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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Abyss_(1910_film)
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The Abyss (1910 film)
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
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1910 film
The Abyss"Gaucho dance" sceneDirected byUrban GadWritten byUrban GadProduced byHjalmar DavidsenStarring
Asta Nielsen
Robert Dinesen
CinematographyAlfred LindProductioncompanyKosmoramaDistributed byKosmoramaRelease date
12 September 1910 (1910-09-12) (Denmark)
Running time38 minutesCountryDenmarkLanguageSilent
The Abyss (Danish: Afgrunden), also known as Woman Always Pays, is a 1910 Danish silent black-and-white drama film, written and directed by Urban Gad. The lead performance and natural acting by Asta Nielsen led to her international stardom. Because of the overt eroticism of Nielsen's performance, the film was censored in Norway and Sweden.
Plot
Knud, a vicar's son, meets Magda, a piano teacher, on a tram. He falls in love with her and introduces her to his parents. She refuses to go with them to the Sunday service and convinces him to go to the circus with her. She dances with the performers and at night and one of them, Rudolf, comes to seduce her. They run away on horseback. Magda is not happy with Rudolf who keeps flirting with other girls, but she cannot leave him, despite Knud's efforts.
Cast
Asta Nielsen and Poul Reumert
Afgrunden
Asta Nielsen as Magda Vang
Robert Dinesen as Knud Svane, Magda's fiancé
Poul Reumert as Rudolf Stern, circus performer
Hans Neergaard as Peder Svane, vicar
Hulda Didrichsen as the Vicar's wife
Emilie Sannom as Lilly d'Estrelle, singer
Oscar Stribolt as Waiter
Arne Weel as garden guest
Johannes Fønss as garden guest
Torben Meyer
References
^ Engberg, Marguerite (March 1993). "The Erotic Melodrama in Danish Silent Films 1910-1918". Film History. 5 (1): 63–67.
^ Review, synopsis and link to watch the film: "A cinema history". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
External links
Afgrunden, at the Danish Film Institute
Afgrunden / The Abyss (1910) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive
The Woman Always Pays at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Urban Gad1910-1914
The Abyss (Afgrunden) (1910)
Heißes Blut (1911)
The Moth (Nachtfalter) (1911)
Den sorte drøm (1911)
Im großen Augenblick (1911)
Der fremde Vogel (1911)
Dyrekøbt glimmer
The Traitress (Die Verräterin) (1911)
Den store flyver
Die Macht des Goldes (1912)
Poor Jenny (Die arme Jenny) (1912)
Zu Tode gehetzt (1912)
Der Totentanz (1912)
Die Kinder des Generals (1912)
Wenn die Maske fällt (1912)
Det berygtede Hus
A Romany Spy (Das Mädchen ohne Vaterland) (1912)
Behind Comedy's Mask (Komödianten) (1913)
Jugend und Tollheit (1913)
Die Sünden der Väter (1913)
Der Tod in Sevilla (1913)
Die Suffragette (1913)
S 1 (1913)
The Film Primadonna (Die Filmprimadonna) (1913)
Engelein - Mimisches Lustspiel (1913)
Emma og Urban Gad i hjemmet (1913)
Little Angel (Engelein) (1914)
Das Kind ruft (1914)
Zapata's Gang (Zapatas Bande) (1914)
Das Feuer (1914)
Standrechtlich erschossen (1914)
Das Feuer. Die alte Gnädige (1914)
1915-1926
Frontstairs and Backstairs (Vordertreppe - Hintertreppe) (1915)
Die Tochter der Landstraße (1915)
The False Asta Nielsen (Die falsche Asta Nielsen) (1915)
Die ewige Nacht (1915)
Engeleins Hochzeit (1916)
The White Roses (Die weißen Rosen) (1916)
Cinderella (Aschenbrödel) (1916)
Der rote Streifen (1916)
Der breite Weg (1917)
Die verschlossene Tür (1917)
Klosterfriede (1917)
Die Vergangenheit rächt sich (1917)
Die Gespensterstunde (1917)
Vera Panina (1918)
Die neue Daliah (1918)
Die Kleptomanin (1918)
Der schuldlose Verdacht (1918)
Der Schmuck des Rajah (1918)
Das verhängnisvolle Andenken (1918)
Das sterbende Modell (1918)
Das Spiel von Liebe und Tod (1919)
Christian Wahnschaffe (1920)
What a Girl (1920)
Der Abgrund der Seelen (1920)
Ich bin Du (1921)
Mein Mann - Der Nachtredakteur (1921)
The Love Corridor (1921)
The Poisoned Stream (1921)
The Island of the Lost (1921)
Hannele's Journey to Heaven (1922)
Count Festenberg (Graf Festenberg) (1922)
Lykkehjulet (1926)
This article related to a Danish film of the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Urban Gad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Gad"},{"link_name":"Asta Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asta_Nielsen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Abyss (Danish: Afgrunden), also known as Woman Always Pays, is a 1910 Danish silent black-and-white drama film, written and directed by Urban Gad. The lead performance and natural acting by Asta Nielsen led to her international stardom. Because of the overt eroticism of Nielsen's performance, the film was censored in Norway and Sweden.[1]","title":"The Abyss (1910 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Knud, a vicar's son, meets Magda, a piano teacher, on a tram. He falls in love with her and introduces her to his parents. She refuses to go with them to the Sunday service and convinces him to go to the circus with her. She dances with the performers and at night and one of them, Rudolf, comes to seduce her. They run away on horseback. Magda is not happy with Rudolf who keeps flirting with other girls, but she cannot leave him, despite Knud's efforts.[2]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afgrunden.jpg"},{"link_name":"Asta Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asta_Nielsen"},{"link_name":"Robert Dinesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dinesen"},{"link_name":"Poul Reumert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Reumert"},{"link_name":"Emilie Sannom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie_Sannom"},{"link_name":"Oscar Stribolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Stribolt"},{"link_name":"Arne Weel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne_Weel"},{"link_name":"Torben Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torben_Meyer"}],"text":"Asta Nielsen and Poul ReumertAfgrundenAsta Nielsen as Magda Vang\nRobert Dinesen as Knud Svane, Magda's fiancé\nPoul Reumert as Rudolf Stern, circus performer\nHans Neergaard as Peder Svane, vicar\nHulda Didrichsen as the Vicar's wife\nEmilie Sannom as Lilly d'Estrelle, singer\nOscar Stribolt as Waiter\nArne Weel as garden guest\nJohannes Fønss as garden guest\nTorben Meyer","title":"Cast"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Asta Nielsen and Poul Reumert","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/Afgrunden.jpg/220px-Afgrunden.jpg"},{"image_text":"Afgrunden"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Engberg, Marguerite (March 1993). \"The Erotic Melodrama in Danish Silent Films 1910-1918\". Film History. 5 (1): 63–67.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"A cinema history\". Retrieved 20 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.acinemahistory.com/2014/01/afgrunden-1910.html","url_text":"\"A cinema history\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.acinemahistory.com/2014/01/afgrunden-1910.html","external_links_name":"\"A cinema history\""},{"Link":"http://www.dfi.dk/faktaomfilm/nationalfilmografien/nffilm.aspx?id=18667","external_links_name":"Afgrunden"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Afgrunden_1910","external_links_name":"Afgrunden / The Abyss (1910)"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0001105/","external_links_name":"The Woman Always Pays"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Abyss_(1910_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_wattle
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Silver wattle
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[]
|
Silver wattle is the common name of several plant species:
Acacia sclerosperma
Acacia dealbata
Acacia lasiocalyx
Acacia retinodes
Acacia rivalis
Index of plants with the same common nameThis page is an index of articles on plant species (or higher taxonomic groups) with the same common name (vernacular name). If an internal link led you here, you may wish to edit the linking article so that it links directly to the intended article.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acacia sclerosperma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_sclerosperma"},{"link_name":"Acacia dealbata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_dealbata"},{"link_name":"Acacia lasiocalyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_lasiocalyx"},{"link_name":"Acacia retinodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_retinodes"},{"link_name":"Acacia rivalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_rivalis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DAB_list_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"common name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_name"},{"link_name":"vernacular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Silver_wattle"}],"text":"Acacia sclerosperma\nAcacia dealbata\nAcacia lasiocalyx\nAcacia retinodes\nAcacia rivalisIndex of plants with the same common nameThis page is an index of articles on plant species (or higher taxonomic groups) with the same common name (vernacular name). If an internal link led you here, you may wish to edit the linking article so that it links directly to the intended article.","title":"Silver wattle"}]
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[]
| null |
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Tschetschulin
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Agnes Tschetschulin
|
["1 Chamber","2 Orchestral","3 Piano","4 Vocal","5 References","6 External links"]
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Finnish musician (1859–1942)
Agnes Tschetschulin
Agnes Tschetschulin (24 February 1859 – 23 April 1942) was a Finnish composer and violinist who toured internationally.
Tschetschulin was born in Helsinki to Feodor and Hilda Eckstein Tschetschulin. She had three sisters: Maria, Melanie, and Eugenie. Hilda hosted salons with musical performances and discussions. Feodor owned a steamboat company. After his death in 1871, his oldest daughter Maria Tschetschulin became the first woman in Finland to attend the University of Helsinki, where she hoped to gain the skills she needed to help support her family.
Agnes Tschetschulin studied music at the Helsinki Music Institute (today the Sibelius Academy) from 1882 to 1885, where she was one of the first four graduates. She received a grant from the Finnish government to travel to Berlin to study at the Königliche Hochschule für Musik (today the Berlin University of the Arts). Her teachers included Woldemar Bargiel (the half-brother of Clara Schumann) Heinrich von Herzogenberg, Ernst Joachim, Joseph Joachim, Gustav Niemann, Anton Sitt, Philipp Spitta, Martin Wegelius, and Emanuel Wirth.
After finishing school, Tschetschulin spent several years touring with an all-female string quartet organized by Marie Soldat, who played first violin. Tschetschulin played second violin, Gabriele Roy played viola and Lucy Campbell played cello. The group was managed by the Herman Wolff Agency, which also managed the Berlin Philharmonic. The group was billed as the world's first all-female professional string quartet.
In 1892, Tschetschulin began teaching violin at the Cheltenham Ladies' College in England. In 1904, she became a British citizen and moved to London to work as a freelance musician. She returned to Finland during World War I, then emigrated to Stockholm, where she lived until her death in 1942. She was buried in Stockholm with her longtime companion, pianist Tora Hwass (1861–1918).
Tschetschulin's music was published by N. Simrock and Skandinavisk Musikforlag. Her compositions include:
Chamber
Alla Zingaresca (violin and piano)
Berceuse (violin and piano)
Puszta Film
Romance (violin and piano)
Valse gracieuse
Orchestral
Britain's Sons (march)
Gavotte (violin and orchestra or piano)
March of the Boys of Vöyri
Piano
March for the Finnish Guard on its return from war 1877–78 (also arranged for wind band)
Stemmingsbillede (Mood Picture)
Valse gracieuse
Vocal
at least three lieder
Prayer
References
^ Stern, Susan (1978). Women composers : a handbook. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-1138-3. OCLC 3844725.
^ Hixon, Donald L. (1993). Women in music : an encyclopedic biobibliography. Don A. Hennessee (2nd ed.). Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-2769-7. OCLC 28889156.
^ Wier, Albert Ernest (1938). The Macmillan Encyclopedia of Music and Musicians. Macmillan.
^ "Tschetschulin, Agnes". KVAST. 18 February 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "A celebration of historical Finnish women who wrote music, Part 2: Agnes Tschetschulin". FMQ. 2 May 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
^ Tschetschulin, Agnes. "geni.com". Retrieved 20 May 2021.
^ Björkstrand, Carita (1999). Kvinnans ställning i det finländska musiksamhället: utbildningsmöjligheter och yrkesvillkor för kvinnliga organister, musikpedagoger och solister 1890–1939 (in Swedish). Åbo Akademi University Press. ISBN 978-951-765-012-0.
^ Ehrlich, A. (1893). Berühmte Geiger der Vergangenheit und Gegenwart: eine Sammlung von 88 Biographien und Portraits (in German). A. H. Payne.
^ Alfthan, Märta von (1966). Seitsemän vuosikymmentä: Naisasialiitto Unionin historiaa (in Finnish). Unioni Naisasialiitto Suomessa.
^ a b "Category:Tschetschulin, Agnes – IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
^ The Strad. Orpheus. 1902.
^ Catalog of Copyright Entries: Musical compositions. Library of Congress, Copyright Office. 1939.
^ Cohen, Aaron I. (1987). International encyclopedia of women composers (Second edition, revised and enlarged ed.). New York. ISBN 0-9617485-2-4. OCLC 16714846.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Bachmann, Alberto (1925). An Encyclopedia of the Violin. D. Appleton. ISBN 978-0-306-80004-7.
^ Sutro, Florence Edith Clinton (1895). Women in Music and Law. Author's Publishing Company.
External links
Download free sheet music by Agnes Tschetschulin
Listen to Berceuse for Violin and Piano by Agnes Tschetschulin
Authority control databases International
VIAF
2
National
Norway
Germany
2
Finland
United States
Netherlands
People
Deutsche Biographie
|
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Simrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Simrock"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"}],"text":"Agnes TschetschulinAgnes Tschetschulin (24 February 1859 – 23 April 1942) was a Finnish composer[1][2][3] and violinist who toured internationally.Tschetschulin was born in Helsinki[4] to Feodor and Hilda Eckstein Tschetschulin. She had three sisters: Maria, Melanie, and Eugenie. Hilda hosted salons with musical performances and discussions.[5] Feodor owned a steamboat company. After his death in 1871,[6] his oldest daughter Maria Tschetschulin became the first woman in Finland to attend the University of Helsinki, where she hoped to gain the skills she needed to help support her family.Agnes Tschetschulin studied music at the Helsinki Music Institute (today the Sibelius Academy) from 1882 to 1885, where she was one of the first four graduates.[5] She received a grant from the Finnish government to travel to Berlin[7] to study at the Königliche Hochschule für Musik (today the Berlin University of the Arts). Her teachers included Woldemar Bargiel (the half-brother of Clara Schumann) Heinrich von Herzogenberg,[5] Ernst Joachim, Joseph Joachim, Gustav Niemann, Anton Sitt, Philipp Spitta, Martin Wegelius, and Emanuel Wirth.After finishing school, Tschetschulin spent several years touring with an all-female string quartet[8] organized by Marie Soldat, who played first violin. Tschetschulin played second violin, Gabriele Roy played viola and Lucy Campbell played cello. The group was managed by the Herman Wolff Agency, which also managed the Berlin Philharmonic. The group was billed as the world's first all-female professional string quartet.[5]In 1892, Tschetschulin began teaching violin at the Cheltenham Ladies' College in England.[9] In 1904, she became a British citizen and moved to London to work as a freelance musician. She returned to Finland during World War I, then emigrated to Stockholm, where she lived until her death in 1942. She was buried in Stockholm with her longtime companion, pianist Tora Hwass (1861–1918).[5]Tschetschulin's music was published by N. Simrock[5] and Skandinavisk Musikforlag.[10] Her compositions include:","title":"Agnes Tschetschulin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"Alla Zingaresca (violin and piano)[11][12]\nBerceuse (violin and piano)[13]\nPuszta Film\nRomance (violin and piano)[5]\nValse gracieuse","title":"Chamber"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Britain's Sons (march)[5]\nGavotte (violin and orchestra or piano)[14]\nMarch of the Boys of Vöyri","title":"Orchestral"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"March for the Finnish Guard on its return from war 1877–78 (also arranged for wind band)[5]\nStemmingsbillede (Mood Picture)[10]\nValse gracieuse[5]","title":"Piano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"at least three lieder[5]\nPrayer[15]","title":"Vocal"}]
|
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| null |
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Retrieved 21 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eng.kvast.org/tschetschulin-agnes/","url_text":"\"Tschetschulin, Agnes\""}]},{"reference":"\"A celebration of historical Finnish women who wrote music, Part 2: Agnes Tschetschulin\". FMQ. 2 May 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://fmq.fi/articles/part-2-agnes-tschetschulin","url_text":"\"A celebration of historical Finnish women who wrote music, Part 2: Agnes Tschetschulin\""}]},{"reference":"Tschetschulin, Agnes. \"geni.com\". Retrieved 20 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geni.com/","url_text":"\"geni.com\""}]},{"reference":"Björkstrand, Carita (1999). Kvinnans ställning i det finländska musiksamhället: utbildningsmöjligheter och yrkesvillkor för kvinnliga organister, musikpedagoger och solister 1890–1939 (in Swedish). Åbo Akademi University Press. ISBN 978-951-765-012-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2bbkAAAAMAAJ&q=Agnes+Tschetschulin","url_text":"Kvinnans ställning i det finländska musiksamhället: utbildningsmöjligheter och yrkesvillkor för kvinnliga organister, musikpedagoger och solister 1890–1939"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-765-012-0","url_text":"978-951-765-012-0"}]},{"reference":"Ehrlich, A. (1893). Berühmte Geiger der Vergangenheit und Gegenwart: eine Sammlung von 88 Biographien und Portraits (in German). A. H. Payne.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qSkuAAAAYAAJ&q=Agnes+Tschetschulin&pg=PA227","url_text":"Berühmte Geiger der Vergangenheit und Gegenwart: eine Sammlung von 88 Biographien und Portraits"}]},{"reference":"Alfthan, Märta von (1966). Seitsemän vuosikymmentä: Naisasialiitto Unionin historiaa (in Finnish). Unioni Naisasialiitto Suomessa.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oLfxAAAAMAAJ&q=Agnes+Tschetschulin","url_text":"Seitsemän vuosikymmentä: Naisasialiitto Unionin historiaa"}]},{"reference":"\"Category:Tschetschulin, Agnes – IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download\". imslp.org. Retrieved 21 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Tschetschulin,_Agnes","url_text":"\"Category:Tschetschulin, Agnes – IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download\""}]},{"reference":"The Strad. Orpheus. 1902.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a-o2AQAAMAAJ&q=Agnes+Tschetschulin","url_text":"The Strad"}]},{"reference":"Catalog of Copyright Entries: Musical compositions. Library of Congress, Copyright Office. 1939.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PVNjAAAAIAAJ&q=Agnes+Tschetschulin&pg=PA2412","url_text":"Catalog of Copyright Entries: Musical compositions"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Aaron I. (1987). International encyclopedia of women composers (Second edition, revised and enlarged ed.). New York. ISBN 0-9617485-2-4. OCLC 16714846.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16714846","url_text":"International encyclopedia of women composers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9617485-2-4","url_text":"0-9617485-2-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16714846","url_text":"16714846"}]},{"reference":"Bachmann, Alberto (1925). An Encyclopedia of the Violin. D. Appleton. ISBN 978-0-306-80004-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dmZHAQAAIAAJ&q=Agnes+Tschetschulin&pg=PA453","url_text":"An Encyclopedia of the Violin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80004-7","url_text":"978-0-306-80004-7"}]},{"reference":"Sutro, Florence Edith Clinton (1895). Women in Music and Law. Author's Publishing Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LGJIAAAAYAAJ&q=Agnes+Tschetschulin&pg=PA24","url_text":"Women in Music and Law"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3844725","external_links_name":"Women composers : a handbook"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3844725","external_links_name":"3844725"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28889156","external_links_name":"Women in music : an encyclopedic biobibliography"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28889156","external_links_name":"28889156"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aiAKAQAAMAAJ&q=Agnes+Tschetschulin","external_links_name":"The Macmillan Encyclopedia of Music and Musicians"},{"Link":"https://eng.kvast.org/tschetschulin-agnes/","external_links_name":"\"Tschetschulin, Agnes\""},{"Link":"https://fmq.fi/articles/part-2-agnes-tschetschulin","external_links_name":"\"A celebration of historical Finnish women who wrote music, Part 2: Agnes Tschetschulin\""},{"Link":"https://www.geni.com/","external_links_name":"\"geni.com\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2bbkAAAAMAAJ&q=Agnes+Tschetschulin","external_links_name":"Kvinnans ställning i det finländska musiksamhället: utbildningsmöjligheter och yrkesvillkor för kvinnliga organister, musikpedagoger och solister 1890–1939"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qSkuAAAAYAAJ&q=Agnes+Tschetschulin&pg=PA227","external_links_name":"Berühmte Geiger der Vergangenheit und Gegenwart: eine Sammlung von 88 Biographien und Portraits"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oLfxAAAAMAAJ&q=Agnes+Tschetschulin","external_links_name":"Seitsemän vuosikymmentä: Naisasialiitto Unionin historiaa"},{"Link":"https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Tschetschulin,_Agnes","external_links_name":"\"Category:Tschetschulin, Agnes – IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a-o2AQAAMAAJ&q=Agnes+Tschetschulin","external_links_name":"The Strad"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PVNjAAAAIAAJ&q=Agnes+Tschetschulin&pg=PA2412","external_links_name":"Catalog of Copyright Entries: Musical compositions"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16714846","external_links_name":"International encyclopedia of women composers"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16714846","external_links_name":"16714846"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dmZHAQAAIAAJ&q=Agnes+Tschetschulin&pg=PA453","external_links_name":"An Encyclopedia of the Violin"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LGJIAAAAYAAJ&q=Agnes+Tschetschulin&pg=PA24","external_links_name":"Women in Music and Law"},{"Link":"https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Tschetschulin%2C_Agnes","external_links_name":"Download free sheet music by Agnes Tschetschulin"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u797rEVs98g","external_links_name":"Listen to Berceuse for Violin and Piano by Agnes Tschetschulin"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/285497492","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1265161030915823920005","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1602157054038","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/117431761","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1224624238","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000192895","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2002063660","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p344587568","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117431761.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTRP
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WTRP
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Radio station in La Grange, GeorgiaWTRPLa Grange, GeorgiaFrequency620 kHzBrandingClassic Country 98.9ProgrammingFormatClassic countryAffiliationsWestwood OneOwnershipOwnerTiger Communications, Inc.Sister stationsWRLATechnical informationFacility ID66959ClassDPower2,500 watts day127 watts nightTransmitter coordinates33°3′33.00″N 85°1′40.00″W / 33.0591667°N 85.0277778°W / 33.0591667; -85.0277778Translator(s)98.9 W255DP (La Grange)
WTRP (620 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic country format and is licensed to LaGrange, Georgia, United States. AM 620 WTRP is dedicated to the people of Troup County with local and statewide news, weather, and sports. WTRP is the flagship station for LaGrange College Panthers football, baseball, and basketball teams, Bill Bailey serving as the voice of the Panthers. WTRP is also home to the most Troup County High School Sports coverage on the radio with high school football coverage of the Lafayette Christian School Cougars. WTRP is home to baseball and basketball coverage of Troup, LaGrange, Callaway, LaGrange Academy and Lafayette Christian School. The station is currently owned by Tiger Communications, Inc. and features programming from Westwood One.
On April 20, 2022, WTRP changed its format from classic hits as "Troup 98.9" to classic country as "Classic Country 98.9" with a playlist centered from the 1980s to the early 2000s.
References
^ "WTRP Facility Record". United States Federal Communications Commission, audio division.
^ "WTRP Flips To Classic Country". RadioInsight. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
External links
WTRP in the FCC AM station database
WTRP in Nielsen Audio's AM station database
W255DP in the FCC FM station database
W255DP at FCCdata.org
vteCountry radio stations in the state of GeorgiaStations
WAAC – Valdosta
WAJQ-FM – Alma
WBTR-FM – Carrollton
WBYZ – Baxley
WCJM-FM – West Point
WCON-FM – Cornelia
WDEN-FM – Macon
WDXQ – Cochran
WEKS – Zebulon
WGJK - Rome
WIFO – Jesup
WIHB – Macon
WIHB-FM – Gray
WISK-FM – Americus
WJCL-FM – Savannah
WJJC – Commerce
WJTH – Calhoun
WKAA – Willacoochee
WKAK – Albany
WKBX – Kingsland
WKCN – Fort Benning
WKHX-FM – Marietta
WKKP – McDonough
WKLY – Hartwell
WKNG – Tallapoosa
WKUB – Blackshear
WKZR – Milledgeville
WKZZ – Tifton
WLHR-FM – Lavonia
WLJA-FM – Ellijay
WLUB – Augusta
WLYU – Lyons
WMCD – Rocky Ford
WMCG – Milan
WMNZ – Montezuma
WMOQ – Bostwick
WNGC – Athens
WOBB – Tifton
WOKA-FM – Douglas
WPEH – Louisville
WPPL – Blue Ridge
WQCH – Lafayette
WQZY – Dublin
WRJY – Brunswick
WSGA – Hinesville
WSNT – Sandersville
WSNT-FM – Sandersville
WSRM – Coosa
WTHO-FM – Thomson
WTRP - La Grange
WTUF – Boston
WUBL – Atlanta
WUCG-LP – Blairsville
WUFF – Eastman
WUFF-FM – Eastman
WULK – Crawfordville
WXLI – Dublin
WXRS-FM – Swainsboro
WYNR – Waycross
WYUM – Mount Vernon
WYYZ – Jasper
WZQZ – Trion
Defunct
WBBK – Blakely
WCUG – Cuthbert
WHIE – Griffin
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in Georgia
This article about a radio station in the state of Georgia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"WTRP Facility Record\". United States Federal Communications Commission, audio division.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WTRP","url_text":"\"WTRP Facility Record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"WTRP Flips To Classic Country\". RadioInsight. Retrieved 2022-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/224140/wtrp-flips-to-classic-country/","url_text":"\"WTRP Flips To Classic Country\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Man_(The_Four_Preps_song)
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Big Man (The Four Preps song)
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["1 Chart performance","2 Covers by other artists","3 References"]
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1958 single by The Four Preps"Big Man"Single by The Four PrepsB-side"Stop, Baby"Released1958GenrePopLength2:26LabelCapitolSongwriter(s)Bruce Belland & Glen A. LarsonThe Four Preps singles chronology
"26 Miles (Santa Catalina)" (1957)
"Big Man" (1958)
"Summertime Lies" (1958)
"Big Man" is a song written by Bruce Belland and Glen A. Larson, and released by The Four Preps in 1958.
Chart performance
The song reached No. 5 on Billboard's Top 100 Sides chart, while reaching No. 3 on Billboard's chart of sides "Most Played by Jockeys", and No. 6 on Billboard's chart of "Best Selling Pop Singles in Stores". The song also reached No. 2 on the United Kingdom's New Musical Express chart, and 3 weeks at No. 4 on Canada's CHUM Hit Parade.
Chart (1958)
Peakposition
UK - New Musical Express
2
US Billboard - Top 100 Sides
5
US Billboard - Most Played By Jockeys
3
US Billboard - Best Selling Pop Singles in Stores
6
Canada - CHUM Hit Parade
4
US Billboard - R&B Best Sellers in Stores
10
US Billboard - Most Played R&B By Jockeys
9
Covers by other artists
Herman's Hermits
References
^ "secondhandsongs.com". secondhandsongs.com. Archived from the original on August 19, 2013. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
^ "Top 100 Sides", Billboard, June 2, 1958. p. 34. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
^ "Most Played by Jockeys", Billboard, June 9, 1958. p. 26. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
^ "Best Selling Pop Singles in Stores", Billboard, June 2, 1958. p. 28. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
^ Four Preps - Full Official Chart History, Official Charts Company. Accessed June 18, 2016.
^ "CHUM Chart Archives – Week of June 02, 1958, Chart Number 55". Archived from the original on July 21, 2006. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
^ "R&B Best Sellers in Stores", Billboard, June 23, 1958. p. 50. Accessed June 18, 2016.
^ "Most Played R&B By Jockeys", Billboard, July 7, 1958. p. 41. Accessed June 18, 2016.
^ "Into Something Good: The Mickie Most Years 1964-72 – Herman's Hermits". AllMusic. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work
This 1950s single–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
[]
| null |
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|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130819141428/http://https/","external_links_name":"\"secondhandsongs.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.https//secondhandsongs.com/work/194547","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/50s/1958/Billboard%201958-06-02a.pdf","external_links_name":"Top 100 Sides"},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/50s/1958/Billboard%201958-06-09.pdf","external_links_name":"Most Played by Jockeys"},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/50s/1958/Billboard%201958-06-02a.pdf","external_links_name":"Best Selling Pop Singles in Stores"},{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/6170/four-preps/","external_links_name":"Four Preps - Full Official Chart History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060721162243/http://www.1050chum.com/index_chumcharts.aspx?chart=55","external_links_name":"\"CHUM Chart Archives – Week of June 02, 1958, Chart Number 55\""},{"Link":"http://www.1050chum.com/index_chumcharts.aspx?chart=55","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/50s/1958/Billboard%201958-06-23.pdf","external_links_name":"R&B Best Sellers in Stores"},{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/50s/1958/Billboard%201958-07-07.pdf","external_links_name":"Most Played R&B By Jockeys"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/into-something-good-the-mickie-most-years-1964-72-mw0000808195","external_links_name":"\"Into Something Good: The Mickie Most Years 1964-72 – Herman's Hermits\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/a917a3ac-bdc1-4973-893f-07b2e1006876","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Man_(The_Four_Preps_song)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(IDW_Publishing)
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Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (IDW Publishing)
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["1 Publication history","1.1 2011–2024: original series","1.2 2024: relaunch","2 Plot","2.1 Volume I","2.1.1 Issues #1–100","2.1.2 Issues #101–150: Rebirth","2.2 Volume II","2.2.1 Issues #1–5","3 Characters","4 Comics","4.1 Ongoing","4.2 Mini-series","4.3 One-shots and Annuals","4.4 Crossovers","4.4.1 Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","4.4.2 Mighty Morphin Power Rangers/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","4.4.3 Other crossovers","4.5 Roninverse","5 Chronological comic order","6 Collected editions","7 Other TMNT publications by IDW","7.1 Graphic novels","7.2 Comics","8 References","9 External links"]
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Ongoing American comic book series
This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Teenage Mutant Ninja TurtlesThe cover of issue number 2. Art by Dan Duncan; colors by Ronda Pattison.Publication informationPublisherIDW PublishingScheduleMonthlyFormatOngoing seriesGenreSuperhero fictionScience fantasySupernatural fictionPublication dateVol. 1.: August 2011 – April 2024Vol. 2.: July 2024 –No. of issues286 (as of May 2024)Creative teamWritten byKevin EastmanTom WaltzBobby CurnowSophie CampbellJason AaronArtist(s)Kevin Eastman (8–11, 13–15 2012 Annual, 16–17, 19–28, 30–37 2014 Annual, 38–48)Dan Duncan (1–12, 23)Andy Kuhn (13–16, 23)Ben Bates (17–20, 23)Mateus Santolouco (5, 22–28, 33–36, 38–40, FCBD 2015, 45–50, 56–58, 65, 67–70, 75)(23, 29–32, 66)Cory Smith (37, 41–44, 48, 73–75)Ken Garing (51, 52)Michael Dialynas (53–55) Dave Wachter (59–64, 71–72) Damian Couceiro (75–78) Chris Johnson (75) Brahm Revel (79)Colorist(s)Ronda Pattison (1–150)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is an ongoing American comic book series published by IDW Publishing. Debuting in August 2011, the series is part of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles media franchise created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird and was the first new comic incarnation of the Turtles to debut after the franchise's sale to Nickelodeon in October 2009. It is the fifth comic book series in the franchise's publication history and serves as a reboot of the franchise's story and characters.
The IDW Turtles series reimagines the franchise's titular characters—brothers Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael, and Michelangelo—as sons of Hamato Yoshi, a member of the Foot Clan led by Oroku Saki in feudal Japan. When Yoshi leaves the Clan, Saki (who will later be known as Shredder) murders Yoshi and his four sons. In modern times, the spirits of Yoshi and his sons are reincarnated as a rat and four turtles, respectively, in a research laboratory owned by Baxter Stockman, a scientist who has secretly allied himself with the extraterrestrial Krang. After coming in contact with the alien mutagen, Yoshi and the turtles are transformed into intelligent, humanoid beings. Living in the sewers, Yoshi (now called Splinter), remembers his past life and begins to train the turtles in the art of ninjutsu. Allying themselves with April O'Neil and Casey Jones, they are threatened by Shredder, who has survived through the centuries; Shredder's descendant Karai; and Krang, who seeks to conquer Earth.
The initial creative team on the IDW series consisted of Eastman (who collaborated on the plot and the page layouts), writer Tom Waltz, and artist Dan Duncan. In 2017, it became the longest-running comic book series in the franchise's history, surpassing Archie Comics' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures, which ran from 1988 to 1995. Starting from issue #101, IDW series writer and artist Sophie Campbell took over as the sole lead writer for the series.
Publication history
2011–2024: original series
In April 2011, IDW Publishing acquired the license to publish new collections of older Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comics from Nickelodeon, as well as a new ongoing series. The first issue of the new series was released on August 24 that year. Turtles co-creators Kevin Eastman and Tom Waltz wrote the book, with Eastman and Dan Duncan providing art. In 2017, issue #73 of the main ongoing series was published, making it the longest-running comic in the franchise's history, surpassing Archie Comics' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures. In 2019, issue #100 of the comic was published, concluding the eight-part "City at War" arc. Starting with issue #101, series writer and artist Sophie Campbell took over as the sole lead writer for the book.
2024: relaunch
It was announced on January 12, 2024 that the current volume would end with issue #150 and a new volume would launch in July 2024; with Jason Aaron taking over as the head writer. It was announced on January 22, 2024, that the first five issues of the new series will each be drawn by a different artist (Joëlle Jones, Rafael Albuquerque, Cliff Chiang, Chris Burnham, and Derek Robertson respectively); with the first four issues spotlighting a different turtle (Raphael, Michelangelo, Leonardo, and Donatello, respectively) before having them reunite in the fifth. Following these issues, Albuquerque will then draw the second story arc.
Plot
Volume I
Issues #1–100
Hamato Yoshi is a member of the Foot Clan led by Oroku Saki during Japan's feudal period. After seeing Saki act ruthlessly, Yoshi leaves the Clan and is marked a traitor, and Saki orders Yoshi's entire family to be put to death. Yoshi's wife, Tang Shen, is attacked and severely wounded by Foot ninjas, and with her last breath, she beseeches Yoshi to protect himself and the children. He flees with the boys and remains on the run for several years. Saki, who will later be known as Shredder, eventually finds Yoshi and his children and murders them all.
Centuries later, Yoshi and his sons' spirits are reincarnated in modern times as a gray rat and four green turtles, respectively, in a research laboratory called Stock Gen, owned by Baxter Stockman, a scientist who has secretly allied himself with the extraterrestrial Krang. An intern at Stock Gen, April O'Neil, names the turtles after Renaissance artists: Leonardo, Michelangelo, Donatello, and Raphael. Members of the Foot Clan break into the facility to steal an alien mutagen. The animals are taken by mistake, and when they and the stolen mutagen get lost in the sewer, they are covered with the spilled mutagen and transformed into intelligent, humanoid beings.
Yoshi, now called Splinter, remembers his past life and begins to train the turtles in the art of ninjutsu. Unfortunately, the seemingly trivial event which led to the creation of the Turtles and Splinter is part of an escalating conflict between several powers trying to take control of the Earth:
The Foot Clan, with their leader Shredder, who has survived into the modern age due to the machinations of the shape-shifting witch Kitsune, and having new recruits such as Jennika, Alopex, Koya, and Bludgeon
The Utrom warlord Krang, who plans to terraform Earth into a new home for the last survivors of his race
The zealous government agent John Bishop, leader of the Earth Protection Force, who seeks to eradicate mutantkind and aliens
The mysterious Madam Null and her enterprise Null Group, a business conglomerate with its hands in many ventures and ties to other dimensions deliberately create mutants as a slave workforce
A mysterious Pantheon of immortal demigods, some of whom subvert humanity to their will, as they once did in bygone times.
Finding new allies as they go, the Turtles are forced to strive against enemies and save the world from destruction as this many-fold conflict begins to spin out of control. The conflict culminates when Kitsune, a member of the Pantheon, attempts to resurrect the Dragon to end humanity, which the Turtles and their allies attempt to thwart.
Issues #101–150: Rebirth
With a mutagen bomb attack by Hob on the New York populace during Baxter Stockman's inauguration as the city's new mayor, the world's public is made aware of the existence of mutants. A ghetto called Mutant Town is erected in the heart of Manhattan to quarantine them, with Hob and his Mutanimals exercising loose political control over its inhabitants. The Turtles and their friends unite to make Mutant Town both a better place to live in and a hub of tolerance and communication with the outside world, but new conflicts begin to emerge:
Zom becomes pregnant and gives birth to a daughter, hailing a new era for the Triceratons, but also stirring hostility in the radical Utrom Ch'rell
Lita, a mutant albino turtle child the Turtles take in, is revealed to become a time traveler under time mistress Renet and has traveled to the present to stop the Turtles from splitting up in the future
The Punk Frogs, a street gang of mutant frogs, attack the Turtles and burn the dojo, believing that they took away one of their members, Bonnie
A mad mutant surgeon by the name of Jasper Barlow experiments on mutants to make them more human, kidnapping Bonnie as part of her experiments (who becomes Venus, a turlte with psychic powers) and eventually resorting to inhumane methods to become human again
The Rat King, a member of the Pantheon, is eager to see his family's power game brought to a conclusion and attempts to unleash the Armageddon Game upon the world, a conflict that involves every major character up to that point
Having foreseen the arrival of Armaggon, a monstrous devourer from the streams of time, Donatello becomes obsessed with stopping this menace and travels through time, inadvertedly creating the monster.
The result of the Armageddon Game is the downfall of both Krang and Ch'rell, the destruction of Mutant Town's borders, and the banishment of all the Pantheons from the world. In his attempts to stop Armaggon, Donatello ensures the reincarnation of his family, but he becomes jaded and Lita reverts back to a human. Meanwhile, Karai begins her efforts to rebuild the Foot Clan, Old Hob begins setting up a mutant-inhabited island, and the vigilante Nightwatcher begins fighting in Mutant Town.
Volume II
Issues #1–5
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Characters
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The series reimagines the origins of the Turtles, as well as other characters such as April O'Neil, Splinter, The Shredder, Casey Jones, and Baxter Stockman. Notably, the series, like the original Mirage version, initially gives all four Turtles red eye masks until issue #5, where Splinter gives Leonardo, Donatello and Michelangelo their well-known blue, purple and orange masks, respectively, with Raphael keeping his signature red.
The series features characters and plot devices from throughout the TMNT franchise, including:
Tang Shen, Karai, the Purple Dragons, the Utroms, the Triceratons, the Rat King, Professor Honeycutt, Leatherhead, Renet, Savanti Romero, the vigilante Nobody, Klunk, Chet, the Warp Crystal, the Pantheon, Louis Braunze and Seri from the Mirage Comics;
Antoine Puzorelli from the Volume 3 series by Image Comics;
Dimension X, Krang, Bebop and Rocksteady, Slash, Metalhead, the Technodrome, the Neutrinos, the Stone Soldiers, Mutagen Man, the Roadkill Rodneys, Dark Water, Channel 6, Don Turtelli and Big Louie, the Punk Frogs, Mona Lisa, Groundchuck and Dirtbag, Dimension Z, and the Grybyx from the 1987 cartoon series;
the Mighty Mutanimals, the Warrior Dragon, Null, the Gang of Four, Wyrm, Manmoth, Maligna and the Malignoids, Stump and Sling, Cryin' Houn', Bob and Carmen, the Nova Posse, Noi Tai Dar, Cherubae and the Turnstone, Cudley the Cowlick, the Path of the Four Winds, Mazool, Armaggon, Chien Khan and the Dog Star Gang from the Archie Comics series;
Ch'rell/the Utrom Shredder, Angel, Hun, Agent Bishop and the Earth Protection Force, Darius Dun, the Street Phantoms, Torbin Zixx, the Battle Nexus Tournament, the Triceraton invasion of Earth, Garbageman, Abigail Finn and Parker from the 2003 cartoon series;
Pigeon Pete and the monicker "Hamato Clan" from the 2012 CGI series;
Tokka and Rahzar, and the alter egos Cowabunga Carl and Nightwatcher from the feature films;
Venus De Milo from Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation;
Ace Duck and Monty Moose from the action figure toy lines;
Fred Hamster, Ferd, and the Road Hogs from the Palladium Books role-playing game.
It has also introduced new characters, such as:
Jennika, a young Foot Assassin. Initially loyal only to the clan rather than its leader, she now pledges her service to the Foot's new leader, Splinter and his sons. In time, she begins a relationship with Casey Jones. When she is fatally stabbed by Karai, she is administered Leonardo's mutagen-infused blood in order to speed her healing, but is in the process transformed into a mutant turtle and joins the Ninja Turtles as a fifth member.
Old Hob, a mutated alley cat and former enemy of Master Splinter, now founder and leader of the Mutanimals gang. Stemming from his bitter personal experience with humans, Hob intended to prepare for what he perceived an inevitable war between mutants and humans, eventually resorting to terroristic means to recruit his Mutanimals army. After his plans come to naught, he decides to establish an independent mutant colony on North Brother Island.
Alopex, a mutant polar fox who begins her new life as an assassin of the Foot Clan, but later becomes a friend of the Turtles and Raphael's romantic interest. It is later revealed that she was intended to be a pawn for Kitsune, a role Alopex eventually rebelled against.
Woody Dirkins, a young pizzeria employee and one of the first human friends of the Turtles. He later develops a crush on Angel after meeting her at the Turtles' Christmas party.
Harold Lillja, a middle-aged and highly paranoid, but extremely gifted inventor who befriends the Turtle family through Donatello.
Kitsune, a shape-shifting immortal witch, sister of the Rat King and the youngest member of the Pantheon, who has helped the Shredder through the ages with the intention of making him the new host for the Pantheon's long-lost patriarch, the Dragon, and who seeks the destruction of humanity so that only the Pantheon will remain masters of Earth.
Takeshi Tatsuo, a samurai from medieval Japan who became the founder of the Foot Clan. Betrayed by his clanspeople for his ruthlessness, but aided by Kitsune, he was reborn in the body of Oroku Saki/the Shredder.
Oroku Maji and Masato, two chunin of the Foot Clan who brought down Takeshi Tatsuo for his bloodthirsty ways and were later killed by his reincarnation, Maji's son Saki.
Kid Demon (or just "Kid"), a lesser demon and guardian of Yomi who encounters the Shredder during his journeys into the afterlife.
Koya and Bludgeon, two loyal mutated henchmen of the Foot Clan: Shredder's pet reconnaissance falcon and a hammerhead shark.
Mori Toshiro, an elderly mentor of the Foot Clan who is often consulted by Karai for his wisdom and serenity.
Lindsey Baker, a former aspiring biochemist researcher at Stock Gen, later recruited by Old Hob to create his mutant army. In an attempt to fit in, she eventually experiments with localized mutations, but inadvertently turns herself into a spider mutant. She is also the first TMNT character in an official storyline to be outed as a lesbian.
Herman, a mutated hermit crab and member of Hob's Mutanimals gang with a soldier's personality and bearing who acts as the Mutanimals' "tank".
Sally Pride, a mutated lioness and talented vehicle operator, and initially a member of Hob's Mutanimals gang. However, after becoming displeased with Hob's methods, she defects to the Turtles' side and later becomes Mutant Town's first mayor.
Brooklyn S. Bridge, Angel's father and a former member of the Purple Dragons who now runs a bar named Skara Brae.
Kara Lewis, a young New York police officer and a friend of Michelangelo and Casey Jones. Because of her personal experiences with mutants, she is made an NYPD liaison to Agent Bishop, but she strongly disapproves of his fanatically hostile attitudes towards all mutants. After the fall of Mutant Town's walls, she becomes the chief of a special NYPD precinct in Mutant Town and an official friend of the Turtles.
Richard Miller and Frank Corbin, two corrupt and rivaling NYPD detectives who were once on the paylist of the Savate Ninja.
Ma'riell, a moderate-minded Utrom who disapproves of her brother Ch'rell's brutality and loyalty to Krang. After the Utroms' revival on Earth, she becomes their official leader.
Lieutenant Kleve and Corporal Montuoro, two Utrom military officers and loyal followers of Krang. After Krang is killed by Leatherhead during the conclusion of his war crime trial on Neutrino, they revive Krang's loyal second-in-command, Ch'rell, from his stasis sleep.
Chi-You, a temperamental member of the Pantheon and the template for the ancient Chinese war deity of the same name.
Aka, the eldest member of the Pantheon who is amicably neutral in human affairs.
Libby Meitner, an inventor and Harold's former wife and partner, who betrayed him for her own profit and has become the chief engineer for Darius Dun and his Street Phantoms. She has since made up with Harold, but his concern about her welfare has caused Harold to break his ties with the Turtles until Donatello eventually manages to reconcile with him.
Pepperoni, a baby protoceratops befriended by Raphael. Originally from the Cretaceous period, she met the Turtles during a couple of time-travelling adventures with Renet and accompanied them back to the present day, where she stays as a pet.
Anchovi, a young velociraptor or deinonychus picked up by the Turtles and Renet during the Bebop & Rocksteady Destroy Everything! storyline, and later Bebop and Rocksteady's companion in the Hit the Road! miniseries.
Jill Amante, Lindsey's ex-girlfriend and a leading geneticist at Null Industries.
Zodi and Krisa, a female scorpion mutant and female python mutant respectively, created by Null Industries as secret operatives.
Maureen Lin, a young New York Police Detective who befriends Michelangelo while looking for her missing brother-in-law, who is revealed to have been killed by Wyrm.
Toad Baron, a hedonistic member of the Pantheon who strives to be the perfect host for anyone who enters his realm, even against their will.
The Dragon: The allfather of the Pantheon, and a child of Brahma, who was entrapped in the netherworld by his sister, The Dreamer. Kitsune seeks to restore him to his "rightful" place on Earth (despite her siblings' opposition) by using Shredder as his host.
The Dreamer: A daughter of Brahma, the allmother of the Pantheon, and the Dragon's opposite in the aspect of creating and preserving life, whereas the Dragon stands for the destruction of life. She entered sleep and watched humanity through her dreams; when the Dragon perverted them, she imprisoned him in Oroku Saki's soul to neutralize him.
Gothano, a Cthulhu-esque, soft-voiced member of the Pantheon who wreathes himself in a black robe.
Ocho: A yokai guardian of the Kira no Ken. She was transformed by Kitsune into a giant anthropomorphic mole, and quartered in the last chamber of the cave where the sword resided. She joins Karai's entourage when she receives the sword.
Hayashi Natsu: A young woman who was a part of a Japanese Yakuza clan, but has since sworn allegiance to Karai. She is a femalized new version of Tatsu, a character from the 1990 and 1991 live-action films.
Hakk-R, a cyborg bounty hunter and assassin from Dimension X, hired by Krang to dispose of accusatorial witnesses before his trail.
Zom, a commanding Triceraton officer and General Zog's love interest, who seeks to establish a home for her people, who were artificially created from Terran triceratops DNA as a slave race for the Utroms.
Wayne Bishop, the former founder and director of the Earth Protection Force, and father of its current director, Agent John Bishop. After investigating the Roswell incident, he used the technology and alien (Utrom) DNA recovered from the site to aid his son, a preemie, which left John intellectually fully developed but physically a stunted, dwarfish mutant. Long a retiree, Wayne is killed by his son when Hob attempts to use him as a bargaining chip for Slash's release.
Special Agent Ravenwood, a member of the Earth Protection Force. She is revealed to be the result of a secret government experiment which split her body into six separate entities with a collective consciousness, and bestowed her with superhuman strength, body elasticity, and longevity. Her state makes her empathize with other mutants, including (at least initially) the miscreants Bebop and Rocksteady.
The Inhabitants of Mutant Town:
Lita, a small New York child mutated into an albino turtle who is taken in by Clan Hamato. She was named after the rockstar Lita Ford. In an alternate future, she is shown as an orphan after a catastrophic chain of events leads to the break-up of her adopted family, and she was subsequently taken in and trained as a time mistress by Renet and is able to go back in time to rectify this mistake.
Zanna, Zink and Mushroom, three mutant weasel children bred by Hob to serve as merchandise for the Foot Clan in exchange for vital supplies. After escaping their captivity, they are taken in by Clan Hamato.
Sheena, a mutant pig and hard rock singer in Mutant Town, who befriends Jennika through their mutual passion for music and later becomes her girlfriend.
Ivan, a mutant bat and small-time criminal dealer in Mutant Town.
Silas, a mutant muskrat and Jennika's ex-boyfriend from her time before the Foot Clan.
The Road Hogs, a group of mutant pig bikers under the leadership of Tusk.
Jay, a grim mutant poison dart frog.
Hector and Wanda, a hippopotamus and ant mutant couple who become good friends of the Turtles.
The Mutanimal Enforcers, a gang of bullying mutants recruited by Hob to "keep the order" in Mutant Town.
Antoni Rosetti Junior, the young son of a mafioso who was assassinated by Jennika while she was still human. He was raised by his ambitious mother, who wanted him to ascend as head of his crime family until she was trapped in Mutant Town and later tries to enlist the now-mutated Jennika to train him. Antoni and Jennika become friends, even after Antoni learns about their common past, and after escaping his mother, Jennika gives Antoni into April O'Neil's custody.
Lola Cruz, a reporter who is eager to score a story about life in Mutant Town. Later on, she joins April O'Neil and Mona Lisa in founding Mutant Town's own journalistic team.
Doctor Jasper Barlow, a mutant albino mouse, surgeon and self-declared "scientific researcher" who pursues a twisted idea of "restoring" mutants to their former natural selves, making use of cybernetic implants or combining body parts into Frankensteinian creatures.
Zara Flood, Baxter Stockman's personal secretary and henchwoman
The Warp Turtles, a trio of humanoid, shape-shifting turtles from an alternative future named Roy, Pris and Max (after android characters from Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?), created by Donatello's future self with the Warp Crystal in an attempt to compensate the loss of his family. In his bitterness of having caused his family's dissolution, Future Donatello eventually ends up killing Max, but Roy and Pris accompany a time-travelling Donatello.
Comics
Ongoing
Title
Issue(s) (As of May 2024)
Start date
End date
Note
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Vol. 1)
1–150
August 24, 2011
April 24, 2024
First ongoing series about the Turtles fighting threats alongside their allies. Concluded on April 2024.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Universe
1–25
August 31, 2016
August 1, 2018
Former ongoing series focusing on characters outside the story told in the main run
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Saturday Morning Adventures Continued
1–15
May 31, 2023
-
An adaptation of the 1987 cartoon series and a follow-up to the Saturday Morning Adventures miniseries.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Vol. 2)
1–
July 2024
-
Second ongoing series and a relaunch for the comics.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Nightwatcher
1–
August 2024
-
Spinoff series to volume 2 featuring the vigilante Nightwatcher, a mantle seen in the 2007 film.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Nation
1–
September 2024
-
Spinoff series to volume 2.
Mini-series
Title
Issue(s) (As of May 2024)
Start date
End date
Note
Micro-Series
1–8
December 7, 2011
September 5, 2012
A series of one-shot issues focusing on individual characters. Featured are the Turtles, as well as Splinter, Casey Jones, April O'Neil, and the Fugitoid.
Micro-Series: Villains
1–8
April 17, 2013
December 4, 2013
A second series of one-shots featuring the main villains at the time, including Krang, Baxter Stockman, Old Hob, Alopex, Karai, Hun, Bebop and Rocksteady, and Shredder.
Secret History of the Foot Clan
1–4
January 9, 2013
March 20, 2013
Miniseries telling the story of the formation of the Foot Clan and its connection to mystic forces, which the Turtles slowly discover in the present day.
Utrom Empire
1–3
January 22, 2014
March 19, 2014
Focuses on Krang, Professor Honeycutt and Baxter Stockman, as their struggles against each other put the last of the Utrom race into dire peril, as well as the story about the last days of the titular Utrom empire.
Turtles in Time
1–4
June 18, 2014
September 17, 2014
A follow-up on the 2014 annual. Due to a lingering aftereffect of their adventure in the Battle Nexus, the Turtles end up popping through several critical points in the time continuum where their action will prove decisive for their own past and future.
Mutanimals
1–4
February 25, 2015
June 3, 2015
A limited series in which Old Hob and his Mutanimals clash with Madame Null, who wishes to exploit mutantkind as a slave force for her business.
Casey & April
1–4
June 17, 2015
September 23, 2015
While going on a road trip, April O'Neil and Casey Jones get ensnared by the schemings of the Rat King, but find an unexpected ally in his sister Aka.
Bebop & Rocksteady Destroy Everything!
1–5
June 1, 2016
June 29, 2016
A story arc detailing the chaotic adventures Bebop and Rocksteady engage in after they get their hands on Renet's Time Scepter, in which course their violent antics threaten to unravel the fabric of time itself.
Dimension X
1–5
August 2, 2017
August 30, 2017
A tie-in to the Trial of Krang story arc (issues #73 to #75), the Turtles and their Neutrino friends must travel throughout Dimension X looking for material witnesses against Krang whilst trying to outwit the bounty hunter Hakk-R, who was hired by Krang to eliminate said witnesses.
Bebop & Rocksteady Hit the Road
1–5
August 1, 2018
August 29, 2018
After the events of Bebop & Rocksteady Destroy Everything, the two titular characters try to find their way back to New York, leaving their habitual trail of chaos and destruction in their wake.
Macro-Series
1–4
September 26, 2018
December 19, 2018
Extra-large stories focusing on each main turtle in the buildup to the main run's 100th issue.
Shredder in Hell
1–5
January 16, 2019
December 4, 2019
A miniseries and tie-in with the City at War story arc (issues #93 to #100), Oroku Saki, once again in hell, is offered a chance to reconcile with his former friend Hamato Yoshi and redeem himself by challenging The Dragon, the allfather of the Pantheon, before Kitsune can summon him to Earth.
Jennika
1–3
February 26, 2020
June 24, 2020
Desperate to reverse her unwanted mutation, Jennika teams up with her ex-boyfriend Silas and his shifty friend Ivan to try and procure a cure; but soon she finds out that this quest is far too easy to be true.
Jennika II
1–6
November 4, 2020
April 14, 2021
A two-part follow-up on the first Jennika limited series. In the first part, "Monsters", Jennika teams up with Ivan once more to neutralize a new menace to the inhabitants of Mutant Town. In the second part, "Redemption", Jennika is forced to confront a ghost from her past as a Foot Assassin in order to find closure.
The Armageddon Game: Opening Moves
1–2
July 13, 2022
August 24, 2022
In order to counter the Rat King's looming "game" of chaos, Oroku Saki and Kitsune intrude upon the memories of the mad demigod's allies to discover their most critical weaknesses.
The Armageddon Game
1–8
September 28, 2022
July 5, 2023
A story arc directly tying in with issues #133 to #139, it centers on the Turtles gathering the allies they need to thwart the Rat King's insidious "game" of destruction.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Saturday Morning Adventures
1–4
October 5, 2022
January 25, 2023
Adaptation and continuation of the 1987 cartoon series to celebrate its 35th anniversary. Later expanded to its own ongoing series.
The Armageddon Game-The Alliance
1–6
November 9, 2022
April 19, 2023
A tie-in to the Armageddon Game story arc, Karai gathers a group of unlikely allies to expose the sinister alliance that the Rat King has forged with some of the Turtles' deadliest enemies.
TMNT Sourcebook
1-4
February 21, 2024
August 14, 2024
Guidebook to the world of the IDW comics.
The Untold Destiny of the Foot Clan
1–5
March 20, 2024
-
Focuses on Karai discovering secrets about the Oroku family on her mission to rebuild the Foot Clan.
Black, White & Green
1–4
May 8, 2024
-
Anthology series celebrating the series' 40th anniversary, using only Black, White, and various shades of Green.
One-shots and Annuals
Title
Release Date
Note
Annual 2012
October 31, 2012
A prelude to the City Fall story arc (issues #22 to #28) in which the Turtles get embroiled in the start of a violent turf war between the Foot Clan and the rivalling upstart Savate Ninja.
Annual 2014
August 20, 2014
A singular story in which the Turtles are whisked away to the Battle Nexus, where they first meet Renet and must prove their mettle to survive the Nexus' bloodthirsty gladiator fights.
30th Anniversary Special
May 21, 2014
Anthology featuring historical content and stories from each major comic incarnation of the Turtles, the Mirage, Archie, Image/Volume 3 and 4, and IDW runs.
Free Comic Book Day 2015
April 4, 2015
A FCBD special issue containing the story "Prelude to Vengeance" as an introduction to the Vengeance story arc (issues #45 to #50).
Deviations
March 30, 2016
Part of a special event depicting "what-if" scenarios of various comic series. In a deviation of the City Fall arc, all of the Turtles get captured and brainwashed under Shredder's control, forcing various other characters to rebel against the Shredder.
Free Comic Book Day 2017
May 5, 2017
A prelude to the Trial of Krang story arc and the Dimension X miniseries, frst introducing the character Hakk-R.
TMNT Day Sampler
October 25, 2018
Sampler comic distributed for free recapping issues 1-73 on the day of Issue 75's release.
IDW 20/20
January 16, 2019
Part of a multi-comic special celebrating IDW's 20th Anniversary: Various series were given non-canon one-shot issues depicting the characters 20 years in the past or future. In this issue, the Turtles in the future are caught in a war with the Utroms which threaten to destroy Earth once again.
Free Comic Book Day 2019
May 4, 2019
Contains two short stories: "Casualty of War", an extension of the City at War story arc which leads up to Jennika's mutation into a Turtle; and "Road to 100", a recap spanning issues #1 to #93.
Annual 2020
July 29, 2020
A short story featuring the Rat King's search for worthy chess pieces to use in his upcoming Armageddon Game.
Annual 2021
July 28, 2021
A prelude to the Armageddon Game story arc in which the Rat King attempts - and fails - to gain the assistance of his other siblings against the Turtles.
Annual 2022
March 30, 2022
Features a side story in which the Turtles must confront a life-leeching monster and their own doubts and fears.
Free Comic Book Day 2022
May 7, 2022
A prelude to the Armageddon Game event, retelling of the very first story of the Mirage run with dopplegangers of the Turtles.
Splintered Fate
May 4, 2023 (digital)August 16, 2023 (print)
Promotional comic to tie into the video game of the same name.
Annual 2023: Out of Time
July 12, 2023
Taking place after the Armageddon Game, an elderly Raph travels to the present to stop Donatello from creating a machine that will destroy the multiverse.
Saturday Morning Adventures: Endless Summer
August 30, 2023
Part of a series of one-shots featuring IDW Comics characters going on summertime adventures.
Free Comic Book Day 2024
May 4, 2024
Includes two stories: A prelude to the Nightwatcher ongoing series and a short story about a typical "quiet" day in the Turtles' life.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Alpha
June 5, 2024
Features two stories to bridge the gap between the first volume series and the 2024 relaunch; Long Way From Home, which stars Donatello, and Monster Island, which stars Old Hob.
40th Anniversary Comics Celebration
July 10, 2024
Anthology celebrating the 40th anniversary of the franchise. Features talent from throughout the entire comics and animated series run and includes stories from all incarnations of the Turtles throughout history.
Crossovers
Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
A crossover series with the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Batman from DC Comics.
Title
Issue(s) (As of May 2024)
Start date
End date
Note
Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
1–6
December 9, 2015
May 11, 2016
A crossover limited series illustrated by Freddie Williams II, which pitches the Turtles and the Dark Knight against an alliance of the deadlies criminals of two universes. Later adapted into an animated film.
Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures
1–6
November 6, 2016
May 10, 2017
Crossover with the 2012 incarnation of the Turtles.
Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II
1–6
December 6, 2017
April 18, 2018
A sequel series in which Donatello and Bane accidentally switch places in their respective realities, and the Turtles and the Bat Family must reunite to prevent Bane from taking over New York.
Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III
1–6
May 1, 2019
October 2, 2019
A third sequel series featuring a story arc in which Krang messes with both the Turtles' and Batman's histories, creating a merged reality in which Batman becomes part of the Turtles' family.
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
A crossover miniseries focused on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and the Boom! Comics version of the Power Rangers.
Title
Issue(s) (As of May 2024)
Start date
End date
Note
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
1–5
December 4, 2019
June 17, 2020
A crossover story in which the first team of Power Rangers join forces with the Turtles to combat an unholy alliance between the Shredder and Rita Repulsa.
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II
1–5
December 28, 2022
May 3, 2023
In this sequel series, Krang and Rita Repulsa invade Earth to seize the power of the Rangers' tokens, and the Turtles and Rangers must contend with an enemy turned ally and a friend turned enemy.
Other crossovers
Title
Issue(s) (As of May 2024)
Start date
End date
Note
Infestation 2: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
1–2
March 7, 2012
March 21, 2012
Part of the IDW Crossover event of the same name where various characters from IDW series face off against Lovecraftian monsters.
The X-Files: Conspiracy-Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
One-shot
February 12, 2014
A non-canon crossover story and part of The X-Files: Conspiracy limited series detailing a clash of the Turtles and the Lone Gunmen against the Chaney Vampires.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles/Ghostbusters
1–4
October 22, 2014
January 25, 2015
A crossover limited series celebrating the 30th anniversary of both franchises. The Turtles are displaced into the Ghostbusters' reality due to a teleportation mishap, and the two teams must join forces when Chi-You, a member of the Pantheon, tries to take humanity under his control.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles/Usagi Yojimbo: Namazu or the Big Fish Story
One-shot
July 26, 2017
The first crossover of the IDW Turtles with Usagi Yojimbo, as the continuation of a longstanding tradition between the two franchises.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles/Ghostbusters II
1–5
November 1, 2017
November 29, 2017
A sequel series to the first Ghostbusters crossover, and an add-up to the Trial of Krang story arc. Whilst attempting to return to Earth from Dimension X, the Turtles are trapped in the spirit world by their late adversary Darius Dun and must enlist the Ghostbusters' help to break free.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles/Usagi Yojimbo: WhereWhen
1–5
April 12, 2023
July 26, 2023
A follow-up on the first crossover with Usagi Yojimbo and a prelude to the Usagi Yojimbo: Senso and Space Usagi mini-series, the Turtles are thrown back in time and reality while chasing Dr. Wherewhen, a dangerous time-travelling cyborg and conqueror, and must enlist the aid of Miyamoto Usagi and his friends to stand a chance of ever returning home.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles x Street Fighter
1–5
June 7, 2023
November 8, 2023
A crossover story featuring characters from the Street Fighter video game franchise.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles x Stranger Things
1–4
July 12, 2023
October 25, 2023
A crossover story pitting the protagonists from Stranger Things and the Mirage Ninja Turtles against the denizens of the Upside Down.
Turtles of Grayskull
1–4
January 2024
TBA 2024
A series of mini-comics incorporated into a crossover line tied with the Masters of the Universe: Origin action figures. Preceeded by a planned but unpublished He-Man/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles limited series. Both series were illustrated by Freddie Williams II.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles/Usagi Yojimbo: Saturday Morning Adventures
One-shot
June 12, 2024
A tie-in crossover story with the Saturday Morning Adventures series.
Roninverse
A separate continuity focusing on a cyberpunk dystopia several years in the future, based on an idea originally conceived for the Mirage Comics.
Title
Issue(s) (As of May 2024)
Start date
End date
Note
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Last Ronin
1–5
October 28, 2020
April 27, 2022
A lone Michaelangelo seeks vengeance for the death of his friends and family in a futuristic New York City under the control of Shredder's grandson, Oroku Hiroto.
The Last Ronin: Lost Years
1–5
January 25, 2023
August 2, 2023
Tells the story of Casey Marie Jones, April O'Neils daughter, raising a new generation of Ninja Turtles (Uno, Moja, Odyn, and Yi), as well as Mikey's 15-year journey to kill gang leader Death Worm.
The Last Ronin: Lost Day Special
One-shot
July 19, 2023
Follows April O'Neil traveling the city with the new Ninja Turtles to obtain something for a friend while Casey Marie is out on a date.
The Last Ronin II: Re-Evolution
1–
March 6, 2024
-
Follows the new Ninja Turtles as they fight against forces that threaten to destroy the city.
Chronological comic order
This is a chronological listing of the in-continuity comics in which the timeline of events developed.
1–4. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #1–4
5. A Lot to Learn (30th Anniversary Special)
6. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #5
7. Micro Series – Raphael
8. Micro Series – Michelangelo
9. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #6
10. Micro Series – Donatello
11–12. Infestation 2: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #1–2
13–14. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #7–8
15. Micro Series – Leonardo
16–17. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #9–10
18. Micro Series – Splinter
19–20. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #11–12
21. Micro Series – Casey Jones
22–23. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #13–14
24. Annual 2012
25. Micro Series – April
26–27. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #15–16
28. Micro Series – Fugitoid
29–32. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #17–20
33. Villains Micro Series – Krang
34. Villains Micro Series – Baxter Stockman
35–38. Secret History of the Foot Clan #1–4
39–40. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #21–22
41. Villains Micro Series – Old Hob
42–43. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #23–24
44. Villains Micro Series – Alopex
45. Villains Micro Series – Karai
46. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #25
47. Villains Micro Series – Hun
48. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #26
49. Villains Micro Series – Bebop & Rocksteady
50–51. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #27–28
52. Villains Micro Series – The Shredder
53. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #29
54. Utrom Empire #1
55. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #30
56. Utrom Empire #2
57–58. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #31–32
59. Utrom Empire #3
60. Annual 2014
61–65. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #33–37
66–69. Turtles in Time #1–4
70–72. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #38–40
73–76. TMNT/Ghostbusters #1–4
77–80. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #41–44
81–84. Mutanimals #1–4
85–86. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #45–46
87. FCBD 2015 – Prelude to Vengeance
88–91. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #47–50
92–95. Casey & April #1–4
96–109. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #51–64
110–114. Bebop & Rocksteady Destroy Everything #1–5
115–118. TMNT Universe #1–4
119. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #65
120–121. TMNT Universe #5–6
122. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #66
123–124. TMNT Universe #7–8
125–128. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #67–70
129–130. TMNT Universe #9–10
131–132. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #71–72
133. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles/Usagi Yojimbo
134–138. TMNT Universe #11–15
139–140. TMNT Universe #19–20
141. FCBD 2017 – Prelude to Dimension X
142. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #73
143–147. Dimension X #1–5
148–149. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #74–75
150–154. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles/Ghostbusters II #1–5
155–156. TMNT Universe #16–17
157–158. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #76–77
159. TMNT Universe #18
160–162. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #78–80
163–164. TMNT Universe #21–22
165–168. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #81–84
169. Macro Series – Donatello
170. Macro Series – Michelangelo
171–172. TMNT Universe #23–24
173. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #85
174. TMNT Universe #25
175–177. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #86–88
178–182. Bebop & Rocksteady Hit the Road #1–5
183. Macro Series – Leonardo
184. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #89
185. Macro Series – Raphael
186–189. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #90–93
190. FCBD 2019 – "Casualty of War"
191–196. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #94–99
197–201. Shredder in Hell #1–5
202-203. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #100-101
204. Annual 2020
205–208. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #102–105
209–211. Jennika #1–3
212–218. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #106–112
219–221. Jennika II #1–3
222–226. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #113–117
227–229. Jennika II #4–6
230-242. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #118–130
243. Annual 2021
244-245. Armageddon Game Opening Moves #1-2
246. Annual 2022
247-248. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #131-132
249. FCBD 2022
250. The Armageddon Game #1
251. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #133
252. The Armageddon Game #2
253. The Armageddon Game - The Alliance #1
254. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #134
255. The Armageddon Game #3
256. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #135
257. The Armageddon Game - The Alliance #2
258. The Armageddon Game - The Alliance #3
259. The Armageddon Game #4
260. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #136
261. The Armageddon Game - The Alliance #4
262. The Armageddon Game #5
263. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #137
264. The Armageddon Game - The Alliance #5
265. The Armageddon Game #6
266. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #138
267. The Armageddon Game - The Alliance #6
268. The Armageddon Game #7
269. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #139
270. The Armageddon Game #8
271. Annual 2023
272-282. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #140-150
Collected editions
The IDW series has been compiled into collections which include the spinoff series placed into their continuity order. Initially they were released exclusively in deluxe hardcover format. Releases in paperback format began in February 2022.
Title
Release date
Cover
ISBN
Collected material
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The IDW Collection Volume 1
June 9, 2015
HC
978-1-63140-111-4
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #1–12, A Lot to Learn (TMNT 30th Anniversary Special), Micro-Series: Raphael, Michelangelo, Donatello, Leonardo and Splinter
February 1, 2022
SC
978-1-68405-866-2
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The IDW Collection Volume 2
March 29, 2016
HC
978-1-63140-539-6
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #13–20, Micro-Series: Casey Jones, April and Fugitoid, Villains Micro-Series: Krang and Baxter Stockman, The Secret History of the Foot Clan #1–4
November 15, 2022
SC
978-1-68405-912-6
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The IDW Collection Volume 3
September 6, 2016
HC
978-1-63140-691-1
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #21–28, Villains Micro-Series: Old Hob, Alopex, Karai, Hun, Bebop and Rocksteady and Shredder, 2012 Annual
October 31, 2023
SC
979-8887240527
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The IDW Collection Volume 4
January 17, 2017
HC
978-1-63140-820-5
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #29–37, Utrom Empire #1–3, 2014 Annual
August 13, 2024
SC
979-8887241289
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The IDW Collection Volume 5
September 5, 2017
HC
978-1-68405-090-1
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #38–44, Turtles in Time #1–4, TMNT/Ghostbusters #1–4
November 5, 2024
SC
979-8887241937
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The IDW Collection Volume 6
February 27, 2018
HC
978-1-68405-130-4
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #45–50, 2015 FCBD issue, Mutanimals #1–4, Casey & April #1–4
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The IDW Collection Volume 7
July 31, 2018
HC
978-1-68405-282-0
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #51–64
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The IDW Collection Volume 8
December 4, 2018
HC
978-1-68405-370-4
Bebop & Rocksteady Destroy Everything #1–5, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Universe #1–8, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #65–66
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The IDW Collection Volume 9
July 19, 2019
HC
978-1-68405-501-2
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #67–72, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Universe #9–15, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles/Usagi Yojimbo
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The IDW Collection Volume 10
January 28, 2020
HC
978-1-68405-590-6
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #73–75, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Universe #19–20, 2017 FCBD issue, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Dimension X #1–5, TMNT/Ghostbusters II #1–5
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The IDW Collection Volume 11
October 13, 2020
HC
978-1-68405-682-8
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #76-84, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Universe #16–19 & 21–22, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Macro-Series Donatello
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The IDW Collection Volume 12
February 9, 2021
HC
978-1-68405-745-0
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #85-89, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Universe #23-25, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Macro-Series Leonardo and Michelangelo, Bebop and Rocksteady: Hit the Road #1-5
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The IDW Collection Volume 13
July 20, 2021
HC
978-1-68405-807-5
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #90-100, 2019 Free Comic Book Day issue, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Macro-Series Raphael, Shredder in Hell #1-5
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The IDW Collection Volume 14
July 12, 2022
HC
978-1-6-8405-860-0
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #101-112, 2020 Annual, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Jennika #1–3
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The IDW Collection Volume 15
July 18, 2023
HC
978-1-6-8405-991-1
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #113-124, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Jennika II #1–6
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The IDW Collection Volume 16
July 30, 2024
HC
979-8-8-8-724127-2
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #125-132, 2021 Annual, 2022 Annual and The Armageddon Game: Opening Moves #1–2
The various series have been collected in the following trade paperbacks:
Title
Release date
Collected material
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol.1: Change is Constant
February 21, 2012
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #1–4
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Micro-Series Vol. 1
June 26, 2012
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Micro-Series #1–4
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 2: Enemies Old, Enemies New
July 24, 2012
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #5–8
Infestation 2 Vol. 3
August 28, 2012
Infestation 2: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #1–2
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 3: Shadows of the Past
October 9, 2012
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #9–12
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Micro-Series Vol. 2
November 20, 2012
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Micro-Series #5–8
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 4: Sins of the Fathers
February 19, 2013
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #13–16
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 5: Krang War
May 14, 2013
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #17–20
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Secret History of the Foot Clan
June 12, 2013
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Secret History of the Foot Clan #1–4
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 6: City Fall Part 1
October 29, 2013
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #21–24
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Villain Micro-Series Vol. 1
November 26, 2013
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Villain Micro-Series #1–4
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 7: City Fall Part 2
February 18, 2014
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #25–28
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Villain Micro-Series Vol. 2
March 25, 2014
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Villain Micro-Series #5–8
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 8: Northampton
June 11, 2014
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #29–32
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Utrom Empire
July 29, 2014
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Utrom Empire #1–3
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 9: Monsters, Misfits, and Madmen
October 21, 2014
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #33–36
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time
December 17, 2014
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time #1–4
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 10: New Mutant Order
February 10, 2015
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #37–40
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles / Ghostbusters
May 5, 2015
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles / Ghostbusters #1–4
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 11: Attack On Technodrome
June 30, 2015
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #41–44
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutanimals
September 1, 2015
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutanimals #1–4
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 12: Vengeance Part 1
October 22, 2015
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #45–47 and the 2015 FCBD issue
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Casey & April
December 31, 2015
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Casey & April #1–4
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 13: Vengeance Part 2
January 19, 2016
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #48–50
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 14: Order from Chaos
May 17, 2016
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #51–55
Batman/TMNT
August 23, 2016
Batman/TMNT #1–6
TMNT: Bebop & Rocksteady Destroy Everything
October 4, 2016
Bebop & Rocksteady Destroy Everything #1–5
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 15: Leatherhead
October 18, 2016
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #56–60
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 16: Chasing Phantoms
April 11, 2017
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #61–65
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Universe Vol. 1
April 18, 2017
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Universe #1–5
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 17: Desperate Measures
September 12, 2017
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #66–70
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Universe Vol. 2: The New Strangeness
October 10, 2017
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Universe #6–10
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Dimension X
January 30, 2018
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Dimension X #1–5
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 18: Trial of Krang
February 20, 2018
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #71–75 and the 2017 FCBD issue
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles / Ghostbusters Vol. 02
February 28, 2018
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles / Ghostbusters II #1–5
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Universe Vol. 3: Karai's Path
March 13, 2018
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Universe #11–15
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 19: Invasion of the Triceratons
July 3, 2018
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #76–80
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Universe Vol. 4: Home
August 14, 2018
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Universe #16–20
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 20: Kingdom of Rats
October 9, 2018
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #81–85
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Universe Vol. 5: The Coming Doom
November 6, 2018
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Universe #21–25
TMNT: Bebop & Rocksteady Hit the Road
February 9, 2019
Bebop & Rocksteady Hit the Road #1-5
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 21: Battle Lines
May 1, 2019
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #86–89
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Macro Series
June 18, 2019
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Macro Series #1–4
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 22: City at War Part 1
October 9, 2019
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #90–95
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Shredder in Hell
March 10, 2020
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Shredder in Hell #1-5
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 23: City at War Part 2
March 17, 2020
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #96–100
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Reborn Vol. 1: From the Ashes
September 2, 2020
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #101–105
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Jennika
November 24, 2020
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Jennika #1–3
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Reborn, Vol. 2 - Life After Death
April 27, 2021
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #106–111
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Jennika II
August 17, 2021
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Jennika II #1–6
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Reborn, Vol. 3 - Time After Time
December 1, 2021
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #112–117
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Reborn, Vol. 4 - Sow Wind, Reap Storm
May 25, 2022
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #118-123
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Last Ronin
July 5, 2022
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Last Ronin #1-5
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Reborn, Vol 5 - Mystic Sister
October 25, 2022
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #124-130
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Armageddon Game—Opening Moves
February 7, 2023
"Kingdom of Rats Prelude", Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #84, 2020-2021 Annuals, The Armageddon Game—Opening Moves #1–2
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Reborn, Vol 6 - Game Changers
February 28, 2023
2022 Annual, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #131-132, 2022 FCBD issue
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Armageddon Game—The Alliance
September 19, 2023
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles The Armageddon Game: The Alliance #1-6
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Reborn, Vol 7 - Isolation
September 26, 2023
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #133-139
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Last Ronin - Lost Years
November 7, 2023
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Last Ronin - Lost Years #1-5
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Armageddon Game
November 14, 2023
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Armageddon Game #1-8
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Reborn, Vol 8 - Damage Done
February 20, 2024
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #140-144 and 2023 Annual
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Reborn, Vol 9 - First, Last, Always
October 1, 2024
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #145-150
Other TMNT publications by IDW
Graphic novels
Collections of the original Mirage comics series:
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Compendium, Vol. 1, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 #1–7 and 9–14; the Raphael, Michelangelo, Donatello, and Leonardo Micro-Series one-shots; Fugitoid #1; and Tales of TMNT #1–5 (October 2022)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Compendium, Vol. 2, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 #15–23, #27–29, and #31–37 of the ongoing series plus Tales of the TMNT #6 and 7, and the short story “The Ring.” (September 2023)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Compendium, Vol. 3, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 #38-62 (September 2024)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 1, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #1–7, and Raphael #1 (December 2011)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 2, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #8–11, along with the Michaelangelo, Leonardo, and Donatello "micro-series" one-shots (April 2012)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 3, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #12, 14, 15, 17, and 19–21 (August 2012)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 4, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #48–55 (April 2013)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 5, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #56–62 (October 2013)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 6, collecting short stories from 1985 to 1989 (January 2016)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 7, collecting covers and developmental art from the Mirage series (March 2023)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 1, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issue #13 along with a collection of stories from the Shell Shock TP; "Bottoming Out", "New York Ninja", "Word Warriors", "49th Street Stompers", "Junkman", "O Deed", "Road Trip", "Don't Judge a Book", "A Splinter in the Eye of God?", "Night Life", and "Meanwhile... 1,000,000 B.C.". (June 2012)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 2, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #16, 22, and 23 (August 2012)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 3, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #27–29 (December 2012)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 4, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #32, 33, and 37 along with "The Ring" (from Turtle Soup Vol. 2 Book One) (March 2013)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 5, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #34 and #38–40 (May 2013)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 6, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #42–44 (August 2013)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 7, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #45–47 and six short stories from Shell Shock: "Ghouls Night Out," "Crazy Man," "The Survival Game," "The Howl," "Technofear," and "It's A Gas" (November 2013)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 8, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 2 issues #1–5 (May 2014)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 9, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 2 issues #6–9 (December 2014)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 10, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 2 issues #10–13 (April 2015)
Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 1, Tales of the TMNT Volume I #1–4 + Extras (December 2012)
Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 2, Tales of the TMNT Volume I #5–7 (April 2013)
Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 3, Tales of the TMNT Volume II #1–4 (October 2013)
Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 4, Tales of the TMNT Volume II #5–8 (May 2014)
Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 5, Tales of the TMNT Volume II #9–12 (August 2014)
Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 6, Tales of the TMNT Volume II #13–16 (November 2014)
Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 7, Tales of the TMNT Volume II #17–20 (August 2015)
Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 8, Tales of the TMNT Volume II #21-25 (April 2016)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Works, Volume 1, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #1–7, and Raphael #1 (May 2013)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Works, Volume 2, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #8–11, Michaelangelo #1, Donatello #1, and Leonardo #1 (October 2013)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Works, Volume 3, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #12, #14–15, #17, and #19–21 (September 2014)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Works, Volume 4, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #48-#55 (December 2015)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Works, Volume 5, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #56-#62 (August 2016)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Legends: Soul's Winter, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #31, 35, 36 (December 2014)
Collections of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures originally published by Archie Comics:
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 1 (August 2012)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 2 (October 2012)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 3 (January 2013)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 4 (March 2013)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 5 (July 2013)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 6 (December 2013)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 7 (May 2014)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 8 (September 2014)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 9 (January 2015)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 10 (October 2015)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 11 (March 2016)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 12 (September 2016)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 13 (May 2017)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 14 (November 2017)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 15 (July 2018)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 16 (December 2018)
Comics
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: 100-Page Spectacular (April 2012) – Collects the 3-issue miniseries that preceded the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures ongoing.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Color Classics (begun May 2012) – This series reprints issues 1–11 of TMNT Vol. 1 by Eastman and Laird (excepting issue #8 due to guest character copyright) and the four Micro-Series issues in full color with coloring by Tom Smith.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Urban Legends (begun May 2018) – Reprints in full color TMNT Volume 3 issues 1–23 originally published by Image Comics. As the series ended abruptly without a narrative conclusion, IDW commissioned original Volume 3 writer Gary Carlson and artist Frank Fosco to produce concluding issues 24–26. Later collected in two tradepaperback volumes.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Saturday Morning Adventures (begun October 2022) – a 4-issue mini-series based on the original 1987 animated television series, written by Erik Burnham and illustrated by Tim Patrick Lattie.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Saturday Morning Adventures Continued (begun May 2023) – an ongoing continuation of the previous 4-issue mini-series based on the original 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TV series.
References
^ a b "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Series Is Ending With Issue #150". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
^ "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comic will relaunch this summer with writer Jason Aaron". GamesRadar+. 16 January 2024. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
^ Esposito, Joey (March 24, 2012). "Hero Worship: The TMNT Controversy". IGN. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
^ IDW Announces New Comic Series Based on the Original Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Archived April 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine IDW Publishing April 1, 2011, Accessed April 7, 2011
^ "Tom Waltz on "TMNT" Bringing in Triceratons, 'The Trial of Krang,' and Moving Towards Issue 100". Multiversity Comics. 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
^ "Interview: Tom Waltz Talks 'TMNT Last Ronin'". www.previewsworld.com. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
^ ""Old-Fashioned Grit and Bone-Cracking Action": TMNT Relaunch Will Be Helmed by Marvel & DC Superstar Jason Aaron, With New #1 Issue". Screen Rant. 16 January 2024. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
^ Brooke, David (January 22, 2024). "IDW adds superstar artists to new 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' 2024 series". Adventures in Poor Taste. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
^ Brooke, David (2024-05-29). "'The Boys' co-creator Darick Robertson is the artist for 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' #5 • AIPT". aiptcomics.com. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
^ TMNT #101 (IDW) (January 8, 2020)
^ Chris Allan and Dean Clarrain (w). "The Panrtheon" Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, vol. 2, no. 35 (June, 2007). Mirage Studios.
^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures #62-66: "Dreamland", Parts 1-5. Archie Comics, November 1994 - March 1995.
^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003) season 1, episode 20: "The Monster Hunter"
^ After the Bomb, Book Two: Road Hogs. Palladium Book Inc., January 1989.
^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #95: "City at War, Part 3" (July 2019)
^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutanimals #1 and #4 (IDW) (2015)
^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #75: "The Trial of Krang, chapter 3" (IDW Publishing, October 25, 2017)
^ The Technodrome Forum: entry by Erik Burkham. March 2012.
