_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Édouard Lalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lalo"},{"link_name":"Franz Lehár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Leh%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"The Merry Widow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merry_Widow"},{"link_name":"Andrew Lloyd Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber"},{"link_name":"Hamish MacCunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamish_MacCunn"},{"link_name":"The Land of the Mountain and the Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Land_of_the_Mountain_and_the_Flood"},{"link_name":"Felix Mendelssohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn"},{"link_name":"The Hebrides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hebrides_(overture)"},{"link_name":"Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calm_Sea_and_Prosperous_Voyage_(Mendelssohn)"},{"link_name":"A Midsummer Night's Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream_(Mendelssohn)"},{"link_name":"Die schöne Melusine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_sch%C3%B6ne_Melusine"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"The Marriage of Figaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro"},{"link_name":"La clemenza di Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_clemenza_di_Tito"},{"link_name":"Così fan tutte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cos%C3%AC_fan_tutte"},{"link_name":"Don Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"Idomeneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idomeneo"},{"link_name":"Die Entführung aus dem Serail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Entf%C3%BChrung_aus_dem_Serail"},{"link_name":"The Magic Flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Flute"},{"link_name":"Modest Mussorgsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky"},{"link_name":"Khovanshchina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khovanshchina"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Myaskovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Myaskovsky"},{"link_name":"Otto Nicolai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Nicolai"},{"link_name":"The Merry Wives of Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor"},{"link_name":"Carl Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Nielsen"},{"link_name":"Maskarade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskarade"},{"link_name":"Helios Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios_Overture"},{"link_name":"Jacques Offenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach"},{"link_name":"Orpheus in the Underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheus_in_the_Underworld"},{"link_name":"Sergei Prokofiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev"},{"link_name":"Overture on Hebrew Themes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overture_on_Hebrew_Themes"},{"link_name":"Emil von Reznicek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_von_Reznicek"},{"link_name":"Donna Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Diana"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov"},{"link_name":"Russian Easter Festival Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Easter_Festival_Overture"},{"link_name":"The Maid of Pskov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maid_of_Pskov"},{"link_name":"May Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Night"},{"link_name":"Gioachino Rossini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini"},{"link_name":"La cambiale di matrimonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_cambiale_di_matrimonio"},{"link_name":"Tancredi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tancredi"},{"link_name":"Il signor Bruschino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_signor_Bruschino"},{"link_name":"Il turco in Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_turco_in_Italia"},{"link_name":"La Cenerentola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cenerentola"},{"link_name":"Semiramide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiramide"},{"link_name":"Il viaggio a Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_viaggio_a_Reims"},{"link_name":"The Barber of Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Barber_of_Seville"},{"link_name":"La gazza ladra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_gazza_ladra"},{"link_name":"L'italiana in Algeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27italiana_in_Algeri"},{"link_name":"La scala di seta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_scala_di_seta"},{"link_name":"William Tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tell_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Franz Schubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Schubert"},{"link_name":"Rosamunde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamunde"},{"link_name":"Robert Schumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann"},{"link_name":"Overture, Scherzo and Finale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overture,_Scherzo_and_Finale"},{"link_name":"Manfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_(Schumann)"},{"link_name":"Genoveva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoveva"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(overture)"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Shostakovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich"},{"link_name":"Festive Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festive_Overture_(Shostakovich)"},{"link_name":"Bedřich Smetana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana"},{"link_name":"The Bartered Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bartered_Bride"},{"link_name":"Johann Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II"},{"link_name":"Die Fledermaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Fledermaus"},{"link_name":"Jean Sibelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius"},{"link_name":"The Tempest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tempest_(Sibelius)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"The Mikado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mikado"},{"link_name":"The Gondoliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gondoliers"},{"link_name":"The Yeomen of the Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yeomen_of_the_Guard"},{"link_name":"Franz von Suppé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Supp%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Light Cavalry Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Cavalry_Overture"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky"},{"link_name":"1812 Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_Overture"},{"link_name":"Hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(Tchaikovsky)"},{"link_name":"Romeo and Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet_(Tchaikovsky)"},{"link_name":"The Nutcracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutcracker"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Verdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi"},{"link_name":"La forza del destino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_forza_del_destino"},{"link_name":"Nabucco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabucco"},{"link_name":"I vespri siciliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_vespri_siciliani"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Faust Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faust_Overture"},{"link_name":"The Flying Dutchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder"},{"link_name":"Lohengrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg"},{"link_name":"Rienzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rienzi"},{"link_name":"Tannhäuser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Ralph Vaughan Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams"},{"link_name":"The Wasps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wasps_(Vaughan_Williams)"},{"link_name":"William Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Walton"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg Festival Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg_Festival_Overture"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Point_(Walton)"},{"link_name":"Carl Maria von Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber"},{"link_name":"Euryanthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euryanthe"},{"link_name":"Der Freischütz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Freisch%C3%BCtz"},{"link_name":"Oberon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberon_(Weber)"}],"text":"Some well-known or commonly played overtures:Anton Arensky: A Dream on the Volga\nMalcolm Arnold:\nBeckus the Dandipratt\nA Grand, Grand Overture\nPeterloo\nTam O'Shanter\nDaniel Auber: Fra Diavolo\nSamuel Barber: Overture to The School for Scandal\nArnold Bax: Overture to a Picaresque Comedy\nLudwig van Beethoven:\nLeonora Nr 1\nLeonora Nr 2\nLeonora Nr 3\nFidelio\nCoriolan Overture\nCreatures of Prometheus\nEgmont\nThe Ruins of Athens\nThe Consecration of the House\nArthur Benjamin\nOverture to an Italian Comedy\nHector Berlioz:\nBenvenuto Cellini\nLe carnaval romain\nLe corsair\nLes Francs-Juges\nKing Lear\nWaverley\nLeonard Bernstein: Candide\nGeorges Bizet: Carmen\nAlexander Borodin: Prince Igor\nJohannes Brahms:\nAcademic Festival Overture\nTragic Overture\nAnton Bruckner: Overture in G minor (WAB 98)\nAaron Copland: An Outdoor Overture\nAntonín Dvořák: Carnival Overture\nEdward Elgar:\nIn the South (Alassio)\nCockaigne\nFroissart\nGeorge Gershwin:\nCuban Overture\nOverture to Strike Up the Band\nPhilip Glass:\nOverture 2012\nKing Lear Overture\nMikhail Glinka: Ruslan and Lyudmila\nChristoph Willibald Gluck:\nIphigénie en Tauride\nOrfeo ed Euridice\nAlceste\nAntônio Carlos Gomes: Il Guarany\nEdvard Grieg: In Autumn\nGeorge Frideric Handel\nOverture to the Music for the Royal Fireworks\nOverture to the Water Music\nOverture to Messiah and other Oratorios\nJoseph Haydn: Armida\nFerdinand Hérold: Zampa\nJohn Ireland:\nA London Overture\nSatyricon Overture\nÉdouard Lalo: Le roi d'Ys\nFranz Lehár: The Merry Widow\nAndrew Lloyd Webber:\n\"Overture from Phantom of the Opera\"\nHamish MacCunn: The Land of the Mountain and the Flood\nFelix Mendelssohn:\nThe Hebrides (or Fingal's Cave)\nCalm Sea and Prosperous Voyage\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nRuy Blas\nDie schöne Melusine (The Fair Melusine)\nWolfgang Amadeus Mozart:\nThe Marriage of Figaro\nLa clemenza di Tito\nCosì fan tutte\nDon Giovanni\nIdomeneo\nDie Entführung aus dem Serail\nThe Magic Flute\nModest Mussorgsky: Khovanshchina\nNikolai Myaskovsky:\nPathetic Overture\nSalutation Overture\nOtto Nicolai: The Merry Wives of Windsor\nCarl Nielsen:\nMaskarade\nHelios Overture\nJacques Offenbach: Orpheus in the Underworld\nSergei Prokofiev: Overture on Hebrew Themes\nEmil von Reznicek: Donna Diana\nNikolai Rimsky-Korsakov:\nRussian Easter Festival Overture\nThe Maid of Pskov\nMay Night\nGioachino Rossini:\nLa cambiale di matrimonio\nTancredi\nIl signor Bruschino\nIl turco in Italia\nLa Cenerentola\nSemiramide\nIl viaggio a Reims\nThe Barber of Seville\nLa gazza ladra\nL'italiana in Algeri\nLa scala di seta\nWilliam Tell\nFranz Schubert:\nOverture in Italian Style, D590\nRosamunde\nRobert Schumann:\nOverture, Scherzo and Finale, Op 52\nManfred\nGenoveva\nFaust\nJulius Caesar\nHermann und Dorothea\nThe Bride of Messina\nDmitri Shostakovich: Festive Overture\nBedřich Smetana: The Bartered Bride\nJohann Strauss: Die Fledermaus\nJean Sibelius: Overture to The Tempest\nArthur Sullivan:\nThe Mikado\nThe Gondoliers\nThe Yeomen of the Guard\nFranz von Suppé\nLight Cavalry Overture\nThe Beautiful Galatea\nPoet and Peasant\nPyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky:\n1812 Overture\nHamlet (Overture-Fantasy)\nRomeo and Juliet (Overture-Fantasy)\nThe Nutcracker (Miniature Overture)\nGiuseppe Verdi:\nLa forza del destino\nNabucco\nI vespri siciliani\nRichard Wagner:\nFaust Overture\nThe Flying Dutchman\nLohengrin (both Act and Act III Preludes)\nDie Meistersinger von Nürnberg\nRienzi\nTannhäuser\nRalph Vaughan Williams: The Wasps\nWilliam Walton\nJohannesburg Festival Overture\nScapino Overture\nPortsmouth Point Overture\nCarl Maria von Weber:\nEuryanthe\nDer Freischütz\nOberon","title":"List of standard repertoire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto1_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto1_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto1_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto1_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto1_1-4"},{"link_name":"Temperley 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTemperley2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Blom 1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBlom1954"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Carter n.d.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCartern.d."},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Waterman and Anthony 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWaterman_and_Anthony2001"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETovey1911385_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETovey1911385_5-1"},{"link_name":"Tovey 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTovey1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Burrows 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBurrows2012"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto2_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto2_7-1"},{"link_name":"Fisher 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFisher2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Larue 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLarue2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Taruskin n.d.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTaruskinn.d."},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Charlton and Bartlet n.d.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCharlton_and_Bartletn.d."},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_11-1"},{"link_name":"Fisher 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFisher1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Anon. 1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAnon.1957"},{"link_name":"Maycock 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMaycock2009"},{"link_name":"Burton-Page n.d.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBurton-Pagen.d."},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"If You Have An Overture, Do You Also Need An Underture?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ratherrarerecords.com/underture/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkins2000121%E2%80%93122_14-0"},{"link_name":"Atkins 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAtkins2000"}],"text":"^ a b c d e Temperley 2001\n\n^ Blom 1954\n\n^ Carter n.d.\n\n^ Waterman and Anthony 2001\n\n^ a b Tovey 1911, p. 385.\n\n^ Burrows 2012, [page needed]\n\n^ a b Fisher 2001\n\n^ Larue 2001\n\n^ Taruskin n.d., [page needed]\n\n^ Charlton and Bartlet n.d.\n\n^ a b Fisher 1998\n\n^ Anon. 1957; Maycock 2009; Burton-Page n.d.\n\n^ \"If You Have An Overture, Do You Also Need An Underture?\". www.ratherrarerecords.com. October 3, 2018.\n\n^ Atkins 2000, pp. 121–122.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Music: Op. I for Vacuum Cleaners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080128131329/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824825,00.html"},{"link_name":"McFarland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-0609-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0609-8"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Arnold: A Grand, Grand Overture, Programme Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.chesternovello.com/Default.aspx?TabId=2432&State_3041=2&workId_3041=7041"},{"link_name":"Sadie, Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie"},{"link_name":"Tyrrell, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)"},{"link_name":"The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians"},{"link_name":"Macmillan Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-56159-239-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5"},{"link_name":"The New Grove Dictionary of Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera"},{"link_name":"Stanley Sadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-333-73432-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7"},{"link_name":"Stanley Sadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie"},{"link_name":"John Tyrrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)"},{"link_name":"Stanley Sadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie"},{"link_name":"John Tyrrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)"},{"link_name":"What's On/Programme Notes, Malcolm Arnold (1921–2006), A Grand, Grand Overture, Op. 57 (1956)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/proms/2009/whatson/notes/p76_arnold.shtml"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Proms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Proms"},{"link_name":"Instrumental Music Lifts Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxfordwesternmusic.com/view/Volume2/actrade-9780195384826-chapter-10.xml"},{"link_name":"Stanley Sadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie"},{"link_name":"John Tyrrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Tovey, Donald Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tovey"},{"link_name":"Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Overture"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"}],"text":"Anon. 1957. \"Music: Op. I for Vacuum Cleaners\" Time (April 22).