^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (IDW): Utrom Empire #1 (January 2014)
^ a b TMNT #113 (IDW) (January 20, 2021)
^ Bacala, Tony (2023-10-17). "TMNT X MOTU Turtles of Grayskull Line Announced". Toy Ark. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
^ "Cancelled MOTU/TMNT Crossover comic series artist Freddie E. Williams II returns to illustrate "Turtles of Grayskull" minicomics". For Eternia. 2023-10-19. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
External links
Official website
vteTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
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CharactersMain
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FilmsTheatrical
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990)
The Secret of the Ooze (1991)
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TMNT (2007)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014)
Out of the Shadows (2016)
Mutant Mayhem (2023)
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Other mediaFeature films
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Other series
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October Faction
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See also
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"IDW Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDW_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles media franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles"},{"link_name":"Kevin Eastman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Eastman"},{"link_name":"Peter Laird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Laird"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"reboot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Leonardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"},{"link_name":"Donatello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"},{"link_name":"Hamato Yoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamato_Yoshi"},{"link_name":"Foot Clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_Clan"},{"link_name":"Oroku Saki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroku_Saki"},{"link_name":"feudal Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_Japan"},{"link_name":"Baxter Stockman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxter_Stockman"},{"link_name":"Krang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krang"},{"link_name":"ninjutsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninjutsu"},{"link_name":"April O'Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_O%27Neil"},{"link_name":"Casey Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Jones_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"},{"link_name":"Karai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karai_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"},{"link_name":"Archie Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Comics"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Sophie Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Campbell"}],"text":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is an ongoing American comic book series published by IDW Publishing. Debuting in August 2011, the series is part of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles media franchise created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird and was the first new comic incarnation of the Turtles to debut after the franchise's sale to Nickelodeon in October 2009. It is the fifth comic book series in the franchise's publication history and serves as a reboot of the franchise's story and characters.[3]The IDW Turtles series reimagines the franchise's titular characters—brothers Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael, and Michelangelo—as sons of Hamato Yoshi, a member of the Foot Clan led by Oroku Saki in feudal Japan. When Yoshi leaves the Clan, Saki (who will later be known as Shredder) murders Yoshi and his four sons. In modern times, the spirits of Yoshi and his sons are reincarnated as a rat and four turtles, respectively, in a research laboratory owned by Baxter Stockman, a scientist who has secretly allied himself with the extraterrestrial Krang. After coming in contact with the alien mutagen, Yoshi and the turtles are transformed into intelligent, humanoid beings. Living in the sewers, Yoshi (now called Splinter), remembers his past life and begins to train the turtles in the art of ninjutsu. Allying themselves with April O'Neil and Casey Jones, they are threatened by Shredder, who has survived through the centuries; Shredder's descendant Karai; and Krang, who seeks to conquer Earth.The initial creative team on the IDW series consisted of Eastman (who collaborated on the plot and the page layouts), writer Tom Waltz, and artist Dan Duncan. In 2017, it became the longest-running comic book series in the franchise's history, surpassing Archie Comics' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures, which ran from 1988 to 1995. Starting from issue #101, IDW series writer and artist Sophie Campbell took over as the sole lead writer for the series.","title":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (IDW Publishing)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IDW Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDW_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"Kevin Eastman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Eastman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Archie Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Comics"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_Adventures"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sophie Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"2011–2024: original series","text":"In April 2011, IDW Publishing acquired the license to publish new collections of older Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comics from Nickelodeon, as well as a new ongoing series. The first issue of the new series was released on August 24 that year. Turtles co-creators Kevin Eastman and Tom Waltz wrote the book, with Eastman and Dan Duncan providing art.[4] In 2017, issue #73 of the main ongoing series was published, making it the longest-running comic in the franchise's history, surpassing Archie Comics' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures.[5] In 2019, issue #100 of the comic was published, concluding the eight-part \"City at War\" arc. Starting with issue #101, series writer and artist Sophie Campbell took over as the sole lead writer for the book.[6]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jason Aaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Aaron"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-April2024-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Joëlle Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%ABlle_Jones"},{"link_name":"Rafael Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Albuquerque"},{"link_name":"Cliff Chiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Chiang"},{"link_name":"Chris Burnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Burnham"},{"link_name":"Derek Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Robertson_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"2024: relaunch","text":"It was announced on January 12, 2024 that the current volume would end with issue #150 and a new volume would launch in July 2024; with Jason Aaron taking over as the head writer.[1][7] It was announced on January 22, 2024, that the first five issues of the new series will each be drawn by a different artist (Joëlle Jones, Rafael Albuquerque, Cliff Chiang, Chris Burnham, and Derek Robertson respectively); with the first four issues spotlighting a different turtle (Raphael, Michelangelo, Leonardo, and Donatello, respectively) before having them reunite in the fifth. Following these issues, Albuquerque will then draw the second story arc.[8][9]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volume I","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamato Yoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamato_Yoshi"},{"link_name":"Foot Clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_Clan"},{"link_name":"Oroku Saki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroku_Saki"},{"link_name":"Japan's feudal period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_Japan"},{"link_name":"Shredder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shredder_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"},{"link_name":"Baxter Stockman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxter_Stockman"},{"link_name":"Krang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krang"},{"link_name":"April O'Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_O%27Neil"},{"link_name":"Splinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splinter_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"},{"link_name":"ninjutsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninjutsu"}],"sub_title":"Volume I - Issues #1–100","text":"Hamato Yoshi is a member of the Foot Clan led by Oroku Saki during Japan's feudal period. After seeing Saki act ruthlessly, Yoshi leaves the Clan and is marked a traitor, and Saki orders Yoshi's entire family to be put to death. Yoshi's wife, Tang Shen, is attacked and severely wounded by Foot ninjas, and with her last breath, she beseeches Yoshi to protect himself and the children. He flees with the boys and remains on the run for several years. Saki, who will later be known as Shredder, eventually finds Yoshi and his children and murders them all.Centuries later, Yoshi and his sons' spirits are reincarnated in modern times as a gray rat and four green turtles, respectively, in a research laboratory called Stock Gen, owned by Baxter Stockman, a scientist who has secretly allied himself with the extraterrestrial Krang. An intern at Stock Gen, April O'Neil, names the turtles after Renaissance artists: Leonardo, Michelangelo, Donatello, and Raphael. Members of the Foot Clan break into the facility to steal an alien mutagen. The animals are taken by mistake, and when they and the stolen mutagen get lost in the sewer, they are covered with the spilled mutagen and transformed into intelligent, humanoid beings.Yoshi, now called Splinter, remembers his past life and begins to train the turtles in the art of ninjutsu. Unfortunately, the seemingly trivial event which led to the creation of the Turtles and Splinter is part of an escalating conflict between several powers trying to take control of the Earth:The Foot Clan, with their leader Shredder, who has survived into the modern age due to the machinations of the shape-shifting witch Kitsune, and having new recruits such as Jennika, Alopex, Koya, and Bludgeon\nThe Utrom warlord Krang, who plans to terraform Earth into a new home for the last survivors of his race\nThe zealous government agent John Bishop, leader of the Earth Protection Force, who seeks to eradicate mutantkind and aliens\nThe mysterious Madam Null and her enterprise Null Group, a business conglomerate with its hands in many ventures and ties to other dimensions deliberately create mutants as a slave workforce\nA mysterious Pantheon of immortal demigods, some of whom subvert humanity to their will, as they once did in bygone times.Finding new allies as they go, the Turtles are forced to strive against enemies and save the world from destruction as this many-fold conflict begins to spin out of control. The conflict culminates when Kitsune, a member of the Pantheon, attempts to resurrect the Dragon to end humanity, which the Turtles and their allies attempt to thwart.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Volume I - Issues #101–150: Rebirth","text":"With a mutagen bomb attack by Hob on the New York populace during Baxter Stockman's inauguration as the city's new mayor, the world's public is made aware of the existence of mutants. A ghetto called Mutant Town is erected in the heart of Manhattan to quarantine them, with Hob and his Mutanimals exercising loose political control over its inhabitants.[10] The Turtles and their friends unite to make Mutant Town both a better place to live in and a hub of tolerance and communication with the outside world, but new conflicts begin to emerge:Zom becomes pregnant and gives birth to a daughter, hailing a new era for the Triceratons, but also stirring hostility in the radical Utrom Ch'rell\nLita, a mutant albino turtle child the Turtles take in, is revealed to become a time traveler under time mistress Renet and has traveled to the present to stop the Turtles from splitting up in the future\nThe Punk Frogs, a street gang of mutant frogs, attack the Turtles and burn the dojo, believing that they took away one of their members, Bonnie\nA mad mutant surgeon by the name of Jasper Barlow experiments on mutants to make them more human, kidnapping Bonnie as part of her experiments (who becomes Venus, a turlte with psychic powers) and eventually resorting to inhumane methods to become human again\nThe Rat King, a member of the Pantheon, is eager to see his family's power game brought to a conclusion and attempts to unleash the Armageddon Game upon the world, a conflict that involves every major character up to that point\nHaving foreseen the arrival of Armaggon, a monstrous devourer from the streams of time, Donatello becomes obsessed with stopping this menace and travels through time, inadvertedly creating the monster.The result of the Armageddon Game is the downfall of both Krang and Ch'rell, the destruction of Mutant Town's borders, and the banishment of all the Pantheons from the world. In his attempts to stop Armaggon, Donatello ensures the reincarnation of his family, but he becomes jaded and Lita reverts back to a human. Meanwhile, Karai begins her efforts to rebuild the Foot Clan, Old Hob begins setting up a mutant-inhabited island, and the vigilante Nightwatcher begins fighting in Mutant Town.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volume II","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Volume II - Issues #1–5","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"April O'Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_O%27Neil"},{"link_name":"Splinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splinter_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"},{"link_name":"The Shredder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shredder"},{"link_name":"Casey Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Jones_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"},{"link_name":"Baxter Stockman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxter_Stockman"},{"link_name":"original Mirage version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(Mirage_Studios)"},{"link_name":"Leonardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_(TMNT)"},{"link_name":"Donatello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello_(TMNT)"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_(TMNT)"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_(TMNT)"},{"link_name":"Karai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karai_(character)"},{"link_name":"Purple Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Dragons"},{"link_name":"Professor Honeycutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitoid"},{"link_name":"Leatherhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherhead_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"},{"link_name":"Renet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_characters#Renet_Tilley"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Mirage Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(Mirage_Studios)"},{"link_name":"Volume 3 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(Mirage_Studios)#Volume_3:_1996%E2%80%931999"},{"link_name":"Image Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Comics"},{"link_name":"Dimension X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension_X_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"},{"link_name":"Krang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krang"},{"link_name":"Bebop and Rocksteady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebop_and_Rocksteady"},{"link_name":"1987 cartoon series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(1987_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Mighty Mutanimals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Mutanimals"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Archie Comics series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_Adventures"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2003 cartoon series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(2003_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"2012 CGI series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(2012_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Tokka and Rahzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokka_and_Rahzar"},{"link_name":"Cowabunga Carl and Nightwatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMNT_(film)"},{"link_name":"Venus De Milo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"},{"link_name":"Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Turtles:_The_Next_Mutation"},{"link_name":"action figure toy lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_action_figures"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Palladium Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium_Books"},{"link_name":"role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_%26_Other_Strangeness"},{"link_name":"Jennika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennika_(Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"North Brother Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_and_South_Brother_Islands_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Alopex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_characters#Alopex"},{"link_name":"polar fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_fox"},{"link_name":"chunin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja"},{"link_name":"Yomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yomi"},{"link_name":"hammerhead shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerhead_shark"},{"link_name":"outed as a lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_comics"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"hermit crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit_crab"},{"link_name":"Skara Brae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skara_Brae"},{"link_name":"New York police officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"NYPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"ancient Chinese war deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyou"},{"link_name":"protoceratops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoceratops"},{"link_name":"velociraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velociraptor"},{"link_name":"deinonychus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinonychus"},{"link_name":"Brahma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma"},{"link_name":"Cthulhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cthulhu"},{"link_name":"yokai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokai"},{"link_name":"Yakuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakuza"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_II:_The_Secret_of_the_Ooze"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"triceratops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triceratops"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Roswell incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell_UFO_incident"},{"link_name":"preemie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterm_birth"},{"link_name":"Lita Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lita_Ford"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IDW-113-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IDW-113-20"},{"link_name":"poison dart frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_dart_frog"},{"link_name":"cybernetic implants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg"},{"link_name":"Frankensteinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster"},{"link_name":"Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Androids_Dream_of_Electric_Sheep%3F"}],"text":"The series reimagines the origins of the Turtles, as well as other characters such as April O'Neil, Splinter, The Shredder, Casey Jones, and Baxter Stockman. Notably, the series, like the original Mirage version, initially gives all four Turtles red eye masks until issue #5, where Splinter gives Leonardo, Donatello and Michelangelo their well-known blue, purple and orange masks, respectively, with Raphael keeping his signature red.The series features characters and plot devices from throughout the TMNT franchise, including:Tang Shen, Karai, the Purple Dragons, the Utroms, the Triceratons, the Rat King, Professor Honeycutt, Leatherhead, Renet, Savanti Romero, the vigilante Nobody, Klunk, Chet, the Warp Crystal, the Pantheon,[11] Louis Braunze and Seri from the Mirage Comics;\nAntoine Puzorelli from the Volume 3 series by Image Comics;\nDimension X, Krang, Bebop and Rocksteady, Slash, Metalhead, the Technodrome, the Neutrinos, the Stone Soldiers, Mutagen Man, the Roadkill Rodneys, Dark Water, Channel 6, Don Turtelli and Big Louie, the Punk Frogs, Mona Lisa, Groundchuck and Dirtbag, Dimension Z, and the Grybyx from the 1987 cartoon series;\nthe Mighty Mutanimals, the Warrior Dragon, Null, the Gang of Four, Wyrm, Manmoth, Maligna and the Malignoids, Stump and Sling, Cryin' Houn', Bob and Carmen,[12] the Nova Posse, Noi Tai Dar, Cherubae and the Turnstone, Cudley the Cowlick, the Path of the Four Winds, Mazool, Armaggon, Chien Khan and the Dog Star Gang from the Archie Comics series;\nCh'rell/the Utrom Shredder, Angel, Hun, Agent Bishop and the Earth Protection Force, Darius Dun, the Street Phantoms, Torbin Zixx, the Battle Nexus Tournament, the Triceraton invasion of Earth, Garbageman, Abigail Finn and Parker[13] from the 2003 cartoon series;\nPigeon Pete and the monicker \"Hamato Clan\" from the 2012 CGI series;\nTokka and Rahzar, and the alter egos Cowabunga Carl and Nightwatcher from the feature films;\nVenus De Milo from Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation;\nAce Duck and Monty Moose from the action figure toy lines;\nFred Hamster, Ferd, and the Road Hogs[14] from the Palladium Books role-playing game.It has also introduced new characters, such as:Jennika, a young Foot Assassin. Initially loyal only to the clan rather than its leader, she now pledges her service to the Foot's new leader, Splinter and his sons. In time, she begins a relationship with Casey Jones. When she is fatally stabbed by Karai, she is administered Leonardo's mutagen-infused blood in order to speed her healing, but is in the process transformed into a mutant turtle[15] and joins the Ninja Turtles as a fifth member.\nOld Hob, a mutated alley cat and former enemy of Master Splinter, now founder and leader of the Mutanimals gang. Stemming from his bitter personal experience with humans, Hob intended to prepare for what he perceived an inevitable war between mutants and humans, eventually resorting to terroristic means to recruit his Mutanimals army. After his plans come to naught, he decides to establish an independent mutant colony on North Brother Island.\nAlopex, a mutant polar fox who begins her new life as an assassin of the Foot Clan, but later becomes a friend of the Turtles and Raphael's romantic interest. It is later revealed that she was intended to be a pawn for Kitsune, a role Alopex eventually rebelled against.\nWoody Dirkins, a young pizzeria employee and one of the first human friends of the Turtles. He later develops a crush on Angel after meeting her at the Turtles' Christmas party.\nHarold Lillja, a middle-aged and highly paranoid, but extremely gifted inventor who befriends the Turtle family through Donatello.\nKitsune, a shape-shifting immortal witch, sister of the Rat King and the youngest member of the Pantheon, who has helped the Shredder through the ages with the intention of making him the new host for the Pantheon's long-lost patriarch, the Dragon, and who seeks the destruction of humanity so that only the Pantheon will remain masters of Earth.\nTakeshi Tatsuo, a samurai from medieval Japan who became the founder of the Foot Clan. Betrayed by his clanspeople for his ruthlessness, but aided by Kitsune, he was reborn in the body of Oroku Saki/the Shredder.\nOroku Maji and Masato, two chunin of the Foot Clan who brought down Takeshi Tatsuo for his bloodthirsty ways and were later killed by his reincarnation, Maji's son Saki.\nKid Demon (or just \"Kid\"), a lesser demon and guardian of Yomi who encounters the Shredder during his journeys into the afterlife.\nKoya and Bludgeon, two loyal mutated henchmen of the Foot Clan: Shredder's pet reconnaissance falcon and a hammerhead shark.\nMori Toshiro, an elderly mentor of the Foot Clan who is often consulted by Karai for his wisdom and serenity.\nLindsey Baker, a former aspiring biochemist researcher at Stock Gen, later recruited by Old Hob to create his mutant army. In an attempt to fit in, she eventually experiments with localized mutations, but inadvertently turns herself into a spider mutant. She is also the first TMNT character in an official storyline to be outed as a lesbian.[16]\nHerman, a mutated hermit crab and member of Hob's Mutanimals gang with a soldier's personality and bearing who acts as the Mutanimals' \"tank\".\nSally Pride, a mutated lioness and talented vehicle operator, and initially a member of Hob's Mutanimals gang. However, after becoming displeased with Hob's methods, she defects to the Turtles' side and later becomes Mutant Town's first mayor.\nBrooklyn S. Bridge, Angel's father and a former member of the Purple Dragons who now runs a bar named Skara Brae.\nKara Lewis, a young New York police officer and a friend of Michelangelo and Casey Jones. Because of her personal experiences with mutants, she is made an NYPD liaison to Agent Bishop, but she strongly disapproves of his fanatically hostile attitudes towards all mutants. After the fall of Mutant Town's walls, she becomes the chief of a special NYPD precinct in Mutant Town and an official friend of the Turtles.\nRichard Miller and Frank Corbin, two corrupt and rivaling NYPD detectives who were once on the paylist of the Savate Ninja.\nMa'riell, a moderate-minded Utrom who disapproves of her brother Ch'rell's brutality and loyalty to Krang. After the Utroms' revival on Earth, she becomes their official leader.\nLieutenant Kleve and Corporal Montuoro, two Utrom military officers and loyal followers of Krang. After Krang is killed by Leatherhead during the conclusion of his war crime trial on Neutrino, they revive Krang's loyal second-in-command, Ch'rell, from his stasis sleep.[17]\nChi-You, a temperamental member of the Pantheon and the template for the ancient Chinese war deity of the same name.\nAka, the eldest member of the Pantheon who is amicably neutral in human affairs.\nLibby Meitner, an inventor and Harold's former wife and partner, who betrayed him for her own profit and has become the chief engineer for Darius Dun and his Street Phantoms. She has since made up with Harold, but his concern about her welfare has caused Harold to break his ties with the Turtles until Donatello eventually manages to reconcile with him.\nPepperoni, a baby protoceratops befriended by Raphael. Originally from the Cretaceous period, she met the Turtles during a couple of time-travelling adventures with Renet and accompanied them back to the present day, where she stays as a pet.\nAnchovi, a young velociraptor or deinonychus picked up by the Turtles and Renet during the Bebop & Rocksteady Destroy Everything! storyline, and later Bebop and Rocksteady's companion in the Hit the Road! miniseries.\nJill Amante, Lindsey's ex-girlfriend and a leading geneticist at Null Industries.\nZodi and Krisa, a female scorpion mutant and female python mutant respectively, created by Null Industries as secret operatives.\nMaureen Lin, a young New York Police Detective who befriends Michelangelo while looking for her missing brother-in-law, who is revealed to have been killed by Wyrm.\nToad Baron, a hedonistic member of the Pantheon who strives to be the perfect host for anyone who enters his realm, even against their will.\nThe Dragon: The allfather of the Pantheon, and a child of Brahma, who was entrapped in the netherworld by his sister, The Dreamer. Kitsune seeks to restore him to his \"rightful\" place on Earth (despite her siblings' opposition) by using Shredder as his host.\nThe Dreamer: A daughter of Brahma, the allmother of the Pantheon, and the Dragon's opposite in the aspect of creating and preserving life, whereas the Dragon stands for the destruction of life. She entered sleep and watched humanity through her dreams; when the Dragon perverted them, she imprisoned him in Oroku Saki's soul to neutralize him.\nGothano, a Cthulhu-esque, soft-voiced member of the Pantheon who wreathes himself in a black robe.\nOcho: A yokai guardian of the Kira no Ken. She was transformed by Kitsune into a giant anthropomorphic mole, and quartered in the last chamber of the cave where the sword resided. She joins Karai's entourage when she receives the sword.\nHayashi Natsu: A young woman who was a part of a Japanese Yakuza clan, but has since sworn allegiance to Karai. She is a femalized new version of Tatsu, a character from the 1990 and 1991 live-action films.[18]\nHakk-R, a cyborg bounty hunter and assassin from Dimension X, hired by Krang to dispose of accusatorial witnesses before his trail.\nZom, a commanding Triceraton officer and General Zog's love interest, who seeks to establish a home for her people, who were artificially created from Terran triceratops DNA as a slave race for the Utroms.[19]\nWayne Bishop, the former founder and director of the Earth Protection Force, and father of its current director, Agent John Bishop. After investigating the Roswell incident, he used the technology and alien (Utrom) DNA recovered from the site to aid his son, a preemie, which left John intellectually fully developed but physically a stunted, dwarfish mutant. Long a retiree, Wayne is killed by his son when Hob attempts to use him as a bargaining chip for Slash's release.\nSpecial Agent Ravenwood, a member of the Earth Protection Force. She is revealed to be the result of a secret government experiment which split her body into six separate entities with a collective consciousness, and bestowed her with superhuman strength, body elasticity, and longevity. Her state makes her empathize with other mutants, including (at least initially) the miscreants Bebop and Rocksteady.\nThe Inhabitants of Mutant Town:\nLita, a small New York child mutated into an albino turtle who is taken in by Clan Hamato. She was named after the rockstar Lita Ford.[20] In an alternate future, she is shown as an orphan after a catastrophic chain of events leads to the break-up of her adopted family, and she was subsequently taken in and trained as a time mistress by Renet[20] and is able to go back in time to rectify this mistake.\nZanna, Zink and Mushroom, three mutant weasel children bred by Hob to serve as merchandise for the Foot Clan in exchange for vital supplies. After escaping their captivity, they are taken in by Clan Hamato.\nSheena, a mutant pig and hard rock singer in Mutant Town, who befriends Jennika through their mutual passion for music and later becomes her girlfriend.\nIvan, a mutant bat and small-time criminal dealer in Mutant Town.\nSilas, a mutant muskrat and Jennika's ex-boyfriend from her time before the Foot Clan.\nThe Road Hogs, a group of mutant pig bikers under the leadership of Tusk.\nJay, a grim mutant poison dart frog.\nHector and Wanda, a hippopotamus and ant mutant couple who become good friends of the Turtles.\nThe Mutanimal Enforcers, a gang of bullying mutants recruited by Hob to \"keep the order\" in Mutant Town.\nAntoni Rosetti Junior, the young son of a mafioso who was assassinated by Jennika while she was still human. He was raised by his ambitious mother, who wanted him to ascend as head of his crime family until she was trapped in Mutant Town and later tries to enlist the now-mutated Jennika to train him. Antoni and Jennika become friends, even after Antoni learns about their common past, and after escaping his mother, Jennika gives Antoni into April O'Neil's custody.\nLola Cruz, a reporter who is eager to score a story about life in Mutant Town. Later on, she joins April O'Neil and Mona Lisa in founding Mutant Town's own journalistic team.\nDoctor Jasper Barlow, a mutant albino mouse, surgeon and self-declared \"scientific researcher\" who pursues a twisted idea of \"restoring\" mutants to their former natural selves, making use of cybernetic implants or combining body parts into Frankensteinian creatures.\nZara Flood, Baxter Stockman's personal secretary and henchwoman\nThe Warp Turtles, a trio of humanoid, shape-shifting turtles from an alternative future named Roy, Pris and Max (after android characters from Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?), created by Donatello's future self with the Warp Crystal in an attempt to compensate the loss of his family. In his bitterness of having caused his family's dissolution, Future Donatello eventually ends up killing Max, but Roy and Pris accompany a time-travelling Donatello.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Comics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ongoing","title":"Comics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mini-series","title":"Comics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"One-shots and Annuals","title":"Comics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Crossovers","title":"Comics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"}],"sub_title":"Crossovers - Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","text":"A crossover series with the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Batman from DC Comics.","title":"Comics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Power Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Rangers"}],"sub_title":"Crossovers - Mighty Morphin Power Rangers/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","text":"A crossover miniseries focused on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and the Boom! Comics version of the Power Rangers.","title":"Comics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Crossovers - Other crossovers","title":"Comics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Roninverse","text":"A separate continuity focusing on a cyberpunk dystopia several years in the future, based on an idea originally conceived for the Mirage Comics.","title":"Comics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This is a chronological listing of the in-continuity comics in which the timeline of events developed.1–4. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #1–4\n5. A Lot to Learn (30th Anniversary Special)\n6. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #5\n7. Micro Series – Raphael\n8. Micro Series – Michelangelo\n9. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #6\n10. Micro Series – Donatello\n11–12. Infestation 2: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #1–2\n13–14. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #7–8\n15. Micro Series – Leonardo\n16–17. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #9–10\n18. Micro Series – Splinter\n19–20. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #11–12\n21. Micro Series – Casey Jones\n22–23. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #13–14\n24. Annual 2012\n25. Micro Series – April\n26–27. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #15–16\n28. Micro Series – Fugitoid\n29–32. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #17–20\n33. Villains Micro Series – Krang\n34. Villains Micro Series – Baxter Stockman\n35–38. Secret History of the Foot Clan #1–4\n39–40. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #21–22\n41. Villains Micro Series – Old Hob\n42–43. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #23–24\n44. Villains Micro Series – Alopex\n45. Villains Micro Series – Karai\n46. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #25\n47. Villains Micro Series – Hun\n48. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #26\n49. Villains Micro Series – Bebop & Rocksteady\n50–51. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #27–28\n52. Villains Micro Series – The Shredder\n53. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #29\n54. Utrom Empire #1\n55. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #30\n56. Utrom Empire #2\n57–58. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #31–32\n59. Utrom Empire #3\n60. Annual 2014\n61–65. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #33–37\n66–69. Turtles in Time #1–4\n70–72. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #38–40\n73–76. TMNT/Ghostbusters #1–4\n77–80. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #41–44\n81–84. Mutanimals #1–4\n85–86. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #45–46\n87. FCBD 2015 – Prelude to Vengeance\n88–91. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #47–50\n92–95. Casey & April #1–4\n96–109. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #51–64\n110–114. Bebop & Rocksteady Destroy Everything #1–5\n115–118. TMNT Universe #1–4\n119. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #65\n120–121. TMNT Universe #5–6\n122. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #66\n123–124. TMNT Universe #7–8\n125–128. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #67–70\n129–130. TMNT Universe #9–10\n131–132. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #71–72\n133. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles/Usagi Yojimbo\n134–138. TMNT Universe #11–15\n139–140. TMNT Universe #19–20\n141. FCBD 2017 – Prelude to Dimension X\n142. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #73\n143–147. Dimension X #1–5\n148–149. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #74–75\n150–154. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles/Ghostbusters II #1–5\n155–156. TMNT Universe #16–17\n157–158. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #76–77\n159. TMNT Universe #18\n160–162. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #78–80\n163–164. TMNT Universe #21–22\n165–168. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #81–84\n169. Macro Series – Donatello\n170. Macro Series – Michelangelo\n171–172. TMNT Universe #23–24\n173. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #85\n174. TMNT Universe #25\n175–177. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #86–88\n178–182. Bebop & Rocksteady Hit the Road #1–5\n183. Macro Series – Leonardo\n184. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #89\n185. Macro Series – Raphael\n186–189. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #90–93\n190. FCBD 2019 – \"Casualty of War\"\n191–196. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #94–99\n197–201. Shredder in Hell #1–5\n202-203. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #100-101\n204. Annual 2020\n205–208. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #102–105\n209–211. Jennika #1–3\n212–218. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #106–112\n219–221. Jennika II #1–3\n222–226. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #113–117\n227–229. Jennika II #4–6\n230-242. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #118–130\n243. Annual 2021\n244-245. Armageddon Game Opening Moves #1-2\n246. Annual 2022\n247-248. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #131-132\n249. FCBD 2022\n250. The Armageddon Game #1\n251. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #133\n252. The Armageddon Game #2\n253. The Armageddon Game - The Alliance #1\n254. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #134\n255. The Armageddon Game #3\n256. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #135\n257. The Armageddon Game - The Alliance #2\n258. The Armageddon Game - The Alliance #3\n259. The Armageddon Game #4\n260. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #136\n261. The Armageddon Game - The Alliance #4\n262. The Armageddon Game #5\n263. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #137\n264. The Armageddon Game - The Alliance #5\n265. The Armageddon Game #6\n266. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #138\n267. The Armageddon Game - The Alliance #6\n268. The Armageddon Game #7\n269. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #139\n270. The Armageddon Game #8\n271. Annual 2023\n\n272-282. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #140-150","title":"Chronological comic order"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trade paperbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)"}],"text":"The IDW series has been compiled into collections which include the spinoff series placed into their continuity order. Initially they were released exclusively in deluxe hardcover format. Releases in paperback format began in February 2022.The various series have been collected in the following trade paperbacks:","title":"Collected editions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other TMNT publications by IDW"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"original Mirage comics series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(Mirage_Studios)"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Archie Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Comics"}],"sub_title":"Graphic novels","text":"Collections of the original Mirage comics series:Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Compendium, Vol. 1, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 #1–7 and 9–14; the Raphael, Michelangelo, Donatello, and Leonardo Micro-Series one-shots; Fugitoid #1; and Tales of TMNT #1–5 (October 2022)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Compendium, Vol. 2, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 #15–23, #27–29, and #31–37 of the ongoing series plus Tales of the TMNT #6 and 7, and the short story “The Ring.” (September 2023)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Compendium, Vol. 3, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 #38-62 (September 2024)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 1, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #1–7, and Raphael #1 (December 2011)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 2, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #8–11, along with the Michaelangelo, Leonardo, and Donatello \"micro-series\" one-shots (April 2012)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 3, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #12, 14, 15, 17, and 19–21 (August 2012)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 4, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #48–55 (April 2013)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 5, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #56–62 (October 2013)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 6, collecting short stories from 1985 to 1989 (January 2016)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Ultimate Collection Vol. 7, collecting covers and developmental art from the Mirage series (March 2023)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 1, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issue #13 along with a collection of stories from the Shell Shock TP; \"Bottoming Out\", \"New York Ninja\", \"Word Warriors\", \"49th Street Stompers\", \"Junkman\", \"O Deed\", \"Road Trip\", \"Don't Judge a Book\", \"A Splinter in the Eye of God?\", \"Night Life\", and \"Meanwhile... 1,000,000 B.C.\". (June 2012)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 2, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #16, 22, and 23 (August 2012)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 3, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #27–29 (December 2012)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 4, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #32, 33, and 37 along with \"The Ring\" (from Turtle Soup Vol. 2 Book One) (March 2013)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 5, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #34 and #38–40 (May 2013)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 6, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #42–44 (August 2013)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 7, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #45–47 and six short stories from Shell Shock: \"Ghouls Night Out,\" \"Crazy Man,\" \"The Survival Game,\" \"The Howl,\" \"Technofear,\" and \"It's A Gas\" (November 2013)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 8, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 2 issues #1–5 (May 2014)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 9, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 2 issues #6–9 (December 2014)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Classics Vol. 10, collecting Mirage Studios' Vol. 2 issues #10–13 (April 2015)\nTales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 1, Tales of the TMNT Volume I #1–4 + Extras (December 2012)\nTales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 2, Tales of the TMNT Volume I #5–7 (April 2013)\nTales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 3, Tales of the TMNT Volume II #1–4 (October 2013)\nTales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 4, Tales of the TMNT Volume II #5–8 (May 2014)\nTales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 5, Tales of the TMNT Volume II #9–12 (August 2014)\nTales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 6, Tales of the TMNT Volume II #13–16 (November 2014)\nTales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 7, Tales of the TMNT Volume II #17–20 (August 2015)\nTales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Vol. 8, Tales of the TMNT Volume II #21-25 (April 2016)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Works, Volume 1, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #1–7, and Raphael #1 (May 2013)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Works, Volume 2, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #8–11, Michaelangelo #1, Donatello #1, and Leonardo #1 (October 2013)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Works, Volume 3, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #12, #14–15, #17, and #19–21 (September 2014)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Works, Volume 4, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #48-#55 (December 2015)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Works, Volume 5, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #56-#62 (August 2016)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Legends: Soul's Winter, collecting colorized versions of Mirage Studios' Vol. 1 issues #31, 35, 36 (December 2014)Collections of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures originally published by Archie Comics:Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 1 (August 2012)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 2 (October 2012)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 3 (January 2013)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 4 (March 2013)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 5 (July 2013)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 6 (December 2013)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 7 (May 2014)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 8 (September 2014)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 9 (January 2015)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 10 (October 2015)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 11 (March 2016)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 12 (September 2016)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 13 (May 2017)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 14 (November 2017)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 15 (July 2018)\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Vol. 16 (December 2018)","title":"Other TMNT publications by IDW"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Image Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_Comics"},{"link_name":"1987 animated television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(1987_TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Comics","text":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: 100-Page Spectacular (April 2012) – Collects the 3-issue miniseries that preceded the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures ongoing.\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Color Classics (begun May 2012) – This series reprints issues 1–11 of TMNT Vol. 1 by Eastman and Laird (excepting issue #8 due to guest character copyright) and the four Micro-Series issues in full color with coloring by Tom Smith.\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Urban Legends (begun May 2018) – Reprints in full color TMNT Volume 3 issues 1–23 originally published by Image Comics. As the series ended abruptly without a narrative conclusion, IDW commissioned original Volume 3 writer Gary Carlson and artist Frank Fosco to produce concluding issues 24–26. Later collected in two tradepaperback volumes.\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Saturday Morning Adventures (begun October 2022) – a 4-issue mini-series based on the original 1987 animated television series, written by Erik Burnham and illustrated by Tim Patrick Lattie.\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Saturday Morning Adventures Continued (begun May 2023) – an ongoing continuation of the previous 4-issue mini-series based on the original 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TV series.","title":"Other TMNT publications by IDW"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Series Is Ending With Issue #150\". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2024-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://comicbook.com/comics/news/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-series-ending-issue-150/","url_text":"\"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Series Is Ending With Issue #150\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"}]},{"reference":"\"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comic will relaunch this summer with writer Jason Aaron\". GamesRadar+. 16 January 2024. Retrieved 2024-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-comic-190610863.html?fr=sycsrp_catchall","url_text":"\"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comic will relaunch this summer with writer Jason Aaron\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B","url_text":"GamesRadar+"}]},{"reference":"Esposito, Joey (March 24, 2012). \"Hero Worship: The TMNT Controversy\". IGN. Retrieved September 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/03/24/hero-worship-the-tmnt-controversy","url_text":"\"Hero Worship: The TMNT Controversy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Waltz on \"TMNT\" Bringing in Triceratons, 'The Trial of Krang,' and Moving Towards Issue 100\". Multiversity Comics. 2017-11-15. Retrieved 2021-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.multiversitycomics.com/interviews/tom-waltz-tmnt-interview/","url_text":"\"Tom Waltz on \"TMNT\" Bringing in Triceratons, 'The Trial of Krang,' and Moving Towards Issue 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview: Tom Waltz Talks 'TMNT Last Ronin'\". www.previewsworld.com. Retrieved 2021-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.previewsworld.com/Article/246901-Interview-Tom-Waltz-Talks-TMNT-Last-Ronin","url_text":"\"Interview: Tom Waltz Talks 'TMNT Last Ronin'\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Old-Fashioned Grit and Bone-Cracking Action\": TMNT Relaunch Will Be Helmed by Marvel & DC Superstar Jason Aaron, With New #1 Issue\". Screen Rant. 16 January 2024. Retrieved 2024-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/new-tmnt-series-tmnt-1-jason-aaron-idw/","url_text":"\"\"Old-Fashioned Grit and Bone-Cracking Action\": TMNT Relaunch Will Be Helmed by Marvel & DC Superstar Jason Aaron, With New #1 Issue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"}]},{"reference":"Brooke, David (January 22, 2024). \"IDW adds superstar artists to new 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' 2024 series\". Adventures in Poor Taste. Retrieved January 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://aiptcomics.com/2024/01/22/idw-artist-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-series","url_text":"\"IDW adds superstar artists to new 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' 2024 series\""}]},{"reference":"Brooke, David (2024-05-29). \"'The Boys' co-creator Darick Robertson is the artist for 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' #5 • AIPT\". aiptcomics.com. Retrieved 2024-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://aiptcomics.com/2024/05/29/darick-robertson-artist-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-5/","url_text":"\"'The Boys' co-creator Darick Robertson is the artist for 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' #5 • AIPT\""}]},{"reference":"Bacala, Tony (2023-10-17). \"TMNT X MOTU Turtles of Grayskull Line Announced\". Toy Ark. Retrieved 2024-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.toyark.com/2023/10/17/tmnt-x-motu-turtles-of-grayskull-line-announced-519363","url_text":"\"TMNT X MOTU Turtles of Grayskull Line Announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cancelled MOTU/TMNT Crossover comic series artist Freddie E. Williams II returns to illustrate \"Turtles of Grayskull\" minicomics\". For Eternia. 2023-10-19. Retrieved 2024-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://foreternia.com/2023/10/cancelled-turtles-of-grayskull-comic-series-artist-freddie-e-williams-ii-returns-to-illustrate-figures-minicomics","url_text":"\"Cancelled MOTU/TMNT Crossover comic series artist Freddie E. Williams II returns to illustrate \"Turtles of Grayskull\" minicomics\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(IDW_Publishing)&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(IDW_Publishing)&action=edit","external_links_name":"You can help"},{"Link":"https://comicbook.com/comics/news/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-series-ending-issue-150/","external_links_name":"\"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Series Is Ending With Issue #150\""},{"Link":"https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-comic-190610863.html?fr=sycsrp_catchall","external_links_name":"\"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comic will relaunch this summer with writer Jason Aaron\""},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2012/03/24/hero-worship-the-tmnt-controversy","external_links_name":"\"Hero Worship: The TMNT Controversy\""},{"Link":"http://www.idwpublishing.com/news/article/1677/","external_links_name":"IDW Announces New Comic Series Based on the Original Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110407141041/http://www.idwpublishing.com/news/article/1677","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.multiversitycomics.com/interviews/tom-waltz-tmnt-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Tom Waltz on \"TMNT\" Bringing in Triceratons, 'The Trial of Krang,' and Moving Towards Issue 100\""},{"Link":"http://www.previewsworld.com/Article/246901-Interview-Tom-Waltz-Talks-TMNT-Last-Ronin","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Tom Waltz Talks 'TMNT Last Ronin'\""},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/new-tmnt-series-tmnt-1-jason-aaron-idw/","external_links_name":"\"\"Old-Fashioned Grit and Bone-Cracking Action\": TMNT Relaunch Will Be Helmed by Marvel & DC Superstar Jason Aaron, With New #1 Issue\""},{"Link":"https://aiptcomics.com/2024/01/22/idw-artist-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-series","external_links_name":"\"IDW adds superstar artists to new 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' 2024 series\""},{"Link":"https://aiptcomics.com/2024/05/29/darick-robertson-artist-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-5/","external_links_name":"\"'The Boys' co-creator Darick Robertson is the artist for 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' #5 • AIPT\""},{"Link":"https://forums.thetechnodrome.com/showpost.php?p=1699652&postcount=22","external_links_name":"The Technodrome Forum: entry by Erik Burkham"},{"Link":"https://www.toyark.com/2023/10/17/tmnt-x-motu-turtles-of-grayskull-line-announced-519363","external_links_name":"\"TMNT X MOTU Turtles of Grayskull Line Announced\""},{"Link":"https://foreternia.com/2023/10/cancelled-turtles-of-grayskull-comic-series-artist-freddie-e-williams-ii-returns-to-illustrate-figures-minicomics","external_links_name":"\"Cancelled MOTU/TMNT Crossover comic series artist Freddie E. Williams II returns to illustrate \"Turtles of Grayskull\" minicomics\""},{"Link":"https://idwpublishing.com/collections/tmnt-2","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Pecoraro
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Nino Pecoraro
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Nino Pecoraro
Nino Pecoraro (1899–1973) was an Italian spiritualist medium who was exposed as a fraud.
Pecoraro from Naples worked as a spiritualist medium. He claimed his spirit guide was Eusapia Palladino, a deceased medium. The psychical researcher Hereward Carrington introduced Pecoraro to the spiritualist Arthur Conan Doyle in America. Pecoraro who was tied up during a séance by Carrington, managed to impress Doyle by making musical instruments play.
Carrington persuaded Pecoraro to participate in the Scientific American contest. In four days in December, 1923 he was tested by members of the committee. He was tied to a chair with sixty feet of rope. Beside him was placed a table with musical instruments. During the séances various movements and sounds of objects were heard. He had managed to impress some of the committee members who considered the phenomena genuine. However, O. D. Munn, the publisher of the Scientific American, suspected that he had freed his hand to play the instruments.
The magician Harry Houdini had not been informed of the test sessions, but managed to get to the fourth séance. Houdini suggested that Percorao was an escape artist who freed himself from the rope that bound him to his chair. Before the séance, Houdini had cut the rope into shorter pieces and tied Pecoraro to the chair. Because of the tight control, no phenomena occurred. In 1931, Pecoraro confessed his fraud in a newspaper interview.
Later in life he became an artist. Two of his paintings are on exhibit at The Houdini Museum in Scranton, PA.
References
^ a b c d Polidoro, Massimo. (2001). Final Séance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle. Prometheus Books. pp. 127-128. ISBN 1-57392-896-8
^ Neher, Andrew. (2011). Paranormal and Transcendental Experience: A Psychological Examination. Dover Publications. p. 215. ISBN 0-486-26167-0 "Nino Pecoraro specialized in producing physical manifestations of spirits of the departed while he was "tied up" in a cabinet. Toward the end of his life, Percoraro related how he had deceived many famous people, including the novelist Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (who was easily fooled); he also wrote a confession in which he admitted that all his phenomena were faked."
^ a b Christopher, Milbourne. (1975). Mediums, Mystics & the Occult. Thomas Y. Crowell. pp. 189-190. ISBN 0-690-00476-1
^ Christopher, Milbourne. (1998). Houdini. Gramercy Books. p. 137
^ Kahn, Ely Jacques. (1979). Far-Flung and Footloose: Pieces from the New Yorker, 1937-1978. Putnam Publishing Group. p. 59
External links
Another Medium Exposed. The Drummondville Spokesman, April 28, 1931.
Faked Seances: Confessions of a World-Famous Medium. The Sunday Times, Perth, Western Australia, June 28, 1931.
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Italy
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediumship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polidoro_2001-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"spirit guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_guide"},{"link_name":"Eusapia Palladino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusapia_Palladino"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christopher_1975-3"},{"link_name":"Hereward Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereward_Carrington"},{"link_name":"Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polidoro_2001-1"},{"link_name":"séance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Scientific American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"rope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope"},{"link_name":"O. D. Munn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Desaix_Munn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polidoro_2001-1"},{"link_name":"Harry Houdini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Houdini"},{"link_name":"escape artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polidoro_2001-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christopher_1975-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Nino Pecoraro (1899–1973) was an Italian spiritualist medium who was exposed as a fraud.[1][2]Pecoraro from Naples worked as a spiritualist medium. He claimed his spirit guide was Eusapia Palladino, a deceased medium.[3] The psychical researcher Hereward Carrington introduced Pecoraro to the spiritualist Arthur Conan Doyle in America.[1] Pecoraro who was tied up during a séance by Carrington, managed to impress Doyle by making musical instruments play.[4]Carrington persuaded Pecoraro to participate in the Scientific American contest. In four days in December, 1923 he was tested by members of the committee. He was tied to a chair with sixty feet of rope. Beside him was placed a table with musical instruments. During the séances various movements and sounds of objects were heard. He had managed to impress some of the committee members who considered the phenomena genuine. However, O. D. Munn, the publisher of the Scientific American, suspected that he had freed his hand to play the instruments.[1]The magician Harry Houdini had not been informed of the test sessions, but managed to get to the fourth séance. Houdini suggested that Percorao was an escape artist who freed himself from the rope that bound him to his chair. Before the séance, Houdini had cut the rope into shorter pieces and tied Pecoraro to the chair. Because of the tight control, no phenomena occurred.[1][3] In 1931, Pecoraro confessed his fraud in a newspaper interview.[5]Later in life he became an artist. Two of his paintings are on exhibit at The Houdini Museum in Scranton, PA.","title":"Nino Pecoraro"}]
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[{"image_text":"Nino Pecoraro","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_medium_Nino_Pecoraro.png/220px-The_medium_Nino_Pecoraro.png"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=701&dat=19310428&id=3NQvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=S0MDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1132,3715117&hl=en","external_links_name":"Another Medium Exposed"},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/58681261","external_links_name":"Faked Seances: Confessions of a World-Famous Medium"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/90358412","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBNV015941","external_links_name":"Italy"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Conforto
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Il conforto
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["1 Charts","2 Certifications","3 References","4 External links"]
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2017 single by Tiziano Ferro ft. Carmen Consoli
"Il conforto" "El consuelo"Single by Tiziano Ferro ft. Carmen Consolifrom the album Il mestiere della vita / El Oficio de la Vida ReleasedJanuary 13, 2017Recorded2016GenreContemporary R&BLength3:56LabelUniversalSongwriter(s)Tiziano Ferro Emanuele DabbonoProducer(s)Michele CanovaTiziano Ferro singles chronology
"Potremmo ritornare" (2016)
"Il conforto" "El consuelo" (2017)
"Mi sono innamorato di te" (2017)
Carmen Consoli singles chronology
"Ottobre"(2015)
"Il conforto"(2017)
"Uomini topo"(2018)
Music video"Il conforto" on YouTube
"Il conforto" (lit. 'The comfort') is a 2016 pop song written by Italian singer Tiziano Ferro and Emanuele Dabbono and performed by Ferro featuring Carmen Consoli. It was released as the second single from his sixth album Il mestiere della vita and was adapted in Spanish by Diego Galindo Martínez with the title "El consuelo" for the Spanish-language version of the album, El Oficio de la Vida.
Ferro and Consoli had already collaborated in 2010, co-writing the Consoli's song "Guarda l'alba". They performed the song out of competition at the Sanremo Music Festival 2017. The song was a major hit, getting certified triple platinum. In 2018, Ferro recorded a new version of the song in duet with Giorgia for the Giorgia's album Pop Heart.
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2017)
Peakposition
Italy (FIMI)
4
Italy (Airplay)
1
Year-end charts
Chart (2017)
Peakposition
Italy (FIMI)
45
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Italy (FIMI)
3× Platinum
150,000‡
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
References
^ Alicandri, Alessandro (13 January 2017). "Tiziano Ferro e Carmen Consoli: «Il Conforto», l'ascolto". TV Sorrisi e Canzoni (in Italian). Retrieved 22 October 2023.
^ "Tiziano Ferro e Carmen Consoli insieme per "Il conforto" e al Festival di Sanremo". Fanpage.it (in Italian). 13 January 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
^ Cassini, Giulia (5 February 2019). "Emanuele Dabbono, il premio e l'importanza dei testi a Sanremo". Il Secolo XIX (in Italian). Retrieved 22 October 2023.
^ "Giorgia: in "Pop Heart" anche un duetto con Tiziano Ferro e un omaggio a Whitney Houston". Radio 105. 16 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
^ "Classifica settimanale WK 6 (dal 03.02.2017 al 09.02.2017)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
^ "Classifica Airplay Radio Settimanale". EarOne. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
^ "Classifica annuale 2017 (dal 31.12.2016 al 29.12.2017)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
^ "Italian single certifications – Tiziano Ferro feat. Carmen Consoli – Il conforto" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
External links
Il conforto at Discogs
vteTiziano FerroDiscographyStudio albumsItalian
Rosso relativo
111 Centoundici
Nessuno è solo
Alla mia età
L'amore è una cosa semplice
Il mestiere della vita
Spanish
Rojo relativo
111 Ciento once
Nadie está solo
A mi edad
El amor es una cosa simple
El oficio de la vida
Compilation albums
TZN – The Best of Tiziano Ferro
Singles
"Perdono"
"L'olimpiade"
"Imbranato"
"Perverso"
"Sere nere"
"Non me lo so spiegare"
"Universal Prayer" (feat. Jamelia)
"Stop! Dimentica"
"E Raffaella è mia"
"Alla mia età"
"Il regalo più grande"
"Indietro" / "Breathe Gentle" (feat. Kelly Rowland)
"Il sole esiste per tutti"
"La differenza tra me e te"
"Senza scappare mai più"
"Incanto"
"Potremmo ritornare"
"Il conforto"
Featured singles
"Domani 21/04.09" (Artisti Uniti per l'Abruzzo)
"Each Tear" (Mary J. Blige feat. Tiziano Ferro)
Tours
Alla mia età Tour 2009–2010
Lo stadio Tour 2015
Il mestiere della vita Tour 2017
Novel
La felicità al principio
vteCarmen ConsoliStudio albums
Due parole (1996)
Confusa e felice (1997)
Mediamente isterica (1998)
Stato di necessità (2000)
L'eccezione (2002)
Eva contro Eva (2006)
Elettra (2009)
L'abitudine di tornare (2015)
Volevo fare la rockstar (2021)
Singles
"Confusa e felice" (1997)
"Parole di burro" (2000)
"L'ultimo bacio" (2000)
"L'eccezione" (2002)
Featured singles
"Tutto l'universo obbedisce all'amore" (2006, with Franco Battiato)
"Il conforto" (2016, with Tiziano Ferro)
Related
Sanremo Music Festival
1996
1997
2000
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[]
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[{"reference":"Alicandri, Alessandro (13 January 2017). \"Tiziano Ferro e Carmen Consoli: «Il Conforto», l'ascolto\". TV Sorrisi e Canzoni (in Italian). Retrieved 22 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sorrisi.com/musica/canzoni/tiziano-ferro-e-carmen-consoli-il-conforto-lascolto/","url_text":"\"Tiziano Ferro e Carmen Consoli: «Il Conforto», l'ascolto\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Sorrisi_e_Canzoni","url_text":"TV Sorrisi e Canzoni"}]},{"reference":"\"Tiziano Ferro e Carmen Consoli insieme per \"Il conforto\" e al Festival di Sanremo\". Fanpage.it (in Italian). 13 January 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.fanpage.it/tiziano-ferro-e-carmen-consoli-insieme-per-il-conforto-e-al-festival-di-sanremo/","url_text":"\"Tiziano Ferro e Carmen Consoli insieme per \"Il conforto\" e al Festival di Sanremo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanpage.it","url_text":"Fanpage.it"}]},{"reference":"Cassini, Giulia (5 February 2019). \"Emanuele Dabbono, il premio e l'importanza dei testi a Sanremo\". Il Secolo XIX (in Italian). Retrieved 22 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilsecoloxix.it/cultura-e-spettacoli/2019/02/05/news/emanuele-dabbono-il-premio-e-l-importanza-dei-testi-a-sanremo-1.30315776","url_text":"\"Emanuele Dabbono, il premio e l'importanza dei testi a Sanremo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Secolo_XIX","url_text":"Il Secolo XIX"}]},{"reference":"\"Giorgia: in \"Pop Heart\" anche un duetto con Tiziano Ferro e un omaggio a Whitney Houston\". Radio 105. 16 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.105.net/news/music-biz/252787/giorgia-in-pop-heart-anche-un-duetto-con-tiziano-ferro-e-un-omaggio-a-whitney-houston.html","url_text":"\"Giorgia: in \"Pop Heart\" anche un duetto con Tiziano Ferro e un omaggio a Whitney Houston\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_105","url_text":"Radio 105"}]},{"reference":"\"Classifica settimanale WK 6 (dal 03.02.2017 al 09.02.2017)\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 22 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/classifiche.kl#/charts/3/2017/6","url_text":"\"Classifica settimanale WK 6 (dal 03.02.2017 al 09.02.2017)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana","url_text":"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana"}]},{"reference":"\"Classifica Airplay Radio Settimanale\". EarOne. Retrieved 22 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.earone.it/classifiche/classifica_settimanale_storico/2017/4/","url_text":"\"Classifica Airplay Radio Settimanale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Classifica annuale 2017 (dal 31.12.2016 al 29.12.2017)\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 17 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/classifiche.kl#/charts/13/2017/0","url_text":"\"Classifica annuale 2017 (dal 31.12.2016 al 29.12.2017)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Italian single certifications – Tiziano Ferro feat. Carmen Consoli – Il conforto\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 17 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/certification-form.kl#/certificationform/6235","url_text":"\"Italian single certifications – Tiziano Ferro feat. Carmen Consoli – Il conforto\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana","url_text":"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0H-WHLI8YNg","external_links_name":"\"Il conforto\""},{"Link":"https://www.sorrisi.com/musica/canzoni/tiziano-ferro-e-carmen-consoli-il-conforto-lascolto/","external_links_name":"\"Tiziano Ferro e Carmen Consoli: «Il Conforto», l'ascolto\""},{"Link":"https://music.fanpage.it/tiziano-ferro-e-carmen-consoli-insieme-per-il-conforto-e-al-festival-di-sanremo/","external_links_name":"\"Tiziano Ferro e Carmen Consoli insieme per \"Il conforto\" e al Festival di Sanremo\""},{"Link":"https://www.ilsecoloxix.it/cultura-e-spettacoli/2019/02/05/news/emanuele-dabbono-il-premio-e-l-importanza-dei-testi-a-sanremo-1.30315776","external_links_name":"\"Emanuele Dabbono, il premio e l'importanza dei testi a Sanremo\""},{"Link":"https://www.105.net/news/music-biz/252787/giorgia-in-pop-heart-anche-un-duetto-con-tiziano-ferro-e-un-omaggio-a-whitney-houston.html","external_links_name":"\"Giorgia: in \"Pop Heart\" anche un duetto con Tiziano Ferro e un omaggio a Whitney Houston\""},{"Link":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/classifiche.kl#/charts/3/2017/6","external_links_name":"\"Classifica settimanale WK 6 (dal 03.02.2017 al 09.02.2017)\""},{"Link":"https://www.earone.it/classifiche/classifica_settimanale_storico/2017/4/","external_links_name":"\"Classifica Airplay Radio Settimanale\""},{"Link":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/classifiche.kl#/charts/13/2017/0","external_links_name":"\"Classifica annuale 2017 (dal 31.12.2016 al 29.12.2017)\""},{"Link":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/certification-form.kl#/certificationform/6235","external_links_name":"\"Italian single certifications – Tiziano Ferro feat. Carmen Consoli – Il conforto\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/10131147","external_links_name":"Il conforto"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solingen_Gr%C3%BCnewald_station
|
Solingen Grünewald station
|
["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 51°09′50″N 7°04′46″E / 51.16383°N 7.07957°E / 51.16383; 7.07957Solingen GrünewaldThrough station2007General informationLocationSolingen, North Rhine-WestphaliaGermanyCoordinates51°09′50″N 7°04′46″E / 51.16383°N 7.07957°E / 51.16383; 7.07957Owned byDB NetzOperated byDB Station&ServiceLine(s)
Wuppertal-Oberbarmen–Solingen (KBS 458)
Platforms1 island platformTracks2Train operatorsAbellio Rail NRWConnectionsS7Other informationStation code5778DS100 codeKSGRIBNR8005597Category3Fare zone
VRR: 740
VRS: 1740 (VRR transitional tariff)
Websitewww.bahnhof.deHistoryOpened6 May 2006Services
Preceding station
Regiobahn
Following station
Solingen Mittetowards Remscheid-Lennep
RE 47
Solingen Hbftowards Düsseldorf Hbf
Preceding station
Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn
Following station
Solingen Mittetowards Wuppertal Hbf
S7
Solingen HbfTerminus
LocationSolingen GrünewaldLocation within North Rhine-Westphalia
Solingen Grünewald station is in the city of Solingen in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is on the Wuppertal-Oberbarmen–Solingen railway. The line through the site of Solingen Grünewald station was opened on 12 February 1890 as part of the Solingen–Wuppertal-Vohwinkel line, known as the Korkenzieherbahn ("Corkscrew Railway"), to Vohwinkel. The station was opened on 6 May 2006. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 3 station.
The station is served by line S 7 of the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn, branded as Der Müngstener, operated every 20 minutes from Monday to Friday and generally every half hour on weekends and at off-peak times, using (LINT 41) vehicles. Until 15 December 2013 the station was served by Regional-Express service RB 47, operated by DB Regio NRW, normally with two-carriage sets of class 628.4. The Abellio Deutschland company won a contract that was put to tender in November 2010 and took over the operation of passenger services on the route from December 2013 for a period of 15 years.
Since December of 2022, the Station is also served hourly by regional service RE 47 between Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof and Remscheid-Lennep, operated by Regiobahn.
It is served by a trolleybus line operated by Stadtwerke Solingen at 10-minute intervals. Stadtwerke Solingen also operates bus route 699 through the station six times a day. The station is served every 60 minutes by bus route 250 operated by Wiedenhoff.
References
^ a b c "Stationspreisliste 2024" (PDF) (in German). DB Station&Service. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
^ Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland (German railway atlas) (2009/2010 ed.). Schweers + Wall. 2009. ISBN 978-3-89494-139-0.
^ "S7 - Der Müngstener". Stadtwerke Remscheid. Abellio Rail NRW. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
^ "VRS-Gemeinschaftstarif" (PDF) (in German). Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Sieg. 20 April 2020. p. 207. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
^ a b Joost, André. "Solingen Grünewald operations". NRW Rail Archive (in German). Retrieved 31 May 2020.
^ Joost, André. "Line 2734: Solingen - Wuppertal-Vohwinkel". NRW Rail Archive (in German). Retrieved 31 May 2020.
^ a b Joost, André. "Solingen Grünewald station". NRW Rail Archive (in German). Retrieved 31 May 2020.
^ Joost, André. "S7: Der Müngstener". NRW rail archive (in German). Retrieved 31 May 2020.
^ "Abellio gewinnt Ausschreibung der RB 47". Eisenbahnjournal Zughalt.de (in German). 23 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
^ "Bahn unterliegt Abellio bei RB 47-Ausschreibung". Rheinische Post (in German). 24 November 2010. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
This article about a railway station in North Rhine Westphalia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solingen"},{"link_name":"North Rhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Wuppertal-Oberbarmen–Solingen railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuppertal-Oberbarmen%E2%80%93Solingen_railway"},{"link_name":"Solingen–Wuppertal-Vohwinkel line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solingen%E2%80%93Wuppertal-Vohwinkel_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vohwinkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuppertal-Vohwinkel_station"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-operations-5"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn"},{"link_name":"category 3 station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_railway_station_categories"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-categories-1"},{"link_name":"S 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S7_(Rhine-Ruhr_S-Bahn)"},{"link_name":"Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr_S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"LINT 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstom_Coradia_LINT#LINT_41"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-station-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S7-8"},{"link_name":"Regional-Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional-Express"},{"link_name":"DB Regio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Regio"},{"link_name":"class 628.4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Class_628"},{"link_name":"Abellio Deutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abellio_Deutschland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Remscheid-Lennep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remscheid-Lennep_station"},{"link_name":"Regiobahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiobahn_GmbH"},{"link_name":"trolleybus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus"},{"link_name":"Stadtwerke Solingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Solingen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-station-7"}],"text":"Solingen Grünewald station is in the city of Solingen in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is on the Wuppertal-Oberbarmen–Solingen railway. The line through the site of Solingen Grünewald station was opened on 12 February 1890 as part of the Solingen–Wuppertal-Vohwinkel line, known as the Korkenzieherbahn (\"Corkscrew Railway\"), to Vohwinkel.[6] The station was opened on 6 May 2006.[5] It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 3 station.[1]The station is served by line S 7 of the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn, branded as Der Müngstener, operated every 20 minutes from Monday to Friday and generally every half hour on weekends and at off-peak times, using (LINT 41) vehicles.[7][8] Until 15 December 2013 the station was served by Regional-Express service RB 47, operated by DB Regio NRW, normally with two-carriage sets of class 628.4. The Abellio Deutschland company won a contract that was put to tender in November 2010 and took over the operation of passenger services on the route from December 2013 for a period of 15 years.[9][10]Since December of 2022, the Station is also served hourly by regional service RE 47 between Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof and Remscheid-Lennep, operated by Regiobahn.It is served by a trolleybus line operated by Stadtwerke Solingen at 10-minute intervals. Stadtwerke Solingen also operates bus route 699 through the station six times a day. The station is served every 60 minutes by bus route 250 operated by Wiedenhoff.[7]","title":"Solingen Grünewald station"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Stationspreisliste 2024\" [Station price list 2024] (PDF) (in German). DB Station&Service. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deutschebahn.com/resource/blob/10549430/8b4014c743df66a357abf2c652860d8b/Anlage-1-Geplantes-Entgelt-pro-Station-alphabetisch-sortiert-getrennt-nach-Bahnhof-und-Bahnsteig_R1-data.pdf","url_text":"\"Stationspreisliste 2024\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DB_Station%26Service","url_text":"DB Station&Service"}]},{"reference":"Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland (German railway atlas) (2009/2010 ed.). Schweers + Wall. 2009. ISBN 978-3-89494-139-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89494-139-0","url_text":"978-3-89494-139-0"}]},{"reference":"\"S7 - Der Müngstener\". Stadtwerke Remscheid. Abellio Rail NRW. 15 December 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stadtwerke-remscheid.de/fahrplan/fahrplantabellen/download/get/?tx_v3downloads_pi1%5Bfile%5D=2572","url_text":"\"S7 - Der Müngstener\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abellio_Deutschland#Abellio_Rail_NRW","url_text":"Abellio Rail NRW"}]},{"reference":"\"VRS-Gemeinschaftstarif\" (PDF) (in German). Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Sieg. 20 April 2020. p. 207. Retrieved 9 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vrs.de/fileadmin/Dateien/Downloadcenter/Tarif/VRS_Gemeinschaftstarif_20042020.pdf","url_text":"\"VRS-Gemeinschaftstarif\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkehrsverbund_Rhein-Sieg","url_text":"Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Sieg"}]},{"reference":"Joost, André. \"Solingen Grünewald operations\". NRW Rail Archive (in German). Retrieved 31 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://nrwbahnarchiv.bplaced.net/kln/KSGR.htm","url_text":"\"Solingen Grünewald operations\""}]},{"reference":"Joost, André. \"Line 2734: Solingen - Wuppertal-Vohwinkel\". NRW Rail Archive (in German). Retrieved 31 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://nrwbahnarchiv.bplaced.net/strecken/2734.htm","url_text":"\"Line 2734: Solingen - Wuppertal-Vohwinkel\""}]},{"reference":"Joost, André. \"Solingen Grünewald station\". NRW Rail Archive (in German). Retrieved 31 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://nrwbahnarchiv.bplaced.net/bf/8005597.htm","url_text":"\"Solingen Grünewald station\""}]},{"reference":"Joost, André. \"S7: Der Müngstener\". NRW rail archive (in German). Retrieved 31 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://nrwbahnarchiv.bplaced.net/linien/S7.htm","url_text":"\"S7: Der Müngstener\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abellio gewinnt Ausschreibung der RB 47\". Eisenbahnjournal Zughalt.de (in German). 23 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://zughalt.de/abellio-gewinnt-ausschreibung-der-rb-47/","url_text":"\"Abellio gewinnt Ausschreibung der RB 47\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bahn unterliegt Abellio bei RB 47-Ausschreibung\". Rheinische Post (in German). 24 November 2010. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101127061228/http://www.rp-online.de/bergischesland/solingen/nachrichten/Bahn-unterliegt-Abellio-bei-RB-47-Ausschreibung_aid_934120.html","url_text":"\"Bahn unterliegt Abellio bei RB 47-Ausschreibung\""},{"url":"http://www.rp-online.de/bergischesland/solingen/nachrichten/Bahn-unterliegt-Abellio-bei-RB-47-Ausschreibung_aid_934120.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Solingen_Gr%C3%BCnewald_station¶ms=51.16383_N_7.07957_E_region:DE-NW_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"51°09′50″N 7°04′46″E / 51.16383°N 7.07957°E / 51.16383; 7.07957"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Solingen_Gr%C3%BCnewald_station¶ms=51.16383_N_7.07957_E_region:DE-NW_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"51°09′50″N 7°04′46″E / 51.16383°N 7.07957°E / 51.16383; 7.07957"},{"Link":"https://www.bahnhof.de/en/Solingen-Gruenewald","external_links_name":"www.bahnhof.de"},{"Link":"https://www.deutschebahn.com/resource/blob/10549430/8b4014c743df66a357abf2c652860d8b/Anlage-1-Geplantes-Entgelt-pro-Station-alphabetisch-sortiert-getrennt-nach-Bahnhof-und-Bahnsteig_R1-data.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Stationspreisliste 2024\""},{"Link":"https://www.stadtwerke-remscheid.de/fahrplan/fahrplantabellen/download/get/?tx_v3downloads_pi1%5Bfile%5D=2572","external_links_name":"\"S7 - Der Müngstener\""},{"Link":"https://www.vrs.de/fileadmin/Dateien/Downloadcenter/Tarif/VRS_Gemeinschaftstarif_20042020.pdf","external_links_name":"\"VRS-Gemeinschaftstarif\""},{"Link":"http://nrwbahnarchiv.bplaced.net/kln/KSGR.htm","external_links_name":"\"Solingen Grünewald operations\""},{"Link":"http://nrwbahnarchiv.bplaced.net/strecken/2734.htm","external_links_name":"\"Line 2734: Solingen - Wuppertal-Vohwinkel\""},{"Link":"http://nrwbahnarchiv.bplaced.net/bf/8005597.htm","external_links_name":"\"Solingen Grünewald station\""},{"Link":"http://nrwbahnarchiv.bplaced.net/linien/S7.htm","external_links_name":"\"S7: Der Müngstener\""},{"Link":"http://zughalt.de/abellio-gewinnt-ausschreibung-der-rb-47/","external_links_name":"\"Abellio gewinnt Ausschreibung der RB 47\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101127061228/http://www.rp-online.de/bergischesland/solingen/nachrichten/Bahn-unterliegt-Abellio-bei-RB-47-Ausschreibung_aid_934120.html","external_links_name":"\"Bahn unterliegt Abellio bei RB 47-Ausschreibung\""},{"Link":"http://www.rp-online.de/bergischesland/solingen/nachrichten/Bahn-unterliegt-Abellio-bei-RB-47-Ausschreibung_aid_934120.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solingen_Gr%C3%BCnewald_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Town_Hall
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Perth Town Hall
|
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 31°57′18″S 115°51′38″E / 31.955°S 115.860556°E / -31.955; 115.860556Town hall in Perth, Western Australia
Perth Town HallGeneral informationTypeTown hallArchitectural styleVictorian Free GothicLocationCorner of Hay Street and Barrack StreetTown or cityPerthCoordinates31°57′18″S 115°51′38″E / 31.955°S 115.860556°E / -31.955; 115.860556Current tenantsCity of PerthGroundbreaking24 May 1867Completed1870OwnerCity of PerthDesign and constructionArchitect(s)Richard Roach Jewell & James Manning
Western Australia Heritage RegisterTypeState Registered PlaceDesignated23 May 1995Reference no.1953
The Perth Town Hall, situated on the corner of Hay and Barrack streets in Perth, Western Australia, is the only town hall built by convicts in Australia. Upon completion it was the tallest structure in Perth.
History
Perth Town Hall August 1929
Designed by Richard Roach Jewell and James Manning in the Victorian Free Gothic style, the hall was built by convicts and free men between 1867 and 1870. Its decorations contain a number of convict motifs, including windows in the shape of the broad arrow, and decorations in the shape of a hangman's rope.
Looking up the jarrah staircase; photographs on the wall are of each Lord Mayor of Perth, starting with George Shenton
The foundation stone for Perth Town Hall was laid on 24 May 1867 by Governor Hampton in a ceremony involving a lot of pomp and parade. However, there were torrential downpours. The ceremony went on anyway with an official procession from Government House and a mock battle performed by the Volunteer Regiments, Enrolled Forces of Pensioners, and the WA Country Regiment.
Hay Street by Albert Henry Fullwood, c. 1911
In the 1929 centenary of Western Australia one of the events in the city of Perth was the placing of a commemorative plaque in the northwest corner of the building by the Governor Sir William Campion.
For many decades in the 20th century, shops were built into the sides of the ground floor, and the public lavatories accessible from Barrack Street were the only ones available for some distance. The shops included a pharmacy, bank, lunch bar and other shops. All these businesses and the attendant structures were removed prior to the renovation of the hall.
At the time of its centenary in 1970, the ground floor was still full of commercial businesses.
The Town Hall was restored in the late 1990s at the base in an award-winning restoration to repair the interior of the hall and the gothic arches at its base, which were "modernised" in the middle of the 20th century.
References
^ Phelps, Delys (1969) 100 years : a history of the Perth Town Hall originally printed in the Royal Western Australian Historical Society's Journal. - reprinted by the Perth city council in 1970
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Perth Town Hall.
Town Hall fact page, City of Perth
Pre-1910 photo showing original arches
"Place ID 10331". Australian Heritage Database. Australian Government. (including 1980s photo showing 20th century alterations)
vteLandmarks of PerthBuildings and structures
Perth Town Hall
Parliament House
Barracks Arch
Supreme Court of Western Australia
Round House
Precincts
Perth Cultural Centre
Cathedral Square
Chinatown
Leederville
Fremantle
Maylands
Mount Lawley
Northbridge
Parks and open spaces
Kings Park
Elizabeth Quay
Yagan Square
Supreme Court Gardens
Stirling Gardens
Queens Gardens
Russell Square
Hyde Park
Gija Jumulu
Cultural institutions
Art Gallery of Western Australia
Western Australian Museum
State Theatre Centre of Western Australia
State Library of Western Australia
His Majesty's Theatre
Perth Institute of Contemporary Arts
City of Perth Library
Scitech
Sport
Arena Joondalup
Ascot Racecourse
Belmont Park Racecourse
Cannington Greyhounds
Cockburn Ice Arena
Gloucester Park
Lake Karrinyup Country Club
Perth Hockey Stadium
Perth Ice Arena
Perth Motorplex
Perth Rectangular Stadium (HBF Park)
Perth SpeedDome
Perth Stadium (Optus Stadium)
Perth Superdrome (HBF Stadium)
Subiaco Oval
WACA Ground
Wanneroo Raceway
Western Australian Athletics Stadium
Western Australian Basketball Centre
Royal Perth Yacht Club
Transport
East Perth Terminal
Elizabeth Quay bus station
Elizabeth Quay railway station
Perth Busport
Perth railway station
Entertainment
Crown Perth
Perth Arena
Perth Concert Hall
Beaches and islands
Cottesloe Beach
Rottnest Island
vteCinematic and theatrical buildings in Western AustraliaCinemas
Ambassadors (demolished)
Cygnet Cinema
Grand Theatre (demolished)
Luna Leederville
Oriana Cinema (demolished)
Piccadilly Cinema (closed)
Plaza Theatre (closed)
Savoy Cinema (closed)
Sun Picture Gardens
Windsor Cinema
Drive in cinemas
Galaxy Drive In
Commercial theatres
Astor Theatre
Crown Theatre Perth
Capitol Theatre (demolished)
His Majesty's Theatre
The Playhouse Theatre (demolished)
Regal Theatre
St Georges Hall (demolished)
State Theatre Centre
Spare Parts Puppet Theatre
Subiaco Theatre Centre
Community theatres
Darlington Hall
Garrick Theatre
Other venues
Burswood Dome
Fly by Night Club
Fremantle Town Hall
Perth Arena
Perth Concert Hall
Perth Convention & Exhibition Centre
Perth Entertainment Centre (demolished)
Perth Superdrome
Perth Town Hall
Quarry Amphitheatre
|
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[{"image_text":"Perth Town Hall August 1929","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/WA_centenary_celebrations_%2812_August_1929%29.jpg/200px-WA_centenary_celebrations_%2812_August_1929%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Looking up the jarrah staircase; photographs on the wall are of each Lord Mayor of Perth, starting with George Shenton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Perth_town_hall_gnangarra_003.jpg/170px-Perth_town_hall_gnangarra_003.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hay Street by Albert Henry Fullwood, c. 1911","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/HAY_ST._PERTH%2C_W._AUSTRALIA.jpg/200px-HAY_ST._PERTH%2C_W._AUSTRALIA.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Place ID 10331\". Australian Heritage Database. Australian Government.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=10331","url_text":"\"Place ID 10331\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Heritage_Database","url_text":"Australian Heritage Database"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government","url_text":"Australian Government"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Perth_Town_Hall¶ms=31.955_S_115.860556_E_region:AU_type:landmark","external_links_name":"31°57′18″S 115°51′38″E / 31.955°S 115.860556°E / -31.955; 115.860556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Perth_Town_Hall¶ms=31.955_S_115.860556_E_region:AU_type:landmark","external_links_name":"31°57′18″S 115°51′38″E / 31.955°S 115.860556°E / -31.955; 115.860556"},{"Link":"http://inherit.stateheritage.wa.gov.au/Public/Search/PlaceNoSearch?placeNo=1953","external_links_name":"1953"},{"Link":"http://www.perth.wa.gov.au/living-community/perth-town-hall/perth-town-hall-faq","external_links_name":"Town Hall fact page, City of Perth"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182357/http://innopac.liswa.wa.gov.au/record=b1763944","external_links_name":"Pre-1910 photo showing original arches"},{"Link":"http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=10331","external_links_name":"\"Place ID 10331\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_T._Frederick
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Robert T. Frederick
|
["1 Early life and military career","2 World War II","3 Post-World War II","4 V-42 combat knife","5 Military awards","5.1 Distinguished Service Cross Citation (1st Award)","5.2 Distinguished Service Cross Citation (2nd Award)","6 References","7 Bibliography"]
|
United States Army general
Robert T. FrederickBorn(1907-03-14)March 14, 1907San Francisco, California, U.S.DiedNovember 29, 1970(1970-11-29) (aged 63)Stanford, California, U.S.AllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States ArmyYears of service1928–1952RankMajor GeneralService numberO-17196UnitCoastal Artillery CorpsCommands held1st Special Service Force1st Allied Airborne Task Force45th Infantry Division4th Infantry Division6th Infantry DivisionBattles/warsWorld War IIAwardsDistinguished Service Cross (2)Army Distinguished Service Medal (2)Silver StarLegion of Merit (2)Bronze Star Medal (2)Purple Heart (8)
Major General Robert Tryon Frederick (March 14, 1907 – November 29, 1970) was a senior United States Army officer. During World War II, he commanded the 1st Special Service Force, the 1st Allied Airborne Task Force, and the 45th Infantry Division, and was twice awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.
Early life and military career
At West Point in 1928
Frederick was born on March 14, 1907, in San Francisco, California. He attended Staunton Military Academy from 1923 to 1924 and the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point from 1924 to 1928. Upon graduation from West Point, New York, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Coast Artillery Corps of the United States Army. He graduated from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in 1939.
World War II
Frederick was serving as a staff officer in the War Department when the United States entered World War II following to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. In 1942 Frederick, then a lieutenant colonel, was tasked with raising a new U.S.-Canadian regiment size commando force, which became the 1st Special Service Force (later called the "Devil's Brigade" by the Germans). The unit, activated on July 9, 1942, at Fort William Henry Harrison, Montana, was originally intended for commando operations in Norway, and trained extensively in winter and mountain warfare, as well as hand-to-hand combat and other infantry skills. In April 1943, the unit moved to Camp Bradford, Virginia for training, then to Fort Ethan Allen, Vermont. The Norway mission was cancelled, however, and the 1st Special Service Force was sent instead to the Aleutian Islands in July 1943. It returned to the contiguous United States in September, and then left in October for the European Theater of Operations (ETO).
Frederick's men arrived in Casablanca in French Morocco in November 1943 and quickly moved to the Italian front. Landing at Naples on November 19, 1943, the 1st Special Service Force went into the line. In December 1943 and January 1944, the 1st Special Service Force conducted a series of operations at Monte la Difensa, Monte la Remetanea, Monte Sammucro (Hill 720) and Monte Vischiataro. The 1st Special Service Force attacked and captured the enemy forces at the impregnable Monte la Difensa.
On February 2, 1944, Frederick, now a full colonel, and his men landed at Anzio and went into action along the Mussolini Canal. They were the first Allied troops to enter the Italian capital of Rome on June 4, 1944. Frederick was decorated twice with the Distinguished Service Cross, the U.S. Army's second highest award for valor in combat. The first award was for actions on January 10–13, 1944 at Monte Majo where Frederick was wounded three times in combat, and the second award for actions on June 4, 1944 during the drive on Rome. While at Anzio he was wounded a number of times, including two separate wounds on a single day.
Frederick, pictured here as a brigadier general, while commanding the 1st Special Service Force
On June 23, 1944, Frederick announced he was leaving the unit. He was promoted to the one-star general officer rank of brigadier general in July, and was given command of the 1st Allied Airborne Task Force, an ad hoc division-sized airborne formation, for the Allied invasion of Southern France. The task force consisted of the British 2nd Independent Parachute Brigade and the American 509th and 551st Parachute Infantry Battalions, the 517th Parachute Regimental Combat Team, the 550th Glider Infantry Battalion, and the 460th and 463rd Parachute Field Artillery Battalions, along with various support units.
On August 15, under the code name Rugby Force, the unit jumped into the Argens Valley between Le Luc and Le Muy, behind the Massif des Maures, a key piece of terrain which overlooked the Allied landing beaches near St. Tropez and St. Raphaël. Having successfully blocked German forces from reaching the invasion beaches, the 1st Airborne Task Force linked up with the U.S. 36th Infantry Division on August 17, 1944. It then moved up the French Riviera coastline, taking Cannes unopposed on August 24, 1944, and linking up with Frederick's old unit, the 1st Special Service Force. The 1st Special Service Force had initially been tasked to seize several small islands off the French Riviera and then moved onshore, where it was attached to the 1st Airborne Task Force on August 22 (replacing the British 2nd Independent Parachute Brigade). The task force then fought on to the French-Italian border, where it took up defensive positions. The task force was dissolved on November 23, 1944 (and the 1st Special Service Force was disbanded on December 5).
Frederick was, at the age of just 37, promoted to the two-star rank of major general and given command of the 45th Infantry Division on December 3, 1944. Along with Major General James M. Gavin, then commanding the 82nd Airborne Division, this made both Frederick and Gavin (eight days younger than Frederick) the two youngest division commanders in the U.S. Army during the war. He led the 45th Division until September 10, 1945. The 45th saw heavy combat in French Alsace from December 1944 through to February 1945, and was pulled from the line to rehabilitate on February 17. In mid-March, it was assigned to XV Corps for Operation Undertone, the final drive into Germany.
The division crossed the Rhine and advanced to the Main. Moving along the Main into Bavaria, participating in heavy fighting in Aschaffenburg from March 28 to April 3 and then drove to Nuremberg, taken in heavy fighting from April 16–20. Moving south, the division crossed the Danube on April 26, and opened up the path for the U.S. 20th Armored Division to drive on Munich. Reaching Munich on April 29, the division shifted from combat to occupation.
The British Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill, declared that Frederick was "the greatest fighting general of all time" and "if we had had a dozen more like him we would have smashed Hitler in 1942".
Post-World War II
After a period of occupation duty, the 45th Infantry Division prepared to return to the United States and Frederick relinquished command in September 1945. From 1 November 1945 to 19 August 1947 he was commandant of the Coast Artillery School, and presided over its move from Fort Monroe to Fort Winfield Scott. After a period of staff duty and recuperation (he had been wounded eight times), Major General Frederick was assigned to Allied occupation forces in Austria, commanding the U.S. Sector, of the Vienna Inter-Allied Command in 1948. From February 28, 1949, to October 10, 1950, he commanded the 4th Infantry Division, which had been reactivated as a training division at Fort Ord, California, in 1947. In October 1950, the division was redesignated the 6th Infantry Division, and Frederick continued as its commanding general until 1951.
In 1951, Frederick returned to Europe to take command of the Joint U.S. Military Aid Group, Greece (JUSMAG Greece). He retired on disability in March 1952. In the 1968 film The Devil's Brigade, which chronicled the formation, training and combat in Italy of the 1st Special Service Force, Robert T. Frederick was played by actor William Holden. Frederick died on November 29, 1970, in Stanford, California.
V-42 combat knife
The V-42 combat knife was designed in part by Frederick when commanding officer of the 1st Special Service Force. The V-42 was the trademark weapon of the 1st Special Service Force, and its members were trained extensively in its use. It is a short-bladed stiletto with a thumb groove on the top of the blade to promote proper hand placement when attacking an opponent. It is often confused with the longer- and thicker-bladed Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife. The profile of the V-42 knife appears in the crests of the U.S. Army Special Forces and Canada's Joint Task Force Two.
Military awards
Frederick's military decorations and awards include:
1st Row
Distinguished Service Cross w/ Oak Leaf Cluster
Army Distinguished Service Medal w/ Oak Leaf Cluster
Silver Star
2nd Row
Legion of Merit w/ Oak Leaf Cluster
Bronze Star Medal w/ Oak Leaf Cluster
Air Medal
Purple Heart w/ seven Oak Leaf Clusters
3rd Row
American Defense Service Medal w/ battle clasp (service star)
American Campaign Medal
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal w/ one service star and Arrowhead device
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal w/ three service stars
4th Row
World War II Victory Medal
Army of Occupation Medal
National Defense Service Medal
Distinguished Service Order (United Kingdom)
5th Row
Officer of the Legion of Honour (France)
Croix de guerre 1939–1945 w/ palm (France)
Grand Officer of the Order of St. Charles (Monaco)
King Haakon VII Freedom Medal (Norway)
Distinguished Service Cross Citation (1st Award)
Rank: Brigadier General (then colonel)
Unit: 1st Special Service Force
Awarded on: 1944
Action: January 10 to 13, 1944
General Orders: Headquarters, Fifth U.S. Army, General Orders No. 102 (1944)
The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Brigadier General Robert Tryon Frederick (ASN: 0-17196), United States Army
Citation:
For extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy as Commander of the 1st Special Service Force, in action against enemy forces during the period 10 January to 13 January 1944, near Mount Vischiataro, Italy. While commanding his own organization and an attached task force, Brigadier General Frederick made a personal reconnaissance to determine hostile positions prior to an attack. Far in advance of the foremost elements of his command, under enemy machine gun, mortar and artillery fire, he probed enemy defenses and selected a covered route of approach for his troops. While leading his men against the enemy, he continued his reconnaissance in advance of his forward troops to obtain information from which to plan the development of the attack. Operating in terrain almost devoid of cover and concealment, he organized a surprise attack that quickly drove the enemy from a strategically important position. Brigadier General Frederick's constant presence under enemy fire forward of his own troops proved an inspiration to them and a decisive factor in the accomplishment of his mission. His heroism, aggressiveness, and tactical skill exemplify the highest traditions of the military forces of the United States and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army.
Distinguished Service Cross Citation (2nd Award)
Rank: Major General (then Brig. General)
Unit: 1st Special Service Force
Awarded on: 1944
Action: June 4, 1944
General Orders: Headquarters, Fifth U.S. Army, General Orders No. 102 (1944)
The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a Second Award of the Distinguished Service Cross to Major General Robert Tryon Frederick (ASN: 0-17196), United States Army
Citation:
For extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy as Commander of the 1st Special Service Force, in action against enemy forces on 4 June 1944, in Rome, Italy. In order to advance to the city of Rome and seize bridges within the city, General Frederick organized a small, fast-moving force of armored vehicles and infantry to speedily execute the mission. Upon entering the city, the force met strong, determined resistance. Because of communication difficulties, General Frederick moved from place to place, constantly under fire, issuing orders and controlling his units. When the resistance had been overcome and movement through the city resumed, General Frederick, with only a small party, sped ahead in his half-track vehicle to examine the bridges for demolitions and neutralize charges that may have been placed but not yet exploded. As the examination of the first bridge was completed, an enemy unit approached to cross. In the ensuing fight, five of the enemy were killed, six wounded, eleven captured, and the remainder forced to withdraw. Although General Frederick had been slightly wounded early in the day and twice wounded at the bridge, he spent the remainder of the night disposing his forces to protect the bridges. His courage, leadership and determination in battle inspired his troops and were largely responsible for the successful accomplishment of a difficult operation. Major General Frederick's gallant leadership, personal bravery and zealous devotion to duty exemplify the highest traditions of the military forces of the United States and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army.
References
^ a b c "Sfa Chapter 28 | Frederick Award | Montana".
^ Adleman, p. 19
^ Fredricksen, John C. (1999). American military leaders: from colonial times to the present, Volume 2. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 270.
^ a b c "MG Robert Tryon Frederick".
^ "RTFrederick". www.firstspecialserviceforce.net. Archived from the original on December 8, 2011.
^ a b "Robert Frederick – Recipient -".
Bibliography
Adleman, Robert H.; Colonel George Walton (1966). The Devil's Brigade. Philadelphia, PA: Chilton Books.
Burhans, Robert D., The First Special Service Force: A Canadian/American Wartime Alliance: The Devil's Brigade (Washington: Infantry Journal Press Inc. 1947)
Cottingham, Peter Layton Once Upon a Wartime: A Canadian Who Survived the Devil's Brigade (P.L. Cottingham, Manitoba Canada, 1996)
Joyce, Kenneth H. (2006). Snow Plough and the Jupiter Deception – The Story of the 1st Special Service Force and the 1st Canadian Special Service Battalion – 1942–1945. St. Catharines, ON: Vanwell Publishing. ISBN 9781551250946.
Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell: The true story of the FSSF, Forgotten Commandos of the Second World War. PA: Doubleday Canada.
Hicks, Anne. "The Last Fighting General: The Biography of Robert Tryon Frederick" (Schiffer Pub Ltd, 2006) ISBN 0-7643-2430-6.
Ross, Robert Todd, The Supercommandos First Special Service Force, 1942-1942, An Illustrated History (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. 2000).
Springer, Joseph, The Black Devil Brigade: The True Story of the First Special Service Force, (Pacifica Military History, 2001).
Werner, Brett. "First Special Service Force 1942 – 44" (Osprey Publishing, 2006) ISBN 1-84176-968-1.
Wickham, Kenneth. "An Adjutant General Remembers" (Adjutant General's Corps Regimental Association, 1991).
Wood, James. "'Matters Canadian' and the Problem with Being Special: Robert T. Frederick on the First Special Service Force." Canadian Military History 12, no. 4 (Autumn 2003): 17–33.
Wood, James A. We Move Only Forward: Canada, the United States, and the First Special Service Force, 1942–1944 (St. Catharines, ON: Vanwell Publishing, 2006).