\nAtkins, John (2000). The Who on Record: A Critical History, 1963–1998. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0609-8.\nBlom, Eric. 1954. \"Overture\". Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, fifth edition, edited by Eric Blom. London: Macmillan Publishers; Toronto, Canada: Macmillan Publishers.\nBurrows, Donald. 2012. Handel, second edition. Master Musicians Series. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.\nBurton-Page, Piers. n.d. \"Malcolm Arnold: A Grand, Grand Overture, Programme Note\". Chester-Novello publisher's website (accessed 6 November 2009).\nCarter, Tim (2001). \"Prologue\". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5..\nCharlton, David and M. Elizabeth C. Bartlet. n.d. \"Grétry, André-Ernest-Modeste.\" Grove Music Online.Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press, accessed March 29, 2016,http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/43361.\nFisher, Stephen C. 1998. \"Sinfonia\". The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, four volumes, edited by Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-333-73432-7.\nFisher, Stephen C. 2001. \"Italian Overture.\" The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.\nLarue, Jan. 2001. \"Sinfonia 2: After 1700\". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.\nMaycock, Robert. 2009. \"What's On/Programme Notes, Malcolm Arnold (1921–2006), A Grand, Grand Overture, Op. 57 (1956)\" BBC Proms programme, Prom 76: Last Night of the Proms (Saturday 12 September).\nTaruskin, Richard. n.d. Chapter 10: \"Instrumental Music Lifts Off.\" In his Music In The Seventeenth And Eighteenth Centuries (Oxford History of Western Music). New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 March 2016.\nTemperley, Nicholas. 2001. \"Overture\". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Tovey, Donald Francis (1911). \"Overture\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 384–385.\nWaterman, George Gow, and James R. Anthony. 2001. \"French Overture\". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.","title":"General and cited references"}]
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[{"image_text":"Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"If You Have An Overture, Do You Also Need An Underture?\". www.ratherrarerecords.com. October 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ratherrarerecords.com/underture/","url_text":"\"If You Have An Overture, Do You Also Need An Underture?\""}]},{"reference":"Anon. 1957. \"Music: Op. I for Vacuum Cleaners\" Time (April 22).","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080128131329/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824825,00.html","url_text":"Music: Op. I for Vacuum Cleaners"}]},{"reference":"Atkins, John (2000). The Who on Record: A Critical History, 1963–1998. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0609-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0609-8","url_text":"978-0-7864-0609-8"}]},{"reference":"Blom, Eric. 1954. \"Overture\". Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, fifth edition, edited by Eric Blom. London: Macmillan Publishers; Toronto, Canada: Macmillan Publishers.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Burrows, Donald. 2012. Handel, second edition. Master Musicians Series. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Burton-Page, Piers. n.d. \"Malcolm Arnold: A Grand, Grand Overture, Programme Note\". Chester-Novello publisher's website (accessed 6 November 2009).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chesternovello.com/Default.aspx?TabId=2432&State_3041=2&workId_3041=7041","url_text":"Malcolm Arnold: A Grand, Grand Overture, Programme Note"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Tim (2001). \"Prologue\". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5..","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie","url_text":"Sadie, Stanley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)","url_text":"Tyrrell, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians","url_text":"The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers","url_text":"Macmillan Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5","url_text":"978-1-56159-239-5"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Tim (2001). \"Prologue\". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie","url_text":"Sadie, Stanley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)","url_text":"Tyrrell, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians","url_text":"The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers","url_text":"Macmillan Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5","url_text":"978-1-56159-239-5"}]},{"reference":"Charlton, David and M. Elizabeth C. Bartlet. n.d. \"Grétry, André-Ernest-Modeste.\" Grove Music Online.Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press, accessed March 29, 2016,http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/43361.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fisher, Stephen C. 1998. \"Sinfonia\". The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, four volumes, edited by Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-333-73432-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera","url_text":"The New Grove Dictionary of Opera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie","url_text":"Stanley Sadie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7","url_text":"0-333-73432-7"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Stephen C. 2001. \"Italian Overture.\" The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie","url_text":"Stanley Sadie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)","url_text":"John Tyrrell"}]},{"reference":"Larue, Jan. 2001. \"Sinfonia 2: After 1700\". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie","url_text":"Stanley Sadie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)","url_text":"John Tyrrell"}]},{"reference":"Maycock, Robert. 2009. \"What's On/Programme Notes, Malcolm Arnold (1921–2006), A Grand, Grand Overture, Op. 57 (1956)\" BBC Proms programme, Prom 76: Last Night of the Proms (Saturday 12 September).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/proms/2009/whatson/notes/p76_arnold.shtml","url_text":"What's On/Programme Notes, Malcolm Arnold (1921–2006), A Grand, Grand Overture, Op. 57 (1956)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Proms","url_text":"Proms"}]},{"reference":"Taruskin, Richard. n.d. Chapter 10: \"Instrumental Music Lifts Off.\" In his Music In The Seventeenth And Eighteenth Centuries (Oxford History of Western Music). New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordwesternmusic.com/view/Volume2/actrade-9780195384826-chapter-10.xml","url_text":"Instrumental Music Lifts Off"}]},{"reference":"Temperley, Nicholas. 2001. \"Overture\". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie","url_text":"Stanley Sadie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)","url_text":"John Tyrrell"}]},{"reference":"Tovey, Donald Francis (1911). \"Overture\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 384–385.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tovey","url_text":"Tovey, Donald Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Overture","url_text":"Overture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Waterman, George Gow, and James R. Anthony. 2001. \"French Overture\". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaminio_Vacca
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Flaminio Vacca
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["1 Biography","2 Notes","3 External links"]
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Italian sculptor
Vacca's Lion, Loggia dei Lanzi, Florence
Flaminio Vacca or Vacchi (Caravaggio or Rome, 1538 – Rome, 1605) was an Italian sculptor.
Biography
His sculptural work can be seen in Rome in the grandiose funeral chapel of Pope Pius V designed by Domenico Fontana at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore (Saint Francis), in the Church of the Gesù (one of four marble angels in the third chapel on the right) and in the right transept of the Chiesa Nuova (Saint John the Evangelist and Saint John the Baptist, both signed). At the notoriously awkward fountain that marked the terminus of the Acqua Felice, Vacca contributed one of the angels (documented 1588–89,) supporting Sixtus V's coat-of-arms that crown the attic, and a bas-relief Joshua Leading His People across the Jordan River; in these commissions for the fountain his partner in the documented payments was Pietro Paolo Olivieri. His self-portrait (1599) is conserved in the Protomoteca Capitolina on the Campidoglio. At the Villa Medici the two marble Medici lions flank the staircase; one is Roman, its pendant, made to match it in 1600, was by Flaminio Vacca. Vacca's copy was replaced by a copy when Villa Medici was sold by the Grand Duke of Tuscany and moved the lions to Piazza della Signoria, Florence, where with its ancient companion it flanks the steps to the Loggia dei Lanzi. In Santa Susanna, the prophets Ezekiel and Daniel have been attributed to him.
Chapel of the Sacramento with a marble tabernacle sculpted by Flaminio Vacca (1587) in the church of San Lorenzo; Spello, Italy
Outside Rome his sculpture may be found at Spello (a tabernacle in the Capella del Sacramento, Church of San Lorenzo);
His Memorie di varie antichità trovate in diversi luoghi della Città di Roma (Rome 1594, republished as a supplement to Famiano Nardini's Roma Antica , reprinted by Carlo Fea, 1790) are a primary source of information and rich human detail on the discoveries of Roman sculpture and antiquities in the later sixteenth century, and also on the destruction of antiquities, especially for the urbanistic programmes of Pope Sixtus V. His pithy numbered anecdotal notes consistently begin Mi ricordo..., "I remember...".
Vacca's reputation at the time of his death made him a suitable candidate for insepulture in the Pantheon, Rome; there his modest epitaph reads, in translation, "Flaminius Vacca, Roman sculptor, who in his works never satisfied himself". Vacca had been one of the founding members of the Confraternità dei Virtuosi that was formed at the Pantheon by Desiderio da Segni, a canon of the church of Santa Maria ad Martyres that occupied and preserved the Pantheon, to ensure that worship was maintained in the Chapel of St Joseph in the Holy Land, Others among the first members were Antonio da Sangallo the younger, Jacopo Meneghino, Giovanni Mangone, Taddeo Zuccari and Domenico Beccafumi.
A modern account of his career is Sergio Lombardi, "Flaminio Vacca," in Roma di Sisto V: Le arti e la cultura, Maria Luisa Madonna, ed. (Rome: De Luca, 1993)
Notes
^ Steven F. Ostrow, "The discourse of failure in seventeenth-century Rome: Prospero Bresciano's Moses", The Art Bulletin (June 2006) notes 4 and 5.
^ Touring Club Italiano, Roma e dintorni 1965
^ "D.O.M. Flaminio Vaccae Sculptori Romano qui in operibus quae facit nunquam sibi satisfecit" The inscription was copied in Bernard Montfaucon's Italian diary, and by a series of references landed Flaminio Vacca eventually in Smith's , Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870), iii. s.v. "Vacca Flaminius", "of whom all that is known is contained in the... inscription".
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flaminio Vacca.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Sweden
Czech Republic
Poland
Vatican
Artists
RKD Artists
ULAN
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Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
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At the notoriously awkward fountain that marked the terminus of the Acqua Felice, Vacca contributed one of the angels (documented 1588–89,) supporting Sixtus V's coat-of-arms that crown the attic, and a bas-relief Joshua Leading His People across the Jordan River; in these commissions for the fountain his partner in the documented payments was Pietro Paolo Olivieri.[1] His self-portrait (1599) is conserved in the Protomoteca Capitolina on the Campidoglio. At the Villa Medici the two marble Medici lions flank the staircase; one is Roman, its pendant, made to match it in 1600, was by Flaminio Vacca. Vacca's copy was replaced by a copy when Villa Medici was sold by the Grand Duke of Tuscany and moved the lions to Piazza della Signoria, Florence, where with its ancient companion it flanks the steps to the Loggia dei Lanzi. In Santa Susanna, the prophets Ezekiel and Daniel have been attributed to him.[2]Chapel of the Sacramento with a marble tabernacle sculpted by Flaminio Vacca (1587) in the church of San Lorenzo; Spello, ItalyOutside Rome his sculpture may be found at Spello (a tabernacle [1587] in the Capella del Sacramento, Church of San Lorenzo);His Memorie di varie antichità trovate in diversi luoghi della Città di Roma (Rome 1594, republished as a supplement to Famiano Nardini's Roma Antica [1666], reprinted by Carlo Fea, 1790) are a primary source of information and rich human detail on the discoveries of Roman sculpture and antiquities in the later sixteenth century, and also on the destruction of antiquities, especially for the urbanistic programmes of Pope Sixtus V. His pithy numbered anecdotal notes consistently begin Mi ricordo..., \"I remember...\".Vacca's reputation at the time of his death made him a suitable candidate for insepulture in the Pantheon, Rome; there his modest epitaph reads, in translation, \"Flaminius Vacca, Roman sculptor, who in his works never satisfied himself\".[3] Vacca had been one of the founding members of the Confraternità dei Virtuosi that was formed at the Pantheon by Desiderio da Segni, a canon of the church of Santa Maria ad Martyres that occupied and preserved the Pantheon, to ensure that worship was maintained in the Chapel of St Joseph in the Holy Land, Others among the first members were Antonio da Sangallo the younger, Jacopo Meneghino, Giovanni Mangone, Taddeo Zuccari and Domenico Beccafumi.A modern account of his career is Sergio Lombardi, \"Flaminio Vacca,\" in Roma di Sisto V: Le arti e la cultura, Maria Luisa Madonna, ed. (Rome: De Luca, 1993)","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Bernard Montfaucon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montfaucon"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology"}],"text":"^ Steven F. Ostrow, \"The discourse of failure in seventeenth-century Rome: Prospero Bresciano's Moses\", The Art Bulletin (June 2006) notes 4 and 5.\n\n^ Touring Club Italiano, Roma e dintorni 1965\n\n^ \"D.O.M. Flaminio Vaccae Sculptori Romano qui in operibus quae facit nunquam sibi satisfecit\" The inscription was copied in Bernard Montfaucon's Italian diary, and by a series of references landed Flaminio Vacca eventually in Smith's , Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870), iii. s.v. \"Vacca Flaminius\", \"of whom all that is known is contained in the... inscription\".","title":"Notes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Pattison
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Andrew Pattison
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["1 Career finals (Open Era)","1.1 Singles (4 titles, 7 runner-ups)","1.2 Doubles (7 titles, 12 runner-ups)","2 World Team Tennis","3 References","4 External links"]
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South African tennis player (born 1949)
See also: Andrew Paterson (disambiguation)
Andrew PattisonCountry (sports) Rhodesia Zimbabwe United StatesBorn (1949-01-30) 30 January 1949 (age 75)Pretoria, South AfricaHeight1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)Turned pro1970Retired1983PlaysRight-handed (one-handed backhand)SinglesCareer record270–247Career titles4Highest rankingNo. 24 (27 September 1974)Grand Slam singles resultsAustralian Open1R (1980)French Open3R (1973)Wimbledon3R (1971, 1974, 1975, 1979, 1981)US OpenQF (1975)DoublesCareer record239–237Career titles7
Andrew Pattison (born 30 January 1949) is a former South African-born Rhodesian and later Zimbabwean tennis player. His career-high ATP singles ranking was world No. 24, which he reached on 24 September 1974. Pattison won four singles tournaments, and seven doubles tournaments.