Generals of World War II
Military offices
Preceded byWilliam W. Eagles
Commanding General 45th Infantry Division 1944–1945
Post deactivated
Preceded byJens A. Doe
Commanding General 4th Infantry Division 1949–1950
Succeeded byHarlan N. Hartness
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"1st Special Service Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Special_Service_Force"},{"link_name":"1st Allied Airborne Task Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Airborne_Task_Force_(Allied)"},{"link_name":"45th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)"}],"text":"Major General Robert Tryon Frederick (March 14, 1907 – November 29, 1970) was a senior United States Army officer. During World War II, he commanded the 1st Special Service Force, the 1st Allied Airborne Task Force, and the 45th Infantry Division, and was twice awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.","title":"Robert T. Frederick"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Tryon_Frederick_(1907%E2%80%931970)_at_West_Point_in_1928.png"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Staunton Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staunton_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"United States Military Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"West Point, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Point,_New_York"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"second lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States"},{"link_name":"Coast Artillery Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Coast_Artillery_Corps"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Command and General Staff College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College"},{"link_name":"Fort Leavenworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth"}],"text":"At West Point in 1928Frederick was born on March 14, 1907, in San Francisco, California. He attended Staunton Military Academy from 1923 to 1924 and the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point from 1924 to 1928. Upon graduation from West Point, New York, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Coast Artillery Corps of the United States Army. He graduated from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in 1939.","title":"Early life and military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"staff officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_(military)"},{"link_name":"War Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commando"},{"link_name":"1st Special Service Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Special_Service_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfa28-1"},{"link_name":"Fort William Henry Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William_Henry_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_warfare"},{"link_name":"mountain warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_warfare"},{"link_name":"Camp Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Expeditionary_Base%E2%80%93Little_Creek"},{"link_name":"Fort Ethan Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ethan_Allen"},{"link_name":"Aleutian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands"},{"link_name":"European Theater of Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Theater_of_Operations,_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca"},{"link_name":"French Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Italian front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Monte la Difensa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Monte_la_Difensa"},{"link_name":"Monte la Remetanea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monte_la_Remetanea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monte Sammucro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monte_Sammucro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hill 720","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hill_720&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monte Vischiataro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monte_Vischiataro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"landed at Anzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio"},{"link_name":"Mussolini Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mussolini_Canal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Anzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_t_Frederick.jpg"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"1st Special Service Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Special_Service_Force"},{"link_name":"one-star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-star_rank"},{"link_name":"general officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officer"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfa28-1"},{"link_name":"1st Allied Airborne Task Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Airborne_Task_Force_(Allied)"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(military)"},{"link_name":"invasion of Southern France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragoon"},{"link_name":"British 2nd Independent Parachute Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Parachute_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"509th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/509th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"551st Parachute Infantry Battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/551st_Parachute_Infantry_Battalion_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"517th Parachute Regimental Combat Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/517th_Parachute_Regimental_Combat_Team"},{"link_name":"550th Glider Infantry Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/550th_Airborne_Infantry_Battalion_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"460th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/460th_Parachute_Field_Artillery_Battalion_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"463rd Parachute Field Artillery Battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=463rd_Parachute_Field_Artillery_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Argens Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argens_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Le Luc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Luc"},{"link_name":"Le Muy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Muy"},{"link_name":"Massif des Maures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif_des_Maures"},{"link_name":"St. Tropez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Tropez"},{"link_name":"St. Raphaël","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Rapha%C3%ABl,_Var"},{"link_name":"U.S. 36th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"French Riviera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Riviera"},{"link_name":"Cannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes"},{"link_name":"French Riviera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Riviera"},{"link_name":"two-star rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-star_rank"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"45th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"James M. Gavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Gavin"},{"link_name":"82nd Airborne Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace"},{"link_name":"XV Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XV_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Operation Undertone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Undertone"},{"link_name":"final drive into Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_(river)"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Aschaffenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschaffenburg"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"U.S. 20th Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Armored_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"British Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sir Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfa28-1"}],"text":"Frederick was serving as a staff officer in the War Department when the United States entered World War II following to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. In 1942 Frederick, then a lieutenant colonel, was tasked with raising a new U.S.-Canadian regiment size commando force, which became the 1st Special Service Force (later called the \"Devil's Brigade\" by the Germans).[1] The unit, activated on July 9, 1942, at Fort William Henry Harrison, Montana, was originally intended for commando operations in Norway, and trained extensively in winter and mountain warfare, as well as hand-to-hand combat and other infantry skills. In April 1943, the unit moved to Camp Bradford, Virginia for training, then to Fort Ethan Allen, Vermont. The Norway mission was cancelled, however, and the 1st Special Service Force was sent instead to the Aleutian Islands in July 1943. It returned to the contiguous United States in September, and then left in October for the European Theater of Operations (ETO).Frederick's men arrived in Casablanca in French Morocco in November 1943 and quickly moved to the Italian front. Landing at Naples on November 19, 1943, the 1st Special Service Force went into the line. In December 1943 and January 1944, the 1st Special Service Force conducted a series of operations at Monte la Difensa, Monte la Remetanea, Monte Sammucro (Hill 720) and Monte Vischiataro. The 1st Special Service Force attacked and captured the enemy forces at the impregnable Monte la Difensa.[2]On February 2, 1944, Frederick, now a full colonel, and his men landed at Anzio and went into action along the Mussolini Canal. They were the first Allied troops to enter the Italian capital of Rome on June 4, 1944. Frederick was decorated twice with the Distinguished Service Cross, the U.S. Army's second highest award for valor in combat. The first award was for actions on January 10–13, 1944 at Monte Majo where Frederick was wounded three times in combat, and the second award for actions on June 4, 1944 during the drive on Rome. While at Anzio he was wounded a number of times, including two separate wounds on a single day.Frederick, pictured here as a brigadier general, while commanding the 1st Special Service ForceOn June 23, 1944, Frederick announced he was leaving the unit. He was promoted to the one-star general officer rank of brigadier general in July,[1] and was given command of the 1st Allied Airborne Task Force, an ad hoc division-sized airborne formation, for the Allied invasion of Southern France. The task force consisted of the British 2nd Independent Parachute Brigade and the American 509th and 551st Parachute Infantry Battalions, the 517th Parachute Regimental Combat Team, the 550th Glider Infantry Battalion, and the 460th and 463rd Parachute Field Artillery Battalions, along with various support units.On August 15, under the code name Rugby Force, the unit jumped into the Argens Valley between Le Luc and Le Muy, behind the Massif des Maures, a key piece of terrain which overlooked the Allied landing beaches near St. Tropez and St. Raphaël. Having successfully blocked German forces from reaching the invasion beaches, the 1st Airborne Task Force linked up with the U.S. 36th Infantry Division on August 17, 1944. It then moved up the French Riviera coastline, taking Cannes unopposed on August 24, 1944, and linking up with Frederick's old unit, the 1st Special Service Force. The 1st Special Service Force had initially been tasked to seize several small islands off the French Riviera and then moved onshore, where it was attached to the 1st Airborne Task Force on August 22 (replacing the British 2nd Independent Parachute Brigade). The task force then fought on to the French-Italian border, where it took up defensive positions. The task force was dissolved on November 23, 1944 (and the 1st Special Service Force was disbanded on December 5).Frederick was, at the age of just 37, promoted to the two-star rank of major general and given command of the 45th Infantry Division on December 3, 1944.[3] Along with Major General James M. Gavin, then commanding the 82nd Airborne Division, this made both Frederick and Gavin (eight days younger than Frederick) the two youngest division commanders in the U.S. Army during the war. He led the 45th Division until September 10, 1945. The 45th saw heavy combat in French Alsace from December 1944 through to February 1945, and was pulled from the line to rehabilitate on February 17. In mid-March, it was assigned to XV Corps for Operation Undertone, the final drive into Germany.The division crossed the Rhine and advanced to the Main. Moving along the Main into Bavaria, participating in heavy fighting in Aschaffenburg from March 28 to April 3 and then drove to Nuremberg, taken in heavy fighting from April 16–20. Moving south, the division crossed the Danube on April 26, and opened up the path for the U.S. 20th Armored Division to drive on Munich. Reaching Munich on April 29, the division shifted from combat to occupation.The British Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill, declared that Frederick was \"the greatest fighting general of all time\" and \"if we had had a dozen more like him we would have smashed Hitler in 1942\".[1]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"45th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Coast Artillery School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coast_Artillery_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fort Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Fort Winfield Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Winfield_Scott"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"4th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._4th_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Fort Ord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ord"},{"link_name":"6th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._6th_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Joint U.S. Military Aid Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_U.S._Military_Aid_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"The Devil's Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Brigade_(film)"},{"link_name":"William Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Holden"},{"link_name":"Stanford, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford,_California"}],"text":"After a period of occupation duty, the 45th Infantry Division prepared to return to the United States and Frederick relinquished command in September 1945. From 1 November 1945 to 19 August 1947 he was commandant of the Coast Artillery School, and presided over its move from Fort Monroe to Fort Winfield Scott. After a period of staff duty and recuperation (he had been wounded eight times), Major General Frederick was assigned to Allied occupation forces in Austria, commanding the U.S. Sector, of the Vienna Inter-Allied Command in 1948. From February 28, 1949, to October 10, 1950, he commanded the 4th Infantry Division, which had been reactivated as a training division at Fort Ord, California, in 1947. In October 1950, the division was redesignated the 6th Infantry Division, and Frederick continued as its commanding general until 1951.In 1951, Frederick returned to Europe to take command of the Joint U.S. Military Aid Group, Greece (JUSMAG Greece). He retired on disability in March 1952. In the 1968 film The Devil's Brigade, which chronicled the formation, training and combat in Italy of the 1st Special Service Force, Robert T. Frederick was played by actor William Holden. Frederick died on November 29, 1970, in Stanford, California.","title":"Post-World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"V-42 combat knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-42_combat_knife"},{"link_name":"Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairbairn%E2%80%93Sykes_fighting_knife"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)"},{"link_name":"Joint Task Force Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Task_Force_Two"}],"text":"The V-42 combat knife was designed in part by Frederick when commanding officer of the 1st Special Service Force. The V-42 was the trademark weapon of the 1st Special Service Force, and its members were trained extensively in its use. It is a short-bladed stiletto with a thumb groove on the top of the blade to promote proper hand placement when attacking an opponent. It is often confused with the longer- and thicker-bladed Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife. The profile of the V-42 knife appears in the crests of the U.S. Army Special Forces and Canada's Joint Task Force Two.","title":"V-42 combat knife"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Frederick's military decorations and awards include:[4][5]","title":"Military awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valor-6"}],"sub_title":"Distinguished Service Cross Citation (1st Award)","text":"Rank: Brigadier General (then colonel)\nUnit: 1st Special Service Force\nAwarded on: 1944\nAction: January 10 to 13, 1944\nGeneral Orders: Headquarters, Fifth U.S. Army, General Orders No. 102 (1944)The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Brigadier General Robert Tryon Frederick (ASN: 0-17196), United States Army\n\nCitation:\n\nFor extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy as Commander of the 1st Special Service Force, in action against enemy forces during the period 10 January to 13 January 1944, near Mount Vischiataro, Italy. While commanding his own organization and an attached task force, Brigadier General Frederick made a personal reconnaissance to determine hostile positions prior to an attack. Far in advance of the foremost elements of his command, under enemy machine gun, mortar and artillery fire, he probed enemy defenses and selected a covered route of approach for his troops. While leading his men against the enemy, he continued his reconnaissance in advance of his forward troops to obtain information from which to plan the development of the attack. Operating in terrain almost devoid of cover and concealment, he organized a surprise attack that quickly drove the enemy from a strategically important position. Brigadier General Frederick's constant presence under enemy fire forward of his own troops proved an inspiration to them and a decisive factor in the accomplishment of his mission. His heroism, aggressiveness, and tactical skill exemplify the highest traditions of the military forces of the United States and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army.[4][6]","title":"Military awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valor-6"}],"sub_title":"Distinguished Service Cross Citation (2nd Award)","text":"Rank: Major General (then Brig. General)\nUnit: 1st Special Service Force\nAwarded on: 1944\nAction: June 4, 1944\nGeneral Orders: Headquarters, Fifth U.S. Army, General Orders No. 102 (1944)The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a Second Award of the Distinguished Service Cross to Major General Robert Tryon Frederick (ASN: 0-17196), United States Army\n\nCitation:\n\nFor extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy as Commander of the 1st Special Service Force, in action against enemy forces on 4 June 1944, in Rome, Italy. In order to advance to the city of Rome and seize bridges within the city, General Frederick organized a small, fast-moving force of armored vehicles and infantry to speedily execute the mission. Upon entering the city, the force met strong, determined resistance. Because of communication difficulties, General Frederick moved from place to place, constantly under fire, issuing orders and controlling his units. When the resistance had been overcome and movement through the city resumed, General Frederick, with only a small party, sped ahead in his half-track vehicle to examine the bridges for demolitions and neutralize charges that may have been placed but not yet exploded. As the examination of the first bridge was completed, an enemy unit approached to cross. In the ensuing fight, five of the enemy were killed, six wounded, eleven captured, and the remainder forced to withdraw. Although General Frederick had been slightly wounded early in the day and twice wounded at the bridge, he spent the remainder of the night disposing his forces to protect the bridges. His courage, leadership and determination in battle inspired his troops and were largely responsible for the successful accomplishment of a difficult operation. Major General Frederick's gallant leadership, personal bravery and zealous devotion to duty exemplify the highest traditions of the military forces of the United States and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army.[4][6]","title":"Military awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adleman, Robert H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Adleman"},{"link_name":"The Devil's Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/devilsbrigade00adle"},{"link_name":"Burhans, Robert D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_D.,_Burhans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Snow Plough and the Jupiter Deception – The Story of the 1st Special Service Force and the 1st Canadian Special Service Battalion – 1942–1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/snowploughjupite0000joyc"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781551250946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551250946"},{"link_name":"Doubleday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7643-2430-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7643-2430-6"},{"link_name":"Ross, Robert Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Todd_Ross&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Springer, Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Springer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84176-968-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-968-1"},{"link_name":"Generals of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//generals.dk/general/Frederick/Robert_Tryon/USA.html"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3436383#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1563150/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000033686855"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/50400322"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/1551156133226658430007"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrryQ3VFPYjTDkH8bYgKd"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/132876949"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n2001059841"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n88156034"},{"link_name":"NARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.archives.gov/id/10571904"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6d32p4d"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61k2qmh"}],"text":"Adleman, Robert H.; Colonel George Walton (1966). The Devil's Brigade. Philadelphia, PA: Chilton Books.\nBurhans, Robert D., The First Special Service Force: A Canadian/American Wartime Alliance: The Devil's Brigade (Washington: Infantry Journal Press Inc. 1947)\nCottingham, Peter Layton Once Upon a Wartime: A Canadian Who Survived the Devil's Brigade (P.L. Cottingham, Manitoba Canada, 1996)\nJoyce, Kenneth H. (2006). Snow Plough and the Jupiter Deception – The Story of the 1st Special Service Force and the 1st Canadian Special Service Battalion – 1942–1945. St. Catharines, ON: Vanwell Publishing. ISBN 9781551250946.\nNadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell: The true story of the FSSF, Forgotten Commandos of the Second World War. PA: Doubleday Canada.\nHicks, Anne. \"The Last Fighting General: The Biography of Robert Tryon Frederick\" (Schiffer Pub Ltd, 2006) ISBN 0-7643-2430-6.\nRoss, Robert Todd, The Supercommandos First Special Service Force, 1942-1942, An Illustrated History (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd. 2000).\nSpringer, Joseph, The Black Devil Brigade: The True Story of the First Special Service Force, (Pacifica Military History, 2001).\nWerner, Brett. \"First Special Service Force 1942 – 44\" (Osprey Publishing, 2006) ISBN 1-84176-968-1.\nWickham, Kenneth. \"An Adjutant General Remembers\" (Adjutant General's Corps Regimental Association, 1991).\nWood, James. \"'Matters Canadian' and the Problem with Being Special: Robert T. Frederick on the First Special Service Force.\" Canadian Military History 12, no. 4 (Autumn 2003): 17–33.\nWood, James A. We Move Only Forward: Canada, the United States, and the First Special Service Force, 1942–1944 (St. Catharines, ON: Vanwell Publishing, 2006).\nGenerals of World War IIAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\n2\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\n2\nOther\nNARA\nSNAC\n2","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"At West Point in 1928","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Robert_Tryon_Frederick_%281907%E2%80%931970%29_at_West_Point_in_1928.png/150px-Robert_Tryon_Frederick_%281907%E2%80%931970%29_at_West_Point_in_1928.png"},{"image_text":"Frederick, pictured here as a brigadier general, while commanding the 1st Special Service Force","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Robert_t_Frederick.jpg/180px-Robert_t_Frederick.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Sfa Chapter 28 | Frederick Award | Montana\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfa28.org/news-events/general-frederick-award/","url_text":"\"Sfa Chapter 28 | Frederick Award | Montana\""}]},{"reference":"Fredricksen, John C. (1999). American military leaders: from colonial times to the present, Volume 2. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 270.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"MG Robert Tryon Frederick\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.militaryhallofhonor.com/honoree-record.php?id=2518","url_text":"\"MG Robert Tryon Frederick\""}]},{"reference":"\"RTFrederick\". www.firstspecialserviceforce.net. Archived from the original on December 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111208220527/http://www.firstspecialserviceforce.net/RTFrederick.html","url_text":"\"RTFrederick\""},{"url":"http://www.firstspecialserviceforce.net/RTFrederick.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Frederick – Recipient -\".","urls":[{"url":"http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=23088","url_text":"\"Robert Frederick – Recipient -\""}]},{"reference":"Adleman, Robert H.; Colonel George Walton (1966). The Devil's Brigade. Philadelphia, PA: Chilton Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Adleman","url_text":"Adleman, Robert H."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/devilsbrigade00adle","url_text":"The Devil's Brigade"}]},{"reference":"Joyce, Kenneth H. (2006). Snow Plough and the Jupiter Deception – The Story of the 1st Special Service Force and the 1st Canadian Special Service Battalion – 1942–1945. St. Catharines, ON: Vanwell Publishing. ISBN 9781551250946.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/snowploughjupite0000joyc","url_text":"Snow Plough and the Jupiter Deception – The Story of the 1st Special Service Force and the 1st Canadian Special Service Battalion – 1942–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551250946","url_text":"9781551250946"}]},{"reference":"Nadler, John (2005). A Perfect Hell: The true story of the FSSF, Forgotten Commandos of the Second World War. PA: Doubleday Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)","url_text":"Doubleday"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.sfa28.org/news-events/general-frederick-award/","external_links_name":"\"Sfa Chapter 28 | Frederick Award | Montana\""},{"Link":"http://www.militaryhallofhonor.com/honoree-record.php?id=2518","external_links_name":"\"MG Robert Tryon Frederick\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111208220527/http://www.firstspecialserviceforce.net/RTFrederick.html","external_links_name":"\"RTFrederick\""},{"Link":"http://www.firstspecialserviceforce.net/RTFrederick.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=23088","external_links_name":"\"Robert Frederick – Recipient -\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/devilsbrigade00adle","external_links_name":"The Devil's Brigade"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/snowploughjupite0000joyc","external_links_name":"Snow Plough and the Jupiter Deception – The Story of the 1st Special Service Force and the 1st Canadian Special Service Battalion – 1942–1945"},{"Link":"https://generals.dk/general/Frederick/Robert_Tryon/USA.html","external_links_name":"Generals of World War II"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1563150/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000033686855","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/50400322","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1551156133226658430007","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrryQ3VFPYjTDkH8bYgKd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/132876949","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2001059841","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88156034","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10571904","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6d32p4d","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61k2qmh","external_links_name":"2"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Cornhuskers_wrestling
|
Nebraska Cornhuskers wrestling
|
["1 Coaches","1.1 Coaching history","1.2 Coaching staff","2 All-Americans","3 Seasons","4 Notable wrestlers","5 Notes","6 References"]
|
Nebraska Cornhuskers wrestlingFounded1910; 114 years ago (1910)UniversityUniversity of Nebraska–LincolnAthletic directorTroy DannenHead CoachMark Manning (24th season)ConferenceBig TenLocationLincoln, NEArenaBob Devaney Sports Center(Capacity: 7,907)NicknameCornhuskersColorsScarlet and cream NCAA individual champions11All-Americans131Conference Tournament championshipsWIAA: 1911, 1915
MVIAA: 1924
Big Seven: 1949
Big Eight: 1993, 1995
Big 12: 2009
The Nebraska Cornhuskers wrestling team represents the University of Nebraska–Lincoln in the Big Ten Conference of NCAA Division I. Since its inception in 1910, the program has an all-time record of 773–576–29 with seven conference tournament titles and eleven individual NCAA champions. The team has been coached by Mark Manning since 2000.
Coaches
Coaching history
No.
Coach
Tenure
Overall
Accomplishments
1
R. G. Clapp
1910–26
17–17–1 (.500)
WIAA champion (1911,1915,1924)
2
John Kellogg
1927–31
13–15–1 (.466)
3
R. G. Lehman
1931–32
2–3 (.400)
4
Harold Ecklund C. E. Thomas
1932–33
0–2 (.000)
5
Jerry Adam
1933–47
16–72–4 (.196)
6
B. R. Patterson
1947–50
13–18–1 (.422)
Big Seven champion (1949)
7
Al Partin
1950–54
15–24–4 (.395)
8
Don Strasheim
1954–57
3–25–0 (.107)
9
Bill Smith
1957–60
2–31–1 (.074)
10
Mickey Sparano
1960–61
5–3–1 (.611)
11
Robert Mancuso
1961–64
15–23–1 (.397)
12
Orval Borgialli
1964–78
72–106–6 (.408)
13
Bob Fehrs
1978–85
95–51–2 (.649)
14
Tim Neumann
1985–2000
199–77–6 (.716)
Big Eight champion (1993,1995)
15
Mark Manning
2000–
283–104–3 (.725)
Big 12 champion (2009)
Coaching staff
Name
Position
First year
Alma mater
Mark Manning
Head coach
2000
Omaha
Bryan Snyder
Associate head coach
2011
Nebraska
Terval Dlagnev
Assistant coach
2021
UNK
James Green
Assistant coach
2023
Nebraska
All-Americans
Nebraska has produced 131 All-Americans.
Newt Copple – 1942 (145 – 4th)
Herb Reese – 1949 (175 – 3rd)
Max Kitzelman – 1954 (HWT – 3rd)
Dan Brand – 1958 (HWT – 4th)
Harold Thompson – 1962 (147 – 3rd)
Mike Nissen – 1962 (123 – 2nd); 1963 (123 – 1st)
Joe George – 1971 (167 – 6th)
Al Freeman – 1981 (142 – 8th); 1983 (142 – 2nd)
Johnnie Selmon – 1982 (142 – 5th)
Jim Scherr – 1982 (177 – 6th); 1984 (177 – 1st)
Bill Scherr – 1982 (190 – 4th); 1983 (190 – 3rd); 1984 (190 – 1st)
Gary Albright – 1982 (HWT – 7th); 1984 (HWT – 2nd); 1986 (HWT – 3rd)
Ray Oliver – 1983 (167 – 4th)
Gil Sanchez – 1987 (134 – 2nd)
Jason Kelber – 1989 (126 – 2nd); 1990 (126 – 2nd); 1991 (126 – 1st)
Scott Chenoweth – 1989 (167 – 8th); 1990 (167 – 7th); 1991 (177 – 7th)
Paul Herrera – 1990 (142 – 7th)
Corey Olson – 1990 (177 – 3rd); 1992 (177 – 2nd); 1993 (177 – 2nd)
Chris Nelson – 1990 (190 – 5th); 1992 (190 – 6th)
Joe Malecek – 1990 (HWT – 7th)
John Buxton – 1993 (118 – 8th)
Tony Purler – 1993 (126 – 1st)
Frank Velazquez – 1993 (134 – 7th)
Mike Eierman – 1993 (142 – 5th)
Rulon Gardner – 1993 (HWT – 4th)
Scott Gonyo – 1994 (118 – 6th)
Brad Canoyer – 1995 (118 – 6th)
Steve Baer – 1995 (126 – 5th)
Temoer Terry – 1995 (150 – 4th); 1996 (158 – 3rd); 1998 (158 – 6th)
Ryan Tobin – 1995 (190 – 8th); 1996 (190 – 3rd); 1998 (190 – 4th)
Tolly Thompson – 1995 (HWT – 1st); 1996 (HWT – 3rd); 1997 (HWT – 3rd)
Chad Nelson – 1996 (167 – 8th)
Jose DeAnda – 1999 (141 – 8th)
Bryan Snyder – 1999 (157 – 4th); 2000 (157 – 5th); 2001 (157 – 2nd); 2002 (157 – 2nd)
Brad Vering – 1999 (184 – 4th); 2000 (197 – 1st); 2001 (197 – 7th)
Paul Gomez – 2000 (125 – 8th)
Todd Beckerman – 2000 (133 – 5th); 2001 (133 – 4th)
Ati Conner – 2001 (174 – 8th)
Jason Powell – 2002 (118 – 6th); 2003 (125 – 3rd); 2004 (125 – 1st)
Justin Ruiz – 2002 (197 – 5th); 2003 (197 – 5th)
Matt Murray – 2004 (141 – 2nd)
Travis Shufelt – 2004 (149 – 7th)
Jacob Klein – 2004 (165 – 7th); 2006 (174 – 5th)
Travis Pascoe – 2005 (184 – 6th)
B. J. Padden – 2005 (197 – 5th); 2006 (197 – 3rd)
Paul Donahoe – 2007 (125 – 1st); 2008 (125 – 3rd)
Jordan Burroughs – 2008 (149 – 3rd); 2009 (157 – 1st); 2011 (165 – 1st)
Stephen Dwyer – 2008 (165 – 8th); 2010 (174 – 4th)
Brandon Browne – 2008 (174 – 4th); 2009 (174 – 4th)
Craig Brester – 2008 (197 – 4th); 2009 (197 – 2nd); 2010 (197 – 2nd)
Vince Jones – 2009 (184 – 6th)
James Green – 2012 (157 – 7th); 2013 (157 – 7th); 2014 (157 – 3rd); 2015 (157 – 3rd)
Josh Ihnen – 2012 (184 – 8th)
Robert Kokesh – 2013 (174 – 3rd); 2014 (174 – 4th); 2015 (174 – 3rd)
T. J. Dudley – 2015 (184 – 8th); 2016 (184 – 2nd); 2017 (184 – 3rd)
Eric Montoya – 2016 (133 – 5th); 2017 (133 – 6th)
Austin Wilson – 2016 (165 – 7th)
Tyler Berger – 2017 (157 – 5th); 2018 (157 – 3rd); 2019 (157 – 2nd)
Aaron Studebaker – 2017 (197 – 5th)
Chad Red Jr. – 2018 (141 – 7th); 2019 (141 – 8th); 2020 (141); 2021 (141 – 6th)
Taylor Venz – 2018 (184 – 4th); 2020 (184)
Isaiah White – 2019 (165 – 5th); 2020 (165)
Mikey Labriola – 2019 (174 – 6th); 2020 (174); 2021 (174 – 3rd); 2022 (174 – 7th); 2023 (174 – 2nd)
Ridge Lovett – 2020 (133); 2022 (149 – 2nd); 2024 (149 - 6th)
Collin Purinton – 2020 (149)
Peyton Robb – 2020 (157); 2022 (157 – 4th); 2023 (157 – 6th); 2024 (157 - 7th)
Eric Schultz – 2020 (197); 2022 (197 – 7th)
Christian Lance – 2022 (HWT – 8th)
Liam Cronin – 2023 (125 – 5th)
Brock Hardy – 2023 (141 – 6th); 2024 (141 - 3rd)
Caleb Smtih – 2024 (125 - 6th)
Antrell Taylor – 2024 (165 - 8th)
Seasons
Conference tournament champion
Year
Coach
Record
Conference
Postseason
Finalrank
WIUFA (1910–1915)
1910–11
R. G. Clapp
0–0
1st
1911–12
Did not compete
1912–13
1913–14
1914–15
R. G. Clapp
1–0
1st
MVIAA (1915–1928)
1915–16
R. G. Clapp
0–1–1
1916–17
Did not compete
1917–18
1918–19
R. G. Clapp
0–1
1919–20
Did not compete
1920–21
1921–22
R. G. Clapp
2–1
1922–23
4–1
1923–24
2–3
1st
1924–25
1–4
5th
1925–26
4–2
3rd
1926–27
3–4
4th
1927–28
John Kellogg
3–4
5th
NCAA 5th
Big Six Conference (1928–1947)
1928–29
John Kellogg
3–3–1
3rd
1929–30
5–3
3rd
1930–31
2–5
4th
1931–32
R. G. Lehman
2–3
4th
1932–33
Harold Ecklund C. E. Thomas
0–2
5th
1933–34
Jerry Adam
1–4–1
T–5th
1934–35
1–7
5th
1935–36
2–6
6th
1936–37
4–4–1
5th
1937–38
1–7–1
4th
1938–39
3–6–1
4th
1939–40
1–7
4th
1940–41
0–9
4th
1941–42
0–8
Canceled
NCAA T–12th
1942–43
Did not compete
1943–44
1944–45
1945–46
Jerry Adam
0–8
Canceled
NCAA T–9th
1946–47
3–7
3rd
Big Seven Conference (1947–1957)
1947–48
B. R. Patterson
2–8
2nd
1948–49
6–4–1
1st
NCAA T–7th
1949–50
5–6
2nd
1950–51
Al Partin
4–6–1
T–4th
1951–52
0–9–1
4th
1952–53
9–1
T–4th
1953–54
2–8
5th
NCAA University Division T–14th
1954–55
Don Strasheim
0–12
5th
1955–56
2–6
5th
1956–57
1–7
5th
Big Eight Conference (1957–1996)
1957–58
Bill Smith
1–9
6th
NCAA University Division T–17th
1958–59
1–9–1
6th
NCAA University Division T–39th
1959–60
0–13
6th
1960–61
Mickey Sparano
5–3–1
6th
NCAA University Division T–21st
1961–62
Robert Mancuso
9–2–1
4th
NCAA University Division 9th
1962–63
2–14
6th
NCAA University Division 13th
1963–64
4–7
7th
1964–65
Orval Borgialli
5–11–1
6th
1965–66
2–13
5th
1966–67
3–10
6th
1967–68
4–12–1
7th
1968–69
4–9
7th
1969–70
6–5–2
5th
1970–71
8–5
4th
1971–72
9–5–1
4th
1972–73
4–10
4th
NCAA University Division 21st
1973–74
7–6
6th
1974–75
8–3
4th
NCAA Division I T–45th
1975–76
6–6
5th
1976–77
2–6
6th
1977–78
4–6–1
6th
NCAA Division I T–55th
1978–79
Bob Fehrs
9–10
6th
1979–80
16–9–2
6th
NCAA Division I 39th
1980–81
16–4
4th
NCAA Division I 32nd
1981–82
14–5
4th
NCAA Division I 6th
16
1982–83
17–4
3rd
NCAA Division I 6th
6
1983–84
15–5
4th
NCAA Division I 4th
14
1984–85
8–14
4th
NCAA Division I 41st
1985–86
Tim Neumann
16–5
4th
NCAA Division I 12th
13
1986–87
12–6
4th
NCAA Division I 14th
1987–88
8–9–1
4th
NCAA Division I 39th
1988–89
12–6–2
4th
NCAA Division I 17th
9
1989–90
21–2–1
2nd
NCAA Division I 5th
4
1990–91
11–6
3rd
NCAA Division I 10th
9
1991–92
13–4
3rd
NCAA Division I 11th
8
1992–93
10–2
1st
NCAA Division I 3rd
2
1993–94
12–6
3rd
NCAA Division I 29th
7
1994–95
17–3
1st
NCAA Division I 6th
3
1995–96
15–3–1
2nd
NCAA Division I 5th
3
Big 12 Conference (1996–2011)
1996–97
Tim Neumann
15–6
4th
NCAA Division I 12th
10
1997–98
10–6
3rd
NCAA Division I 21st
10
1998–99
17–6
4th
NCAA Division I 15th
4
1999–00
10–7–1
4th
NCAA Division I 8th
11
2000–01
Mark Manning
11–6
4th
NCAA Division I 8th
9
2001–02
8–9
4th
NCAA Division I 8th
9
2002–03
16–7
4th
NCAA Division I 13th
17
2003–04
19–3
2nd
NCAA Division I 5th
2
2004–05
19–2–1
3rd
NCAA Division I 19th
3
2005–06
12–5
3rd
NCAA Division I 16th
5
2006–07
10–7–1
4th
NCAA Division I 16th
18
2007–08
14–3
2nd
NCAA Division I 4th
4
2008–09
17–3–1
1st
NCAA Division I 4th
4
2009–10
9–11
5th
NCAA Division I T–12th
2010–11
14–5
4th
NCAA Division I 12th
13
Big Ten Conference (2011–present)
2011–12
Mark Manning
15–4
8th
NCAA Division I T–21st
8
2012–13
11–6
7th
NCAA Division I 13th
12
2013–14
12–2
5th
NCAA Division I 11th
8
2014–15
14–1
7th
NCAA Division I 9th
11
2015–16
11–6
4th
NCAA Division I 8th
12
2016–17
12–4
4th
NCAA Division I 9th
5
2017–18
10–4
5th
NCAA Division I 9th
13
2018–19
12–5
5th
NCAA Division I 10th
8
2019–20
11–3
2nd
Canceled
4
2020–21
7–1
3rd
NCAA Division I 12th
3
2021–22
6–5
7th
NCAA Division I 5th
11
2022–23
12–3
3rd
NCAA Division I 8th
4
2023–24
12–2
3rd
NCAA Division I 9th
3
Notable wrestlers
Main category: Nebraska Cornhuskers wrestlers
Gary Albright – professional wrestler, three-time NCAA All-American
Daniel Brand – Olympic bronze medalist at 1964 Summer Olympics in freestyle wrestling, World bronze medalist in 1962, NCAA All-American
Jordan Burroughs – Olympic gold medalist in freestyle wrestling at 2012 Summer Olympics, seven-time World and Olympic level champion, two-time NCAA champion and three-time All-American
Iron Mike DiBiase – professional wrestler
Rulon Gardner – Olympic gold medalist in Greco-Roman wrestling at 2000 Summer Olympics and bronze medalist in 2004, World Champion in 2001, NCAA All-American
James Green – two-time World medalist in freestyle wrestling, four-time NCAA All-American
Ed Husmann – former NFL defensive tackle and Nebraska wrestler
Matt Lindland – former UFC fighter, Olympic silver medalist in Greco-Roman wrestling at 2000 Summer Olympics, World silver medalist in 2001
Hugo Otopalik – collegiate wrestling head coach at Iowa State from 1924 to 1953
Bob Pickens – Olympian at 1964 Summer Olympics
Baron von Raschke – former professional wrestler, World bronze medalist in Greco-Roman wrestling
Bill Scherr – five World and Olympic level medals, Olympic bronze medallist at 1988 Summer Olympics and World champion in freestyle wrestling, NCAA champion and two-time All-American
Jim Scherr – three-time World medallist in freestyle wrestling, NCAA champion and two-time All-American
Brad Vering – Olympian and World silver medalist in 2007 in Greco-Roman wrestling, NCAA champion and three-time All-American
Notes
^ The first NCAA Wrestling Championship was held in 1928
^ The NWCA began weekly polling of collegiate wrestling coaches in 1981
^ Nebraska's wrestling program competed sporadically in its early years, often playing only a single meet per season and sometimes none at all
^ Canceled due to World War II
^ Nebraska did not field a team from 1943 to 1945 due to World War II
^ Canceled due to World War II
^ Canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic
References
^ The Power of Color (PDF). Retrieved June 17, 2024. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ "Mark Manning - Head Coach". Huskers.com. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
^ "NEBRASKA'S 131 ALL-AMERICAN HONORS". Huskers.com. Retrieved March 24, 2024.
^ "2020 Media Guide". Huskers.com. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
vteUniversity of Nebraska–LincolnLocated in: Lincoln, NebraskaAcademics
College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
College of Architecture
College of Arts and Sciences
College of Business
College of Dentistry
College of Education and Human Sciences
College of Engineering
Peter Kiewit Institute
Hixson–Lied College of Fine and Performing Arts
College of Journalism and Mass Communications
College of Law
University of Nebraska Medical Center
AthleticsTeams
Nebraska Cornhuskers
Baseball
Men's basketball
Women's basketball
Beach volleyball
Bowling
Men's cross country
Women's cross country
Football
Men's golf
Women's golf
Men's gymnastics
Women's gymnastics
Rifle
Soccer
Softball
Swimming & diving
Men's tennis
Women's tennis
Men's track & field
Women's track & field
Volleyball
Wrestling
Crew (club)
Curling (club)
Rivalries
Football:
Colorado (Buffalo Head)
Iowa (Heroes Trophy)
Kansas
Kansas State
Miami (FL)
Minnesota ($5 Bits of Broken Chair)
Missouri (Victory Bell)
Oklahoma
Wisconsin (Freedom Trophy)
Basketball:
Creighton
Volleyball:
Penn State
Venues
Barbara Hibner Soccer Stadium
Bob Devaney Sports Center
Bowlin Stadium
Haymarket Park
Memorial Stadium
Pinnacle Bank Arena
Former:
Buck Beltzer Stadium
Nebraska Coliseum
Nebraska Field
Pioneers Park Nature Center
Conferences
Big Ten
WIUFA (1892–97)
Big Eight (1907–18, 1921–96)
Big 12 (1996–2011)
Rifle only:
Patriot Rifle
Great America Rifle (2004–21)
Other
Academic honors and awards
Athletic Hall of Fame
Cornhusker Marching Band
Herbie Husker
Lil' Red
Nebraska School Activities Association
Olympians
"Dear Old Nebraska U"
"Hail Varsity"
"In Heaven There Is No Beer"
"Mr. Touchdown, U.S.A."
Campus
Floating Figure
Great Plains Art Museum
Ice Box
Lincoln Stars
International Quilt Museum
Lentz Center for Asian Culture
Lester F. Larsen Tractor Museum
Lewis-Syford House
Lied Center for Performing Arts
Mary Riepma Ross Media Arts Center
Mueller Tower
Nebraska State Fair
Sheldon Museum of Art
University of Nebraska Press
Prairie Schooner
University of Nebraska State Museum
People
Notable people
Alumni
Athletes
Athletic directors
Chancellors
Coaches
Faculty
Presidents
Trustees
Research
Behlen Observatory
Holland Computing Center
Firefly
Maxwell Arboretum
Midwest Roadside Safety Facility
SAFER barrier
National Center for Research in Economic Education
Nebraska Innovation Campus
Nebraska Medicine
Nebraska Public Media
Backyard Farmer
Nebraska Statewide Arboretum
Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory
Student life
The Daily Nebraskan
The DailyER
Farm Aid
Greek life
Innocents Society
International Thespian Festival
KRNU
Mortar Board
Pershing Rifles
Founded: 1869
Students: 25,108
Endowment: $1.7 billion
vteBig Ten Conference wrestling
Illinois Fightin' Illini
Indiana Hoosiers
Iowa Hawkeyes
Maryland Terrapins
Michigan Wolverines
Michigan State Spartans
Minnesota Golden Gophers
Nebraska Cornhuskers
Northwestern Wildcats
Ohio State Buckeyes
Penn State Nittany Lions
Purdue Boilermakers
Rutgers Scarlet Knights
Wisconsin Badgers
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Nebraska–Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Big Ten Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Nebraska Cornhuskers wrestling team represents the University of Nebraska–Lincoln in the Big Ten Conference of NCAA Division I. Since its inception in 1910, the program has an all-time record of 773–576–29 with seven conference tournament titles and eleven individual NCAA champions. The team has been coached by Mark Manning since 2000.[2]","title":"Nebraska Cornhuskers wrestling"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Coaching history","title":"Coaches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Coaching staff","title":"Coaches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Nebraska has produced 131 All-Americans.[3]","title":"All-Americans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"[4]","title":"Seasons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nebraska Cornhuskers wrestlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nebraska_Cornhuskers_wrestlers"},{"link_name":"Gary Albright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Albright"},{"link_name":"professional wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"Daniel Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Brand"},{"link_name":"1964 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"freestyle wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling"},{"link_name":"Jordan Burroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Burroughs"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_freestyle_74_kg"},{"link_name":"Iron Mike DiBiase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Mike_DiBiase"},{"link_name":"Rulon Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulon_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Greco-Roman wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling"},{"link_name":"2000 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_Greco-Roman_130_kg"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_Greco-Roman_120_kg"},{"link_name":"James Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Green_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Ed Husmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Husmann"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"defensive tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_tackle"},{"link_name":"Matt Lindland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Lindland"},{"link_name":"UFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"2000 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_Greco-Roman_76_kg"},{"link_name":"Hugo Otopalik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Otopalik"},{"link_name":"collegiate wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_wrestling"},{"link_name":"Iowa State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_State_Cyclones_wrestling"},{"link_name":"Bob Pickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Pickens"},{"link_name":"1964 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Baron von Raschke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_von_Raschke"},{"link_name":"Bill Scherr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Scherr"},{"link_name":"1988 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_freestyle_100_kg"},{"link_name":"Jim Scherr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Scherr"},{"link_name":"Brad Vering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Vering"}],"text":"Main category: Nebraska Cornhuskers wrestlersGary Albright – professional wrestler, three-time NCAA All-American\nDaniel Brand – Olympic bronze medalist at 1964 Summer Olympics in freestyle wrestling, World bronze medalist in 1962, NCAA All-American\nJordan Burroughs – Olympic gold medalist in freestyle wrestling at 2012 Summer Olympics, seven-time World and Olympic level champion, two-time NCAA champion and three-time All-American\nIron Mike DiBiase – professional wrestler\nRulon Gardner – Olympic gold medalist in Greco-Roman wrestling at 2000 Summer Olympics and bronze medalist in 2004, World Champion in 2001, NCAA All-American\nJames Green – two-time World medalist in freestyle wrestling, four-time NCAA All-American\nEd Husmann – former NFL defensive tackle and Nebraska wrestler\nMatt Lindland – former UFC fighter, Olympic silver medalist in Greco-Roman wrestling at 2000 Summer Olympics, World silver medalist in 2001\nHugo Otopalik – collegiate wrestling head coach at Iowa State from 1924 to 1953\nBob Pickens – Olympian at 1964 Summer Olympics\nBaron von Raschke – former professional wrestler, World bronze medalist in Greco-Roman wrestling\nBill Scherr – five World and Olympic level medals, Olympic bronze medallist at 1988 Summer Olympics and World champion in freestyle wrestling, NCAA champion and two-time All-American\nJim Scherr – three-time World medallist in freestyle wrestling, NCAA champion and two-time All-American\nBrad Vering – Olympian and World silver medalist in 2007 in Greco-Roman wrestling, NCAA champion and three-time All-American","title":"Notable wrestlers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"}],"text":"^ The first NCAA Wrestling Championship was held in 1928\n\n^ The NWCA began weekly polling of collegiate wrestling coaches in 1981\n\n^ Nebraska's wrestling program competed sporadically in its early years, often playing only a single meet per season and sometimes none at all\n\n^ Canceled due to World War II\n\n^ Nebraska did not field a team from 1943 to 1945 due to World War II\n\n^ Canceled due to World War II\n\n^ Canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
[{"Link":"https://licensing.unl.edu/sites/unl.edu.university-communication.licensing/files/media/file/FINAL-23-Brand-Guide.pdf#page=13","external_links_name":"The Power of Color"},{"Link":"http://www.huskers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=3114","external_links_name":"\"Mark Manning - Head Coach\""},{"Link":"https://huskers.com/nebraskas-wrestling-all-american-honors","external_links_name":"\"NEBRASKA'S 131 ALL-AMERICAN HONORS\""},{"Link":"https://huskers.com/sports/2020/1/14/211783951.aspx?path=wrestling","external_links_name":"\"2020 Media Guide\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granatellus
|
Granatellus
|
["1 Species","2 References"]
|
Genus of birds
Granatellus
Red-breasted chat (Granatellus venustus)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Cardinalidae
Genus:
GranatellusBonaparte, 1850
Type species
Granatellus venustusBonaparte, 1850
Granatellus is a genus of bird previously placed in the family Parulidae, although biochemical evidence suggests it belongs in Cardinalidae, a move followed by the American Ornithologists' Union in 2009.
Species
Image
Common Name
Scientific name
Distribution
Rose-breasted chat
Granatellus pelzelni
Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela
Grey-throated chat
Granatellus sallaei
Belize, Guatemala, and Mexico.
Red-breasted chat
Granatellus venustus
Mexican Pacific slope thorn forests from Sinaloa to Chiapas
References
^ Klicka, J., K. Burns, AND G. M. Spellman. 2007. Defining a monophyletic Cardinalini: A molecular perspective. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45: 1014-1032.
vteGenera of finches, sparrows and tanagers
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Suborder: Passeri
Infraorder: Passerida
Superfamily: Passeroidea
PasseroideaEstrildidaeAmandavinae
Amadina
Amandava
Ortygospiza
Erythrurinae
Chloebia
Erythrura
Estrildinae
Brunhilda
Coccopygia
Cryptospiza
Delacourella
Estrilda
Glaucestrilda
Mandingoa
Nesocharis
Nigrita
Parmoptila
Lagonostictinae
Clytospiza
Euschistospiza
Granatina
Hypargos
Lagonosticta
Pyrenestes
Pytilia
Spermophaga
Uraeginthus
Lonchurinae
Euodice
Lepidopygia
Lonchura
Mayrimunia
Padda
Spermestes
Poephilinae
Aidemosyne
Bathilda
Emblema
Heteromunia
Neochmia
Oreostruthus
Poephila
Stagonopleura
Stizoptera
Taeniopygia
Passeridae
Carpospiza
Gymnoris
Hypocryptadius
Montifringilla
Onychostruthus
Passer
Petronia
Pyrgilauda
Ploceidae
Amblyospiza
Anaplectes
Brachycope
Bubalornis
Dinemellia
Euplectes
Foudia
Histurgops
Malimbus
Philetairus
Plocepasser
Ploceus
Pseudonigrita
Quelea
Sporopipes
Prunellidae
Prunella
Urocynchramidae
Urocynchramus
Viduidae
Anomalospiza
Vidua
Nine-primaried oscines
See below ↓
Nine-primaried oscinesFringillidaeCarduelinae
Acanthis
Agraphospiza
†Aidemedia
†Akialoa
Bucanetes
Callacanthis
Carduelis
Carpodacus
†Chloridops
Chloris
Chlorodrepanis
Chrysocorythus
†Ciridops
Coccothraustes
Crithagra
Drepanis
†Dysmorodrepanis
Eophona
Haemorhous
Hemignathus
Hesperiphona
Himatione
Leucosticte
Linaria
Linurgus
Loxia
Loxioides
Loxops
Magumma
†Melamprosops
Mycerobas
Oreomystis
†Orthiospiza
Palmeria
Paroreomyza
Pinicola
Procarduelis
Pseudonestor
†Psittirostra
Pyrrhula
Pyrrhoplectes
†Rhodacanthis
Rhodopechys
Rhodospiza
Rhynchostruthus
Serinus
Spinus
Telespiza
†Vangulifer
†Viridonia
†Xestospiza
Euphoniinae
Chlorophonia
Euphonia
Fringillinae
Fringilla
Motacillidae
Anthus
Dendronanthus
Macronyx
Motacilla
Tmetothylacus
Peucedramidae
Peucedramus
Emberizoidea
See below ↓
EmberizoideaCalcariidae
Calcarius
Plectrophenax
Rhynchophanes
Calyptophilidae
Calyptophilus
Cardinalidae
Amaurospiza
Cardinalis
Caryothraustes
Chlorothraupis
Cyanocompsa
Cyanoloxia
Granatellus
Habia
Passerina
Periporphyrus
Pheucticus
Piranga
Spiza
Emberizidae
Emberiza
Icteridae
See below ↓
Icteriidae
Icteria
Mitrospingidae
Lamprospiza
Mitrospingus
Orthogonys
Nesospingidae
Nesospingus
Parulidae
Basileuterus
Cardellina
Catharopeza
Geothlypis
Helmitheros
Leucopeza
Leiothlypis
Limnothlypis
Mniotilta
Myioborus
Myiothlypis
Oporornis
Oreothlypis
Parkesia
Protonotaria
Seiurus
Setophaga
Vermivora
Passerellidae
Aimophila
Ammodramus
Ammospiza
Amphispiza
Amphispizopsis
Arremon
Arremonops
Artemisiospiza
Atlapetes
Calamospiza
Centronyx
Chlorospingus
Chondestes
Junco
Melospiza
Melozone
Oreothraupis
Oriturus
Passerculus
Passerella
†Pedinorhis
Peucaea
Pezopetes
Pipilo
Pooecetes
Rhynchospiza
Spizella
Spizelloides
Torreornis
Xenospiza
Zonotrichia
Phaenicophilidae
Microligea
Phaenicophilus
Xenoligea
Rhodinocichlidae
Rhodinocichla
Spindalidae
Spindalis
Teretistridae
Teretistris
Thraupidae
See below ↓
Icteridaeincertae sedis
†Cremaster
†Pandanaris
†Pyelorhamphus
Agelaiinae
Agelaioides
Agelaius
Agelasticus
Amblyramphus
Anumara
Chrysomus
Curaeus
Dives
Euphagus
Gnorimopsar
Gymnomystax
Hypopyrrhus
Lampropsar
Macroagelaius
Molothrus
Nesopsar
Oreopsar
Pseudoleistes
Ptiloxena
Quiscalus
Xanthopsar
Amblycercinae
Amblycercus
Cassicinae
Cacicus
Cassiculus
Psarocolius
Dolichonychinae
Dolichonyx
Icterinae
Icterus
Sturnellinae
Leistes
Sturnella
Xanthocephalinae
Xanthocephalus
ThraupidaeCatamblyrhynchinae
Catamblyrhynchus
Charitospizinae
Charitospiza
Parkerthraustes
Coerebinae
Asemospiza
Camarhynchus
Certhidea
Coereba
Euneornis
Geospiza
Loxigilla
Loxipasser
Melanospiza
Melopyrrha
Phonipara
Pinaroloxias
Platyspiza
Tiaris
Dacninae
Cyanerpes
Dacnis
Tersina
Diglossinae
Acanthidops
Catamenia
Conirostrum
Diglossa
Geospizopsis
Haplospiza
Idiopsar
Melanodera
Nesospiza
Phrygilus
Rowettia
Sicalis
Xenodacnis
Emberizoidinae
Coryphaspiza
Emberizoides
Embernagra
Hemithraupinae
Chrysothlypis
Chlorophanes
Hemithraupis
Heterospingus
Iridophanes
Nemosiinae
Compsothraupis
Cyanicterus
Nemosia
Sericossypha
Orchesticinae
Orchesticus
Poospizinae
Castanozoster
Cnemoscopus
Cypsnagra
Donacospiza
Kleinothraupis
Microspingus
Nephelornis
Piezorina
Poospiza
Poospizopsis
Pseudospingus
Sphenopsis
Thlypopsis
Urothraupis
Xenospingus
Porphyrospizinae
Incaspiza
Rhopospina
Saltatorinae
Saltator
Saltatricula
Sporophilinae
Sporophila
Tachyphoninae
Conothraupis
Coryphospingus
Creurgops
Eucometis
Heliothraupis
Lanio
Loriotus
Ramphocelus
Rhodospingus
Tachyphonus
Trichothraupis
Volatinia
Thraupinae
Anisognathus
Bangsia
Buthraupis
Calochaetes
Chalcothraupis
Chlorochrysa
Chlorornis
Cissopis
Cnemathraupis
Diuca
Dubusia
Iridosornis
Ixothraupis
Lophospingus
Neothraupis
Paroaria
Pipraeidea
Poecilostreptus
Pseudosaltator
Rauenia
Schistochlamys
Sporathraupis
Stephanophorus
Stilpnia
Tangara
Tephrophilus
Thraupis
Wetmorethraupis
Taxon identifiersGranatellus
Wikidata: Q2324199
Wikispecies: Granatellus
ADW: Granatellus
BOLD: 102606
CoL: 4QQL
EoL: 23233
GBIF: 2489616
iNaturalist: 9624
IRMNG: 1014464
ITIS: 557710
NCBI: 182928
This Passeroidea-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parulidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parulidae"},{"link_name":"Cardinalidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinalidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biodiv-1"},{"link_name":"American Ornithologists' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Ornithologists%27_Union"}],"text":"Granatellus is a genus of bird previously placed in the family Parulidae, although biochemical evidence suggests it belongs in Cardinalidae,[1] a move followed by the American Ornithologists' Union in 2009.","title":"Granatellus"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Species"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Granatellus/","external_links_name":"Granatellus"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=102606","external_links_name":"102606"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4QQL","external_links_name":"4QQL"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/23233","external_links_name":"23233"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2489616","external_links_name":"2489616"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/9624","external_links_name":"9624"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1014464","external_links_name":"1014464"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=557710","external_links_name":"557710"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=182928","external_links_name":"182928"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Granatellus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cdai_Yamamoto_I_Site
|
Ōdai Yamamoto I Site
|
["1 Overview","2 Dating","3 Genetics","4 See also","5 References"]
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Coordinates: 41°04′02″N 140°33′18″E / 41.06722°N 140.55500°E / 41.06722; 140.55500Ōdai Yamamoto I Site大平山元I遺跡Ōdai Yamamoto I SiteŌdai Yamamoto I siteShow map of Aomori PrefectureŌdai Yamamoto I Site (Japan)Show map of JapanLocationSotogahama, Aomori, JapanRegionTōhoku regionCoordinates41°04′02″N 140°33′18″E / 41.06722°N 140.55500°E / 41.06722; 140.55500TypesettlementHistoryFoundedJōmon periodSite notesDiscovered1998Excavation dates1998Public accessYes (facilities are under construction at the site)National Historic Site of Japan
Fragments of earthenware discovered at Ōdai Yamamoto I
The Ōdai Yamamoto I Site (大平山元I遺跡, Ōdaiyamamoto ichi iseki) is a Jōmon archaeological site in the town of Sotogahama, Aomori Prefecture, in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. Excavations in 1998 uncovered forty-six earthenware fragments which have been dated as early as 14,500 BC (ca 16,500 BP); this places them among the earliest pottery currently known. As the earliest in Japan, this marks the transition from the Japanese Paleolithic to Incipient Jōmon. Other pottery of a similar date has been found at Gasya and Khummi on the lower Amur River. Such a date puts the development of pottery before the warming at the end of the Pleistocene.
Overview
The Odai Yamamoto I site is located on a fluvial terrace at an altitude of 26 meters (85 ft) on the left bank of the Kanita River that flows into Mutsu Bay on the eastern side of the Tsugaru Peninsula. Pottery shards found during the rebuilding of a private residence in 1998 were submitted for radiocarbon dating by the Aomori Prefectural Board of Education, and were found to have been produced 16,500 years ago, making it the oldest known pottery in the world at that time. A total of 148 square meters (1,590 sq ft) was excavated in 1998. Further finds included axes, spearheads, arrowheads, scrapers, blades, and anvils, mostly of local shale but some also of obsidian. The arrowheads are of special significance as they push back the beginnings of the history of archery. As no indication of permanent dwellings have been found at the site, it is assumed that the ancient inhabitants of this area were still nomadic.
The site forms part of a serial nomination submitted in 2009 for future inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List, under criteria iii and iv: Jōmon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidō, Northern Tōhoku, and other regions. Work began on the site in 2019 to improve public access to a section of the excavated area.
Dating
Thirty of the forty-six fragments of pottery, all from the same vessel, had carbonized residues, suggesting its use for the cooking of foodstuffs. Eight AMS radiocarbon dates were generated from five of the fragments and three pieces of associated charred wood; these suggested a date of 11,800 to 11,500 BC. With calibration, this dating was pushed back to 14,500 to 14,000, as early as around 16,500 BP. Other datings have given a range between 13780 ± 170 and 12680 ± 140 BC. This makes the Odai Yamamoto I site important to the understanding of the transition between the Pleistocene and the Holocene. In recognition of their importance, the excavated artifacts have been designated a Municipal Cultural Property.
Stoneware and pottery excavated from the Odai Yamamoto I site is preserved at the Oyama Furusato Museum at Oyama Elementary School. The site received protection as a National Historic Site of Japan in 2013.
Genetics
Jōmon samples from the Ōdai Yamamoto I site differ from Jōmon samples of Hokkaido and geographically close eastern Honshu. Ōdai Yamamoto Jōmon were found to have C1a1 and are genetically close to ancient and modern Northeast Asian groups but notably different from other Jōmon samples such as Ikawazu or Urawa Jōmon. Similarly, the Nagano Jōmon from the Yugora cave site are closely related to contemporary East Asians but genetically different from the Ainu people which are direct descendants of the Hokkaido Jōmon.
One study, published in the Cambridge University Press in 2020, suggests that the Jōmon people were rather heterogeneous, and that many Jōmon groups were descended from an ancient "Altaic-like" population (close to modern Tungusic-speakers, samplified by Oroqen), which established itself over the local hunter gatherers. This “Altaic-like” population migrated from Northeast Asia in about 6000BC, and coexisted with other unrelated tribes and/or intermixed with them, before being replaced by the later Yayoi people. C1a1 and C2 are linked to the "Tungusic-like people", which arrived in the Jōmon period archipelago from Northeast Asia in about 6,000 BC and introduced the Incipient Jōmon culture, typified by early ceramic cultures such as the Ōdai Yamamoto I Site.
See also
Jōmon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidō, Northern Tōhoku, and other regions
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Aomori)
Thermoluminescence dating
References
^ Habu Junko (2004). Ancient Jomon of Japan (Case Studies in Early Societies). Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–42. ISBN 978-0-521-77213-6.
^ "大平山元Ｉ遺跡 －日本最古の土器出土－" (in Japanese). Aomori Prefecture. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h Kaner, S. (2003). "Jomon pottery, Japan". Current World Archaeology. Current Publishing. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ a b Stark, Miriam T., ed. (2005). "Early Communities in East Asia:Economic and Sociopolitical Organization at the Local and Regional Levels". Archaeology of Asia (Blackwell Studies in Global Archaeology). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 77–95. ISBN 978-1-405-10212-4.
^ Li Liu; Xingcan Chen (2012). The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–9. ISBN 978-0-521-64432-7.
^ "Jômon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidô, Northern Tôhoku, and other regions". UNESCO. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
^ "「北海道・北東北を中心とした縄文遺跡群」の世界文化遺産登録をめざして" (in Japanese). Hokkaidō Government Board of Education. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
^ "北海道・北東北を中心とした縄文遺跡群" (in Japanese). Aomori City. Archived from the original on 20 April 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
^ "Sotogahama Public Relations Magazine" (PDF) (in Japanese). Town of Sotogahama. April 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
^ Jaubert, Jacques (2006). "Recent Paleolithic Studies in Japan-Proceedings for Tainted Evidence and Restoration of Confidence in the Pleistocene Archaeology of the Japanese Archipelago by K. Yajima (Review)". Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française (in French). 103 (2). Société Préhistorique Française: 404–6. JSTOR 41221027.
^ "外ヶ浜町文化財一覧" (PDF) (in Japanese). Sotogahama Town. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
^ "大平山元I遺跡" (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs.
^ Adachi et al. 2013
^ Kanzawa-Kiriyama 2013
^ Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Driem, George van (2020). "Munda languages are father tongues, but Japanese and Korean are not". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.14. ISSN 2513-843X. PMID 37588351.
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Excavations in 1998 uncovered forty-six earthenware fragments which have been dated as early as 14,500 BC (ca 16,500 BP); this places them among the earliest pottery currently known.[1][2][3] As the earliest in Japan, this marks the transition from the Japanese Paleolithic to Incipient Jōmon.[4] Other pottery of a similar date has been found at Gasya and Khummi on the lower Amur River.[5] Such a date puts the development of pottery before the warming at the end of the Pleistocene.[4]","title":"Ōdai Yamamoto I Site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fluvial terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvial_terrace"},{"link_name":"Mutsu Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutsu_Bay"},{"link_name":"Tsugaru Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsugaru_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"radiocarbon dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World-3"},{"link_name":"shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale"},{"link_name":"obsidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World-3"},{"link_name":"history of archery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World-3"},{"link_name":"future inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_List#Nominating_process"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_List"},{"link_name":"iii and iv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Cultural_criteria"},{"link_name":"Jōmon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidō, Northern Tōhoku, and other regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_Archaeological_Sites_in_Hokkaid%C5%8D,_Northern_T%C5%8Dhoku,_and_other_regions"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Odai Yamamoto I site is located on a fluvial terrace at an altitude of 26 meters (85 ft) on the left bank of the Kanita River that flows into Mutsu Bay on the eastern side of the Tsugaru Peninsula. Pottery shards found during the rebuilding of a private residence in 1998 were submitted for radiocarbon dating by the Aomori Prefectural Board of Education, and were found to have been produced 16,500 years ago, making it the oldest known pottery in the world at that time. A total of 148 square meters (1,590 sq ft) was excavated in 1998.[3] Further finds included axes, spearheads, arrowheads, scrapers, blades, and anvils, mostly of local shale but some also of obsidian.[3] The arrowheads are of special significance as they push back the beginnings of the history of archery. As no indication of permanent dwellings have been found at the site, it is assumed that the ancient inhabitants of this area were still nomadic.[3]The site forms part of a serial nomination submitted in 2009 for future inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List, under criteria iii and iv: Jōmon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidō, Northern Tōhoku, and other regions.[6][7][8] Work began on the site in 2019 to improve public access to a section of the excavated area.[9]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World-3"},{"link_name":"AMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerator_mass_spectrometry"},{"link_name":"radiocarbon dates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World-3"},{"link_name":"calibration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating#Calibration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World-3"},{"link_name":"±","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus-minus_sign"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Holocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World-3"},{"link_name":"designated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Properties_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"National Historic Site of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bunka-12"}],"text":"Thirty of the forty-six fragments of pottery, all from the same vessel, had carbonized residues, suggesting its use for the cooking of foodstuffs.[3] Eight AMS radiocarbon dates were generated from five of the fragments and three pieces of associated charred wood; these suggested a date of 11,800 to 11,500 BC.[3] With calibration, this dating was pushed back to 14,500 to 14,000, as early as around 16,500 BP.[3] Other datings have given a range between 13780 ± 170 and 12680 ± 140 BC.[10] This makes the Odai Yamamoto I site important to the understanding of the transition between the Pleistocene and the Holocene.[3] In recognition of their importance, the excavated artifacts have been designated a Municipal Cultural Property.[11]Stoneware and pottery excavated from the Odai Yamamoto I site is preserved at the Oyama Furusato Museum at Oyama Elementary School. The site received protection as a National Historic Site of Japan in 2013.[12]","title":"Dating"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hokkaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido"},{"link_name":"Honshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honshu"},{"link_name":"C1a1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M8"},{"link_name":"Nagano Jōmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagano_J%C5%8Dmon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yugora cave site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yugora_cave_site&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Tungusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Oroqen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroqen_people"},{"link_name":"Northeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Yayoi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayoi_people"},{"link_name":"Tungusic-like people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Northeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Jōmon samples from the Ōdai Yamamoto I site differ from Jōmon samples of Hokkaido and geographically close eastern Honshu. Ōdai Yamamoto Jōmon were found to have C1a1 and are genetically close to ancient and modern Northeast Asian groups but notably different from other Jōmon samples such as Ikawazu or Urawa Jōmon. Similarly, the Nagano Jōmon from the Yugora cave site are closely related to contemporary East Asians but genetically different from the Ainu people which are direct descendants of the Hokkaido Jōmon.[13][14]One study, published in the Cambridge University Press in 2020, suggests that the Jōmon people were rather heterogeneous, and that many Jōmon groups were descended from an ancient \"Altaic-like\" population (close to modern Tungusic-speakers, samplified by Oroqen), which established itself over the local hunter gatherers. This “Altaic-like” population migrated from Northeast Asia in about 6000BC, and coexisted with other unrelated tribes and/or intermixed with them, before being replaced by the later Yayoi people. C1a1 and C2 are linked to the \"Tungusic-like people\", which arrived in the Jōmon period archipelago from Northeast Asia in about 6,000 BC and introduced the Incipient Jōmon culture, typified by early ceramic cultures such as the Ōdai Yamamoto I Site.[15]","title":"Genetics"}]
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[{"reference":"Habu Junko (2004). Ancient Jomon of Japan (Case Studies in Early Societies). Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–42. ISBN 978-0-521-77213-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77213-6","url_text":"978-0-521-77213-6"}]},{"reference":"\"大平山元Ｉ遺跡 －日本最古の土器出土－\" [Ōdaiyamamoto Ichi Site - Excavation of Japan's Earliest Earthenware] (in Japanese). Aomori Prefecture. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120620233139/http://www.pref.aomori.lg.jp/bunka/culture/oodaiyamamoto.html","url_text":"\"大平山元Ｉ遺跡 －日本最古の土器出土－\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture","url_text":"Aomori Prefecture"},{"url":"http://www.pref.aomori.lg.jp/bunka/culture/oodaiyamamoto.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kaner, S. (2003). \"Jomon pottery, Japan\". Current World Archaeology. Current Publishing. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130318010302/http://www.world-archaeology.com/features/jomon-pottery-japan/","url_text":"\"Jomon pottery, Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_World_Archaeology","url_text":"Current World Archaeology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Publishing_(UK)","url_text":"Current Publishing"}]},{"reference":"Stark, Miriam T., ed. (2005). \"Early Communities in East Asia:Economic and Sociopolitical Organization at the Local and Regional Levels\". Archaeology of Asia (Blackwell Studies in Global Archaeology). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 77–95. ISBN 978-1-405-10212-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Stark","url_text":"Stark, Miriam T."},{"url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/GaryCrawford/Papers/854587/East_Asian_plant_domestication","url_text":"Archaeology of Asia (Blackwell Studies in Global Archaeology)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell","url_text":"Wiley-Blackwell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-405-10212-4","url_text":"978-1-405-10212-4"}]},{"reference":"Li Liu; Xingcan Chen (2012). The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–9. ISBN 978-0-521-64432-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Liu_(archaeologist)","url_text":"Li Liu"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oX6gs6TAZdEC&pg=PA68","url_text":"The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64432-7","url_text":"978-0-521-64432-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Jômon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidô, Northern Tôhoku, and other regions\". UNESCO. Retrieved 12 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5398/","url_text":"\"Jômon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidô, Northern Tôhoku, and other regions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO","url_text":"UNESCO"}]},{"reference":"\"「北海道・北東北を中心とした縄文遺跡群」の世界文化遺産登録をめざして\" [Towards World Heritage Inscription of \"Jōmon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidō, Northern Tōhoku, and other regions\"] (in Japanese). Hokkaidō Government Board of Education. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130508142405/http://www.dokyoi.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/hk/bnh/wh.htm","url_text":"\"「北海道・北東北を中心とした縄文遺跡群」の世界文化遺産登録をめざして\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D","url_text":"Hokkaidō Government Board of Education"},{"url":"http://www.dokyoi.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/hk/bnh/wh.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"北海道・北東北を中心とした縄文遺跡群\" [Jōmon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidō, Northern Tōhoku, and other regions] (in Japanese). Aomori City. Archived from the original on 20 April 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120420094030/http://www.city.aomori.aomori.jp/view.rbz?cd=3998","url_text":"\"北海道・北東北を中心とした縄文遺跡群\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aomori,_Aomori","url_text":"Aomori City"},{"url":"http://www.city.aomori.aomori.jp/view.rbz?cd=3998","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sotogahama Public Relations Magazine\" (PDF) (in Japanese). Town of Sotogahama. April 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.town.sotogahama.lg.jp/soumu/kouhou/2019/201904_soto_prm.pdf","url_text":"\"Sotogahama Public Relations Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"Jaubert, Jacques (2006). \"Recent Paleolithic Studies in Japan-Proceedings for Tainted Evidence and Restoration of Confidence in the Pleistocene Archaeology of the Japanese Archipelago by K. Yajima (Review)\". Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française (in French). 103 (2). Société Préhistorique Française: 404–6. JSTOR 41221027.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Jaubert","url_text":"Jaubert, Jacques"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41221027","url_text":"41221027"}]},{"reference":"\"外ヶ浜町文化財一覧\" [List of the Cultural Properties of Sotogahama] (PDF) (in Japanese). Sotogahama Town. Retrieved 18 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.town.sotogahama.lg.jp/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%B2%A1%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7%E8%A1%A8.pdf","url_text":"\"外ヶ浜町文化財一覧\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotogahama,_Aomori","url_text":"Sotogahama Town"}]},{"reference":"\"大平山元I遺跡\" [Odai Yamamoto iseki] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs.","urls":[{"url":"https://bunka.nii.ac.jp/heritages/detail/231271","url_text":"\"大平山元I遺跡\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs","url_text":"Agency for Cultural Affairs"}]},{"reference":"Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Driem, George van (2020). \"Munda languages are father tongues, but Japanese and Korean are not\". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.14. ISSN 2513-843X. PMID 37588351.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2020.14","url_text":"\"Munda languages are father tongues, but Japanese and Korean are not\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fehs.2020.14","url_text":"10.1017/ehs.2020.14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2513-843X","url_text":"2513-843X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37588351","url_text":"37588351"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Marques_Mendes
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António Marques Mendes
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["1 Background","2 Career","3 Family","4 References"]
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Portuguese lawyer and politician
António Joaquim Bastos Marques Mendes (30 March 1934 – 15 June 2015) was a Portuguese lawyer and politician.
Background
He was born in Porto, Paranhos, a son of Joaquim Marques Mendes (Fornos de Algodres, Figueiró da Granja, 3 March 1892 – Porto, Paranhos, 19 January 1941), Director of Services in the Correios, Telégrafos e Telefones, and wife (m. Fafe, São Romão de Arões, 20 April 1933) Antónia Pereira da Costa Bastos (Fafe, São Romão de Arões, 18 December 1904 – Fafe, São Romão de Arões, 2 October 1990). He died in Porto in 2015.
Career
He is a Licentiate in Law from the Faculty of Law of the University of Coimbra.
He started his career as a lawyer.
Among other things he was a Co-Founder and a Member of the Social Democratic Party together with Francisco Sá Carneiro, Francisco Pinto Balsemão, Joaquim Magalhães Mota, Carlos Mota Pinto, João Bosco Mota Amaral, Alberto João Jardim and António Barbosa de Melo of then Popular Democratic Party. He became Mayor of the Municipal Chamber of Fafe, Deputy to the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic and also a Representative at the European Parliament for his Party.
Family
He married at Fafe, São Romão de Arões, on 29 November 1956 Maria Isabel Gonçalves, born in Fafe, Cepães, on 10 July 1933, an Elementary School teacher, daughter of Gervásio Gonçalves (Fafe, Cepães, Carreira, 1 June 1905 – Guimarães, Creixomil, 19 May 1993), an Industrialist, and first wife (m. Felgueiras, Felgueiras, 25 June 1928) Isabel Teixeira (Felgueiras, Jugueiras, 11 October 1902 – 22 August 1980). They are the parents of Luís Marques Mendes.
References
^ "Morreu António Marques Mendes, fundador do PSD" (in Portuguese). Sol. June 15, 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
^ a b c Ribera, José António Moya, Costados, N.º 126
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Portugal
This article about a mayor in Portugal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Fafe, São Romão de Arões, 20 April 1933) Antónia Pereira da Costa Bastos (Fafe, São Romão de Arões, 18 December 1904 – Fafe, São Romão de Arões, 2 October 1990).[2] He died in Porto in 2015.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Licentiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)"},{"link_name":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Law"},{"link_name":"University of Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Coimbra"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"Francisco Sá Carneiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_S%C3%A1_Carneiro"},{"link_name":"Francisco Pinto Balsemão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pinto_Balsem%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Joaquim Magalhães Mota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Magalh%C3%A3es_Mota"},{"link_name":"Carlos Mota Pinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Mota_Pinto"},{"link_name":"João Bosco Mota Amaral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Bosco_Mota_Amaral"},{"link_name":"Alberto João Jardim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Jo%C3%A3o_Jardim"},{"link_name":"António Barbosa de Melo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Barbosa_de_Melo"},{"link_name":"Popular Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"Municipal Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Chamber"},{"link_name":"Fafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fafe"},{"link_name":"Deputy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_(legislator)"},{"link_name":"Assembly of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"}],"text":"He is a Licentiate in Law from the Faculty of Law of the University of Coimbra.He started his career as a lawyer.Among other things he was a Co-Founder and a Member of the Social Democratic Party together with Francisco Sá Carneiro, Francisco Pinto Balsemão, Joaquim Magalhães Mota, Carlos Mota Pinto, João Bosco Mota Amaral, Alberto João Jardim and António Barbosa de Melo of then Popular Democratic Party. He became Mayor of the Municipal Chamber of Fafe, Deputy to the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic and also a Representative at the European Parliament for his Party.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fafe"},{"link_name":"Fafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fafe"},{"link_name":"Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_School"},{"link_name":"teacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher"},{"link_name":"Fafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fafe"},{"link_name":"Guimarães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es"},{"link_name":"Industrialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialist"},{"link_name":"Felgueiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felgueiras,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Luís Marques Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Marques_Mendes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"}],"text":"He married at Fafe, São Romão de Arões, on 29 November 1956 Maria Isabel Gonçalves, born in Fafe, Cepães, on 10 July 1933, an Elementary School teacher, daughter of Gervásio Gonçalves (Fafe, Cepães, Carreira, 1 June 1905 – Guimarães, Creixomil, 19 May 1993), an Industrialist, and first wife (m. Felgueiras, Felgueiras, 25 June 1928) Isabel Teixeira (Felgueiras, Jugueiras, 11 October 1902 – 22 August 1980). They are the parents of Luís Marques Mendes.[2]","title":"Family"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_Sanguinetti
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Gianfranco Sanguinetti
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["1 Biography","2 Published works","3 Notes and references","4 Sources","5 External links"]
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Italian writer and member of the Situationist International
Gianfranco Sanguinetti (born 16 July 1948, Pully, Switzerland) is a writer who was a member of the Situationist International (SI), a political art movement. He is Teresa Mattei's son.
Biography
Sanguinetti was deported from France in 1971 and settled in Italy.
By 1972, Sanguinetti and Guy Debord were the only two remaining members of the SI. Together they wrote "The Veritable Split In The International" a book detailing the rise and fall of the SI.
Again working with Debord, in August 1975, Sanguinetti wrote a pamphlet titled Rapporto veridico sulle ultima opportunita di salvare il capitalismo in Italia (Eng: The Real Report on the Last Chance to Save Capitalism in Italy), which (inspired by Niccolò Machiavelli and Bruno Bauer) purported to be the cynical writing of "Censor", a powerful industrialist. The pamphlet was to show how the ruling class of Italy supported the Piazza Fontana bombing and other covert, false flag mass slaughter, for the higher goal of defending the capitalist status quo from the communist claims. The pamphlet was mailed to 520 of Italy's most powerful individuals. It was received as genuine, and powerful politicians, industrialists and journalist praised its content and guessed on the identity of its high-profile author. After reprinting the tract into a small book, Sanguinetti revealed himself to be the true author. Scandal raised after the revelation, and under pressure from Italian authorities, Sanguinetti left Italy in February 1976, and was denied entry to France.
Published works
The Real Report on the Last Chance to Save Capitalism in Italy (1975)
On Terrorism and the State (1979)
Remedy to Everything (1980)
Notes and references
^ NAR Features
^ Gianfranco Sanguinetti
Sources
Éditions Champ Libre, Correspondance, volume 2, éditions Champ Libre, 1981
Guy Debord, Correspondance, volumes 4 et 5, Fayard
Christophe Bourseiller, Histoire générale de l'ultra-gauche, Denoël, ISBN 2207251632
External links
Wikisource has original works by or about:Gianfranco Sanguinetti
Gianfranco Sanguinetti: Texts in translation by Not Bored!
(in French) Brief story of the Italian section of the International situationist by Miguel Amorós
Gianfranco Sanguinetti Papers. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
2
VIAF
2
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Croatia
Netherlands
Poland
Other
IdRef
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascha_(disambiguation)
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Pascha
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["1 See also"]
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Look up Pascha or pascha in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Pascha or spelling variants may refer to:
Passover, the Aramaic spelling of the Hebrew word Pesach
Pesach seder, the festive meal beginning the 14th and ending on the 15th of Nisan
Easter, central religious feast in the Christian liturgical year
Paskha, an Easter dish served in several Slavic countries
Paska (bread), an Easter bread served in Ukraine
Christian observance of Passover, a holiday celebrated by a small number of Christians
German spelling of Pasha
Pascha (brothel), a large brothel in Cologne, Germany
Edmund Pascha (1714–1772), preacher, organist, and composer
See also
Pasch (surname)
Paschal (disambiguation)
Pascal (disambiguation)
Pasha (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pascha.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pascha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pascha"},{"link_name":"pascha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pascha"},{"link_name":"Passover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover"},{"link_name":"Pesach seder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesach_seder"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"Paskha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paskha"},{"link_name":"Paska (bread)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paska_(bread)"},{"link_name":"Christian observance of Passover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_observance_of_Passover"},{"link_name":"Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha"},{"link_name":"Pascha (brothel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascha_(brothel)"},{"link_name":"Edmund Pascha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Pascha"}],"text":"Look up Pascha or pascha in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Pascha or spelling variants may refer to:Passover, the Aramaic spelling of the Hebrew word Pesach\nPesach seder, the festive meal beginning the 14th and ending on the 15th of Nisan\nEaster, central religious feast in the Christian liturgical year\nPaskha, an Easter dish served in several Slavic countries\nPaska (bread), an Easter bread served in Ukraine\nChristian observance of Passover, a holiday celebrated by a small number of Christians\nGerman spelling of Pasha\nPascha (brothel), a large brothel in Cologne, Germany\nEdmund Pascha (1714–1772), preacher, organist, and composer","title":"Pascha"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Pasch (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasch_(surname)"},{"title":"Paschal (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschal_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Pascal (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Pasha (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Pascha&namespace=0"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Pascha&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrick_on_Suir_railway_station
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Carrick-on-Suir railway station
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["1 History","2 Statistics","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°20′57″N 7°24′16″W / 52.349084°N 7.404536°W / 52.349084; -7.404536Railway station in County Tipperary, Ireland
Carrick-on-SuirCarraig na SiúireGeneral informationLocationCregg Road, Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary, E32 XN82IrelandCoordinates52°20′57″N 7°24′16″W / 52.349084°N 7.404536°W / 52.349084; -7.404536Owned byIarnród ÉireannOperated byIarnród ÉireannPlatforms2 (including 1 not in use)Tracks1ConstructionStructure typeAt-gradeOther informationStation codeCKOSRFare zoneHHistoryOpened15 April 1853Original companyWaterford, Limerick and Western RailwayPre-groupingGreat Southern and Western RailwayPost-groupingGreat Southern Railways
vteLimerick–Rosslare
Legend
Yearclosed
Limerick Colbert
to Foynes
2009
Western Railway Corridorto Galway
Killonan
1963
Limerick–Ballybrophy line
Boher
1963
Dromkeen
1976
Pallas Grean
1963
Oola
1963
← Dublin–Cork line →
Limerick Junction
Tipperary
Bansha
1963
River Suir
Cahir
Clonmel
to Thurles
1967
Kilsheelan
1963
Carrick-on-Suir
Fiddown and Portlaw
1855
Grange
1963
Dublin–Waterford line
Mallow–Waterford line
1967
Waterford West goods yard
Waterford Plunkett
to New Ross
1995
River Barrow
Campile
2010
Ballycullane
2010
Wellingtonbridge
2010
Duncormick
1976
Bridgetown
2010
Killinick
1976
Felthouse Junctioncurve closed 1918 Dublin–Rosslare Line
Rosslare Strand
Kilrane
1963
Rosslare Europort
Carrick-on-Suir railway station serves the town of Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary in Ireland.
It has a weekday passenger service of two trains to Waterford and two to Limerick Junction. There is no Sunday service. Until 19 January 2013 (inclusive) there were three trains each way. However the late-morning Waterford to Limerick Junction and early-afternoon Limerick Junction to Waterford trains are now discontinued.
The station consists of two platforms, a waiting room, toilets and small car park at present free for rail passengers. The second platform, on which the signal cabin is located, was served by a passing loop until November 2013.
There is also a siding, used by the Irish Traction Group to store preserved diesel locomotives.
History
The station opened on 15 April 1853.
The station in 1993
Statistics
Passenger statistics are compiled by the National Transport Authority. The passenger decline is due to unreliable timetables.
Year
Daily Passengers Exit and Entry
Change
2012
22
NA
2013
10
12
2014
13
3
2015
1
12
2016
9
8
2017
12
3
See also
List of railway stations in Ireland
References
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "New Rail Timetable for 2013 - Iarnród Éireann - Irish Rail". Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
^ "Carrick on Suir station" (PDF). Railscot - Irish Railways. Retrieved 7 September 2007.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). fe49d9ec8511d2dc0553-f8f415f79bf5d37d632aa2f721fb6d7c.ssl.cf3.rackcdn.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Carrick-on-Suir: Rail station unused due to unreliable timetable". The Irish Times.
^ "National Heavy Rail Census Report 2016" (PDF). National Transport Authority. September 2017.
^ "National Heavy Rail Census Report 2017" (PDF). National Transport Authority. July 2018.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carrick on Suir railway station.
Irish Rail Carrick-on-Suir Station website
Irish Traction Group site about their Carrick on Suir base
South Tipperary Rail & Bus Website
Preceding station
Iarnród Éireann
Following station
Clonmel
InterCityLimerick-Rosslare railway line
WaterfordPlunkett
Disused railways
Kilsheelan
Great Southern and Western RailwayLimerick-Rosslare railway line
Fiddown
This Ireland railway station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"The station in 1993","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carrick-on-Suir_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2236118.jpg/220px-Carrick-on-Suir_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2236118.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of railway stations in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Ireland"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai_Metro
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Madurai Metro
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["1 History","1.1 Background","2 Project timeline","3 Proposed corridors","3.1 Phase I","3.2 Phase II","3.3 Phase I planning","4 See also","5 References"]
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Rapid transit system proposed for Madurai, India
Madurai MetroOverviewOwnerTNMRCArea servedMaduraiLocaleMadurai, Tamil NaduTransit typeRapid transitNumber of lines3Line numberPhase-1* Line 1 (Madurai Metro)Phase-2* Line 2 (Madurai Metro)* Line 3 (Madurai Metro)Chief executiveChennai Metro Rail LimitedHeadquartersMadurai metropolitan areaOperationBegan operationProposedOperation will startDecember 2027Operator(s)CMRLTrain length3 coachesTechnicalTop speed60 km/h (37 mph)
Madurai Metro, is a proposed rapid transit system for Madurai, Tamil Nadu. It arose from a Madurai Metrolite system, part of a major expansion of public transport in the city and one of the projects devised by the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu J.Jayalalithaa.
As of March 2023, the DPR preparation contract was awarded to Aarvee Associates. It was ready by July 2023, with construction work planned to commence by end of 2024.
History
Background
As the monorail market is estimated to be ₹72,000 crore (US$10 billion) in India, the then Governor of Tamil Nadu, Banwarilal Purohit announced in Legislative assembly that the Government of Tamil Nadu had decided to do a feasibility study for introducing monorail system in Madurai along with Salem, Thiruchirappalli, and Tirunelveli.
In 2020, the government has earmarked a sum of about ₹60,000 crore (US$8.4 billion) for metro and monorail projects in Tamil Nadu. At that time SASTRA, using Geographical Information System (GIS) tools, had worked out a proposal for a suburban railway route for Madurai City.
Madurai proposed routes for monorail were:
Tirumangalam – Mattuthavani - via. Kappalur, Thirunagar, Thiruparankundram, Palanganatham, TN polytechnic, Madurai Railway station, Simmakkal, Goripalayam, Tallakulam, Madurai Dist court.
Thiruparankundrum – Park Town - via. Thiruparankundrum Temple, Airport, SN College, Avaniapuram, Villapuram, South Gate, Keelavasal, Nelpettai, Goripalayam, Narimedu, Incometax office, Krishnapuram colony, Viswanathapuram, P & T Nagar.
Kochadai – Viraganur - via. Kalavasal, Arappalayam, Ellis Nagar, Madurai Railway station, Vilakuthoon, Keelavasal, Munichalai, Teppakulam.
Vandiyur – Iyer Bungalow - via. Anna Nagar, Suguna stores, Aravind Eye Hospital, K. K. Nagar, Anna Bus stand, GH, Goripalayam, Reserve Line, K. Pudur
Anuppanadi - Koodal Nagar - Via Teppakulam, Anna nagar, Apollo Hospitals, Mattuthavani, Surveyor Colony, Mahatma Gandhi Nagar, Anaiyur
Tirumangalam to Melur - Tirumangalam, Kappalur, Thoppur, Tirunagar, Vadapalanji, Madurai Kamaraj University, Nagamalai, Nagari, Samayanallur, Vilangudi, Koodal nagar, Arappalayam Bus Terminus, Simmakal, Madurai railway Jn, Periyar Bus Terminus, Jaihindpuram, Villapuram, Mahal, Teppakulam, Anna nagar, Vandiyur, Pondy koil, Mattuthavani, High Court, TVS Srichakra, Melur.
Azhagar-koil to Avaniapuram - Azhagarkoil, Moondru Mavadi, K.Pudur, KK Nagar, G.H., Goripalayam, Sellur, Koodal nagar, Arapalayam BS, P.P. chavadi (in Theni main rd), Bye pass rd (Ponmeni), Vasantha Nagar roundana, T V S Nagar, Pykara, Thirupprankundram, Nilaiyur, Airport, Mandela nagar, Transport Nagar (along ring road), Avaniapuram.
Transfer Points were: Avaniyapuram, Goripalayam, Madurai Railway station, Periyar Bus stand, Keelavasal, Anna Nagar, Teppakulam, Mattuthavani, Tiruparankundrum
The Government of Tamilnadu proposed for a Metro Rail in Madurai, the third largest city in the state of Tamilnadu. CMRL releases tender notice for preparing the project's feasibility report in March, 2022 and BARSYL bags the tender to prepare feasibility study with the deadline of May, 2022
Project timeline
2012: Tamil Nadu Government under J. Jayalalithaa announces monorail project for Tier II cities such as Madurai, Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli and Salem
2021: Tamil Nadu Government under M. K. Stalin announces metro rail projects for Tier II cities such as Madurai
2022: BARSYL bags the tender to prepare feasibility study for the mass rapid transportation system in Madurai
2022 November: Madurai metro rail will cover 29 km with 17 stations in phase 1 stated by the DFR prepared by Balaji Rail Road Systems (BARSYL) and the Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
2022 December: Detailed Project Report (DPR) was awaited for Madurai Metro
2023 March: Aarvee Associates bags the tender to prepare Detailed Project Report (DPR) for 1.35 crores.
Proposed corridors
Phase I
Proposed Metro Rail Routes in Madurai at Phase-1 stage
Madurai Metro
Corridor No
Line
From
To
Roads
Via
Length(km)
Number of Stations
1
Line-1
Tirumangalam
Chittampatti Junction
Tiruparankundram Road, Mattuthavani High Road
AIIMS, Thiruparankundram, Periyar Bus Terminus, MGR Bus Terminus, Meenakshi Temple, Madras High Court- Madurai Bench
31
22
Phase II
Proposed Metro Rail Routes in Madurai at Phase-II stage
Madurai Metro
Corridor No
Line
From
To
Via
Length(km)
Number of Stations
2
Line-2
Kattapuli Nagar
Madurai International Airport
Samayanallur, Paravai, Fatima College, Madurai Junction, MGR Bus Terminus, Meenakshi Temple, Perungudi
20
14
3
Line-3
Manalur
Chekanurani
Velammal College, Keelavasal, Madurai Junction, MGR Bus Terminus, Meenakshi Temple, Kalavasal, Nagamalai Pudukkottai
23
19
Phase I planning
“For the 29-km distance in phase 1, the route has been planned from Otthakadai through areas like Mattuthavani, Pudur to Tirumangalam in elevated lines. However, due to the presence of the Meenakshi Temple in the area, suggestions have also been placed for underground lines near Vaigai River and Periyar bus stand,” added the official.
Subsequently, for phase 2, the proposal includes locations such as Thirumangalam, Madurai Airport, and Therkuvasal ultimately connecting to corridor 1 of phase 1.
The 10 important stations earmarked as per DFR include Otthakadai station, Madurai High Court station, Pudur station, Simmakal station, Madurai junction Metro station, Pasumalai station, Thiru Nagar station, Thoppur station, Kappalur and Thirumangalam Metro stations.
“The number of stations will likely be added during the DPR and the construction. However, of the 17 stations in the 29 km distance, 10 stations in important locations have been earmarked as per the footfall and feasibility,” observed the official.
See also
Chennai Metro
Coimbatore Metro
Kochi Metro
List of Madurai metro stations
References
^ "Firm picked to prepare Madurai metro DPR". The Times of India. 27 March 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
^ "Madurai Metro Rail: 27 Stations Planned for the Project, DPR to be Submitted by 15 July". Metro Rail News. 29 June 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
^ Shrikumar, A. (22 January 2020). "Waiting for metro: stakeholders pitch points". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ "Will push for metro rail, bus port in Madurai: Revenue min | Madurai News - Times of India". The Times of India. TNN. 5 January 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ Mallady, Shastry V. (14 February 2020). "Why no Metro Rail for our Madurai? asks TN Chamber". Lotus Times | Madurai | Tamilnadu | Lotus Times. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ "மதுரையில் மெட்ரோ ரயில் திட்டம்..? மத்திய அமைச்சரின் அதிரடி பதில்..!". Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd (in Tamil). Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ "Archive News". The Hindu. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ Narasimhan, T. E. (25 January 2010). "Scomi eyes partners for monorail projects". Business Standard India. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ "மதுரையில் போக்குவரத்து நெரிசலை தவிர்க்க மெட்ரோ ரயில் திட்டம்". www.dinakaran.com. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ Dc; Chennai. "Jayalalithaa plans perfect future for Tamil Nadu". The Asian Age. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ "Archive News". The Hindu. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ Dc; Chennai. "Jayalalithaa plans perfect future for Tamil Nadu". The Asian Age. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ "Metro rail plan for Madurai, a great move".
^ "CMRL to do a feasibility study for building mass rapid transit in three cities".
^ "BARSYL bags the tender to prepare feasibility study for MRTS in Madurai".
^ "Metro feasibility report to be ready by May".
^ Dc; Chennai. "Jayalalithaa plans perfect future for Tamil Nadu". The Asian Age. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ "Feasibility study for Madurai MRTS to start soon".
^ Sampath, Nirupa. "Madurai metro rail will cover 29km with 17 stations in phase 1". DT next. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
^ "Firm picked to prepare Madurai metro DPR". The Times of India. 27 March 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
^ "Tender floated to prepare detailed project report for Madurai metro". Retrieved 15 April 2023.
^ "Madurai metro to link airport in phase II; 5 km to be underground". Retrieved 7 April 2023.
^ Staff, T. N. M. (20 February 2023). "Madurai metro: CMRL submits feasibility report, three things to know". The News Minute. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
vteMadurai MetroRed Line 1
Tirumangalam
Kappalur Toll Plaza
Dharmathupatty
Thoppur
Thanakankulam
Thirunagar
Thiruparankundram
Pasumalai
Vasantha Nagar
Madura College
Madurai Junction ■ ■
Therkuvasal
Simmakkal
Goripalayam
Outpost
K.Pudur
Mattuthavani
Uthangudi
High Court Bench
Othakkadai
Agriculture College
Chittampatti Junction
Green Line 2
Kattapuli Nagar
Samayanallur
Athisiyam Park
Paravai
Vilangudi
Fatima College
Thathaneri
Sellur
Madurai Junction ■ ■
Therkuvasal ■
Villapuram
Avaniapuram
Perungudi
Airport
Purple Line 3
Manalur
Silaiman
Puliyankulam
Velammal College
Viraganoor
Teppakulam
Munichalai
Keelavasal
Therkuvasal ■
Madurai Junction ■ ■
Arasaradi
Arapalayam
Bethaniapuram
Kalavasal
HMS Colony
Achampattu
Nagamalai Pudukkottai
Vadapalanji
Chekanurani
Depot(s)
■ Tirumangalam (TBC)
■ Kattapuli Nagar (TBC)
■ Manalur (TBC)
See also
List of Madurai Metro stations
*Stations in Italics are Proposed
vte Urban rail transit in IndiaSuburbanrailOperational
Chennai Suburban Railway
Delhi Suburban Railway
Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System
Kolkata Suburban Railway
Lucknow
Barabanki–Lucknow Suburban Railway
Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway
Mumbai Suburban Railway
Pune Suburban Railway
Underconstruction
Bengaluru Suburban Railway
Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System
Planned
Ahmedabad Suburban Railway
Nagpur broad-gauge Metro
Proposed
Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System
Delhi–Sonipat–Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System
RapidtransitOperational
Agra Metro
Ahmedabad Metro
Bengaluru Metro
Chennai Metro
Chennai MRTS
Delhi Metro
Hyderabad Metro
Jaipur Metro
Kanpur Metro
Kochi Metro
Kolkata Metro
Lucknow Metro
Mumbai Metro
Nagpur Metro
Navi Mumbai Metro
Noida Metro
Pune Metro
Rapid Metro Gurgaon
Underconstruction
Bhoj Metro (Bhopal)
Indore Metro
Patna Metro
Surat Metro
Planned
Bhubaneswar Metro
Chandigarh Metro
Coimbatore Metro
Gorakhpur Metro
Guwahati Metro
Jabalpur Metro
Ludhiana Metro
Meerut Metro
Varanasi Metro
Proposed
Bareilly Metro
Jammu Metro
Ranchi Metro
Srinagar Metro
Thane Metro
Madurai Metro
Trichy Metro
MonorailOperational
Mumbai Monorail
Planned
Chennai Monorail
Proposed
Aizawl Monorail
Bengaluru Monorail
Bhubaneswar Monorail
Indore Monorail
Kanpur Monorail
Kolkata Monorail
Patna Monorail
Pune Monorail
Tiruchirappalli Monorail
Warangal Monorail
MetrolitePlanned
Chennai Metrolite
Delhi Metrolite
Gorakhpur Metro
Greater Nashik Metro
Kolkata Light Rail Transit
Kozhikode Light Metro
Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro
Proposed
Prayagraj Metro
Visakhapatnam Metro
Uttarakhand Metro
TramOperational
Kolkata Tram
Defunct
Bhavnagar Tram
Chennai Tram
Delhi Tram
Kanpur Tram
Kochi Tram
Mumbai Tram
Nashik Tram
Patna Tram
vteRailways in Southern IndiaAuthority
Ministry of Railways
Railway Board
Zones and divisionsSouth Central
Hyderabad
Secunderabad
South Coast
Guntakal
Guntur
Vijayawada
Waltair
Southern
Chennai
Madurai
Palakkad
Salem
Thiruvananthapuram
Tiruchirappalli
South Western
Bangalore
Hubli
Mysore
Suburban and metroOperationalSuburban
Chennai Suburban
Chennai MRTS
Hyderabad MMTS
Metro
Chennai Metro
Kochi Metro
Hyderabad Metro
Namma Metro
Proposed
Bengaluru Monorail
Chennai Monorail
Coimbatore Metro
Kozhikode Light Metro
Madurai Metro
Thiruvananthapuram Light Metro
Trichy Metro
Workshops
BEML Limited
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
Golden Rock
Integral Coach Factory
ICF coach
Rail Wheel Factory
DepotsElectric Loco
Arakkonam
Erode
Guntakal
Kazipet
Lallaguda
Royapuram
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Diesel Loco
Coonoor
Erode
Ernakulam
Golden Rock
Gooty
Guntakal
Hubli
Kazipet
Tondiarpet
Vijayawada
Visakhapatnam
Steam Loco
Coonoor
Multiple Unit
Avadi
Bangalore
Kollam
Palakkad
Tambaram
Velachery
Vijayawada
LinesMain
Chennai–Bangalore
Chennai–Howrah
Chennai–New Delhi
Chennai–Mumbai
Broad Gauge
Bangalore–Hubli
Bhimavaram–Narasapur
Chennai–Thanjavur
Ernakulam–Kayamkulam
Ernakulam–Kottayam–Kayamkulam
Erode–Tiruchirappalli
Gudivada–Machilipatnam
Jolarpettai–Shoranur
Kollam–Sengottai
Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram
Kothapalli–Manoharabad
Kothavalasa–Kirandul
Madurai–Tirunelveli
Manamadurai–Rameswaram
Manamadurai–Virudhunagar
Mangalore–Mysore
Mysore–Bangalore
Mysore–Chamarajanagar
Nagercoil–Tirunelveli
Nilambur–Shoranur
Palakkad–Pollachi
Peddapalli–Nizamabad
Pune–Londa
Samalkot–Kakinada
Secunderabad–Manmad
Tenali–Repalle
Thiruvananthapuram–Kanyakumari
Vijayawada–Nidadavolu
Viluppuram–Tiruchirappalli
Mountain
Nilgiri Mountain Railway
Sections
Duvvada–Vijayawada
Gudur–Renigunta
Guntakal–Nandyal
Guntakal–Renigunta
Guntakal–Vasco da Gama
Guntur–Tenali
Hassan–Bangalore
Kazipet–Vijayawada
Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam
Motumarri–Vishnupuram
Nagpur–Secunderabad
Nallapadu–Nandyal
Nandyal–Yerraguntla
Pagidipalli–Nallapadu
Secunderabad–Dhone
Shoranur–Cochin Harbour
Shoranur–Mangalore
Solapur–Guntakal
Vijayawada–Gudur
Vijayawada–Guntur
Inactive
Cochin State Forest Tramway
Kundala Valley Railway
Nilambur–Nanjangud line
Sabarimala Railway
Passenger trains
Express
High speed
Luxury
Passenger
StationsMajor
Arakkonam Jn.
Chengalpattu Jn.
Bengaluru
KSR Bengaluru
Yesvantpur Jn.
Chennai
Avadi
Chennai Central
Chennai Egmore
Tambaram
Coimbatore Jn.
Ernakulam Jn.
Hyderabad
Hyderabad Deccan
Kacheguda
Secunderabad Jn.
Katpadi Jn.
Kollam Jn.
Kozhikode
Madurai Jn.
Mysuru Jn.
Thiruvananthapuram Central
Thrissur
Tirupati
Tiruvallur
Vijayawada Jn.
Visakhapatnam Jn.
Railway companiesActive
Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
Konkan Railway Corporation (KRCL)
Kerala Rapid Transit Corporation (KRTCL)
Kerala Rail Development Corporation (KRDC)
Defunct
East Coast State Railway
Hyderabad–Godavari Valley Railways
Madras Railway
Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway
Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway
Accidentsand incidents
South Indian railway strike (1928)
Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway strike (1932)
Indian Railway strike (1974)
Peruman accident (1988)
Nellore fire (2012)
Related articles
Bholu (mascot)
Madras Time
Timeline of Southern Railway zone
vte Transport in Tamil NaduTransport by cities
Chennai
Coimbatore
Erode
Madurai
Thanjavur
Thoothukudi
Tiruchirapalli
Tirunelveli
Tiruvannamalai
RoadNational Highways
NH 4
NH 5
NH 7
NH 7A
NH 45
NH 45A
NH 45B
NH 45C
NH 46
NH 47
NH 47B
NH 49
NH 66
NH 67
NH 68
NH 205
NH 207
NH 208
NH 209
NH 210
NH 219
NH 220
NH 226
NH 227
NH 234
State Highways
SH 4
SH 6
SH 9
SH 10
SH 15
SH 22
SH 49
SH 49A
SH 58
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SH 81
SH 134
SH 156
Other Roads
Chennai Elevated Expressways
Coimbatore bypass
Public Transport
Chennai Bus Rapid Transit System
Chennai Rapid Bus Transit Ways
Coimbatore Bus Rapid Transit System
State Express Transport Corporation
Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation
Tiruchirappalli Bus Rapid Transit System
RailRail Networks
Chennai Metro
Chennai Monorail
Chennai MRTS
Chennai suburban railway
Coimbatore Metro
Madurai Metro
Southern Railway
Tiruchirappalli Monorail
Rail Stations
Chennai Egmore
Coimbatore Junction
Erode Junction
Madurai Junction
Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Station
Salem Junction
Thanjavur Junction
Tiruchirapalli Junction
Tirunelveli Junction
AirInternational Airports
Chennai
Coimbatore
Tiruchirappalli
Customs Airports
Madurai
Domestic Airports
Salem
Tuticorin
Vellore
Military Bases
Arakkonam
Coimbatore
Madurai
Tambaram
Thanjavur
Uchipuli
WaterMajor Ports
Chennai Port
Kamarajar Port
V. O. Chidambaranar Port
Minor Ports
Kattupalli
Nagapattinam
SpaceISRO Spaceports
Kulasekarapattinam
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rapid transit system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"Madurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"public transport in the city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Madurai"},{"link_name":"J.Jayalalithaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.Jayalalithaa"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madurai_Metro&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Madurai Metro, is a proposed rapid transit system for Madurai, Tamil Nadu. It arose from a Madurai Metrolite system, part of a major expansion of public transport in the city and one of the projects devised by the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu J.Jayalalithaa.As of March 2023[update], the DPR preparation contract was awarded to Aarvee Associates.[1] It was ready by July 2023, with construction work planned to commence by end of 2024.[2]","title":"Madurai Metro"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crore"},{"link_name":"Governor of Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Legislative assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Government of Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Madurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_metro"},{"link_name":"Thiruchirappalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_Monorail"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tirunelveli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirunelveli"},{"link_name":"metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"monorail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorail"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"SASTRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SASTRA"},{"link_name":"Geographical Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_information_system"},{"link_name":"Tirumangalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirumangalam,_Madurai"},{"link_name":"Mattuthavani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattuthavani"},{"link_name":"Kappalur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappalur"},{"link_name":"Thirunagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirunagar"},{"link_name":"Thiruparankundram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruparankundram"},{"link_name":"Palanganatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palanganatham"},{"link_name":"Simmakkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simmakkal,_Madurai"},{"link_name":"Goripalayam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goripalayam,_Madurai"},{"link_name":"Tallakulam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallakulam_(Madurai)"},{"link_name":"Avaniapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaniapuram"},{"link_name":"Villapuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villapuram"},{"link_name":"South Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Gate,_Madurai"},{"link_name":"Keelavasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelavasal,_Madurai"},{"link_name":"Nelpettai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelpettai"},{"link_name":"Narimedu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narimedu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kochadai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kochadai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Viraganur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viraganur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kalavasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalavasal"},{"link_name":"Arappalayam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arappalayam"},{"link_name":"Ellis Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Nagar"},{"link_name":"Madurai Railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Vandiyur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandiyur"},{"link_name":"K. Pudur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Pudur"},{"link_name":"Anuppanadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuppanadi"},{"link_name":"Koodal Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koodal_Nagar,_Madurai"},{"link_name":"Anaiyur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaiyur,_Madurai"},{"link_name":"Melur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melur"},{"link_name":"Madurai Kamaraj University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai_Kamaraj_University"},{"link_name":"Nagamalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagamalai"},{"link_name":"Samayanallur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samayanallur"},{"link_name":"Vilangudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilangudi,_Madurai"},{"link_name":"Arappalayam Bus Terminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arappalayam_Bus_Terminus"},{"link_name":"Periyar Bus Terminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_Bus_Terminus"},{"link_name":"Jaihindpuram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaihindpuram"},{"link_name":"Sellur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellur_(Madurai)"},{"link_name":"Vasantha Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasantha_Nagar,_Madurai"},{"link_name":"Nilaiyur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilaiyur"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Government of Tamilnadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Tamilnadu"},{"link_name":"Metro Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"Madurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai"},{"link_name":"Tamilnadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilnadu"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"feasibility report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feasibility_report"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"As the monorail market is estimated to be ₹72,000 crore (US$10 billion) in India, the then Governor of Tamil Nadu, Banwarilal Purohit announced in Legislative assembly that the Government of Tamil Nadu had decided to do a feasibility study for introducing monorail system in Madurai[3][4][5][6] along with Salem, Thiruchirappalli,[7][8][9] and Tirunelveli.In 2020, the government has earmarked a sum of about ₹60,000 crore (US$8.4 billion) for metro and monorail projects in Tamil Nadu.[10] At that time SASTRA, using Geographical Information System (GIS) tools, had worked out a proposal for a suburban railway route for Madurai City.Madurai proposed routes for monorail were:Tirumangalam – Mattuthavani - via. Kappalur, Thirunagar, Thiruparankundram, Palanganatham, TN polytechnic, Madurai Railway station, Simmakkal, Goripalayam, Tallakulam, Madurai Dist court.\nThiruparankundrum – Park Town - via. Thiruparankundrum Temple, Airport, SN College, Avaniapuram, Villapuram, South Gate, Keelavasal, Nelpettai, Goripalayam, Narimedu, Incometax office, Krishnapuram colony, Viswanathapuram, P & T Nagar.\nKochadai – Viraganur - via. Kalavasal, Arappalayam, Ellis Nagar, Madurai Railway station, Vilakuthoon, Keelavasal, Munichalai, Teppakulam.\nVandiyur – Iyer Bungalow - via. Anna Nagar, Suguna stores, Aravind Eye Hospital, K. K. Nagar, Anna Bus stand, GH, Goripalayam, Reserve Line, K. Pudur\nAnuppanadi - Koodal Nagar - Via Teppakulam, Anna nagar, Apollo Hospitals, Mattuthavani, Surveyor Colony, Mahatma Gandhi Nagar, Anaiyur\nTirumangalam to Melur - Tirumangalam, Kappalur, Thoppur, Tirunagar, Vadapalanji, Madurai Kamaraj University, Nagamalai, Nagari, Samayanallur, Vilangudi, Koodal nagar, Arappalayam Bus Terminus, Simmakal, Madurai railway Jn, Periyar Bus Terminus, Jaihindpuram, Villapuram, Mahal, Teppakulam, Anna nagar, Vandiyur, Pondy koil, Mattuthavani, High Court, TVS Srichakra, Melur.\nAzhagar-koil to Avaniapuram - Azhagarkoil, Moondru Mavadi, K.Pudur, KK Nagar, G.H., Goripalayam, Sellur, Koodal nagar, Arapalayam BS, P.P. chavadi (in Theni main rd), Bye pass rd (Ponmeni), Vasantha Nagar roundana, T V S Nagar, Pykara, Thirupprankundram, Nilaiyur, Airport, Mandela nagar, Transport Nagar (along ring road), Avaniapuram.Transfer Points were: Avaniyapuram, Goripalayam, Madurai Railway station, Periyar Bus stand, Keelavasal, Anna Nagar, Teppakulam, Mattuthavani, Tiruparankundrum[11][12]The Government of Tamilnadu proposed for a Metro Rail in Madurai, the third largest city in the state of Tamilnadu.[13][14] CMRL releases tender notice for preparing the project's feasibility report in March, 2022 and BARSYL bags the tender to prepare feasibility study with the deadline of May, 2022[15][16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"J. Jayalalithaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa"},{"link_name":"Madurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai"},{"link_name":"Tiruchirappalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_Monorail"},{"link_name":"Tirunelveli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirunelveli"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_Metro"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"M. K. Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._K._Stalin"},{"link_name":"Madurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"2012: Tamil Nadu Government under J. Jayalalithaa announces monorail project for Tier II cities such as Madurai, Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli and Salem[17]\n2021: Tamil Nadu Government under M. K. Stalin announces metro rail projects for Tier II cities such as Madurai\n2022: BARSYL bags the tender to prepare feasibility study for the mass rapid transportation system in Madurai[18]\n2022 November: Madurai metro rail will cover 29 km with 17 stations in phase 1 stated by the DFR prepared by Balaji Rail Road Systems (BARSYL) and the Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)[19]\n2022 December: Detailed Project Report (DPR) was awaited for Madurai Metro\n2023 March: Aarvee Associates bags the tender to prepare Detailed Project Report (DPR) for 1.35 crores.[20]","title":"Project timeline"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Proposed corridors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Phase I","text":"Proposed Metro Rail Routes in Madurai at Phase-1 stage[21]","title":"Proposed corridors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Phase II","text":"Proposed Metro Rail Routes in Madurai at Phase-II stage[22][23]","title":"Proposed corridors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meenakshi Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple"}],"sub_title":"Phase I planning","text":"“For the 29-km distance in phase 1, the route has been planned from Otthakadai through areas like Mattuthavani, Pudur to Tirumangalam in elevated lines. However, due to the presence of the Meenakshi Temple in the area, suggestions have also been placed for underground lines near Vaigai River and Periyar bus stand,” added the official.\nSubsequently, for phase 2, the proposal includes locations such as Thirumangalam, Madurai Airport, and Therkuvasal ultimately connecting to corridor 1 of phase 1.\nThe 10 important stations earmarked as per DFR include Otthakadai station, Madurai High Court station, Pudur station, Simmakal station, Madurai junction Metro station, Pasumalai station, Thiru Nagar station, Thoppur station, Kappalur and Thirumangalam Metro stations.\n“The number of stations will likely be added during the DPR and the construction. However, of the 17 stations in the 29 km distance, 10 stations in important locations have been earmarked as per the footfall and feasibility,” observed the official.","title":"Proposed corridors"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Chennai Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai_Metro"},{"title":"Coimbatore Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbatore_Metro"},{"title":"Kochi Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi_Metro"},{"title":"List of Madurai metro stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Madurai_metro_stations"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Firm picked to prepare Madurai metro DPR\". The Times of India. 27 March 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/firm-picked-to-prepare-madurai-metro-dpr/articleshow/99021967.cms","url_text":"\"Firm picked to prepare Madurai metro DPR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Madurai Metro Rail: 27 Stations Planned for the Project, DPR to be Submitted by 15 July\". Metro Rail News. 29 June 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metrorailnews.in/madurai-metro-rail-27-stations-planned-for-the-project-dpr-to-be-submitted-by-15-july/","url_text":"\"Madurai Metro Rail: 27 Stations Planned for the Project, DPR to be Submitted by 15 July\""}]},{"reference":"Shrikumar, A. (22 January 2020). \"Waiting for metro: stakeholders pitch points\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/waiting-for-metro-stakeholders-pitch-points/article30619211.ece","url_text":"\"Waiting for metro: stakeholders pitch points\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"Will push for metro rail, bus port in Madurai: Revenue min | Madurai News - Times of India\". The Times of India. TNN. 5 January 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/will-push-for-metro-rail-bus-port-in-madurai-revenue-min/articleshow/73103695.cms","url_text":"\"Will push for metro rail, bus port in Madurai: Revenue min | Madurai News - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"Mallady, Shastry V. (14 February 2020). \"Why no Metro Rail for our Madurai? asks TN Chamber\". Lotus Times | Madurai | Tamilnadu | Lotus Times. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lotustimes.org/2020/02/14/why-no-metro-rail-for-our-madurai-asks-tn-chamber/","url_text":"\"Why no Metro Rail for our Madurai? asks TN Chamber\""}]},{"reference":"\"மதுரையில் மெட்ரோ ரயில் திட்டம்..? மத்திய அமைச்சரின் அதிரடி பதில்..!\". Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd (in Tamil). Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tamil.asianetnews.com/tamilnadu-madurai/virudhunagar-mp-raised-questioned-about-madurai-metro-rail-project-q1rz77","url_text":"\"மதுரையில் மெட்ரோ ரயில் திட்டம்..? மத்திய அமைச்சரின் அதிரடி பதில்..!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archive News\". The Hindu. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/archive/","url_text":"\"Archive News\""}]},{"reference":"Narasimhan, T. E. (25 January 2010). \"Scomi eyes partners for monorail projects\". Business Standard India. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/scomi-eyes-partners-for-monorail-projects-110012500006_1.html","url_text":"\"Scomi eyes partners for monorail projects\""}]},{"reference":"\"மதுரையில் போக்குவரத்து நெரிசலை தவிர்க்க மெட்ரோ ரயில் திட்டம்\". www.dinakaran.com. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=563458","url_text":"\"மதுரையில் போக்குவரத்து நெரிசலை தவிர்க்க மெட்ரோ ரயில் திட்டம்\""}]},{"reference":"Dc; Chennai. \"Jayalalithaa plans perfect future for Tamil Nadu\". The Asian Age. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.asianage.com/chennai/jayalalithaa-plans-perfect-future-tamil-nadu-361","url_text":"\"Jayalalithaa plans perfect future for Tamil Nadu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archive News\". The Hindu. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/archive/","url_text":"\"Archive News\""}]},{"reference":"Dc; Chennai. \"Jayalalithaa plans perfect future for Tamil Nadu\". The Asian Age. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.asianage.com/chennai/jayalalithaa-plans-perfect-future-tamil-nadu-361","url_text":"\"Jayalalithaa plans perfect future for Tamil Nadu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metro rail plan for Madurai, a great move\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/metro-rail-plan-for-madurai-a-great-move/article35899842.ece","url_text":"\"Metro rail plan for Madurai, a great move\""}]},{"reference":"\"CMRL to do a feasibility study for building mass rapid transit in three cities\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cmrl-to-do-a-feasibility-study-for-building-mass-rapid-transit-in-three-cities/article65245817.ece","url_text":"\"CMRL to do a feasibility study for building mass rapid transit in three cities\""}]},{"reference":"\"BARSYL bags the tender to prepare feasibility study for MRTS in Madurai\".","urls":[{"url":"https://urbantransportnews.com/news/barsyl-wins-feasibility-study-contract-for-madurai-metro-rail-project","url_text":"\"BARSYL bags the tender to prepare feasibility study for MRTS in Madurai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metro feasibility report to be ready by May\".","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/cmrl-metro-feasibility-report-to-be-ready-by-may/articleshow/90753746.cms","url_text":"\"Metro feasibility report to be ready by May\""}]},{"reference":"Dc; Chennai. \"Jayalalithaa plans perfect future for Tamil Nadu\". The Asian Age. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.asianage.com/chennai/jayalalithaa-plans-perfect-future-tamil-nadu-361","url_text":"\"Jayalalithaa plans perfect future for Tamil Nadu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Feasibility study for Madurai MRTS to start soon\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/feasibility-study-for-madurai-mrts-to-start-soon/article65214497.ece","url_text":"\"Feasibility study for Madurai MRTS to start soon\""}]},{"reference":"Sampath, Nirupa. \"Madurai metro rail will cover 29km with 17 stations in phase 1\". DT next. Retrieved 13 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2022/11/13/madurai-metro-rail-will-cover-29km-with-17-stations-in-phase-1","url_text":"\"Madurai metro rail will cover 29km with 17 stations in phase 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Firm picked to prepare Madurai metro DPR\". The Times of India. 27 March 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 27 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/firm-picked-to-prepare-madurai-metro-dpr/articleshow/99021967.cms","url_text":"\"Firm picked to prepare Madurai metro DPR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257","url_text":"0971-8257"}]},{"reference":"\"Tender floated to prepare detailed project report for Madurai metro\". Retrieved 15 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/tender-floated-to-prepare-detailed-project-report-for-madurai-metro/articleshow/98055373.cms","url_text":"\"Tender floated to prepare detailed project report for Madurai metro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Madurai metro to link airport in phase II; 5 km to be underground\". Retrieved 7 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-transportation/madurai-metro-to-link-airport-in-phase-ii-5-km-to-be-underground/99324441","url_text":"\"Madurai metro to link airport in phase II; 5 km to be underground\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, T. N. M. (20 February 2023). \"Madurai metro: CMRL submits feasibility report, three things to know\". The News Minute. Retrieved 29 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/madurai-metro-cmrl-submits-feasibility-report-three-things-know-173518","url_text":"\"Madurai metro: CMRL submits feasibility report, three things to know\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niky_Wardley
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Niky Wardley
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["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Work with Catherine Tate","2.2 Doctor Who","2.3 Other work","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","4.3 Audio","4.4 Theatre","5 References","6 External links"]
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English actress
Niky WardleyBornNicola Petra Wardley (1973-08-11) 11 August 1973 (age 50)Luton, Bedfordshire, EnglandOccupationsActressscreenwriterYears active2000–presentNotable workThe Catherine Tate Show (2004–2007) The Eighth Doctor Adventures (2010–2011) In with the Flynns (2011–2012)Spouse
Daniel Hawksford (m. 2018)Children2
Nichola Petra "Niky" Wardley (born 11 August 1973) is an English stage and screen actress. Her most notable role is schoolgirl Lauren Cooper's sidekick in the BBC's Emmy and BAFTA-nominated sketch series The Catherine Tate Show (2004–2007). She also appeared alongside Catherine Tate in the Netflix mockumentary sitcom Hard Cell (2022) and played the lead role in the BBC One sitcom In with the Flynns (2011–2012). As a voice actress, she is best known for her role as the Eighth Doctor's companion Tamsin Drew in audio dramas based on the BBC's long-running science fiction series Doctor Who.
Early life and education
Wardley was born on 11 August 1973 in Luton, Bedfordshire. She started out in acting when she was in high school. Her drama teacher cast her as Nancy in Oliver! when she was about 13 years old. Reminiscing on her first ever role, Wardley said: "I knew from the very first moment that I stepped out on stage that this was what I wanted to do with my life."
She studied acting at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.
Career
Work with Catherine Tate
Main article: The Catherine Tate Show
"It's amazing working with her on the show, she is probably the most talented person I have ever worked with. Her ability to change character and fully embody all the different people she plays is truly incredible. I've learnt so much from her and absolutely love working on the programme."
— Wardley on working with Catherine Tate, January 2006
While doing her first theatre production for the Royal Shakespeare Company, called A Servant to Two Masters (2000–2001), she met comedian Catherine Tate and shared a dressing room with her for ten months. In 2004, Tate invited Wardley to her BBC Two sketch series, The Catherine Tate Show (2004–2007). Her most notable role in the show was schoolgirl Lauren Cooper's sidekick, Liese Jackson. In November 2005, she performed for Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip at the Royal Variety Performance, appearing again in the guise of Liese. During the sketch, Wardley's character remarked: "That old man sitting next to her has fallen asleep." Prince Philip then reportedly complained to the show's executive producer, saying he had been insulted.
The Catherine Tate Show lasted for three series and received critical acclaim and multiple nominations from BAFTA, the National Television Awards and the British Comedy Awards. After the show ended, Wardley and Tate continued to work together on other projects, including the show's spin-off series, Catherine Tate's Nan (2014–2015), and its UK, Australian and New Zealand live tours. She also appeared alongside Tate in the autobiographical short film My First Nativity (2010), the Netflix mockumentary series Hard Cell (2022), which she also co-wrote, the BBC sitcom Queen of Oz (2023), and the feature films Nativity 3: Dude, Where's My Donkey?! (2014) and The Nan Movie (2022).
Doctor Who
Wardley starred in the Doctor Who audio dramas alongside Paul McGann, pictured here in 2014
In 2010, she portrayed a companion of the Eighth Doctor (Paul McGann), failing actress Tamsin Drew, in the audio series The Eighth Doctor Adventures, produced by Big Finish Productions and based on the BBC's long-running science fiction series Doctor Who. She felt "really excited" about becoming a Doctor Who companion, having previously watched the show as a kid and being good friends with fellow companion actress Catherine Tate. Wardley was cast after being recommended to the producers by the Fifth Doctor actor, Peter Davison, with whom she had previously worked in the ITV drama series The Complete Guide to Parenting (2006). After a period of travelling with the Doctor, Wardley's character became disillusioned with him after he showed coldness in the face of others' deaths whilst favouring the lives of his friends. The Meddling Monk soon convinced her that the Doctor was a destructive force in the universe and took her under his wing. Drew travelled with the Monk for a while, but later came to regret her decision, as he told her countless lies and had sided with Earth's invaders, the Daleks. She helped the Doctor try to stop the Daleks but was eventually killed by them in the story "To the Death" (2011).
In November 2013, the Eighth Doctor mentioned Tamsin Drew among his past companions in the BBC iPlayer mini-episode "The Night of the Doctor", making her part of the official television canon. In the same month, Wardley appeared as writer Steven Moffat's receptionist in the one-off comedy homage to Doctor Who, The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot. Since 2016, she has continued to work with Big Finish and has played several other characters in Doctor Who-related audio adventures, most notably Donna Noble's (Catherine Tate's character) school friend Natalie Morrison in the four-part audio series Donna Noble: Kidnapped! (2020).
Other work
In 2006, Wardley played Joe Macer's daughter Megan in two episodes of the BBC One long-running soap opera EastEnders. She also played the lead role in the BBC One sitcom In with The Flynns (2011–2012), followed by appearances in nine episodes of Coronation Street (2012). She was then cast as Miss Brahms in the one-off revival episode of Are You Being Served? (2016). Her other television appearances include Benidorm (2007–2008), Silent Witness, My Family (both 2007), Peep Show (2008), How Not to Live Your Life (2008), Shameless (2010), The Spa, Love and Marriage (both 2013), Asylum (2015), Home from Home (2018) and Call the Midwife (2019).
From 2000 to 2022, she starred in 13 theatrical productions. Her stage work includes Alan Ayckbourn's plays Bedroom Farce (2009) and A Small Family Business (2014), as well as William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing (2007–2008), starring Zoë Wanamaker and Simon Russell Beale as Beatrice and Benedick, and Twelfth Night (2017), starring Tamsin Greig as Malvolia. Both A Small Family Business and Twelfth Night were professionally recorded and broadcast through National Theatre Live.
As a voice actress, she has provided the voice of Tamara the Poodle in most episodes of the CBBC animated children's series The Pinky and Perky Show (2008–2009).
Personal life
Born in Luton, Wardley now lives in Camberwell, London, and has two children. In May 2018, she married Welsh actor Daniel Hawksford, with whom she had previously worked in the National Theatre production of Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing (2007–2008). In 2022, they both appeared in the Netflix mockumentary sitcom Hard Cell.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001
The Affair of the Necklace
Madame de Neiss
2002
Out Done
Sammy
Short film
2004
Almost
Catherine
Short film
2006
Really
Kelly
2008
Searching
Natalie
Film adaptation of the 2003 play Hello You, which also starred Wardley
2009
Condimentia
Frank's Mum
Short film
2014
Nativity 3: Dude, Where's My Donkey?!
Bridesmaid Bella
2018
Killer Retreat
Pam
Stuffed
Ellen
Short film
2020
The Gays Days
Suzanne Ewen
Short film
2022
The Nan Movie
Officer Mahler
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2002
Casualty
Louisa
Episode: "Acceptance"
2004–2007
The Catherine Tate Show
Various
20 episodes; also co-writer
2005
Holby City
Julia 'Jools' Mallinson
Episode: "Awakenings"
Rosemary & Thyme
Daisy Mellor
Episode: "The Cup of Silence"
2006
EastEnders
Megan Macer
2 episodes
The Complete Guide to Parenting
Karen
5 episodes
The Family Man
Emma Butcher
3 episodes
2007–2008
Benidorm
Kelly
3 episodes
2007
Holby City
Sandie Booth
Episode: "Is There Something I Should Know?"
Silent Witness
DC Kate Dickerson
3 episodes
Funny Cuts
Various
Episode: "Chikipedia"
My Family
Crystal
Episode: "Ho Ho No"
2008
The Bill
Mary Haworth
Episode: "To Catch a Killer: Part 2"
Love Soup
Kendra
Episode: "Lobotomy Bay"
Peep Show
Cally
Episode: "Jeremy's Manager"
How Not to Live Your Life
Maggie
Episode: "Home Sweet Home"
2008–2009
The Pinky and Perky Show
Tamara (voice)
42 episodes
Parents of the Band
Sandy Soutakis
6 episodes
2009
All the Small Things
Louise 'Lulu' Pryke
6 episodes
Nan's Christmas Carol
Various
TV special
2010
Shameless
Hazel
Episode: "The Wild Tales"
Life of Riley
Suzy
Episode: "Is She Really Going Out with Him?"
Little Crackers
Angie
Episode: "Catherine Tate's Little Cracker: My First Nativity"
2011–2012
In with the Flynns
Caroline Flynn
12 episodes
2012
Coronation Street
Jenny Summer
9 episodes
2013
The Spa
Sally
8 episodes
Love and Marriage
Heather McCallister
6 episodes
The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot
Receptionist
TV special
2014–2015
Catherine Tate's Nan
Various
3 episodes
2015
Asylum
Lorna
3 episodes
2016
Are You Being Served?
Miss Brahms
TV special
Citizen Khan
Suzanne
Episode: "Scab's Parents"
2018
Still Open All Hours
Mrs. Jackson
Episode #4.6
Settling
Angela
6 episodes
Home from Home
Fiona Hackett
6 episodes
2019
Casualty
Kate Herbert
Episode #33.20
Call the Midwife
Enid Wilson
2 episodes
2022
Hard Cell
Anastasia
6 episodes; also co-writer
2023
Queen of Oz
Anabel
6 episodes
2024
Boarders
Carol Watlington-Geese
5 episodes
Audio
Year
Title
Role
Production
Notes
2010–2011
Doctor Who: The Eighth Doctor Adventures
Tamsin Drew
Big Finish Productions
7 episodes
2016
Doctor Who: The Tenth Doctor Adventures
Rebecca 'Bex' Young
Episode: "Technophobia"
The Avengers: The Lost Episodes
Liz Wells
Episode: "Death on the Slipway"
Jago & Litefoot
Hannah Bennet
Episode: "School of Blood"
2018
Animal Instinct: Human Zoo
Maggie
Audible
Torchwood One
Stacey
Big Finish Productions
Episode: "9 to 5"
2020
Dracula's Guests
Madeline
Part of the Big Finish Classics range
Donna Noble: Kidnapped!
Natalie Morrison
4 episodes
High Strangeness
Mrs Hippisley
Audible
6 episodes
Theatre
Year
Title
Role
Venue / Company
Ref.
2000–2001
A Servant to Two Masters
Clarice
Royal Shakespeare Company
2002
The Three Sisters
Natasha
Nuffield Theatre
Our Country's Good
Mary Brenham
2003
Making Waves
Helen
Stephen Joseph Theatre
Hello You
Various
Fecund Theatre
2007–2008
Much Ado About Nothing
Margaret
National Theatre
2009
Bedroom Farce
Jan
West Yorkshire Playhouse
2013
The Same Deep Water As Me
Jen Needleman
Donmar Warehouse
2014
A Small Family Business
Anita McCracken
National Theatre
2016–2019
The Catherine Tate Show Live
Various
Various venues across the UK, Australia and New Zealand
2017
Twelfth Night
Maria
National Theatre
2018
Mayfly
Cat
Orange Tree Theatre
2022
Jerusalem
Linda Fawcett
Apollo Theatre
References
^ a b c d e Hilton, Beth (2006-01-14). "An Interview with - Niky Wardley". Scilly News. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
^ Moore, Camille (2022-03-31). "10 Things You Didn't Know about Niky Wardley". TVOvermind. Retrieved 2022-09-24. She studied acting at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) which has a long history of producing very talented performers.
^ a b c Cornah, Joel (2016-02-07). "Niky Wardley Interview - Big Finish Doctor Who Companion". Sci-fi and Fantasy Network. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
^ "Catherine Tate: The shy star". The Independent. 2006-12-23. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
^ Maxwell, Dominic (2010-11-29). "Catherine Tate, quite a character". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2022-09-25. And Tate has maintained that richer tone for My First Nativity, an autobiographical 13-minute film she has written and, for the first time, directed as part of Sky1's Little Crackers season.
^ "Catherine Tate on Queen of Oz - "She's spoilt, entitled and deeply unpleasant which of course makes her a great character to play"". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
^ a b c Spragg, Paul (2010-10-20). Briggs, Nicholas; Richardson, David (eds.). "Drew on Her Own Experience". Vortex: The Big Finish Magazine (20). Big Finish Productions Ltd.: 7–8.
^ "Tamsin Drew | Doctor Who World". Retrieved 2022-09-24.
^ "4.10. Doctor Who: To the Death - Doctor Who - The Eighth Doctor Adventures - Big Finish". www.bigfinish.com. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
^ Blair, Andrew (2013-10-15). "A guide to the Eighth Doctor Audio Adventures". Den of Geek. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
^ "BBC - The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot". BBC. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
^ Flavius, Lou (2020-03-08). "David Tennant & Catherine Tate Are Reuniting for New Doctor Who Audio Dramas About Donna Noble". ScreenRant. Retrieved 2022-09-23. The series pairs Donna alongside her best mate Niky Wardly's Natalie Morrison...
^ a b Hutchinson, Charles (2009-06-17). "Review: Bedroom Farce, West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds, until July 4". York Press. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
^ "A Small Family Business". National Theatre Live. Archived from the original on 2020-02-14. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
^ a b "Production of Much Ado About Nothing | Theatricalia". theatricalia.com. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
^ a b Cavendish, Dominic (2017-02-23). "Twelfth Night, National's Olivier Theatre review: Tamsin Greig shines in a production otherwise at sea". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
^ Wiegand, Chris (2020-04-20). "Tamsin Greig on Twelfth Night: 'The self-judgment of women is awful'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-09-24. As the National Theatre streams its acclaimed staging of Shakespeare's comedy...
^ "Niky Wardley". Twitter. Retrieved 2022-09-24. Mum to two beauts.
^ Wardley, Niky (2018-05-30). "Today I shall mainly be getting... MARRIED!!!!!!!!!!!!!!". Twitter. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
^ Wardley, Niky (2022-05-30). "4 years ago today, this happened. The most incredible day with the most beautiful folk. I love you, Daniel @DanHawksford". Twitter. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
^ a b c d "Niky Wardley | Theatricalia". theatricalia.com. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
^ "THREE SISTERS. To 11 May". ReviewsGate. 2002-04-19. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
^ "Our Country's Good". Daily Echo. 25 October 2002. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
^ "Making Waves, Stephen Joseph Theatre, Scarborough". The Guardian. 2003-05-03. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
^ Hutera, Donald. "Hello You". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
^ "Theatre review: The Same Deep Water as Me - Beware the yob with the perfect scam". The Independent. 2013-08-10. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
^ "Catherine Tate review – droll superstar not bovvered by comeback pressure". The Guardian. 2016-11-14. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
^ "Further cast for Jerusalem in the West End with Mark Rylance announced". WhatsOnStage. 15 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
External links
Niky Wardley on X
Niky Wardley at IMDb
Niky Wardley at British Comedy Guide
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lauren Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Cooper"},{"link_name":"sidekick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidekick"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Television_Awards"},{"link_name":"sketch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketch_comedy"},{"link_name":"The Catherine Tate Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Catherine_Tate_Show"},{"link_name":"Catherine Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Tate"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"mockumentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockumentary"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"Hard Cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Cell"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"In with the Flynns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_with_the_Flynns"},{"link_name":"voice actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_acting"},{"link_name":"Eighth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Tamsin Drew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companions_in_Doctor_Who_spin-offs#Tamsin_Drew"},{"link_name":"audio dramas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_drama"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"}],"text":"Nichola Petra \"Niky\" Wardley (born 11 August 1973) is an English stage and screen actress. Her most notable role is schoolgirl Lauren Cooper's sidekick in the BBC's Emmy and BAFTA-nominated sketch series The Catherine Tate Show (2004–2007). She also appeared alongside Catherine Tate in the Netflix mockumentary sitcom Hard Cell (2022) and played the lead role in the BBC One sitcom In with the Flynns (2011–2012). As a voice actress, she is best known for her role as the Eighth Doctor's companion Tamsin Drew in audio dramas based on the BBC's long-running science fiction series Doctor Who.","title":"Niky Wardley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton"},{"link_name":"Bedfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedfordshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_(Oliver_Twist)"},{"link_name":"Oliver!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver!"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Academy_of_Music_and_Dramatic_Art"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Wardley was born on 11 August 1973 in Luton, Bedfordshire.[1] She started out in acting when she was in high school. Her drama teacher cast her as Nancy in Oliver! when she was about 13 years old. Reminiscing on her first ever role, Wardley said: \"I knew from the very first moment that I stepped out on stage that this was what I wanted to do with my life.\"[1]She studied acting at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catherine Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Tate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Shakespeare Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"A Servant to Two Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Servant_of_Two_Masters"},{"link_name":"Catherine Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Tate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"sketch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketch_comedy"},{"link_name":"The Catherine Tate Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Catherine_Tate_Show"},{"link_name":"Lauren Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Cooper"},{"link_name":"sidekick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidekick"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Prince Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Royal Variety Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Variety_Performance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Television_Awards"},{"link_name":"National Television Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Television_Awards"},{"link_name":"British Comedy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Comedy_Awards"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"Catherine Tate's Nan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Tate%27s_Nan"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"short film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"},{"link_name":"My First Nativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Crackers#Series_1_(2010)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"mockumentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockumentary"},{"link_name":"Hard Cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Cell"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"Queen of Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Oz"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nativity 3: Dude, Where's My Donkey?!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_3:_Dude,_Where%27s_My_Donkey%3F"},{"link_name":"The Nan Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nan_Movie"}],"sub_title":"Work with Catherine Tate","text":"\"It's amazing working with her on the show, she is probably the most talented person I have ever worked with. Her ability to change character and fully embody all the different people she plays is truly incredible. I've learnt so much from her and absolutely love working on the programme.\"\n\n\n— Wardley on working with Catherine Tate, January 2006[1]While doing her first theatre production for the Royal Shakespeare Company, called A Servant to Two Masters (2000–2001), she met comedian Catherine Tate and shared a dressing room with her for ten months.[1][3] In 2004, Tate invited Wardley to her BBC Two sketch series, The Catherine Tate Show (2004–2007). Her most notable role in the show was schoolgirl Lauren Cooper's sidekick, Liese Jackson. In November 2005, she performed for Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip at the Royal Variety Performance, appearing again in the guise of Liese. During the sketch, Wardley's character remarked: \"That old man sitting next to her has fallen asleep.\" Prince Philip then reportedly complained to the show's executive producer, saying he had been insulted.[4]The Catherine Tate Show lasted for three series and received critical acclaim and multiple nominations from BAFTA, the National Television Awards and the British Comedy Awards. After the show ended, Wardley and Tate continued to work together on other projects, including the show's spin-off series, Catherine Tate's Nan (2014–2015), and its UK, Australian and New Zealand live tours. She also appeared alongside Tate in the autobiographical short film My First Nativity (2010),[5] the Netflix mockumentary series Hard Cell (2022), which she also co-wrote, the BBC sitcom Queen of Oz (2023),[6] and the feature films Nativity 3: Dude, Where's My Donkey?! (2014) and The Nan Movie (2022).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_McGann_(15390819173)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Paul McGann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McGann"},{"link_name":"companion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Eighth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Paul McGann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McGann"},{"link_name":"Tamsin Drew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamsin_Drew"},{"link_name":"The Eighth Doctor Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who:_The_Eighth_Doctor_Adventures#Series_4_(2009%E2%80%9311)"},{"link_name":"Big Finish Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Finish_Productions"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Catherine Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Tate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"Fifth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Peter Davison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Davison"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"The Complete Guide to Parenting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Parenting"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Meddling Monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monk_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"Daleks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalek"},{"link_name":"To the Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who:_The_Eighth_Doctor_Adventures#Series_4_(2009%E2%80%9311)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"BBC iPlayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_iPlayer"},{"link_name":"The Night of the Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_of_the_Doctor"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Steven Moffat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Moffat"},{"link_name":"The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Five(ish)_Doctors_Reboot"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Donna Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Noble"},{"link_name":"Donna Noble: Kidnapped!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Doctor_Who_spin_off_audio_plays_by_Big_Finish#Donna_Noble:_Kidnapped!_(2020)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Doctor Who","text":"Wardley starred in the Doctor Who audio dramas alongside Paul McGann, pictured here in 2014In 2010, she portrayed a companion of the Eighth Doctor (Paul McGann), failing actress Tamsin Drew, in the audio series The Eighth Doctor Adventures, produced by Big Finish Productions and based on the BBC's long-running science fiction series Doctor Who. She felt \"really excited\" about becoming a Doctor Who companion, having previously watched the show as a kid and being good friends with fellow companion actress Catherine Tate.[7] Wardley was cast after being recommended to the producers by the Fifth Doctor actor, Peter Davison, with whom she had previously worked in the ITV drama series The Complete Guide to Parenting (2006).[3] After a period of travelling with the Doctor, Wardley's character became disillusioned with him after he showed coldness in the face of others' deaths whilst favouring the lives of his friends.[8] The Meddling Monk soon convinced her that the Doctor was a destructive force in the universe and took her under his wing. Drew travelled with the Monk for a while, but later came to regret her decision, as he told her countless lies and had sided with Earth's invaders, the Daleks. She helped the Doctor try to stop the Daleks but was eventually killed by them in the story \"To the Death\" (2011).[9]In November 2013, the Eighth Doctor mentioned Tamsin Drew among his past companions in the BBC iPlayer mini-episode \"The Night of the Doctor\", making her part of the official television canon.[10][3] In the same month, Wardley appeared as writer Steven Moffat's receptionist in the one-off comedy homage to Doctor Who, The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot.[11] Since 2016, she has continued to work with Big Finish and has played several other characters in Doctor Who-related audio adventures, most notably Donna Noble's (Catherine Tate's character) school friend Natalie Morrison in the four-part audio series Donna Noble: Kidnapped! (2020).[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Macer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Macer"},{"link_name":"Megan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Macer"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_sitcom"},{"link_name":"In with The Flynns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_with_the_Flynns"},{"link_name":"Coronation Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Street"},{"link_name":"Miss Brahms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Brahms"},{"link_name":"Are You Being Served?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_You_Being_Served%3F"},{"link_name":"Benidorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benidorm_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Silent Witness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Witness"},{"link_name":"My Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Family"},{"link_name":"Peep Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peep_Show_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"How Not to Live Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Not_to_Live_Your_Life"},{"link_name":"Shameless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shameless_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"The Spa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spa_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Love and Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_and_Marriage_(2013_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_(2015_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Home from Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_from_Home_(2016_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Call the Midwife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_the_Midwife"},{"link_name":"Alan Ayckbourn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Ayckbourn"},{"link_name":"Bedroom Farce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedroom_Farce_(play)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"},{"link_name":"A Small Family Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Small_Family_Business"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Much Ado About Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing"},{"link_name":"Zoë Wanamaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Wanamaker"},{"link_name":"Simon Russell Beale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Russell_Beale"},{"link_name":"Beatrice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_(Much_Ado_About_Nothing)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night"},{"link_name":"Tamsin Greig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamsin_Greig"},{"link_name":"Malvolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvolio"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-16"},{"link_name":"National Theatre Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Theatre_Live#Season_8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"voice actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_acting"},{"link_name":"Poodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poodle"},{"link_name":"CBBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBBC"},{"link_name":"animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_series"},{"link_name":"children's series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_television_series"},{"link_name":"The Pinky and Perky Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pinky_and_Perky_Show"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"}],"sub_title":"Other work","text":"In 2006, Wardley played Joe Macer's daughter Megan in two episodes of the BBC One long-running soap opera EastEnders. She also played the lead role in the BBC One sitcom In with The Flynns (2011–2012), followed by appearances in nine episodes of Coronation Street (2012). She was then cast as Miss Brahms in the one-off revival episode of Are You Being Served? (2016). Her other television appearances include Benidorm (2007–2008), Silent Witness, My Family (both 2007), Peep Show (2008), How Not to Live Your Life (2008), Shameless (2010),[7] The Spa, Love and Marriage (both 2013), Asylum (2015), Home from Home (2018) and Call the Midwife (2019).From 2000 to 2022, she starred in 13 theatrical productions. Her stage work includes Alan Ayckbourn's plays Bedroom Farce (2009)[13] and A Small Family Business (2014),[14] as well as William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing (2007–2008), starring Zoë Wanamaker and Simon Russell Beale as Beatrice and Benedick,[15] and Twelfth Night (2017), starring Tamsin Greig as Malvolia.[16] Both A Small Family Business and Twelfth Night were professionally recorded and broadcast through National Theatre Live.[17]As a voice actress, she has provided the voice of Tamara the Poodle in most episodes of the CBBC animated children's series The Pinky and Perky Show (2008–2009).[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton"},{"link_name":"Camberwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberwell"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Daniel Hawksford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Hawksford"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Much Ado About Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"mockumentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockumentary"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"Hard Cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_Cell"}],"text":"Born in Luton, Wardley now lives in Camberwell, London,[1] and has two children.[18] In May 2018, she married Welsh actor Daniel Hawksford,[19][20] with whom she had previously worked in the National Theatre production of Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing (2007–2008).[15] In 2022, they both appeared in the Netflix mockumentary sitcom Hard Cell.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Audio","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Theatre","title":"Filmography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Wardley starred in the Doctor Who audio dramas alongside Paul McGann, pictured here in 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Paul_McGann_%2815390819173%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Paul_McGann_%2815390819173%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Hilton, Beth (2006-01-14). \"An Interview with - Niky Wardley\". Scilly News. Retrieved 2022-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scillyarchive.com/2006/01/an_interview_with_niky_wardley.html","url_text":"\"An Interview with - Niky Wardley\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, Camille (2022-03-31). \"10 Things You Didn't Know about Niky Wardley\". TVOvermind. Retrieved 2022-09-24. She studied acting at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) which has a long history of producing very talented performers.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvovermind.com/niky-wardley/","url_text":"\"10 Things You Didn't Know about Niky Wardley\""}]},{"reference":"Cornah, Joel (2016-02-07). \"Niky Wardley Interview - Big Finish Doctor Who Companion\". Sci-fi and Fantasy Network. Retrieved 2022-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scififantasynetwork.com/niky-wardley-interview-big-finish-doctor-who-companion/","url_text":"\"Niky Wardley Interview - Big Finish Doctor Who Companion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catherine Tate: The shy star\". The Independent. 2006-12-23. Retrieved 2022-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/catherine-tate-the-shy-star-6229478.html","url_text":"\"Catherine Tate: The shy star\""}]},{"reference":"Maxwell, Dominic (2010-11-29). \"Catherine Tate, quite a character\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2022-09-25. And Tate has maintained that richer tone for My First Nativity, an autobiographical 13-minute film she has written and, for the first time, directed as part of Sky1's Little Crackers season.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/catherine-tate-quite-a-character-hvvj577m3j3","url_text":"\"Catherine Tate, quite a character\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"\"Catherine Tate on Queen of Oz - \"She's spoilt, entitled and deeply unpleasant which of course makes her a great character to play\"\". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/bbc.com/mediacentre/mediapacks/queen-of-oz/","url_text":"\"Catherine Tate on Queen of Oz - \"She's spoilt, entitled and deeply unpleasant which of course makes her a great character to play\"\""}]},{"reference":"Spragg, Paul (2010-10-20). Briggs, Nicholas; Richardson, David (eds.). \"Drew on Her Own Experience\". Vortex: The Big Finish Magazine (20). Big Finish Productions Ltd.: 7–8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigfinish.com/vortex/v/20","url_text":"\"Drew on Her Own Experience\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tamsin Drew | Doctor Who World\". Retrieved 2022-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://doctorwhoworlduk.com/tamsin","url_text":"\"Tamsin Drew | Doctor Who World\""}]},{"reference":"\"4.10. Doctor Who: To the Death - Doctor Who - The Eighth Doctor Adventures - Big Finish\". www.bigfinish.com. 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The series pairs Donna alongside her best mate Niky Wardly's Natalie Morrison...","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/doctor-who-david-tennant-catherine-tate-reunite-donna-noble-audio-drama/","url_text":"\"David Tennant & Catherine Tate Are Reuniting for New Doctor Who Audio Dramas About Donna Noble\""}]},{"reference":"Hutchinson, Charles (2009-06-17). \"Review: Bedroom Farce, West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds, until July 4\". York Press. Retrieved 2022-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/leisure/theatre/4442359.review-bedroom-farce-west-yorkshire-playhouse-leeds-until-july-4/","url_text":"\"Review: Bedroom Farce, West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds, until July 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Small Family Business\". National Theatre Live. Archived from the original on 2020-02-14. Retrieved 2022-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200214045026/http://ntlive.nationaltheatre.org.uk/productions/45345-a-small-family-business","url_text":"\"A Small Family Business\""},{"url":"http://ntlive.nationaltheatre.org.uk/productions/45345-a-small-family-business","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Production of Much Ado About Nothing | Theatricalia\". theatricalia.com. Retrieved 2022-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://theatricalia.com/play/1/much-ado-about-nothing/production/17vb","url_text":"\"Production of Much Ado About Nothing | Theatricalia\""}]},{"reference":"Cavendish, Dominic (2017-02-23). \"Twelfth Night, National's Olivier Theatre review: Tamsin Greig shines in a production otherwise at sea\". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2022-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/twelfth-night-nationals-olivier-theatre-review-tamsin-greig/","url_text":"\"Twelfth Night, National's Olivier Theatre review: Tamsin Greig shines in a production otherwise at sea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"}]},{"reference":"Wiegand, Chris (2020-04-20). \"Tamsin Greig on Twelfth Night: 'The self-judgment of women is awful'\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-09-24. As the National Theatre streams its acclaimed staging of Shakespeare's comedy...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/apr/20/tamsin-greig-malvolia-twelfth-night-national-theatre","url_text":"\"Tamsin Greig on Twelfth Night: 'The self-judgment of women is awful'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Niky Wardley\". Twitter. Retrieved 2022-09-24. Mum to two beauts.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/nikywardley6","url_text":"\"Niky Wardley\""}]},{"reference":"Wardley, Niky (2018-05-30). \"Today I shall mainly be getting... MARRIED!!!!!!!!!!!!!!\". Twitter. Retrieved 2022-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/nikywardley6/status/1001713837261848576","url_text":"\"Today I shall mainly be getting... MARRIED!!!!!!!!!!!!!!\""}]},{"reference":"Wardley, Niky (2022-05-30). \"4 years ago today, this happened. The most incredible day with the most beautiful folk. I love you, Daniel @DanHawksford\". Twitter. Retrieved 2022-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/nikywardley6/status/1531187114225848320","url_text":"\"4 years ago today, this happened. The most incredible day with the most beautiful folk. I love you, Daniel @DanHawksford\""}]},{"reference":"\"Niky Wardley | Theatricalia\". theatricalia.com. Retrieved 2022-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://theatricalia.com/person/1ah9/niky-wardley","url_text":"\"Niky Wardley | Theatricalia\""}]},{"reference":"\"THREE SISTERS. To 11 May\". ReviewsGate. 2002-04-19. Retrieved 2022-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://reviewsgate.com/three-sisters-to-11-may/","url_text":"\"THREE SISTERS. To 11 May\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Country's Good\". Daily Echo. 25 October 2002. Retrieved 2022-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/5602876.our-countrys-good/","url_text":"\"Our Country's Good\""}]},{"reference":"\"Making Waves, Stephen Joseph Theatre, Scarborough\". The Guardian. 2003-05-03. Retrieved 2022-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2003/may/03/theatre.artsfeatures2","url_text":"\"Making Waves, Stephen Joseph Theatre, Scarborough\""}]},{"reference":"Hutera, Donald. \"Hello You\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2022-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hello-you-7sjlcql6flm","url_text":"\"Hello You\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"\"Theatre review: The Same Deep Water as Me - Beware the yob with the perfect scam\". The Independent. 2013-08-10. Retrieved 2022-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/theatre-review-the-same-deep-water-as-me-beware-the-yob-with-the-perfect-scam-8755627.html","url_text":"\"Theatre review: The Same Deep Water as Me - Beware the yob with the perfect scam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catherine Tate review – droll superstar not bovvered by comeback pressure\". The Guardian. 2016-11-14. Retrieved 2022-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/nov/14/catherine-tate-show-live-review-hammersmith-apollo-london","url_text":"\"Catherine Tate review – droll superstar not bovvered by comeback pressure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Further cast for Jerusalem in the West End with Mark Rylance announced\". WhatsOnStage. 15 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/further-cast-for-jerusalem-in-the-west-end_56108.html","url_text":"\"Further cast for Jerusalem in the West End with Mark Rylance announced\""}]}]
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Doctor Who: To the Death - Doctor Who - The Eighth Doctor Adventures - Big Finish\""},{"Link":"https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/a-guide-to-the-eighth-doctor-audio-adventures/","external_links_name":"\"A guide to the Eighth Doctor Audio Adventures\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03lv3mj","external_links_name":"\"BBC - The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot\""},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/doctor-who-david-tennant-catherine-tate-reunite-donna-noble-audio-drama/","external_links_name":"\"David Tennant & Catherine Tate Are Reuniting for New Doctor Who Audio Dramas About Donna Noble\""},{"Link":"https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/leisure/theatre/4442359.review-bedroom-farce-west-yorkshire-playhouse-leeds-until-july-4/","external_links_name":"\"Review: Bedroom Farce, West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds, until July 4\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200214045026/http://ntlive.nationaltheatre.org.uk/productions/45345-a-small-family-business","external_links_name":"\"A Small Family Business\""},{"Link":"http://ntlive.nationaltheatre.org.uk/productions/45345-a-small-family-business","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://theatricalia.com/play/1/much-ado-about-nothing/production/17vb","external_links_name":"\"Production of Much Ado About Nothing | Theatricalia\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/twelfth-night-nationals-olivier-theatre-review-tamsin-greig/","external_links_name":"\"Twelfth Night, National's Olivier Theatre review: Tamsin Greig shines in a production otherwise at sea\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","external_links_name":"0307-1235"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/apr/20/tamsin-greig-malvolia-twelfth-night-national-theatre","external_links_name":"\"Tamsin Greig on Twelfth Night: 'The self-judgment of women is awful'\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/nikywardley6","external_links_name":"\"Niky Wardley\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/nikywardley6/status/1001713837261848576","external_links_name":"\"Today I shall mainly be getting... MARRIED!!!!!!!!!!!!!!\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/nikywardley6/status/1531187114225848320","external_links_name":"\"4 years ago today, this happened. The most incredible day with the most beautiful folk. I love you, Daniel @DanHawksford\""},{"Link":"https://theatricalia.com/person/1ah9/niky-wardley","external_links_name":"\"Niky Wardley | Theatricalia\""},{"Link":"https://reviewsgate.com/three-sisters-to-11-may/","external_links_name":"\"THREE SISTERS. To 11 May\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/5602876.our-countrys-good/","external_links_name":"\"Our Country's Good\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2003/may/03/theatre.artsfeatures2","external_links_name":"\"Making Waves, Stephen Joseph Theatre, Scarborough\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hello-you-7sjlcql6flm","external_links_name":"\"Hello You\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","external_links_name":"0140-0460"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/theatre-review-the-same-deep-water-as-me-beware-the-yob-with-the-perfect-scam-8755627.html","external_links_name":"\"Theatre review: The Same Deep Water as Me - Beware the yob with the perfect scam\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/nov/14/catherine-tate-show-live-review-hammersmith-apollo-london","external_links_name":"\"Catherine Tate review – droll superstar not bovvered by comeback pressure\""},{"Link":"https://www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/further-cast-for-jerusalem-in-the-west-end_56108.html","external_links_name":"\"Further cast for Jerusalem in the West End with Mark Rylance announced\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/nikywardley6","external_links_name":"Niky Wardley"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1143038/","external_links_name":"Niky Wardley"},{"Link":"https://www.comedy.co.uk/people/niky_wardley/","external_links_name":"Niky Wardley"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1aki_Urdangarin_Liebaert
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Iñaki Urdangarin
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["1 Early life and education","2 Sports career","3 Corruption and money laundering","4 Personal life","5 Titles, styles, honours and arms","5.1 Titles","6 Honours","6.1 National honour","6.2 Foreign honours","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
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Spanish handball player (born 1968)
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Urdangarin and the second or maternal family name is Liebaert.
Iñaki UrdangarinUrdangarin in 2010Personal informationBirth nameIñaki Urdangarin LiebaertNationalitySpanishBorn (1968-01-15) 15 January 1968 (age 56)Zumárraga, Basque Country, SpainSpouse
Infanta Cristina of Spain
(m. 1997; div. 2023)Children4Parent(s)Juan María Urdangarin BerriochoaClaire Françoise Liebaert CourtainSportSportHandball
Medal record
Men's handball
1996 Atlanta
Team Competition
2000 Sydney
Team Competition
Iñaki Urdangarin Liebaert (born 15 January 1968) is a retired Spanish handball player turned entrepreneur and the former husband of Infanta Cristina, younger daughter of King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofía. He was the brother-in-law of King Felipe VI. Urdangarin was convicted of embezzling about 6 million euros in public funds for sporting events since 2004 through his nonprofit foundation, the so-called Nóos case, and of political corruption by using his former courtesy title of consort Duke of Palma de Mallorca as the husband of Infanta Cristina. In June 2018 he was sentenced to 5 years and 10 months in prison; he was initially imprisoned in Ávila, but as of 2021, he was on supervised release.
Early life and education
Iñaki Urdangarin was born on 15 January 1968 in Zumárraga, Basque Country, the son of Juan María Urdangarin Berriochoa (b. Zumárraga, 19 September 1932 – d. Vitoria-Gasteiz, 10 May 2012), engineer and businessman in the chemical and the banking industries, and wife Claire Françoise Liebaert Courtain (b. Antwerp, 16 July 1935), of Spanish Basque and Belgian (both Walloon and Flemish) descent respectively. He has six siblings. His paternal grandparents Laureano de Urdangarin y Larrañaga (1898–1982) and wife Ana de Berriochoa y Elgarresta (1902–1996) came from the tiny and humble Basque village of Zumarraga.
He obtained an MBA after a "tailor made study".
Sports career
At the age of 18, Urdangarin became a professional handball player with FC Barcelona Handbol, where he remained until his retirement in 2000. Meanwhile, he studied at the Escuela Superior de Administración y Dirección de Empresas (ESADE) in Barcelona, from which he received a master's degree in business administration.
As a member of the Spanish handball team, he participated in the 1992, 1996, and 2000 Summer Olympics, serving as team captain in 2000. The team won the bronze medal in 1996 and 2000.
Urdangarin has been a member of the Spanish Olympic Committee since 4 April 2001, and was elected first deputy chairman on 16 February 2004. In 2001, he received the Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Sports Merit.
In September 2001, it was reported that Urdangarin had been appointed director of planning and development at Octagon Esedos, a company dedicated to sports marketing. At the same time, he retired from professional handball.
Corruption and money laundering
See also: Nóos case
In November 2011, Urdangarin was accused of diverting public funds for his own profit through the non-profit Nóos institute in the 'Palma Arena' case. The Spanish Anticorruption bureau conducted searches at the Nóos institute. The daily El País published a budget document for an international event organized by the Noos Institute. It is believed that he persuaded various Spanish public administrations (mostly regional governments) to sign agreements with the Nóos Institute for both work that was never done and work that was dramatically overstated, amounting to up to €5,800,000 of funding from public administrations.
In December 2011, the Anticorruption Bureau confirmed that Urdangarin had been sending substantial sums of public money to accounts in Belize and the United Kingdom. That same month, the Royal Household of Spain announced that Urdangarin would not participate in any official royal family activity for the foreseeable future, as a result of the scandal. In his 2011 Christmas Eve National Speech, King Juan Carlos stated that "La justicia es igual para todos" ("Justice is the same for everyone"); the following day he clarified that he was speaking generally.
On 6 February 2012, Urdangarin appeared before a judge regarding allegations of corruption. He was investigated with 14 others, including Jaume Matas, former premier of the Balearics. He appeared again on 25 February 2012 in Mallorca to answer questions before the investigating judge, José Castro.
On 26 January 2013, the Spanish royal household removed from its official website the section covering Iñaki Urdangarin.
On 10 June 2016 Prosecutor Pedro Horrach called for Urdangarin to be jailed for 19+1⁄2 years and to be fined 980,000 euros. He was sentenced to six years and three months of jail and a fine of €512,000 on 17 February 2017. On 12 June 2018, the Supreme Court of Spain in appeal sentenced Urdangarin to five years and ten months imprisonment. On 18 June 2018, he reported to the prison of Brieva in Ávila. In 2021, he was put on supervised release, needing to visit prison only once a week.
Personal life
According to the Royal Household, Urdangarin met the Infanta Cristina, Duchess of Palma de Mallorca at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta. However Consuelo León Llorente and María Molina maintain in their book, Infanta Cristina, that they met in 1992. They married in Barcelona on 4 October 1997. The couple have four children, all born at Teknon Medical Centre in Barcelona: Juan (born 29 September 1999); Pablo (born 6 December 2000); Miguel (born 30 April 2002); and Irene (born 5 June 2005). As is social custom in Spain, Urdangarin had often been accorded the male form of his wife's title with the courtesy title of Duke of Palma de Mallorca since his marriage. Cristina would lose this title in 2015.
The family lived in Barcelona from 1997 until 2009, where Urdangarin was director of planning and development for Motorpress Ibérica and a founding partner of Nóos Consultoría Estratégica. From 2009 to 2011, they lived in Washington, D.C., where he worked for Telefónica. In August 2013, Urdangarin remained in Barcelona to stand trial, while his wife and children moved to Geneva, Switzerland, to work with the Caixabank Foundation. On 24 January 2022, Cristina and Urdangarin announced their separation. The couple divorced in December 2023.
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles
15 January 1968 – 4 October 1997: Iñaki Urdangarin Liebaert
4 October 1997 – 12 June 2015: The Most Excellent The Duke of Palma de Mallorca
12 June 2015 – present: The Most Excellent Iñaki Urdangarin Liebaert
In view of contradictory Spanish legislation, enacted over the past 30 years, Urdangarin was not entitled to use the ducal title of his wife (Royal Decree 1368/1987, Transitory Provisions, Third). But by centuries-old social convention in Spain, he was considered a duke. However, Iñaki Urdangarin retained the style of The Most Excellent since, although he ceased to be the consort of a duchess, he is still a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Sports Merit.
Honours
See also: List of honours of the Spanish royal family by country
National honour
Spain : Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Sports Merit (Real Orden del Mérito Deportivo, 30/11/2001).
Foreign honours
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Iñaki Urdangarin" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Germany : Grand Cross 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (11/11/2002).
Luxembourg : Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown (07/05/2001).
Notes
^ In view of contradictory Spanish legislation, enacted over the past 30 years, Urdangarin was not legally entitled to use the ducal title of his wife (Royal Decree 1368/1987, Transitory Provisions, Third).
References
^ a b "Princess Cristina of Spain Separates from Husband After He Was Pictured with Another Woman".
^ "Iñaki Urdangarin Liebaert". Archived from the original on 9 March 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
^ a b c Luis Gómez (11 February 2014). "How an ideal couple's life went to hell". El Pais. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
^ a b c "IÑAKI URDANGARÍN COMIENZA UNA NUEVA ETAPA PROFESIONAL EN UNA EMPRESA DE MÁRKETING DEPORTIVO". !Hola!. HOLA S.A. Archived from the original on 25 October 2001. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
^ Gómez, Luis. "How an ideal couple's life went to hell". El País. PRISA. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2019. Iñaki Urdangarin went on to get an MBA at Esade, where he had a study program tailor-made to suit his needs. Queen Sofía showed up for the graduation ceremony; it later emerged that he had never obtained his bachelor's degree. Diego Torres, his business associate in the dubious dealings that got Urdangarin in hot water (and who was not his professor at Esade, contrary to what has been published), recommended that he complete his studies when business started to go badly. But that was years later.
^ Royal Decree 1369/2001
^ Manresa, Andreu; García, Jesús (9 November 2011). "Iñaki Urdangarin was involved in the 'Palma Arena' case". El Pais (in Spanish).
^ Manresa, Andreu; García, Jesús (8 November 2011). "Anticorrupción registra la fundación de Iñaki Urdangarin". El Pais (in Spanish).
^ "Los sospechosos precios especiales del Instituto Nóos". El Pais (in Spanish). 9 November 2011.
^ Muñoz, Pablo (10 December 2011). "Los gestores de Nóos facturaron al Instituto 1.700.000 euros cuando ya no funcionaba". ABC.es (in Spanish).
^ "Instituto Nóos scandal". El Mundo (in Spanish). 12 December 2011.
^ The Big Picture, boston.com, January 2009; Retrieved 19 June 2014.
^ "Spanish duke Inaki Urdangarin to appear before judge". BBC News. 9 December 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
^ Mallet, Victor (December 29, 2011). "Spanish duke faces corruption charges". Financial Times.
^ "Spanish duke Inaki Urdangarin questioned over corruption". BBC News. 25 February 2012.
^ "Freispruch für Cristina – Haft für ihren Mann". tagesschau.de (in German). 17 February 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
^ "Spain's Princess Cristina cleared in tax trial". BBC News. 17 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
^ "Urdangarin, Ni Duque Ni De Palma". Diario Público. Madrid. January 31, 2013. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2013. The Infanta Cristina is the Duchess, but he only consort so, under the law, the king can not take a title where there was none
^ The Crown Archived 2007-12-12 at the Wayback Machine – Official site of the Royal Household of HM the King
^ "King Juan Carlos of Spain's son-in-law Iñaki Urdangarin will no longe…". 2019-08-20. Archived from the original on 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
^ "Spain king's daughter moves to Switzerland amid corruption investigation". thetelegraph.co.uk. 31 Jul 2013.
^ Shahid, Sharnaz (24 January 2022). "King Felipe of Spain's sister Infanta Cristina announces separation from Iñaki Urdangarin". Hello!. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
^ "La infanta Cristina e Iñaki Urdangarin firman su divorcio en secreto". HOLA (in Spanish). 2024-01-24. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
^ (in Spanish) The King revokes the title of Duchess of Palma use by his sister doña Cristina, Europapress (15–06–11) (Acceded on 12 June 2015)
^ "Urdangarin, Ni Duque Ni De Palma". Diario Público. Madrid. January 31, 2013. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2013. The Infanta Cristina is the Duchess, but he only consort so, under the law, the king can not take a title where there was none
^ The Crown – Official site of the Royal Household of HM the King
^ Matthew Hovious (15 November 2011). "In Re Genealogica: Duchy Original: The Palma Title At Home and Abroad". matthewhovious.blogspot.com.
^ (in Spanish) Royal Decree 1369/2001 The Duke of Palma member of the Royal Order of the Sports Merit.).
^ "Consulta de información de bomec". mec.es. Archived from the original on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2013-05-18.
External links
Media related to Iñaki Urdangarin at Wikimedia Commons
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Catalonia
Germany
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_handball"},{"link_name":"Infanta Cristina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Cristina"},{"link_name":"King Juan Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Juan_Carlos"},{"link_name":"Queen Sofía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Sof%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"King Felipe VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Felipe_VI"},{"link_name":"Nóos case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3os_case"},{"link_name":"Duke of Palma de Mallorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Palma_de_Mallorca"},{"link_name":"Ávila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81vila,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people.com-1"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Urdangarin and the second or maternal family name is Liebaert.Iñaki Urdangarin Liebaert (born 15 January 1968) is a retired Spanish handball player turned entrepreneur and the former husband of Infanta Cristina, younger daughter of King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofía. He was the brother-in-law of King Felipe VI. Urdangarin was convicted of embezzling about 6 million euros in public funds for sporting events since 2004 through his nonprofit foundation, the so-called Nóos case, and of political corruption by using his former courtesy title of consort Duke of Palma de Mallorca as the husband of Infanta Cristina. In June 2018 he was sentenced to 5 years and 10 months in prison; he was initially imprisoned in Ávila, but as of 2021, he was on supervised release.[1]","title":"Iñaki Urdangarin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zumárraga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumarraga,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-casareal-2"},{"link_name":"Vitoria-Gasteiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_people"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_people"},{"link_name":"Walloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walloons"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_people"},{"link_name":"MBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hell-3"}],"text":"Iñaki Urdangarin was born on 15 January 1968 in Zumárraga, Basque Country, the son of Juan María Urdangarin Berriochoa (b. Zumárraga,[2] 19 September 1932 – d. Vitoria-Gasteiz, 10 May 2012), engineer and businessman in the chemical and the banking industries, and wife Claire Françoise Liebaert Courtain (b. Antwerp, 16 July 1935), of Spanish Basque and Belgian (both Walloon and Flemish) descent respectively. He has six siblings. His paternal grandparents Laureano de Urdangarin y Larrañaga (1898–1982) and wife Ana de Berriochoa y Elgarresta (1902–1996) came from the tiny and humble Basque village of Zumarraga.He obtained an MBA after a \"tailor made study\".[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_handball"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona Handbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_Handbol"},{"link_name":"ESADE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESADE"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohladotcom-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais-5"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2000 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Spanish Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Royal Order of Sports Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Sports_Merit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohladotcom-4"},{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball"}],"text":"At the age of 18, Urdangarin became a professional handball player with FC Barcelona Handbol, where he remained until his retirement in 2000. Meanwhile, he studied at the Escuela Superior de Administración y Dirección de Empresas (ESADE) in Barcelona, from which he received a master's degree in business administration.[4][5]As a member of the Spanish handball team, he participated in the 1992, 1996, and 2000 Summer Olympics, serving as team captain in 2000. The team won the bronze medal in 1996 and 2000.Urdangarin has been a member of the Spanish Olympic Committee since 4 April 2001, and was elected first deputy chairman on 16 February 2004. In 2001, he received the Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Sports Merit.[6]In September 2001, it was reported that Urdangarin had been appointed director of planning and development at Octagon Esedos, a company dedicated to sports marketing.[4] At the same time, he retired from professional handball.","title":"Sports career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nóos case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3os_case"},{"link_name":"Nóos institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noos_Institute"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"El País","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"Noos Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noos_Institute"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Nóos Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noos_Institute"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Household of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Household_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_royal_family"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Christmas Eve National Speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve_National_Speech"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Balearics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mallorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorca"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hell-3"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ávila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81vila,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people.com-1"}],"text":"See also: Nóos caseIn November 2011, Urdangarin was accused of diverting public funds for his own profit through the non-profit Nóos institute in the 'Palma Arena' case.[7] The Spanish Anticorruption bureau conducted searches at the Nóos institute.[8] The daily El País published a budget document for an international event organized by the Noos Institute.[9] It is believed that he persuaded various Spanish public administrations (mostly regional governments) to sign agreements with the Nóos Institute for both work that was never done and work that was dramatically overstated, amounting to up to €5,800,000 of funding from public administrations.[10]In December 2011, the Anticorruption Bureau confirmed that Urdangarin had been sending substantial sums of public money to accounts in Belize and the United Kingdom. That same month, the Royal Household of Spain announced that Urdangarin would not participate in any official royal family activity for the foreseeable future, as a result of the scandal.[11] In his 2011 Christmas Eve National Speech, King Juan Carlos stated that \"La justicia es igual para todos\" (\"Justice is the same for everyone\"); the following day he clarified that he was speaking generally.[12]On 6 February 2012, Urdangarin appeared before a judge regarding allegations of corruption.[13] He was investigated with 14 others, including Jaume Matas, former premier of the Balearics.[14] He appeared again on 25 February 2012 in Mallorca to answer questions before the investigating judge, José Castro.[15]On 26 January 2013, the Spanish royal household removed from its official website the section covering Iñaki Urdangarin.[3]On 10 June 2016 Prosecutor Pedro Horrach called for Urdangarin to be jailed for 19+1⁄2 years and to be fined 980,000 euros. He was sentenced to six years and three months of jail and a fine of €512,000 on 17 February 2017.[16][17] On 12 June 2018, the Supreme Court of Spain in appeal sentenced Urdangarin to five years and ten months imprisonment. On 18 June 2018, he reported to the prison of Brieva in Ávila. In 2021, he was put on supervised release, needing to visit prison only once a week.[1]","title":"Corruption and money laundering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Infanta Cristina, Duchess of Palma de Mallorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta_Cristina,_Duchess_of_Palma_de_Mallorca"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:I%C3%B1aki_Urdangarin#Dubious"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hell-3"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohladotcom-4"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Telefónica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Caixabank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caixabank"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"According to the Royal Household, Urdangarin met the Infanta Cristina, Duchess of Palma de Mallorca at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta.[dubious – discuss] However Consuelo León Llorente and María Molina maintain in their book, Infanta Cristina, that they met in 1992. They married in Barcelona on 4 October 1997. The couple have four children, all born at Teknon Medical Centre in Barcelona: Juan (born 29 September 1999); Pablo (born 6 December 2000); Miguel (born 30 April 2002); and Irene (born 5 June 2005).[3] As is social custom in Spain, Urdangarin had often been accorded the male form of his wife's title with the courtesy title of Duke of Palma de Mallorca since his marriage.[a] Cristina would lose this title in 2015.The family lived in Barcelona from 1997 until 2009, where Urdangarin was director of planning and development for Motorpress Ibérica and a founding partner of Nóos Consultoría Estratégica.[4] From 2009 to 2011, they lived in Washington, D.C., where he worked for Telefónica.[20] In August 2013, Urdangarin remained in Barcelona to stand trial, while his wife and children moved to Geneva, Switzerland, to work with the Caixabank Foundation.[21] On 24 January 2022, Cristina and Urdangarin announced their separation.[22] The couple divorced in December 2023.[23]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Titles, styles, honours and arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Titles","text":"15 January 1968 – 4 October 1997: Iñaki Urdangarin Liebaert\n4 October 1997 – 12 June 2015: The Most Excellent The Duke of Palma de Mallorca\n12 June 2015 – present: The Most Excellent Iñaki Urdangarin Liebaert[24]In view of contradictory Spanish legislation, enacted over the past 30 years, Urdangarin was not entitled to use the ducal title of his wife [25] (Royal Decree 1368/1987, Transitory Provisions, Third).[26] But by centuries-old social convention in Spain, he was considered a duke.[27] However, Iñaki Urdangarin retained the style of The Most Excellent since, although he ceased to be the consort of a duchess, he is still a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Sports Merit.","title":"Titles, styles, honours and arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of honours of the Spanish royal family by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honours_of_the_Spanish_royal_family_by_country"}],"text":"See also: List of honours of the Spanish royal family by country","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honours_of_Spain_awarded_to_heads_of_state_and_royals"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Sports Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Sports_Merit"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"National honour","text":"Spain : Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Sports Merit (Real Orden del Mérito Deportivo, 30/11/2001).[28][29]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honours_of_Germany_awarded_to_heads_of_state_and_royals"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honours_of_Luxembourg_awarded_to_heads_of_state_and_royals"},{"link_name":"Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Oak_Crown"}],"sub_title":"Foreign honours","text":"Germany : Grand Cross 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (11/11/2002).\n Luxembourg : Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown (07/05/2001).","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"^ In view of contradictory Spanish legislation, enacted over the past 30 years, Urdangarin was not legally entitled to use the ducal title of his wife[18] (Royal Decree 1368/1987, Transitory Provisions, Third).[19]","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Princess Cristina of Spain Separates from Husband After He Was Pictured with Another Woman\".","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/royals/princess-cristina-of-spain-separates-from-husband-after-he-was-pictured-with-another-woman/","url_text":"\"Princess Cristina of Spain Separates from Husband After He Was Pictured with Another Woman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iñaki Urdangarin Liebaert\". Archived from the original on 9 March 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070309133744/http://www.casareal.es/doninaki/index-iden-idweb.html","url_text":"\"Iñaki Urdangarin Liebaert\""},{"url":"http://www.casareal.es/doninaki/index-iden-idweb.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Luis Gómez (11 February 2014). \"How an ideal couple's life went to hell\". El Pais. Retrieved 9 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/02/11/inenglish/1392141839_969332.html","url_text":"\"How an ideal couple's life went to hell\""}]},{"reference":"\"IÑAKI URDANGARÍN COMIENZA UNA NUEVA ETAPA PROFESIONAL EN UNA EMPRESA DE MÁRKETING DEPORTIVO\". !Hola!. HOLA S.A. Archived from the original on 25 October 2001. Retrieved 19 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011025013234/http://ohla.com/2001/09/24/urdangarin/","url_text":"\"IÑAKI URDANGARÍN COMIENZA UNA NUEVA ETAPA PROFESIONAL EN UNA EMPRESA DE MÁRKETING DEPORTIVO\""},{"url":"http://ohla.com/2001/09/24/urdangarin/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gómez, Luis. \"How an ideal couple's life went to hell\". El País. PRISA. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2019. Iñaki Urdangarin went on to get an MBA at Esade, where he had a study program tailor-made to suit his needs. Queen Sofía showed up for the graduation ceremony; it later emerged that he had never obtained his bachelor's degree. Diego Torres, his business associate in the dubious dealings that got Urdangarin in hot water (and who was not his professor at Esade, contrary to what has been published), recommended that he complete his studies when business started to go badly. But that was years later.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180615153550/https://elpais.com/elpais/2014/02/11/inenglish/1392141839_969332.html","url_text":"\"How an ideal couple's life went to hell\""},{"url":"https://elpais.com/elpais/2014/02/11/inenglish/1392141839_969332.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Manresa, Andreu; García, Jesús (9 November 2011). \"Iñaki Urdangarin was involved in the 'Palma Arena' case\". El Pais (in Spanish).","urls":[{"url":"http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/11/09/actualidad/1320835105_840729.html","url_text":"\"Iñaki Urdangarin was involved in the 'Palma Arena' case\""}]},{"reference":"Manresa, Andreu; García, Jesús (8 November 2011). \"Anticorrupción registra la fundación de Iñaki Urdangarin\". El Pais (in Spanish).","urls":[{"url":"http://elpais.com/diario/2011/11/08/espana/1320706816_850215.html","url_text":"\"Anticorrupción registra la fundación de Iñaki Urdangarin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los sospechosos precios especiales del Instituto Nóos\". El Pais (in Spanish). 9 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/11/09/actualidad/1320868088_382205.html","url_text":"\"Los sospechosos precios especiales del Instituto Nóos\""}]},{"reference":"Muñoz, Pablo (10 December 2011). \"Los gestores de Nóos facturaron al Instituto 1.700.000 euros cuando ya no funcionaba\". ABC.es (in Spanish).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.es/20111210/espana/abcp-gestores-noos-facturaron-instituto-20111210.html","url_text":"\"Los gestores de Nóos facturaron al Instituto 1.700.000 euros cuando ya no funcionaba\""}]},{"reference":"\"Instituto Nóos scandal\". El Mundo (in Spanish). 12 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/12/12/espana/1323686462.html","url_text":"\"Instituto Nóos scandal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spanish duke Inaki Urdangarin to appear before judge\". BBC News. 9 December 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16352703","url_text":"\"Spanish duke Inaki Urdangarin to appear before judge\""}]},{"reference":"Mallet, Victor (December 29, 2011). \"Spanish duke faces corruption charges\". Financial Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/672a39dc-3225-11e1-9be2-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1iJJFbij3","url_text":"\"Spanish duke faces corruption charges\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spanish duke Inaki Urdangarin questioned over corruption\". BBC News. 25 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17163364","url_text":"\"Spanish duke Inaki Urdangarin questioned over corruption\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freispruch für Cristina – Haft für ihren Mann\". tagesschau.de (in German). 17 February 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170217130703/http://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/cristina-103.html","url_text":"\"Freispruch für Cristina – Haft für ihren Mann\""},{"url":"https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/cristina-103.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Spain's Princess Cristina cleared in tax trial\". BBC News. 17 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39005056","url_text":"\"Spain's Princess Cristina cleared in tax trial\""}]},{"reference":"\"Urdangarin, Ni Duque Ni De Palma\". Diario Público. Madrid. January 31, 2013. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2013. The Infanta Cristina is the Duchess, but he only consort so, under the law, the king can not take a title where there was none","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130203105302/http://www.publico.es/449948/urdangarin-ni-duque-ni-de-palma","url_text":"\"Urdangarin, Ni Duque Ni De Palma\""},{"url":"http://www.publico.es/449948/urdangarin-ni-duque-ni-de-palma","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"King Juan Carlos of Spain's son-in-law Iñaki Urdangarin will no longe…\". 2019-08-20. Archived from the original on 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2019-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hellomagazine.com/royalty/201112126768/king-juan-carlos-inaki-urdangarin/","url_text":"\"King Juan Carlos of Spain's son-in-law Iñaki Urdangarin will no longe…\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20190820013128/https://www.hellomagazine.com/royalty/201112126768/king-juan-carlos-inaki-urdangarin/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Spain king's daughter moves to Switzerland amid corruption investigation\". thetelegraph.co.uk. 31 Jul 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/10214687/Spain-kings-daughter-moves-to-Switzerland-amid-corruption-investigation.html","url_text":"\"Spain king's daughter moves to Switzerland amid corruption investigation\""}]},{"reference":"Shahid, Sharnaz (24 January 2022). \"King Felipe of Spain's sister Infanta Cristina announces separation from Iñaki Urdangarin\". Hello!. Retrieved 24 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hellomagazine.com/royalty/20220124131535/king-felipe-sister-infanta-cristina-separation/","url_text":"\"King Felipe of Spain's sister Infanta Cristina announces separation from Iñaki Urdangarin\""}]},{"reference":"\"La infanta Cristina e Iñaki Urdangarin firman su divorcio en secreto\". HOLA (in Spanish). 2024-01-24. Retrieved 2024-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hola.com/actualidad/20240124355057/infanta-cristina-inaki-urdangarin-firman-divorcio-secreto-claves/","url_text":"\"La infanta Cristina e Iñaki Urdangarin firman su divorcio en secreto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Urdangarin, Ni Duque Ni De Palma\". Diario Público. Madrid. January 31, 2013. Archived from the original on February 3, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2013. The Infanta Cristina is the Duchess, but he only consort so, under the law, the king can not take a title where there was none","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130203105302/http://www.publico.es/449948/urdangarin-ni-duque-ni-de-palma","url_text":"\"Urdangarin, Ni Duque Ni De Palma\""},{"url":"http://www.publico.es/449948/urdangarin-ni-duque-ni-de-palma","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Matthew Hovious (15 November 2011). \"In Re Genealogica: Duchy Original: The Palma Title At Home and Abroad\". matthewhovious.blogspot.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://matthewhovious.blogspot.com/2011/11/duchy-original-palma-title-at-home-and.html","url_text":"\"In Re Genealogica: Duchy Original: The Palma Title At Home and Abroad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Consulta de información de bomec\". mec.es. Archived from the original on 2013-11-12. Retrieved 2013-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131112105044/http://apliper.mec.es/tablon/bomec/f5854492.html","url_text":"\"Consulta de información de bomec\""},{"url":"http://apliper.mec.es/tablon/bomec/f5854492.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/79th_Cameron_Highlanders_of_Canada
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Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada
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["1 Lineage","1.1 The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada","2 Operational history","2.1 Great War","2.2 Second World War","2.3 Afghanistan","3 Perpetuations","3.1 The Great War","4 History","4.1 Formation","4.2 Great War","4.3 Between the wars","4.4 Second World War","4.5 Post war","4.6 Lineage chart","4.7 Authorized marches[14]","5 Alliances","6 Battle honours","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links","12 Order of precedence"]
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The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of CanadaCap badgeActive1910–presentCountryCanadaBranchCanadian ArmyTypeLine infantryRoleLight roleSizeBattalionPart of38 Canadian Brigade GroupGarrison/HQWinnipegMotto(s)Ullamh (Scottish Gaelic for 'ready')March"The Piobaireachd of Donald Dhu" and "March of the Cameron Men"Anniversaries
Regimental birthday, 1 February 1910
Shankland's VC, 26 October 1917
Dieppe, 19 August 1942
Engagements
First World War
Second World War
War in Afghanistan
Battle honoursSee #Battle honoursWebsitearmy-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/3-canadian-division/the-queens-own-cameron-highlanders-of-canada/index.page CommandersColonel-in-ChiefVacantInsigniaNATO Map SymbolTartanCameron of ErrachtAbbreviationCamerons of CMilitary unit
The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada is a Primary Reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Army. It is part of the 3rd Canadian Division's 38 Canadian Brigade Group and is headquartered at the Minto Armoury in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It is the oldest highland regiment in Western Canada.