Career finals (Open Era)
Singles (4 titles, 7 runner-ups)
This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Result
W-L
Date
Tournament
Surface
Opponent
Score
Loss
1–1
Jul 1972
Columbus, U.S.
Hard
Jimmy Connors
5–7, 3–6, 5–7
Loss
1–2
Jul 1972
Tanglewood, USA
Clay
Bob Hewitt
6–3, 3–6, 1–6
Loss
1–3
Aug 1972
Montreal, Canada
Clay
Ilie Năstase
4–6, 3–6
Win
2–3
Apr 1974
Monte Carlo, Monaco
Clay
Ilie Năstase
5–7, 6–3, 6–4
Win
3–3
Apr 1974
Johannesburg, South Africa
Hard
John Alexander
6–3, 7–5
Loss
3–4
Oct 1974
Vienna, Austria
Hard (i)
Vitas Gerulaitis
4–6, 6–3, 3–6, 2–6
Loss
3–5
Jan 1976
Columbus, U.S.
Carpet (i)
Arthur Ashe
6–3, 3–6, 6–7(4–7)
Loss
3–6
Feb 1976
Dayton, U.S.
Carpet (i)
Jaime Fillol Sr.
4–6, 7–6, 4–6
Win
4–6
Sep 1977
Laguna Niguel, U.S.
Hard
Colin Dibley
2–6, 7–6, 6–4
Win
5–6
Nov 1979
Johannesburg, South Africa
Hard
Víctor Pecci
2–6, 6–3, 6–2, 6–3
Loss
5–7
Jul 1980
Newport, U.S.
Grass
Vijay Amritraj
1–6, 7–5, 3–6
Doubles (7 titles, 12 runner-ups)
Result
W-L
Date
Tournament
Surface
Partner
Opponents
Score
Loss
0–1
Jun 1972
Eastbourne, UK
Grass
Nick Kalogeropoulos
Juan Gisbert Sr. Manuel Orantes
6–8, 3–6
Win
1–1
Jul 1972
Tanglewood, U.S.
Clay
Bob Hewitt
Jim McManus Jim Osborne
6–4, 6–4
Loss
1–2
Mar 1973
Atlanta, U.S.
Clay
Robert Maud
Roy Emerson Rod Laver
6–7, 3–6
Loss
1–3
Jul 1973
Washington, D.C., US
Clay
Dick Crealy
Ross Case Geoff Masters
6–2, 1–6, 4–6
Loss
1–4
Feb 1974
Salisbury, U.S.
Carpet (i)
Byron Bertram
Jimmy Connors Frew McMillan
6–3, 2–6, 1–6
Loss
1–5
Apr 1974
Johannesburg, South Africa
Hard
Jim McManus
Bob Hewitt Frew McMillan
2–6, 4–6, 6–7
Win
2–5
Nov 1974
Vienna, Austria
Hard (i)
Ray Moore
Bob Hewitt Frew McMillan
6–4, 5–7, 6–4
Loss
2–6
Feb 1977
Dayton, U.S.
Carpet (i)
Jeff Borowiak
Hank Pfister Butch Walts
4–6, 6–7
Loss
2–7
Oct 1978
Basel, Switzerland
Hard (i)
Bruce Manson
Wojciech Fibak John McEnroe
6–7, 5–7
Win
3–7
Nov 1978
Paris, France
Hard (i)
Bruce Manson
Ion Țiriac Guillermo Vilas
7–6, 6–2
Loss
3–8
Mar 1980
Frankfurt, West Germany
Carpet (i)
Butch Walts
Vijay Amritraj Stan Smith
7–6, 2–6, 2–6
Loss
3–9
Mar 1980
Milan, Italy
Carpet (i)
Butch Walts
Peter Fleming John McEnroe
2–6, 7–6, 2–6
Loss
3–10
Jun 1980
Surbiton, UK
Grass
Butch Walts
Mark Edmondson Kim Warwick
6–7, 7–6, 7–6, 6–7, 13–15
Win
4–10
Jul 1980
Newport, U.S.
Grass
Butch Walts
Fritz Buehning Peter Rennert
7–6, 6–4
Win
5–10
Oct 1980
Cologne, West Germany
Carpet (i)
Bernard Mitton
Jan Kodeš Tomáš Šmíd
6–4, 6–1
Win
6–10
Mar 1981
Denver, U.S.
Carpet (i)
Butch Walts
Mel Purcell Dick Stockton
6–3, 6–4
Loss
6–11
Jul 1981
Hilversum, Netherlands
Clay
Ray Moore
Heinz Günthardt Balázs Taróczy
0–6, 2–6
Win
7–11
Aug 1981
South Orange, U.S.
Hard
Fritz Buehning
Shlomo Glickstein David Schneider
6–1, 6–4
Loss
7–12
Nov 1982
Johannesburg, South Africa
Hard
Shlomo Glickstein
Brian Gottfried Frew McMillan
2–6, 2–6
World Team Tennis
In 1974, Pattison was a member of the World Team Tennis (WTT) champion Denver Racquets. He was named 1974 WTT Playoffs Most Valuable Player.
References
^ ITF tennis
^ John Barrett, ed. (1982). Slazengers World of Tennis 1982 : The Official Yearbook of the International Tennis Federation (14th ed.). London: Queen Anne Press. pp. 331, 332. ISBN 9780356085968.
^ "Mylan WTT Player Database (seasons completed) – as of September 25, 2014 (Seasons 1974–2014)" (PDF). World TeamTennis. 25 September 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
^ Wilt, Tom (27 August 1974). "Racquets Win WTT Championship". Greeley Daily Tribune. p. 16.
External links
Andrew Pattison at the Association of Tennis Professionals
Andrew Pattison at the International Tennis Federation
vte1974 World Team Tennis Champion Denver Racquets
Jeff Austin
Pam Austin
Françoise Dürr
Stephanie Johnson
Andrew Pattison (WTT Playoffs Most Valuable Player)
Kristien Shaw
Player-Coach: Tony Roche (WTT Coach of the Year)
Assistant Coach: Ben Press
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/andrew-pattison/800174947/zim/mt/s/overview/","external_links_name":"ITF tennis"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150227173549/http://www.wtt.com/Pictures/MASTER%20LIST%20OF%20WTT%20PLAYERS%20SEPTEMBER%2025%202014%20BY%20NAME.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mylan WTT Player Database (seasons completed) – as of September 25, 2014 (Seasons 1974–2014)\""},{"Link":"http://www.wtt.com/Pictures/MASTER%20LIST%20OF%20WTT%20PLAYERS%20SEPTEMBER%2025%202014%20BY%20NAME.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.atptour.com/en/players/-/P074/overview","external_links_name":"Andrew Pattison"},{"Link":"https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/andrew-pattison/800174947/zim","external_links_name":"Andrew Pattison"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TKO_Group_Holdings
|
TKO Group Holdings
|
["1 Background","2 History","2.1 WWE's preparations for a sale","2.2 Formation","3 Corporate governance","4 Assets","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
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American media conglomerate
TKO Group Holdings, Inc.Trade nameTKOCompany typePublicTraded asNYSE: TKO (Class A)S&P 400 componentIndustryProfessional wrestlingMixed martial artsStreaming mediaPredecessorsWorld Wrestling Entertainment, Inc.ZuffaFoundedSeptember 12, 2023; 9 months ago (2023-09-12)FoundersAri Emanuel Vince McMahonHeadquarters707 Washington Blvd., Stamford, Connecticut, U.S.Area servedWorldwideKey peopleAri Emanuel (CEO & Executive Chairman)Mark Shapiro (President & COO)ProductsBroadcastingFilmsFinanceHome videoLive eventsMerchandiseMusicPublishingStreaming network serviceTelevisionServicesLicensingRevenue US$1.67 billion (2023)Operating income US$447 million (2023)Net income US$176 million (2023)Total assets US$12.7 billion (2023)Total equity US$8.84 billion (2023)OwnerEndeavor (51%)WWE shareholders (49%)Number of employeesc. 1,250 (2023)SubsidiariesUFCWWEWebsitetkogrp.comFootnotes / references
TKO Group Holdings, Inc. (TKO) is an American media conglomerate created by Endeavor as part of a merger between World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. (WWE) and Zuffa, the parent company of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Following the completion of the merger on September 12, 2023, both WWE and UFC operate as divisions under the banner of TKO.
The merger marked the first time that WWE has not been solely and primarily majority-controlled by the McMahon family, which has founded the company and owned it for over 70 years. This marked the third time that the UFC has changed ownership as its parent company Zuffa had been sold to Endeavor in 2016. Zuffa had previously purchased the UFC from the Semaphore Entertainment Group in 2001.
Endeavor chief executive officer (CEO) Ari Emanuel is the new company's CEO, while Mark Shapiro serves as president and chief operating officer. Emanuel did not take on any creative roles in WWE or the UFC, with Nick Khan becoming president of WWE post-merger and Dana White serving as CEO of the UFC.
Background
Main articles: History of WWE and Ultimate Fighting Championship § History
Vince McMahon, a third-generation wrestling promoter and co-founder of Titan Sports, Inc., originally served as Executive Chairman of TKO Group Holdings.
Headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut, WWE was founded in 1953 as the Capitol Wrestling Corporation (CWC), a Northeastern territory of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). The CWC was run by Vincent J. McMahon, son of boxing and wrestling promoter Jess McMahon. Following a booking dispute over CWC wrestler Buddy Rogers and the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, the CWC left the NWA and became the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) in January 1963, and, by April 25, 1963, Rogers was declared the first WWWF World Heavyweight Champion. The WWWF was renamed to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1979; the WWF made its final departure from the NWA in 1983. The current legal entity, which was originally named Titan Sports, Inc., was incorporated on February 21, 1980, in South Yarmouth, Massachusetts, but reincorporated under Delaware General Corporation Law in 1987. Titan Sports was co-founded by Vince McMahon, Vincent J.'s son, and his wife Linda. It acquired Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd., the holding company for the WWF, in 1982. After buying the WWF, Vince McMahon expanded the promotion by overturning the NWA's territory system and holding events around the United States and the world which were televised on a global basis. Throughout the 1980s WWF begun to capitalize on the popularity of rising star Hulk Hogan after he defeated The Iron Sheik at Madison Square Garden on January 23, 1984 to capture the WWF World Heavyweight Championship. On March 31, 1985 WWF held the first WrestleMania, which would go on to become WWF's flagship event. Initially broadcast on closed-circuit television, Wrestlemania became a pay-per-view the following year, as WWF expanded its pay-per-view offerings and became known as a pioneer for the relatively new distribution format. In January 1993, WWF introduced its live, weekly episodic television show, Monday Night Raw. WWF became a publicly traded company in August of 1999, launching an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange. The company's status as the world's premier professional wrestling organization was cemented by its acquisition of the assets of World Championship Wrestling in 2001 following the Monday Night War. Titan Sports was renamed World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. in 1999, and then World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. in 2002 after a legal dispute with the World Wildlife Fund. Since 2011, the company has branded itself solely with the initials WWE, though the legal name did not change at the time. WWE's majority owner was its executive chairman, third-generation wrestling promoter Vince McMahon, who retained a 38.6% ownership of the company's outstanding stock and 81.1% of the voting power before the merger. The closure of the merger saw McMahon's voting power and stock ownership dramatically decrease.