Lineage
The regimental colour
The camp flag
The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada
Originated 1 February 1910 in Winnipeg, Manitoba as The 79th Highlanders of Canada
Redesignated 1 April 1910 as The 79th Cameron Highlanders of Canada
Redesignated 12 March 1920 as The Cameron Highlanders of Canada
Redesignated 1 November 1923 as The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada
Redesignated 7 November 1940 as the 2nd (Reserve) Battalion, The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada
Redesignated 30 November 1945 as The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada
Redesignated 1 October 1954 as The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada (Motor)
Redesignated 11 April 1958 as The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada
Operational history
Great War
Details of The 79th Cameron Highlanders of Canada were placed on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties.
The 79th Cameron Highlanders of Canada contributed one company to the 16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF (perpetuated by the Canadian Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary's).
The 43rd Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF, which was authorized on 7 November 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 1 June 1915. It disembarked in France on 22 February 1916, where it fought as part of the 9th Infantry Brigade, 3rd Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war. The battalion disbanded on 15 September 1920.
The 174th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF was authorized on 15 July 1916 and embarked for Great Britain on
29 April 1917. There, on 7 May 1917, its personnel were absorbed by the 14th Reserve Battalion, CEF to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion disbanded on 1 September 1917.
The 179th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF was authorized on 15 July 1916 and embarked for Great Britain on
3 October 1916. There, on 21 October 1916, its personnel were absorbed by the 17th Reserve Battalion, CEF to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion disbanded on 17 July 1917.
The distinguishing patch of The 43rd Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF.
Second World War
The regiment mobilized The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, CASF for active service on 1 September 1939. It was redesignated as the 1st Battalion, The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, CASF on 7 November 1940. It embarked for Great Britain on 12 December 1940. The battalion took part in Operation Jubilee, the Dieppe Raid, on 19 August 1942. It returned to France on 7 July 1944, as part of the 6th Canadian Infantry Brigade, 2nd Canadian Infantry Division, and it continued to fight in North-West Europe until the end of the war. The overseas battalion disbanded on 30 November 1945.
Afghanistan
The regiment contributed an aggregate of more than 20% of its authorized strength to the various Task Forces which served in Afghanistan between 2002 and 2014.
Perpetuations
The Great War
43rd Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF
174th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF
179th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF
History
Formation
As early as 1905 the local Scottish community in Winnipeg, led by the St Andrew's Society of Winnipeg, began lobbying the government to raise a Highland regiment. Under increasing pressure from the Scottish lobbyists the government relented and the initial steps taken to form Western Canada's first Highland regiment. On 29 September 1909, the prospective officers met and committees dealing with finances, uniforms and the band were formed. As the government grant did not cover the entire cost of uniforms and equipment, the Scottish societies and the officers undertook to raise the money themselves managing an initial amount of $25,000.00. Almost all of the original accoutrements were manufactured in Scotland, obtained from William Anderson & Sons Ltd. On 1 February 1910, the 79th Cameron Highlanders of Canada were officially gazetted, headquartered in the former Dominion Lands Office at 202 Main Street. On 9 October 1910, the regiment received its first stand of Colours, presented by Mrs D. C. Cameron, wife of the honorary lieutenant-colonel.
The availability of the number "79" was fortuitous and enabled the new Canadian regiment to adopt the regimental number of a famous regiment in Scotland, the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders who had been raised in 1793 as the 79th (Cameron Highlanders) Regiment of Foot. Along with the regimental number the new Canadian regiment chose to also perpetuate the uniform of the Imperial Camerons. This association with the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders became official on 31 January 1911, when His Majesty, King George V authorized the alliance of the two Highland regiments. On 22 June 1911, a contingent of 61 Camerons, parading with their allied regiment, participated in the coronation of King George V.
Great War
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When the First World War broke out the Canadian Army did not mobilize based on its existing structure. Instead Sir Sam Hughes, the Minister of Militia created an entirely new table of organization with numbered battalions raised on geographical lines. This often meant that more than one militia regiment contributed men to a single new Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) Battalion. Under this mobilization plan militia regiments were to remain in Canada acting only as drafting units. Initially the Camerons were tasked with raising a company. The First Volunteer Overseas Company mobilized 7 officers and 250 other ranks under Captain John Geddes. This company mustered at Camp Valcartier to be formed into a battalion with companies from three other Canadian highland regiments, the 16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF. The Camerons next mobilized the Second Volunteer Overseas Company providing the second-in-command, Major D. S. MacKay, a company (10 officers, 250 other ranks) and a signals section for what would become the 27th (City of Winnipeg) Battalion (The Royal Winnipeg Rifles). It would not be until December 1914 that the regiment would be permitted to raise an entire battalion for overseas service.
On 18 December 1914, the Camerons received authority to raise a complete battalion for overseas service and the Volunteer Overseas Battalion was gazetted and mobilization commenced under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Robert M. Thomson. The battalion began training at Minto Armoury in Winnipeg and was soon re-designated the 43rd Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF. On 29 May 1915 the battalion entrained for Montreal and deployment overseas. Embarking on HMTS Grampian on 9 June with a complement of 39 officers and 1,020 other ranks, the 43rd arrived in England on 8 June, disembarking at Davenport and proceeding by train to Lower St Martin's Plain, Shorncliffe. Arriving at the camp to find nothing ready for them, the Camerons set about pitching tents and setting up camp. The battalion made camp so expertly that they continued to be tasked to prepare camp for newly arriving units.
On 22 July the 43rd supplied a reinforcement draft of 386 other ranks to the 16th (Canadian Scottish) Battalion, the first of several. This loss of manpower placed the 43rd in peril of being broken up entirely and used as reinforcements. On 28 September the 43rd moved from the tented camp into huts at East Sandling. On 23 November the battalion was made into a reserve battalion and began taking casualties from the 15th and 16th Battalions on strength. Reinforced with the arrival of a number of drafts from the 79th Cameron Highlanders of Canada Drafting Detachment back in Winnipeg, the 43rd was brought back up to strength and reprieved from dissolution, ceasing to be a reserve Battalion on 24 January 1916. The casualties on its strength were transferred to the 17th Reserve battalion, and on 29 January, the 43rd entrained for Liphook, Bramshott Camp to join the 3rd Canadian Division.
Awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM) for his actions at Sanctuary Wood in 1916 as a sergeant, Robert Shankland received a battlefield commission and continued to serve with the 43rd Battalion as an officer. On the morning of 26 October, he was the last officer to led his platoon forward to the crest of the hill. Once in position at the Bellevue Pillboxes, he could see that the remnant of "B" Company, in command of Sgt. Donald Mowat, along with additional men from "D" Company had captured the hill at the Bellevue Spur, the main trench line defending Passchendaele. Overrunning it and holding the position was critical to capturing the ruins of the town.
Although both flanks were eventually exposed, they held the position, withstanding incessant artillery shelling, German counterattacks and sustaining frightful casualties. In danger of being cut off and losing the vital position, Shankland turned over his command to another officer, and then returned to battalion headquarters, where he gave a first-hand report of the situation. He also offered a detailed plan on how a counterattack with reinforcements could best be achieved. He then returned to his men to hold the Spur while elements of the 43rd, now reinforced by companies of the 52nd and 58th Battalions captured the strong-points on both flanks. Once Bellevue Farm had been captured, Captain Galt, Officer Commanding "D" Company took over from Shankland, and Shankland returned to have his wounds dressed. For his actions that day Robert Shankland was awarded the Victoria Cross. Military Crosses were awarded to Capt. Donald A. Galt for attacking Bellevue Farm and later holding the Spur for two days; Lt. Edmund Smart of "A" Company for establishing a defensive flank and capturing a strong point (with four men) and taking eighty prisoners. And Distinguished Conduct Medals were awarded to Cpl. James Hainstock of "B" Company for his part in capturing the Spur, organizing a sniping defence, inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy assembling for a counter-attack, and for holding this position for two days; CSM Donald Mowat "A" Company, but attached to "B", for leading with three men in the capture of one of the Pillboxes on the crest of the Spur, and dressing wounded under fire.
On 12 January 1916, the 174th (Cameron Highlanders of Canada) Battalion, CEF was authorized and gazetted. As the regiment was focussed on raising the 179th Battalion the raising of the 174th was put aside until 30 May, when the battalion was organized with Lieutenant-Colonel James A. Cantlie in command. The 174th trained at Camp Hughes through the summer of 1917 and on 20 August, Lieutenant-Colonel Cantlie handed command over to Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh F. Osler, who had returned from serving with the 43rd Battalion in France. On 22 April, the battalion entrained at Winnipeg for overseas deployment and seven days later embarked on HMTS Olympic at Halifax for the Atlantic crossing. The 174th arrived at Liverpool on 7 May, where the battalion disembarked and proceeded by train to Upper Dibgate Camp. Upon arrival the 174th was absorbed into the 14th Reserve Battalion (formerly the 179th Battalion), and the men ultimately sent as reinforcement drafts for the 16th and 43rd Battalions serving with the Canadian Corps in France.
On 12 January 1916, the 179th (Cameron Highlanders of Canada) Battalion, CEF was authorized and gazetted under command of Lieutenant-Colonel James A. Cantlie. The nucleus of the 179th was formed from absorbing the 79th Cameron Highlanders of Canada Drafting Detachment on 1 February. On 30 May, Lieutenant-Colonel Cantlie, whose poor health precluded him from overseas deployment, relinquished command to Lieutenant-Colonel J. Y. Reid, and the battalion moved by train to Camp Hughes. Training at Camp Hughes throughout the summer of 1916, the 179th entrained for overseas deployment on 26 September. Arriving in Halifax, the battalion embarked on HMTS Saxonia on 4 October, and set sail for England. The 179th battalion arrived at Liverpool on 13 October, where they disembarked and proceeded to East Sanding Camp. On 4 January 1917, the 179th was re-designated the 14th Reserve Battalion and moved to Upper Dibgate Camp.
Between the wars
In 1920 a major reorganization of Canadian Militia units took place. Some units were disbanded, others were re-rolled or amalgamated and almost all numerical designations were dropped from regimental titles (the two notable exceptions being the 48th Highlanders of Canada and the Royal 22e Régiment). Thus the 79th Cameron Highlanders of Canada became simply, the Cameron Highlanders of Canada. In order to perpetuate the regiment's accomplishments during the First World War, the regiment was reorganized as three battalions: the 1st Battalion "43rd Battalion CEF", 2nd (Reserve) Battalion (174th Battalion CEF) and 3rd (Reserve) Battalion (179th Battalion CEF). In reality the 1st Battalion was the only active militia unit. The 2nd and 3rd Battalions were reserve units where non-active personnel could transfer for an interim period or upon retirement and remain subject to future recall.
The popularity of Highland Regiments was at an all-time high in Canada after the First World War and a number of line infantry units chose to adopt Highland dress and customs. In 1920 The Ottawa Regiment (The Duke of Cornwall's Own) converted to a Highland Regiment adopting the title of The Ottawa Highlanders and the uniform of the Camerons. Steps were taken to form an alliance with the new Cameron Regiment in Ottawa and the alliance was formally granted in 1923. Subsequently, in 1933 The Ottawa Highlanders changed their name to The Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa.
On 24 October 1923, his Majesty King George V was "graciously pleased" to grant permission for the regiment to be named the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada in recognition of the Regiment's exemplary service during the First World War. With granting of the royal designation "Queen's Own" the regiment decided to adopt badges that more closely resembled the pattern worn by the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of the British Army. The new cap badge depicted the figure of Saint Andrew holding in his arms a saltire (Saint Andrew's Cross), enclosed by a wreath of thistles and across the lower part of the wreath, scrolls inscribed: QUEEN'S OWN CAMERON HIGHLANDERS OF CANADA. New collar and sporran badges of a pattern identical to the Imperial Camerons were also chosen.
The new pattern badges were authorized by the War Office on 31 August 1925, and the cap and collar badges received by the regiment on 24 February 1927. The new pattern badges were held in stores pending the acquisition of the new sporran badge. With the sporran badges still yet to be acquired, the collar badges were finally issued in January 1930, and the cap badges towards the end of the year.
Second World War
On 1 September 1939, the Camerons were officially notified of the impending war. Within 17 days of being ordered to mobilize, the battalion was at full strength of 807 all ranks. This time the Camerons would not fight in their kilts as the regiment had 25 years earlier. A War Department directive issued in April 1940 made battledress the standard uniform for all units and the Highland regiments reluctantly surrendered their kilts for trousers. The regiment was increased to two battalions, the 1st Battalion being placed on active duty for overseas service as part of the 2nd Canadian Division and the 2nd Battalion to remain in Winnipeg to recruit and train replacements. On 16 December 1940, the 1st Battalion embarked for overseas on board the SS Louis Pasteur, arriving at Gourock, Scotland on Christmas Eve.
On 19 August 1942, the Camerons landed in occupied Europe as part of Operation Jubilee, the raid on the French port of Dieppe. The South Saskatchewan Regiment were to land in the first wave of the attack on Green Beach to secure the beach at Pourville, the right flank of the operation. The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada would then land in the second wave and move inland along the eastern bank of the Scie River to meet up with the tanks of the Calgary Regiment coming from Dieppe and capture the airfield at Saint-Aubin-sur-Scie. The Camerons and the Calgary tanks would then clear the Hitler Battery and attack the suspected German divisional headquarters at Arques-la-Bataille.
The attack went in on time (0450 hours) but the South Saskatchewan Regiment did not land astride the river as intended, but to the west of it. This didn't pose a problem for the force aiming to clear the village and attack the cliffs to the west, but for the other force it meant they had to move through the village, cross the exposed bridge over the river before attempting to get on the high ground to the east. The delay this imposed meant that the Germans had time to react and deploy. "A" and "D" Companies of the South Saskatchewan Regiment took all their objectives, including a large white house on the western headland that proved to be some kind of officers quarters. The other two companies found that the bridge was swept by fire from a number of German pillboxes on the high ground facing them and the attack stalled as Canadian casualties mounted.
As the Camerons were the second wave to attack on Green Beach they came into an aroused German defence. The Camerons were riding in plywood landing craft. About 1,000 yd (910 m) off Green Beach, the craft formed in a single line and moved toward the beach. The German shore batteries, machine guns, and mortars opened fire. Above the angry roar of battle and the growl of racing engines came a sound that riveted the attention of U. S. Ranger Sergeant Marcell G. Swank. On a small forward deck of the landing craft to Swank's right, Pipe Major Alex Graham stood courageously playing A Hundred Pipers. "He stood there," recalled Swank, "defiantly telling the world that the Camerons were coming. God what a glory." Inspired by their piper, the Camerons landed on Green Beach with courage and élan and swept forward. This is the last recorded instance of Canadian troops being piped into battle.
The Camerons hit the Green Beach an hour after the South Saskatchewan Regiment, some 30 minutes late, as the commanding officer had not believed that the South Saskatchewan Regiment would be able to clear the beach and village in the allotted time. As they landed the commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Alfred Gostling, was killed by a sniper and the unit was taken over by the second-in-command, Major A. T. "Andy" Law.
The majority of the force was mistakenly landed to the west of the river, so Law decided to alter the plan. Those that had landed to the east were told to join the South Saskatchewan Regiment, while the majority to the west advanced up the valley with Major Law. They were harassed on their journey by fire from Quatre Vents Farm and decided to seek shelter in the woods, through which, they reached the high ground above Bas d'Hautot. There they saw that the enemy already held the bridge at Petite Appeville in some strength (by a heavily reinforced anti-tank company from the 571st Infantry Regiment). Law's group could not now realistically take the bridge, nor could they bypass it, for the road from Ouville was now swarming with enemy reinforcements. Meanwhile, the rest of the Camerons had joined up with the South Saskatchewan Regiment but despite closing in on Quatre Vents Farm and the radar station they were halted by enemy fire.
Although the Camerons made the deepest penetration of the day, the main landing at Dieppe had been unsuccessful. By 0930 hours a decision had to be made. The failure of the tanks to arrive had made it impossible for the Camerons to gain their objectives and suggested things were not going quite as planned on the main beaches. Faced with increasing German opposition and a complete lack of communication with higher headquarters, the Camerons began to fight their way back to Pourville, carrying their wounded. With Support Platoon leading, "A" Company guarding the flank and "C" Company forming the rearguard, the battalion made it back to Beronville Wood and re-established contact with the South Saskatchewan Regiment. It was only then that they found out the landing craft would not return for re-embarkation until 1100 hours.
Major Law and Lieutenant-Colonel Merritt (Commanding Officer of the South Saskatchewan Regiment) set up a combined headquarters in the Grand Central Hotel, and prepared their battalions to stand and fight for a full hour against a rapidly increasing enemy, who had their line of withdrawal (the beach) enfiladed with fire from innumerable guns. The Camerons fought desperately to keep their foothold on the high ground to the west, while the South Saskatchewan Regiment grimly held on to a piece of high ground to the east. Slowly the Germans collapsed the pocket smaller and smaller, until they dominated the entire beach and the slopes east of Pourville. By this time, few of the Camerons and South Saskatchewan Regiment were unwounded. At 1100 hours the landing craft began to arrive, taking grievous losses on the approach into the beach. More men were killed and wounded as they tried to board the landing craft under the enemy's withering fire. Almost miraculously five landing craft and one tank landing craft managed to rescue men from the shallows and cleared the beach with full loads. By 1130 hours the situation had become impossible and no further extractions were attempted.
Of 503 Camerons on the raid, 346 were casualties: 60 killed in action; 8 died of wounds after evacuation; 167 prisoners of war (8 of whom died of wounds). Of the 268 returning to England, 103 were wounded. 25 Camerons were decorated for their actions at Dieppe. The regiment received two Distinguished Service Orders (the second highest award for bravery for officers after the Victoria Cross), two Military Crosses, three Distinguished Conduct Medals (the second highest award for bravery for non-commissioned members after the Victoria Cross), four Military Medals, thirteen Mentions in Dispatches and a Croix de Guerre with bronze palms. One of the Distinguished Service Order recipients was the acting commanding officer, Major Law.
On 7 July 1944, the battalion was back in France, landing at Graye-sur-Mer, Calvados as part of the 6th Canadian Infantry Brigade, 2nd Canadian Infantry Division. On the evening of 11 July, the unit moved to the vicinity of Rots and then relieved the Queen's Own Rifles of Canada at Carpiquet the next day. The next six days the battalion spent digging in to avoid enemy shelling and patrolling to root out enemy snipers and remnants. On 19 July, the battalion left Carpiquet for an assembly area across the Orne River in preparation for the start of Operation Atlantic the next day. On the way to the start line, the battalion suffered casualties from enemy artillery and mortar fire. The Camerons launched their attack from Fleury-sur-Orne, supported by artillery and Typhoon squadrons. "A" Company advanced on the right with "B" Company left, "C" Company in depth and "D" Company in reserve. No tanks accompanied the attacking infantry but a squadron of tanks from The Sherbrooke Fusiliers was allotted to the Camerons for counter-attack. The attack did not start well. The Officer Commanding Headquarters Company, Captain H. Grundy and the Intelligence Officer, Lieutenant J. Maloney were both killed when an enemy 88 mm gun hit the scout car. The Battalion War Diary for June was lost with the vehicle. The loss of this command vehicle would hamper the Battalion's radio communications throughout the battle. "A" Company was held up 500 yd (460 m) from the start line, coming under intense machine gun fire. Suppressing the enemy machine gunners with artillery and medium machine gun fire from The Toronto Scottish Regiment, "A" Company was able to carry on. "B" Company encountered mild resistance and reached its objective advancing through the sniper, mortar and machine gun fire. As "A" Company had ended up somewhat to the right of their objective "C" Company was pushed through to fill the gap between "A" and "B". "C" Company met no resistance until it reached the south end of the village. "D" Company moved up to secure the rear of the battalion position.
The enemy still held part of Hill 112 and continued to subject the Camerons to very heavy fire from west of the Orne. Heavy rain interfered with radio communications that were already affected by the loss of the scout car. With three companies forward, the Camerons held a wide frontage, so the commanding officer ordered "C" and "B" Companies to withdraw slightly to draw in the perimeter. "B" Company was shifting their positions when the Germans counter-attacked. The company managed to consolidate in their new position, but sustained significant casualties. As a result, the commanding officer moved "D" Company up to replace them, and moved "B" back as Battalion reserve. Elements of the I SS Panzer Corps counter-attacked along the entire Battalion front, with especially heavy concentrations of infantry thrown against "A" and "D" Companies. Towards dusk a heavy counter-attack supported by eight Panzerkampfwagen V (Panther) tanks was launched against "D" Company. Three of the Cameron anti-tank guns were knocked out, but the Camerons destroyed two of the panzers with PIATs (Projector Infantry Anti-Tank). "D" Company was overrun and forced to withdraw to link up with the remains of "B" Company. Overnight on 20–21 July "A" and "C" Companies beat back repeated counter-attacks. At times the opposing forces were within shouting distance of each other.
In the morning, further counter-attacks by small groups of tanks were fought off on the left flank in "C" Company's area. 10 Platoon of "B" Company was entirely cut off from the rest of the battalion as the battle raged around the perimeter of the orchard. A company of German infantry, that had infiltrated across the river overnight, launched a series of small attacks against the battalion headquarters, which were beaten off with many prisoners being taken by "A" Company and the Scout Platoon. The Germans continued to counter-attack on 22 July, but their strength was reduced. Attacks by two or three tanks supported by small groups of infantry were beaten off throughout the day. At one point "A" Company was forced to withdraw, but with the assistance of heavy artillery support, counter-attacked and regained their positions. 11 Platoon was sent from "B" Company to reinforce "C" Company in driving off an enemy attack and remained under command of "C" Company, taking up defensive positions on the left flank. In between counter-attacks the Germans subjected the Cameron positions to heavy shelling with artillery, mortars and Nebelwerfers (rockets). By 23 July the counter-attacks had dwindled to minor infiltrations that were easily handled and the Germans resorted to increased shelling. "C" Company was so reduced by this time that the remainder of 10 Platoon was sent from "B" Company to reinforce it.
The Camerons suffered heavy casualties in the fighting for Saint-André-sur-Orne: 52 wounded (including the commanding officer and the officer commanding "B" Company) and 29 killed. Company Sergeant Major Sutherland and Private G. T. Munroe were each awarded the Military Medal for their actions at Saint-André-sur-Orne and the commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel N.H. Ross, was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his handling of the battalion throughout the battle.
On 24 July, the battalion was placed under command of 5 Brigade to secure the start line for the brigade's attack on May-sur-Orne and Fontenay-le-Marmion. A composite force from "B" and "D" Companies under Major Lane met fierce resistance and reinforcements were needed before the start line was secured. Still under 5 Brigade, the Camerons had elements of The Black Watch of Canada and The Calgary Highlanders placed under command on 25 July, to occupy Saint Martin to protect the left flank of le Régiment de Maisonneuve attacking May-sur-Orne. The Maisonneuve attack was unsuccessful and that evening they relieved the Camerons in Saint Martin.
On 26 July, the Camerons returned under command of 6th Brigade and set about consolidating their positions in Saint-André-sur-Orne. On 31 July, the unit started rotating companies out of the line two at a time for rest and refit. "A" and "C" Companies remained in Saint-André-sur-Orne under command of Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal while the remainder of the unit was withdrawn to Caen for rest. Even in the rest area the unit was subject to enemy artillery and was required to dig in to minimize casualties.
On 1 August, Battalion Headquarters and "B" and "D" Companies were resting in the vicinity of Faub-de-Vaucelle while "A" and "C" Companies were still under command of Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal in Saint-André-sur-Orne. That evening "B" and "D" Companies relieved "A" and "C" Companies and provided support to Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal in capture of a church in the vicinity that was occupied by the Germans. On 3 August, "B" and "D" Companies assisted Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal in taking a group of houses that had been identified as being occupied by the Germans by Cameron patrols the night before.
On the 2nd Canadian Division front the mine directly south of Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay had been a constant threat, the lofty shaft towers affording the Germans excellent observation and the mine tunnels offering a means of infiltrating the whole area. On the night of 3–4 August, "A" Company with a detachment of the 11th Field Company, Royal Canadian Engineers, conducted a raid on an enemy occupied mine. The company succeeded in surrounding the mine despite heavy machine gun fire but the accompanying engineers were unable to demolish the mine shaft. In order to demolish the shaft towers, the sappers had to climb some 20 ft (6.1 m) from the ground and as soon as they did so they became targets for snipers in the bright moonlight. After a number of men had been hit, it was decided that the demolition task could not be carried out, and the raiding party withdrew. Casualties suffered on the raid were 9 missing and 21 wounded which speaks to the fierceness of the resistance. Three prisoners from the 2nd SS Panzergrenadier Regiment of the 1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (one corporal, one lance corporal and one private) were taken during the raid.
On 4 August, Lieutenant-Colonel Runice took command of the battalion, and that night the Camerons moved to Verrières to relieve The Essex Scottish Regiment. The next two days were relatively quiet with the unit patrolling and receiving only occasional shelling from the enemy. A prisoner from the 1055th Grenadier Regiment of the 89th Infantry Division was captured by patrol from "C" Company.
The battalions of the 6th Brigade had been tasked to attack the villages forming the front line. On the afternoon of 7 August, the Camerons moved to a forming up position near Ifs in preparation for an attack against Fontenay-le-Marmion that night. "D" and "C" Companies led the attack with "B" Company in close support and "A" Company in reserve. "D" Company had a difficult time securing their objective. Within ten minutes of crossing the start line, 16 Platoon was pinned down by intense machine gun fire. When 18 Platoon conducted a left flanking attack to free up 16 Platoon, they came under intense 88 mm mortar fire pining them down as well. The company crawled forward into an assault line and then launched an all-out frontal attack, fighting their way into the village against fierce opposition by elements of the German 89th Infantry Division.
By 0100 hours "D" Company had reached their objective, the first company to do so, and began preparing for counter-attacks. "C" Company had their own difficulties in the assault. 13 and 14 Platoon were temporarily cut off from 15 Platoon and "C" Company headquarters when they advanced past a nest of enemy machine gun posts. The enemy allowed the forward platoons to pass and then poured heavy fire into "C" Company Headquarters and remaining platoon, which after sustaining several casualties, bypassed the machine gun posts by working their way around the left flank. "C" Company Headquarters and 13 Platoon reached their objective, the orchard, hoping to find the other two platoons but only encountered elements of "B Company". Linking in their defensive positions with "B" Company on the east side of the orchard, they prepared to fight off the inevitable enemy counter-attack. Almost immediately after crossing the start line, "B" Company came under fire from both sides of the road. In response "B" Company launched a determined attack on the quarry, where a concentration of enemy were dug in, with 11 Platoon forward, 10 Platoon left and 12 Platoon right. Sergeant J. Mahon was later awarded the Military Medal for his actions in the fight for the quarry. Once they had cleared the enemy from the quarry, "B" Company continued on to the outskirts of Fontenay-le-Marmion to link up with the remnants of "C" and "D" Companies occupying the buildings.
The Camerons holding Fontenay-le-Marmion were under fire from heavy sniping and direct fire from a German 88 mm gun to the northeast and the number of casualties grew. Engaged in heavy house-to-house fighting through the night and into the morning, the battalion, down to 150 men, fought off numerous enemy counter-attacks. Battalion headquarters was hit by an enemy 88 mm, wounding the commanding officer. Overnight 14 men from 14 Platoon and one from 13 Platoon who had worked their way back to the start line were brought up to rejoin "C" Company, and Major C. W. Ferguson, a Cameron serving as brigade major of 6th Brigade, was sent to take over the battalion. On the morning of 8 August, the enemy counterattacked from the north with 12 Tiger Tanks and the unit was temporarily surrounded. To add to the chaos, battalion headquarters was hit again likely by the same 88 mm that had been shelling the unit from the start of the battle. The new commanding officer was wounded, forcing Major J. J. D. Gagnon, Officer Commanding "D" Company to assume command.
On the afternoon of 8 August, two companies of the South Saskatchewan Regiment with a squadron of the 1st Hussars broke through, swept the ridge north of Fontenay and cleared the left flank, relieving the pressure on the Camerons. The Camerons captured 207 enemy prisoners that day. That night Cameron patrols confirmed that the enemy had withdrawn. On the morning of 9 August "B" Company (under Company Sergeant Major Abram Arbour) launched a successful attack on the right flank and "A" Company captured a barracks on the high feature that was the source of the heavy fire that was pinning whole Battalion down. The clearing weather allowed Royal Air Force Typhoons to locate and destroy the German 88 mm that had been wreaking so much havoc on battalion headquarters.
In the evening Major E. P. "Tommy" Thompson assumed acting command of the battalion. In the fierce fighting for Fontenay-le-Marmion, the Camerons lost two commanding officers wounded (Ferguson would die from his wounds the next day), and two company commanders, Major E. R. Talbot of "C" Company and Major J. E. E. McManus of "B" Company and the adjutant, Captain G. Kidd, wounded in action. The carrier platoon commander, Captain R.R. Counsell, was awarded the Military Cross for keeping the companies supplied during the fighting and Company Sergeant-Major Arbour was awarded the Military Cross (a decoration usually awarded to officers) for his actions as acting company commander of "B" Company during the battle.
The remainder of 9 and 10 August, were spent resting and reorganizing prior to relieving The North Nova Scotia Highlanders at Gouvix the next day. Patrols the night of 9 August, brought in a couple of prisoners – one from the 1056th Infantry Regiment and the other from the 189th Anti-Tank Battalion. At dawn on 12 August, "B" Company stood-to, only to discover it was completely surrounded by an enemy patrol. A brief skirmish ensued and the enemy withdrew. Later that day the new commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel A. S. Gregory arrived to assume command.
In the early morning of 14 August, the battalion launched an attack to clear enemy pockets west of the River Laize and seize a bridgehead across the river at Clair Tizon. Initially resistance was light but stiffened as the Camerons approached the river. The Battalion's objective was seized by 0910 hours and that night the anti-tank platoon got their first kill – a Panzerkampfwagen V (Panther) that was knocked out at a range of about 250 yd (230 m). Two of the crew were killed and the remainder taken prisoner by Scout Platoon snipers who were in the area. Numerous prisoners of war were taken in the operation, many of them Poles and Russians who were happy to desert from their impressed service in the Wehrmacht.
The next day, 15 August, the Camerons took Saint-Martin-de-Bienfaite-la-Cressonnière and held it against three fierce counter-attacks by elements of the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend. One of only two Bronze Stars awarded to members of the regiment during the war was won during the battle for Saint-Martin-de-Bienfaite-la-Cressonnière. Private J. P. DeGarmo was awarded the American decoration for his actions.
That afternoon bombers from No. 6 (RCAF) Bomber Group dropped bombs on enemy pockets of resistance between the Cameron lines and Falaise. Several bombs fell short, landing on battalion headquarters and inflicting eight casualties. More casualties were suffered when the Regimental Aid Post was shelled by an enemy 88 mm. The medical officer, Captain H. Marantz, and Sergeant G. A. Wilwand were both killed and the remainder of the Aid Post wounded. 10 Field Ambulance put together a composite force and sent it forward to act as the Cameron Regimental Aid Post.
The task of taking the ruins of Falaise fell to 6 Brigade. At 1500 hours on 16 August, Brigadier Young launched his attack with the South Saskatchewan Regiment on the left and the Camerons on the right, each supported by a squadron of tanks from the Sherbrooke Fusiliers. As the battalion moved towards Falaise, they ran into a group of 25 enemy of which 2 were taken prisoner. The huge craters caused by the earlier RAF bombing impeded the advance. Moreover, parties of the enemy from the 12th SS Panzer Division were still fighting hard in the ruins. By the morning of 17 August, the South Saskatchewans had reached the railway east of the town. The Camerons had not advanced as rapidly, their tanks being hung up in craters; but they finished their task that day and then moved south across the River Traine to establish a defensive position around the village of Hérouville-Saint-Clair. Many enemy prisoners of war were taken (a number from the 978th Grenadier Regiment) and a scout car that had run out of gas was captured as well. That night a flight of U.S. Army Air Force P-38 Lightnings bombed and strafed the unit killing two and wounding six.
On 18 August, contact was firmly established with Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal. The relative quiet allowed hot meals, mail and new clothing to be enjoyed by all members of the unit. The pause also allowed the commanding officer to reorganize the battalion in preparation for future operations. Patrols from the unit netted a number of prisoners (two from the 1056th Infantry Battalion, one from the 128th Grenadier Regiment, one from the 937th Infantry Reserve Regiment and one from the 453rd Reserve Grenadier Battalion). On 19 August, the battalion moved to a new location near Les Moutien on Auges by the Dives River and then on to an assembly area at le Grand Mesnil on 21 August. That night they moved again, this time to a position near Meulles. On 22 August, the battalion pushed towards Orbec, slowing as they met increasingly stiff opposition and heavy fire from the high ground across the Orbec River. Spending the night near Les Bois, southwest of Orbec, the Camerons launched a left flanking attack north of Orbec the next day. Seizing their objective, the battalion fought off counter-attacks by enemy infantry supported by tanks and self-propelled guns. After having two tanks and a self-propelled gun knocked out, the Germans withdrew, leaving the unit in firm possession of Orbec. The Camerons were greatly assisted in the taking of the town by the 8th Reconnaissance Regiment (14th Canadian Hussars), who had crossed the river to the west of the town and then circled back and taken out an enemy blocking position from the rear. With the withdrawal of the enemy, two Cameron scouts were finally able to emerge from the town jail where they had been hiding with a German commander and his staff that they had captured, waiting for the battalion to capture the town.
On 24 August, the Camerons marched to an assembly area at Le Ruquesni where they were picked up by trucks and moved to the 6 Brigade area at Ducore. That night they moved again to an area north of Saint-Pierre-de-Salerne where they were warned to be prepared to move south into Brionne. On 25 August, the battalion moved into Brionne against slight resistance and received a hearty welcome by the townspeople. Previous to this the towns the battalion had liberated had been abandoned by the inhabitants. Brionne was the first of many towns to greet the Camerons as liberators. On 26 August, the battalion was on the move again, taking up positions for the night along the Seine near Bourgtheroulde. The next day the Camerons continued the advance through Bourgtheroulde, meeting determined resistance as the German rearguard fought fanatically to protect their line of retreat across the Seine. By late evening the battalion had consolidated their position near La Chênaie, overlooking the Seine and effectively cutting off the German escape route. For the next three days the unit suffered heavy casualties from intense shelling, also inflicting heavy casualties on the retreating Germans trying to cross the river. The War Diary entry for 29 August noted, "Thousands of Germans drowned or were killed from our 4.2" mortars and arty fire plus our MMGs." By 30 August, the fight was over. The German remnants had retreated from the Seine and Rouen area. The next day the battalion moved across the River Seine into Rouen to be greeted once again as liberators.
September 1944 found the unit in the west suburbs of Rouen. From there they moved to occupy barracks formerly used by German Engineers south of Dieppe. For the next four days the unit participated in parades and commemorative ceremonies to mark the 2nd Division's previous visit to Dieppe in August 1942. Aside from the ceremonial duties it was an opportunity to rest and reconsolidate. On 6 September, the battalion loaded on trucks and moved to Autingues, where they spent the night of 7 September, before moving on to Furnes. On 9 September, the unit occupied La Panne Bains, chasing out scattered pockets of German resistance. The next day the unit continued the advance through fire from heavy machine guns, mortars, anti-aircraft guns and heavy coastal guns and spent the night occupying a portion of the German West Wall defences.
The advance towards Bray-Dunes continued on 11 September, against increasingly stiff opposition from elements of the 1055th Grenadier Regiment of the German 89th Infantry Division. Before first light on 13 September, the Camerons launched a concerted attack against Bray-Dunes. "A" and "C" Companies made a right flanking attack through the sand dunes by the coast while "D" Company infiltrated through the enemy lines to size the crossroads. While "D" Company achieved their objective by 0530 hours, "A" and "C" Companies failed to penetrate enemy opposition leaving "D" Company surrounded and cut off. At 1800 hours the battalion launched a right flanking attack through Gyrelde to relieve "D" Company. "A" and "B" Companies were stopped after passing through Gyrelde but "C" Company on the left flank fought through fierce opposition to occupy a position 300 yd (270 m) south of "D" Company but could not complete the link up until the following evening. By early afternoon on 15 September, the battalion had secured Bray-Dunes. That evening the unit was moved to a rest area east of Bray Dunes where they kept up aggressive patrolling each night. Warrant Officer F. K. Breakey won the DCM during the battle for Bray-Dunes.
On 19 September, the battalion moved to Duffel where they were to stay until 23 September. Arriving in the vicinity of Sint-Job-in-'t-Goor, the Camerons advanced as the reserve battalion in the 6 Brigade advance to the Antwerp-Turnhout canal. On 27 September, the battalion took up new positions west of Gravemwezel, trading fire back and forth across the canal with the enemy and conducting aggressive patrolling. During one of these patrols Lieutenant E. J. Reid won the Military Cross.
On 29 September, the unit moved again to cross the Anvers-Turnhout canal under the command of 5th Brigade to relieve le Régiment de Maisonneuve in the area of Oostbrecht. On 1 October, the Camerons, again under the command of 5th Brigade, launched an attack against Sternhoven. Taking the objective, the battalion was immediately ordered to carry on to their subsequent objective, a crossroads. Before they could get out of Sternhoven the Camerons were hit by a concerted counter-attack and spent the night in desperate close combat amongst the burning buildings of the town. Successfully beating off the counter-attack, the unit handed Sternhoven over to Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal and began preparations to continue the advance towards Camp de Brasschaet. Before the Cameron attack could get underway, the Germans launched another counter-attack on Sternhoven and the unit went to the aid of Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal, quashing the final enemy attempt to regain the town. Probing towards Camp de Brasschaet on the morning of 2 October, "B" Company, with tanks from The Fort Garry Horse in support, met heavy resistance and was forced to retire to their former positions. On 3 October the battalion launched an attack on Camp de Brasschaet and secured the objective taking 82 prisoners of war from the 1018th Grenadier Regiment and 14th Reserve Machine Gun Battalion. On 5 October, "C" Company, tasked to clear the road to Sternhoven, was forced to retire after taking heavy casualties. "A" Company was moved forward in their place to consolidate in the Lake area.
The battalion remained at Camp de Brasschaet for the next few days, resting and reorganizing for their next operation. An active patrolling program netted 92 prisoners of war. On 9 October, the battalion moved to an area northeast of Putte to relieve the Essex Scottish with battalion headquarters setting up at Villa Anna. On 10 October, the battalion secured the flank of the successful 2nd Division attack to cut off the German garrison south of the Scheldt and the islands north of the river. Resuming vigorous patrolling, three prisoners from the 847th Grenadier Regiment were taken on 11 October. During this period a company of 150 men of the Belgian White Brigade came under command of the Camerons. On the night of 14–15 October, three German paratroopers were captured by another patrol. On the evening of 20 October, the battalion moved to relieve The Royal Regiment of Canada and then again the next day to relieve The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry at Woensdrecht.
Patrols overnight on 22–23 in preparation for an attack on 23 August brought in seven prisoners of war. Launched at 0700 hours, the attack on Woensdrecht met stiff resistance and by 1630 hours "A" Company, which had gone to the assistance of the South Saskatchewan Regiment, was forced back to its former positions. Despite the fierce opposition, the battalion captured 40 paratroopers from the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 6th Fallschirmjäger Regiment. Continuing the attack on 24 October, the Camerons made good progress against only light opposition, the majority of the enemy having withdrawn after the sharp fighting the previous day. By 2300 hours the area was cleared of enemy, and the battalion was relieved by the Black Watch of Canada. Private C. R. J. Batty was awarded a Military Medal for his actions.
On 26 October, the unit moved into the Beveland Causeway. On 27 October the Camerons seized the town of Yerseke and launched an assault across the Zuid-Beveland canal. Landing two companies on the island forming the lock gates on the west side, the attack was repulsed by mortar and heavy machine gun fire and the companies forced back across the canal. Another attempt to secure the lock bridges the next day succeeded in reaching the objective but was forced back across the canal once again. Lieutenant-Colonel Tommy Thompson was awarded a Distinguished Service Order for his actions.
On 29 October, the battalion crossed the canal to relieve two companies of the Essex Scottish at Wemeldinge. That night Corporal M. J. Robertson from "A" Company brought in 21 prisoners of war (19 from 1020th Grenadier Regiment of the 70th Infantry Division and two from 170th Feld Ersatz) he and two others had taken at Kattendijke while on a wandering patrol of their own. On 30 October, the battalion moved to Goes to relieve the Black Watch of Canada where they remained the next day.
On 1 November, the battalion moved to Willebroek for rest and refit. On 9 November, the Camerons were on the move again, this time to the town of Mook en Middelaar to relieve the 5th Battalion, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry of the British 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division. The remainder of the month was spent opposite the Meuse River in the vicinity of Mook, dug into the flooded, soggy ground. While trading mortar fire back and forth with the enemy "A" Company had a couple of interesting incidents. Private R. L. Shaw had a mortar bomb glance off his shoulder and land directly in his trench without detonating. Later an "A" Company observation post was asked to observe the fall of shot from friendly mortars when they received notice to keep their heads down as a mortar bomb was coming over minus its tail fin, and would likely drop short. When asked to provide a correction for the next round, the OP replied, "Cut all the tail fins off!". The defective bomb had landed on a close by German machine gun nest, which had been giving the company great difficulty. Patrolling by both sides, intermittent shelling, and occasional mine strikes, inflicted light casualties on the battalion and ensured soldiers kept their edge in the miserable conditions.
December would prove to be a relatively quiet month for the battalion. On 1 December, the Camerons handed over their sodden positions at Mook to the Royal Regiment of Canada and moved to Cuijk to relieve the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry. The battalion stayed in the Cuijk area resting, refitting and training until 8 December, when then moved to Bisselt to relieve the Black Watch of Canada. The unit remained at Bisselt for a week, conducting an aggressive patrolling program. On 15 December, the battalion handed over to the South Saskatchewan Regiment and moved into Groesbeek. The battalion front remained fairly quiet with sporadic machine gun and mortar fire interrupting the calm. On the night of 19–20 December, the battalion provided fire support for a South Saskatchewan Regiment attack. During this action Lance Corporal M. L. Nedohin won the Military Medal.
On 23 December, the unit was relieved in place by the Essex Scottish and moved with battalion headquarters, "B" and "C" Companies setting up in the area of Mook, Support Company in the area of Katwijk across the Meuse River and "A" and "D" Companies at Oss. The battalion shot down an enemy aircraft the night of 26 December, capturing four of the aircrew south of Nijmegen. On 27 December "A" and "D" Companies were relieved at Oss by the North Nova Scotia Highlanders. "A" Company relocated to Mook and "D" Company joined Support Company at Katwijk. The battalion would spend the rest of the month in location resting, training and marking the holiday season.
On 8 January 1945, the battalion received orders to relieve le Régiment de Maisonneuve the next day. Subsequent orders on 9 January delayed the move to 10 January. In the line again, the Camerons came under sporadic mortar, small arms and sniper fire and once again initiated an aggressive patrolling program. Overnight on 17–18 January, "C" Company conducted a platoon size raid on a number of enemy held houses. On the afternoon of 18 January, the battalion was relieved by Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal and moved back into the town of Mook proper. The Camerons were back in the line on 25 January, having relieved the South Saskatchewan Regiment. On 31 January the unit shifted to take over from Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal while the South Saskatchewans moved out of reserve to occupy the positions the Camerons were vacating.
Visited by the Brigade Commander, Brigadier General Ralph Holley Keefler on 3 February, the unit was tasked with capturing a prisoner at any cost. A raid by "A" Company on the night of 5 February, failed to secure the required prisoner but a fighting patrol from "C" Company succeeded two nights later. Due largely to Company Sergeant-Major Elvin Miller's heroic efforts, for which he was recommended for the Distinguished Conduct Medal, later downgraded to a Military Medal by a higher level headquarters, the Camerons were able to bring back a prisoner, and obtain the information that was crucial to the planning of the upcoming Operation Veritable.
On 8 February, Operation Veritable was launched with a 1,000 gun barrage. Due to the large number of casualties it had suffered since the start of the campaign, 2nd Canadian Infantry Division would sit this one out. Over the next few days, dozens of German soldiers surrendered themselves to the battalion. 13 prisoners were taken from the 1222nd Grenadier Regiment on 9 February, and another 18 the next day. By 11 February, the battalion front was quiet, the enemy having either withdrawn or been captured. On 14 February, after three months in and around Mook, the unit was transported to Nijmegen where they went into billets for a few days of rest and refit.
On 17 February the battalion moved across the border into Nazi Germany, taking up positions in Bedburg. On 18 February, the commanding officer and intelligence officer conducted a reconnaissance of the ground southeast of Kalkar approaching the Hochwald in preparation for the upcoming offensive. The next night the battalion was placed under command of the 4th Canadian Infantry Brigade and tasked to send "B" Company to relieve "D" Company of the Royal Regiment of Canada. That night the Anti-Tank Platoon took one prisoner from the 1st Battalion, 60th Panzergrenadier Division. In the early hours of 20 February, the unit was ordered to send another company to the Royal Regiment of Canada. After taking up new position in the Royals area, "A" Company was placed under command of the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry and dispatched to reinforce them against enemy counter-attack by the Panzer-Lehr-Division. By sunrise the remainder of the unit had been ordered to take over from the Royal Regiment of Canada and movement began to relieve the Royals so they could in turn relieve the Essex Scottish. By late afternoon the battalion was relieved by the Highland Light Infantry of Canada and had reverted to 6th Brigade command. The battalion spent 21 February preparing for the next day's offensive only to have the attack postponed that night. Preparations continued on 22 February, with the operation still postponed. Finally in the early morning of 26 February, Operation Blockbuster was launched.
Riding in Kangaroo armoured personnel carriers, the initial advance was held up by mines and mud forced the battalion to re-route their attack through Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal's objective. "A" Company rode onto the objective in their Kangaroos, and secured it after overcoming stiff resistance from the 156th Panzergrenadier Regiment. "B" Company reached their objective in the vicinity of "Luisendorf" (See p. 159 Whatever Men Dare, but probably Neulouisendorf, NL) with only 34 effectives, many of their Kangaroos having bogged down or gotten lost on the way. With two tanks in intimate support the greatly reduced "B" Company took the objective, capturing 26 prisoners on the way to the town and another 90 in Neulouisendorf itself. "C" Company landed on their objective without opposition after spending considerable time trying to find it. Within an hour of securing the objective "C" Company was forced to fight off the first of numerous counter-attacks, as a pair of enemy tanks engaged their positions. It was only "D" Company that was to reach their objective with little trouble. After hard fighting the unit had secured its objectives and taken 136 prisoners but at great loss – the dynamic and popular commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel E. P. "Tommy" Thompson was dead, killed by a sniper on the objective.
It was during this action that the regiment received its second Victoria Cross nominee. Major David Rodgers, Officer Commanding "A" Company, was recommended to receive the VC for his actions on 26 February 1945. The citation was approved at every level until it reached 21st Army Group where Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery downgraded the award to an immediate Distinguished Service Order.
The Germans continued counter-attacking on 27 February, but the most of the enemy attacks were broken up with well-directed mortar and artillery fire. That night the battalion was relieved by the 5th Battalion, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry and moved to Kirsel. 28 February, was spent reorganizing and preparing for the next offensive.
1 March, found the unit at Udermerbruck preparing to resume the attack. The next day the battalion advanced through the Hochwald Gap. The tanks in support could not stay with the unit, unable to crest the ridge at the edge of the gap due to intense enemy 88 mm fire. Approaching the objective the unit held up short, finding friendly forces already occupying the Battalion's assigned objective. Following a 39-minute artillery barrage, the Camerons resumed the attack on 3 March meeting stiff resistance. Under intense mortar, machine gun and artillery fire the unit made slow progress. "C" Company was stopped and forced to pull back while "A" and "B" Companies managed to fight forward to the new objective on the southeastern edge of the forest, "B" Company taking 18 prisoners from the 24th Fallschirmjäger Regiment of the 8th Fallschirmjäger Division in the process. A German counter-attack from the north fell on "B" Company but was successfully repulsed with around two-dozen casualties inflicted on the enemy. During the fighting in the Hochwald two Cameron Corporals won the Military Medal for their heroism, Corporal John Bukurak of "A" Company and Corporal Daniel Connors of "B" Company.
The next day the Camerons turned north to clear the east edge of the Hochwald Forest. The unit found the enemy had withdrawn but had left the area heavily mined which made the woods clearance a slow and dangerous undertaking.
On 5 March the unit moved to Exhmachdurm where Lieutenant-Colonel A. A. Kennedy assumed command from Major R. H. Lane who had been acting CO since Tommy Thompson had been killed at Kalkar Ridge. The next day the battalion continued the advance through the Hochwald. Preceded by an artillery barrage, "A" and "B" Companies led the advance. "A" Company was stopped 200 yd (180 m) short of their objective, coming under an intense crossfire from German machine guns. "B" Company was similarly held up after advancing 500 yd (460 m). Despite the use of tanks and artillery support, the unit could not dislodge the enemy resistance and withdrew under orders from 6th Brigade. A second attack was required utilizing all of 5th Brigade augmented by the South Saskatchewan Regiment to overcome the resistance. The next two days the Camerons spent resting and refitting in preparation for resuming the advance.
On 9 March, the unit moved into Xanten to relieve the Calgary Highlanders. The completion of the relief was delayed due to enemy action along the Calgary Highlander's front. "A" and "C" Companies effected their relief that night but "B" and "D" Companies were not able to take over the Calgary Highlander positions until the next mornin
g. Patrols from Scout Platoon netted 28 prisoners overnight mostly from the 6th Fallschirmjäger Battalion. On the afternoon of 10 March the unit moved again, this time to relieve le Régiment de Maisonneuve at Birten. 11 March, was spent resting and reorganizing and the next day the unit was pulled out of the line to a Division rest area at Rindern. The next five days were spent training and performing much needed maintenance on the unit's vehicles and equipment.
On 18 March, the unit executed Operation Loot aimed at clearing an enemy salient in the Rindern area. All companies crossed their start lines at 0700 hours and finding the area almost completely vacated, completed clearing their respective objectives by noon. "C" and "D" Companies were tasked with clearing the remainder of the salient and final success was reported at 1800 hours. Nine evacuees were gathered up in the operation and sent back for screening. 19 March, found the unit moving into the Reichswald Forest where it would spend the next eight days refitting and training for crossing the Rhine.
On 28 March, with the Camerons in the lead, the 6th Canadian Infantry Brigade moved to "Blackfriars Bridge" and crossed the Rhine to begin the drive to the North Sea. The battalion set up east of Praest, in the vicinity of Schriek, overnight and began establishing its presence through aggressive patrolling. "A" Company patrols brought in 8 prisoners and "B" Company patrols netted 64 prisoners overnight. That night "D" Company was tasked to probe forward to the town of Netterden. Finding the town held by a company of German paratroopers, Major D. D. Sweeting, Officer Commanding "D" Company, decided to launch a dawn attack to clear the town. Upon receiving Sweeting's update, the CO tasked "C" Company under Captain F. R. Sutton to move around to the northeast of the town to cut off the enemy when "D" Company attacked.
"D" Company's attack went in as planned at 0400 hours on 30 March. Finding their line of retreat cut off the German paratroopers decided to stand and fight. After seven hours of bitter street fighting a truce was called to evacuate the wounded on both sides. Making use of the truce, Sweeting issued the German commander an ultimatum, surrender within the next half an hour or be totally destroyed. Realizing his position hopeless, the German commander surrendered. Of the original company from the 17th Fallschirmjäger Regiment of the 6th Fallschirmjäger Division garrisoning Netterden, only 2 officers and 22 soldiers survived to go into captivity as prisoners of war. During their two days in the area the battalion captured a total of 2 enemy officers and 128 other ranks at a cost of 4 Camerons killed and 10 wounded. For his successful company attack on Netterden Major Sweeting received the Distinguished Service Order.
Consolidating in Netterden, the unit continued the attack towards Veldhunten on 31 March. Supported by an intense artillery barrage "A" Company under Captain J. Free captured their objective without incurring a single casualty, taking 30 prisoners in the process. "B" and "D" Companies were less fortunate. Having pushed past "A" Company for phase 2 of the attack, both "B" and "D" Companies were met by withering machine gun fire 600 yd (550 m) past their start lines. The condition of the ground made it impossible to employ tanks, so the Carrier Platoon was tasked to assist "D" Company. Engaged by a German self-propelled gun while attempting to move up, Carrier Platoon was unable to reach the forward companies. With no way forward, both companies were withdrawn, "D" Company with considerable difficulty, to reorganize for a renewed attack the next day. For his actions during the battle Corporal Abbot Fraser was awarded the Bronze Lion, a Dutch decoration.
While this was happening "C" Company was fulfilling a task of its own, securing a road junction to provide a maintenance route for 6th Canadian Infantry Brigade. Encountering stiff enemy resistance, "C" Company managed to secure their objective by executing a hasty flanking attack. For his actions during the attack, Sergeant Robert Pearcey was awarded the Military Medal.
The battalion renewed their attack on 1 April, to find that the bulk of the enemy had withdrawn leaving only scattered pockets of resistance to be overcome. By noon all companies had consolidated on their objectives. The unit spent the night in Ziek and moved to Keienburg the next day to relieve the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry. On 3 April, "C" Company and the Carrier Platoon captured Steenderen without opposition, taking three prisoners of war from the 951st Grenadier Regiment of the 361st Volksgrenadier Division southwest of the town. That night the battalion moved to relieve the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry at Almen. The 4 April was a relatively quiet day. A lone German self-propelled gun that was being a nuisance was located and knocked out and patrols probed forward to determine the location of the enemy's forward defensive line. The majority of the unit spent the day resting and preparing to continue the advance. The next night the battalion moved across the canal and on 6 April, Oolden was seized without opposition with a number of prisoners from the 1409th Fortress Battalion taken.
Moving to a concentration in the vicinity of Bathmensche Veen, "A" and "B" Companies forced a quick crossing of the Schipbeek canal with "C" Company following close behind. Surprise was achieved and no opposition was experienced until the companies were consolidating on the far side when the Germans started to shell the company positions and the crossing points heavily. Two Company Commanders were put out of action by the enemy mortar fire. Major H. P. Falloon, Officer Commanding "B" Company was seriously wounded and Major W. S. Watt, Officer Commanding "C" Company was knocked unconscious. That night "D" Company crossed the canal and moved past "A" Company to clear the woods while the remainder of the battalion, still under intermittent shellfire, extended and consolidated their positions in the vicinity of De Lurkens. On 7 April, "B" Company cleared the woods east of its positions taking thirty-six prisoners. The next day "A" and "C" Companies successfully extended the left flank of the battalion against slight opposition from the Germans.
On 9 April, the battalion moved to a concentration area to be picked up by troop-carrying vehicles for a move to Spoorweg Bosch to relieve the Essex Scottish on 10 April. That night the Camerons were on the move again moving to Gramsbergen. On 11 April the unit continued on to Balkbrug and then swung north through Kirkenbosch to Hoogeveen finally stopping at Terhost for the night. The next day "D" Company and two sections from Carrier Platoon made a bridgehead across the canal, and the battalion continued north to take up positions around Hijken. 13 April was spent at Hijken resting and maintaining equipment with "C" Company and Carrier Platoon patrolling to the north and west to mop up enemy stragglers.
On 14 April, the battalion launched an attack on Haren. "A" and "B" Companies were tasked with clearing the northern half of the town and "C" and "D" Companies the southern half. Scout Platoon under Lieutenant R. A. King cleared out the factory in the town, capturing 60 enemy prisoners. By 2300 hours all companies reported their areas completely cleared. "A" and "B" Companies consolidated in Haren while "C" and "D" Companies passed through them to establish positions on the outskirts of Groningen.
The next day battalion headquarters moved up to Groningen followed by "A" Company, which took over a position from the Essex Scottish dominating the bridge over the Ems Canal. The remainder of the day was spent mopping up enemy stragglers throughout the Battalion's area. The Camerons captured a total of one hundred and forty German prisoners on 15 April. The following day the unit passed through Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal to clear the northeast sector of the town up to the Van Starkenborgh Canal. "B" Company arrived at the canal to find the bridge over it held by the Germans who had raised the centre span making it impassable. Aided by two Dutch civilians Lieutenant W. C. McNeill crossed a narrow catwalk, which was being swept with automatic weapons fire, to the bridge mechanism and lowered the bridge. "B" Company quickly attacked across the bridge and the German resistance collapsed. Establishing a bridgehead on the east bank of the canal, "B" Company rounded up twenty-six prisoners in the process. McNeill and one of the Dutch civilians were wounded in lowering the bridge but their heroic actions had enabled the company's success.
That evening the battalion was ordered to occupy the town of Ten Boer. Through a series of company infiltrations the unit occupied the objective overnight and by 0720 hours of 17 April, all elements were firmly ensconced in the town. The remainder of 17 and 18 April, were spent resting, reorganizing and preparing to resume the advance. On the night of 18 April "C" Company set up outposts at Ten Post and along the road to Stedum. On 19 April the commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel A. A. Kennedy, showing signs of combat fatigue accumulated from his exemplary service in the Italian Campaign, was relieved of command and granted 48 hours leave of absence. Ultimately he would never return to the Camerons. Major R. H. Lane took over the battalion as temporary commanding officer. That afternoon "A" Company, supported by a section of flamethrowers, was sent to probe enemy positions in the towns of Stedum, Loppersum and Wirten. Encountering the enemy on the outskirts of Loppersum, "A" Company broke contact after a brief engagement returning with the information that between 100 and 200 Germans were holding Loppersum. A planned move the next day was postponed and on 21 April, the unit moved back into Germany to occupy billets in Wilderhausen.
The battalion resumed the advance on 22 April, as the depth battalion of the brigade. Taking over the lead from Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal that evening, the unit encountered stiffening resistance as they closed on Kirchhatten. "A" Company overcame a roadblock with the assistance of Wasp flamethrower carriers and the request was sent back to bring up tank support to assist gaining lodgement in the town. On 23 April "B" Company started off the attack on Kirchhatten, clearing the woods on the left of the axis of advance south of the town and taking 24 prisoners. Company Sergeant-Major Earl Ovens, who had already been Mentioned in Dispatches for his actions at Dieppe as a private, was awarded the Military Medal for his part in "B" Company's attack.
"C" Company then passed through "B" to carry the attack into Kirchhatten. The Battalion Tactical Headquarters, "C" and "D" Companies were counter-attacked with one of the "D" Company Platoon being forced back by the onslaught. The Unit launched an immediate counter-counterattack supported by artillery and tanks, regaining their positions and driving the enemy back into the woods.
After a relatively quiet night with patrols sent out to pinpoint the enemy, the attack resumed the next day. "D" Company led off with "B" Company following. Running into resistance, "D" Company requested "A" Company move up on the left to provide support. Bolstered by a section of Wasps, a troop of tanks and a section of assault pioneers, "A" Company moved to assist. That night the enemy launched a small counterattack against "B" Company. Easily repulsed, the Germans launched a second, much larger attack, which "B" Company only managed to fight off by calling artillery down on their own positions. The unit conducted a busy patrol program overnight. On the morning of 25 April "D" Company succeeded in securing their objectives, and "A" Company was ordered to send a contact patrol to link up with "D". Kirchhatten was finally secured and Lieutenant-Colonel R. L. Rutherford, returned to the regiment from his position as brigade major of 6th Brigade to take command of the battalion.
On 26 April, the unit was still under intermittent shellfire particularly in the "A" and "D" Company areas, and spent the day reorganizing and preparing for the next phase of 6 Brigade's advance. Five prisoners of war from the 358th Marine Battalion were taken by "B" Company. A patrol that night returned with one prisoner who provided information that two companies from the Panzer-Lehr-Division with a combined strength of about 100 was opposing the battalion. Throughout 27 April, the unit continued to exchange mortar and artillery fire with the enemy and "A" Company fought a brief skirmish with a small party of Germans, taking one prisoner. That evening all companies reported increased enemy vehicle traffic along the front. The artillery duel continued on 28 April, but other enemy activity dropped off significantly. With the exception of the detonation of several road cratering charges, no other enemy activity was observed. 29 April, was even quieter and "B" Company pushed forward along the road to the northwest of the town to establish new positions at the road junction.
The advance resumed the morning of 30 April, with "C" Company moving through "B" Company's positions to lead off. "D" and "B" Company advanced along their axis with "A" following behind "B" as the battalion reserve. All companies made good progress, and a dozen prisoners were gathered up as the Camerons moved forward. The advance continued unopposed until early evening when "C" Company ran into a well defended road block and crater. The battalion deployed to cover the main crossroads and dug in for the night. Patrols were sent out that night to recce the road block and potential routes.
On the morning of 1 May, the advance resumed. The road block was destroyed with an anti-tank gun and "A" Company passed through "C" Company with "B" and "D" Companies continuing the advance along their own axis. "A" Company encountered resistance from a small group of determined defenders but overcame the enemy with tank and artillery support, taking 11 prisoners from the 1st Battalion of the 22nd Grenadier Regiment of the 490th Infantry Division and the 16th Reinforcement Battalion. By early afternoon the companies were consolidating their positions in the vicinity of Hatter Wuss. A probe by Scout Platoon was strongly repulsed and "B" Company, occupying the houses vacated by the scouts beat off two small counter-attacks, dispersing the enemy with mortar and artillery fire. The day's advance netted the battalion a total of twenty nine enemy prisoners.
Patrols forward of the battalion position the morning of 2 May met no enemy, and the commanding officer continued the push forward. Consolidating in Twee Ibake, the battalion received orders to move to a concentration area at Bummerstede in preparation for moving to enlarge a bridgehead the South Saskatchewan Regiment had established over the Küsten canal. The battalion crossed the Küsten canal on 3 May and moved through the South Saskatchewan Regiment and Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal to establish positions in Oldenburg. Later that afternoon the battalion advanced further north and established new positions for the night. The next day was spent regrouping and at 2000 hours that night the BBC announced that all German forces in northwest Europe would surrender the next morning. A phone call from 6th Brigade Headquarters at 0150 hours confirmed the surrender. Hostilities were over.
The victory was celebrated with church parades on 6 May, and a victory parade in Oldenburg on the 9th. Garrison duty kept the battalion in Germany and the Netherlands until the end of September, when they returned to England. Docking at Dover on 30 September, the battalion moved by train to a camp at Farnborough. The Camerons left the U.K. from Southampton on board the RMS Queen Elizabeth on 13 November. Arriving in Halifax, the unit carried on to Montreal, where they boarded the train for the final leg of their journey home to Winnipeg. The Camerons arrived home on 22 November, in the midst of a winter blizzard to be met by a welcoming party of officials, jubilant citizens and tearful relatives. Upon the demobilization of the 1st Battalion, The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, the Reserve Army component, the 2nd Battalion, was officially re-designated the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada effective 1 April 1946.
Post war
The seeds of the Cold War had been sown well before the close of the Second World War. Militant communism threatened the fleeting peace that was achieved through the defeat of the Axis powers. Operating under the belief that the next war would be nuclear and would likely be finished before a large-scale mobilization of reserves could be affected, the decision was reached that the Regular Army would need to be more robust and would become Canada's main line of defence rather than the Militia. By 1946 the Militia was restored to basically its pre-1939 condition.
In 1950 the Red River climbed to its highest level since 1861, resulting in major flooding in Winnipeg from April to June. Heavy autumn rains and a long winter with heavy snowfall followed by a cold spring, which prevented normal thawing, all contributed to the catastrophe. More rainfall in early May exacerbated flooding. In total 600 sq mi (1,600 km2) of Manitoba between the US border and Winnipeg became a vast inland sea. The flood climaxed on the night of 5 May, known as "Black Friday", when driving rain, sleet and snow swelled the Red River to the point where it tore apart eight dikes and destroyed four of Winnipeg's eleven bridges. Throughout much of the city homes and buildings were engulfed by the floodwaters. The regiment was mobilized in aid of the Civil Power on 8 May. Organized into five work parties, the Camerons were piped to the dykes and worked around the clock in shifts for 17 days until the danger of flood diminished. When the flood was over, 107,000 people had been evacuated from the area. The cost of the flood was estimated at over one billion dollars.
In June 1950 the Cold War turned hot with Communist North Korea's invasion of South Korea. Although the Canadian Government chose not to mobilize the Militia to fight overseas, numerous Second World War veterans and serving reservists, including many Camerons, chose to volunteer for the new battalions that were being raised to go to Korea.
In 1960, the regiment celebrated its 50th Birthday. Part of the celebrations, the performing of a retreat ceremony on the Manitoba Legislative grounds, was broadcast on national television. The decade would provide little else to celebrate. The 1960s saw a serious erosion of Militia capabilities and morale. Undermanned and issued with aging or obsolete equipment, the reserves were not seen as playing any useful role in a major overseas conflict, particularly with the strategic assessment of the day seeing any future war quickly becoming nuclear and being of short duration. Lacking a war-fighting role, the focus of the Militia concentrated more on domestic operations, particularly territorial defence and survival operations after a nuclear conflict.
During the 1970s the role of the Army Reserve shifted again. Unification of the Forces and years of budgetary reductions had resulted in Forces wide personnel shortages. The focus for the Reserves shifted to providing individual soldiers to augment Regular Force units overseas. Camerons increasingly began to deploy as augmentees to Regular Force units on United Nations Peacekeeping duties in places such as Egypt, the Golan Heights and Cyprus and to participate on flyovers to Germany to serve with Canadian units operating with NATO in North-West Europe.
In the spring of 1979, the Red River jumped its banks again, rising to the flood levels of 1950. While Winnipeg was protected by the massive floodway built after the 1950 flood, the farming communities to the south were largely unprotected. Within an hour of the call for assistance, the Camerons had assembled and dispatched troops to augment 2 Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI) operating inside the ring dyke around Morris, Manitoba.
In the 1980s the role of the Militia was once more re-defined. The 1987 Defence White paper espoused the belief that any conflict would only turn nuclear after a series of conventional battles, which would give the belligerents adequate time to mobilize and commit their reserves to battle. This thinking eventually gave rise to the Total Force concept in which the Reserve and Regular components were to be more fully integrated. The 1980s ended with the regiment marking its 79th birthday in 1989. Celebrations were held at Minto Armoury with the itinerary including a military skills demonstration, a performance by the Pipes and Drums, and an all-ranks Regimental Dinner.
The 1990s proved to be a very busy decade for the regiment, both operationally and ceremonially. Falling out of Total Force was an increasing role for Reserve augmentation on overseas operations. Starting with Operation Harmony Rotation 1 in 1992 (Croatia) the Camerons began to provide a steady stream of augmentees to Regular Force units deploying on Operations.
1994 and 1995 were the years for big parades. First, the regiment participated in the Freedom of the City parade marking the 50th anniversary of the D Day invasion. Next, the regiment celebrated its 85th birthday in 1995, with a parade at the Manitoba Legislature. Finally, the Camerons participated in the Freedom of the City parade marking the 50th anniversary of Victory in Europe Day (VE Day).
Fully focused on training for war once again, the late 1990s found the regiment increasingly involved in domestic operations. In 1997, the regiment was at ground zero for the "Flood of the Century". This time the scope of the flood was so enormous, not even the floodway could protect Winnipeg as it had in 1979. The Camerons provided volunteers for the 38 Canadian Brigade Group (38 CBG) Composite Company and spent the spring sandbagging and building dykes throughout Southern Manitoba. When the possibility of the Y2K bug threatened to paralyze the nation at the end of 1999, the regiment was tasked to provide Provincial Task Force Manitoba (PTFMB) Company 2 for Operation Abacus. The company headquarters was stood up several days before the end of December and was prepared to initiate a mobilization on order.
The new millennium carried on in much the same fashion as the last decade of the previous. When the Reserves were tasked with raising a formed Rifle Company to augment 1 PPCLI on Operation Palladium Rotation 11 to Bosnia in 2002, the Camerons provided the Company second-in-command, Company Administration Officer, and eight other augmentees. In August 2003, disaster struck again. With forest fires raging out of control in many areas of British Columbia, the regiment was called to provide augmentees to fight fires (Operation PEREGRINE). Once again, the Camerons responded to the call.
Today the Camerons fulfill both military and ceremonial functions at home and abroad. As an infantry regiment, the unit's main focus is provide trained infantry soldiers to meet the operational requirements of the Canadian Forces. Whether it is augmenting Regular Force units on overseas operations or fighting floods and forest fires at home, the Camerons provide a ready source of trained soldiers.
The regiment parades at Minto Armoury, 969 St. Matthews Avenue in Winnipeg on Tuesday nights from the last week of August to the second week of June. During the summer unit members attend military courses throughout Canada.
Motto: Ullamh (Scottish Gaelic for 'ready')
Lineage chart
Lineage chart
1910The 79th Highlanders of Canada
1910The 79th Cameron Highlanders of Canada
191443rd Bn, CEF
1916174th "Overseas" Infy Bn, CEF179th "Overseas" Infy Bn, CEF
1916Absorbed by 17th Reserve Bn
1917Absorbed by 14th Reserve Bn
1920Disbanded1st Bn (43rd Bn, CEF), The Cameron Highlanders of Canada2nd Bn (174th Bn, CEF), The Cameron Highlanders of Canada3rd Bn (179th Bn, CEF), The Cameron Highlanders of Canada
19231st Bn (43rd Bn, CEF), The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada2nd Bn (174th Bn, CEF), The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada3rd Bn (179th Bn, CEF), The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada
1936The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of CanadaDisbandedDisbanded
1939The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, CASF
19401st Bn, The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, CASF2nd (Reserve) Bn, The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada
1945DisbandedThe Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada
1954The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada (Motor)
1958The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada
Authorized marches
Regimental March Past: The Piobaireachd of Donald Dhu
Regimental March: The March of the Cameron Men
A Company March: Blue Bonnets Over the Border
B Company March: A Hundred Pipers
C Company March: Glendaurel Highlanders
D Company March: Bonnie Dundee
HQ & Support Company March: The Muckin' O' Geordie's Byre
Administration Company March: Queen Elizabeth
Alliances
United Kingdom - The Highlanders, 4th Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland
Battle honours
In the list below, battle honours in small capitals were awarded for participation in large operations and campaigns, while those in lowercase indicate honours granted for more specific battles. Battle honours in bold type are emblazoned on the regimental colour.
The regimental colour of The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada.
First World War
Ypres, 1915, '17
Festubert, 1915
Mount Sorrel
Somme, 1916
Flers–Courcelette
Ancre Heights
Arras, 1917, '18
Vimy, 1917
Hill 70
Passchendaele
Amiens
Scarpe, 1918
Drocourt–Quéant
Hindenburg Line
Canal du Nord
Cambrai, 1918
Pursuit to Mons
France and Flanders, 1915–18
Second World War
Dieppe
Bourguébus Ridge
St. André-sur-Orne
Verrières Ridge – Tilly-la-Campagne
Falaise
Falaise Road
The Laison
Forêt de la Londe
Dunkirk, 1944
The Scheldt
Woensdrecht
South Beveland
The Rhineland
The Hochwald
Xanten
The Rhine
Groningen
Oldenburg
North-West Europe, 1942, 1944–1945
South-West Asia
Afghanistan
See also
Canadian-Scottish regiment
The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Forces
The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada Museum
Notes
^ a b Reserve order of battle
References
Barnes, RM, The Uniforms and History of the Scottish Regiments, London, Sphere Books Limited, 1972.
^ Canadian Forces Publication A-DH-267-003 Insignia and Lineages of the Canadian Forces. Volume 3: Combat Arms Regiments.
^ Canadian Forces Publication A-DH-267-003 Insignia and Lineages of the Canadian Forces. Volume 3: Combat Arms Regiments.
^ Canadian Forces Publication A-DH-267-003 Insignia and Lineages of the Canadian Forces. Volume 3: Combat Arms Regiments.
^ Canadian Forces Publication A-DH-267-003 Insignia and Lineages of the Canadian Forces. Volume 3: Combat Arms Regiments.
^ Canadian Forces Publication A-DH-267-003 Insignia and Lineages of the Canadian Forces. Volume 3: Combat Arms Regiments.
^ Canadian Forces Publication A-DH-267-003 Insignia and Lineages of the Canadian Forces. Volume 3: Combat Arms Regiments.
^ Canadian Forces Publication A-DH-267-003 Insignia and Lineages of the Canadian Forces. Volume 3: Combat Arms Regiments.
^ "South-West Asia Theatre Honours | Prime Minister of Canada". Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
^ Canadian Forces Publication A-DH-267-003 Insignia and Lineages of the Canadian Forces. Volume 3: Combat Arms Regiments.
^ Imperial Camerons Archived 16 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ "The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada".
^ Commemorative Medal Archived 8 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^ "The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada". www.canada.ca. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
^ The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada - Authorized Marches
^ "The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada". Official Lineages Volume 3, Part 2: Infantry Regiments. Directorate of History and Heritage. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
^ "South-West Asia Theatre Honours". Office of the Prime Minister of Canada. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
Further reading
Queen-Hughes, R. W. Whatever Men Dare: A History of the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, 1935-1960. Winnipeg: Bulman Bros., 1960.
Sinclair, J. D. The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada; twenty-fifth anniversary souvenir. Winnipeg: Cameron Highlanders Association, 1935.
Tyler, Grant C. A. The Lion Rampant: a pictorial history of the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, 1910-1985. Winnipeg: Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, 1985.
Urquhart, Hugh Macintyre. The History of the 16th Battalion (The Canadian Scottish) Canadian Expeditionary Force in the Great War, 1914-1919. Toronto: Macmillan, 1932.
Burt, Murray. Winnipeg's Ladies from Hell: How the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada Fought, Remembered and Grew in the Regiment's First Century of War, Oct 2010
Long, Rosco. Life in the Canadian Army, 1942-1946 : The European Campaign with the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, 2007
War Diary, The 16th (Canadian Scottish) Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force.
War Diary, The 27th (City of Winnipeg) Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force.
War Diary, The 43rd (Cameron Highlanders of Canada) Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force.
War Diary The Queen’s Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, 1944–1945.