Ari Emanuel, the CEO and Executive Chairman of Endeavor, serves as the CEO of TKO Group Holdings.
The Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), initially under the ownership of the Semaphore Entertainment Group, was founded by American businessman Art Davie and Brazilian martial artist Rorion Gracie with their partners in WOW Promotions. The first UFC event was held in November 12, 1993 at the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver, Colorado. The purpose of the early ultimate fighting competitions was to identify the most effective martial art in a contest with minimal rules and no weight classes between competitors of different fighting disciplines. In subsequent events, more rigorous rules were created and fighters began adopting effective techniques from more than one discipline, which indirectly helped create a separate style of fighting known as present-day mixed martial arts (MMA). In April 1995, following UFC 5, Davie and Gracie sold their remaining interest in the UFC to the Semaphore Entertainment Group and disbanded WOW Promotions. Six years later in 2001, Zuffa, a sports promotion company headed by Frank and Lorenzo Fertitta, purchased the UFC from the Semaphore Entertainment Group. Zuffa's ownership led to a growth period for the company and the sport of MMA in general; the UFC's global leadership in the sport led to Zuffa buying the assets of the Pride Fighting Championships in 2007 and the Strikeforce promotion in 2011 (among other MMA promotions). In 2016, Zuffa was sold to a group led by Endeavor, then known as William Morris Endeavor (WME–IMG), including Silver Lake Partners, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and MSD Capital for US$4.025 billion. In 2017, WME–IMG changed its holding name to Endeavor and four years later, in 2021, Endeavor bought out Zuffa's other owners at a valuation of $1.7 billion.
History
WWE's preparations for a sale
On June 17, 2022, amid allegations of misconduct, Vince McMahon stepped down as the chairman and CEO of WWE, leaving the company to his daughter, Stephanie McMahon, and Nick Khan. In January 2023, Vince stated his intention to return to WWE ahead of media rights negotiations. WWE's media rights with Fox and USA Network are set to expire in 2024. That same month, JPMorgan were hired to handle a possible sale of the company, with rumored suitors having included Comcast and Fox Corporation (owners of WWE's broadcast partners USA Network and Fox), The Walt Disney Company (owners of ESPN), Warner Bros. Discovery (media partners of All Elite Wrestling), Netflix, Amazon, Endeavor (WWE had an existing business relationship with its subsidiary Endeavor Streaming, which took over the technical operations of its streaming service WWE Network in 2019), Liberty Media, Creative Artists Agency, and Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund (WWE has a long-term agreement with Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Sport to promote events in the country).
On January 10, 2023, Stephanie McMahon resigned as WWE's chairwoman and co-CEO, after which Vince McMahon assumed the role of executive chairman of WWE, and Nick Khan became the sole CEO.
Formation
In September 2023, Endeavor Group Holdings, UFC and WWE formed a new publicly traded company, TKO Group Holdings, Inc. The new entity went public on September 12, 2023 and is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol "TKO".
At the close of the deal, Endeavor held a 51% stake in TKO Group Holdings, with WWE's shareholders having a 49% stake, valuing WWE at $9.1 billion. This marked the first time that WWE had not been majority-controlled by members of the McMahon family. Endeavor CEO Ari Emanuel became CEO of TKO and Mark Shapiro became president and chief operating officer, with each maintaining their respective roles at Endeavor. UFC and WWE continued to operate as separate divisions under TKO, with Dana White as CEO of the UFC and Nick Khan serving as president of WWE post-merger. WWE's head of creative Paul Levesque remained in his role.
When the merger was first announced in April 2023, Emanuel stated that it would "bring together two leading pureplay sports and entertainment companies" and provide "significant operating synergies". McMahon stated that "family businesses have to evolve for all the right reasons", and that "given the incredible work that Ari and Endeavor have done to grow the UFC brand — nearly doubling its revenue over the past seven years — and the immense success we've already had in partnering with their team on a number of ventures, I believe that this is without a doubt the best outcome for our shareholders and other stakeholders."
The merger closed on September 12, 2023; with Vince McMahon personally owning approximately one-third of the Class A Common Stock of TKO Group Holdings, Inc. The first television show produced under the TKO banner was the September 12 episode of WWE NXT. Following the merger, Dana White was made CEO of the UFC.
In January 2024, a lawsuit was filed by Janel Grant, a former employee at WWE headquarters between 2019 and 2022 against WWE as well as TKO (by proxy of ownership). Grant alleged that the then current TKO Executive Chairman Vince McMahon, had coerced her into a sexual relationship, and, along with WWE executive John Laurinaitis and a WWE wrestler who was also a former UFC fighter, sexually trafficked her and repeatedly sexually assaulted her between 2020–2021. Grant alleged that she was subjected to "extreme cruelty and degradation" by McMahon, including being defecated upon during a sexual encounter. Grant stated that McMahon had agreed to pay her $3 million in 2022 in return for a NDA, but stopped paying after only $1 million had been paid following the initial public emergence of the sexual misconduct allegations the same year. Federal prosecutors have subpoenaed McMahon, and have taken up the filing in question. One day after the report – on January 26, 2024 – Vince McMahon resigned from TKO. In a statement, McMahon said the decision was made "out of respect for the WWE Universe, the extraordinary TKO business and its board members and shareholders, partners and constituents, and all of the employees".
Corporate governance
The board of directors of TKO Group Holdings consists of thirteen members, six representing WWE and seven representing Endeavor. On January 23, 2024, the TKO board of directors would be increased from 11 members to 13 members. Following this, WWE underwent some changes, which included broadcast deals with different partners (including Netflix) and giving up ownership of Dwayne Johnson's trademarked name "The Rock" to Johnson, who would also join TKO's board of directors. There is currently one vacancy due to former Executive Chairman Vince McMahon’s resignation on January 26, 2024 following sex trafficking and sexual assault allegations involving a former WWE employee.
Board of Directors
Name
Representative
Role
Ari Emanuel
Endeavor
CEO and Executive Chairman of TKO Group Holdings
Egon Durban
Endeavor
Co-CEO of Silver Lake Management
Nick Khan
WWE
President of WWE
Steve Koonin
WWE
Lead Independent DirectorCEO of Atlanta Hawks
Jonathan Kraft
Endeavor
President of the Kraft Group and the New England Patriots
Sonya Medina Williams
Endeavor
President and Executive Director for Reach Resilience
Mark Shapiro
Endeavor
President and COO of TKO Group Holdings
Carrie A. Wheeler
WWE
CEO of Opendoor
Nancy Tellem
Endeavor
Chief Media Officer of Eko
Peter Bynoe
WWE
Senior Advisor of DLA Piper
Dwayne Johnson
WWE
Co-owner of United Football LeaguePart-time WWE wrestler
Brad Keywell
Endeavor
Executive Chairman of Uptake Technologies
Assets
WWE
Alpha Entertainment (minority owner)
Tapout (50%, shared with Authentic Brands Group)
Titan Towers
TSI Reality Services, Inc.
WCW Inc.
WWE Books
WWE Jet Services Inc.
WWE Legacy Department
American Wrestling Association
Minneapolis Boxing & Wrestling Club
Deep South Wrestling (select footage)
Evolve
Dragon Gate USA
Extreme Championship Wrestling
Eastern Championship Wrestling
Florida Championship Wrestling
Georgia Championship Wrestling (select footage)
Global Wrestling Federation
Heartland Wrestling Association (select footage)
International Championship Wrestling
Jim Crockett Promotions
Central States Wrestling (select footage)
Midwest Wrestling Association
Championship Wrestling from Florida
Championship Wrestling from Georgia
Eastern States Championship Wrestling
Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
Maple Leaf Wrestling
Queensbury Athletic Club
Memphis Championship Wrestling
Ohio Valley Wrestling (select footage)
Smoky Mountain Wrestling
Stampede Wrestling (select footage)
Big Time Wrestling
Klondike Wrestling
Wildcat Wrestling
Ultimate Pro Wrestling
Universal Wrestling Federation
Mid-South Wrestling
NWA Tri-State
World Class Championship Wrestling (select footage)
NWA Big Time Wrestling
World Class Wrestling Association
World Championship Wrestling
World Wrestling Council (select footage)
Capitol Sports Promotions
WWE Music Group
WWE Network
WWE Network (Canada)
WWE Performance Center
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WWE Shop
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Ultimate Fighting Championship
Pride Fighting Championships
Strikeforce
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Notes
^ At the close of the deal, WWE's shareholders owned 49% of the company. Vince McMahon owns 34% of the company, with a 4.7% voting interest.
^ The WWE/UFC talent in question was not named in the lawsuit, but was identified by The Wall Street Journal as Brock Lesnar.
References
^ a b c d e "TKO Reports Full Year 2023 Results" (PDF). TKO Group Holdings, Inc. February 27, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
^ "SCHEDULE 14C INFORMATION". NASDAQ. August 22, 2023. p. 248. Retrieved August 25, 2023. Mr. McMahon is expected to have beneficial ownership of approximately 28,752,105 shares of New PubCo Class A common stock representing approximately... 17% of the voting power...and approximately 34% of the economic interests...
^ "STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP OF SECURITIES" (PDF). United States Securities and Exchange Commission. November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
^ "STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP OF SECURITIES" (PDF). United States Securities and Exchange Commission. March 7, 2024. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
^ "STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP" (PDF). United States Securities and Exchange Commission. March 28, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
^ "STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP" (PDF). United States Securities and Exchange Commission. April 9, 2024. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
^ "2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. February 27, 2024.
^ "SEC-Show". otp.tools.investis.com. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
^ "Endeavor and WWE® Deal to Create TKO Group Holdings Expected to Close September 12". Business Wire. September 7, 2023. Archived from the original on September 7, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
^ Sherman, Alex (April 2, 2023). "WWE near deal to be sold to UFC parent Endeavor, sources say". CNBC. Archived from the original on April 2, 2023. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
^ "U.F.C. Sells Itself for $4 Billion". The New York Times. July 11, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
^ Mullin, Benjamin (April 3, 2023). "Endeavor and W.W.E. Join Forces to Create Live-Combat Tag Team". The New York Times. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
^ a b Group, T. K. O. (September 5, 2023). "Endeavor Announces Close of UFC® And WWE® Transaction to Create TKO Group Holdings, a Premier Sports and Entertainment Company". TKO Group Holdings, Inc.
^ "New WWE Stamford headquarters opening scheduled for early 2023". Retrieved May 7, 2024.
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^ "Pro Wrestling a Pioneer in Pay-Per-View Game". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
^ "The WWE Universe Creates Wild Fan Films To Honor 30 Years of Monday Night RAW". USA Network. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
^ "WWF pins IPO". CNN. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
^ Sacco, Justine; Weitz, Michael (April 7, 2011). "The New WWE" (Press release). Connecticut: WWE. Archived from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
^
Gentry III, Clyde, No Holds Barred: Evolution, Archon Publishing, 2001, 1st ed., ISBN 0-9711479-0-6, pages 24–29.
^ "Royce Gracie's Legacy, BJJ's Relevance on the Decline in Modern MMA". Bleacher Report. April 27, 2012. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
^ Stefano, Dan (June 25, 2009). "Former UFC champ helps promote Pittsburgh event". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Archived from the original on July 1, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ Bare Knuckle News (August 21, 2019). Art Davie on His Decision to Sell His Stake in the UFC – via YouTube.
^ de la Merced, Michael (July 11, 2016). "U.F.C. Sells Itself for $4 Billion". The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
^ Rooney, Kyle (September 30, 2016). "UFC sold to WME-IMG". HNHH. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
^ Coppinger, Mike (January 6, 2023). "Vince McMahon back at WWE ahead of media rights negotiations". ESPN.com. Retrieved January 6, 2023.