External links
Official website
Veterans Affairs Site
Unofficial Cameron's Memorial Site
Order of precedence
Preceded byThe Loyal Edmonton Regiment (4th Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry)
The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada
Succeeded byRoyal Westminster Regiment
vteCanadian Army infantry regiments in order of precedenceCanadian Forces Regular Force
Royal Canadian Regiment
Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry
Royal 22e RégimentCanadian Forces Primary Reserve
Governor General's Foot Guards
Canadian Grenadier Guards
Queen's Own Rifles of Canada
Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada
Voltigeurs de Québec
Royal Regiment of Canada
Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment)
Princess of Wales' Own Regiment
Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment
Lincoln and Welland Regiment
Royal Canadian Regiment
Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada
Grey and Simcoe Foresters
Lorne Scots (Peel, Dufferin and Halton Regiment)
Brockville Rifles
Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders
Les Fusiliers du St-Laurent
Régiment de la Chaudière
Royal 22e Régiment
Princess Louise Fusiliers
Fusiliers Mont-Royal
Royal New Brunswick Regiment
West Nova Scotia Regiment
North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment
Nova Scotia Highlanders
Régiment de Maisonneuve
Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa
Royal Winnipeg Rifles
Essex and Kent Scottish
48th Highlanders of Canada
Régiment du Saguenay
Cape Breton Highlanders
Algonquin Regiment (Northern Pioneers)
Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada (Princess Louise's)
Lake Superior Scottish Regiment
North Saskatchewan Regiment
Royal Regina Rifles
Rocky Mountain Rangers
Loyal Edmonton Regiment
Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada
Royal Westminster Regiment
Calgary Highlanders
Fusiliers de Sherbrooke
Seaforth Highlanders of Canada
Canadian Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary's)
Royal Montreal Regiment
Irish Regiment of Canada
Toronto Scottish Regiment (Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's Own)
Royal Newfoundland RegimentSupplementary Order of Battle
Canadian Guards
Victoria Rifles of Canada
Royal Rifles of Canada
Régiment de Joliette
Perth Regiment
South Saskatchewan Regiment
Winnipeg Grenadiers
Yukon Regiment
vteCanadian ArmyHistory
History of the Canadian Army
Canadian Corps
First Canadian Army
Military History of Canada
Fort Frontenac Library
Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps
Peacekeeping
Structure
Structure of the Canadian Army
2nd Canadian Division
3rd Canadian Division
4th Canadian Division
5th Canadian Division
List of Units
Mechanized brigade groups
1 CMBG
2 CMBG
5 CMBG
(former) 4 CMBG
Brigade groups
31 CBG
32 CBG
33 CBG
34 CBG
35 CBG
36 CBG
37 CBG
38 CBG
39 CBG
41 CBG
Support brigades
6 CCSB
Small arms
C9 light machine gun
C7 rifle/C8 carbine
C6 general purpose machine gun
Browning .50 calibre heavy machine gun
Browning-HP 9 mm pistol
P225, 226
C22 pistol
C15 Long Range Sniper Weapon (LRSW)
C3A1 sniper rifle
C14 Timberwolf
C19 rifle
C20 DMR
C21 sniper rifle
C13 fragmentation grenade
M203 grenade launcher
M72 SRAAW(L)
Crewed weapons
Carl Gustav SRAAW(M)
Spike ATGM
TOW LRAAW(H)
81 mm mortar
RBS 70 NG MANPADS
Skyguard
C3 close support howitzer
LG1 Mark II 105 mm towed howitzer
M777 lightweight 155mm howitzer
C16 CASW
Armoured fighting vehicles
LAV III
LAV VI
Coyote Reconnaissance Vehicle
Leopard 2
Bison APC
M113A3 and MTVL
RG-31
Textron TAPV
Schools
Canadian Army Command and Staff College
Peace Support Training Centre
Canadian Army Advanced Warfare Centre
Combat Training Centre
Category
Commons
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Primary Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Reserve"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"Canadian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"3rd Canadian Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Division"},{"link_name":"38 Canadian Brigade Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38_Canadian_Brigade_Group"},{"link_name":"highland regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_regiment"},{"link_name":"Western Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Canada"}],"text":"Military unitThe Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada is a Primary Reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Army. It is part of the 3rd Canadian Division's 38 Canadian Brigade Group and is headquartered at the Minto Armoury in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It is the oldest highland regiment in Western Canada.","title":"Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QOCH_Colour.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QOCH_Camp_Flag.jpg"}],"text":"The regimental colour\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe camp flag","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada","text":"Originated 1 February 1910 in Winnipeg, Manitoba as The 79th Highlanders of Canada\nRedesignated 1 April 1910 as The 79th Cameron Highlanders of Canada\nRedesignated 12 March 1920 as The Cameron Highlanders of Canada\nRedesignated 1 November 1923 as The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada\nRedesignated 7 November 1940 as the 2nd (Reserve) Battalion, The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada\nRedesignated 30 November 1945 as The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada\nRedesignated 1 October 1954 as The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada (Motor)\nRedesignated 11 April 1958 as The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada[1]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Battalion_(Canadian_Scottish),_CEF"},{"link_name":"Canadian Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary's)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Scottish_Regiment_(Princess_Mary%27s)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"43rd Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_Battalion_(Cameron_Highlanders_of_Canada),_CEF"},{"link_name":"9th Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"3rd Canadian Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Division"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"174th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/174th_Battalion_(Cameron_Highlanders_of_Canada),_CEF"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"179th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th_Battalion_(Cameron_Highlanders_of_Canada),_CEF"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:43rd_Bn_CEF.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Great War","text":"Details of The 79th Cameron Highlanders of Canada were placed on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties.[2]The 79th Cameron Highlanders of Canada contributed one company to the 16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF (perpetuated by the Canadian Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary's).[3]The 43rd Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF, which was authorized on 7 November 1914 and embarked for Great Britain on 1 June 1915. It disembarked in France on 22 February 1916, where it fought as part of the 9th Infantry Brigade, 3rd Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war. The battalion disbanded on 15 September 1920.[4]The 174th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF was authorized on 15 July 1916 and embarked for Great Britain on\n29 April 1917. There, on 7 May 1917, its personnel were absorbed by the 14th Reserve Battalion, CEF to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion disbanded on 1 September 1917.[5]The 179th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF was authorized on 15 July 1916 and embarked for Great Britain on3 October 1916. There, on 21 October 1916, its personnel were absorbed by the 17th Reserve Battalion, CEF to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion disbanded on 17 July 1917.[6]The distinguishing patch of The 43rd Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"6th Canadian Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"2nd Canadian Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Second World War","text":"The regiment mobilized The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, CASF for active service on 1 September 1939. It was redesignated as the 1st Battalion, The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, CASF on 7 November 1940. It embarked for Great Britain on 12 December 1940. The battalion took part in Operation Jubilee, the Dieppe Raid, on 19 August 1942. It returned to France on 7 July 1944, as part of the 6th Canadian Infantry Brigade, 2nd Canadian Infantry Division, and it continued to fight in North-West Europe until the end of the war. The overseas battalion disbanded on 30 November 1945.[7]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Afghanistan","text":"The regiment contributed an aggregate of more than 20% of its authorized strength to the various Task Forces which served in Afghanistan between 2002 and 2014.[8][9]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Perpetuations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"43rd Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_Battalion_(Cameron_Highlanders_of_Canada),_CEF"},{"link_name":"174th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/174th_Battalion_(Cameron_Highlanders_of_Canada),_CEF"},{"link_name":"179th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th_Battalion_(Cameron_Highlanders_of_Canada),_CEF"}],"sub_title":"The Great War","text":"43rd Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF\n174th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF\n179th Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF","title":"Perpetuations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_national_identity"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Highland regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_regiment"},{"link_name":"Western Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Canada"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"gazetted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazette"},{"link_name":"stand of Colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimental_colours"},{"link_name":"lieutenant-colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-Colonel_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Cameron_Highlanders"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"King George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"coronation of King George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_George_V_and_Mary"}],"sub_title":"Formation","text":"As early as 1905 the local Scottish community in Winnipeg, led by the St Andrew's Society of Winnipeg, began lobbying the government to raise a Highland regiment. Under increasing pressure from the Scottish lobbyists the government relented and the initial steps taken to form Western Canada's first Highland regiment. On 29 September 1909, the prospective officers met and committees dealing with finances, uniforms and the band were formed. As the government grant did not cover the entire cost of uniforms and equipment, the Scottish societies and the officers undertook to raise the money themselves managing an initial amount of $25,000.00. Almost all of the original accoutrements were manufactured in Scotland, obtained from William Anderson & Sons Ltd. On 1 February 1910, the 79th Cameron Highlanders of Canada were officially gazetted, headquartered in the former Dominion Lands Office at 202 Main Street. On 9 October 1910, the regiment received its first stand of Colours, presented by Mrs D. C. Cameron, wife of the honorary lieutenant-colonel.The availability of the number \"79\" was fortuitous and enabled the new Canadian regiment to adopt the regimental number of a famous regiment in Scotland, the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders who had been raised in 1793 as the 79th (Cameron Highlanders) Regiment of Foot. Along with the regimental number the new Canadian regiment chose to also perpetuate the uniform of the Imperial Camerons.[10] This association with the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders became official on 31 January 1911, when His Majesty, King George V authorized the alliance of the two Highland regiments. On 22 June 1911, a contingent of 61 Camerons, parading with their allied regiment, participated in the coronation of King George V.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Canadian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Sam Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Minister of Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Militia_and_Defence_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"Camp Valcartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Valcartier"},{"link_name":"16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Battalion_(Canadian_Scottish),_CEF"},{"link_name":"The Royal Winnipeg Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Winnipeg_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Minto Armoury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minto_Armoury"},{"link_name":"43rd Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_Battalion_(Cameron_Highlanders_of_Canada),_CEF"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"HMTS Grampian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Grampian"},{"link_name":"St Martin's Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Plain"},{"link_name":"Liphook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liphook"},{"link_name":"Bramshott Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramshott_Camp"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Conduct Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Conduct_Medal"},{"link_name":"sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant#Canada"},{"link_name":"Robert Shankland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shankland"},{"link_name":"battlefield commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlefield_commission"},{"link_name":"platoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platoon"},{"link_name":"trench line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_warfare"},{"link_name":"Passchendaele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passendale"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Military Crosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"174th (Cameron Highlanders of Canada) Battalion, CEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/174th_(Cameron_Highlanders_of_Canada)_Battalion,_CEF"},{"link_name":"Camp Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Hughes"},{"link_name":"HMTS Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Olympic"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Halifax"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Canadian Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Corps"},{"link_name":"179th (Cameron Highlanders of Canada) Battalion, CEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th_(Cameron_Highlanders_of_Canada)_Battalion,_CEF"},{"link_name":"HMTS Saxonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Saxonia_(1899)"}],"sub_title":"Great War","text":"When the First World War broke out the Canadian Army did not mobilize based on its existing structure. Instead Sir Sam Hughes, the Minister of Militia created an entirely new table of organization with numbered battalions raised on geographical lines. This often meant that more than one militia regiment contributed men to a single new Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) Battalion. Under this mobilization plan militia regiments were to remain in Canada acting only as drafting units. Initially the Camerons were tasked with raising a company. The First Volunteer Overseas Company mobilized 7 officers and 250 other ranks under Captain John Geddes. This company mustered at Camp Valcartier to be formed into a battalion with companies from three other Canadian highland regiments, the 16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish), CEF. The Camerons next mobilized the Second Volunteer Overseas Company providing the second-in-command, Major D. S. MacKay, a company (10 officers, 250 other ranks) and a signals section for what would become the 27th (City of Winnipeg) Battalion (The Royal Winnipeg Rifles). It would not be until December 1914 that the regiment would be permitted to raise an entire battalion for overseas service.On 18 December 1914, the Camerons received authority to raise a complete battalion for overseas service and the Volunteer Overseas Battalion was gazetted and mobilization commenced under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Robert M. Thomson. The battalion began training at Minto Armoury in Winnipeg and was soon re-designated the 43rd Battalion (Cameron Highlanders of Canada), CEF. On 29 May 1915 the battalion entrained for Montreal and deployment overseas. Embarking on HMTS Grampian on 9 June with a complement of 39 officers and 1,020 other ranks, the 43rd arrived in England on 8 June, disembarking at Davenport and proceeding by train to Lower St Martin's Plain, Shorncliffe. Arriving at the camp to find nothing ready for them, the Camerons set about pitching tents and setting up camp. The battalion made camp so expertly that they continued to be tasked to prepare camp for newly arriving units.On 22 July the 43rd supplied a reinforcement draft of 386 other ranks to the 16th (Canadian Scottish) Battalion, the first of several. This loss of manpower placed the 43rd in peril of being broken up entirely and used as reinforcements. On 28 September the 43rd moved from the tented camp into huts at East Sandling. On 23 November the battalion was made into a reserve battalion and began taking casualties from the 15th and 16th Battalions on strength. Reinforced with the arrival of a number of drafts from the 79th Cameron Highlanders of Canada Drafting Detachment back in Winnipeg, the 43rd was brought back up to strength and reprieved from dissolution, ceasing to be a reserve Battalion on 24 January 1916. The casualties on its strength were transferred to the 17th Reserve battalion, and on 29 January, the 43rd entrained for Liphook, Bramshott Camp to join the 3rd Canadian Division.Awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM) for his actions at Sanctuary Wood in 1916 as a sergeant, Robert Shankland received a battlefield commission and continued to serve with the 43rd Battalion as an officer. On the morning of 26 October, he was the last officer to led his platoon forward to the crest of the hill. Once in position at the Bellevue Pillboxes, he could see that the remnant of \"B\" Company, in command of Sgt. Donald Mowat, along with additional men from \"D\" Company had captured the hill at the Bellevue Spur, the main trench line defending Passchendaele. Overrunning it and holding the position was critical to capturing the ruins of the town.Although both flanks were eventually exposed, they held the position, withstanding incessant artillery shelling, German counterattacks and sustaining frightful casualties. In danger of being cut off and losing the vital position, Shankland turned over his command to another officer, and then returned to battalion headquarters, where he gave a first-hand report of the situation. He also offered a detailed plan on how a counterattack with reinforcements could best be achieved. He then returned to his men to hold the Spur while elements of the 43rd, now reinforced by companies of the 52nd and 58th Battalions captured the strong-points on both flanks. Once Bellevue Farm had been captured, Captain Galt, Officer Commanding \"D\" Company took over from Shankland, and Shankland returned to have his wounds dressed. For his actions that day Robert Shankland was awarded the Victoria Cross. Military Crosses were awarded to Capt. Donald A. Galt for attacking Bellevue Farm and later holding the Spur for two days; Lt. Edmund Smart of \"A\" Company for establishing a defensive flank and capturing a strong point (with four men) and taking eighty prisoners. And Distinguished Conduct Medals were awarded to Cpl. James Hainstock of \"B\" Company for his part in capturing the Spur, organizing a sniping defence, inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy assembling for a counter-attack, and for holding this position for two days; CSM Donald Mowat \"A\" Company, but attached to \"B\", for leading with three men in the capture of one of the Pillboxes on the crest of the Spur, and dressing wounded under fire.On 12 January 1916, the 174th (Cameron Highlanders of Canada) Battalion, CEF was authorized and gazetted. As the regiment was focussed on raising the 179th Battalion the raising of the 174th was put aside until 30 May, when the battalion was organized with Lieutenant-Colonel James A. Cantlie in command. The 174th trained at Camp Hughes through the summer of 1917 and on 20 August, Lieutenant-Colonel Cantlie handed command over to Lieutenant-Colonel Hugh F. Osler, who had returned from serving with the 43rd Battalion in France. On 22 April, the battalion entrained at Winnipeg for overseas deployment and seven days later embarked on HMTS Olympic at Halifax for the Atlantic crossing. The 174th arrived at Liverpool on 7 May, where the battalion disembarked and proceeded by train to Upper Dibgate Camp. Upon arrival the 174th was absorbed into the 14th Reserve Battalion (formerly the 179th Battalion), and the men ultimately sent as reinforcement drafts for the 16th and 43rd Battalions serving with the Canadian Corps in France.On 12 January 1916, the 179th (Cameron Highlanders of Canada) Battalion, CEF was authorized and gazetted under command of Lieutenant-Colonel James A. Cantlie. The nucleus of the 179th was formed from absorbing the 79th Cameron Highlanders of Canada Drafting Detachment on 1 February. On 30 May, Lieutenant-Colonel Cantlie, whose poor health precluded him from overseas deployment, relinquished command to Lieutenant-Colonel J. Y. Reid, and the battalion moved by train to Camp Hughes. Training at Camp Hughes throughout the summer of 1916, the 179th entrained for overseas deployment on 26 September. Arriving in Halifax, the battalion embarked on HMTS Saxonia on 4 October, and set sail for England. The 179th battalion arrived at Liverpool on 13 October, where they disembarked and proceeded to East Sanding Camp. On 4 January 1917, the 179th was re-designated the 14th Reserve Battalion and moved to Upper Dibgate Camp.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Militia"},{"link_name":"48th Highlanders of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48th_Highlanders_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Royal 22e Régiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_22e_R%C3%A9giment"},{"link_name":"The Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cameron_Highlanders_of_Ottawa"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Saint Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Andrew"},{"link_name":"saltire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltire"},{"link_name":"thistles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thistle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"sporran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporran"},{"link_name":"War Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Office"}],"sub_title":"Between the wars","text":"In 1920 a major reorganization of Canadian Militia units took place. Some units were disbanded, others were re-rolled or amalgamated and almost all numerical designations were dropped from regimental titles (the two notable exceptions being the 48th Highlanders of Canada and the Royal 22e Régiment). Thus the 79th Cameron Highlanders of Canada became simply, the Cameron Highlanders of Canada. In order to perpetuate the regiment's accomplishments during the First World War, the regiment was reorganized as three battalions: the 1st Battalion \"43rd Battalion CEF\", 2nd (Reserve) Battalion (174th Battalion CEF) and 3rd (Reserve) Battalion (179th Battalion CEF). In reality the 1st Battalion was the only active militia unit. The 2nd and 3rd Battalions were reserve units where non-active personnel could transfer for an interim period or upon retirement and remain subject to future recall.The popularity of Highland Regiments was at an all-time high in Canada after the First World War and a number of line infantry units chose to adopt Highland dress and customs. In 1920 The Ottawa Regiment (The Duke of Cornwall's Own) converted to a Highland Regiment adopting the title of The Ottawa Highlanders and the uniform of the Camerons. Steps were taken to form an alliance with the new Cameron Regiment in Ottawa and the alliance was formally granted in 1923. Subsequently, in 1933 The Ottawa Highlanders changed their name to The Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa.On 24 October 1923, his Majesty King George V was \"graciously pleased\" to grant permission for the regiment to be named the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada in recognition of the Regiment's exemplary service during the First World War. With granting of the royal designation \"Queen's Own\" the regiment decided to adopt badges that more closely resembled the pattern worn by the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of the British Army. The new cap badge depicted the figure of Saint Andrew holding in his arms a saltire (Saint Andrew's Cross), enclosed by a wreath of thistles [11] and across the lower part of the wreath, scrolls inscribed: QUEEN'S OWN CAMERON HIGHLANDERS OF CANADA. New collar and sporran badges of a pattern identical to the Imperial Camerons were also chosen.The new pattern badges were authorized by the War Office on 31 August 1925, and the cap and collar badges received by the regiment on 24 February 1927. The new pattern badges were held in stores pending the acquisition of the new sporran badge. With the sporran badges still yet to be acquired, the collar badges were finally issued in January 1930, and the cap badges towards the end of the year.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"impending war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"kilts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilt"},{"link_name":"War Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"battledress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battledress"},{"link_name":"2nd Canadian Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Gourock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourock"},{"link_name":"occupied Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%E2%80%93occupied_Europe"},{"link_name":"Operation Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe_Raid"},{"link_name":"Dieppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe,_Seine-Maritime"},{"link_name":"The South Saskatchewan Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_South_Saskatchewan_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Scie River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scie_River"},{"link_name":"Calgary Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Saint-Aubin-sur-Scie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Aubin-sur-Scie"},{"link_name":"Arques-la-Bataille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arques-la-Bataille"},{"link_name":"pillboxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker#Pillbox"},{"link_name":"plywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plywood"},{"link_name":"landing craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_craft"},{"link_name":"U. S. Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Pipe Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_Major"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"A Hundred Pipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Hundred_Pipers"},{"link_name":"commanding officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_officer"},{"link_name":"sniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper"},{"link_name":"second-in-command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-in-command"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"anti-tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-Colonel Merritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Merritt"},{"link_name":"prisoners of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service 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V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_tank"},{"link_name":"PIATs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIAT"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"mortars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"Nebelwerfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebelwerfer"},{"link_name":"Saint-André-sur-Orne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Andr%C3%A9-sur-Orne"},{"link_name":"Company Sergeant Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_Sergeant_Major"},{"link_name":"5 Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"May-sur-Orne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May-sur-Orne"},{"link_name":"Fontenay-le-Marmion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontenay-le-Marmion"},{"link_name":"The Black Watch of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Watch_(Royal_Highland_Regiment)_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"The Calgary Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Calgary_Highlanders"},{"link_name":"le Régiment de Maisonneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_R%C3%A9giment_de_Maisonneuve"},{"link_name":"Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Fusiliers_Mont-Royal"},{"link_name":"Caen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen"},{"link_name":"Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay"},{"link_name":"shaft towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winding_tower"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Military_Engineers"},{"link_name":"mine shaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaft_mining"},{"link_name":"Panzergrenadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzergrenadier"},{"link_name":"1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_SS_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"corporal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal#Germany"},{"link_name":"lance corporal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_corporal"},{"link_name":"Verrières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge"},{"link_name":"The Essex Scottish Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Essex_Scottish_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Ifs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifs,_Calvados"},{"link_name":"house-to-house fighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_warfare"},{"link_name":"brigade major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade_major"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"1st Hussars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Hussars"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Typhoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon"},{"link_name":"adjutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant"},{"link_name":"The North Nova Scotia Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_North_Nova_Scotia_Highlanders"},{"link_name":"Gouvix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvix"},{"link_name":"bridgehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehead"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Saint-Martin-de-Bienfaite-la-Cressonnière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Martin-de-Bienfaite-la-Cressonni%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hitlerjugend"},{"link_name":"Bronze Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"No. 6 (RCAF) Bomber Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._6_Group_RCAF"},{"link_name":"Falaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaise,_Calvados"},{"link_name":"Regimental Aid Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regimental_Aid_Post"},{"link_name":"Hérouville-Saint-Clair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rouville-Saint-Clair"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"P-38 Lightnings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-38_Lightning"},{"link_name":"Dives River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dives_River"},{"link_name":"Meulles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meulles"},{"link_name":"Orbec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbec"},{"link_name":"self-propelled guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propelled_gun"},{"link_name":"8th Reconnaissance Regiment (14th Canadian Hussars)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Reconnaissance_Regiment_(14th_Canadian_Hussars)"},{"link_name":"Saint-Pierre-de-Salerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Pierre-de-Salerne"},{"link_name":"Brionne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brionne"},{"link_name":"Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"},{"link_name":"Bourgtheroulde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgtheroulde-Infreville"},{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"Autingues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autingues"},{"link_name":"West Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Line"},{"link_name":"Bray-Dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bray-Dunes"},{"link_name":"Warrant Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_Officer"},{"link_name":"Duffel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffel"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Turnhout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnhout"},{"link_name":"Anvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_Province"},{"link_name":"Turnhout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnhout"},{"link_name":"The Fort Garry Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fort_Garry_Horse"},{"link_name":"Putte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putte"},{"link_name":"Scheldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheldt"},{"link_name":"The Royal Regiment of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Regiment_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Hamilton_Light_Infantry_(Wentworth_Regiment)"},{"link_name":"Woensdrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woensdrecht"},{"link_name":"Fallschirmjäger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Yerseke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerseke"},{"link_name":"Zuid-Beveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuid-Beveland"},{"link_name":"lock gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Kattendijke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattendijke"},{"link_name":"Goes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goes"},{"link_name":"Willebroek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willebroek"},{"link_name":"Mook en Middelaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mook_en_Middelaar"},{"link_name":"Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall%27s_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_(Wessex)_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Meuse River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse_River"},{"link_name":"observation post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_post"},{"link_name":"Cuijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuijk"},{"link_name":"Groesbeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groesbeek"},{"link_name":"Katwijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katwijk"},{"link_name":"Oss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oss"},{"link_name":"Nijmegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijmegen"},{"link_name":"Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade"},{"link_name":"Brigadier General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_General#Canada"},{"link_name":"Ralph Holley Keefler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Holley_Keefler"},{"link_name":"Operation Veritable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Veritable"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Bedburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedburg"},{"link_name":"Kalkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkar"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"4th Canadian Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"60th Panzergrenadier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Infantry_Division_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Panzer-Lehr-Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer-Lehr-Division"},{"link_name":"Operation Blockbuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Blockbuster"},{"link_name":"Kangaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_(armoured_personnel_carrier)"},{"link_name":"armoured personnel carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"21st Army Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Army_Group"},{"link_name":"Field Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Marshal_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Bernard Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery,_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"8th Fallschirmjäger Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger_Division"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Xanten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanten"},{"link_name":"salient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salients,_re-entrants_and_pockets"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Netterden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netterden"},{"link_name":"6th Fallschirmjäger Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger_Division"},{"link_name":"Veldhunten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veldhunten&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veldhunten"},{"link_name":"Bronze Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Lion"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Steenderen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenderen"},{"link_name":"Volksgrenadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksgrenadier"},{"link_name":"Almen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almen"},{"link_name":"Schipbeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schipbeek"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Gramsbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramsbergen"},{"link_name":"Balkbrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkbrug"},{"link_name":"Hoogeveen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogeveen"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Hijken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijken"},{"link_name":"Haren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haren_(Groningen)"},{"link_name":"Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(city)"},{"link_name":"Ems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ems_River"},{"link_name":"Ten Boer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Boer"},{"link_name":"Stedum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stedum"},{"link_name":"combat fatigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_stress_reaction"},{"link_name":"Italian Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"flamethrowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamethrower"},{"link_name":"Loppersum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loppersum"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Wasp flamethrower carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Carrier#Variants"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"RMS Queen Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Queen_Elizabeth"}],"sub_title":"Second World War","text":"On 1 September 1939, the Camerons were officially notified of the impending war. Within 17 days of being ordered to mobilize, the battalion was at full strength of 807 all ranks. This time the Camerons would not fight in their kilts as the regiment had 25 years earlier. A War Department directive issued in April 1940 made battledress the standard uniform for all units and the Highland regiments reluctantly surrendered their kilts for trousers. The regiment was increased to two battalions, the 1st Battalion being placed on active duty for overseas service as part of the 2nd Canadian Division and the 2nd Battalion to remain in Winnipeg to recruit and train replacements. On 16 December 1940, the 1st Battalion embarked for overseas on board the SS Louis Pasteur[clarification needed], arriving at Gourock, Scotland on Christmas Eve.On 19 August 1942, the Camerons landed in occupied Europe as part of Operation Jubilee, the raid on the French port of Dieppe. The South Saskatchewan Regiment were to land in the first wave of the attack on Green Beach to secure the beach at Pourville, the right flank of the operation. The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada would then land in the second wave and move inland along the eastern bank of the Scie River to meet up with the tanks of the Calgary Regiment coming from Dieppe and capture the airfield at Saint-Aubin-sur-Scie. The Camerons and the Calgary tanks would then clear the Hitler Battery and attack the suspected German divisional headquarters at Arques-la-Bataille.The attack went in on time (0450 hours) but the South Saskatchewan Regiment did not land astride the river as intended, but to the west of it. This didn't pose a problem for the force aiming to clear the village and attack the cliffs to the west, but for the other force it meant they had to move through the village, cross the exposed bridge over the river before attempting to get on the high ground to the east. The delay this imposed meant that the Germans had time to react and deploy. \"A\" and \"D\" Companies of the South Saskatchewan Regiment took all their objectives, including a large white house on the western headland that proved to be some kind of officers quarters. The other two companies found that the bridge was swept by fire from a number of German pillboxes on the high ground facing them and the attack stalled as Canadian casualties mounted.As the Camerons were the second wave to attack on Green Beach they came into an aroused German defence. The Camerons were riding in plywood landing craft. About 1,000 yd (910 m) off Green Beach, the craft formed in a single line and moved toward the beach. The German shore batteries, machine guns, and mortars opened fire. Above the angry roar of battle and the growl of racing engines came a sound that riveted the attention of U. S. Ranger Sergeant Marcell G. Swank. On a small forward deck of the landing craft to Swank's right, Pipe Major Alex Graham[12] stood courageously playing A Hundred Pipers. \"He stood there,\" recalled Swank, \"defiantly telling the world that the Camerons were coming. God what a glory.\" Inspired by their piper, the Camerons landed on Green Beach with courage and élan and swept forward. This is the last recorded instance of Canadian troops being piped into battle.The Camerons hit the Green Beach an hour after the South Saskatchewan Regiment, some 30 minutes late, as the commanding officer had not believed that the South Saskatchewan Regiment would be able to clear the beach and village in the allotted time. As they landed the commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Alfred Gostling, was killed by a sniper and the unit was taken over by the second-in-command, Major A. T. \"Andy\" Law.The majority of the force was mistakenly landed to the west of the river, so Law decided to alter the plan. Those that had landed to the east were told to join the South Saskatchewan Regiment, while the majority to the west advanced up the valley with Major Law. They were harassed on their journey by fire from Quatre Vents Farm and decided to seek shelter in the woods, through which, they reached the high ground above Bas d'Hautot. There they saw that the enemy already held the bridge at Petite Appeville in some strength (by a heavily reinforced anti-tank company from the 571st Infantry Regiment). Law's group could not now realistically take the bridge, nor could they bypass it, for the road from Ouville was now swarming with enemy reinforcements. Meanwhile, the rest of the Camerons had joined up with the South Saskatchewan Regiment but despite closing in on Quatre Vents Farm and the radar station they were halted by enemy fire.Although the Camerons made the deepest penetration of the day, the main landing at Dieppe had been unsuccessful. By 0930 hours a decision had to be made. The failure of the tanks to arrive had made it impossible for the Camerons to gain their objectives and suggested things were not going quite as planned on the main beaches. Faced with increasing German opposition and a complete lack of communication with higher headquarters, the Camerons began to fight their way back to Pourville, carrying their wounded. With Support Platoon leading, \"A\" Company guarding the flank and \"C\" Company forming the rearguard, the battalion made it back to Beronville Wood and re-established contact with the South Saskatchewan Regiment. It was only then that they found out the landing craft would not return for re-embarkation until 1100 hours.Major Law and Lieutenant-Colonel Merritt (Commanding Officer of the South Saskatchewan Regiment) set up a combined headquarters in the Grand Central Hotel, and prepared their battalions to stand and fight for a full hour against a rapidly increasing enemy, who had their line of withdrawal (the beach) enfiladed with fire from innumerable guns. The Camerons fought desperately to keep their foothold on the high ground to the west, while the South Saskatchewan Regiment grimly held on to a piece of high ground to the east. Slowly the Germans collapsed the pocket smaller and smaller, until they dominated the entire beach and the slopes east of Pourville. By this time, few of the Camerons and South Saskatchewan Regiment were unwounded. At 1100 hours the landing craft began to arrive, taking grievous losses on the approach into the beach. More men were killed and wounded as they tried to board the landing craft under the enemy's withering fire. Almost miraculously five landing craft and one tank landing craft managed to rescue men from the shallows and cleared the beach with full loads. By 1130 hours the situation had become impossible and no further extractions were attempted.Of 503 Camerons on the raid, 346 were casualties: 60 killed in action; 8 died of wounds after evacuation; 167 prisoners of war (8 of whom died of wounds). Of the 268 returning to England, 103 were wounded. 25 Camerons were decorated for their actions at Dieppe. The regiment received two Distinguished Service Orders (the second highest award for bravery for officers after the Victoria Cross), two Military Crosses, three Distinguished Conduct Medals (the second highest award for bravery for non-commissioned members after the Victoria Cross), four Military Medals, thirteen Mentions in Dispatches and a Croix de Guerre with bronze palms. One of the Distinguished Service Order recipients was the acting commanding officer, Major Law.On 7 July 1944, the battalion was back in France, landing at Graye-sur-Mer, Calvados as part of the 6th Canadian Infantry Brigade, 2nd Canadian Infantry Division. On the evening of 11 July, the unit moved to the vicinity of Rots and then relieved the Queen's Own Rifles of Canada at Carpiquet the next day. The next six days the battalion spent digging in to avoid enemy shelling and patrolling to root out enemy snipers and remnants. On 19 July, the battalion left Carpiquet for an assembly area across the Orne River in preparation for the start of Operation Atlantic the next day. On the way to the start line, the battalion suffered casualties from enemy artillery and mortar fire. The Camerons launched their attack from Fleury-sur-Orne, supported by artillery and Typhoon squadrons. \"A\" Company advanced on the right with \"B\" Company left, \"C\" Company in depth and \"D\" Company in reserve. No tanks accompanied the attacking infantry but a squadron of tanks from The Sherbrooke Fusiliers was allotted to the Camerons for counter-attack. The attack did not start well. The Officer Commanding Headquarters Company, Captain H. Grundy and the Intelligence Officer, Lieutenant J. Maloney were both killed when an enemy 88 mm gun hit the scout car. The Battalion War Diary for June was lost with the vehicle. The loss of this command vehicle would hamper the Battalion's radio communications throughout the battle. \"A\" Company was held up 500 yd (460 m) from the start line, coming under intense machine gun fire. Suppressing the enemy machine gunners with artillery and medium machine gun fire from The Toronto Scottish Regiment, \"A\" Company was able to carry on. \"B\" Company encountered mild resistance and reached its objective advancing through the sniper, mortar and machine gun fire. As \"A\" Company had ended up somewhat to the right of their objective \"C\" Company was pushed through to fill the gap between \"A\" and \"B\". \"C\" Company met no resistance until it reached the south end of the village. \"D\" Company moved up to secure the rear of the battalion position.The enemy still held part of Hill 112 and continued to subject the Camerons to very heavy fire from west of the Orne. Heavy rain interfered with radio communications that were already affected by the loss of the scout car. With three companies forward, the Camerons held a wide frontage, so the commanding officer ordered \"C\" and \"B\" Companies to withdraw slightly to draw in the perimeter. \"B\" Company was shifting their positions when the Germans counter-attacked. The company managed to consolidate in their new position, but sustained significant casualties. As a result, the commanding officer moved \"D\" Company up to replace them, and moved \"B\" back as Battalion reserve. Elements of the I SS Panzer Corps counter-attacked along the entire Battalion front, with especially heavy concentrations of infantry thrown against \"A\" and \"D\" Companies. Towards dusk a heavy counter-attack supported by eight Panzerkampfwagen V (Panther) tanks was launched against \"D\" Company. Three of the Cameron anti-tank guns were knocked out, but the Camerons destroyed two of the panzers with PIATs (Projector Infantry Anti-Tank). \"D\" Company was overrun and forced to withdraw to link up with the remains of \"B\" Company. Overnight on 20–21 July \"A\" and \"C\" Companies beat back repeated counter-attacks. At times the opposing forces were within shouting distance of each other.In the morning, further counter-attacks by small groups of tanks were fought off on the left flank in \"C\" Company's area. 10 Platoon of \"B\" Company was entirely cut off from the rest of the battalion as the battle raged around the perimeter of the orchard. A company of German infantry, that had infiltrated across the river overnight, launched a series of small attacks against the battalion headquarters, which were beaten off with many prisoners being taken by \"A\" Company and the Scout Platoon. The Germans continued to counter-attack on 22 July, but their strength was reduced. Attacks by two or three tanks supported by small groups of infantry were beaten off throughout the day. At one point \"A\" Company was forced to withdraw, but with the assistance of heavy artillery support, counter-attacked and regained their positions. 11 Platoon was sent from \"B\" Company to reinforce \"C\" Company in driving off an enemy attack and remained under command of \"C\" Company, taking up defensive positions on the left flank. In between counter-attacks the Germans subjected the Cameron positions to heavy shelling with artillery, mortars and Nebelwerfers (rockets). By 23 July the counter-attacks had dwindled to minor infiltrations that were easily handled and the Germans resorted to increased shelling. \"C\" Company was so reduced by this time that the remainder of 10 Platoon was sent from \"B\" Company to reinforce it.The Camerons suffered heavy casualties in the fighting for Saint-André-sur-Orne: 52 wounded (including the commanding officer and the officer commanding \"B\" Company) and 29 killed. Company Sergeant Major Sutherland and Private G. T. Munroe were each awarded the Military Medal for their actions at Saint-André-sur-Orne and the commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel N.H. Ross, was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his handling of the battalion throughout the battle.On 24 July, the battalion was placed under command of 5 Brigade to secure the start line for the brigade's attack on May-sur-Orne and Fontenay-le-Marmion. A composite force from \"B\" and \"D\" Companies under Major Lane met fierce resistance and reinforcements were needed before the start line was secured. Still under 5 Brigade, the Camerons had elements of The Black Watch of Canada and The Calgary Highlanders placed under command on 25 July, to occupy Saint Martin to protect the left flank of le Régiment de Maisonneuve attacking May-sur-Orne. The Maisonneuve attack was unsuccessful and that evening they relieved the Camerons in Saint Martin.On 26 July, the Camerons returned under command of 6th Brigade and set about consolidating their positions in Saint-André-sur-Orne. On 31 July, the unit started rotating companies out of the line two at a time for rest and refit. \"A\" and \"C\" Companies remained in Saint-André-sur-Orne under command of Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal while the remainder of the unit was withdrawn to Caen for rest. Even in the rest area the unit was subject to enemy artillery and was required to dig in to minimize casualties.On 1 August, Battalion Headquarters and \"B\" and \"D\" Companies were resting in the vicinity of Faub-de-Vaucelle while \"A\" and \"C\" Companies were still under command of Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal in Saint-André-sur-Orne. That evening \"B\" and \"D\" Companies relieved \"A\" and \"C\" Companies and provided support to Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal in capture of a church in the vicinity that was occupied by the Germans. On 3 August, \"B\" and \"D\" Companies assisted Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal in taking a group of houses that had been identified as being occupied by the Germans by Cameron patrols the night before.On the 2nd Canadian Division front the mine directly south of Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay had been a constant threat, the lofty shaft towers affording the Germans excellent observation and the mine tunnels offering a means of infiltrating the whole area. On the night of 3–4 August, \"A\" Company with a detachment of the 11th Field Company, Royal Canadian Engineers, conducted a raid on an enemy occupied mine. The company succeeded in surrounding the mine despite heavy machine gun fire but the accompanying engineers were unable to demolish the mine shaft. In order to demolish the shaft towers, the sappers had to climb some 20 ft (6.1 m) from the ground and as soon as they did so they became targets for snipers in the bright moonlight. After a number of men had been hit, it was decided that the demolition task could not be carried out, and the raiding party withdrew. Casualties suffered on the raid were 9 missing and 21 wounded which speaks to the fierceness of the resistance. Three prisoners from the 2nd SS Panzergrenadier Regiment of the 1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (one corporal, one lance corporal and one private) were taken during the raid.On 4 August, Lieutenant-Colonel Runice took command of the battalion, and that night the Camerons moved to Verrières to relieve The Essex Scottish Regiment. The next two days were relatively quiet with the unit patrolling and receiving only occasional shelling from the enemy. A prisoner from the 1055th Grenadier Regiment of the 89th Infantry Division was captured by patrol from \"C\" Company.The battalions of the 6th Brigade had been tasked to attack the villages forming the front line. On the afternoon of 7 August, the Camerons moved to a forming up position near Ifs in preparation for an attack against Fontenay-le-Marmion that night. \"D\" and \"C\" Companies led the attack with \"B\" Company in close support and \"A\" Company in reserve. \"D\" Company had a difficult time securing their objective. Within ten minutes of crossing the start line, 16 Platoon was pinned down by intense machine gun fire. When 18 Platoon conducted a left flanking attack to free up 16 Platoon, they came under intense 88 mm mortar fire pining them down as well. The company crawled forward into an assault line and then launched an all-out frontal attack, fighting their way into the village against fierce opposition by elements of the German 89th Infantry Division.By 0100 hours \"D\" Company had reached their objective, the first company to do so, and began preparing for counter-attacks. \"C\" Company had their own difficulties in the assault. 13 and 14 Platoon were temporarily cut off from 15 Platoon and \"C\" Company headquarters when they advanced past a nest of enemy machine gun posts. The enemy allowed the forward platoons to pass and then poured heavy fire into \"C\" Company Headquarters and remaining platoon, which after sustaining several casualties, bypassed the machine gun posts by working their way around the left flank. \"C\" Company Headquarters and 13 Platoon reached their objective, the orchard, hoping to find the other two platoons but only encountered elements of \"B Company\". Linking in their defensive positions with \"B\" Company on the east side of the orchard, they prepared to fight off the inevitable enemy counter-attack. Almost immediately after crossing the start line, \"B\" Company came under fire from both sides of the road. In response \"B\" Company launched a determined attack on the quarry, where a concentration of enemy were dug in, with 11 Platoon forward, 10 Platoon left and 12 Platoon right. Sergeant J. Mahon was later awarded the Military Medal for his actions in the fight for the quarry. Once they had cleared the enemy from the quarry, \"B\" Company continued on to the outskirts of Fontenay-le-Marmion to link up with the remnants of \"C\" and \"D\" Companies occupying the buildings.The Camerons holding Fontenay-le-Marmion were under fire from heavy sniping and direct fire from a German 88 mm gun to the northeast and the number of casualties grew. Engaged in heavy house-to-house fighting through the night and into the morning, the battalion, down to 150 men, fought off numerous enemy counter-attacks. Battalion headquarters was hit by an enemy 88 mm, wounding the commanding officer. Overnight 14 men from 14 Platoon and one from 13 Platoon who had worked their way back to the start line were brought up to rejoin \"C\" Company, and Major C. W. Ferguson, a Cameron serving as brigade major of 6th Brigade, was sent to take over the battalion. On the morning of 8 August, the enemy counterattacked from the north with 12 Tiger Tanks[clarification needed] and the unit was temporarily surrounded. To add to the chaos, battalion headquarters was hit again likely by the same 88 mm that had been shelling the unit from the start of the battle. The new commanding officer was wounded, forcing Major J. J. D. Gagnon, Officer Commanding \"D\" Company to assume command.On the afternoon of 8 August, two companies of the South Saskatchewan Regiment with a squadron of the 1st Hussars broke through, swept the ridge north of Fontenay and cleared the left flank, relieving the pressure on the Camerons. The Camerons captured 207 enemy prisoners that day. That night Cameron patrols confirmed that the enemy had withdrawn. On the morning of 9 August \"B\" Company (under Company Sergeant Major Abram Arbour) launched a successful attack on the right flank and \"A\" Company captured a barracks on the high feature that was the source of the heavy fire that was pinning whole Battalion down. The clearing weather allowed Royal Air Force Typhoons to locate and destroy the German 88 mm that had been wreaking so much havoc on battalion headquarters.In the evening Major E. P. \"Tommy\" Thompson assumed acting command of the battalion. In the fierce fighting for Fontenay-le-Marmion, the Camerons lost two commanding officers wounded (Ferguson would die from his wounds the next day), and two company commanders, Major E. R. Talbot of \"C\" Company and Major J. E. E. McManus of \"B\" Company and the adjutant, Captain G. Kidd, wounded in action. The carrier platoon commander, Captain R.R. Counsell, was awarded the Military Cross for keeping the companies supplied during the fighting and Company Sergeant-Major Arbour was awarded the Military Cross (a decoration usually awarded to officers) for his actions as acting company commander of \"B\" Company during the battle.The remainder of 9 and 10 August, were spent resting and reorganizing prior to relieving The North Nova Scotia Highlanders at Gouvix the next day. Patrols the night of 9 August, brought in a couple of prisoners – one from the 1056th Infantry Regiment and the other from the 189th Anti-Tank Battalion. At dawn on 12 August, \"B\" Company stood-to, only to discover it was completely surrounded by an enemy patrol. A brief skirmish ensued and the enemy withdrew. Later that day the new commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel A. S. Gregory arrived to assume command.In the early morning of 14 August, the battalion launched an attack to clear enemy pockets west of the River Laize and seize a bridgehead across the river at Clair Tizon. Initially resistance was light but stiffened as the Camerons approached the river. The Battalion's objective was seized by 0910 hours and that night the anti-tank platoon got their first kill – a Panzerkampfwagen V (Panther) that was knocked out at a range of about 250 yd (230 m). Two of the crew were killed and the remainder taken prisoner by Scout Platoon snipers who were in the area. Numerous prisoners of war were taken in the operation, many of them Poles and Russians who were happy to desert from their impressed service in the Wehrmacht.The next day, 15 August, the Camerons took Saint-Martin-de-Bienfaite-la-Cressonnière and held it against three fierce counter-attacks by elements of the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend. One of only two Bronze Stars awarded to members of the regiment during the war was won during the battle for Saint-Martin-de-Bienfaite-la-Cressonnière. Private J. P. DeGarmo was awarded the American decoration for his actions.That afternoon bombers from No. 6 (RCAF) Bomber Group dropped bombs on enemy pockets of resistance between the Cameron lines and Falaise. Several bombs fell short, landing on battalion headquarters and inflicting eight casualties. More casualties were suffered when the Regimental Aid Post was shelled by an enemy 88 mm. The medical officer, Captain H. Marantz, and Sergeant G. A. Wilwand were both killed and the remainder of the Aid Post wounded. 10 Field Ambulance put together a composite force and sent it forward to act as the Cameron Regimental Aid Post.The task of taking the ruins of Falaise fell to 6 Brigade. At 1500 hours on 16 August, Brigadier Young launched his attack with the South Saskatchewan Regiment on the left and the Camerons on the right, each supported by a squadron of tanks from the Sherbrooke Fusiliers. As the battalion moved towards Falaise, they ran into a group of 25 enemy of which 2 were taken prisoner. The huge craters caused by the earlier RAF bombing impeded the advance. Moreover, parties of the enemy from the 12th SS Panzer Division were still fighting hard in the ruins. By the morning of 17 August, the South Saskatchewans had reached the railway east of the town. The Camerons had not advanced as rapidly, their tanks being hung up in craters; but they finished their task that day and then moved south across the River Traine to establish a defensive position around the village of Hérouville-Saint-Clair. Many enemy prisoners of war were taken (a number from the 978th Grenadier Regiment) and a scout car that had run out of gas was captured as well. That night a flight of U.S. Army Air Force P-38 Lightnings bombed and strafed the unit killing two and wounding six.On 18 August, contact was firmly established with Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal. The relative quiet allowed hot meals, mail and new clothing to be enjoyed by all members of the unit. The pause also allowed the commanding officer to reorganize the battalion in preparation for future operations. Patrols from the unit netted a number of prisoners (two from the 1056th Infantry Battalion, one from the 128th Grenadier Regiment, one from the 937th Infantry Reserve Regiment and one from the 453rd Reserve Grenadier Battalion). On 19 August, the battalion moved to a new location near Les Moutien on Auges by the Dives River and then on to an assembly area at le Grand Mesnil on 21 August. That night they moved again, this time to a position near Meulles. On 22 August, the battalion pushed towards Orbec, slowing as they met increasingly stiff opposition and heavy fire from the high ground across the Orbec River. Spending the night near Les Bois, southwest of Orbec, the Camerons launched a left flanking attack north of Orbec the next day. Seizing their objective, the battalion fought off counter-attacks by enemy infantry supported by tanks and self-propelled guns. After having two tanks and a self-propelled gun knocked out, the Germans withdrew, leaving the unit in firm possession of Orbec. The Camerons were greatly assisted in the taking of the town by the 8th Reconnaissance Regiment (14th Canadian Hussars), who had crossed the river to the west of the town and then circled back and taken out an enemy blocking position from the rear. With the withdrawal of the enemy, two Cameron scouts were finally able to emerge from the town jail where they had been hiding with a German commander and his staff that they had captured, waiting for the battalion to capture the town.On 24 August, the Camerons marched to an assembly area at Le Ruquesni where they were picked up by trucks and moved to the 6 Brigade area at Ducore. That night they moved again to an area north of Saint-Pierre-de-Salerne where they were warned to be prepared to move south into Brionne. On 25 August, the battalion moved into Brionne against slight resistance and received a hearty welcome by the townspeople. Previous to this the towns the battalion had liberated had been abandoned by the inhabitants. Brionne was the first of many towns to greet the Camerons as liberators. On 26 August, the battalion was on the move again, taking up positions for the night along the Seine near Bourgtheroulde. The next day the Camerons continued the advance through Bourgtheroulde, meeting determined resistance as the German rearguard fought fanatically to protect their line of retreat across the Seine. By late evening the battalion had consolidated their position near La Chênaie, overlooking the Seine and effectively cutting off the German escape route. For the next three days the unit suffered heavy casualties from intense shelling, also inflicting heavy casualties on the retreating Germans trying to cross the river. The War Diary entry for 29 August noted, \"Thousands of Germans drowned or were killed from our 4.2\" mortars and arty fire plus our MMGs.\" By 30 August, the fight was over. The German remnants had retreated from the Seine and Rouen area. The next day the battalion moved across the River Seine into Rouen to be greeted once again as liberators.September 1944 found the unit in the west suburbs of Rouen. From there they moved to occupy barracks formerly used by German Engineers south of Dieppe. For the next four days the unit participated in parades and commemorative ceremonies to mark the 2nd Division's previous visit to Dieppe in August 1942. Aside from the ceremonial duties it was an opportunity to rest and reconsolidate. On 6 September, the battalion loaded on trucks and moved to Autingues, where they spent the night of 7 September, before moving on to Furnes. On 9 September, the unit occupied La Panne Bains, chasing out scattered pockets of German resistance. The next day the unit continued the advance through fire from heavy machine guns, mortars, anti-aircraft guns and heavy coastal guns and spent the night occupying a portion of the German West Wall defences.The advance towards Bray-Dunes continued on 11 September, against increasingly stiff opposition from elements of the 1055th Grenadier Regiment of the German 89th Infantry Division. Before first light on 13 September, the Camerons launched a concerted attack against Bray-Dunes. \"A\" and \"C\" Companies made a right flanking attack through the sand dunes by the coast while \"D\" Company infiltrated through the enemy lines to size the crossroads. While \"D\" Company achieved their objective by 0530 hours, \"A\" and \"C\" Companies failed to penetrate enemy opposition leaving \"D\" Company surrounded and cut off. At 1800 hours the battalion launched a right flanking attack through Gyrelde to relieve \"D\" Company. \"A\" and \"B\" Companies were stopped after passing through Gyrelde but \"C\" Company on the left flank fought through fierce opposition to occupy a position 300 yd (270 m) south of \"D\" Company but could not complete the link up until the following evening. By early afternoon on 15 September, the battalion had secured Bray-Dunes. That evening the unit was moved to a rest area east of Bray Dunes where they kept up aggressive patrolling each night. Warrant Officer F. K. Breakey won the DCM during the battle for Bray-Dunes.On 19 September, the battalion moved to Duffel where they were to stay until 23 September. Arriving in the vicinity of Sint-Job-in-'t-Goor, the Camerons advanced as the reserve battalion in the 6 Brigade advance to the Antwerp-Turnhout canal. On 27 September, the battalion took up new positions west of Gravemwezel, trading fire back and forth across the canal with the enemy and conducting aggressive patrolling. During one of these patrols Lieutenant E. J. Reid won the Military Cross.On 29 September, the unit moved again to cross the Anvers-Turnhout canal under the command of 5th Brigade to relieve le Régiment de Maisonneuve in the area of Oostbrecht. On 1 October, the Camerons, again under the command of 5th Brigade, launched an attack against Sternhoven. Taking the objective, the battalion was immediately ordered to carry on to their subsequent objective, a crossroads. Before they could get out of Sternhoven the Camerons were hit by a concerted counter-attack and spent the night in desperate close combat amongst the burning buildings of the town. Successfully beating off the counter-attack, the unit handed Sternhoven over to Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal and began preparations to continue the advance towards Camp de Brasschaet. Before the Cameron attack could get underway, the Germans launched another counter-attack on Sternhoven and the unit went to the aid of Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal, quashing the final enemy attempt to regain the town. Probing towards Camp de Brasschaet on the morning of 2 October, \"B\" Company, with tanks from The Fort Garry Horse in support, met heavy resistance and was forced to retire to their former positions. On 3 October the battalion launched an attack on Camp de Brasschaet and secured the objective taking 82 prisoners of war from the 1018th Grenadier Regiment and 14th Reserve Machine Gun Battalion. On 5 October, \"C\" Company, tasked to clear the road to Sternhoven, was forced to retire after taking heavy casualties. \"A\" Company was moved forward in their place to consolidate in the Lake area.The battalion remained at Camp de Brasschaet for the next few days, resting and reorganizing for their next operation. An active patrolling program netted 92 prisoners of war. On 9 October, the battalion moved to an area northeast of Putte to relieve the Essex Scottish with battalion headquarters setting up at Villa Anna. On 10 October, the battalion secured the flank of the successful 2nd Division attack to cut off the German garrison south of the Scheldt and the islands north of the river. Resuming vigorous patrolling, three prisoners from the 847th Grenadier Regiment were taken on 11 October. During this period a company of 150 men of the Belgian White Brigade came under command of the Camerons. On the night of 14–15 October, three German paratroopers were captured by another patrol. On the evening of 20 October, the battalion moved to relieve The Royal Regiment of Canada and then again the next day to relieve The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry at Woensdrecht.Patrols overnight on 22–23 in preparation for an attack on 23 August brought in seven prisoners of war. Launched at 0700 hours, the attack on Woensdrecht met stiff resistance and by 1630 hours \"A\" Company, which had gone to the assistance of the South Saskatchewan Regiment, was forced back to its former positions. Despite the fierce opposition, the battalion captured 40 paratroopers from the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the 6th Fallschirmjäger Regiment. Continuing the attack on 24 October, the Camerons made good progress against only light opposition, the majority of the enemy having withdrawn after the sharp fighting the previous day. By 2300 hours the area was cleared of enemy, and the battalion was relieved by the Black Watch of Canada. Private C. R. J. Batty was awarded a Military Medal for his actions.On 26 October, the unit moved into the Beveland Causeway. On 27 October the Camerons seized the town of Yerseke and launched an assault across the Zuid-Beveland canal. Landing two companies on the island forming the lock gates on the west side, the attack was repulsed by mortar and heavy machine gun fire and the companies forced back across the canal. Another attempt to secure the lock bridges the next day succeeded in reaching the objective but was forced back across the canal once again. Lieutenant-Colonel Tommy Thompson was awarded a Distinguished Service Order for his actions.On 29 October, the battalion crossed the canal to relieve two companies of the Essex Scottish at Wemeldinge[clarification needed]. That night Corporal M. J. Robertson from \"A\" Company brought in 21 prisoners of war (19 from 1020th Grenadier Regiment of the 70th Infantry Division and two from 170th Feld Ersatz) he and two others had taken at Kattendijke while on a wandering patrol of their own. On 30 October, the battalion moved to Goes to relieve the Black Watch of Canada where they remained the next day.On 1 November, the battalion moved to Willebroek for rest and refit. On 9 November, the Camerons were on the move again, this time to the town of Mook en Middelaar to relieve the 5th Battalion, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry of the British 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division. The remainder of the month was spent opposite the Meuse River in the vicinity of Mook, dug into the flooded, soggy ground. While trading mortar fire back and forth with the enemy \"A\" Company had a couple of interesting incidents. Private R. L. Shaw had a mortar bomb glance off his shoulder and land directly in his trench without detonating. Later an \"A\" Company observation post was asked to observe the fall of shot from friendly mortars when they received notice to keep their heads down as a mortar bomb was coming over minus its tail fin, and would likely drop short. When asked to provide a correction for the next round, the OP replied, \"Cut all the tail fins off!\". The defective bomb had landed on a close by German machine gun nest, which had been giving the company great difficulty. Patrolling by both sides, intermittent shelling, and occasional mine strikes, inflicted light casualties on the battalion and ensured soldiers kept their edge in the miserable conditions.December would prove to be a relatively quiet month for the battalion. On 1 December, the Camerons handed over their sodden positions at Mook to the Royal Regiment of Canada and moved to Cuijk to relieve the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry. The battalion stayed in the Cuijk area resting, refitting and training until 8 December, when then moved to Bisselt to relieve the Black Watch of Canada. The unit remained at Bisselt for a week, conducting an aggressive patrolling program. On 15 December, the battalion handed over to the South Saskatchewan Regiment and moved into Groesbeek. The battalion front remained fairly quiet with sporadic machine gun and mortar fire interrupting the calm. On the night of 19–20 December, the battalion provided fire support for a South Saskatchewan Regiment attack. During this action Lance Corporal M. L. Nedohin won the Military Medal.On 23 December, the unit was relieved in place by the Essex Scottish and moved with battalion headquarters, \"B\" and \"C\" Companies setting up in the area of Mook, Support Company in the area of Katwijk across the Meuse River and \"A\" and \"D\" Companies at Oss. The battalion shot down an enemy aircraft the night of 26 December, capturing four of the aircrew south of Nijmegen. On 27 December \"A\" and \"D\" Companies were relieved at Oss by the North Nova Scotia Highlanders. \"A\" Company relocated to Mook and \"D\" Company joined Support Company at Katwijk. The battalion would spend the rest of the month in location resting, training and marking the holiday season.On 8 January 1945, the battalion received orders to relieve le Régiment de Maisonneuve the next day. Subsequent orders on 9 January delayed the move to 10 January. In the line again, the Camerons came under sporadic mortar, small arms and sniper fire and once again initiated an aggressive patrolling program. Overnight on 17–18 January, \"C\" Company conducted a platoon size raid on a number of enemy held houses. On the afternoon of 18 January, the battalion was relieved by Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal and moved back into the town of Mook proper. The Camerons were back in the line on 25 January, having relieved the South Saskatchewan Regiment. On 31 January the unit shifted to take over from Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal while the South Saskatchewans moved out of reserve to occupy the positions the Camerons were vacating.Visited by the Brigade Commander, Brigadier General Ralph Holley Keefler on 3 February, the unit was tasked with capturing a prisoner at any cost. A raid by \"A\" Company on the night of 5 February, failed to secure the required prisoner but a fighting patrol from \"C\" Company succeeded two nights later. Due largely to Company Sergeant-Major Elvin Miller's heroic efforts, for which he was recommended for the Distinguished Conduct Medal, later downgraded to a Military Medal by a higher level headquarters, the Camerons were able to bring back a prisoner, and obtain the information that was crucial to the planning of the upcoming Operation Veritable.On 8 February, Operation Veritable was launched with a 1,000 gun barrage. Due to the large number of casualties it had suffered since the start of the campaign, 2nd Canadian Infantry Division would sit this one out. Over the next few days, dozens of German soldiers surrendered themselves to the battalion. 13 prisoners were taken from the 1222nd Grenadier Regiment on 9 February, and another 18 the next day. By 11 February, the battalion front was quiet, the enemy having either withdrawn or been captured. On 14 February, after three months in and around Mook, the unit was transported to Nijmegen where they went into billets for a few days of rest and refit.On 17 February the battalion moved across the border into Nazi Germany, taking up positions in Bedburg. On 18 February, the commanding officer and intelligence officer conducted a reconnaissance of the ground southeast of Kalkar approaching the Hochwald[clarification needed] in preparation for the upcoming offensive. The next night the battalion was placed under command of the 4th Canadian Infantry Brigade and tasked to send \"B\" Company to relieve \"D\" Company of the Royal Regiment of Canada. That night the Anti-Tank Platoon took one prisoner from the 1st Battalion, 60th Panzergrenadier Division. In the early hours of 20 February, the unit was ordered to send another company to the Royal Regiment of Canada. After taking up new position in the Royals area, \"A\" Company was placed under command of the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry and dispatched to reinforce them against enemy counter-attack by the Panzer-Lehr-Division. By sunrise the remainder of the unit had been ordered to take over from the Royal Regiment of Canada and movement began to relieve the Royals so they could in turn relieve the Essex Scottish. By late afternoon the battalion was relieved by the Highland Light Infantry of Canada and had reverted to 6th Brigade command. The battalion spent 21 February preparing for the next day's offensive only to have the attack postponed that night. Preparations continued on 22 February, with the operation still postponed. Finally in the early morning of 26 February, Operation Blockbuster was launched.Riding in Kangaroo armoured personnel carriers, the initial advance was held up by mines and mud forced the battalion to re-route their attack through Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal's objective. \"A\" Company rode onto the objective in their Kangaroos, and secured it after overcoming stiff resistance from the 156th Panzergrenadier Regiment. \"B\" Company reached their objective in the vicinity of \"Luisendorf\" (See p. 159 Whatever Men Dare, but probably Neulouisendorf, NL) with only 34 effectives, many of their Kangaroos having bogged down or gotten lost on the way. With two tanks in intimate support the greatly reduced \"B\" Company took the objective, capturing 26 prisoners on the way to the town and another 90 in Neulouisendorf itself. \"C\" Company landed on their objective without opposition after spending considerable time trying to find it. Within an hour of securing the objective \"C\" Company was forced to fight off the first of numerous counter-attacks, as a pair of enemy tanks engaged their positions. It was only \"D\" Company that was to reach their objective with little trouble. After hard fighting the unit had secured its objectives and taken 136 prisoners but at great loss – the dynamic and popular commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel E. P. \"Tommy\" Thompson was dead, killed by a sniper on the objective.It was during this action that the regiment received its second Victoria Cross nominee. Major David Rodgers, Officer Commanding \"A\" Company, was recommended to receive the VC for his actions on 26 February 1945. The citation was approved at every level until it reached 21st Army Group where Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery downgraded the award to an immediate Distinguished Service Order.The Germans continued counter-attacking on 27 February, but the most of the enemy attacks were broken up with well-directed mortar and artillery fire. That night the battalion was relieved by the 5th Battalion, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry and moved to Kirsel. 28 February, was spent reorganizing and preparing for the next offensive.1 March, found the unit at Udermerbruck[clarification needed] preparing to resume the attack. The next day the battalion advanced through the Hochwald Gap. The tanks in support could not stay with the unit, unable to crest the ridge at the edge of the gap due to intense enemy 88 mm fire. Approaching the objective the unit held up short, finding friendly forces already occupying the Battalion's assigned objective. Following a 39-minute artillery barrage, the Camerons resumed the attack on 3 March meeting stiff resistance. Under intense mortar, machine gun and artillery fire the unit made slow progress. \"C\" Company was stopped and forced to pull back while \"A\" and \"B\" Companies managed to fight forward to the new objective on the southeastern edge of the forest, \"B\" Company taking 18 prisoners from the 24th Fallschirmjäger Regiment of the 8th Fallschirmjäger Division in the process. A German counter-attack from the north fell on \"B\" Company but was successfully repulsed with around two-dozen casualties inflicted on the enemy. During the fighting in the Hochwald two Cameron Corporals won the Military Medal for their heroism, Corporal John Bukurak of \"A\" Company and Corporal Daniel Connors of \"B\" Company.The next day the Camerons turned north to clear the east edge of the Hochwald Forest. The unit found the enemy had withdrawn but had left the area heavily mined which made the woods clearance a slow and dangerous undertaking.On 5 March the unit moved to Exhmachdurm[clarification needed] where Lieutenant-Colonel A. A. Kennedy assumed command from Major R. H. Lane who had been acting CO since Tommy Thompson had been killed at Kalkar Ridge. The next day the battalion continued the advance through the Hochwald. Preceded by an artillery barrage, \"A\" and \"B\" Companies led the advance. \"A\" Company was stopped 200 yd (180 m) short of their objective, coming under an intense crossfire from German machine guns. \"B\" Company was similarly held up after advancing 500 yd (460 m). Despite the use of tanks and artillery support, the unit could not dislodge the enemy resistance and withdrew under orders from 6th Brigade. A second attack was required utilizing all of 5th Brigade augmented by the South Saskatchewan Regiment to overcome the resistance. The next two days the Camerons spent resting and refitting in preparation for resuming the advance.On 9 March, the unit moved into Xanten to relieve the Calgary Highlanders. The completion of the relief was delayed due to enemy action along the Calgary Highlander's front. \"A\" and \"C\" Companies effected their relief that night but \"B\" and \"D\" Companies were not able to take over the Calgary Highlander positions until the next morning. Patrols from Scout Platoon netted 28 prisoners overnight mostly from the 6th Fallschirmjäger Battalion. On the afternoon of 10 March the unit moved again, this time to relieve le Régiment de Maisonneuve at Birten. 11 March, was spent resting and reorganizing and the next day the unit was pulled out of the line to a Division rest area at Rindern. The next five days were spent training and performing much needed maintenance on the unit's vehicles and equipment.On 18 March, the unit executed Operation Loot aimed at clearing an enemy salient in the Rindern area. All companies crossed their start lines at 0700 hours and finding the area almost completely vacated, completed clearing their respective objectives by noon. \"C\" and \"D\" Companies were tasked with clearing the remainder of the salient and final success was reported at 1800 hours. Nine evacuees were gathered up in the operation and sent back for screening. 19 March, found the unit moving into the Reichswald Forest where it would spend the next eight days refitting and training for crossing the Rhine.On 28 March, with the Camerons in the lead, the 6th Canadian Infantry Brigade moved to \"Blackfriars Bridge\" and crossed the Rhine to begin the drive to the North Sea. The battalion set up east of Praest, in the vicinity of Schriek, overnight and began establishing its presence through aggressive patrolling. \"A\" Company patrols brought in 8 prisoners and \"B\" Company patrols netted 64 prisoners overnight. That night \"D\" Company was tasked to probe forward to the town of Netterden. Finding the town held by a company of German paratroopers, Major D. D. Sweeting, Officer Commanding \"D\" Company, decided to launch a dawn attack to clear the town. Upon receiving Sweeting's update, the CO tasked \"C\" Company under Captain F. R. Sutton to move around to the northeast of the town to cut off the enemy when \"D\" Company attacked.\"D\" Company's attack went in as planned at 0400 hours on 30 March. Finding their line of retreat cut off the German paratroopers decided to stand and fight. After seven hours of bitter street fighting a truce was called to evacuate the wounded on both sides. Making use of the truce, Sweeting issued the German commander an ultimatum, surrender within the next half an hour or be totally destroyed. Realizing his position hopeless, the German commander surrendered. Of the original company from the 17th Fallschirmjäger Regiment of the 6th Fallschirmjäger Division garrisoning Netterden, only 2 officers and 22 soldiers survived to go into captivity as prisoners of war. During their two days in the area the battalion captured a total of 2 enemy officers and 128 other ranks at a cost of 4 Camerons killed and 10 wounded. For his successful company attack on Netterden Major Sweeting received the Distinguished Service Order.Consolidating in Netterden, the unit continued the attack towards Veldhunten [nl] on 31 March. Supported by an intense artillery barrage \"A\" Company under Captain J. Free captured their objective without incurring a single casualty, taking 30 prisoners in the process. \"B\" and \"D\" Companies were less fortunate. Having pushed past \"A\" Company for phase 2 of the attack, both \"B\" and \"D\" Companies were met by withering machine gun fire 600 yd (550 m) past their start lines. The condition of the ground made it impossible to employ tanks, so the Carrier Platoon was tasked to assist \"D\" Company. Engaged by a German self-propelled gun while attempting to move up, Carrier Platoon was unable to reach the forward companies. With no way forward, both companies were withdrawn, \"D\" Company with considerable difficulty, to reorganize for a renewed attack the next day. For his actions during the battle Corporal Abbot Fraser was awarded the Bronze Lion, a Dutch decoration.While this was happening \"C\" Company was fulfilling a task of its own, securing a road junction to provide a maintenance route for 6th Canadian Infantry Brigade. Encountering stiff enemy resistance, \"C\" Company managed to secure their objective by executing a hasty flanking attack. For his actions during the attack, Sergeant Robert Pearcey was awarded the Military Medal.The battalion renewed their attack on 1 April, to find that the bulk of the enemy had withdrawn leaving only scattered pockets of resistance to be overcome. By noon all companies had consolidated on their objectives. The unit spent the night in Ziek and moved to Keienburg the next day to relieve the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry. On 3 April, \"C\" Company and the Carrier Platoon captured Steenderen without opposition, taking three prisoners of war from the 951st Grenadier Regiment of the 361st Volksgrenadier Division southwest of the town. That night the battalion moved to relieve the Royal Hamilton Light Infantry at Almen. The 4 April was a relatively quiet day. A lone German self-propelled gun that was being a nuisance was located and knocked out and patrols probed forward to determine the location of the enemy's forward defensive line. The majority of the unit spent the day resting and preparing to continue the advance. The next night the battalion moved across the canal and on 6 April, Oolden was seized without opposition with a number of prisoners from the 1409th Fortress Battalion taken.Moving to a concentration in the vicinity of Bathmensche Veen, \"A\" and \"B\" Companies forced a quick crossing of the Schipbeek canal with \"C\" Company following close behind. Surprise was achieved and no opposition was experienced until the companies were consolidating on the far side when the Germans started to shell the company positions and the crossing points heavily. Two Company Commanders were put out of action by the enemy mortar fire. Major H. P. Falloon, Officer Commanding \"B\" Company was seriously wounded and Major W. S. Watt, Officer Commanding \"C\" Company was knocked unconscious. That night \"D\" Company crossed the canal and moved past \"A\" Company to clear the woods while the remainder of the battalion, still under intermittent shellfire, extended and consolidated their positions in the vicinity of De Lurkens. On 7 April, \"B\" Company cleared the woods east of its positions taking thirty-six prisoners. The next day \"A\" and \"C\" Companies successfully extended the left flank of the battalion against slight opposition from the Germans.On 9 April, the battalion moved to a concentration area to be picked up by troop-carrying vehicles for a move to Spoorweg Bosch[clarification needed] to relieve the Essex Scottish on 10 April. That night the Camerons were on the move again moving to Gramsbergen. On 11 April the unit continued on to Balkbrug and then swung north through Kirkenbosch to Hoogeveen finally stopping at Terhost[clarification needed] for the night. The next day \"D\" Company and two sections from Carrier Platoon made a bridgehead across the canal, and the battalion continued north to take up positions around Hijken. 13 April was spent at Hijken resting and maintaining equipment with \"C\" Company and Carrier Platoon patrolling to the north and west to mop up enemy stragglers.On 14 April, the battalion launched an attack on Haren. \"A\" and \"B\" Companies were tasked with clearing the northern half of the town and \"C\" and \"D\" Companies the southern half. Scout Platoon under Lieutenant R. A. King cleared out the factory in the town, capturing 60 enemy prisoners. By 2300 hours all companies reported their areas completely cleared. \"A\" and \"B\" Companies consolidated in Haren while \"C\" and \"D\" Companies passed through them to establish positions on the outskirts of Groningen.The next day battalion headquarters moved up to Groningen followed by \"A\" Company, which took over a position from the Essex Scottish dominating the bridge over the Ems Canal. The remainder of the day was spent mopping up enemy stragglers throughout the Battalion's area. The Camerons captured a total of one hundred and forty German prisoners on 15 April. The following day the unit passed through Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal to clear the northeast sector of the town up to the Van Starkenborgh Canal. \"B\" Company arrived at the canal to find the bridge over it held by the Germans who had raised the centre span making it impassable. Aided by two Dutch civilians Lieutenant W. C. McNeill crossed a narrow catwalk, which was being swept with automatic weapons fire, to the bridge mechanism and lowered the bridge. \"B\" Company quickly attacked across the bridge and the German resistance collapsed. Establishing a bridgehead on the east bank of the canal, \"B\" Company rounded up twenty-six prisoners in the process. McNeill and one of the Dutch civilians were wounded in lowering the bridge but their heroic actions had enabled the company's success.That evening the battalion was ordered to occupy the town of Ten Boer. Through a series of company infiltrations the unit occupied the objective overnight and by 0720 hours of 17 April, all elements were firmly ensconced in the town. The remainder of 17 and 18 April, were spent resting, reorganizing and preparing to resume the advance. On the night of 18 April \"C\" Company set up outposts at Ten Post and along the road to Stedum. On 19 April the commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel A. A. Kennedy, showing signs of combat fatigue accumulated from his exemplary service in the Italian Campaign, was relieved of command and granted 48 hours leave of absence. Ultimately he would never return to the Camerons. Major R. H. Lane took over the battalion as temporary commanding officer. That afternoon \"A\" Company, supported by a section of flamethrowers, was sent to probe enemy positions in the towns of Stedum, Loppersum and Wirten. Encountering the enemy on the outskirts of Loppersum, \"A\" Company broke contact after a brief engagement returning with the information that between 100 and 200 Germans were holding Loppersum. A planned move the next day was postponed and on 21 April, the unit moved back into Germany to occupy billets in Wilderhausen.[clarification needed]The battalion resumed the advance on 22 April, as the depth battalion of the brigade.[clarification needed] Taking over the lead from Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal that evening, the unit encountered stiffening resistance as they closed on Kirchhatten. \"A\" Company overcame a roadblock with the assistance of Wasp flamethrower carriers and the request was sent back to bring up tank support to assist gaining lodgement in the town. On 23 April \"B\" Company started off the attack on Kirchhatten, clearing the woods on the left of the axis of advance south of the town and taking 24 prisoners. Company Sergeant-Major Earl Ovens, who had already been Mentioned in Dispatches for his actions at Dieppe as a private, was awarded the Military Medal for his part in \"B\" Company's attack.\"C\" Company then passed through \"B\" to carry the attack into Kirchhatten. The Battalion Tactical Headquarters, \"C\" and \"D\" Companies were counter-attacked with one of the \"D\" Company Platoon being forced back by the onslaught. The Unit launched an immediate counter-counterattack supported by artillery and tanks, regaining their positions and driving the enemy back into the woods.After a relatively quiet night with patrols sent out to pinpoint the enemy, the attack resumed the next day. \"D\" Company led off with \"B\" Company following. Running into resistance, \"D\" Company requested \"A\" Company move up on the left to provide support. Bolstered by a section of Wasps, a troop of tanks and a section of assault pioneers, \"A\" Company moved to assist. That night the enemy launched a small counterattack against \"B\" Company. Easily repulsed, the Germans launched a second, much larger attack, which \"B\" Company only managed to fight off by calling artillery down on their own positions. The unit conducted a busy patrol program overnight. On the morning of 25 April \"D\" Company succeeded in securing their objectives, and \"A\" Company was ordered to send a contact patrol to link up with \"D\". Kirchhatten was finally secured and Lieutenant-Colonel R. L. Rutherford, returned to the regiment from his position as brigade major of 6th Brigade to take command of the battalion.On 26 April, the unit was still under intermittent shellfire particularly in the \"A\" and \"D\" Company areas, and spent the day reorganizing and preparing for the next phase of 6 Brigade's advance. Five prisoners of war from the 358th Marine Battalion were taken by \"B\" Company. A patrol that night returned with one prisoner who provided information that two companies from the Panzer-Lehr-Division with a combined strength of about 100 was opposing the battalion. Throughout 27 April, the unit continued to exchange mortar and artillery fire with the enemy and \"A\" Company fought a brief skirmish with a small party of Germans, taking one prisoner. That evening all companies reported increased enemy vehicle traffic along the front. The artillery duel continued on 28 April, but other enemy activity dropped off significantly. With the exception of the detonation of several road cratering charges, no other enemy activity was observed. 29 April, was even quieter and \"B\" Company pushed forward along the road to the northwest of the town to establish new positions at the road junction.The advance resumed the morning of 30 April, with \"C\" Company moving through \"B\" Company's positions to lead off. \"D\" and \"B\" Company advanced along their axis with \"A\" following behind \"B\" as the battalion reserve. All companies made good progress, and a dozen prisoners were gathered up as the Camerons moved forward. The advance continued unopposed until early evening when \"C\" Company ran into a well defended road block and crater. The battalion deployed to cover the main crossroads and dug in for the night. Patrols were sent out that night to recce the road block and potential routes.On the morning of 1 May, the advance resumed. The road block was destroyed with an anti-tank gun and \"A\" Company passed through \"C\" Company with \"B\" and \"D\" Companies continuing the advance along their own axis. \"A\" Company encountered resistance from a small group of determined defenders but overcame the enemy with tank and artillery support, taking 11 prisoners from the 1st Battalion of the 22nd Grenadier Regiment of the 490th Infantry Division and the 16th Reinforcement Battalion. By early afternoon the companies were consolidating their positions in the vicinity of Hatter Wuss. A probe by Scout Platoon was strongly repulsed and \"B\" Company, occupying the houses vacated by the scouts beat off two small counter-attacks, dispersing the enemy with mortar and artillery fire. The day's advance netted the battalion a total of twenty nine enemy prisoners.Patrols forward of the battalion position the morning of 2 May met no enemy, and the commanding officer continued the push forward. Consolidating in Twee Ibake[clarification needed], the battalion received orders to move to a concentration area at Bummerstede in preparation for moving to enlarge a bridgehead the South Saskatchewan Regiment had established over the Küsten canal. The battalion crossed the Küsten canal on 3 May and moved through the South Saskatchewan Regiment and Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal to establish positions in Oldenburg. Later that afternoon the battalion advanced further north and established new positions for the night. The next day was spent regrouping and at 2000 hours that night the BBC announced that all German forces in northwest Europe would surrender the next morning. A phone call from 6th Brigade Headquarters at 0150 hours confirmed the surrender. Hostilities were over.The victory was celebrated with church parades on 6 May, and a victory parade in Oldenburg on the 9th. Garrison duty kept the battalion in Germany and the Netherlands until the end of September, when they returned to England. Docking at Dover on 30 September, the battalion moved by train to a camp at Farnborough. The Camerons left the U.K. from Southampton on board the RMS Queen Elizabeth on 13 November. Arriving in Halifax, the unit carried on to Montreal, where they boarded the train for the final leg of their journey home to Winnipeg. The Camerons arrived home on 22 November, in the midst of a winter blizzard to be met by a welcoming party of officials, jubilant citizens and tearful relatives. Upon the demobilization of the 1st Battalion, The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, the Reserve Army component, the 2nd Battalion, was officially re-designated the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada effective 1 April 1946.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"Axis powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"war would be nuclear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_warfare"},{"link_name":"Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_of_the_North"},{"link_name":"major flooding in Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Red_River_Flood"},{"link_name":"US border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Canadian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Manitoba Legislative grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Legislative_Building"},{"link_name":"Regular Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_Force"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Peacekeeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacekeeping"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Golan Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heights"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"North-West Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Europe"},{"link_name":"massive floodway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Floodway"},{"link_name":"Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Patricia%27s_Canadian_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"Morris, Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"White paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_paper"},{"link_name":"Operation Harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Harmony"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"D Day invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings"},{"link_name":"Freedom of the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City"},{"link_name":"Victory in Europe Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day"},{"link_name":"Flood of the Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Red_River_flood"},{"link_name":"38 Canadian Brigade Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38_Canadian_Brigade_Group"},{"link_name":"Y2K bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2000_problem"},{"link_name":"Operation Abacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Abacus"},{"link_name":"Rifle Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"forest fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Operation PEREGRINE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_PEREGRINE"},{"link_name":"Minto Armoury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minto_Armoury"},{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language"}],"sub_title":"Post war","text":"The seeds of the Cold War had been sown well before the close of the Second World War. Militant communism threatened the fleeting peace that was achieved through the defeat of the Axis powers. Operating under the belief that the next war would be nuclear and would likely be finished before a large-scale mobilization of reserves could be affected, the decision was reached that the Regular Army would need to be more robust and would become Canada's main line of defence rather than the Militia. By 1946 the Militia was restored to basically its pre-1939 condition.In 1950 the Red River climbed to its highest level since 1861, resulting in major flooding in Winnipeg from April to June. Heavy autumn rains and a long winter with heavy snowfall followed by a cold spring, which prevented normal thawing, all contributed to the catastrophe. More rainfall in early May exacerbated flooding. In total 600 sq mi (1,600 km2) of Manitoba between the US border and Winnipeg became a vast inland sea. The flood climaxed on the night of 5 May, known as \"Black Friday\", when driving rain, sleet and snow swelled the Red River to the point where it tore apart eight dikes and destroyed four of Winnipeg's eleven bridges. Throughout much of the city homes and buildings were engulfed by the floodwaters. The regiment was mobilized in aid of the Civil Power on 8 May. Organized into five work parties, the Camerons were piped to the dykes and worked around the clock in shifts for 17 days until the danger of flood diminished. When the flood was over, 107,000 people had been evacuated from the area. The cost of the flood was estimated at over one billion dollars.In June 1950 the Cold War turned hot with Communist North Korea's invasion of South Korea. Although the Canadian Government chose not to mobilize the Militia to fight overseas, numerous Second World War veterans and serving reservists, including many Camerons, chose to volunteer for the new battalions that were being raised to go to Korea.In 1960, the regiment celebrated its 50th Birthday. Part of the celebrations, the performing of a retreat ceremony on the Manitoba Legislative grounds, was broadcast on national television. The decade would provide little else to celebrate. The 1960s saw a serious erosion of Militia capabilities and morale. Undermanned and issued with aging or obsolete equipment, the reserves were not seen as playing any useful role in a major overseas conflict, particularly with the strategic assessment of the day seeing any future war quickly becoming nuclear and being of short duration. Lacking a war-fighting role, the focus of the Militia concentrated more on domestic operations, particularly territorial defence and survival operations after a nuclear conflict.During the 1970s the role of the Army Reserve shifted again. Unification of the Forces and years of budgetary reductions had resulted in Forces wide personnel shortages. The focus for the Reserves shifted to providing individual soldiers to augment Regular Force units overseas. Camerons increasingly began to deploy as augmentees to Regular Force units on United Nations Peacekeeping duties in places such as Egypt, the Golan Heights and Cyprus and to participate on flyovers to Germany to serve with Canadian units operating with NATO in North-West Europe.In the spring of 1979, the Red River jumped its banks again, rising to the flood levels of 1950. While Winnipeg was protected by the massive floodway built after the 1950 flood, the farming communities to the south were largely unprotected. Within an hour of the call for assistance, the Camerons had assembled and dispatched troops to augment 2 Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI) operating inside the ring dyke around Morris, Manitoba.In the 1980s the role of the Militia was once more re-defined. The 1987 Defence White paper espoused the belief that any conflict would only turn nuclear after a series of conventional battles, which would give the belligerents adequate time to mobilize and commit their reserves to battle. This thinking eventually gave rise to the Total Force concept in which the Reserve and Regular components were to be more fully integrated. The 1980s ended with the regiment marking its 79th birthday in 1989. Celebrations were held at Minto Armoury with the itinerary including a military skills demonstration, a performance by the Pipes and Drums, and an all-ranks Regimental Dinner.The 1990s proved to be a very busy decade for the regiment, both operationally and ceremonially. Falling out of Total Force was an increasing role for Reserve augmentation on overseas operations. Starting with Operation Harmony Rotation 1 in 1992 (Croatia) the Camerons began to provide a steady stream of augmentees to Regular Force units deploying on Operations.1994 and 1995 were the years for big parades. First, the regiment participated in the Freedom of the City parade marking the 50th anniversary of the D Day invasion. Next, the regiment celebrated its 85th birthday in 1995, with a parade at the Manitoba Legislature. Finally, the Camerons participated in the Freedom of the City parade marking the 50th anniversary of Victory in Europe Day (VE Day).Fully focused on training for war once again, the late 1990s found the regiment increasingly involved in domestic operations. In 1997, the regiment was at ground zero for the \"Flood of the Century\". This time the scope of the flood was so enormous, not even the floodway could protect Winnipeg as it had in 1979. The Camerons provided volunteers for the 38 Canadian Brigade Group (38 CBG) Composite Company and spent the spring sandbagging and building dykes throughout Southern Manitoba. When the possibility of the Y2K bug threatened to paralyze the nation at the end of 1999, the regiment was tasked to provide Provincial Task Force Manitoba (PTFMB) Company 2 for Operation Abacus. The company headquarters was stood up several days before the end of December and was prepared to initiate a mobilization on order.The new millennium carried on in much the same fashion as the last decade of the previous. When the Reserves were tasked with raising a formed Rifle Company to augment 1 PPCLI on Operation Palladium Rotation 11 to Bosnia in 2002, the Camerons provided the Company second-in-command, Company Administration Officer, and eight other augmentees. In August 2003, disaster struck again. With forest fires raging out of control in many areas of British Columbia, the regiment was called to provide augmentees to fight fires (Operation PEREGRINE). Once again, the Camerons responded to the call.Today the Camerons fulfill both military and ceremonial functions at home and abroad. As an infantry regiment, the unit's main focus is provide trained infantry soldiers to meet the operational requirements of the Canadian Forces. Whether it is augmenting Regular Force units on overseas operations or fighting floods and forest fires at home, the Camerons provide a ready source of trained soldiers.The regiment parades at Minto Armoury, 969 St. Matthews Avenue in Winnipeg on Tuesday nights from the last week of August to the second week of June. During the summer unit members attend military courses throughout Canada.Motto: Ullamh (Scottish Gaelic for 'ready')","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lineage chart","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Hundred Pipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Hundred_Pipers"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Dundee"}],"sub_title":"Authorized marches[14]","text":"Regimental March Past: The Piobaireachd of Donald Dhu\nRegimental March: The March of the Cameron Men\nA Company March: Blue Bonnets Over the Border\nB Company March: A Hundred Pipers\nC Company March: Glendaurel Highlanders[clarification needed]\nD Company March: Bonnie Dundee\nHQ & Support Company March: The Muckin' O' Geordie's Byre\nAdministration Company March: Queen Elizabeth","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"The Highlanders, 4th Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlanders_(Seaforth,_Gordons_and_Camerons)"}],"text":"United Kingdom - The Highlanders, 4th Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland","title":"Alliances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QOCH_Colour.jpg"},{"link_name":"1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres,_1915"},{"link_name":"'17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypres,_1917"},{"link_name":"Festubert, 1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festubert,_1915"},{"link_name":"Mount Sorrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mont_Sorrel"},{"link_name":"Somme, 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somme,_1916"},{"link_name":"Flers–Courcelette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Flers-Courcelette"},{"link_name":"Ancre Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancre_Heights"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras,_1917"},{"link_name":"'18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras,_1918"},{"link_name":"Vimy, 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimy,_1917"},{"link_name":"Hill 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_70"},{"link_name":"Passchendaele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Scarpe, 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarpe,_1918"},{"link_name":"Drocourt–Quéant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drocourt%E2%80%93Qu%C3%A9ant"},{"link_name":"Hindenburg Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindenburg_Line"},{"link_name":"Canal du Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Canal_du_Nord"},{"link_name":"Cambrai, 1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrai,_1918"},{"link_name":"Pursuit to Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pursuit_to_Mons"},{"link_name":"France and Flanders, 1915–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_and_Flanders,_1915%E2%80%9318"},{"link_name":"Dieppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe_Raid"},{"link_name":"Bourguébus Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Charnwood"},{"link_name":"St. André-sur-Orne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Verrières Ridge – Tilly-la-Campagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge_%E2%80%93_Tilly-la-Campagne"},{"link_name":"Falaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaise_Pocket"},{"link_name":"The Laison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tractable"},{"link_name":"Forêt de la Londe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk, 1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk,_1944"},{"link_name":"The Scheldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt"},{"link_name":"The Rhineland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Veritable"},{"link_name":"The Hochwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Blockbuster"},{"link_name":"The Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Plunder"},{"link_name":"Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Groningen"},{"link_name":"Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"North-West Europe, 1942, 1944–1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Europe,_1942,_1944%E2%80%931945"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In the list below, battle honours in small capitals were awarded for participation in large operations and campaigns, while those in lowercase indicate honours granted for more specific battles. Battle honours in bold type are emblazoned on the regimental colour.[15]The regimental colour of The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada.First World War\nYpres, 1915, '17\nFestubert, 1915\nMount Sorrel\nSomme, 1916\nFlers–Courcelette\nAncre Heights\nArras, 1917, '18\nVimy, 1917\nHill 70\nPasschendaele\nAmiens\nScarpe, 1918\nDrocourt–Quéant\nHindenburg Line\nCanal du Nord\nCambrai, 1918\nPursuit to Mons\nFrance and Flanders, 1915–18\nSecond World War\nDieppe\nBourguébus Ridge\nSt. André-sur-Orne\nVerrières Ridge – Tilly-la-Campagne\nFalaise\nFalaise Road\nThe Laison\nForêt de la Londe\nDunkirk, 1944\nThe Scheldt\nWoensdrecht\nSouth Beveland\nThe Rhineland\nThe Hochwald\nXanten\nThe Rhine\nGroningen\nOldenburg\nNorth-West Europe, 1942, 1944–1945\nSouth-West Asia\nAfghanistan[16]","title":"Battle honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ROB_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ROB_14-1"}],"text":"^ a b Reserve order of battle","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Queen-Hughes, R. W. Whatever Men Dare: A History of the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, 1935-1960. Winnipeg: Bulman Bros., 1960.\nSinclair, J. D. The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada; twenty-fifth anniversary souvenir. Winnipeg: Cameron Highlanders Association, 1935.\nTyler, Grant C. A. The Lion Rampant: a pictorial history of the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, 1910-1985. Winnipeg: Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, 1985.\nUrquhart, Hugh Macintyre. The History of the 16th Battalion (The Canadian Scottish) Canadian Expeditionary Force in the Great War, 1914-1919. Toronto: Macmillan, 1932.\nBurt, Murray. Winnipeg's Ladies from Hell: How the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada Fought, Remembered and Grew in the Regiment's First Century of War, Oct 2010\nLong, Rosco. Life in the Canadian Army, 1942-1946 : The European Campaign with the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, 2007\nWar Diary, The 16th (Canadian Scottish) Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force.\nWar Diary, The 27th (City of Winnipeg) Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force.\nWar Diary, The 43rd (Cameron Highlanders of Canada) Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force.\nWar Diary The Queen’s Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, 1944–1945.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Canadian_Army_Infantry_Regiments"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Army_Infantry_Regiments"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Army_Infantry_Regiments"},{"link_name":"order of precedence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces_order_of_precedence"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces Regular Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_Force"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Patricia%27s_Canadian_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"Royal 22e Régiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_22nd_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces Primary Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Governor General's Foot Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Foot_Guards"},{"link_name":"Canadian Grenadier Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Grenadier_Guards"},{"link_name":"Queen's Own Rifles of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Rifles_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Watch_(Royal_Highland_Regiment)_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Voltigeurs de Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltigeurs_de_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"Royal Regiment of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hamilton_Light_Infantry_(Wentworth_Regiment)"},{"link_name":"Princess of Wales' Own Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_of_Wales%27_Own_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_and_Prince_Edward_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Lincoln and Welland Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_and_Welland_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Highland_Fusiliers_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Grey and Simcoe Foresters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_and_Simcoe_Foresters"},{"link_name":"Lorne Scots (Peel, Dufferin and Halton Regiment)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorne_Scots_(Peel,_Dufferin_and_Halton_Regiment)"},{"link_name":"Brockville Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockville_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormont,_Dundas_and_Glengarry_Highlanders"},{"link_name":"Les Fusiliers du St-Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Fusiliers_du_St-Laurent"},{"link_name":"Régiment de la Chaudière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_de_la_Chaudi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Royal 22e Régiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_22nd_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"Fusiliers Mont-Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusiliers_Mont-Royal"},{"link_name":"Royal New Brunswick Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Brunswick_Regiment"},{"link_name":"West Nova Scotia Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nova_Scotia_Regiment"},{"link_name":"North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_(New_Brunswick)_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Highlanders"},{"link_name":"Régiment de Maisonneuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_de_Maisonneuve"},{"link_name":"Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Highlanders_of_Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Royal Winnipeg Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Winnipeg_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Essex and Kent Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_and_Kent_Scottish"},{"link_name":"48th Highlanders of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48th_Highlanders_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Régiment du Saguenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_du_Saguenay"},{"link_name":"Cape Breton Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Breton_Highlanders"},{"link_name":"Algonquin Regiment (Northern Pioneers)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquin_Regiment_(Northern_Pioneers)"},{"link_name":"Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada (Princess Louise's)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyll_and_Sutherland_Highlanders_of_Canada_(Princess_Louise%27s)"},{"link_name":"Lake Superior Scottish Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior_Scottish_Regiment"},{"link_name":"North Saskatchewan Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Royal Regina Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Regina_Rifles"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Loyal Edmonton Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyal_Edmonton_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Royal Westminster Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Westminster_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Calgary Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Highlanders"},{"link_name":"Fusiliers de Sherbrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusiliers_de_Sherbrooke"},{"link_name":"Seaforth Highlanders of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaforth_Highlanders_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary's)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Scottish_Regiment_(Princess_Mary%27s)"},{"link_name":"Royal Montreal Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Montreal_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Irish Regiment of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Regiment_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Toronto Scottish Regiment (Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's Own)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Scottish_Regiment_(Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother%27s_Own)"},{"link_name":"Royal Newfoundland Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Supplementary Order of Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplementary_Order_of_Battle"},{"link_name":"Canadian Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Guards"},{"link_name":"Victoria Rifles of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Rifles_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Royal Rifles of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Rifles_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Régiment de Joliette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_de_Joliette"},{"link_name":"Perth Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Regiment"},{"link_name":"South Saskatchewan Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Saskatchewan_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Yukon Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Regiment"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"Canadian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"History of the Canadian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"Canadian Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Corps"},{"link_name":"First Canadian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"Military History of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Fort Frontenac Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Frontenac_Library"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Army_Medical_Corps"},{"link_name":"Peacekeeping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping"},{"link_name":"Structure of the Canadian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_of_the_Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"2nd Canadian Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Division"},{"link_name":"3rd Canadian Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Force_Western_Area"},{"link_name":"4th Canadian Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Force_Central_Area"},{"link_name":"5th Canadian Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Force_Atlantic_Area"},{"link_name":"List of Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_units_of_the_Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"1 CMBG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Canadian_Mechanized_Brigade_Group"},{"link_name":"2 CMBG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Canadian_Mechanized_Brigade_Group"},{"link_name":"5 CMBG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Canadian_Mechanized_Brigade_Group"},{"link_name":"4 CMBG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Canadian_Mechanized_Brigade_Group"},{"link_name":"31 CBG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_Canadian_Brigade_Group"},{"link_name":"32 CBG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32_Canadian_Brigade_Group"},{"link_name":"33 CBG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33_Canadian_Brigade_Group"},{"link_name":"34 CBG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34_Canadian_Brigade_Group"},{"link_name":"35 CBG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35_Canadian_Brigade_Group"},{"link_name":"36 CBG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/36_Canadian_Brigade_Group"},{"link_name":"37 CBG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37_Canadian_Brigade_Group"},{"link_name":"38 CBG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38_Canadian_Brigade_Group"},{"link_name":"39 CBG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39_Canadian_Brigade_Group"},{"link_name":"41 CBG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41_Canadian_Brigade_Group"},{"link_name":"6 CCSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_Canadian_Combat_Support_Brigade"},{"link_name":"C9 light machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN_Minimi#Canada"},{"link_name":"C7 rifle/C8 carbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Canada_C7_and_C8"},{"link_name":"C6 general purpose machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN_MAG"},{"link_name":"Browning .50 calibre heavy machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Browning"},{"link_name":"Browning-HP 9 mm pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browning_Hi-Power"},{"link_name":"P225, 226","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIG_Sauer_P226"},{"link_name":"C22 pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIG_Sauer_P320"},{"link_name":"C15 Long Range Sniper Weapon (LRSW)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMillan_Tac-50"},{"link_name":"C3A1 sniper rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Hale_M82"},{"link_name":"C14 Timberwolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C14_Timberwolf"},{"link_name":"C19 rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Canada_C19"},{"link_name":"C20 DMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Canada_C20_DMR"},{"link_name":"C21 sniper rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sako_TRG"},{"link_name":"C13 fragmentation grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M67_grenade"},{"link_name":"M203 grenade launcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M203_grenade_launcher"},{"link_name":"M72 SRAAW(L)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M72_LAW"},{"link_name":"Carl Gustav SRAAW(M)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_recoilless_rifle"},{"link_name":"Spike ATGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_(missile)"},{"link_name":"TOW LRAAW(H)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-71_TOW"},{"link_name":"81 mm mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L16_81mm_mortar"},{"link_name":"RBS 70 NG MANPADS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBS_70"},{"link_name":"Skyguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerlikon_35_mm_twin_cannon"},{"link_name":"C3 close support howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M101_howitzer"},{"link_name":"LG1 Mark II 105 mm towed howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIAT_LG1"},{"link_name":"M777 lightweight 155mm howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M777_howitzer"},{"link_name":"C16 CASW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_GMG"},{"link_name":"Armoured fighting vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"LAV III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAV_III"},{"link_name":"LAV VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAV_6"},{"link_name":"Coyote Reconnaissance Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote_Reconnaissance_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Leopard 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_2"},{"link_name":"Bison APC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_(armoured_personnel_carrier)"},{"link_name":"M113A3 and MTVL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"RG-31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-31_Nyala"},{"link_name":"Textron TAPV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textron_Tactical_Armoured_Patrol_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Canadian Army Command and Staff College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Army_Command_and_Staff_College"},{"link_name":"Peace Support Training Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Support_Training_Centre"},{"link_name":"Canadian Army Advanced Warfare Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Army_Advanced_Warfare_Centre"},{"link_name":"Combat Training Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Training_Centre"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Queen%27s_Own_Cameron_Highlanders_of_Canada"}],"text":"vteCanadian Army infantry regiments in order of precedenceCanadian Forces Regular Force\nRoyal Canadian Regiment\nPrincess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry\nRoyal 22e RégimentCanadian Forces Primary Reserve\nGovernor General's Foot Guards\nCanadian Grenadier Guards\nQueen's Own Rifles of Canada\nBlack Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada\nVoltigeurs de Québec\nRoyal Regiment of Canada\nRoyal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment)\nPrincess of Wales' Own Regiment\nHastings and Prince Edward Regiment\nLincoln and Welland Regiment\nRoyal Canadian Regiment\nRoyal Highland Fusiliers of Canada\nGrey and Simcoe Foresters\nLorne Scots (Peel, Dufferin and Halton Regiment)\nBrockville Rifles\nStormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders\nLes Fusiliers du St-Laurent\nRégiment de la Chaudière\nRoyal 22e Régiment\nPrincess Louise Fusiliers\nFusiliers Mont-Royal\nRoyal New Brunswick Regiment\nWest Nova Scotia Regiment\nNorth Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment\nNova Scotia Highlanders\nRégiment de Maisonneuve\nCameron Highlanders of Ottawa\nRoyal Winnipeg Rifles\nEssex and Kent Scottish\n48th Highlanders of Canada\nRégiment du Saguenay\nCape Breton Highlanders\nAlgonquin Regiment (Northern Pioneers)\nArgyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada (Princess Louise's)\nLake Superior Scottish Regiment\nNorth Saskatchewan Regiment\nRoyal Regina Rifles\nRocky Mountain Rangers\nLoyal Edmonton Regiment\nQueen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada\nRoyal Westminster Regiment\nCalgary Highlanders\nFusiliers de Sherbrooke\nSeaforth Highlanders of Canada\nCanadian Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary's)\nRoyal Montreal Regiment\nIrish Regiment of Canada\nToronto Scottish Regiment (Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's Own)\nRoyal Newfoundland RegimentSupplementary Order of Battle\nCanadian Guards\nVictoria Rifles of Canada\nRoyal Rifles of Canada\nRégiment de Joliette\nPerth Regiment\nSouth Saskatchewan Regiment\nWinnipeg Grenadiers\nYukon RegimentvteCanadian ArmyHistory\nHistory of the Canadian Army\nCanadian Corps\nFirst Canadian Army\nMilitary History of Canada\nFort Frontenac Library\nRoyal Canadian Army Medical Corps\nPeacekeeping\nStructure\nStructure of the Canadian Army\n2nd Canadian Division\n3rd Canadian Division\n4th Canadian Division\n5th Canadian Division\nList of Units\nMechanized brigade groups\n1 CMBG\n2 CMBG\n5 CMBG\n(former) 4 CMBG\nBrigade groups\n31 CBG\n32 CBG\n33 CBG\n34 CBG\n35 CBG\n36 CBG\n37 CBG\n38 CBG\n39 CBG\n41 CBG\nSupport brigades\n6 CCSB\nSmall arms\n C9 light machine gun\n C7 rifle/C8 carbine\nC6 general purpose machine gun\nBrowning .50 calibre heavy machine gun\nBrowning-HP 9 mm pistol\nP225, 226\nC22 pistol\nC15 Long Range Sniper Weapon (LRSW)\n C3A1 sniper rifle\nC14 Timberwolf\nC19 rifle\nC20 DMR\nC21 sniper rifle\nC13 fragmentation grenade\nM203 grenade launcher\nM72 SRAAW(L)\nCrewed weapons\nCarl Gustav SRAAW(M)\nSpike ATGM\nTOW LRAAW(H)\n81 mm mortar\nRBS 70 NG MANPADS\nSkyguard\nC3 close support howitzer\nLG1 Mark II 105 mm towed howitzer\n M777 lightweight 155mm howitzer\nC16 CASW\nArmoured fighting vehicles\nLAV III\nLAV VI\nCoyote Reconnaissance Vehicle\nLeopard 2\nBison APC\nM113A3 and MTVL\nRG-31\nTextron TAPV\nSchools\nCanadian Army Command and Staff College\nPeace Support Training Centre\nCanadian Army Advanced Warfare Centre\nCombat Training Centre\n\n Category\n CommonsWikimedia Commons has media related to Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada.","title":"Order of precedence"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Canadian-Scottish regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian-Scottish_regiment"},{"title":"The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_the_Canadian_Forces"},{"title":"The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Own_Cameron_Highlanders_of_Canada_Museum"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"South-West Asia Theatre Honours | Prime Minister of Canada\". Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231549/http://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2014/05/09/south-west-asia-theatre-honours","url_text":"\"South-West Asia Theatre Honours | Prime Minister of Canada\""},{"url":"http://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2014/05/09/south-west-asia-theatre-honours","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/1240","url_text":"\"The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada\". www.canada.ca. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/official-military-history-lineages/lineages/infantry-regiments/queens-own-cameron-highlanders.html","url_text":"\"The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada\". Official Lineages Volume 3, Part 2: Infantry Regiments. Directorate of History and Heritage. Retrieved 3 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/ol-lo/vol-tom-3/par2/qochc-eng.asp","url_text":"\"The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"South-West Asia Theatre Honours\". Office of the Prime Minister of Canada. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231549/http://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2014/05/09/south-west-asia-theatre-honours","url_text":"\"South-West Asia Theatre Honours\""},{"url":"http://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2014/05/09/south-west-asia-theatre-honours","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/3-canadian-division/the-queens-own-cameron-highlanders-of-canada/index.page","external_links_name":"army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/3-canadian-division/the-queens-own-cameron-highlanders-of-canada/index.page"},{"Link":"http://i211.photobucket.com/albums/bb309/hammersfan_01/Tartans/CameronofErracht.gif","external_links_name":"Cameron of Erracht"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231549/http://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2014/05/09/south-west-asia-theatre-honours","external_links_name":"\"South-West Asia Theatre Honours | Prime Minister of Canada\""},{"Link":"http://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2014/05/09/south-west-asia-theatre-honours","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/079QOCH.htm","external_links_name":"Imperial Camerons"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070416105137/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/079QOCH.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/1240","external_links_name":"\"The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada\""},{"Link":"http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=2332301&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=35&Ses=1#2823","external_links_name":"Commemorative Medal"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160108055107/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=2332301&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=35&Ses=1#2823","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/official-military-history-lineages/lineages/infantry-regiments/queens-own-cameron-highlanders.html","external_links_name":"\"The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada\""},{"Link":"http://www.thequeensowncameronhighlandersofcanada.net/regiment/pipes_drums.html","external_links_name":"The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada - Authorized Marches"},{"Link":"http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/ol-lo/vol-tom-3/par2/qochc-eng.asp","external_links_name":"\"The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231549/http://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2014/05/09/south-west-asia-theatre-honours","external_links_name":"\"South-West Asia Theatre Honours\""},{"Link":"http://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2014/05/09/south-west-asia-theatre-honours","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://army-armee.forces.gc.ca/en/3-canadian-division/the-queens-own-cameron-highlanders-of-canada/index.page","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/general/sub.cfm?source=history/secondWar/dieppe/regiment/queens_highlanders","external_links_name":"Veterans Affairs Site"},{"Link":"http://www.cameronhighlanderscanada.com/","external_links_name":"Unofficial Cameron's Memorial Site"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasaloppet_USA
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Vasaloppet USA
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
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Vasaloppet USAStatusActiveGenreSporting eventDate(s)FebruaryFrequencyAnnualLocation(s)Mora, MinnesotaCountryUnited StatesInaugurated1973 (1973)Activity
Cross-country skiing
Skijoring
Fatbiking
Websitevasaloppet.us
Vasaloppet USA is a cross-country skiing event held around Mora in Minnesota, USA. The first race was held in 1973, and the race is held the first Saturday each February. Prior to 2015, the race was held the second Sunday each February. The main event is 58 km (36 mi) long, and the competition is named after Vasaloppet in Sweden.
The American Vasaloppet features a 13 km (8.1 mi), 35 km (22 mi) and 58 km (36 mi) freestyle races, a 42 km (26 mi) classical race, and many other events in and around Mora, Minnesota. Even a children's Miniloppet is held, with various lengths for the races so all children, no matter what age, can compete in a shorter race.
The first place male and female racers in the 58 km freestyle race win a trip to compete in the Swedish Vasaloppet, or a thousand dollars prize money (about the equivalent of the trip and entry fee for the Swedish Vasaloppet).
References
^ "Mora Minnesota Vasaloppet 2013". Nordstjernan. 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
External links
Official website
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cross-country skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Mora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Vasaloppet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasaloppet"}],"text":"Vasaloppet USA is a cross-country skiing event held around Mora in Minnesota, USA. The first race was held in 1973,[1] and the race is held the first Saturday each February. Prior to 2015, the race was held the second Sunday each February. The main event is 58 km (36 mi) long, and the competition is named after Vasaloppet in Sweden.The American Vasaloppet features a 13 km (8.1 mi), 35 km (22 mi) and 58 km (36 mi) freestyle races, a 42 km (26 mi) classical race, and many other events in and around Mora, Minnesota. Even a children's Miniloppet is held, with various lengths for the races so all children, no matter what age, can compete in a shorter race.The first place male and female racers in the 58 km freestyle race win a trip to compete in the Swedish Vasaloppet, or a thousand dollars prize money (about the equivalent of the trip and entry fee for the Swedish Vasaloppet).","title":"Vasaloppet USA"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Mora Minnesota Vasaloppet 2013\". Nordstjernan. 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nordstjernan.com/local_news/midwest/5278/","url_text":"\"Mora Minnesota Vasaloppet 2013\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://vasaloppet.us/","external_links_name":"vasaloppet.us"},{"Link":"http://www.nordstjernan.com/local_news/midwest/5278/","external_links_name":"\"Mora Minnesota Vasaloppet 2013\""},{"Link":"http://www.vasaloppet.us/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_T%E1%BB%A5ng
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Paul Joseph Phạm Đình Tụng
|
["1 Ecclesiastical career","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Vietnamese cardinal
In this Vietnamese name, the surname is Phạm. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the given name, Tung.
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Vietnamese. (May 2024) Click for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
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For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
His EminencePaul Joseph Phạm Đình TụngCardinal, Archbishop of Hà NộiCardinal Tụng in a painting as Bishop of Bắc NinhNative namePhaolô Giuse Phạm Đình TụngChurchCatholicProvinceHà NộiSeeHà NộiAppointed23 March 1994Installed14 August 1994Term ended19 February 2005PredecessorJoseph-Marie Trịnh Văn CănSuccessorJoseph Ngô Quang KiệtOther post(s)Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria "Regina Pacis" in Ostia mare (1994-2009)OrdersOrdination6 June 1949by Thaddeus Lê Hữu Từ O.CistConsecration15 August 1963by Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như KhuêCreated cardinal26 November 1994by John Paul IIRankCardinal-PriestPersonal detailsBorn(1919-06-15)15 June 1919Hòa Bình, VietnamDied22 February 2009(2009-02-22) (aged 89)NationalityVietnamesePrevious post(s)Apostolic Administrator of Lạng Sơn and Cao Bằng (1998-1999)Apostolic Administrator sede plena of Lạng Sơn and Cao Bằng (1998)Apostolic Administrator of Hưng Hóa (1994-2003)Apostolic Administrator of Hà Nội (1990-1994)Bishop of Bắc Ninh (1963-1994)MottoCredidimus caritati(We believe in the love of God)Coat of arms
Paul Joseph Phạm Đình Tụng (15 June 1919 – 22 February 2009) (Vietnamese: Phao-lô Giu-se Phạm Đình Tụng) was a Vietnamese cardinal.
Ecclesiastical career
He was ordained to the priesthood on 6 June 1949. He was pastor of Hàm Long Parish, in Hanoi, North Vietnam, from 1950 to 1955. Afterwards he served as Superior of St. John Minor Seminary, in Hanoi, from 1955 to 1963. The Seminary was closed by the State authority in 1960 and never opened again. He was created bishop of Bac Ninh in 1963. He was appointed archbishop of Hanoi in 13 April 1994 and elevated to Cardinal in November 1994. He retired as archbishop of Hanoi in 2005 and was succeeded by Archbishop Joseph Ngô Quang Kiêt.
Since nearly the very beginning of his religious life, he was under house arrest, unable to carry out his duties to the nearly 100 parishes under his jurisdiction.
He began to compile in lục bát the entire life of Jesus, the Gospels, Christian doctrine, and the commandments of God and the Church. He was created a Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria Regina Pacis in Ostia Mare by John Paul II during the Consistory of 26 November 1994. He resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese on 19 February 2005. He died on 22 February 2009 at the age of 89. He was succeeded by Joseph Ngô Quang Kiệt.
References
^ a b Một Công nghị Hồng y đã rất gần - Sẽ có tân Hồng y Việt Nam? (by Vietnamese) Retrieved 15 February 2019.
^ Paul Joseph Cardinal Pham Ðình Tung Retrieved 15 February 2019.
^ "ĐHY Phaolô Giuse Phạm Đình Tụng - chứng nhân lịch sử GHVN- đã qua đời" (by Vietnamese) Retrieved 15 February 2019.
^ catholic-pages bio of Paul Joseph Pham Dinh Tung Retrieved 15 February 2019.
^ "Hồng y Phạm Đình Tụng qua đời" (by Vietnamese) Retrieved 15 February 2019.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Paul Joseph Phạm Đình Tụng.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phaolô Giuse Phạm Đình Tụng.
catholic-hierarchy page of Paul Joseph Pham Dinh Tung
Cardinal Paul Joseph Pham Đình Tung, Archbishop emeritus of Hà Nội (Viêt Nam) passed away
This article about a Catholic archbishop from Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Catholic cardinal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnamese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_people"},{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simon-1"}],"text":"In this Vietnamese name, the surname is Phạm. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the given name, Tung.Paul Joseph Phạm Đình Tụng (15 June 1919 – 22 February 2009) (Vietnamese: Phao-lô Giu-se Phạm Đình Tụng) was a Vietnamese cardinal.[1]","title":"Paul Joseph Phạm Đình Tụng"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_priest"},{"link_name":"pastor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"North Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Superior of St. John Minor Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superior_of_St._John_Minor_Seminary&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Bac Ninh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bac_Ninh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Hanoi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Ngô Quang Kiêt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ng%C3%B4_Quang_Ki%C3%AAt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"house arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arrest"},{"link_name":"parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"lục bát","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_bat"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospels"},{"link_name":"Christian doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_doctrine"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria Regina Pacis in Ostia Mare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_Regina_Pacis_in_Ostia_Mare"},{"link_name":"John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Consistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_consistory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-simon-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Joseph Ngô Quang Kiệt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ng%C3%B4_Quang_Ki%E1%BB%87t"}],"text":"He was ordained to the priesthood on 6 June 1949. He was pastor of Hàm Long Parish, in Hanoi, North Vietnam, from 1950 to 1955. Afterwards he served as Superior of St. John Minor Seminary, in Hanoi, from 1955 to 1963. The Seminary was closed by the State authority in 1960 and never opened again. He was created bishop of Bac Ninh in 1963.[2] He was appointed archbishop of Hanoi in 13 April 1994[3] and elevated to Cardinal in November 1994. He retired as archbishop of Hanoi in 2005 and was succeeded by Archbishop Joseph Ngô Quang Kiêt.[4]Since nearly the very beginning of his religious life, he was under house arrest, unable to carry out his duties to the nearly 100 parishes under his jurisdiction.He began to compile in lục bát the entire life of Jesus, the Gospels, Christian doctrine, and the commandments of God and the Church. He was created a Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria Regina Pacis in Ostia Mare by John Paul II during the Consistory of 26 November 1994.[1] He resigned the pastoral government of the archdiocese on 19 February 2005. He died on 22 February 2009 at the age of 89.[5] He was succeeded by Joseph Ngô Quang Kiệt.","title":"Ecclesiastical career"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.simonhoadalat.com/GIAOHOI/Nam2010/Thang2/14CongNghiHY-1.htm","external_links_name":"Một Công nghị Hồng y đã rất gần - Sẽ có tân Hồng y Việt Nam?"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bphdt.html","external_links_name":"Paul Joseph Cardinal Pham Ðình Tung"},{"Link":"http://www.vietcatholic.org/News/Html/64432.htm","external_links_name":"\"ĐHY Phaolô Giuse Phạm Đình Tụng - chứng nhân lịch sử GHVN- đã qua đời\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-pages.com/hierarchy/cardinals_bio.asp?ref=121","external_links_name":"catholic-pages bio of Paul Joseph Pham Dinh Tung"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/vietnam/story/2009/02/090222_cardinal_pdtung_dies.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Hồng y Phạm Đình Tụng qua đời\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bphdt.html","external_links_name":"catholic-hierarchy page of Paul Joseph Pham Dinh Tung"},{"Link":"http://www.vietcatholic.net/News/Html/64449.htm","external_links_name":"Cardinal Paul Joseph Pham Đình Tung, Archbishop emeritus of Hà Nội (Viêt Nam) passed away"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Joseph_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_T%E1%BB%A5ng&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Joseph_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_T%E1%BB%A5ng&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fly_(1968_film)
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The Fly (1968 film)
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["1 Plot","2 Creators","3 External links","4 References"]
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1967 filmThe FlyDirected byVladimir JutrisaAleksandar MarksScreenplay byAleksandar MarksVatroslav MimicaDistributed byZagreb FilmRelease date
July 22, 1967 (1967-07-22)
Running time9 minutesCountryYugoslaviaLanguageSerbo-Croatian
The Fly (Serbo-Croatian: Muha) is a 1967 Yugoslavian cartoon.
Plot
A man is standing in the scene when a fly arrives and begins to irritate him. He tries to swat the fly, but it keeps growing bigger to the point where it shatters the scene. Eventually, the man and the fly decide to negotiate.
Creators
Written by: Vatroslav Mimica
Backgrounds: Pavao Štalter
Drawings: Aleksandar Marks
Animation: Vladimir Jutriša
Assistant director: Darko Gospodnetić
Cinematography: Ivan Hercigonja
Sound recording: Mladen Prebil
Music supervision: Tea Brunšmid
Directed by: Aleksandar Marks, Vladimir Jutriša
External links
The Fly at IMDb
References
^ Animafest Zagreb’s Reanimation of Aleksandar Marks (GoCritic! Review)|Zippy Frames
^ Animafest.hr
^ Internet Archive
|
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0923798/","external_links_name":"The Fly"},{"Link":"https://www.zippyframes.com/festivals/animafest-zagreb-reanimation-aleksandar-marks-gocritic","external_links_name":"Animafest Zagreb’s Reanimation of Aleksandar Marks (GoCritic! Review)|Zippy Frames"},{"Link":"http://www.animafest.hr/en/2016/film/read/the_fly_3","external_links_name":"Animafest.hr"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/thefly_201705","external_links_name":"Internet Archive"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elytrophorus
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Elytrophorus
|
["1 References"]
|
Genus of grasses
Elytrophorus
Elytrophorus spicatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Monocots
Clade:
Commelinids
Order:
Poales
Family:
Poaceae
Subfamily:
Arundinoideae
Tribe:
Molinieae
Subtribe:
Crinipinae
Genus:
ElytrophorusP.Beauv.
Type species
Elytrophorus articulatus(syn of E. spicatus)P.Beauv.
Synonyms
Echinalysium Trin.
Elytrophorus is a genus of Asian, African, and Australian plants in the grass family.
Species
Elytrophorus globularis Hack. – Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Limpopo, Namibia
Elytrophorus spicatus (Willd.) A.Camus – tropical Africa, Indian Subcontinent, Indochina, Hainan, Yunnan, Lesser Sunda Islands, Australia
References
^ a b "Atlas of Living Australia, Elytrophorus P.Beauv". Archived from the original on 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
^ a b Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie 67 in Latin
^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ Palisot de Beauvois, Ambroise Marie François Joseph. 1812. Essai d'une Nouvelle Agrostographie plate XIV (14), figure II (2 a-e) line drawing of Elytrophorus articulatus (syn of E. spicatus); figure captions in French on caption page 10
^ Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 450 总苞草属 zong bao cao shu Elytrophorus P. Beauvois, Ess. Agrostogr. 67. 1812.
^ Sanbi Red List of South African Plants. Elytrophorus globularis Hack.
^ Grassbase - The World Online Grass Flora
^ The Plant List search for Elytrophorus
Taxon identifiersElytrophorus
Wikidata: Q2495781
Wikispecies: Elytrophorus
APDB: 190481
APNI: 68402
BOLD: 223997
CoL: 8VXBB
eFloraSA: Elytrophorus
EoL: 2896492
EPPO: 1EYPG
FloraBase: 22327
FNA: 111524
FoAO2: Elytrophorus
FoC: 111524
GBIF: 4152786
GrassBase: gen00220
GRIN: 4206
iNaturalist: 180324
IPNI: 18017-1
IRMNG: 1014281
NCBI: 57052
Open Tree of Life: 559193
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:18017-1
Tropicos: 40002562
VicFlora: ed4012a8-0679-4f0e-8e70-1862a3e0e3e3
WFO: wfo-4000013281
This Poaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Meteor_Awards
|
2007 Meteor Awards
|
["1 Performances","2 Winners","3 References","4 External links"]
|
2007 Meteor AwardsMeteor Awards 2007 logoDate1 February 2007 (2007-02-01)LocationPoint TheatreHosted byPodge and Rodge with Deirdre O'KaneWebsitemeteormusicawards.meteor.ie/index.aspxTelevision/radio coverageNetworkRTÉ Two
← 2006 ·
Meteor Music Awards
· 2008 →
The 2007 Meteor Music Awards ceremony was held in the Point Theatre, Dublin on Thursday, 1 February 2007. It was the seventh edition of Ireland's national music awards and the last to be held at the Point before it shut for redevelopment. The event was presented by television personalities Podge and Rodge and comedian Deirdre O'Kane, who donned a showgirl outfit to open the awards ceremony. It was later broadcast on RTÉ Two on Sunday, 4 February at 21:00.
Performances
There were performances on the night from Westlife with Ronan Keating, "The Dance", Kaiser Chiefs (who were first on stage), Director, The Pussycat Dolls, Amy Winehouse, The Feeling, The Blizzards and The Immediate.
Act
Performance title
Kaiser Chiefs
"Ruby"
Westlife feat. Ronan Keating
"The Dance"
Director
"Reconnect"
Pussycat Dolls
Amy Winehouse
"Rehab"
The Feeling
The Blizzards
"Fantasy"
The Immediate
"A Ghost in This House"
Winners
Irish Act
Recipient
Nominees
Best Irish Band
Snow Patrol
Best Irish Female
Luan Parle
Best Irish Male
Damien Dempsey
Best Irish Newcomer
Director
Best Irish Fork/Traditional Act
Sharon Shannon
Best Irish Pop Act
Westlife
Best Irish DJ
Ray D'Arcy
Best Irish Live Performance
Snow Patrol
Best Irish Album
Eyes Open by Snow Patrol
Most Download Song
"Chasing Cars" by Snow Patrol
Hope for 2007
Royseven
Humanitarian Award
Paul Brady
Industry Award
Larry Gogan
Lifetime Achievement Award
Clannad
International Act
Recipient
Nominees
Best International Male
Justin Timberlake
Best International Female
Lily Allen
Best International Band
Scissor Sisters
Best International Album
Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not by Arctic Monkeys
References
^ a b "Snow Patrol win four Meteor awards". The Irish Times. 2007-02-01. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
^ "Home". RTÉ. 2007-02-04. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
^ "Snow Patrol steal the limelight from top acts". Irish Independent. 2007-02-02. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
External links
Official site
MCD Promotions
List of winners through the years Archived 2007-10-24 at the Wayback Machine
vteMeteor Music Awards by year
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Snow Patrol win four Meteor awards\". The Irish Times. 2007-02-01. Retrieved 2007-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0201/breaking89.htm","url_text":"\"Snow Patrol win four Meteor awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". RTÉ. 2007-02-04. Retrieved 2008-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/tv/meteormusicawards/","url_text":"\"Home\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89","url_text":"RTÉ"}]},{"reference":"\"Snow Patrol steal the limelight from top acts\". Irish Independent. 2007-02-02. Retrieved 2009-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/news-gossip/snow-patrol-steal-the-limelight-from-top-acts-52787.html","url_text":"\"Snow Patrol steal the limelight from top acts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Independent","url_text":"Irish Independent"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://meteormusicawards.meteor.ie/index.aspx","external_links_name":"meteormusicawards.meteor.ie/index.aspx"},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2007/0201/breaking89.htm","external_links_name":"\"Snow Patrol win four Meteor awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/tv/meteormusicawards/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/news-gossip/snow-patrol-steal-the-limelight-from-top-acts-52787.html","external_links_name":"\"Snow Patrol steal the limelight from top acts\""},{"Link":"http://meteormusicawards.meteor.ie/?u=m/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"http://www.mcd.ie/","external_links_name":"MCD Promotions"},{"Link":"http://www.meteor.ie/misc/MIMA.html","external_links_name":"List of winners through the years"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071024180100/http://www.meteor.ie/misc/MIMA.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/191_(number)
|
191 (number)
|
["1 In mathematics","2 See also","3 References"]
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Natural number
← 190
191
192 →
← 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 → List of numbersIntegers← 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 →Cardinalone hundred ninety-oneOrdinal191st(one hundred ninety-first)FactorizationprimePrime43rdGreek numeralΡϞΑ´Roman numeralCXCIBinary101111112Ternary210023Senary5156Octal2778Duodecimal13B12HexadecimalBF16
191 (one hundred ninety-one) is the natural number following 190 and preceding 192.
In mathematics
191 is a prime number, part of a prime quadruplet of four primes: 191, 193, 197, and 199. Because doubling and adding one produces another prime number (383), 191 is a Sophie Germain prime. It is the smallest prime that is not a full reptend prime in any base from 2 to 10; in fact, the smallest base for which 191 is a full period prime is base 19.
See also
191 (disambiguation)
References
^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A136162 (List of prime quadruplets {p, p+2, p+6, p+8})". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A005384 (Sophie Germain primes p: 2p+1 is also prime)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
^ Wolfram MathWorld; Primitive Root
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 191 (number).
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718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800s
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900s
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
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960
961
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964
965
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971
972
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974
975
976
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979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
≥1000
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
100,000,000
1,000,000,000
This article about a number is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_number"},{"link_name":"190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/190_(number)"},{"link_name":"192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/192_(number)"}],"text":"191 (one hundred [and] ninety-one) is the natural number following 190 and preceding 192.","title":"191 (number)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prime number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number"},{"link_name":"prime quadruplet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_quadruplet"},{"link_name":"primes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number"},{"link_name":"193","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/193_(number)"},{"link_name":"197","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/197_(number)"},{"link_name":"199","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/199_(number)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sophie Germain prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Germain_prime"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"full reptend prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_reptend_prime"},{"link_name":"base 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"191 is a prime number, part of a prime quadruplet of four primes: 191, 193, 197, and 199.[1] Because doubling and adding one produces another prime number (383), 191 is a Sophie Germain prime.[2] It is the smallest prime that is not a full reptend prime in any base from 2 to 10; in fact, the smallest base for which 191 is a full period prime is base 19.[3]","title":"In mathematics"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"191 (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/191_(disambiguation)"}]
|
[{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A136162 (List of prime quadruplets {p, p+2, p+6, p+8})\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A136162","url_text":"\"Sequence A136162 (List of prime quadruplets {p, p+2, p+6, p+8})\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). \"Sequence A005384 (Sophie Germain primes p: 2p+1 is also prime)\". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Sloane","url_text":"Sloane, N. J. A."},{"url":"https://oeis.org/A005384","url_text":"\"Sequence A005384 (Sophie Germain primes p: 2p+1 is also prime)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences","url_text":"On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A136162","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A136162 (List of prime quadruplets {p, p+2, p+6, p+8})\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A005384","external_links_name":"\"Sequence A005384 (Sophie Germain primes p: 2p+1 is also prime)\""},{"Link":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PrimitiveRoot.html","external_links_name":"Primitive Root"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=191_(number)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_Foundation_Kyoto_International_School
|
Kyoto International Junior and Senior High School
|
["1 History","2 Features","3 Students","4 Extracurricular Activities","5 Notable alumni","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Korean international school in Japan
For the English-medium international school in Kyoto, see Kyoto International School.
Kyoto International Junior and Senior High School (Japanese: 京都国際中学校・高等学校, Kyōto Kokusai Chūgakkō Kōtōgakkō; Korean: 학교법인교토국제학원) is a Korean international school in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. It includes middle and high school levels. It is under the Educational Foundation Kyoto International School (Japanese: 学校法人 京都国際学園).
History
The origin of Kyoto International Junior and Senior High School dates back to the "Kyoto Chosen Chugaku" (Kyoto Korean Middle School) established in 1947 (Showa 22) for Koreans in Japan.
Later, in 1958, it received approval from the Governor of Kyoto Prefecture under the name "Kyoto Korean School Foundation."
In 2003, the Kyoto International School Foundation and Kyoto International Junior and Senior High School were established, and it was officially recognized by the Governor of Kyoto Prefecture as an "Ichijo School" (a regular junior and senior high school). This meant that it now accepted ethnic Japanese students as well as Koreans. The school officially opened in 2004, marking a fresh start.
Since then, the school has strengthened its linguistic education aiming for trilingual proficiency in Korean, English, and Japanese, enhancing its characteristics as an international school with the educational goal of fostering "true global citizens."
Features
While being an "Ichijo School" in Japan, it is also recognized as a "legitimate school" by the Republic of Korea, allowing students to obtain high school graduation qualifications from both Japan and South Korea.
It is noteworthy that the lyrics of the school song are in Korean, which is very rare for a Japanese "Ichijo School."
As an "Ichijo School," the educational curriculum follows Japan's learning guidelines, and all classes are conducted in Japanese using approved textbooks, except for subjects in English and Korean taught by native speakers.
Students
There are approximately 45 students per grade. The school has dormitories for students, and there are exchange students from all over the country.
In the spring of 2019, out of the graduates, 38 went on to Japanese universities or vocational schools, and 2 went to study at universities in Korea (1 to Korea University and 1 to Sookmyung Women's University).
As of March 2021, out of a total of 131 students in the entire school, there were 93 Japanese students and 37 Korean residents in Japan. Among the Japanese students, 40 were members of the baseball club.
As of July 2021, out of a total of 136 students, there were 69 female students and 67 male students, with 59 of the male students being members of the baseball club.
Extracurricular Activities
The high school's baseball club has had great success. In 2021, they made consecutive appearances in the Spring and Summer Koshien tournaments, achieving a nationwide best of 4 in the latter.
Notable alumni
Kaisei Sone, Japanese baseball player
Shin Seong-hyun, South Korean baseball player
See also
Japanese international schools in South Korea:
Japanese School in Seoul
Busan Japanese School
References
^ "Home" (English). Educational Foundation Kyoto International School. Retrieved on August 17, 2015. "Kyoto International School ・ High School Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto Imagumanohondayama No. 1" Japanese address: "京都市東山区今熊野本多山町１番地 "
^ "Entrance Guide." Educational Foundation Kyoto International School. Retrieved on August 17, 2015.
^ "Educational Foundation Kyoto International School". en.kyoto-kokusai.jp. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
External links
Educational Foundation Kyoto International School
(in Japanese) Educational Foundation Kyoto International School
(in Korean) Educational Foundation Kyoto International School
Educational Foundation Kyoto International School (en.kyoto-kokusai.jp/) at the Wayback Machine (archive index)
vteInternational schools in the Keihanshin (Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto area)Osaka/Osaka area
Osaka Korean High School
Baekdu Hagwon(*)
Kongo Gakuen(*)
Korea International School
Osaka Chinese School
Osaka International School of Kwansei Gakuin
Osaka YMCA International School
Osaka YMCA International High School
Assumption Kokusai Junior & Senior High School
Kobe area
Canadian Academy
Kobe Chinese School
Deutsche Schule Kobe/European School
Kobe Korean Senior High School
Marist Brothers International School
Closed
Norwegian School
Kyoto
Lycée français international de Kyoto
Kyoto Korean Junior High-High School (North Korean)
Kyoto International Junior and Senior High School (South Korean)
Kyoto International School (Anglophone)
Schools with asterisks "(*)" are recognized as Article 1 private schools under the School Education Act. Some schools may need to be designated as such. Schools that are not recognized under Article 1 are categorized as "miscellaneous schools".
vteKorean international schools in JapanSome international schools in Japan are classified as "miscellaneous schools", others as ordinary private schoolsNorth Korea (DPRK)-oriented schoolsElementary-senior high
Hiroshima Korean School
Hokkaido Korean Primary, Middle and High School
Ibaraki Korean Primary, Middle and High School
Junior-senior high
Aichi Korean Middle and High School
Kanagawa Korean Jr./ Sr. High School
Kyushu Korean Junior-Senior High School
Kyoto Korean Junior High-High School
Tokyo Korean Junior and Senior High School
Senior high
Kobe Korean Senior High School
Osaka Korean High School
Closed
Yamaguchi Korean High School
Primary-junior high
Chiba Korean Primary and Junior High School
Tohoku Korean Primary and Junior High School
South Korea (ROK)-oriented schools
Kyoto Int'l JSHS
Baekdu Hagwon
Kongo Gakuen
Tokyo Korean School
Other
Korea International School
This list is not complete. There are about 60 or so North Korean schools and five or so South Korean schools.
vteSouth Korean international schoolsMainland Chinaand Hong Kong
Beijing
Guangzhou
Hong Kong
Shanghai
Shenzhen
Yanbian
Yantai
Middle East
Tehran (Iran)
Cairo (Egypt)
Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)
Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)
South America
Instituto Coreano Argentino (Buenos Aires)
East Asia andSoutheast Asia
Bangkok
Hanoi
Ho Chi Minh City
Jakarta
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Manila, Philippines
Singapore
Japan
Kyoto Int'l JSHS
Baekdu Hagwon (Osaka)
Kongo Gakuen (Osaka)
Tokyo Korean School
Europe
Moscow
Closed
Colégio Polilogos (São Paulo)
This list is incomplete: More schools in Japan need to be listed
This Japan school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyoto International School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_International_School"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"international school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_school"},{"link_name":"Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashiyama-ku,_Kyoto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For the English-medium international school in Kyoto, see Kyoto International School.Kyoto International Junior and Senior High School (Japanese: 京都国際中学校・高等学校, Kyōto Kokusai Chūgakkō Kōtōgakkō; Korean: 학교법인교토국제학원) is a Korean international school in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto.[1] It includes middle and high school levels.[2] It is under the Educational Foundation Kyoto International School (Japanese: 学校法人 京都国際学園).[3]","title":"Kyoto International Junior and Senior High School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Koreans in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan"}],"text":"The origin of Kyoto International Junior and Senior High School dates back to the \"Kyoto Chosen Chugaku\" (Kyoto Korean Middle School) established in 1947 (Showa 22) for Koreans in Japan.Later, in 1958, it received approval from the Governor of Kyoto Prefecture under the name \"Kyoto Korean School Foundation.\"In 2003, the Kyoto International School Foundation and Kyoto International Junior and Senior High School were established, and it was officially recognized by the Governor of Kyoto Prefecture as an \"Ichijo School\" (a regular junior and senior high school). This meant that it now accepted ethnic Japanese students as well as Koreans. The school officially opened in 2004, marking a fresh start.Since then, the school has strengthened its linguistic education aiming for trilingual proficiency in Korean, English, and Japanese, enhancing its characteristics as an international school with the educational goal of fostering \"true global citizens.\"","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"}],"text":"While being an \"Ichijo School\" in Japan, it is also recognized as a \"legitimate school\" by the Republic of Korea, allowing students to obtain high school graduation qualifications from both Japan and South Korea.It is noteworthy that the lyrics of the school song are in Korean, which is very rare for a Japanese \"Ichijo School.\"As an \"Ichijo School,\" the educational curriculum follows Japan's learning guidelines, and all classes are conducted in Japanese using approved textbooks, except for subjects in English and Korean taught by native speakers.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korea University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_University"},{"link_name":"Sookmyung Women's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sookmyung_Women%27s_University"}],"text":"There are approximately 45 students per grade. The school has dormitories for students, and there are exchange students from all over the country.In the spring of 2019, out of the graduates, 38 went on to Japanese universities or vocational schools, and 2 went to study at universities in Korea (1 to Korea University and 1 to Sookmyung Women's University).As of March 2021, out of a total of 131 students in the entire school, there were 93 Japanese students and 37 Korean residents in Japan. Among the Japanese students, 40 were members of the baseball club.As of July 2021, out of a total of 136 students, there were 69 female students and 67 male students, with 59 of the male students being members of the baseball club.","title":"Students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Koshien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dshien_baseball_tournament"}],"text":"The high school's baseball club has had great success. In 2021, they made consecutive appearances in the Spring and Summer Koshien tournaments, achieving a nationwide best of 4 in the latter.","title":"Extracurricular Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaisei Sone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisei_Sone"},{"link_name":"Shin Seong-hyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Seong-hyun"}],"text":"Kaisei Sone, Japanese baseball player\nShin Seong-hyun, South Korean baseball player","title":"Notable alumni"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Japanese School in Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_School_in_Seoul"},{"title":"Busan Japanese School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan_Japanese_School"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Educational Foundation Kyoto International School\". en.kyoto-kokusai.jp. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151207143907/http://en.kyoto-kokusai.jp/","url_text":"\"Educational Foundation Kyoto International School\""},{"url":"http://en.kyoto-kokusai.jp/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://en.kyoto-kokusai.jp/","external_links_name":"Home"},{"Link":"http://www.kyoto-kokusai.jp/contact_us/","external_links_name":"Japanese address"},{"Link":"http://en.kyoto-kokusai.jp/entranceguide/","external_links_name":"Entrance Guide"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151207143907/http://en.kyoto-kokusai.jp/","external_links_name":"\"Educational Foundation Kyoto International School\""},{"Link":"http://en.kyoto-kokusai.jp/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://kyoto-kokusai.ed.jp/en/","external_links_name":"Educational Foundation Kyoto International School"},{"Link":"http://www.kyoto-kokusai.jp/","external_links_name":"Educational Foundation Kyoto International School"},{"Link":"http://kr.kyoto-kokusai.jp/","external_links_name":"Educational Foundation Kyoto International School"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/*/http://en.kyoto-kokusai.jp/","external_links_name":"Educational Foundation Kyoto International School (en.kyoto-kokusai.jp/)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyoto_International_Junior_and_Senior_High_School&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmium-166
|
Isotopes of holmium
|
["1 List of isotopes","2 References"]
|
List of isotopes having 67 protons in their nuclei
Isotopes of holmium (67Ho)
Main isotopes
Decay
abundance
half-life (t1/2)
mode
product
163Ho
synth
4570 y
ε
163Dy
164Ho
synth
28.8 min
ε
164Dy
β−
164Er
165Ho
100%
stable
166Ho
synth
26.812 h
β−
166Er
166m1Ho
synth
1132.6 y
β−
166Er
167Ho
synth
3.1 h
β−
167Er
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ho)164.930329±0.000005164.93±0.01 (abridged)viewtalkedit
Natural holmium (67Ho) contains one observationally stable isotope, 165Ho. The below table lists 36 isotopes spanning 140Ho through 175Ho as well as 33 nuclear isomers. Among the known synthetic radioactive isotopes; the most stable one is 163Ho, with a half-life of 4,570 years. All other radioisotopes have half-lives not greater than 1.117 days in their ground states (although the metastable 166m1Ho has a half-life of about 1,200 years), and most have half-lives under 3 hours.
List of isotopes
Holmium-166m1 oxide
Nuclide
Z
N
Isotopic mass (Da)
Half-life
Decaymode
Daughterisotope
Spin andparity
Isotopicabundance
Excitation energy
140Ho
67
73
139.96854(54)#
6(3) ms
8+#
141Ho
67
74
140.96310(54)#
4.1(3) ms
(7/2−)
141mHo
66(2) keV
6.4(8) μs
(1/2+)
142Ho
67
75
141.95977(54)#
400(100) ms
β+
142Dy
(6 to 9)
p
141Dy
143Ho
67
76
142.95461(43)#
300# ms
β+
143Dy
11/2−#
144Ho
67
77
143.95148(32)#
0.7(1) s
β+
144Dy
β+, p
143Tb
145Ho
67
78
144.94720(32)#
2.4(1) s
β+
145Dy
(11/2−)
145mHo
100(100)# keV
100# ms
5/2+#
146Ho
67
79
145.94464(21)#
3.6(3) s
β+
146Dy
(10+)
β+, p (rare)
145Tb
147Ho
67
80
146.94006(3)
5.8(4) s
β+
147Dy
(11/2−)
β+, p (rare)
146Tb
148Ho
67
81
147.93772(14)
2.2(11) s
β+
148Dy
(1+)
148m1Ho
400(100)# keV
9.49(12) s
β+ (99.92%)
148Dy
(6)−
β+, p (.08%)
147Tb
148m2Ho
690(100)# keV
2.35(4) ms
(10+)
149Ho
67
82
148.933775(20)
21.1(2) s
β+
149Dy
(11/2−)
149m1Ho
48.80(20) keV
56(3) s
β+
149Dy
(1/2+)
149m2Ho
7200(350) keV
>=100 ns
150Ho
67
83
149.933496(15)
76.8(18) s
β+
150Dy
2−
150m1Ho
−10(50) keV
23.3(3) s
β+
150Dy
(9)+
150m2Ho
~8000 keV
751 ns
151Ho
67
84
150.931688(13)
35.2(1) s
β+ (78%)
151Dy
11/2(−)
α (22%)
147Tb
151mHo
41.0(2) keV
47.2(10) s
α (77%)
147Tb
1/2(+)
β+ (22%)
151Dy
152Ho
67
85
151.931714(15)
161.8(3) s
β+ (88%)
152Dy
2−
α (12%)
148Tb
152m1Ho
160(1) keV
50.0(4) s
9+
152m2Ho
3019.59(19) keV
8.4(3) μs
19−
153Ho
67
86
152.930199(6)
2.01(3) min
β+ (99.94%)
153Dy
11/2−
α (.05%)
149Tb
153m1Ho
68.7(3) keV
9.3(5) min
β+ (99.82%)
153Dy
1/2+
α (.18%)
149Tb
153m2Ho
2772 keV
229(2) ns
(31/2+)
154Ho
67
87
153.930602(9)
11.76(19) min
β+ (99.98%)
154Dy
2−
α (.02%)
150Tb
154mHo
238(30) keV
3.10(14) min
β+ (99.99%)
154Dy
8+
α (.001%)
150Tb
IT (rare)
154Ho
155Ho
67
88
154.929103(19)
48(1) min
β+
155Dy
5/2+
155mHo
141.97(11) keV
880(80) μs
11/2−
156Ho
67
89
155.92984(5)
56(1) min
β+
156Dy
4−
156m1Ho
100(50)# keV
7.8(3) min
β+
156Dy
(9+)
IT
156Ho
156m2Ho
52.4(5) keV
9.5(15) s
1−
157Ho
67
90
156.928256(26)
12.6(2) min
β+
157Dy
7/2−
158Ho
67
91
157.928941(29)
11.3(4) min
β+ (93%)
158Dy
5+
α (7%)
154Tb
158m1Ho
67.200(10) keV
28(2) min
IT (81%)
158Ho
2−
β+ (19%)
158Dy
158m2Ho
180(70)# keV
21.3(23) min
(9+)
159Ho
67
92
158.927712(4)
33.05(11) min
β+
159Dy
7/2−
159mHo
205.91(5) keV
8.30(8) s
IT
159Ho
1/2+
160Ho
67
93
159.928729(16)
25.6(3) min
β+
160Dy
5+
160m1Ho
59.98(3) keV
5.02(5) h
IT (65%)
160Ho
2−
β+ (35%)
160Dy
160m2Ho
197(16) keV
3 s
(9+)
161Ho
67
94
160.927855(3)
2.48(5) h
EC
161Dy
7/2−
161mHo
211.16(3) keV
6.76(7) s
IT
161Ho
1/2+
162Ho
67
95
161.929096(4)
15.0(10) min
β+
162Dy
1+
162mHo
106(7) keV
67.0(7) min
IT (62%)
162Ho
6−
β+ (38%)
162Dy
163Ho
67
96
162.9287339(27)
4570(25) y
EC
163Dy
7/2−
163mHo
297.88(7) keV
1.09(3) s
IT
163Ho
1/2+
164Ho
67
97
163.9302335(30)
29(1) min
EC (60%)
164Dy
1+
β− (40%)
164Er
164mHo
139.77(8) keV
38.0(10) min
IT
164Ho
6−
165Ho
67
98
164.9303221(27)
Observationally Stable
7/2−
1.0000
166Ho
67
99
165.9322842(27)
26.83(2) h
β−
166Er
0−
166m1Ho
5.985(18) keV
1200(180) y
β−
166Er
(7)−
166m2Ho
190.9052(20) keV
185(15) μs
3+
167Ho
67
100
166.933133(6)
3.003(18) h
β−
167Er
7/2−
167mHo
259.34(11) keV
6.0(10) μs
3/2+
168Ho
67
101
167.93552(3)
2.99(7) min
β−
168Er
3+
168m1Ho
59(1) keV
132(4) s
IT (99.5%)
168Ho
(6+)
β− (.5%)
168Er
168m2Ho
143.4(2) keV
>4 μs
(1)−
168m3Ho
192.6(2) keV
108(11) ns
1+
169Ho
67
102
168.936872(22)
4.72(10) min
β−
169Er
7/2−
170Ho
67
103
169.93962(5)
2.76(5) min
β−
170Er
6+#
170mHo
120(70) keV
43(2) s
β−
170Er
(1+)
171Ho
67
104
170.94147(64)
53(2) s
β−
171Er
7/2−#
172Ho
67
105
171.94482(43)#
25(3) s
β−
172Er
173Ho
67
106
172.94729(43)#
10# s
β−
173Er
7/2−#
174Ho
67
107
173.95115(54)#
8# s
175Ho
67
108
174.95405(64)#
5# s
7/2−#
This table header & footer: view
^ mHo – Excited nuclear isomer.
^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^ a b c # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^
Modes of decay:
EC:
Electron capture
IT:
Isomeric transition
^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^ Believed to undergo α decay to 161Tb
References
^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Holmium". CIAAW. 2021.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
Isotope masses from:
Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
vteIsotopes of the chemical elements
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Period
Hydrogen andalkali metals
Alkalineearth metals
Pnictogens
Chalcogens
Halogens
Noble gases
①
Isotopes
§ ListH1
Isotopes
§ ListHe2
②
Isotopes
§ ListLi3
Isotopes
§ ListBe4
Isotopes
§ ListB5
Isotopes
§ ListC6
Isotopes
§ ListN7
Isotopes
§ ListO8
Isotopes
§ ListF9
Isotopes
§ ListNe10
③
Isotopes
§ ListNa11
Isotopes
§ ListMg12
Isotopes
§ ListAl13
Isotopes
§ ListSi14
Isotopes
§ ListP15
Isotopes
§ ListS16
Isotopes
§ ListCl17
Isotopes
§ ListAr18
④
Isotopes
§ ListK19
Isotopes
§ ListCa20
Isotopes
§ ListSc21
Isotopes
§ ListTi22
Isotopes
§ ListV23
Isotopes
§ ListCr24
Isotopes
§ ListMn25
Isotopes
§ ListFe26
Isotopes
§ ListCo27
Isotopes
§ ListNi28
Isotopes
§ ListCu29
Isotopes
§ ListZn30
Isotopes
§ ListGa31
Isotopes
§ ListGe32
Isotopes
§ ListAs33
Isotopes
§ ListSe34
Isotopes
§ ListBr35
Isotopes
§ ListKr36
⑤
Isotopes
§ ListRb37
Isotopes
§ ListSr38
Isotopes
§ ListY39
Isotopes
§ ListZr40
Isotopes
§ ListNb41
Isotopes
§ ListMo42
Isotopes
§ ListTc43
Isotopes
§ ListRu44
Isotopes
§ ListRh45
Isotopes
§ ListPd46
Isotopes
§ ListAg47
Isotopes
§ ListCd48
Isotopes
§ ListIn49
Isotopes
§ ListSn50
Isotopes
§ ListSb51
Isotopes
§ ListTe52
Isotopes
§ ListI53
Isotopes
§ ListXe54
⑥
Isotopes
§ ListCs55
Isotopes
§ ListBa56
Isotopes
§ ListLu71
Isotopes
§ ListHf72
Isotopes
§ ListTa73
Isotopes
§ ListW74
Isotopes
§ ListRe75
Isotopes
§ ListOs76
Isotopes
§ ListIr77
Isotopes
§ ListPt78
Isotopes
§ ListAu79
Isotopes
§ ListHg80
Isotopes
§ ListTl81
Isotopes
§ ListPb82
Isotopes
§ ListBi83
Isotopes
§ ListPo84
Isotopes
§ ListAt85
Isotopes
§ ListRn86
⑦
Isotopes
§ ListFr87
Isotopes
§ ListRa88
Isotopes
§ ListLr103
Isotopes
§ ListRf104
Isotopes
§ ListDb105
Isotopes
§ ListSg106
Isotopes
§ ListBh107
Isotopes
§ ListHs108
Isotopes
§ ListMt109
Isotopes
§ ListDs110
Isotopes
§ ListRg111
Isotopes
§ ListCn112
Isotopes
§ ListNh113
Isotopes
§ ListFl114
Isotopes
§ ListMc115
Isotopes
§ ListLv116
Isotopes
§ ListTs117
Isotopes
§ ListOg118
⑧
Isotopes
§ ListUue119
Isotopes
§ ListUbn120
Isotopes
§ ListLa57
Isotopes
§ ListCe58
Isotopes
§ ListPr59
Isotopes
§ ListNd60
Isotopes
§ ListPm61
Isotopes
§ ListSm62
Isotopes
§ ListEu63
Isotopes
§ ListGd64
Isotopes
§ ListTb65
Isotopes
§ ListDy66
Isotopes
§ ListHo67
Isotopes
§ ListEr68
Isotopes
§ ListTm69
Isotopes
§ ListYb70
Isotopes
§ ListAc89
Isotopes
§ ListTh90
Isotopes
§ ListPa91
Isotopes
§ ListU92
Isotopes
§ ListNp93
Isotopes
§ ListPu94
Isotopes
§ ListAm95
Isotopes
§ ListCm96
Isotopes
§ ListBk97
Isotopes
§ ListCf98
Isotopes
§ ListEs99
Isotopes
§ ListFm100
Isotopes
§ ListMd101
Isotopes
§ ListNo102
Table of nuclides
Categories: Isotopes
Tables of nuclides
Metastable isotopes
Isotopes by element
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"holmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmium"},{"link_name":"observationally stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observationally_stable"},{"link_name":"nuclear isomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_isomer"},{"link_name":"radioactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive"}],"text":"Natural holmium (67Ho) contains one observationally stable isotope, 165Ho. The below table lists 36 isotopes spanning 140Ho through 175Ho as well as 33 nuclear isomers. Among the known synthetic radioactive isotopes; the most stable one is 163Ho, with a half-life of 4,570 years. All other radioisotopes have half-lives not greater than 1.117 days in their ground states (although the metastable 166m1Ho has a half-life of about 1,200 years), and most have half-lives under 3 hours.","title":"Isotopes of holmium"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holmium_166m_oxide.png"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"nuclear isomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_isomer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TMS_6-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TNN_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TNN_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TNN_7-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Electron capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_capture"},{"link_name":"Isomeric transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomeric_transition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"}],"text":"Holmium-166m1 oxide^ mHo – Excited nuclear isomer.\n\n^ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.\n\n^ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).\n\n^ a b c # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).\n\n^ \nModes of decay:\n\n\n\nEC:\nElectron capture\n\n\nIT:\nIsomeric transition\n\n\n^ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.\n\n^ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.\n\n^ Believed to undergo α decay to 161Tb","title":"List of isotopes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Holmium-166m1 oxide","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Holmium_166m_oxide.png/220px-Holmium_166m_oxide.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). \"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties\" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.","urls":[{"url":"https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf","url_text":"\"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae","url_text":"10.1088/1674-1137/abddae"}]},{"reference":"\"Standard Atomic Weights: Holmium\". CIAAW. 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ciaaw.org/holmium.htm","url_text":"\"Standard Atomic Weights: Holmium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights","url_text":"CIAAW"}]},{"reference":"Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). \"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)\". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html","url_text":"\"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603","url_text":"10.1515/pac-2019-0603"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075","url_text":"1365-3075"}]},{"reference":"Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), \"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties\", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaldert_Wapstra","url_text":"Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik"},{"url":"https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document","url_text":"\"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A","url_text":"2003NuPhA.729....3A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001"}]},{"reference":"de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). \"Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)\". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_de_Laeter","url_text":"de Laeter, John Robert"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683","url_text":"\"Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry","url_text":"Pure and Applied Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200375060683","url_text":"10.1351/pac200375060683"}]},{"reference":"Wieser, Michael E. (2006). \"Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)\". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051","url_text":"\"Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry","url_text":"Pure and Applied Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678112051","url_text":"10.1351/pac200678112051"}]},{"reference":"\"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised\". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://old.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html","url_text":"\"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised\""}]},{"reference":"Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), \"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties\", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaldert_Wapstra","url_text":"Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik"},{"url":"https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document","url_text":"\"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NuPhA.729....3A","url_text":"2003NuPhA.729....3A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2003.11.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001"}]},{"reference":"National Nuclear Data Center. \"NuDat 2.x database\". Brookhaven National Laboratory.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Nuclear_Data_Center","url_text":"National Nuclear Data Center"},{"url":"http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/","url_text":"\"NuDat 2.x database\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory","url_text":"Brookhaven National Laboratory"}]},{"reference":"Holden, Norman E. (2004). \"11. Table of the Isotopes\". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederbreisig
|
Bad Breisig
|
["1 Personalities","1.1 Sons and daughters of the town","1.2 People connected with Bad Breisig","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 50°30′33″N 7°17′47″E / 50.50917°N 7.29639°E / 50.50917; 7.29639Municipality of Germany
"Rheineck Castle" redirects here. For the castle in Franconia, see Rieneck Castle.
Town in Rhineland-Palatinate, GermanyBad Breisig TownView of Bad Breisig
Coat of armsLocation of Bad Breisig within Ahrweiler district
Bad Breisig Show map of GermanyBad Breisig Show map of Rhineland-PalatinateCoordinates: 50°30′33″N 7°17′47″E / 50.50917°N 7.29639°E / 50.50917; 7.29639CountryGermanyStateRhineland-PalatinateDistrictAhrweiler Municipal assoc.Bad BreisigGovernment • Mayor (2021–26) Marcel CaspersArea • Total19.94 km2 (7.70 sq mi)Elevation70 m (230 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total9,740 • Density490/km2 (1,300/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes53498Dialling codes02633; 02642Vehicle registrationAWWebsitewww.bad-breisig.de
Rheineck Castle
Saint Charles Borromeo chapel
Bad Breisig (German: ⓘ) is a town in the district of Ahrweiler, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the Rhine, approx. 15 km south-east of Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler.
Bad Breisig is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Bad Breisig.
Personalities
Sons and daughters of the town
Beate Berger (1886-1940), director of the Jewish children's home Beith Ahawah in Berlin and Haifa
People connected with Bad Breisig
Max Barthel (1893-1975), working poet, lived from 1948 to 1969 in Bad Breisig
Klaus Badelt (born 1967), a German composer, which specializes in television and soundtrack.
Kai Krause (born 1957), a German musician and software - pioneer, lives in Rheineck Castle .
The religious scholar and sociologist Oliver Krüger (born 1973) grew up in Bad Breisig.
See also
Bad Breisig (Final Palaeolithic site)
References
^ Marcel Caspers ist jetzt auch Stadtbürgermeister, General-Anzeiger, 11 July 2021.
^ "Bevölkerungsstand 2022, Kreise, Gemeinden, Verbandsgemeinden" (PDF) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz. 2023.
vteTowns and municipalities in Ahrweiler
Adenau
Ahrbrück
Altenahr
Antweiler
Aremberg
Bad Breisig
Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler
Barweiler
Bauler
Berg
Brenk
Brohl-Lützing
Burgbrohl
Dankerath
Dedenbach
Dernau
Dorsel
Dümpelfeld
Eichenbach
Fuchshofen
Galenberg
Glees
Gönnersdorf
Grafschaft
Harscheid
Heckenbach
Herschbroich
Hoffeld
Hohenleimbach
Honerath
Hönningen
Hümmel
Insul
Kalenborn
Kaltenborn
Kempenich
Kesseling
Kirchsahr
Königsfeld
Kottenborn
Leimbach
Lind
Mayschoß
Meuspath
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rieneck Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieneck_Castle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burg_Rheineck_Reuterslei.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rheineck Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheineck_Castle"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burg_Rheineck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rheineck_Borromaeus_Kapelle.jpg"},{"link_name":"[baːt ˈbʁaɪziç]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Bad_breisig.ogg/Bad_breisig.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bad_breisig.ogg"},{"link_name":"district of Ahrweiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahrweiler_(district)"},{"link_name":"Rhineland-Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Neuenahr-Ahrweiler"},{"link_name":"Verbandsgemeinde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbandsgemeinde"},{"link_name":"Bad Breisig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Breisig_(Verbandsgemeinde)"}],"text":"Municipality of Germany\"Rheineck Castle\" redirects here. For the castle in Franconia, see Rieneck Castle.Town in Rhineland-Palatinate, GermanyRheineck Castle [de]Saint Charles Borromeo chapelBad Breisig (German: [baːt ˈbʁaɪziç] ⓘ) is a town in the district of Ahrweiler, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the Rhine, approx. 15 km south-east of Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler.Bad Breisig is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde (\"collective municipality\") Bad Breisig.","title":"Bad Breisig"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Haifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa"}],"sub_title":"Sons and daughters of the town","text":"Beate Berger (1886-1940), director of the Jewish children's home Beith Ahawah in Berlin and Haifa","title":"Personalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Max Barthel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Barthel"},{"link_name":"Klaus Badelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Badelt"},{"link_name":"Kai Krause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Krause"},{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"Rheineck Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheineck_Castle"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burg_Rheineck"},{"link_name":"Oliver Krüger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Kr%C3%BCger"}],"sub_title":"People connected with Bad Breisig","text":"Max Barthel (1893-1975), working poet, lived from 1948 to 1969 in Bad Breisig\nKlaus Badelt (born 1967), a German composer, which specializes in television and soundtrack.\nKai Krause (born 1957), a German musician and software - pioneer, lives in Rheineck Castle [de].\nThe religious scholar and sociologist Oliver Krüger (born 1973) grew up in Bad Breisig.","title":"Personalities"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bad_Breisig_in_AW.svg/240px-Bad_Breisig_in_AW.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Rheineck Castle [de]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Burg_Rheineck_Reuterslei.jpg/220px-Burg_Rheineck_Reuterslei.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saint Charles Borromeo chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rheineck_Borromaeus_Kapelle.jpg/170px-Rheineck_Borromaeus_Kapelle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/DEU_Kreis_Ahrweiler_COA.svg/40px-DEU_Kreis_Ahrweiler_COA.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Bad Breisig (Final Palaeolithic site)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Breisig_(Final_Palaeolithic_site)"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Bevölkerungsstand 2022, Kreise, Gemeinden, Verbandsgemeinden\" (PDF) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz. 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistischebibliothek.de/mir/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/RPHeft_derivate_00008227/A1033_202222_hj_G.pdf","url_text":"\"Bevölkerungsstand 2022, Kreise, Gemeinden, Verbandsgemeinden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistisches_Landesamt_Rheinland-Pfalz","url_text":"Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restinga_de_Cabedelo_National_Forest
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Restinga de Cabedelo National Forest
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["1 Location","2 History","3 Environment","4 Public use","5 Notes","6 Sources"]
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Coordinates: 7°03′51″S 34°51′19″W / 7.064159°S 34.855311°W / -7.064159; -34.855311Brazilian national forest
Restinga de Cabedelo National ForestFloresta Nacional da Restinga de CabedeloIUCN category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources)Access road to the forestNearest cityCabedelo, ParaíbaCoordinates7°03′51″S 34°51′19″W / 7.064159°S 34.855311°W / -7.064159; -34.855311Area114.34 ha (282.5 acres)DesignationNational forestCreated2 June 2004AdministratorICMBio
The Restinga de Cabedelo National Forest (Portuguese: Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo) is a national forest in the state of Paraíba, Brazil.
Location
The Restinga de Cabedelo National Forest is divided between the municipalities of Cabedelo (79%) and João Pessoa (215) in the state of Paraíba.
It has an area of 114.34 hectares (282.5 acres).
It is in the João Pessoa metropolitan region.
The conservation unit is popularly called the AMEM Forest.
It is administered by the federal Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio).
History
The Restinga de Cabedelo National Forest was created by federal decree on 2 June 2004 with an area of 103 hectares (250 acres).
It is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).
The purpose is sustainable use of forest resources, and scientific research with emphasis on methods for sustainable exploitation of native forests.
By ordinance 11 of 16 March 2009 the president of ICMBio created the consultative council, with the goal of helping to create and implement the management plan.
The management plan was approved by ordinance 76 of 13 February 2017.
Environment
The Restinga de Cabedelo National Forest holds one of the last fragments of Atlantic Forest restinga vegetation in Paraíba.
Vegetation includes Atlantic forest with areas of mangrove, restinga fields and restinga forest.
Public use
In 2000 it was reported that the people of the adjoining Renascer bairro often used the forest for fruit, firewood, herbs and plants for food and medicine.
32 research projects were authorized between 2008 and 2013.
Due to low staff levels, the forest has not been used for educational purposes.
There are no facilities for visitors such as a visitor center, shops and cafeteria.
There is an auditorium for 50 people, accessible bathrooms and covered parking.
Problems include illegal fishing, practice of religious rituals, drug use, theft and other crimes.
Conflicting uses include the AMEM shelter for the elderly, wild animal screening center, and the highway, railway, gas pipeline and electrical power lines that adjoins or cross the forest.
Notes
^ The act of creation gave an area of 103 hectares (250 acres). The management plan gives an area of 114.34 hectares (282.5 acres). According to the ICMBio website as of March 2017 it has an area of 116.83 hectares (288.7 acres).
^ Protected Area Profile for Floresta Nacional Da Restinga De Cabedelo Archived February 29, 2024, at the Wayback Machine from the World Database on Protected Areas. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^ a b c Goncalves & Fernandes 2016, p. 5.
^ a b Unidade de Conservação ... MMA.
^ Flona da Restinga de Cabedelo – ICMBio.
^ a b Flona de Cabedelo – ICMBio.
^ FLONA da Restinga de Cabedelo – ISA, Historico Juridico.
^ a b Goncalves & Fernandes 2016, p. 6.
^ a b Goncalves & Fernandes 2016, p. 7.
Sources
Flona da Restinga de Cabedelo (in Portuguese), ICMBio, retrieved 2016-03-23
FLONA da Restinga de Cabedelo (in Portuguese), ISA: Instituto Socioambiental, retrieved 2017-03-22
Flona de Cabedelo (in Portuguese), ICMBio: Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, retrieved 2017-03-23
Goncalves, Augusta Rosa; Fernandes, Carlos Henrique Velasquez (December 2016), Plano de Manejo da Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo (PDF) (in Portuguese), Cabedelo: ICMBio, retrieved 2017-03-23
Unidade de Conservação: Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo (in Portuguese), MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, retrieved 2017-03-23
vteNational forests of BrazilAmazon
Altamira
Amaná
Amapá
Amazonas
Anauá
Aripuanã
Balata-Tufari
Bom Futuro
Carajás
Caxiuanã
Crepori
Humaitá
Iquiri
Itacaiunas
Itaituba I
Itaituba II
Jacundá
Jamanxim
Jamari
Jatuarana
Macauã
Mapiá-Inauini
Mulata
Pau-Rosa
Purus
Roraima
Santa Rosa do Purus
São Francisco
Saracá-Taquera
Tapajós
Tapirapé-Aquiri
Tefé
Trairão
Urupadi
Atlantic Forest
Açungui
Caçador
Canela
Capão Bonito
Chapecó
Goytacazes
Ibirama
Ibura
Ipanema
Irati
Lorena
Mário Xavier
Nísia Floresta
Pacotuba
Passa Quatro
Passo Fundo
Piraí do Sul
Restinga de Cabedelo
Rio Preto
Ritápolis
São Francisco de Paula
Três Barras
Caatinga
Açu
Araripe-Apodi
Contendas do Sincorá
Negreiros
Palmares
Sobral
Cerrado
Brasília
Cristópolis
Mata Grande
Paraopeba
Silvânia
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"national forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_forest_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"Paraíba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para%C3%ADba"}],"text":"Brazilian national forestThe Restinga de Cabedelo National Forest (Portuguese: Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo) is a national forest in the state of Paraíba, Brazil.","title":"Restinga de Cabedelo National Forest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cabedelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabedelo"},{"link_name":"João Pessoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pessoa,_Para%C3%ADba"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoncalvesFernandes20165-2"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Mendes_Institute_for_Biodiversity_Conservation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlona_de_Cabedelo_%E2%80%93_ICMBio-6"}],"text":"The Restinga de Cabedelo National Forest is divided between the municipalities of Cabedelo (79%) and João Pessoa (215) in the state of Paraíba.\nIt has an area of 114.34 hectares (282.5 acres).[2][a]\nIt is in the João Pessoa metropolitan region.\nThe conservation unit is popularly called the AMEM Forest.\nIt is administered by the federal Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio).[5]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IUCN protected area category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_protected_area_categories"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnidade_de_Conserva%C3%A7%C3%A3o_..._MMA-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFLONA_da_Restinga_de_Cabedelo_%E2%80%93_ISAHistorico_Juridico-7"}],"text":"The Restinga de Cabedelo National Forest was created by federal decree on 2 June 2004 with an area of 103 hectares (250 acres).\nIt is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources).\nThe purpose is sustainable use of forest resources, and scientific research with emphasis on methods for sustainable exploitation of native forests.[3]\nBy ordinance 11 of 16 March 2009 the president of ICMBio created the consultative council, with the goal of helping to create and implement the management plan.\nThe management plan was approved by ordinance 76 of 13 February 2017.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Forest"},{"link_name":"restinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restinga"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlona_de_Cabedelo_%E2%80%93_ICMBio-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoncalvesFernandes20165-2"}],"text":"The Restinga de Cabedelo National Forest holds one of the last fragments of Atlantic Forest restinga vegetation in Paraíba.[5]\nVegetation includes Atlantic forest with areas of mangrove, restinga fields and restinga forest.[2]","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bairro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bairro"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoncalvesFernandes20166-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoncalvesFernandes20166-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoncalvesFernandes20167-9"},{"link_name":"illegal fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_fishing"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoncalvesFernandes20167-9"}],"text":"In 2000 it was reported that the people of the adjoining Renascer bairro often used the forest for fruit, firewood, herbs and plants for food and medicine.[7]\n32 research projects were authorized between 2008 and 2013. \nDue to low staff levels, the forest has not been used for educational purposes.\nThere are no facilities for visitors such as a visitor center, shops and cafeteria.[7]\nThere is an auditorium for 50 people, accessible bathrooms and covered parking.[8]Problems include illegal fishing, practice of religious rituals, drug use, theft and other crimes.\nConflicting uses include the AMEM shelter for the elderly, wild animal screening center, and the highway, railway, gas pipeline and electrical power lines that adjoins or cross the forest.[8]","title":"Public use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnidade_de_Conserva%C3%A7%C3%A3o_..._MMA-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoncalvesFernandes20165-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlona_da_Restinga_de_Cabedelo_%E2%80%93_ICMBio-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Protected Area Profile for Floresta Nacional Da Restinga De 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Retrieved February 29, 2024.\n\n^ a b c Goncalves & Fernandes 2016, p. 5.\n\n^ a b Unidade de Conservação ... MMA.\n\n^ Flona da Restinga de Cabedelo – ICMBio.\n\n^ a b Flona de Cabedelo – ICMBio.\n\n^ FLONA da Restinga de Cabedelo – ISA, Historico Juridico.\n\n^ a b Goncalves & Fernandes 2016, p. 6.\n\n^ a b Goncalves & Fernandes 2016, p. 7.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flona da Restinga de Cabedelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/unidadesdeconservacao/biomas-brasileiros/mata-atlantica/unidades-de-conservacao-mata-atlantica/2226-flona-da-restinga-de-cabedelo"},{"link_name":"FLONA da Restinga de Cabedelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uc.socioambiental.org/uc/593228"},{"link_name":"Flona de Cabedelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.icmbio.gov.br/flonacabedelo/"},{"link_name":"Plano de Manejo da Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/plano-de-manejo/Plano_de_manejo_Flona_Restinga_de_Cabedelo.pdf"},{"link_name":"Unidade de Conservação: Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sistemas.mma.gov.br/cnuc/index.php?ido=relatorioparametrizado.exibeRelatorio&relatorioPadrao=true&idUc=132"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:National_forest_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:National_forest_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_forest_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"National forests of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_National_Forests"},{"link_name":"Altamira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamira_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Amaná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aman%C3%A1_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Amapá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amap%C3%A1_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Amazonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Anauá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anau%C3%A1_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Aripuanã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripuan%C3%A3_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Balata-Tufari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balata-Tufari_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Bom Futuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bom_Futuro_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Carajás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caraj%C3%A1s_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Caxiuanã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxiuan%C3%A3_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Crepori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepori_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Humaitá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humait%C3%A1_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Iquiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iquiri_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Itacaiunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Itacaiunas_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Itaituba I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaituba_I_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Itaituba II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaituba_II_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Jacundá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacund%C3%A1_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Jamanxim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamanxim_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Jamari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamari_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jatuarana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jatuarana_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Macauã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau%C3%A3_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Mapiá-Inauini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapi%C3%A1-Inauini_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Mulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulata_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Pau-Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau-Rosa_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Purus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purus_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Roraima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roraima_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Santa Rosa do Purus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rosa_do_Purus_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"São Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Saracá-Taquera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarac%C3%A1-Taquera_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Tapajós","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapaj%C3%B3s_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Tapirapé-Aquiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapirap%C3%A9-Aquiri_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Tefé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tef%C3%A9_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Trairão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trair%C3%A3o_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Urupadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urupadi_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Açungui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A%C3%A7ungui_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caçador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ca%C3%A7ador_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canela_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Capão Bonito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cap%C3%A3o_Bonito_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chapecó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chapec%C3%B3_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Goytacazes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goytacazes_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Ibirama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibirama_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ibura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibura_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ipanema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ipanema_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Irati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irati_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lorena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorena_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Mário Xavier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1rio_Xavier_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nísia Floresta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADsia_Floresta_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Pacotuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacotuba_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Passa Quatro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passa_Quatro_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Passo Fundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passo_Fundo_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piraí do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pira%C3%AD_do_Sul_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Restinga de Cabedelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Rio Preto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Preto_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Ritápolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rit%C3%A1polis_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"São Francisco de Paula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_de_Paula_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Três Barras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%AAs_Barras_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Açu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7u_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Araripe-Apodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Araripe-Apodi_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Contendas do Sincorá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contendas_do_Sincor%C3%A1_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Negreiros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Negreiros_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palmares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palmares_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sobral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sobral_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brasília","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bras%C3%ADlia_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cristópolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B3polis_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mata Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mata_Grande_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paraopeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraopeba_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Silvânia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silv%C3%A2nia_National_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Flona da Restinga de Cabedelo (in Portuguese), ICMBio, retrieved 2016-03-23\nFLONA da Restinga de Cabedelo (in Portuguese), ISA: Instituto Socioambiental, retrieved 2017-03-22\nFlona de Cabedelo (in Portuguese), ICMBio: Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, retrieved 2017-03-23\nGoncalves, Augusta Rosa; Fernandes, Carlos Henrique Velasquez (December 2016), Plano de Manejo da Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo (PDF) (in Portuguese), Cabedelo: ICMBio, retrieved 2017-03-23\nUnidade de Conservação: Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo (in Portuguese), MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, retrieved 2017-03-23vteNational forests of BrazilAmazon\nAltamira\nAmaná\nAmapá\nAmazonas\nAnauá\nAripuanã\nBalata-Tufari\nBom Futuro\nCarajás\nCaxiuanã\nCrepori\nHumaitá\nIquiri\nItacaiunas\nItaituba I\nItaituba II\nJacundá\nJamanxim\nJamari\nJatuarana\nMacauã\nMapiá-Inauini\nMulata\nPau-Rosa\nPurus\nRoraima\nSanta Rosa do Purus\nSão Francisco\nSaracá-Taquera\nTapajós\nTapirapé-Aquiri\nTefé\nTrairão\nUrupadi\nAtlantic Forest\nAçungui\nCaçador\nCanela\nCapão Bonito\nChapecó\nGoytacazes\nIbirama\nIbura\nIpanema\nIrati\nLorena\nMário Xavier\nNísia Floresta\nPacotuba\nPassa Quatro\nPasso Fundo\nPiraí do Sul\nRestinga de Cabedelo\nRio Preto\nRitápolis\nSão Francisco de Paula\nTrês Barras\nCaatinga\nAçu\nAraripe-Apodi\nContendas do Sincorá\nNegreiros\nPalmares\nSobral\nCerrado\nBrasília\nCristópolis\nMata Grande\nParaopeba\nSilvânia","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Flona da Restinga de Cabedelo (in Portuguese), ICMBio, retrieved 2016-03-23","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/unidadesdeconservacao/biomas-brasileiros/mata-atlantica/unidades-de-conservacao-mata-atlantica/2226-flona-da-restinga-de-cabedelo","url_text":"Flona da Restinga de Cabedelo"}]},{"reference":"FLONA da Restinga de Cabedelo (in Portuguese), ISA: Instituto Socioambiental, retrieved 2017-03-22","urls":[{"url":"https://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/593228","url_text":"FLONA da Restinga de Cabedelo"}]},{"reference":"Flona de Cabedelo (in Portuguese), ICMBio: Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation, retrieved 2017-03-23","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icmbio.gov.br/flonacabedelo/","url_text":"Flona de Cabedelo"}]},{"reference":"Goncalves, Augusta Rosa; Fernandes, Carlos Henrique Velasquez (December 2016), Plano de Manejo da Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo (PDF) (in Portuguese), Cabedelo: ICMBio, retrieved 2017-03-23","urls":[{"url":"http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/plano-de-manejo/Plano_de_manejo_Flona_Restinga_de_Cabedelo.pdf","url_text":"Plano de Manejo da Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo"}]},{"reference":"Unidade de Conservação: Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo (in Portuguese), MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, retrieved 2017-03-23","urls":[{"url":"http://sistemas.mma.gov.br/cnuc/index.php?ido=relatorioparametrizado.exibeRelatorio&relatorioPadrao=true&idUc=132","url_text":"Unidade de Conservação: Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Restinga_de_Cabedelo_National_Forest¶ms=7.064159_S_34.855311_W_region:BR_type:landmark_dim:1km","external_links_name":"7°03′51″S 34°51′19″W / 7.064159°S 34.855311°W / -7.064159; -34.855311"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Restinga_de_Cabedelo_National_Forest¶ms=7.064159_S_34.855311_W_region:BR_type:landmark_dim:1km","external_links_name":"7°03′51″S 34°51′19″W / 7.064159°S 34.855311°W / -7.064159; -34.855311"},{"Link":"https://www.protectedplanet.net/351791","external_links_name":"Protected Area Profile for Floresta Nacional Da Restinga De Cabedelo"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229033350/https://www.protectedplanet.net/351791","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/unidadesdeconservacao/biomas-brasileiros/mata-atlantica/unidades-de-conservacao-mata-atlantica/2226-flona-da-restinga-de-cabedelo","external_links_name":"Flona da Restinga de Cabedelo"},{"Link":"https://uc.socioambiental.org/uc/593228","external_links_name":"FLONA da Restinga de Cabedelo"},{"Link":"http://www.icmbio.gov.br/flonacabedelo/","external_links_name":"Flona de Cabedelo"},{"Link":"http://www.icmbio.gov.br/portal/images/stories/plano-de-manejo/Plano_de_manejo_Flona_Restinga_de_Cabedelo.pdf","external_links_name":"Plano de Manejo da Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo"},{"Link":"http://sistemas.mma.gov.br/cnuc/index.php?ido=relatorioparametrizado.exibeRelatorio&relatorioPadrao=true&idUc=132","external_links_name":"Unidade de Conservação: Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_de_Menezes
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Henrique de Meneses
|
["1 References"]
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Portuguese nobleman
Henrique de MenesesPortrait of D. Henrique de Meneses in Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu, c. 1560.Governor of IndiaIn office1524–1526MonarchJohn IIIPreceded byVasco da GamaSucceeded byLopo Vaz de Sampaio
Personal detailsBorn1496Lisbon, PortugalDied21 February 1526(1526-02-21) (aged 29–30)Cannanore, India
D. Henrique de Meneses, 2nd Lord of Louriçal (1496 – 21 February 1526) was a Portuguese nobleman and colonial administrator, Governor of India from 1521 to 1524. He was born in Lisbon in 1496 and died in Cannanore on 21 February 1526. He was the nephew of Diogo Lopes de Sequeira.
References
^ "Portuguese Governor Generals". Raj Bhavan of Goa. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ a b "Kingdoms of South Asia - Goa". The History Files. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ Fonseca, José Nicolau da (1878). An Historical and Archæological Sketch of the City of Goa: Preceded by a Short Statistical Account of the Territory of Goa. Thacker & Company, limited.
^ "Viceroys and Governors of Portuguese India 1505—1580". Advocatetanmoy Law Library. 2020-09-09. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ "D. Henrique de Meneses". Infopédia. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
^ Danvers, Frederick Charles (1894). A.D. 1571-1894. W.H. Allen & Company, limited.
This article about a Portuguese politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Portuguese Governor Generals\". Raj Bhavan of Goa. Retrieved 2022-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://rajbhavan.goa.gov.in/portuguese-governor-generals-view","url_text":"\"Portuguese Governor Generals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kingdoms of South Asia - Goa\". The History Files. Retrieved 2022-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaGoa.htm","url_text":"\"Kingdoms of South Asia - Goa\""}]},{"reference":"Fonseca, José Nicolau da (1878). An Historical and Archæological Sketch of the City of Goa: Preceded by a Short Statistical Account of the Territory of Goa. Thacker & Company, limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MRwoAAAAYAAJ&dq=Henrique+de+Menezes+goa&pg=PA88","url_text":"An Historical and Archæological Sketch of the City of Goa: Preceded by a Short Statistical Account of the Territory of Goa"}]},{"reference":"\"Viceroys and Governors of Portuguese India 1505—1580\". Advocatetanmoy Law Library. 2020-09-09. Retrieved 2022-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://advocatetanmoy.com/2020/09/09/viceroys-and-governors-of-portuguese-india-1505-1580/","url_text":"\"Viceroys and Governors of Portuguese India 1505—1580\""}]},{"reference":"\"D. Henrique de Meneses\". Infopédia. Retrieved 2 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infopedia.pt/apoio/artigos/$d.-henrique-de-meneses","url_text":"\"D. Henrique de Meneses\""}]},{"reference":"Danvers, Frederick Charles (1894). A.D. 1571-1894. W.H. Allen & Company, limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fhNXAAAAMAAJ&dq=Henrique+de+Menezes+goa&pg=PA514","url_text":"A.D. 1571-1894"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://rajbhavan.goa.gov.in/portuguese-governor-generals-view","external_links_name":"\"Portuguese Governor Generals\""},{"Link":"https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaGoa.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kingdoms of South Asia - Goa\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MRwoAAAAYAAJ&dq=Henrique+de+Menezes+goa&pg=PA88","external_links_name":"An Historical and Archæological Sketch of the City of Goa: Preceded by a Short Statistical Account of the Territory of Goa"},{"Link":"https://advocatetanmoy.com/2020/09/09/viceroys-and-governors-of-portuguese-india-1505-1580/","external_links_name":"\"Viceroys and Governors of Portuguese India 1505—1580\""},{"Link":"https://www.infopedia.pt/apoio/artigos/$d.-henrique-de-meneses","external_links_name":"\"D. Henrique de Meneses\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fhNXAAAAMAAJ&dq=Henrique+de+Menezes+goa&pg=PA514","external_links_name":"A.D. 1571-1894"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henrique_de_Meneses&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Linton
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Doug Linton
|
["1 Early life","2 Playing career","2.1 Toronto Blue Jays","2.2 California Angels","2.3 New York Mets","2.4 Kansas City Royals","2.5 Yankees and Twins","2.6 Baltimore Orioles","2.7 Colorado Rockies","2.8 Dodgers, Mets, and Korea","2.9 Atlanta Braves","2.10 Return to the Blue Jays","2.11 Return to the Royals","3 Coaching career","4 References","5 External links"]
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American baseball player (born 1965)
Baseball player
Doug LintonLinton in 1988PitcherBorn: (1965-02-09) February 9, 1965 (age 59)Santa Ana, California, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutAugust 3, 1992, for the Toronto Blue JaysLast MLB appearanceApril 18, 2003, for the Toronto Blue JaysMLB statisticsWin–loss record17–20Earned run average5.78Strikeouts206
Teams
Toronto Blue Jays (1992–1993)
California Angels (1993)
New York Mets (1994)
Kansas City Royals (1995–1996)
Baltimore Orioles (1999)
LG Twins (2002)
Toronto Blue Jays (2003)
Uni-President Lions (2005)
Douglas Warren Linton (born February 9, 1965) is a former professional baseball pitcher. He played all or parts of seven seasons in Major League Baseball between 1992 and 2003 for the Toronto Blue Jays, California Angels, New York Mets, Kansas City Royals, and Baltimore Orioles, mostly as a relief pitcher. He also played one season in the KBO League for the LG Twins in 2002. He is currently the pitching coach for the Colorado Springs Sky Sox.