^ Sherman, Alex (January 7, 2023). "Vince McMahon is back at WWE to ensure a smooth sale process. Here's who might want to buy it". CNBC. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
^ Mcharthy, Michael; Perez, A.J (January 6, 2023). "Saudi Public Investment Fund Could Bid On WWE". Front Office Sports. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
^ "WWE Board of Directors unanimously elects Vince McMahon executive Chairman of the board". WWE. January 10, 2023. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
^ a b c Sherman, Alex (April 3, 2023). "WWE agrees to merge with UFC to create a new company run by Ari Emanuel and Vince McMahon". CNBC. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
^ a b c d e Szalai, Georg; Vlessing, Etan (April 3, 2023). "Endeavor's UFC, WWE to Merge; Ari Emanuel to Serve as CEO, Vince McMahon as Executive Chair". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
^ Sherman, Alex (April 2, 2023). "WWE near deal to be sold to UFC parent Endeavor, sources say". CNBC. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
^ Burack, Bobby (April 3, 2023). "WWE CEO NICK KHAN TALKS WWE/UFC MERGER". OutKick. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
^ PWMania (May 3, 2023). "Nick Khan And Triple H Discuss WWE – Endeavor". PWMania. Retrieved May 3, 2023.
^ "Vince McMahon: I will remain involved in WWE creative at a 'higher level'". Wrestling Observer/Figure Four Online. April 3, 2023. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
^ "NEW WHALE INC.* WORLD WRESTLING ENTERTAINMENT, INC". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
^ "SCHEDULE 14C INFORMATION". NASDAQ. August 22, 2023. p. 248. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
^ "WWE NXT results, Sept. 12, 2023: Becky Lynch dethrones Tiffany Stratton to become the new NXT Women's Champion". WWE. September 12, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
^ https://www.si.com/fannation/mma/ufc-ceo-dana-white-compliments-combat-sports-art
^ Safdar, Khadeeja (January 25, 2024). "Vince McMahon Accused of Sex Trafficking by WWE Staffer He Paid to Keep Quiet". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 25, 2024. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
^ Patten, Dominic (January 26, 2024). "Vince McMahon Resigns From Endeavor-Owned Sports Group After Horrific Rape & Sex Trafficking Claims". Deadline. Archived from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
^ "Vince McMahon resigns from roles with WWE, TKO Group amid sexual assault and trafficking allegations". CBSSports.com. January 27, 2024. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
^ Draper, Kevin (January 27, 2024). "Vince McMahon Cuts W.W.E. Ties After Sex Trafficking Accusation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
^ "McMahon resigns from TKO following allegations". ESPN. January 27, 2024. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
^ a b c "TKO Appoints Dwayne Johnson to Board of Directors". TKO Group Holdings. January 23, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
^ "TKO CEO Ari Emanuel: Netflix deal strengthens the WWE brand 'on a global basis'". CNBC. January 23, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
^ Thompson, Andrew (August 10, 2023). "Board members revealed for TKO Group Holdings". Post Wrestling. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
^ Patten, Dominic (January 27, 2024). "Vince McMahon Resigns From Endeavor-Owned Sports Group After Horrific Rape & Sex Trafficking Claims". Deadline. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"media conglomerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_conglomerate"},{"link_name":"Endeavor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endeavor_(company)"},{"link_name":"World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"Zuffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuffa"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"McMahon family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMahon_family"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ari Emanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Emanuel"},{"link_name":"Mark Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Shapiro_(media_executive)"},{"link_name":"Nick Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Khan"},{"link_name":"Dana White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_White"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-14"}],"text":"TKO Group Holdings, Inc. (TKO) is an American media conglomerate created by Endeavor as part of a merger between World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. (WWE) and Zuffa, the parent company of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC).[8] Following the completion of the merger on September 12, 2023, both WWE and UFC operate as divisions under the banner of TKO.[9]The merger marked the first time that WWE has not been solely and primarily majority-controlled by the McMahon family, which has founded the company and owned it for over 70 years.[10] This marked the third time that the UFC has changed ownership as its parent company Zuffa had been sold to Endeavor in 2016.[11] Zuffa had previously purchased the UFC from the Semaphore Entertainment Group in 2001.Endeavor chief executive officer (CEO) Ari Emanuel is the new company's CEO, while Mark Shapiro serves as president and chief operating officer. Emanuel did not take on any creative roles in WWE or the UFC, with Nick Khan becoming president of WWE post-merger and Dana White serving as CEO of the UFC.[12][13]","title":"TKO Group Holdings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:161213-D-PB383-018_(30804135194)_(3)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Vince McMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_McMahon"},{"link_name":"Titan Sports, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"Capitol Wrestling Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Wrestling_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Northeastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Wrestling_Alliance_territories"},{"link_name":"National Wrestling Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wrestling_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CTInsider-15"},{"link_name":"Vincent J. McMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_J._McMahon"},{"link_name":"boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"promoter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)"},{"link_name":"Jess McMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jess_McMahon"},{"link_name":"Buddy Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Rogers_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"NWA World Heavyweight Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NWA_Worlds_Heavyweight_Championship"},{"link_name":"WWWF World Heavyweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WWE_Champions"},{"link_name":"South Yarmouth, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yarmouth,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Delaware General Corporation Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law"},{"link_name":"Vince McMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_McMahon"},{"link_name":"Linda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_McMahon"},{"link_name":"1980s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s_professional_wrestling_boom"},{"link_name":"Hulk Hogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk_Hogan"},{"link_name":"The Iron Sheik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iron_Sheik"},{"link_name":"March 31, 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WrestleMania_I"},{"link_name":"WrestleMania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WrestleMania"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bleacher-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune-17"},{"link_name":"Monday Night Raw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Raw"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN-19"},{"link_name":"World Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Monday Night War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday_Night_War"},{"link_name":"World Wildlife Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature"},{"link_name":"branded itself solely with the initials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_initialism"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011name-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ari_Emanuel_(27449561892)_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ari Emanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Emanuel"},{"link_name":"Endeavor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endeavor_(company)"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"Art Davie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Davie"},{"link_name":"Rorion Gracie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorion_Gracie"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"first UFC event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_1"},{"link_name":"McNichols Sports Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McNichols_Sports_Arena"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stefano-23"},{"link_name":"martial art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts"},{"link_name":"mixed martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"UFC 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_5"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Zuffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuffa"},{"link_name":"Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fertitta_III"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Fertitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Fertitta"},{"link_name":"Pride Fighting Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_Fighting_Championships"},{"link_name":"Strikeforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeforce_(mixed_martial_arts)"},{"link_name":"Endeavor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endeavor_(company)"},{"link_name":"Silver Lake Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Lake_Partners"},{"link_name":"Kohlberg Kravis Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlberg_Kravis_Roberts"},{"link_name":"MSD Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSD_Capital"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Vince McMahon, a third-generation wrestling promoter and co-founder of Titan Sports, Inc., originally served as Executive Chairman of TKO Group Holdings.Headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut, WWE was founded in 1953 as the Capitol Wrestling Corporation (CWC), a Northeastern territory of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA).[14] The CWC was run by Vincent J. McMahon, son of boxing and wrestling promoter Jess McMahon. Following a booking dispute over CWC wrestler Buddy Rogers and the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, the CWC left the NWA and became the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) in January 1963, and, by April 25, 1963, Rogers was declared the first WWWF World Heavyweight Champion. The WWWF was renamed to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1979; the WWF made its final departure from the NWA in 1983. The current legal entity, which was originally named Titan Sports, Inc., was incorporated on February 21, 1980, in South Yarmouth, Massachusetts, but reincorporated under Delaware General Corporation Law in 1987. Titan Sports was co-founded by Vince McMahon, Vincent J.'s son, and his wife Linda. It acquired Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd., the holding company for the WWF, in 1982. After buying the WWF, Vince McMahon expanded the promotion by overturning the NWA's territory system and holding events around the United States and the world which were televised on a global basis. Throughout the 1980s WWF begun to capitalize on the popularity of rising star Hulk Hogan after he defeated The Iron Sheik at Madison Square Garden on January 23, 1984 to capture the WWF World Heavyweight Championship. On March 31, 1985 WWF held the first WrestleMania, which would go on to become WWF's flagship event. Initially broadcast on closed-circuit television, Wrestlemania became a pay-per-view the following year,[15] as WWF expanded its pay-per-view offerings and became known as a pioneer for the relatively new distribution format.[16] In January 1993, WWF introduced its live, weekly episodic television show, Monday Night Raw.[17] WWF became a publicly traded company in August of 1999, launching an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange.[18] The company's status as the world's premier professional wrestling organization was cemented by its acquisition of the assets of World Championship Wrestling in 2001 following the Monday Night War. Titan Sports was renamed World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. in 1999, and then World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. in 2002 after a legal dispute with the World Wildlife Fund. Since 2011, the company has branded itself solely with the initials WWE, though the legal name did not change at the time.[19] WWE's majority owner was its executive chairman, third-generation wrestling promoter Vince McMahon, who retained a 38.6% ownership of the company's outstanding stock and 81.1% of the voting power before the merger. The closure of the merger saw McMahon's voting power and stock ownership dramatically decrease.Ari Emanuel, the CEO and Executive Chairman of Endeavor, serves as the CEO of TKO Group Holdings.The Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), initially under the ownership of the Semaphore Entertainment Group, was founded by American businessman Art Davie and Brazilian martial artist Rorion Gracie with their partners in WOW Promotions.[20][21] The first UFC event was held in November 12, 1993 at the McNichols Sports Arena in Denver, Colorado.[22] The purpose of the early ultimate fighting competitions was to identify the most effective martial art in a contest with minimal rules and no weight classes between competitors of different fighting disciplines. In subsequent events, more rigorous rules were created and fighters began adopting effective techniques from more than one discipline, which indirectly helped create a separate style of fighting known as present-day mixed martial arts (MMA). In April 1995, following UFC 5, Davie and Gracie sold their remaining interest in the UFC to the Semaphore Entertainment Group and disbanded WOW Promotions.[23] Six years later in 2001, Zuffa, a sports promotion company headed by Frank and Lorenzo Fertitta, purchased the UFC from the Semaphore Entertainment Group. Zuffa's ownership led to a growth period for the company and the sport of MMA in general; the UFC's global leadership in the sport led to Zuffa buying the assets of the Pride Fighting Championships in 2007 and the Strikeforce promotion in 2011 (among other MMA promotions). In 2016, Zuffa was sold to a group led by Endeavor, then known as William Morris Endeavor (WME–IMG), including Silver Lake Partners, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and MSD Capital[24] for US$4.025 billion.[25] In 2017, WME–IMG changed its holding name to Endeavor and four years later, in 2021, Endeavor bought out Zuffa's other owners at a valuation of $1.7 billion.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vince McMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_McMahon"},{"link_name":"Stephanie McMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_McMahon"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"USA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Network"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"JPMorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase"},{"link_name":"Comcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast"},{"link_name":"Fox Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Corporation"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery"},{"link_name":"All Elite Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Elite_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"Endeavor Streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endeavor_Streaming"},{"link_name":"WWE Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Network"},{"link_name":"Liberty Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Media"},{"link_name":"Creative Artists Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Artists_Agency"},{"link_name":"Public Investment Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Investment_Fund"},{"link_name":"long-term agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_in_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Sport_(Saudi_Arabia)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnbc-saleprocess-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"WWE's preparations for a sale","text":"On June 17, 2022, amid allegations of misconduct, Vince McMahon stepped down as the chairman and CEO of WWE, leaving the company to his daughter, Stephanie McMahon, and Nick Khan. In January 2023, Vince stated his intention to return to WWE ahead of media rights negotiations. WWE's media rights with Fox and USA Network are set to expire in 2024.[26] That same month, JPMorgan were hired to handle a possible sale of the company, with rumored suitors having included Comcast and Fox Corporation (owners of WWE's broadcast partners USA Network and Fox), The Walt Disney Company (owners of ESPN), Warner Bros. Discovery (media partners of All Elite Wrestling), Netflix, Amazon, Endeavor (WWE had an existing business relationship with its subsidiary Endeavor Streaming, which took over the technical operations of its streaming service WWE Network in 2019), Liberty Media, Creative Artists Agency, and Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund (WWE has a long-term agreement with Saudi Arabia's Ministry of Sport to promote events in the country).[27][28]On January 10, 2023, Stephanie McMahon resigned as WWE's chairwoman and co-CEO, after which Vince McMahon assumed the role of executive chairman of WWE, and Nick Khan became the sole CEO.[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_symbol"},{"link_name":"TKO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_knockout"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-32"},{"link_name":"McMahon family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMahon_family"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Ari Emanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Emanuel"},{"link_name":"Mark Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Shapiro_(media_executive)"},{"link_name":"Dana White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_White"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-14"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Paul Levesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_H"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-36"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-32"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-32"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"WWE NXT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_NXT"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"UFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lower-aplha-41"},{"link_name":"sexually trafficked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Formation","text":"In September 2023, Endeavor Group Holdings, UFC and WWE formed a new publicly traded company, TKO Group Holdings, Inc. The new entity went public on September 12, 2023 and is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol \"TKO\".[30][31]At the close of the deal, Endeavor held a 51% stake in TKO Group Holdings, with WWE's shareholders having a 49% stake, valuing WWE at $9.1 billion.[30][31] This marked the first time that WWE had not been majority-controlled by members of the McMahon family.[32] Endeavor CEO Ari Emanuel became CEO of TKO and Mark Shapiro became president and chief operating officer, with each maintaining their respective roles at Endeavor. UFC and WWE continued to operate as separate divisions under TKO, with Dana White as CEO of the UFC and Nick Khan serving as president of WWE post-merger.[13][33][34] WWE's head of creative Paul Levesque remained in his role.[35]When the merger was first announced in April 2023, Emanuel stated that it would \"bring together two leading pureplay sports and entertainment companies\" and provide \"significant operating synergies\".[31] McMahon stated that \"family businesses have to evolve for all the right reasons\",[30] and that \"given the incredible work that Ari and Endeavor have done to grow the UFC brand — nearly doubling its revenue over the past seven years — and the immense success we've already had in partnering with their team on a number of ventures, I believe that this is without a doubt the best outcome for our shareholders and other stakeholders.\"[31]The merger closed on September 12, 2023;[36][31] with Vince McMahon personally owning approximately one-third of the Class A Common Stock of TKO Group Holdings, Inc. [37] The first television show produced under the TKO banner was the September 12 episode of WWE NXT.[38] Following the merger, Dana White was made CEO of the UFC.[39]In January 2024, a lawsuit was filed by Janel Grant, a former employee at WWE headquarters between 2019 and 2022 against WWE as well as TKO (by proxy of ownership). Grant alleged that the then current TKO Executive Chairman Vince McMahon, had coerced her into a sexual relationship, and, along with WWE executive John Laurinaitis and a WWE wrestler who was also a former UFC fighter,[b] sexually trafficked her and repeatedly sexually assaulted her between 2020–2021. Grant alleged that she was subjected to \"extreme cruelty and degradation\" by McMahon, including being defecated upon during a sexual encounter. Grant stated that McMahon had agreed to pay her $3 million in 2022 in return for a NDA, but stopped paying after only $1 million had been paid following the initial public emergence of the sexual misconduct allegations the same year.[40] Federal prosecutors have subpoenaed McMahon, and have taken up the filing in question. One day after the report – on January 26, 2024 – Vince McMahon resigned from TKO. In a statement, McMahon said the decision was made \"out of respect for the WWE Universe, the extraordinary TKO business and its board members and shareholders, partners and constituents, and all of the employees\".[41][42][43][44]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-throckishisown-47"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Dwayne Johnson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-throckishisown-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-throckishisown-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"The board of directors of TKO Group Holdings consists of thirteen members, six representing WWE and seven representing Endeavor. On January 23, 2024, the TKO board of directors would be increased from 11 members to 13 members.[45] Following this, WWE underwent some changes, which included broadcast deals with different partners (including Netflix) and giving up ownership of Dwayne Johnson's trademarked name \"The Rock\" to Johnson, who would also join TKO's board of directors.[46][45] There is currently one vacancy due to former Executive Chairman Vince McMahon’s resignation on January 26, 2024 following sex trafficking and sexual assault allegations involving a former WWE employee.[47][45][48]","title":"Corporate governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"Tapout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapout_(clothing_brand)"},{"link_name":"Authentic Brands Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentic_Brands_Group"},{"link_name":"Titan Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_Towers"},{"link_name":"WCW Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"WWE Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Books"},{"link_name":"WWE Legacy Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Libraries"},{"link_name":"American Wrestling Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Wrestling_Association"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis Boxing & Wrestling Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Wrestling_Association#Pre-AWA_years_(1933%E2%80%931960)"},{"link_name":"Deep South Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_South_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Evolve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolve_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"Dragon Gate USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Gate_USA"},{"link_name":"Extreme Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Eastern Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_Championship_Wrestling#Origins,_founding,_and_NWA_membership_(1989%E2%80%931994)"},{"link_name":"Florida Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Georgia Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Global Wrestling Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Wrestling_Federation"},{"link_name":"Heartland Wrestling Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartland_Wrestling_Association"},{"link_name":"International Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Jim Crockett Promotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crockett_Promotions"},{"link_name":"Central States Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_America_Sports_Attractions"},{"link_name":"Midwest Wrestling Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_America_Sports_Attractions#Midwest_Wrestling_Association"},{"link_name":"Championship Wrestling from Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_Wrestling_from_Florida"},{"link_name":"Championship Wrestling from Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_Wrestling_from_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Eastern States Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crockett_Promotions"},{"link_name":"Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crockett_Promotions"},{"link_name":"Maple Leaf Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Queensbury Athletic Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Wrestling#Queensbury_Athletic_Club"},{"link_name":"Memphis Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Ohio Valley Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Smoky Mountain Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoky_Mountain_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Stampede Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampede_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Big Time Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampede_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Klondike Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampede_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Wildcat Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampede_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Pro Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Pro_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Universal Wrestling Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Wrestling_Federation_(Bill_Watts)"},{"link_name":"Mid-South Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Wrestling_Federation_(Bill_Watts)#Mid-South_Wrestling_(1979%E2%80%931986)"},{"link_name":"NWA Tri-State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Wrestling_Federation_(Bill_Watts)#NWA_Tri-State_(1950s%E2%80%931979)"},{"link_name":"World Class Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Class_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"NWA Big Time Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Class_Championship_Wrestling#Big_Time_Wrestling_(1966%E2%80%931981)"},{"link_name":"World Class Wrestling Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Class_Championship_Wrestling#Independence_from_the_NWA_(1986%E2%80%931988)"},{"link_name":"World Championship Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"World Wrestling Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Council"},{"link_name":"Capitol Sports Promotions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Council"},{"link_name":"WWE Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"WWE Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Network"},{"link_name":"WWE Network (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Network_(Canadian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"WWE Performance Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Performance_Center"},{"link_name":"WWE Podcast Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Podcast_Network"},{"link_name":"WWE Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Studios"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"Pride Fighting Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_Fighting_Championships"},{"link_name":"Strikeforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeforce_(mixed_martial_arts)"},{"link_name":"UFC Apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Apex"},{"link_name":"UFC Fight Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Fight_Pass"},{"link_name":"UFC Performance Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_Performance_Institute"},{"link_name":"World Extreme Cagefighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Extreme_Cagefighting"},{"link_name":"World Fighting Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Fighting_Alliance"}],"text":"WWE\nAlpha Entertainment (minority owner)\nTapout (50%, shared with Authentic Brands Group)\nTitan Towers\nTSI Reality Services, Inc.\nWCW Inc.\nWWE Books\nWWE Jet Services Inc.\nWWE Legacy Department\nAmerican Wrestling Association\nMinneapolis Boxing & Wrestling Club\nDeep South Wrestling (select footage)\nEvolve\nDragon Gate USA\nExtreme Championship Wrestling\nEastern Championship Wrestling\nFlorida Championship Wrestling\nGeorgia Championship Wrestling (select footage)\nGlobal Wrestling Federation\nHeartland Wrestling Association (select footage)\nInternational Championship Wrestling\nJim Crockett Promotions\nCentral States Wrestling (select footage)\nMidwest Wrestling Association\nChampionship Wrestling from Florida\nChampionship Wrestling from Georgia\nEastern States Championship Wrestling\nMid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling\nMaple Leaf Wrestling\nQueensbury Athletic Club\nMemphis Championship Wrestling\nOhio Valley Wrestling (select footage)\nSmoky Mountain Wrestling\nStampede Wrestling (select footage)\nBig Time Wrestling\nKlondike Wrestling\nWildcat Wrestling\nUltimate Pro Wrestling\nUniversal Wrestling Federation\nMid-South Wrestling\nNWA Tri-State\nWorld Class Championship Wrestling (select footage)\nNWA Big Time Wrestling\nWorld Class Wrestling Association\nWorld Championship Wrestling\nWorld Wrestling Council (select footage)\nCapitol Sports Promotions\nWWE Music Group\nWWE Network\nWWE Network (Canada)\nWWE Performance Center\nWWE Podcast Network\nWWE Shop\nWWE Studios\nUltimate Fighting Championship\nPride Fighting Championships\nStrikeforce\nUFC Apex\nUFC Fight Pass\nUFC Gym\nUFC Fit\nUFC Performance Institute\nUFC Performance Institute Shanghai\nUFC Performance Institute Mexico City\nUFC Store\nWorld Extreme Cagefighting\nWorld Fighting Alliance","title":"Assets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lower-aplha_41-0"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"Brock Lesnar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock_Lesnar"}],"text":"^ At the close of the deal, WWE's shareholders owned 49% of the company. Vince McMahon owns 34% of the company, with a 4.7% voting interest.[2][3][4][5][6]\n\n^ The WWE/UFC talent in question was not named in the lawsuit, but was identified by The Wall Street Journal as Brock Lesnar.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Vince McMahon, a third-generation wrestling promoter and co-founder of Titan Sports, Inc., originally served as Executive Chairman of TKO Group Holdings.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/161213-D-PB383-018_%2830804135194%29_%283%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-161213-D-PB383-018_%2830804135194%29_%283%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ari Emanuel, the CEO and Executive Chairman of Endeavor, serves as the CEO of TKO Group Holdings.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Ari_Emanuel_%2827449561892%29_%282%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"TKO Reports Full Year 2023 Results\" (PDF). TKO Group Holdings, Inc. February 27, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://investor.tkogrp.com/files/doc_financials/2023/q4/TKO_4Q23-Earnings-Release_2-27-24_FINAL.pdf","url_text":"\"TKO Reports Full Year 2023 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"SCHEDULE 14C INFORMATION\". NASDAQ. August 22, 2023. p. 248. Retrieved August 25, 2023. Mr. McMahon is expected to have beneficial ownership of approximately 28,752,105 shares of New PubCo Class A common stock representing approximately... 17% of the voting power...and approximately 34% of the economic interests...","urls":[{"url":"https://app.quotemedia.com/data/downloadFiling?webmasterId=90423&ref=317703901&type=HTML&symbol=WWE&cdn=a772878cb281b5da37d4daaffaf6d35e&companyName=World+Wrestling+Entertainment+Inc.+Class+A&formType=DEFM14C&formDescription=Definitive+information+statement+relating+to+merger+or+acquisition&dateFiled=2023-08-22","url_text":"\"SCHEDULE 14C INFORMATION\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ","url_text":"NASDAQ"}]},{"reference":"\"STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP OF SECURITIES\" (PDF). United States Securities and Exchange Commission. November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001973266/fc4edf16-3c76-407a-ac6a-c463ad6f5cce.pdf","url_text":"\"STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP OF SECURITIES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission","url_text":"United States Securities and Exchange Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP OF SECURITIES\" (PDF). United States Securities and Exchange Commission. March 7, 2024. Retrieved March 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001973266/2c08caf3-d3fd-460d-930b-be950aa4de94.pdf","url_text":"\"STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP OF SECURITIES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission","url_text":"United States Securities and Exchange Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP\" (PDF). United States Securities and Exchange Commission. March 28, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001973266/5432566c-87e5-4e30-9484-ac63c512ab88.pdf","url_text":"\"STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission","url_text":"United States Securities and Exchange Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP\" (PDF). United States Securities and Exchange Commission. April 9, 2024. Retrieved April 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001973266/c8388543-5a36-4b59-ba26-51320b69c3d3.pdf","url_text":"\"STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission","url_text":"United States Securities and Exchange Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)\". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. February 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1973266/000156276224000038/tko-20231231x10k.htm","url_text":"\"2023 Annual Report (Form 10-K)\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEC-Show\". otp.tools.investis.com. Retrieved June 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://otp.tools.investis.com/clients/us/wwe/SEC/sec-show.aspx?Type=html&FilingId=16618811&Cik=0001091907","url_text":"\"SEC-Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"Endeavor and WWE® Deal to Create TKO Group Holdings Expected to Close September 12\". Business Wire. September 7, 2023. Archived from the original on September 7, 2023. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gere
|
John Gere
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Career, research and honours","3 References"]
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English art historian and curator
John GereFBA FSABorn7 October 1921Died11 January 1995(1995-01-11) (aged 73)NationalityEnglishTitleKeeper of Prints and Drawings (1973–1981)Academic backgroundAlma materBalliol College, Oxford Courtauld Institute of ArtAcademic workDisciplineArt historySub-disciplinePre-RaphaelitesItalian Renaissance paintingMannerismInstitutionsBritish Museum
John Arthur Giles Gere, FBA, FSA (7 October 1921 – 11 January 1995) was an English art historian and curator. An expert on 16th- and 17th-century Italian drawings, he was the Keeper of Prints and Drawings at the British Museum from 1973 to 1981.
Early life and education
Gere was born on 7 October 1921 to Edward Arnold Gere, a patent examiner, and Catherina (née Giles), who moved in Vorticist circles; on his father's side, his half-uncle Charles March Gere and two aunts (Margaret Gere and Edith Payne, the wife of H. A. Payne) were artists of the Birmingham School. By the time he started school at Winchester College, he was already immersing himself in art, reading and culture. In 1939, he joined the British Army, but was forced to leave for health reasons and attended Balliol College, Oxford, from 1940 to 1943; he read English under John Bryson, achieved a third and received his BA in 1945.
Career, research and honours
After a short spell of voluntary work at the Tate Gallery, Gere enrolled at the Courtauld Institute of Art but left after only a term of study. In 1946, he was appointed to an assistant keepership in the Department of Prints and Drawings at the British Museum. With Robin Ironside, he wrote Pre-Raphaelite Painters in 1948. His early work the revolved around assisting Arthur E. Popham and Philip Pouncey compile a catalogue of the British Museum's 14th- and 15th-century Italian drawings, which was published in 1950. He also assisted Johannes Wilde with his catalogue of Michelangelo's works in the department (1953), but his experience of working with Pouncey proved formative; in The Independent, Terence Mullaly wrote that Gere's collaboration with Pouncey "was one of the most fruitful in the whole history of the study of Italian art". The pair compiled another catalogue of the department's drawings, Raphael and His Circle, which appeared in 1962. In 1966, Gere was promoted to be Deputy Keeper of the department. He assisted with the production of Popham's catalogue of 16th-century Parmese drawings (1967) and in 1969 authored Taddeo Zuccaro, His Development Studies in His Drawings; two years later appeared his Il Manierismo a Roma (1971). In 1973, he was appointed Keeper of Prints and Drawings, filling the vacancy left by Popham's successor Edward Croft-Murray. He was elected a fellow of the British Academy in 1979.
In 1981, Gere retired from the Museum, but he continued with his researches and collaborations. With John Sparrow, he edited Geoffrey Madan's Notebooks: A Selection (1981). With Pouncey, he co-authored Artists Working in Rome c. 1550 to c. 1640 (1983), and with Nicholas Turner he wrote Drawings by Raphael in English Collections (1983).
Gere died in London 11 January 1995: he was survived by his wife Charlotte (née Douie; a historian of jewellery) and their two children.
References
^ Christopher White, "John Arthur Giles Gere, 1921–1995", Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. 90 (1996), pp. 367–371.
^ Sir Ivo Elliott, The Balliol College Register, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953), p. 408.
^ White (1996), pp. 371–372.
^ a b c d e f Terence Mullaly, "Obituary: John Gere", The Independent, 6 February 1995. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
^ White (1996), p. 372.
^ White (1996), p. 383.
^ A full list of Gere's publications is in White (1996), pp. 383–388. Alongside academic articles and exhibition catalogues on the Pre-Raphaelites, Italian (the Zuccheros, Michelangelo and Raphael especially) and other themes, his publications include obituaries for art historians or curators, including Popham, Walter Vitzthum, Croft-Murray, John Woodward, Pouncey, James Byam Shaw, Sir Karl Parker and Jacob Bean.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
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A. Payne) were artists of the Birmingham School. By the time he started school at Winchester College, he was already immersing himself in art, reading and culture. In 1939, he joined the British Army, but was forced to leave for health reasons and attended Balliol College, Oxford, from 1940 to 1943; he read English under John Bryson,[1] achieved a third and received his BA in 1945.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tate Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate"},{"link_name":"Courtauld Institute of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtauld_Institute_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Pre-Raphaelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ind-4"},{"link_name":"Arthur E. 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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_(podcast)
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Somebody (podcast)
|
["1 Background","2 Episodes","3 Awards","4 See also","5 References","6 External links","7 See also"]
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American true-crime podcast
PodcastSomebodyPresentationHosted byShapearl WellsAlison FlowersGenreTrue crimeLanguageEnglishUpdatesWeeklyLengthVariable (30-70 minutes)ProductionOpening theme"Everybody's Something"Composed byChance the RapperAudio formatPodcast (via streaming or downloadable MP3)No. of seasons1PublicationOriginal releaseMarch 31, 2020 (2020-03-31)ProvideriHeartRadioThe InterceptTenderfoot TVThe Invisible InstituteTopic StudiosRelatedWebsitesomebodypodcast.com
Somebody is an American true crime podcast, hosted by Shapearl Wells, that investigates the shooting and death of her son, Courtney Copeland. The series premiered on March 31, 2020 and is hosted by Copeland's mother Shapearl Wells, Alison Flowers, and Bill Healy. The podcast was a Pulitzer Prize finalist in 2021.
Background
On March 4, 2016, 22-year-old Courtney Copeland was shot in the back and drove himself to a police station on the West Side of Chicago. Copeland exited his BMW convertible and collapsed. He was taken by ambulance to Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center. His heart stopped while in the ambulance and he was pronounced dead shortly after arriving at the hospital. After his death, police details, phone records, and witness statements did not match, so Copeland's mother, Shapearl Wells, began investigating his case, hoping to find the truth about her son's death. In 2017, Wells met with Alison Flowers, a journalist who works at The Invisible Institute in Chicago. They decided to record and produce an investigative podcast with hopes of finding the truth. Wells also founded the Copeland Memorial Foundation in Courtney's honor. Copeland attended Jones College Prep High School, where he became friends with Chance the Rapper, who is interviewed in the series and whose song is used as the theme.
Episodes
#
Title
Length (minutes:seconds)
Original release date
1"Courtney"30:42March 31, 2020 (2020-03-31)
Shapearl Wells wakes up to the police at her door, who inform her that her son, Courtney Copeland, has been shot and is in the hospital. When Wells arrives at the hospital, she learns that Courtney has died. Wells begins to discuss the case with the police, but as they ask Wells questions she becomes suspicious of the police officers involved in Courtney's case.
2"The Nurse"32:37April 7, 2020 (2020-04-07)
At a cafe, Courtney's parents ran into the Emergency Room nurse who treated Courtney on the night of his death. The nurse reveals that Courtney was handcuffed when he arrived at the hospital, leading Shapearl to further question the police testimony.
3"The Police"70:26April 14, 2020 (2020-04-14)
The City of Chicago refuses to release video footage from the night Courtney died, leading Wells to contact The Invisible Institute, a journalism organization. Eventually, the police release the video footage, and Shapearl and her family watch the footage, which reveals that some of their prior suspicions may have been misguided.
4"The Secret Girlfriend"47:24April 21, 2020 (2020-04-21)
At the time of his death, Courtney was secretly dating a woman from his work, Alma. He was on his way to her house when he was shot. Shapearl, Alison, and Billy interview Alma about the night of his death, and she reveals that she heard gunshots on that night.
5"The Two-Year Anniversary"29:03April 28, 2020 (2020-04-28)
Shapearl and Alison speak with Alma's neighbors who called the police to report gunshots on the night Courtney died. On the two-year anniversary of Courtney's death, Shapearl retraces Courtney's steps from the night he died, joined by friends and family, who meet outside of the police station for a vigil and protest. During the protest, Shapearl encounters the supervising police officer from the night Courtney died.
6"The Tipster"43:21May 5, 2020 (2020-05-05)
7"Shapearl"31:58May 12, 2020 (2020-05-12)
Awards
Award
Date
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref.
Third Coast International Audio Festival
2020
Best Serialized Story
Somebody
Won
Adweek Podcast Awards
2020
Podcast Host of the Year
Shapearl Wells
Won
Pulitzer Prize for Audio Reporting
2020
Audio Reporting
Somebody (Episodes 1-7)
Finalist
See also
List of American crime podcasts
References
^ "INTRODUCING SOMEBODY EPISODE 1: COURTNEY". The Intercept. 15 April 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
^ a b c Jack, Fisher (March 30, 2020). "A Chicago Mother Investigates Murder of Her Son in New Podcast 'Somebody'". EurWeb. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
^ a b "BOSSIP Exclusive: Chicago Mother Investigates The Murder Of Her Son In 'Somebody' Podcast Audio". Bossip. March 27, 2020.
^ Lamarre, Eddie (June 29, 2016). "Brent Wells adjusts to his new normal after the murder of his son". Rolling Out. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
^ a b c d Wang, Judy; Hall, Gaynor (March 4, 2016). "Man shot, drives to police station on West Side before he died". WGNTV. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
^ Kalven, Jamie (March 31, 2020). "Who Shot Courtney Copeland? Episode One". The Intercept. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
^ a b Luck (March 27, 2020). "CHICAGO MOTHER INVESTIGATES THE MURDER OF HER SON IN 'SOMEBODY' PODCAST". Power 103.5 Chicago. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
^ Flowers, Alison (March 20, 2020). "INTRODUCING SOMEBODY, AN INVESTIGATIVE PODCAST". The Intercept. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
^ "Somebody". www.thirdcoastfestival.org. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
^ Griner, David; Gamboa, Julian (October 26, 2020). "Adweek's Podcasts of the Year for 2020". Retrieved 2022-12-09.
^ "Staffs of the Invisible Institute, Chicago; The Intercept and Topic Studios". pulitzer.org. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
External links
Official website
See also
Whence Came You
|
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of American crime podcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_crime_podcasts"}]
|
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Communist_Party
|
Ukrainian Communist Party
|
["1 USDLP independents","2 Communists","3 See also","4 Further reading","5 References"]
|
Not to be confused with Communist Party of Ukraine or Ukrainian Communist Party (Borotbists).
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Political party in Ukraine
Ukrainian Communist Party Українська комуністична партіяAbbreviationUKPLeaderMykhailo TkachenkoAndriy RichytskyFoundedJanuary 25, 1920 (1920-01-25)DissolvedMarch 1, 1925 (1925-03-01)Split fromUkrainian Social Democratic Labour PartyMerged intoCommunist Party of UkraineNewspaperChervoniy PraporMembership (1920)3,000IdeologyNational communismMarxismRevolutionary socialismUkrainian nationalismLeft-wing nationalismPolitical positionLeft-wing to far-leftAnthemThe InternationalePolitics of UkrainePolitical partiesElections
The Ukrainian Communist Party (Ukrainian: Українська Комуністична Партія, Ukrayins’ka Komunistychna Partiya) was an oppositional political party in Soviet Ukraine, from 1920 until 1925. Its followers were known as Ukapists (укапісти, ukapisty), from the initials UKP.
USDLP independents
The UKP was an offshoot party of the Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party (SD's) created in January 1920 by former members of the Social-Democrats who prior to that were organized as the group of the independent Social-Democrats, USDLP independents. It opposed Russian domination within the future envisaged Socialist order as well as Russian domination of Republics formed within the territory of the former Russian empire. It condemned the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine (CP(b)U), criticizing it in its newspaper, Chervonyy Prapor for being subject to the Russian Bolshevik party in Moscow.
Communists
The initial membership of several hundred was made up of Ukrainian Social-Democrat Sovereigntists, former Ukrainian left-SRs, Borotbists, and "federalists" from the CP(b)U, like Yuriy Lapchynsky. The Ukapists stood for a Soviet Ukraine with its own communist party separate from the Bolsheviks (renamed in March 1918 Russian Communist Party). In 1923 a faction within the UKP sponsored by the secret police (CHEKA) requested unification with the CPU. On August 27, 1920, then again in 1924, the UKP sent the Comintern a letter requesting recognition of the independence of the Ukrainian SSR and the right of Ukrainians to have their own party in the Comintern. The Comintern, de facto run by the Russian Bolsheviks, answered that the Ukrainian republic as a sovereign state within the USSR was already represented and that therefore UKP should dissolve and unite with CP(b)U. Recent research has shown that on the eve of their dissolution their influence was rising in Kyiv and Katerynoslav provinces.
At its IV congress the UKP formally abolished itself. Some members joined the Bolshevik CP(b)U, including its leader Andryi Richytsky in order to have some influence on Ukrainian politics. Former Ukapists were purged in 1931–34, and then executed or exiled to Siberia.
See also
Communist Party of Ukraine, the reanimated Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine that was recreated in 1993 after the ban on Communists parties was lifted.
Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine, formally constituted in Moscow March 1918 as a sub-unit of the Russian Communist Party. It was banned in 1992 and later re-established.
Further reading
Ford, C. "Outline History of the Ukrainian Communist Party (Independentists): An Emancipatory Communism 1918-1925." Debatte: Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe, Volume 17, Issue 2 August 2009, pages 193 - 246
Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996). A History of Ukraine, pp 532, 565–66. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-0830-5.
Subtelny, Orest (1988). Ukraine: A History, 1st edition, pp 383–4. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0.
Velychenko S.,"Ukrainian Marxists and Russian Imperialism 1918-1923: Prelude to the Present in Eastern Europe’s Ireland," - See more at: http://www.irishleftreview.org/2014/05/23/ukrainian-marxists-russian-imperialism-19181923-prelude-present-eastern-europes-ireland/#sthash.GRKSRQo8.dpuf
idem, Painting Imperialism and Nationalism Red. The Ukrainian Marxist Critique of Russian Communist Rule in Ukraine (1918-1925) (Toronto, 2015) https://web.archive.org/web/20150511060637/http://www.utppublishing.com/Painting-Imperialism-and-Nationalism-Red-The-Ukrainian-Marxist-Critique-of-Russian-Communist-Rule-in-Ukraine-1918-1925.html
References
vteModern Ukraine after the Russian Revolution (1917–1920)
Universals (Central Council of Ukraine)
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Act Zluky
Ukrainian national states
Ukrainian People's Republic
Ukrainian State
Ukrainian People's Republic (led by Directorate)
Crimean national states
Crimean People's Republic
Crimean Regional Government
Soviet states
Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets
Ukrainian Soviet Republic
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic
Odessa Soviet Republic
Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic
Other territories
Makhnovshchina
Kholodny Yar Republic
Kuban People's Republic
Parliaments
Central Council of Ukraine
Minor Council
Directorate
Constituent Assembly
Central Executive Committee of Ukraine
Political parties
Ukrainian Socialist Parties
USDLP
independent left
Socialists-Sovereigns
UPSF
UPSR
Borotbists
Ukrainian Social Democratic Party
Ukrainian Radical Party
Soviet of Peasants Deputies
Ukrainian Peasant Society
Soviet of Workers Deputies
Soviet of Soldiers Deputies
Jewish Socialist Parties
Fareynikte
The Bund
Poalei Zion
Polish Socialist Parties
Polish Democratic Center Party
Polish Socialist Party
Russian Socialist Parties
Socialist Revolutionary Party
Left
Bolsheviks
Mensheviks
Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance
Major figures
Mykhailo Hrushevsky
Volodymyr Vynnychenko
Vsevolod Holubovych
Symon Petliura
Pavlo Skoropadskyi
Noman Çelebicihan
Yukhym Medvediev
Volodymyr Zatonsky
Georgiy Pyatakov
Yuri Gaven
Béla Kun
Nestor Makhno
Maria Nikiforova
All-Ukrainian National Congress
Congress of the Enslaved Peoples of Russia
All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets
Labor Congress of Ukraine
vteLeft-wing political parties in UkraineRegistered parties
Batkivshchyna
Christian Socialists
Hromada
Justice Party
Party of Regions
Peasant Party of Ukraine
Radical Party of Oleh Liashko
Social Democratic Party of Ukraine
Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united)
Social Democratic Union
Socialist Ukraine
Spade
Unregistered parties
Communist Party of Ukraine
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (2001)
Union of Communists of Ukraine
Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine
Social Movement
Defunct parties
Borotba
Communist Party of the Donetsk People's Republic
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)
Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed)
Communist Party of Workers and Peasants
Jewish Communist Labour Bund
Jewish Communist Party
Left Socialist-Revolutionaries
Ukrainian Party of Left Socialists-Revolutionaries
Moldavian Progressive Party
Organization of Marxists
Party of Democratic Revival of Ukraine
Revolutionary Ukrainian Party
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
Socialist Party of Ukraine
Ukraine – Forward!
Ukrainian Communist Party
Ukrainian Party of Communists-Borotbists
Ukrainian Party of Socialists-Federalists
Ukrainian Party of Socialist Independists
Ukrainian Radical Party
Ukrainian Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries
Ukrainian Peasant Democratic Party
Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party
Ukrainian Social-Democratic League
Union of Left Forces
United Jewish Socialist Workers Party
Workers Party of Ukraine (Marxist–Leninist)
Workers Resistance
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communist Party of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Communist Party (Borotbists)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Communist_Party_(Borotbists)"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"Soviet Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Ukraine"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Communist Party of Ukraine or Ukrainian Communist Party (Borotbists).Political party in UkraineThe Ukrainian Communist Party (Ukrainian: Українська Комуністична Партія, Ukrayins’ka Komunistychna Partiya) was an oppositional political party in Soviet Ukraine, from 1920 until 1925. Its followers were known as Ukapists (укапісти, ukapisty), from the initials UKP.","title":"Ukrainian Communist Party"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_of_Ukraine"}],"text":"The UKP was an offshoot party of the Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party (SD's) created in January 1920 by former members of the Social-Democrats who prior to that were organized as the group of the independent Social-Democrats, USDLP independents. It opposed Russian domination within the future envisaged Socialist order as well as Russian domination of Republics formed within the territory of the former Russian empire. It condemned the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine (CP(b)U), criticizing it in its newspaper, Chervonyy Prapor for being subject to the Russian Bolshevik party in Moscow.","title":"USDLP independents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Social-Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-Democrat"},{"link_name":"left-SRs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries"},{"link_name":"Borotbists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borotbists"},{"link_name":"Yuriy Lapchynsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuriy_Lapchynsky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Comintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comintern"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR"},{"link_name":"Comintern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comintern"},{"link_name":"Andryi Richytsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andryi_Richytsky&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The initial membership of several hundred was made up of Ukrainian Social-Democrat Sovereigntists, former Ukrainian left-SRs, Borotbists, and \"federalists\" from the CP(b)U, like Yuriy Lapchynsky. The Ukapists stood for a Soviet Ukraine with its own communist party separate from the Bolsheviks (renamed in March 1918 Russian Communist Party). In 1923 a faction within the UKP sponsored by the secret police (CHEKA) requested unification with the CPU. On August 27, 1920, then again in 1924, the UKP sent the Comintern a letter requesting recognition of the independence of the Ukrainian SSR and the right of Ukrainians to have their own party in the Comintern. The Comintern, de facto run by the Russian Bolsheviks, answered that the Ukrainian republic as a sovereign state within the USSR was already represented and that therefore UKP should dissolve and unite with CP(b)U. Recent research has shown that on the eve of their dissolution their influence was rising in Kyiv and Katerynoslav provinces.At its IV congress the UKP formally abolished itself. Some members joined the Bolshevik CP(b)U, including its leader Andryi Richytsky in order to have some influence on Ukrainian politics. Former Ukapists were purged in 1931–34, and then executed or exiled to Siberia.","title":"Communists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magocsi, Paul Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magocsi,_Paul_Robert"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8020-0830-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-0830-5"},{"link_name":"Subtelny, Orest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtelny,_Orest"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8020-8390-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8390-0"},{"link_name":"http://www.irishleftreview.org/2014/05/23/ukrainian-marxists-russian-imperialism-19181923-prelude-present-eastern-europes-ireland/#sthash.GRKSRQo8.dpuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.irishleftreview.org/2014/05/23/ukrainian-marxists-russian-imperialism-19181923-prelude-present-eastern-europes-ireland/#sthash.GRKSRQo8.dpuf"},{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150511060637/http://www.utppublishing.com/Painting-Imperialism-and-Nationalism-Red-The-Ukrainian-Marxist-Critique-of-Russian-Communist-Rule-in-Ukraine-1918-1925.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150511060637/http://www.utppublishing.com/Painting-Imperialism-and-Nationalism-Red-The-Ukrainian-Marxist-Critique-of-Russian-Communist-Rule-in-Ukraine-1918-1925.html"}],"text":"Ford, C. \"Outline History of the Ukrainian Communist Party (Independentists): An Emancipatory Communism 1918-1925.\" Debatte: Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe, Volume 17, Issue 2 August 2009, pages 193 - 246\nMagocsi, Paul Robert (1996). A History of Ukraine, pp 532, 565–66. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-0830-5.\nSubtelny, Orest (1988). Ukraine: A History, 1st edition, pp 383–4. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0.\nVelychenko S.,\"Ukrainian Marxists and Russian Imperialism 1918-1923: Prelude to the Present in Eastern Europe’s Ireland,\" - See more at: http://www.irishleftreview.org/2014/05/23/ukrainian-marxists-russian-imperialism-19181923-prelude-present-eastern-europes-ireland/#sthash.GRKSRQo8.dpuf\nidem, Painting Imperialism and Nationalism Red. The Ukrainian Marxist Critique of Russian Communist Rule in Ukraine (1918-1925) (Toronto, 2015) https://web.archive.org/web/20150511060637/http://www.utppublishing.com/Painting-Imperialism-and-Nationalism-Red-The-Ukrainian-Marxist-Critique-of-Russian-Communist-Rule-in-Ukraine-1918-1925.html","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Communist Party of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine"},{"title":"Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_of_Ukraine"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.irishleftreview.org/2014/05/23/ukrainian-marxists-russian-imperialism-19181923-prelude-present-eastern-europes-ireland/#sthash.GRKSRQo8.dpuf","external_links_name":"http://www.irishleftreview.org/2014/05/23/ukrainian-marxists-russian-imperialism-19181923-prelude-present-eastern-europes-ireland/#sthash.GRKSRQo8.dpuf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150511060637/http://www.utppublishing.com/Painting-Imperialism-and-Nationalism-Red-The-Ukrainian-Marxist-Critique-of-Russian-Communist-Rule-in-Ukraine-1918-1925.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150511060637/http://www.utppublishing.com/Painting-Imperialism-and-Nationalism-Red-The-Ukrainian-Marxist-Critique-of-Russian-Communist-Rule-in-Ukraine-1918-1925.html"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4527149544594900490007","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007599158205171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokuri
|
Sokuri
|
["1 Gallery","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Round, rimmed woven basket made of finely-split bamboo
sokuri woven basket
Sokuri (Korean: 소쿠리, pronounced ) is a round, rimmed woven basket made of finely-split bamboo. It is used for straining washed grains, drying vegetables, or draining fried food in Korea.
It measures between 25 and 50 cm in diameter, and has a standing contour measuring some 4 cm.
Gallery
Persimmons and soybeans on sokuri
Dongtae-jeon on sokuri
See also
Bamboo weaving
Wanchojang
Zaru
References
^ 류, 제협. "소쿠리" . Encyclopedia of Korean Local Culture (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
This article about kitchenware or a tool used in preparation or serving of food is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sokuri_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"[so.kʰu.ɾi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean"},{"link_name":"woven basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket_weaving"},{"link_name":"bamboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo"},{"link_name":"straining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtration"},{"link_name":"grains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain"},{"link_name":"drying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_drying"},{"link_name":"fried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frying"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"sokuri woven basketSokuri (Korean: 소쿠리, pronounced [so.kʰu.ɾi]) is a round, rimmed woven basket made of finely-split bamboo. It is used for straining washed grains, drying vegetables, or draining fried food in Korea.[1]It measures between 25 and 50 cm in diameter, and has a standing contour measuring some 4 cm.","title":"Sokuri"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Persimmons_and_soybeans.jpg"},{"link_name":"Persimmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persimmon"},{"link_name":"soybeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dongtae-jeon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dongtae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongtae"},{"link_name":"jeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeon_(food)"}],"text":"Persimmons and soybeans on sokuri\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDongtae-jeon on sokuri","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"sokuri woven basket","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sokuri_2.jpg/220px-Sokuri_2.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Bamboo weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_weaving"},{"title":"Wanchojang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanchojang"},{"title":"Zaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaru"}]
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[{"reference":"류, 제협. \"소쿠리\" [sokuri]. Encyclopedia of Korean Local Culture (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 19 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220174440/http://nonsan.grandculture.net/Contents?local=nonsan&dataType=01&contents_id=GC02002046","url_text":"\"소쿠리\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Local_Culture","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Korean Local Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Korean_Studies","url_text":"Academy of Korean Studies"},{"url":"http://nonsan.grandculture.net/Contents?local=nonsan&dataType=01&contents_id=GC02002046","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220174440/http://nonsan.grandculture.net/Contents?local=nonsan&dataType=01&contents_id=GC02002046","external_links_name":"\"소쿠리\""},{"Link":"http://nonsan.grandculture.net/Contents?local=nonsan&dataType=01&contents_id=GC02002046","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sokuri&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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