Early life
Linton attended Canyon High School in Anaheim, California. He attended the University of California, Irvine, where he played college baseball for the Anteaters from 1984–1986.
Playing career
Toronto Blue Jays
Linton was drafted by the Toronto Blue Jays in the 43rd round of the 1986 Major League Baseball draft, signing with the Blue Jays on September 5, 1986. He made his professional baseball debut with the Myrtle Beach Blue Jays of the South Atlantic League in 1987, where he had a very impressive season, earning a 14–2 record and a 1.73 ERA in 21 games. He was promoted to the Knoxville Blue Jays of the Southern League late in the year. He pitched in only one game for Knoxville, allowing three runs in three innings.
Linton spent the 1988 season with the Dunedin Blue Jays of the Florida State League. An injury cut his season short, and he appeared in just twelve games, all in relief. He had a 2–1 record with a 1.63 ERA in 27.2 innings. He split the 1989 season with Dunedin and Knoxville, where he posted a combined record of 6–6 with a 2.68 ERA in 23 games, 14 of them starts.
Linton was promoted to the Syracuse Chiefs of the International League for the 1990 season, where he had a 10–10 record with a 3.40 ERA in 26 starts. He returned to Syracuse in 1991, posting a 10–12 record with a 5.01 ERA in 30 games.
He began the season with the Chiefs once again in 1992, where he had a 12–10 record with a 3.74 ERA in 25 starts, earning a call-up from the Toronto Blue Jays. Linton made his Blue Jays debut on August 3, 1992, where he pitched 3.2 innings out of the bullpen, allowing one run and striking out four as Toronto lost 7–1 to the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park. He made his first major league start on August 13, as Linton pitched eight innings, allowing two runs and striking out four, as the Blue Jays defeated the Baltimore Orioles 4–2 at SkyDome to earn his first major league victory. Linton struggled after that game, allowing 19 earned runs in six innings over four appearances, and was sent back to the Chiefs at the end of August. Linton had a 1–3 record with an 8.62 ERA with Toronto.
Linton began the 1993 season with the Syracuse Chiefs, posting a 2–6 record with them with a 5.36 ERA, as well as playing in four games with Toronto, with a 0–1 record and a 6.55 ERA before being selected off waivers by the California Angels on June 17.
California Angels
He made his Angels debut on June 20, 1993, allowing a run in 1.1 innings pitched as the Chicago White Sox defeated the Angels 11–6 at Anaheim Stadium. He earned his first Angels victory on July 7, pitching a scoreless ninth inning as California defeated the Boston Red Sox 7–6. The Angels released Linton on September 14, at which time Linton had a 2–0 record with a 7.71 ERA in 19 games, all out of the bullpen.
New York Mets
The New York Mets signed Linton on December 17, 1993. Linton made his Mets debut on April 8, 1994 in a 6–3 loss to the Houston Astros at The Astrodome, working out of the bullpen. He made 32 appearances with New York, having a solid record of 6–2 with a 4.47 ERA. In July he was sent to the Norfolk Tides of the International League, where Linton had a 2–1 record with 2.00 ERA.
After the season, Linton became a free agent, and signed with the Kansas City Royals on April 25, 1995.
Kansas City Royals
Linton made his Royals debut working out of the bullpen on April 29, 1995, allowing 3 runs in 3.2 innings as Kansas City lost 10–3 to the New York Yankees at Kauffman Stadium. He made his first Royals start on May 5 against the Chicago White Sox, allowing only one run in eight innings with four strikeouts, however, he had to settle for a no-decision before the Royals won the game in extra innings. Linton was crushed in his next start, allowing ten runs in five innings in a 10–0 loss to the Cleveland Indians. He was sent to the Omaha Royals at the end of May, where he spent the rest of the season, compiling a 7–7 record with a 4.40 ERA in 18 starts. His numbers in Kansas City were 0–1 with a 7.25 ERA in seven games.
After re-signing with Kansas City for the 1996 season, he began the year in Omaha, where he started four games with a 2–1 record and a 4.76 ERA before earning a call-up to Kansas City. Linton set a career high in wins with Kansas City, as he had a 7–9 record with a 5.02 ERA in 21 games and a career high 104 innings pitched. The Royals released Linton on March 4, 1997.
Yankees and Twins
Linton sat out the 1997 season due to injury, then later signed a contract with the New York Yankees on January 26, 1998, however, he was released during spring training on March 14.
Linton next signed a contract with the Minnesota Twins on May 26, and spent the season with the Twins AAA affiliate, the Salt Lake Buzz of the Pacific Coast League. Linton played in 18 games, making 14 starts, as he had a 4–4 record with a 5.99 ERA with the Buzz. He became a free agent after the season.
Baltimore Orioles
On December 17, 1998, Linton signed with the Baltimore Orioles and began the 1999 season with the club making his Orioles debut on April 11, 1999 at Camden Yards, starting against the Toronto Blue Jays. Linton allowed two runs through five innings receiving a no-decision in the Orioles 9–5 loss. He lost his next start, 7–4, also to Toronto at SkyDome, and was demoted first to the Orioles bullpen, then to their Triple-A affiliate, the Rochester Red Wings of the International League. There, he pitched well, compiling a 7–5 record with a 3.65 ERA, earning a promotion back to the O's, finishing the year in Baltimore as a full-time starter pitching his best game on September 4, allowing one run in seven innings as Baltimore defeated the Cleveland Indians 3–1. He finished the year with a 1–4 record and a 5.95 ERA with the Orioles, but was released on December 7.
Colorado Rockies
On February 21, 2000, Linton agreed to a contract with the Colorado Rockies and was sent to their AAA affiliate, the Colorado Springs Sky Sox of the Pacific Coast League at the end of Spring Training, spending the season with the Sky Sox, posting a record of 10–13 with a 5.38 ERA in 28 starts.
Dodgers, Mets, and Korea
Linton signed as a free agent with the Los Angeles Dodgers on January 15, 2001, however, he was released at the end of Spring Training on April 1.
Linton next came back for his second stint in the New York Mets organization, signing as a free agent on May 9, 2001 and was assigned to their AAA affiliate the Norfolk Tides of the International League, compiling a 7–3 record with a 3.21 ERA in 12 starts before being sold to the LG Twins of the Korea Baseball Organization, where he finished the 2001 season.
Atlanta Braves
On January 16, 2002, Linton agreed to a deal with the Atlanta Braves. He would have another very solid season in AAA, where he played for the Richmond Braves of the International League. Despite a 9–11 record, Linton had a very solid ERA of 2.53, as well as 160 strikeouts in 174 innings pitched. He started the Triple A All-Star for the International League against the Pacific Coast League.
Return to the Blue Jays
Linton returned to the Toronto Blue Jays organization as he signed as a free agent on October 23, 2002. He won a job in the Blue Jays bullpen in spring training, and started the year in Toronto. Linton made his return in a Blue Jays uniform on March 31, 2003, when he pitched two scoreless innings in relief as Toronto lost 8–4 to the Yankees. He appeared in seven games with Toronto, having a 0–0 record and a 3.00 ERA in nine innings before being sent to the Syracuse SkyChiefs. In Syracuse, Linton struggled badly, posting a record of 2–10 with a 5.28 ERA in 32 appearances.
Return to the Royals
Linton would sign with the Kansas City Royals on January 16, 2004, and after a start with the Wichita Wranglers of the Texas League in which Linton pitched 5.1 innings, allowing only one run, he was promoted to the Omaha Royals of the Pacific Coast League. In Omaha, Linton had a tough season, going 3–9 with a 7.59 ERA in 27 games. After the season, he announced his retirement from the game.
Coaching career
Linton was formerly the pitching coach for the Asheville TouristsTri-City Dust Devils and Modesto Nuts, and is currently the pitching coach for the Sky Sox. Minor league pitching coordinator for the Colorado Rockies.
References
^ "University of California, Irvine Baseball Players Who Made it to the Major Leagues". Baseball-Almanac.com. Archived from the original on 2006-01-05. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet, or Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Toronto Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays"},{"link_name":"California Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Angels"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"relief pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_pitcher"},{"link_name":"KBO League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBO_League"},{"link_name":"LG Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Twins"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs Sky Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Sky_Sox"}],"text":"Baseball playerDouglas Warren Linton (born February 9, 1965) is a former professional baseball pitcher. He played all or parts of seven seasons in Major League Baseball between 1992 and 2003 for the Toronto Blue Jays, California Angels, New York Mets, Kansas City Royals, and Baltimore Orioles, mostly as a relief pitcher. He also played one season in the KBO League for the LG Twins in 2002. He is currently the pitching coach for the Colorado Springs Sky Sox.","title":"Doug Linton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canyon High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon_High_School_(Anaheim,_California)"},{"link_name":"Anaheim, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim,_California"},{"link_name":"University of California, Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine"},{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"Anteaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Irvine_Anteaters_baseball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irvine-1"}],"text":"Linton attended Canyon High School in Anaheim, California. He attended the University of California, Irvine, where he played college baseball for the Anteaters from 1984–1986.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays"},{"link_name":"1986 Major League Baseball draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"Myrtle Beach Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_Blue_Jays"},{"link_name":"South Atlantic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_League"},{"link_name":"Knoxville Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville_Blue_Jays"},{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_League_(1964%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"Dunedin Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin_Blue_Jays"},{"link_name":"Florida State League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_League"},{"link_name":"starts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starting_pitcher"},{"link_name":"Syracuse Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"International League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_League"},{"link_name":"Toronto Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Fenway Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"SkyDome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyDome"},{"link_name":"earned runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run"},{"link_name":"California Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Angels"}],"sub_title":"Toronto Blue Jays","text":"Linton was drafted by the Toronto Blue Jays in the 43rd round of the 1986 Major League Baseball draft, signing with the Blue Jays on September 5, 1986. He made his professional baseball debut with the Myrtle Beach Blue Jays of the South Atlantic League in 1987, where he had a very impressive season, earning a 14–2 record and a 1.73 ERA in 21 games. He was promoted to the Knoxville Blue Jays of the Southern League late in the year. He pitched in only one game for Knoxville, allowing three runs in three innings.Linton spent the 1988 season with the Dunedin Blue Jays of the Florida State League. An injury cut his season short, and he appeared in just twelve games, all in relief. He had a 2–1 record with a 1.63 ERA in 27.2 innings. He split the 1989 season with Dunedin and Knoxville, where he posted a combined record of 6–6 with a 2.68 ERA in 23 games, 14 of them starts.Linton was promoted to the Syracuse Chiefs of the International League for the 1990 season, where he had a 10–10 record with a 3.40 ERA in 26 starts. He returned to Syracuse in 1991, posting a 10–12 record with a 5.01 ERA in 30 games.He began the season with the Chiefs once again in 1992, where he had a 12–10 record with a 3.74 ERA in 25 starts, earning a call-up from the Toronto Blue Jays. Linton made his Blue Jays debut on August 3, 1992, where he pitched 3.2 innings out of the bullpen, allowing one run and striking out four as Toronto lost 7–1 to the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park. He made his first major league start on August 13, as Linton pitched eight innings, allowing two runs and striking out four, as the Blue Jays defeated the Baltimore Orioles 4–2 at SkyDome to earn his first major league victory. Linton struggled after that game, allowing 19 earned runs in six innings over four appearances, and was sent back to the Chiefs at the end of August. Linton had a 1–3 record with an 8.62 ERA with Toronto.Linton began the 1993 season with the Syracuse Chiefs, posting a 2–6 record with them with a 5.36 ERA, as well as playing in four games with Toronto, with a 0–1 record and a 6.55 ERA before being selected off waivers by the California Angels on June 17.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Anaheim Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaheim_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"}],"sub_title":"California Angels","text":"He made his Angels debut on June 20, 1993, allowing a run in 1.1 innings pitched as the Chicago White Sox defeated the Angels 11–6 at Anaheim Stadium. He earned his first Angels victory on July 7, pitching a scoreless ninth inning as California defeated the Boston Red Sox 7–6. The Angels released Linton on September 14, at which time Linton had a 2–0 record with a 7.71 ERA in 19 games, all out of the bullpen.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"The Astrodome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Astrodome"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Tides"},{"link_name":"International League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_League"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"}],"sub_title":"New York Mets","text":"The New York Mets signed Linton on December 17, 1993. Linton made his Mets debut on April 8, 1994 in a 6–3 loss to the Houston Astros at The Astrodome, working out of the bullpen. He made 32 appearances with New York, having a solid record of 6–2 with a 4.47 ERA. In July he was sent to the Norfolk Tides of the International League, where Linton had a 2–1 record with 2.00 ERA.After the season, Linton became a free agent, and signed with the Kansas City Royals on April 25, 1995.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Kauffman Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauffman_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"Omaha Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_Royals"}],"sub_title":"Kansas City Royals","text":"Linton made his Royals debut working out of the bullpen on April 29, 1995, allowing 3 runs in 3.2 innings as Kansas City lost 10–3 to the New York Yankees at Kauffman Stadium. He made his first Royals start on May 5 against the Chicago White Sox, allowing only one run in eight innings with four strikeouts, however, he had to settle for a no-decision before the Royals won the game in extra innings. Linton was crushed in his next start, allowing ten runs in five innings in a 10–0 loss to the Cleveland Indians. He was sent to the Omaha Royals at the end of May, where he spent the rest of the season, compiling a 7–7 record with a 4.40 ERA in 18 starts. His numbers in Kansas City were 0–1 with a 7.25 ERA in seven games.After re-signing with Kansas City for the 1996 season, he began the year in Omaha, where he started four games with a 2–1 record and a 4.76 ERA before earning a call-up to Kansas City. Linton set a career high in wins with Kansas City, as he had a 7–9 record with a 5.02 ERA in 21 games and a career high 104 innings pitched. The Royals released Linton on March 4, 1997.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"spring training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_training"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake Buzz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_Buzz"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League"}],"sub_title":"Yankees and Twins","text":"Linton sat out the 1997 season due to injury, then later signed a contract with the New York Yankees on January 26, 1998, however, he was released during spring training on March 14.Linton next signed a contract with the Minnesota Twins on May 26, and spent the season with the Twins AAA affiliate, the Salt Lake Buzz of the Pacific Coast League. Linton played in 18 games, making 14 starts, as he had a 4–4 record with a 5.99 ERA with the Buzz. He became a free agent after the season.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"Camden Yards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Yards"},{"link_name":"Rochester Red Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Red_Wings"},{"link_name":"International League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_League"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"}],"sub_title":"Baltimore Orioles","text":"On December 17, 1998, Linton signed with the Baltimore Orioles and began the 1999 season with the club making his Orioles debut on April 11, 1999 at Camden Yards, starting against the Toronto Blue Jays. Linton allowed two runs through five innings receiving a no-decision in the Orioles 9–5 loss. He lost his next start, 7–4, also to Toronto at SkyDome, and was demoted first to the Orioles bullpen, then to their Triple-A affiliate, the Rochester Red Wings of the International League. There, he pitched well, compiling a 7–5 record with a 3.65 ERA, earning a promotion back to the O's, finishing the year in Baltimore as a full-time starter pitching his best game on September 4, allowing one run in seven innings as Baltimore defeated the Cleveland Indians 3–1. He finished the year with a 1–4 record and a 5.95 ERA with the Orioles, but was released on December 7.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colorado Rockies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rockies"},{"link_name":"Colorado Springs Sky Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Springs_Sky_Sox"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League"}],"sub_title":"Colorado Rockies","text":"On February 21, 2000, Linton agreed to a contract with the Colorado Rockies and was sent to their AAA affiliate, the Colorado Springs Sky Sox of the Pacific Coast League at the end of Spring Training, spending the season with the Sky Sox, posting a record of 10–13 with a 5.38 ERA in 28 starts.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Tides"},{"link_name":"International League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_League"},{"link_name":"LG Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Twins"},{"link_name":"Korea Baseball Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Baseball_Organization"}],"sub_title":"Dodgers, Mets, and Korea","text":"Linton signed as a free agent with the Los Angeles Dodgers on January 15, 2001, however, he was released at the end of Spring Training on April 1.Linton next came back for his second stint in the New York Mets organization, signing as a free agent on May 9, 2001 and was assigned to their AAA affiliate the Norfolk Tides of the International League, compiling a 7–3 record with a 3.21 ERA in 12 starts before being sold to the LG Twins of the Korea Baseball Organization, where he finished the 2001 season.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"Richmond Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Braves"},{"link_name":"International League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_League"}],"sub_title":"Atlanta Braves","text":"On January 16, 2002, Linton agreed to a deal with the Atlanta Braves. He would have another very solid season in AAA, where he played for the Richmond Braves of the International League. Despite a 9–11 record, Linton had a very solid ERA of 2.53, as well as 160 strikeouts in 174 innings pitched. He started the Triple A All-Star for the International League against the Pacific Coast League.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays"},{"link_name":"Syracuse SkyChiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_SkyChiefs"}],"sub_title":"Return to the Blue Jays","text":"Linton returned to the Toronto Blue Jays organization as he signed as a free agent on October 23, 2002. He won a job in the Blue Jays bullpen in spring training, and started the year in Toronto. Linton made his return in a Blue Jays uniform on March 31, 2003, when he pitched two scoreless innings in relief as Toronto lost 8–4 to the Yankees. He appeared in seven games with Toronto, having a 0–0 record and a 3.00 ERA in nine innings before being sent to the Syracuse SkyChiefs. In Syracuse, Linton struggled badly, posting a record of 2–10 with a 5.28 ERA in 32 appearances.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"},{"link_name":"Wichita Wranglers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_Wranglers"},{"link_name":"Texas League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_League"},{"link_name":"Omaha Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_Royals"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League"}],"sub_title":"Return to the Royals","text":"Linton would sign with the Kansas City Royals on January 16, 2004, and after a start with the Wichita Wranglers of the Texas League in which Linton pitched 5.1 innings, allowing only one run, he was promoted to the Omaha Royals of the Pacific Coast League. In Omaha, Linton had a tough season, going 3–9 with a 7.59 ERA in 27 games. After the season, he announced his retirement from the game.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tri-City Dust Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-City_Dust_Devils"},{"link_name":"Modesto Nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modesto_Nuts"}],"text":"Linton was formerly the pitching coach for the Asheville TouristsTri-City Dust Devils and Modesto Nuts, and is currently the pitching coach for the Sky Sox. Minor league pitching coordinator for the Colorado Rockies.","title":"Coaching career"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"University of California, Irvine Baseball Players Who Made it to the Major Leagues\". Baseball-Almanac.com. Archived from the original on 2006-01-05. Retrieved 14 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060105141703/http://baseball-almanac.com/college/university_of_california_irvine_baseball_players.shtml","url_text":"\"University of California, Irvine Baseball Players Who Made it to the Major Leagues\""},{"url":"http://www.baseball-almanac.com/college/university_of_california_irvine_baseball_players.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060105141703/http://baseball-almanac.com/college/university_of_california_irvine_baseball_players.shtml","external_links_name":"\"University of California, Irvine Baseball Players Who Made it to the Major Leagues\""},{"Link":"http://www.baseball-almanac.com/college/university_of_california_irvine_baseball_players.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/l/lintodo01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=linton001dou","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/L/Plintd001.htm","external_links_name":"Retrosheet"},{"Link":"http://www.pelotabinaria.com.ve/beisbol/mostrar.php?ID=lintdou001","external_links_name":"Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Crawford_(soldier)
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Patrick Crawford (soldier)
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["1 References","2 Bibliography"]
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Scottish soldier
Patrick CrawfordDied1614Isla, ScotlandNationalityScottishOccupation(s)Soldier, settler
Patrick Crawford (died 1614) was a Scottish soldier who settled, and became a landowner, in Ireland.
In 1608 Crawford commanded a force of Scottish troops at Strabane and Lifford who following Sir Cahir O'Doherty's Burning of Derry, helped defeat what became known as O'Doherty's Rebellion. For his service, he was awarded 1,000 acres of land near Kilmacrennan in County Donegal, qualifying as a servitor. There was some resentment of land been given to Crawford and another Scot William Stewart ahead of English and Irish veterans of the Nine Years' War, but they received the backing of James I.
In 1614 Crawford led a force to suppress a rebellion on the isle of Isla off the Scottish Coast, and was killed during fighting there.
References
^ Bardon p.157
^ Bardon p.157
Bibliography
Bardon, Jonathan. The Plantation of Ulster. Gill & MacMillan, 2012.
Bradley, Jim & Dooher, John. The fair river valley: Strabane through the ages. Ulster Historical Foundation, 2000.
This Scottish biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Crawford_(soldier)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Payn
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Bill Payn
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["1 Personal","2 Rugby","3 Other sport participation","4 References"]
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Not to be confused with Bill Payne.
South African rugby union player
Rugby playerBill PaynFull nameCecil PaynDate of birth(1893-08-09)9 August 1893Place of birthHarding, Natal, South AfricaDate of death31 October 1959(1959-10-31) (aged 66)Place of deathDurban, Natal, South AfricaRugby union careerPosition(s)
FlankerProvincial / State sidesYears
Team
Apps
(Points)
Natal
59
()International careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)1924
South Africa
2
Cecil "Bill" Payn (9 August 1893 - 31 October 1959), born in Harding, Colony of Natal, was a Springbok rugby player. He matriculated at Maritzburg College in Pietermaritzburg, Natal, South Africa. He played as a flanker. He was more commonly known as "Bill". He died in Durban, Natal, South Africa.
Personal
He was born to James and Ellie (née Zietsman). He was a school teacher and married Winifred Ashton. Payn taught at Durban High School from 1915 to 1953. During world war two he was captured in Benghazi, Libya and served time in the Prisoner of War camps in Italy and Poland.
Rugby
He played rugby for Natal and the Springboks. He made his International South Africa test debut on 16 August 1924, on the Kingsmead stadium in Durban, Natal South Africa playing as a flanker. This was a game between the Springboks and Great Britain. The Springboks won 7–3. He went on to play the next test against Great Britain as well, which was also his last. Payn's last test we played on 23 August 1924 at the Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg, Transvaal, South Africa. The Springboks won 17–0.
Other sport participation
He was a right arm slow bowler, who played cricket for his Province Natal. He ran the Comrades Ultra Marathon in 1922, and came 8th in this race, which was an up run held on 24 May 1922. His finishing time for the 90 km was 10:56:00. He ran the race in his rugby boots.
References
^ "Comrades Legend Springbok and war veteran, The remarkable Bill Payn". Observation Post. 15 April 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
^ Hill, M. (16 March 2010). "DHS celebrates a centenary of Rugby". Natal Witness. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
^ Goldstone, C. (23 August 2008). "Nothing gets the blood up like School Rugby". Cape Argus. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
^ "Cecil Payn". Retrieved 17 July 2019.
^ "Great Britain tour 16 August 1924". Retrieved 17 July 2019.
^ "Great Britain tour 23 August 1924". Retrieved 17 July 2019.
^ "Cecil Payn". Cricket Archive. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
^ "The Springbok rugby player with a top ten Comrades finish". The Author, Inc. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
^ "Bill Payn". Retrieved 17 July 2019.
^ "Comrades marathon". Retrieved 17 July 2018.
|
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|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Ajuru_University_of_Education
|
Ignatius Ajuru University of Education
|
["1 History of Ignatius Ajuru University of Education","2 Programmes","3 Faculties","4 Departments","5 Photo Gallery","6 References"]
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University in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
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Ignatius Ajuru University of EducationEstablishedOctober 20, 2009ChairmanMrs Hope K. Kue-IkoroVice-ChancellorProfessor Okechuku OnuchukuLocationRumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, NigeriaWebsitehttps://www.iauoe.edu.ng/Home/index
Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, (IAUE) is a Nigerian university, it was previously known as Rivers State College of Education from June 1971- October 2009.
History of Ignatius Ajuru University of Education
Source:
Administrative Building
Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, (IAUE) was previously known as Rivers State College of Education from June 1971- October 2009.
Rivers State College of Education was created as an autonomous body With the College reaching an attainment of full maturity, as it became well placed to play a more dynamic role to the society. The sole purpose of establishing the college with a Governing Council which is responsible for the recruitment of staff and for the general and overall administrative and financial control of the institution. Following the transformation, Mr. E. Aguma, who was appointed Principal in January 1975, became the first Provost of the College while Dr. E.T. Green succeeded Mr. Alagoa as the Chairman of Council in June 1975. After an interregnum was created by the change of Government in the country in July 1975, a new Governing Council with Dr. F.A. Eke, as Chairman, and a new Provost, Mr. R.I.C. Koko, were appointed in November of the same year.
The first provost of the then college was Mr. E. Aguma in 1975 after the college was conferred as an autonomous body following successive transformations in the college at the time.
The college moved to its permanent site at Rumuolumeni in January,1977 although some essential facilities were still lacking on the campus. This bold step was a definite milestone in the life of the institution, because physical presence on the spot has placed it in a better position to make further plans for its continued growth and improvement of existing facilities. A unique event in the history of the College occurred on 11th March 1978 on the occasion of its official opening and first graduation ceremony of 462 students, who received their diplomas on the successful completion of the Nigeria Certificate in Education (NCE) programme, consisting of four sets who passed their diploma exams between 1974 and 1977. On May 28, 1982, the College happily matriculated the pioneer students of the degree programme. By the end of the 1983/1984 academic session, a total of 3,169 students had successfully passed through the various programmes of the College. Out of the total figure, 2,504 students went through the NCE Programme, 531 students passed through the ACE programme and 134 students in the B. Ed. programme. It is of worthy to note that, out of all the Colleges of Education affiliated to the University of Ibadan, Rivers State College of Education was the only one offering the Bachelor of Education degree programme.
Main Gate
By 1980, the Government declared her intention to initiate degree programmes in educational fields through Colleges of Education and the Rivers State Government decided to sponsor the programme in order to increase the number of teachers in the State. Prof. G.O.M. Tasie was appointed Provost of the College and was taxed with the duty of upgrading the college to a degree-awarding institution. The 1981/82 academic year witnessed the actual admission of candidates for degree programmes in Rivers State College of Education after his appointment. Note that, of all the Colleges of Education affiliated to the University of Ibadan, Rivers State College of Education was the only one offering the Bachelor of Education degree programme. The Rivers State Government decided to convert Rivers State College of Education to a University in 2009 to further provide opportunities for high quality education for Nigerians especially indigenes of the State. Given that the college had for a long time been awarding degrees in affiliation with the University of Ibadan, the transition from a college of education to a university should be easy for the institution. In addition, many graduates of the extinct Rivers State College of Education yearned to improve their academic qualifications through the acquisition of university degrees, preferably within the environment they were acclimatized to. Ignatius Ajuru University of Education was established by the University of Education Law No. 8 of 2009 of the Rivers State Government passed by the Rivers State House of Assembly on 15 October 2009 and was approved by His Excellency, Chief Rotimi Amaechi, the then Executive Governor of Rivers State on 20 October 2009. IAUE became the second state-owned University. The current Vice-Chancellor of IAUE is Prof. Okey Onuchukwu
Programmes
Ignatius Ajuru University of Education offer the following programmes:
Basic Studies
Post Graduate School
College of Continuing Education
Faculties
Faculty of Education
There are currently six faculties of study in the University.
Faculty of Humanities
Faculty of Social Sciences
Faculty of Education
Faculty of Business Studies (Management Sciences)
Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences
Faculty of Vocational and Technical Education
Departments
FACULTY OF BUSINESS STUDIES (MANAGEMENT SCIENCES)
Department of Accounting (PGD, MSc, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Financial Accounting
Public Finance
Taxation
Department of Management (PGD, MSc, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Entrepreneurship Studies
Human Resource Management
Industrial Relations
Organizational Behaviour
Production Management
Department of Marketing (PGD, MSc, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Marketing
Department of Office and Information Management (PGD, MSc, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Office and Information Management
FACULTY OF EDUCATION
Department of Curriculum Studies and Instructional Technology (MEd, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Adult Education
Curriculum Studies
Educational Technology
Language Education
Library and Information Science (BLS, PGDL, MLS MPHIL/PhD and PhD)
Science Education
Department of Educational Foundations (MEd, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
History and Policy of Education
Philosophy of Education
Sociology of Education
Department of Educational Management (MEd, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Administration of Higher Education
Economics of Education
Educational Administration
Educational Leadership and Policy
Educational Planning
Department of Primary Education Studies (MEd, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Early Childhood Education
Primary Education
Department of Educational Psychology, Guidance and Counselling (MEd, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Educational Psychology
Guidance and Counselling
Measurement and Evaluation
Special EducationDame Patience Goodluck Jonathan Automated Library
Department of Library and Information Science (PGDL, MLS, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Library and Information Science
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES
Department of English and Communication Art (PGD, MA, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Communication
Language
Literature
Department of Fine and Applied Arts (PGD, MA, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Art Education
Art History
Ceramics and Textile Design
Graphic Design and Art Education
Metal Design
Painting
Sculpture
Department of French and International Studies (PGD, MA, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
African Literature
French Language/Linguistics
French Literature
Translation Studies
Department of Religious and Cultural Studies (PGD, MA, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
African Traditional Religion
Biblical Studies
Church History
Comparative Religion
Sociology of Religion
Department of History and Diplomatic Studies (PGD, MA, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
African History
Diplomacy and International Relations
History and International Relations
Political and Social History
Department of Music (PGD, MA, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
African Music
Conducting and Music Directing
Music Performance
Theory and Composition
FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Department of Biology (PGD, MSc, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Entomology and Pest Management
Environmental Biology
Environmental Parasitology
Food and Industrial Microbiology
Hydrobiology and Fisheries
Plant Ecology
Plant Physiology
Department of Chemistry (PGD, MSc, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Analytical Chemistry
Environmental Chemistry
Department of Computer Science (PGD, MSc, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Computer Science
Information Technology
Department of Human Kinetics, Health and Safety Studies (PGD, MSc, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Community Health
Exercise Physiology
Occupational Health and Safety
Rehabilitation Therapy
Reproductive Health
Sports Administration and Marketing
Sports Management
Sports Medicine
Sociology of Sports
Department of Integrated Science (PGD, MSc, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Basic and Environmental Science
Basic Interpretations
Department of Mathematics and Statistics (PGD, MSc, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Mathematics
Statistics
Department of Physics (PGD, MSc, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Applied Geophysics
Environmental and Radiation Physics
Solid State Physics/Electronics
Theoretical Physics
FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Department of Economics (PGD, MSc, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Developmental Economics/Planning
Environmental Economics
International Economics
Monetary Economics
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies (PGD, MSc, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Environmental Management
Geomorphology
Regional Development Planning
Rural Development and Resource Management
Department of Sociology (PGD, MSc, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Criminology and Security Studies
Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management
Peace and Conflict Studies
Sociology of Development
Social Works and Social Welfare Administration
Department of Political Science (PGD, MSc, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Developmental Studies
International Relations
Local Government Administration
Politics and Governance
Political Theory
Public Administration
FACULTY OF VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION (PGD, MSc, MSc.Ed, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Economics
Agricultural Education
Agricultural Extension
Agronomy
Animal Production
Crop Science
Fisheries and Aquaculture
Soil Science
Department of Home Economics and Hospitality Management (PGD, MSc, MSc.Ed Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Clothing and Textile
Food and Nutrition
Home Management
Human and Family Development
Department of Industrial Technical Education (PGD, MSc, MSc.Ed, Mphil/PhD and PhD)
Automobile Technology
Building Technology
Electrical/Electronics Technology
Mechanical Technology
Photo Gallery
The statue of a mother breast-feeding a child
Wikipedia Training Session, IAUOE
Wikipedia T-shirt for IAUOE
References
^ "IAUE |About". www.iauoe.edu.ng. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
^ "ICTC :: Home". www.iauoe.edu.ng. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
^ "IAUE |About_Page2". www.iauoe.edu.ng. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
^ "IAUE |About_Page2". www.iauoe.edu.ng. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
^ "Nigeria Certificate In Education (NCE) – Corona College of Education". Retrieved 4 March 2022.
^ "Wike appoints VC for Ignatius Ajuru varsity". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 19 November 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
^ Valentine, Mbadinuju. "LIST OF POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMMES AND DEPARTMENT in IAUE". Retrieved 18 August 2019.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
|
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Aguma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vanguardngr.com/2018/08/rivers-state-mourns-passage-of-attorney-general-emmanuel-aguma/"},{"link_name":"additional citation(s) needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rumuolumeni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nigerianeye.com/2014/11/the-decay-in-infracstructures-in.html"},{"link_name":"occurred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occurrence_of_thorium"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"University of Ibadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ibadan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Main_Gate,_Ignatius_Ajuru_UOE.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Ibadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ibadan"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Rivers State Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Rivers_State"},{"link_name":"Nigerians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerians"},{"link_name":"Rotimi Amaechi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotimi_Amaechi"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Source:[1]Administrative BuildingIgnatius Ajuru University of Education, (IAUE) was previously known as Rivers State College of Education from June 1971- October 2009.[2]Rivers State College of Education was created as an autonomous body With the College reaching an attainment of full maturity, as it became well placed to play a more dynamic role to the society. The sole purpose of establishing the college with a Governing Council which is responsible for the recruitment of staff and for the general and overall administrative and financial control of the institution. Following the transformation, Mr. E. Aguma, who was appointed Principal in January 1975, became the first Provost of the College[additional citation(s) needed][3] while Dr. E.T. Green succeeded Mr. Alagoa as the Chairman of Council in June 1975. After an interregnum was created by the change of Government in the country in July 1975, a new Governing Council with Dr. F.A. Eke, as Chairman, and a new Provost, Mr. R.I.C. Koko, were appointed in November of the same year.[4]The first provost of the then college was Mr. E. Aguma in 1975 after the college was conferred as an autonomous body following successive transformations in the college at the time.The college moved to its permanent site at Rumuolumeni in January,1977 although some essential facilities were still lacking on the campus. This bold step was a definite milestone in the life of the institution, because physical presence on the spot has placed it in a better position to make further plans for its continued growth and improvement of existing facilities. A unique event in the history of the College occurred on 11th March 1978 on the occasion of its official opening and first graduation ceremony of 462 students, who received their diplomas on the successful completion of the Nigeria Certificate in Education (NCE) programme,[5] consisting of four sets who passed their diploma exams between 1974 and 1977. On May 28, 1982, the College happily matriculated the pioneer students of the degree programme. By the end of the 1983/1984 academic session, a total of 3,169 students had successfully passed through the various programmes of the College. Out of the total figure, 2,504 students went through the NCE Programme, 531 students passed through the ACE programme and 134 students in the B. Ed. programme. It is of worthy to note that, out of all the Colleges of Education affiliated to the University of Ibadan, Rivers State College of Education was the only one offering the Bachelor of Education degree programme.Main GateBy 1980, the Government declared her intention to initiate degree programmes in educational fields through Colleges of Education and the Rivers State Government decided to sponsor the programme in order to increase the number of teachers in the State. Prof. G.O.M. Tasie was appointed Provost of the College and was taxed with the duty of upgrading the college to a degree-awarding institution. The 1981/82 academic year witnessed the actual admission of candidates for degree programmes in Rivers State College of Education after his appointment. Note that, of all the Colleges of Education affiliated to the University of Ibadan, Rivers State College of Education was the only one offering the Bachelor of Education degree programme. The Rivers State Government decided to convert Rivers State College of Education to a University in 2009 to further provide opportunities for high quality education for Nigerians especially indigenes of the State. Given that the college had for a long time been awarding degrees in affiliation with the University of Ibadan, the transition from a college of education to a university should be easy for the institution. In addition, many graduates of the extinct Rivers State College of Education yearned to improve their academic qualifications through the acquisition of university degrees, preferably within the environment they were acclimatized to. Ignatius Ajuru University of Education was established by the University of Education Law No. 8 of 2009 of the Rivers State Government passed by the Rivers State House of Assembly on 15 October 2009 and was approved by His Excellency, Chief Rotimi Amaechi, the then Executive Governor of Rivers State on 20 October 2009. IAUE became the second state-owned University. The current Vice-Chancellor of IAUE is Prof. Okey Onuchukwu[6]","title":"History of Ignatius Ajuru University of Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Post Graduate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_school"},{"link_name":"Continuing Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_education"}],"text":"Ignatius Ajuru University of Education offer the following programmes:Basic Studies\nPost Graduate School\nCollege of Continuing Education","title":"Programmes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faculty_of_Education,_Ignatius_Ajuru_UOE.jpg"},{"link_name":"Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"Business Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_studies"},{"link_name":"Technical 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and Information Science (PGDL, MLS, Mphil/PhD and PhD)Library and Information ScienceFACULTY OF HUMANITIESDepartment of English and Communication Art (PGD, MA, Mphil/PhD and PhD)Communication\nLanguage\nLiteratureDepartment of Fine and Applied Arts (PGD, MA, Mphil/PhD and PhD)Art Education\nArt History\nCeramics and Textile Design\nGraphic Design and Art Education\nMetal Design\nPainting\nSculptureDepartment of French and International Studies (PGD, MA, Mphil/PhD and PhD)African Literature\nFrench Language/Linguistics\nFrench Literature\nTranslation StudiesDepartment of Religious and Cultural Studies (PGD, MA, Mphil/PhD and PhD)African Traditional Religion\nBiblical Studies\nChurch History\nComparative Religion\nSociology of ReligionDepartment of History and Diplomatic Studies (PGD, MA, Mphil/PhD and PhD)African History\nDiplomacy and International Relations\nHistory and International Relations\nPolitical and Social HistoryDepartment of Music (PGD, MA, Mphil/PhD and PhD)African 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Technology[7]","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mother_breast-feeding_Child,_Ignatius_Ajuru_UOE.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_9.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_6.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_T-shirt,_Ignatius_Ajuru_UOE.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_13.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_15.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_8.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_12.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Training_IAUOE,_Port_Harcourt,_Nigeria_5.jpg"}],"text":"The statue of a mother breast-feeding a child\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWikipedia Training Session, IAUOE\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWikipedia T-shirt for IAUOE","title":"Photo Gallery"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Ja%C5%A1kin
|
Dmitrij Jaškin
|
["1 Early life","2 Playing career","3 Career statistics","3.1 Regular season and playoffs","3.2 International","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Czech ice hockey player (born 1993)
Ice hockey player
Dmitrij Jaškin
Jaškin with the St. Louis Blues in 2013Born
(1993-03-23) 23 March 1993 (age 31)Omsk, RussiaHeight
6 ft 2 in (188 cm)Weight
196 lb (89 kg; 14 st 0 lb)Position
Right wingShoots
LeftKHL teamFormer teams
Ak Bars KazanSlavia PrahaSt. Louis BluesWashington CapitalsDynamo MoscowArizona CoyotesSKA Saint PetersburgNational team
Czech RepublicNHL draft
41st overall, 2011St. Louis BluesPlaying career
2010–present
Dmitrij Alexejevič Jaškin (Russian: Дмитрий Алексеевич Яшкин; born 23 March 1993) is a Russian-born Czech professional ice hockey player currently playing with Ak Bars Kazan of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He played five seasons for the St Louis Blues and one season with the Washington Capitals and Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL). Jaškin was selected first overall in the 2010 KHL Junior Draft by Sibir Novosibirsk, and was drafted by the Blues in the second round, 41st overall, in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft.
Early life
His father, Alexej Jaškin, was a professional defenceman for Khimik Voskresensk in the Soviet Championship League and later Vsetín in the Czech Extraliga. Dmitrij and his older brother Michail started in the Vsetín youth system while their father played there, and they both transferred to Slavia Praha in 2008. The family has lived in the Czech Republic since 1993, when Dmitrij was eight months old.
Jaskin as a member of the Moncton Wildcats
Playing career
He first played professionally for Slavia Praha of the Czech Extraliga for two seasons. Jaškin could have played in the 2011 IIHF World U20 Championship, but suffered a knee injury in an Extraliga game on 21 November, which sidelined him for six weeks and caused him to miss the tournament. He registered 10 points in 33 Extraliga games during the season as a 17-year-old, ranking him second among junior-aged players in the league.
After being selected by the Moncton Wildcats in the 2012 CHL Import Draft, Jaškin announced that he would play for the QMJHL team in the 2012–13 season in order to increase his chances of playing in the NHL.
On 3 April 2013, he signed a three-year, entry-level contract with the St. Louis Blues, and was assigned to the Chicago Wolves. He was recalled to the Blues roster on 9 April.
During the 2013–14 season, on 28 December 2013, he scored his first NHL goal against Antti Raanta of the Chicago Blackhawks. On 3 July 2015, the Blues re-signed him to a one-year deal. Following 2015–16 season, on 16 June 2016, Jaškin re-signed with the Blues to a two-year, $2 million deal.
On 2 October 2018, Jaškin was claimed off waivers by the Washington Capitals.
Jaškin as a free agent from the Capitals, opted to pause his NHL career and returned to Russia in signing a one-year deal with HC Dynamo Moscow of the KHL on 22 August 2019. Making his KHL debut in the 2019–20 season and benefiting from an increased role with Dynamo, Jaškin was leaned on offensively recording 63 points in 58 regular season games. His 31 goals set a new franchise single KHL season record and he was signed to an improved two-year contract extension on 17 April 2020.
After two highly productive seasons with HC Dynamo Moscow, Jaškin returned to North America as a free agent, agreeing to a lucurative one-year, $3.2 million contract with the Arizona Coyotes on July 28, 2021. Jaškin continued to struggle to make an impact at the NHL level with a poorly performing Coyotes team. Through his first 12 games, he registered a single assist before suffering an injury in a game against the Nashville Predators on November 13. Following an illegal hit by Predators defenseman Mark Borowiecki, he was expected to be out of action long-term and was placed on the injured reserve. Ultimately Jaškin did not appear in another game with the Coyotes.
As a free agent, Jaškin returned to the KHL and was signed to a one-year contract after his rights were traded from Dynamo Moscow to SKA Saint Petersburg on 25 July 2022. Named as team captain for the 2022–23 season, Jaškin returned to his previous goal scoring form, leading the league with 40 goals and in points across the regular and post-season.
On 7 June 2023, Jaškin as the top tier free agent of the league was signed to a three-year contract with SKA competitor club, Ak Bars Kazan.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
Regular season
Playoffs
Season
Team
League
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
2007–08
Vsetínská hokejová
CZE U18
40
15
25
40
72
2
2
0
2
6
2008–09
HC Slavia Praha
CZE U18
46
28
19
47
34
9
6
2
8
8
2009–10
HC Slavia Praha
CZE U18
12
15
12
27
36
2
1
3
4
4
2009–10
HC Slavia Praha
CZE U20
40
13
10
23
67
7
2
5
7
26
2010–11
HC Slavia Praha
CZE U20
1
0
0
0
0
2
2
3
5
2
2010–11
HC Slavia Praha
ELH
33
3
7
10
16
17
2
1
3
31
2011–12
HC Slavia Praha
CZE U20
10
6
11
17
12
2
1
3
4
14
2011–12
HC Slavia Praha
ELH
30
1
1
2
16
—
—
—
—
—
2011–12
HC Berounští Medvědi
Czech.1
10
2
6
8
16
—
—
—
—
—
2012–13
Moncton Wildcats
QMJHL
51
46
53
99
73
5
1
2
3
16
2012–13
St. Louis Blues
NHL
2
0
0
0
0
—
—
—
—
—
2013–14
Chicago Wolves
AHL
42
15
14
29
28
9
4
5
9
10
2013–14
St. Louis Blues
NHL
18
1
1
2
8
—
—
—
—
—
2014–15
St. Louis Blues
NHL
54
13
5
18
16
6
0
1
1
2
2015–16
St. Louis Blues
NHL
65
4
9
13
26
6
1
1
2
5
2015–16
Chicago Wolves
AHL
3
1
1
2
4
—
—
—
—
—
2016–17
St. Louis Blues
NHL
51
1
10
11
18
2
1
0
1
4
2017–18
St. Louis Blues
NHL
76
6
11
17
14
—
—
—
—
—
2018–19
Washington Capitals
NHL
37
2
6
8
6
—
—
—
—
—
2019–20
Dynamo Moscow
KHL
58
31
32
63
75
6
3
3
6
6
2020–21
Dynamo Moscow
KHL
59
38
22
60
52
10
5
3
8
12
2021–22
Arizona Coyotes
NHL
12
0
1
1
4
—
—
—
—
—
2022–23
SKA Saint Petersburg
KHL
67
40
22
62
48
14
5
2
7
16
2023–24
Ak Bars Kazan
KHL
36
18
6
24
28
4
1
1
2
4
NHL totals
315
27
43
70
92
14
2
2
4
11
KHL totals
220
127
82
209
203
34
14
9
23
38
International
Year
Team
Event
Result
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
2010
Czech Republic
IH18
4th
5
3
4
7
0
2011
Czech Republic
U18
8th
6
4
1
5
10
2012
Czech Republic
WJC
5th
6
1
1
2
4
2013
Czech Republic
WJC
5th
6
3
3
6
12
2016
Czech Republic
WCH
6th
3
0
0
0
0
2018
Czech Republic
WC
7th
8
4
3
7
10
2019
Czech Republic
WC
4th
10
2
2
4
14
Junior totals
18
8
5
13
26
Senior totals
21
6
5
11
24
See also
List of first overall KHL draft picks
References
^ a b "Jaskin Signs 3-Year Entry-Level Contract". National Hockey League. 3 April 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
^ "Czech Hockey Report: Jaškin out, Frk added to preliminary WJC roster". czechhockeyreport.com. 2 November 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
^ "Complete statistics". Hokej.cz. 2 October 2011. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
^ "Jaškin: "I want to go to Canada"". CzechHockeyReport.com. 1 June 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
^ "Blues Recall Jaskin from Peoria". National Hockey League. 9 April 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
^ Tucker, Cam (3 July 2015). "Blues re-sign Jaskin to one-year contract". nbcsports.com. NBCSports. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
^ The Associated Press (16 June 2016). "Blues re-sign forward Dmitrij Jaskin to two-year deal". Sportsnet.ca. St. Louis: Sportsnet. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
^ "Capitals Claim Dmitrij Jaskin". NHL.com. 2 October 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
^ "Dmitrij Jaskin joins Dynamo Moscow". en.khl.ru. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
^ "New contract for Dmitrij Jaskin" (in Russian). Dynamo Moscow. 17 April 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ "Coyotes sign Jaškin to one-year contract". Arizona Coyotes. 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
^ "Coyotes' Dmitrij Jaskin: Expected to be out long term". CBS Sports. 14 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
^ "Dmitri Jaskin is in SKA" (in Russian). SKA Saint Petersburg. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
^ "Dmitry Jaskin moves to Ak Bars" (in Russian). Ak Bars Kazan. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
External links
Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Ak Bars Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak_Bars_Kazan"},{"link_name":"Kontinental Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"St Louis Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Blues"},{"link_name":"Washington Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Capitals"},{"link_name":"Arizona Coyotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Coyotes"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"2010 KHL Junior Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_KHL_Junior_Draft"},{"link_name":"Sibir Novosibirsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_Sibir_Novosibirsk"},{"link_name":"2011 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-signed-1"}],"text":"Ice hockey playerDmitrij Alexejevič Jaškin (Russian: Дмитрий Алексеевич Яшкин; born 23 March 1993) is a Russian-born Czech professional ice hockey player currently playing with Ak Bars Kazan of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He played five seasons for the St Louis Blues and one season with the Washington Capitals and Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL). Jaškin was selected first overall in the 2010 KHL Junior Draft by Sibir Novosibirsk, and was drafted by the Blues in the second round, 41st overall, in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft.[1]","title":"Dmitrij Jaškin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexej Jaškin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexej_Ja%C5%A1kin"},{"link_name":"Khimik Voskresensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khimik_Voskresensk"},{"link_name":"Soviet Championship League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Championship_League"},{"link_name":"Vsetín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHK_Vset%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Czech Extraliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Extraliga"},{"link_name":"Slavia Praha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_Slavia_Praha"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hockey_player_Dmitrij_Jaskin.jpg"}],"text":"His father, Alexej Jaškin, was a professional defenceman for Khimik Voskresensk in the Soviet Championship League and later Vsetín in the Czech Extraliga. Dmitrij and his older brother Michail started in the Vsetín youth system while their father played there, and they both transferred to Slavia Praha in 2008. The family has lived in the Czech Republic since 1993, when Dmitrij was eight months old.Jaskin as a member of the Moncton Wildcats","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 IIHF World U20 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_IIHF_World_U20_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Moncton Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncton_Wildcats"},{"link_name":"2012–13 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_QMJHL_season"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Blues"},{"link_name":"Chicago Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Wolves"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-signed-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recalled-5"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Antti Raanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antti_Raanta"},{"link_name":"Chicago Blackhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2015–16 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Washington Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Capitals"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"HC Dynamo Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_Dynamo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_KHL_season"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Nashville Predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Predators"},{"link_name":"Mark Borowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Borowiecki"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"SKA Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKA_Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022-23_KHL_season"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"He first played professionally for Slavia Praha of the Czech Extraliga for two seasons. Jaškin could have played in the 2011 IIHF World U20 Championship, but suffered a knee injury in an Extraliga game on 21 November, which sidelined him for six weeks and caused him to miss the tournament.[2] He registered 10 points in 33 Extraliga games during the season as a 17-year-old, ranking him second among junior-aged players in the league.[3]After being selected by the Moncton Wildcats in the 2012 CHL Import Draft, Jaškin announced that he would play for the QMJHL team in the 2012–13 season in order to increase his chances of playing in the NHL.[4]On 3 April 2013, he signed a three-year, entry-level contract with the St. Louis Blues, and was assigned to the Chicago Wolves.[1] He was recalled to the Blues roster on 9 April.[5]During the 2013–14 season, on 28 December 2013, he scored his first NHL goal against Antti Raanta of the Chicago Blackhawks. On 3 July 2015, the Blues re-signed him to a one-year deal.[6] Following 2015–16 season, on 16 June 2016, Jaškin re-signed with the Blues to a two-year, $2 million deal.[7]On 2 October 2018, Jaškin was claimed off waivers by the Washington Capitals.[8]Jaškin as a free agent from the Capitals, opted to pause his NHL career and returned to Russia in signing a one-year deal with HC Dynamo Moscow of the KHL on 22 August 2019.[9] Making his KHL debut in the 2019–20 season and benefiting from an increased role with Dynamo, Jaškin was leaned on offensively recording 63 points in 58 regular season games. His 31 goals set a new franchise single KHL season record and he was signed to an improved two-year contract extension on 17 April 2020.[10]After two highly productive seasons with HC Dynamo Moscow, Jaškin returned to North America as a free agent, agreeing to a lucurative one-year, $3.2 million contract with the Arizona Coyotes on July 28, 2021.[11] Jaškin continued to struggle to make an impact at the NHL level with a poorly performing Coyotes team. Through his first 12 games, he registered a single assist before suffering an injury in a game against the Nashville Predators on November 13. Following an illegal hit by Predators defenseman Mark Borowiecki, he was expected to be out of action long-term and was placed on the injured reserve.[12] Ultimately Jaškin did not appear in another game with the Coyotes.As a free agent, Jaškin returned to the KHL and was signed to a one-year contract after his rights were traded from Dynamo Moscow to SKA Saint Petersburg on 25 July 2022.[13] Named as team captain for the 2022–23 season, Jaškin returned to his previous goal scoring form, leading the league with 40 goals and in points across the regular and post-season.On 7 June 2023, Jaškin as the top tier free agent of the league was signed to a three-year contract with SKA competitor club, Ak Bars Kazan.[14]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season and playoffs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","title":"Career statistics"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Jaskin as a member of the Moncton Wildcats","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hockey_player_Dmitrij_Jaskin.jpg/220px-Hockey_player_Dmitrij_Jaskin.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of first overall KHL draft picks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_first_overall_KHL_draft_picks"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Jaskin Signs 3-Year Entry-Level Contract\". National Hockey League. 3 April 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://blues.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=663742","url_text":"\"Jaskin Signs 3-Year Entry-Level Contract\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League","url_text":"National Hockey League"}]},{"reference":"\"Czech Hockey Report: Jaškin out, Frk added to preliminary WJC roster\". czechhockeyreport.com. 2 November 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://czechhockeyreport.blogspot.com/2010/11/jaskin-out-frk-added-to-preliminary-wjc.html","url_text":"\"Czech Hockey Report: Jaškin out, Frk added to preliminary WJC roster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Complete statistics\". Hokej.cz. 2 October 2011. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120709232120/http://hokej.cz/index.php?view=stats_vyhledavani&lng=CZ&webid=386&id=52260&rnd=&debug=&ban=&developt=&search_text=hledan%FD+v%FDraz&search_where=3&webuser_login=&webuser_passw=&news_email=@&jmeno=&idk%5B%5D=0&rocnik=0&post=OU&cizinec=0&sezona=2010&ids=877&junior=2&onpage=40&act=","url_text":"\"Complete statistics\""},{"url":"http://hokej.cz/index.php?view=stats_vyhledavani&lng=CZ&webid=386&id=52260&rnd=&debug=&ban=&developt=&search_text=hledan%FD+v%FDraz&search_where=3&webuser_login=&webuser_passw=&news_email=%40&jmeno=&idk%5B%5D=0&rocnik=0&post=OU&cizinec=0&sezona=2010&ids=877&junior=2&onpage=40&act=","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaškin: \"I want to go to Canada\"\". CzechHockeyReport.com. 1 June 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://czechhockeyreport.blogspot.cz/2012/06/jaskin-i-want-to-go-to-canada.html","url_text":"\"Jaškin: \"I want to go to Canada\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blues Recall Jaskin from Peoria\". National Hockey League. 9 April 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://blues.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=664769","url_text":"\"Blues Recall Jaskin from Peoria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League","url_text":"National Hockey League"}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Cam (3 July 2015). \"Blues re-sign Jaskin to one-year contract\". nbcsports.com. NBCSports. Retrieved 11 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://nhl.nbcsports.com/2015/07/03/blues-re-sign-jaskin-to-one-year-contract/","url_text":"\"Blues re-sign Jaskin to one-year contract\""}]},{"reference":"The Associated Press (16 June 2016). \"Blues re-sign forward Dmitrij Jaskin to two-year deal\". Sportsnet.ca. St. Louis: Sportsnet. Retrieved 11 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/blues-re-sign-forward-dmitrij-jaskin-two-year-deal/","url_text":"\"Blues re-sign forward Dmitrij Jaskin to two-year deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capitals Claim Dmitrij Jaskin\". NHL.com. 2 October 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/capitals/news/capitals-claim-dmitrij-jaskin/c-300556820","url_text":"\"Capitals Claim Dmitrij Jaskin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dmitrij Jaskin joins Dynamo Moscow\". en.khl.ru. Retrieved 25 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.khl.ru/news/2019/08/22/455068.html","url_text":"\"Dmitrij Jaskin joins Dynamo Moscow\""}]},{"reference":"\"New contract for Dmitrij Jaskin\" (in Russian). Dynamo Moscow. 17 April 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dynamo.ru/news/106404-novyiy_kontrakt_dmitriya_yashkina","url_text":"\"New contract for Dmitrij Jaskin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC_Dynamo_Moscow","url_text":"Dynamo Moscow"}]},{"reference":"\"Coyotes sign Jaškin to one-year contract\". Arizona Coyotes. 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhl.com/coyotes/news/coyotes-sign-jaskin-to-one-year-contract/c-325839770","url_text":"\"Coyotes sign Jaškin to one-year contract\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Coyotes","url_text":"Arizona Coyotes"}]},{"reference":"\"Coyotes' Dmitrij Jaskin: Expected to be out long term\". CBS Sports. 14 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/hockey/news/coyotes-dmitrij-jaskin-expected-to-be-out-long-term/","url_text":"\"Coyotes' Dmitrij Jaskin: Expected to be out long term\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dmitri Jaskin is in SKA\" (in Russian). SKA Saint Petersburg. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ska.ru/news/view/dmitrii-iashkin-v-ska/","url_text":"\"Dmitri Jaskin is in SKA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKA_Saint_Petersburg","url_text":"SKA Saint Petersburg"}]},{"reference":"\"Dmitry Jaskin moves to Ak Bars\" (in Russian). Ak Bars Kazan. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ak-bars.ru/news/23610","url_text":"\"Dmitry Jaskin moves to Ak Bars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak_Bars_Kazan","url_text":"Ak Bars Kazan"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://blues.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=663742","external_links_name":"\"Jaskin Signs 3-Year Entry-Level Contract\""},{"Link":"http://czechhockeyreport.blogspot.com/2010/11/jaskin-out-frk-added-to-preliminary-wjc.html","external_links_name":"\"Czech Hockey Report: Jaškin out, Frk added to preliminary WJC roster\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120709232120/http://hokej.cz/index.php?view=stats_vyhledavani&lng=CZ&webid=386&id=52260&rnd=&debug=&ban=&developt=&search_text=hledan%FD+v%FDraz&search_where=3&webuser_login=&webuser_passw=&news_email=@&jmeno=&idk%5B%5D=0&rocnik=0&post=OU&cizinec=0&sezona=2010&ids=877&junior=2&onpage=40&act=","external_links_name":"\"Complete statistics\""},{"Link":"http://hokej.cz/index.php?view=stats_vyhledavani&lng=CZ&webid=386&id=52260&rnd=&debug=&ban=&developt=&search_text=hledan%FD+v%FDraz&search_where=3&webuser_login=&webuser_passw=&news_email=%40&jmeno=&idk%5B%5D=0&rocnik=0&post=OU&cizinec=0&sezona=2010&ids=877&junior=2&onpage=40&act=","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://czechhockeyreport.blogspot.cz/2012/06/jaskin-i-want-to-go-to-canada.html","external_links_name":"\"Jaškin: \"I want to go to Canada\"\""},{"Link":"http://blues.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=664769","external_links_name":"\"Blues Recall Jaskin from Peoria\""},{"Link":"http://nhl.nbcsports.com/2015/07/03/blues-re-sign-jaskin-to-one-year-contract/","external_links_name":"\"Blues re-sign Jaskin to one-year contract\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/blues-re-sign-forward-dmitrij-jaskin-two-year-deal/","external_links_name":"\"Blues re-sign forward Dmitrij Jaskin to two-year deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/capitals/news/capitals-claim-dmitrij-jaskin/c-300556820","external_links_name":"\"Capitals Claim Dmitrij Jaskin\""},{"Link":"https://en.khl.ru/news/2019/08/22/455068.html","external_links_name":"\"Dmitrij Jaskin joins Dynamo Moscow\""},{"Link":"https://dynamo.ru/news/106404-novyiy_kontrakt_dmitriya_yashkina","external_links_name":"\"New contract for Dmitrij Jaskin\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/coyotes/news/coyotes-sign-jaskin-to-one-year-contract/c-325839770","external_links_name":"\"Coyotes sign Jaškin to one-year contract\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/hockey/news/coyotes-dmitrij-jaskin-expected-to-be-out-long-term/","external_links_name":"\"Coyotes' Dmitrij Jaskin: Expected to be out long term\""},{"Link":"https://www.ska.ru/news/view/dmitrii-iashkin-v-ska/","external_links_name":"\"Dmitri Jaskin is in SKA\""},{"Link":"https://www.ak-bars.ru/news/23610","external_links_name":"\"Dmitry Jaskin moves to Ak Bars\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/player/8476436","external_links_name":"NHL.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=65564&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eurohockey.com/player/117361-.html","external_links_name":"Eurohockey.com"},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/j/jaskidm01.html","external_links_name":"Hockey-Reference.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=130745","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnyrigg_Rose_F.C.
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Bonnyrigg Rose F.C.
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["1 Scottish Cup","2 Lowland League","3 Current squad","4 Coaching staff","5 Managers","6 Season-by-season record","6.1 Senior","7 Honours","7.1 Major honours","7.2 Other honours","8 Notable former players","9 References","10 External links"]
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Coordinates: 55°52′29″N 3°06′12″W / 55.8747°N 3.1034°W / 55.8747; -3.1034Association football club in Scotland
This article is about the men's football club. For the women's team, see Bonnyrigg Rose Ladies FC.
Football clubBonnyrigg RoseFull nameBonnyrigg Rose Football ClubNickname(s)The RoseFounded1881GroundNew Dundas ParkBonnyriggCapacity3,000ChairmanCharlie KirkwoodManagerCalum ElliotLeagueScottish League Two2023–24Scottish League Two, 8th of 10WebsiteClub website
Home colours
Away colours
Third colours
Bonnyrigg Rose Football Club is a Scottish football club from the town of Bonnyrigg. Formed in 1881 and nicknamed the Rose, the team plays in Scottish League Two, having been promoted after winning the Lowland Football League in 2021–22.
Their home ground is New Dundas Park, and they have traditionally played in red and white hoops. They have won the Scottish Junior Cup twice, in 1966 and in 1978, as well as finishing runners-up in 1972. Their 6–1 defeat of Whitburn in 1966 holds a joint record for the margin of victory in a Scottish Junior Cup final. Bonnyrigg won the East Region Super League championship four times during their membership, making them the league's most successful side.
At a special general meeting held in March 2018, the club's members voted in favour of applying to join the senior East of Scotland Football League. Bonnyrigg were part of a larger movement of eastern junior clubs to the East of Scotland League that year. In 2019, they won promotion to the Lowland League and successfully applied for Scottish Football Association membership. In 2022, they won promotion to Scottish League Two, thus entering the Scottish Professional Football League for the first time, and after doing so, changed their name from Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic to the more streamlined Bonnyrigg Rose.
Scottish Cup
Bonnyrigg host Brechin City in 2012–13's third round
Prior to becoming an SFA member in 2019, Bonnyrigg qualified to enter the senior Scottish Cup by winning the East Superleague on four occasions.
In their first campaign in 2009–10, Bonnyrigg lost in their opening tie to Highland League club Fraserburgh. Better results were achieved in 2012–13, losing to SFL Second Division side Brechin City in a third round replay after wins over Girvan and Stirling University.
The third Scottish Cup adventure in 2016–17 was their most successful. The Rose easily saw off Glasgow University and then defeated Burntisland Shipyard 14–0, the biggest win in the competition since 1984. This was followed by wins over Highland sides Turriff United and Cove Rangers. In an upset, Bonnyrigg then eliminated Dumbarton of the Scottish Championship after a replay to progress to the Fourth Round. They were drawn at home against the cup holders Hibernian, with the match moved to Tynecastle Stadium in Edinburgh to accommodate the expected number of spectators and the basic facilities at New Dundas Park. The result, an 8–1 defeat, was a disappointing end to the run for the team and the 5,000 fans who had travelled from Midlothian to give their support.
The club qualified again for the Scottish Cup in 2018–19, having won the East Superleague for a record fourth time. Now playing in the senior pyramid, this campaign ultimately ended in disappointment for the club, losing 2–1 to Deveronvale in the first round. 2018 also saw them take part in the inaugural Shaun Woodburn Memorial Cup, established in memory of former player Woodburn, who had been killed on the previous Hogmanay.
In June 2019, the club announced it had been accepted as a member of the Scottish Football Association, which would allow them to automatically qualify for the Scottish Cup annually. In their first Scottish Cup as a licensed team, Bonnyrigg would once again go on an impressive run, defeating Highland League sides Fraserburgh and Buckie Thistle before dispatching Scottish League One side Montrose 2–1 at New Dundas Park, despite being a man down. In the Fourth round, Bonnyrigg would again valiantly fight against a League One team, but could not repeat their heroics and lost 0–1 late on to Clyde.
Entering in the Second round in 2020–21, Bonnyrigg would defeat fellow Lowland Leaguers Bo'ness United 5–2, with Lee Currie scoring a hat-trick of penalties within 10 minutes of each other. In the next round, the Rosey Posey would nearly have a cup upset for the ages, with another Currie penalty and a strong performance from keeper Mark Weir nearly knocking out Scottish Championship side Dundee before a late equaliser sent the game to extra time. Currie again put Bonnyrigg ahead from the spot, but two goals by Dundee in the second half of extra time ended the club's dream.
Lowland League
Rose were promoted to the Lowland League in 2019 after winning the East of Scotland Football League and gaining SFA membership. They took the place of relegated Whitehill Welfare, based only two miles from Bonnyrigg in the village of Rosewell, Midlothian. After finishing second and third in their first two seasons, both curtailed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the following season they went on to win the league title in 2021–22.
Current squad
As of 7 June 2024
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
1
GK
SCO
Paddy Martin
2
DF
SCO
Angus Mailer
3
DF
SCO
Neil Martyniuk
4
DF
SCO
Kerr Young
5
DF
SCO
Scott Mercer
9
FW
SCO
Keiran McGachie
10
MF
SCO
Lee Currie
15
DF
SCO
Josh Grigor
18
MF
SCO
Dean Watson
20
FW
NGA
Smart Osadolor
21
MF
SCO
Bradley Barrett
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
22
MF
SCO
Callum Connolly
25
GK
SCO
Michael Andrews
—
GK
SCO
Marc Anderson
—
MF
SCO
Aaron Arnott
—
MF
SCO
Cameron Forbes
—
MF
SCO
Sean Murphy
—
MF
SCO
Owen Wardell
—
FW
ENG
Kallum Higginbotham
—
FW
SCO
Bradley Rodden
—
FW
SCO
Ben Scarborough
—
FW
SCO
Kieran Somerville
Coaching staff
Manager: Calum Elliot
Assistant manager: Kevin Smith
First team coach: Calum Smith
Goalkeeping coach: Michael Andrews
Strength & conditioning coach: Dylan Brunton
Physio: Danielle McNaught
Managers
The team was managed from June 2015 until March 2024 by former Berwick Rangers player and assistant manager, Robbie Horn. Horn resigned in August 2017 to take over the vacant managerial position at Berwick. He later returned as manager in November 2018.
Season-by-season record
Senior
Season
Division
Tier
Pos.
Pld.
W
D
L
GD
Pts
Scottish Cup
Bonnyrigg Rose
2018–19
East of Scotland League Conference B
6
1st
24
22
1
1
+88
67
First round, losing to Deveronvale
2019–20
Lowland League
5
2nd†
24
20
2
2
+48
62
Fourth round, losing to Clyde
2020–21
Lowland League
5
3rd†
12
9
2
1
+23
29
Second round, losing to Dundee
2021–22
Lowland League
5
1st
34
28
3
3
+64
87
Third round, losing to Alloa Athletic
2022–23
Scottish League Two
4
8th
36
11
9
16
–11
42
Second round, losing to Sauchie Juniors
† Season curtailed due to COVID-19 pandemic.
Honours
Major honours
Lowland League
Champions: 2021–22
East of Scotland League
Champions: 2018–19
Conference B Winners: 2018–19
Scottish Junior Cup
Winners: 1965–66, 1977–78
Runners-up: 1971–72
SJFA East Region Super League
Winners: 2008–09, 2011–12, 2015–16, 2017–18
Runners-up: 2006–07, 2012–13, 2016–17
Other honours
Edinburgh & District League: 1937–38, 1963–64
East Region Division One: 1975–76, 1976–77, 1984–85
East of Scotland Junior Cup: 1897–98, 1962–63, 1985–86, 1986–87, 2002–03, 2005–06, 2012–13
Fife & Lothians Cup: 1981–82, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2017–18
Lanark & Lothians Cup: 1963–64, 1965–66
National Dryburgh Cup: 1985–86
East Region Division Two: 1983–84
East Junior League Cup: 1975–76, 1983–84, 1984–85, 1987–88, 2000–01
Brown Cup: 1933–34, 1963–64, 1973–74, 1977–78, 1985–86, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07
St. Michaels Cup: 1965–66, 1970–71, 1974–75
RL Rae Cup: 1974–75
Peter Craigie Cup: 1992–93
Thornton Shield: 1955–56, 1956–57
Dalmeny Cup: 1922–23
Marshall Cup: 1913–14
Musselburgh Cup: 1909–10, 1924–25
Roseberry Charity Cup: 1937–38
Simpson Shield: 1905–06
Andy Kelly Memorial Cup: 2006
Notable former players
Per Bartram (F) (1978) Denmark international
Jim Begbie (D) (1968–1972) Represented Hong Kong League XI
Ally Brazil (D) (1992–1993) Scotland under-21 international
Sean Connery (early 1950s) future actor
Graham Harvey (F) (1998–1999) Represented Hong Kong League XI
Jim Hermiston (M) (1964–1965) Scotland under-23 international
Jimmy Mackay (M) (1961–1964) Represented Australia in the 1974 FIFA World Cup having scored the decisive goal in the final qualifier
Billy Neil (M) Made 186 Football League appearances for Millwall
Craig Paterson (D) (1977–1979) Scotland under-21 international and Scotland's most expensive player in 1982
Chris Robertson (F) (1990s) Scotland under-21 international
Pat Stanton (M) (1961–1963) 16 caps for Scotland
John White (M) (1955–1956) 22 caps for Scotland (3 goals)
Tommy White (F) Scotland under-23 international
References
^ McGlone, David; McLure, Bill (1987). The Juniors – 100 Years. It was after a 1-1 draw at Hampden Park on the Saturday that they went on to win 6-1 on the Wednesday evening replay. A Centenary History of Scottish Junior Football. Mainstream. p. 80. ISBN 1-85158-060-3.
^ Parkinson, Brendan (19 April 2018). "Club Update". www.bonnyriggrosefc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
^ McLauchlin, Brian (7 June 2018). "East of Scotland League vote signals exodus of 25 junior clubs". BBC Sport. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
^ Thomson, Scott (4 September 2016). "Bonnyrigg 14, Burntisland 0: Biggest Scottish Cup win since 1984". Edinburgh Evening News.
^ "Fourth Round venues confirmed". scottishfa.co.uk. Scottish FA. 20 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
^ "Bonnyrigg Rose 1-8 Hibernian". BBC. 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
^ "Shaun Woodburn Memorial Cup: Fitting tribute to much loved footballer". midlothianadvertiser.co.uk. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
^ Parkinson, Brendan (14 June 2019). "Club announcement - Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic granted SFA membership". bonnyriggrosefc.co.uk. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
^ "Scottish Cup matches". scottishfa.co.uk. 21 September 2019. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
^ "Scottish Cup matches". scottishfa.co.uk. 18 October 2019. Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
^ McGlade, Neil (23 November 2019). "Bonnyrigg Rose 2–1 Montrose: Ten-man Rose stun League One side in Scottish Cup thriller". edinburghnews.scotsman.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
^ Smith, Aidan (18 January 2020). "Bonnyrigg Rose 0–1 Clyde: All about Love in Bonny and Clyde romance". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
^ "Scottish Cup matches". scottishfa.co.uk. 1 January 2021. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
^ "Dundee v Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic". BBC. 9 January 2021. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
^ Pattullo, Alan (9 January 2021). "How Bonnyrigg Rose almost staged one of the biggest-ever Scottish Cup shocks". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
^ "CLUB ANNOUNCEMENT - Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic granted SFA membership - News - Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic - Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic FC". www.bonnyriggrosefc.co.uk. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ "Statement - Promotion and Relegation". Scottish Lowland League. 14 June 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
^ "The Team - Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic - Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic FC". www.bonnyriggrosefc.co.uk. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
^ Parkinson, Brendan. "Manager Announcement". www.bonnyriggrosefc.co.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
^ Thomson, Scott (30 August 2017). "Robbie Horn leaves Bonnyrigg Rose to join Berwick Rangers". Edinburgh Evening News. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
^ Parkinson, Brendan. "Managerial Announcement". www.bonnyriggrosefc.co.uk. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
^ "Scottish Junior Football History Sean Connery". Mud & Glory. April 2005. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
^ Crawford, Kenny (7 December 2016). "Bonnyrigg Rose: Four things you might not know about the Rosey Posey". BBC. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
^ "Billy Neil". Barry Hugman's Footballers.
External links
Official club site
55°52′29″N 3°06′12″W / 55.8747°N 3.1034°W / 55.8747; -3.1034
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bonnyrigg Rose Ladies FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnyrigg_Rose_Ladies_FC"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Bonnyrigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnyrigg"},{"link_name":"Scottish League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Two"},{"link_name":"Lowland Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Lowland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"New Dundas Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Dundas_Park"},{"link_name":"Scottish Junior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Cup"},{"link_name":"Whitburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitburn_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"East Region Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Region_Premiership"},{"link_name":"East of Scotland Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_of_Scotland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018_move-3"},{"link_name":"Scottish Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Scottish League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_Two"},{"link_name":"Scottish Professional Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Professional_Football_League"}],"text":"Association football club in ScotlandThis article is about the men's football club. For the women's team, see Bonnyrigg Rose Ladies FC.Football clubBonnyrigg Rose Football Club is a Scottish football club from the town of Bonnyrigg. Formed in 1881 and nicknamed the Rose, the team plays in Scottish League Two, having been promoted after winning the Lowland Football League in 2021–22.Their home ground is New Dundas Park, and they have traditionally played in red and white hoops. They have won the Scottish Junior Cup twice, in 1966 and in 1978, as well as finishing runners-up in 1972. Their 6–1 defeat of Whitburn in 1966 holds a joint record for the margin of victory in a Scottish Junior Cup final.[1] Bonnyrigg won the East Region Super League championship four times during their membership, making them the league's most successful side.At a special general meeting held in March 2018, the club's members voted in favour of applying to join the senior East of Scotland Football League.[2] Bonnyrigg were part of a larger movement of eastern junior clubs to the East of Scotland League that year.[3] In 2019, they won promotion to the Lowland League and successfully applied for Scottish Football Association membership. In 2022, they won promotion to Scottish League Two, thus entering the Scottish Professional Football League for the first time, and after doing so, changed their name from Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic to the more streamlined Bonnyrigg Rose.","title":"Bonnyrigg Rose F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonnyrigg_Red_Rose_0_Brechin_City_6.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brechin City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brechin_City"},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"East Superleague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Region_Premiership"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Highland League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Fraserburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraserburgh_F.C."},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"SFL Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Scottish_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Brechin City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brechin_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Girvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girvan_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stirling University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_University_F.C."},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Glasgow University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_University_F.C."},{"link_name":"Burntisland Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burntisland_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Turriff United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turriff_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cove Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cove_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dumbarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Championship"},{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tynecastle Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynecastle_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlothian"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"East Superleague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Region_Premiership"},{"link_name":"Deveronvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deveronvale_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hogmanay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogmanay"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Scottish Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Highland League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Fraserburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraserburgh_F.C."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Buckie Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckie_Thistle_F.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Scottish League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_League_One"},{"link_name":"Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrose_F.C."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_F.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bo'ness United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%27ness_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Scottish Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Championship"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_F.C."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Bonnyrigg host Brechin City in 2012–13's third roundPrior to becoming an SFA member in 2019, Bonnyrigg qualified to enter the senior Scottish Cup by winning the East Superleague on four occasions.In their first campaign in 2009–10, Bonnyrigg lost in their opening tie to Highland League club Fraserburgh. Better results were achieved in 2012–13, losing to SFL Second Division side Brechin City in a third round replay after wins over Girvan and Stirling University.The third Scottish Cup adventure in 2016–17 was their most successful. The Rose easily saw off Glasgow University and then defeated Burntisland Shipyard 14–0, the biggest win in the competition since 1984.[4] This was followed by wins over Highland sides Turriff United and Cove Rangers. In an upset, Bonnyrigg then eliminated Dumbarton of the Scottish Championship after a replay to progress to the Fourth Round. They were drawn at home against the cup holders Hibernian, with the match moved to Tynecastle Stadium in Edinburgh to accommodate the expected number of spectators and the basic facilities at New Dundas Park.[5] The result, an 8–1 defeat, was a disappointing end to the run for the team and the 5,000 fans who had travelled from Midlothian to give their support.[6]The club qualified again for the Scottish Cup in 2018–19, having won the East Superleague for a record fourth time. Now playing in the senior pyramid, this campaign ultimately ended in disappointment for the club, losing 2–1 to Deveronvale in the first round. 2018 also saw them take part in the inaugural Shaun Woodburn Memorial Cup, established in memory of former player Woodburn, who had been killed on the previous Hogmanay.[7]In June 2019, the club announced it had been accepted as a member of the Scottish Football Association, which would allow them to automatically qualify for the Scottish Cup annually.[8] In their first Scottish Cup as a licensed team, Bonnyrigg would once again go on an impressive run, defeating Highland League sides Fraserburgh[9] and Buckie Thistle[10] before dispatching Scottish League One side Montrose 2–1 at New Dundas Park, despite being a man down.[11] In the Fourth round, Bonnyrigg would again valiantly fight against a League One team, but could not repeat their heroics and lost 0–1 late on to Clyde.[12]Entering in the Second round in 2020–21, Bonnyrigg would defeat fellow Lowland Leaguers Bo'ness United 5–2, with Lee Currie scoring a hat-trick of penalties within 10 minutes of each other.[13] In the next round, the Rosey Posey would nearly have a cup upset for the ages, with another Currie penalty and a strong performance from keeper Mark Weir nearly knocking out Scottish Championship side Dundee before a late equaliser sent the game to extra time. Currie again put Bonnyrigg ahead from the spot, but two goals by Dundee in the second half of extra time ended the club's dream.[14][15]","title":"Scottish Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lowland League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"East of Scotland Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_of_Scotland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"SFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Whitehill Welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehill_Welfare_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rosewell, Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosewell,_Midlothian"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Lowland_Football_League"}],"text":"Rose were promoted to the Lowland League in 2019 after winning the East of Scotland Football League and gaining SFA membership.[16][17] They took the place of relegated Whitehill Welfare, based only two miles from Bonnyrigg in the village of Rosewell, Midlothian. After finishing second and third in their first two seasons, both curtailed by the COVID-19 pandemic, the following season they went on to win the league title in 2021–22.","title":"Lowland League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"As of 7 June 2024[18]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calum Elliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calum_Elliot"},{"link_name":"Kevin Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Smith_(footballer,_born_1987)"}],"text":"Manager: Calum Elliot\nAssistant manager: Kevin Smith\nFirst team coach: Calum Smith\nGoalkeeping coach: Michael Andrews\nStrength & conditioning coach: Dylan Brunton\nPhysio: Danielle McNaught","title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berwick Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Robbie Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Horn"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The team was managed from June 2015 until March 2024 by former Berwick Rangers player and assistant manager, Robbie Horn.[19] Horn resigned in August 2017 to take over the vacant managerial position at Berwick.[20] He later returned as manager in November 2018.[21]","title":"Managers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season-by-season record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Senior","text":"† Season curtailed due to COVID-19 pandemic.","title":"Season-by-season record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lowland League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Lowland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"East of Scotland League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_of_Scotland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_East_of_Scotland_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Scottish Junior Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Cup"},{"link_name":"SJFA East Region Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Junior_Football_East_Region_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_East_Superleague"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_East_Superleague"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_East_Superleague"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_East_Superleague"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_East_Superleague"}],"sub_title":"Major honours","text":"Lowland League\nChampions: 2021–22\nEast of Scotland League\nChampions: 2018–19\nConference B Winners: 2018–19\nScottish Junior Cup\nWinners: 1965–66, 1977–78\nRunners-up: 1971–72\nSJFA East Region Super League\nWinners: 2008–09, 2011–12, 2015–16, 2017–18\nRunners-up: 2006–07, 2012–13, 2016–17","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edinburgh & District League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Junior_Football_League"},{"link_name":"East Region Division One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Junior_Football_League"},{"link_name":"East Region Division Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Junior_Football_League"}],"sub_title":"Other honours","text":"Edinburgh & District League: 1937–38, 1963–64\nEast Region Division One: 1975–76, 1976–77, 1984–85\nEast of Scotland Junior Cup: 1897–98, 1962–63, 1985–86, 1986–87, 2002–03, 2005–06, 2012–13\nFife & Lothians Cup: 1981–82, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2017–18\nLanark & Lothians Cup: 1963–64, 1965–66\nNational Dryburgh Cup: 1985–86\nEast Region Division Two: 1983–84\nEast Junior League Cup: 1975–76, 1983–84, 1984–85, 1987–88, 2000–01\nBrown Cup: 1933–34, 1963–64, 1973–74, 1977–78, 1985–86, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07\nSt. Michaels Cup: 1965–66, 1970–71, 1974–75\nRL Rae Cup: 1974–75\nPeter Craigie Cup: 1992–93\nThornton Shield: 1955–56, 1956–57\nDalmeny Cup: 1922–23\nMarshall Cup: 1913–14\nMusselburgh Cup: 1909–10, 1924–25\nRoseberry Charity Cup: 1937–38\nSimpson Shield: 1905–06\nAndy Kelly Memorial Cup: 2006","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Per Bartram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Bartram"},{"link_name":"Ally Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Sean Connery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Connery"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Graham Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Harvey_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Jim Hermiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hermiston"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Mackay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Mackay"},{"link_name":"final qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(AFC_and_OFC)"},{"link_name":"Billy Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Neil_(footballer,_born_1944)"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Millwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millwall_F.C."},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Craig Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Paterson"},{"link_name":"Chris Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Robertson_(footballer,_born_1957)"},{"link_name":"Pat Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Stanton"},{"link_name":"John White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_White_(footballer,_born_1937)"},{"link_name":"Tommy White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_White_(footballer,_born_1939)"}],"text":"Per Bartram (F) (1978) Denmark international\nJim Begbie (D) (1968–1972) Represented Hong Kong League XI\nAlly Brazil (D) (1992–1993) Scotland under-21 international\nSean Connery (early 1950s) future actor[22][23]\nGraham Harvey (F) (1998–1999) Represented Hong Kong League XI\nJim Hermiston (M) (1964–1965) Scotland under-23 international\nJimmy Mackay (M) (1961–1964) Represented Australia in the 1974 FIFA World Cup having scored the decisive goal in the final qualifier\nBilly Neil (M) Made 186 Football League appearances for Millwall[24]\nCraig Paterson (D) (1977–1979) Scotland under-21 international and Scotland's most expensive player in 1982\nChris Robertson (F) (1990s) Scotland under-21 international\nPat Stanton (M) (1961–1963) 16 caps for Scotland\nJohn White (M) (1955–1956) 22 caps for Scotland (3 goals)\nTommy White (F) Scotland under-23 international","title":"Notable former players"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Bonnyrigg host Brechin City in 2012–13's third round","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bonnyrigg_Red_Rose_0_Brechin_City_6.jpg/300px-Bonnyrigg_Red_Rose_0_Brechin_City_6.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"McGlone, David; McLure, Bill (1987). The Juniors – 100 Years. It was after a 1-1 draw at Hampden Park on the Saturday that they went on to win 6-1 on the Wednesday evening replay. A Centenary History of Scottish Junior Football. Mainstream. p. 80. ISBN 1-85158-060-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85158-060-3","url_text":"1-85158-060-3"}]},{"reference":"Parkinson, Brendan (19 April 2018). \"Club Update\". www.bonnyriggrosefc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bonnyriggrosefc.co.uk/teams/118321/news/club-update-2268023.html","url_text":"\"Club Update\""}]},{"reference":"McLauchlin, Brian (7 June 2018). \"East of Scotland League vote signals exodus of 25 junior clubs\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 10 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44408030","url_text":"\"East of Scotland League vote signals exodus of 25 junior clubs\""}]},{"reference":"Thomson, Scott (4 September 2016). \"Bonnyrigg 14, Burntisland 0: Biggest Scottish Cup win since 1984\". Edinburgh Evening News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/sport/football/lower-leagues/bonnyrigg-rose/bonnyrigg-14-burntisland-0-biggest-scottish-cup-win-since-1984-1-4220850","url_text":"\"Bonnyrigg 14, Burntisland 0: Biggest Scottish Cup win since 1984\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fourth Round venues confirmed\". scottishfa.co.uk. Scottish FA. 20 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish_fa_news.cfm?page=2986&newsID=16702&newsCategoryID=1","url_text":"\"Fourth Round venues confirmed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bonnyrigg Rose 1-8 Hibernian\". BBC. 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/38620454","url_text":"\"Bonnyrigg Rose 1-8 Hibernian\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shaun Woodburn Memorial Cup: Fitting tribute to much loved footballer\". midlothianadvertiser.co.uk. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201014071229/https://www.midlothianadvertiser.co.uk/sport/shaun-woodburn-memorial-cup-fitting-tribute-much-loved-footballer-2047704","url_text":"\"Shaun Woodburn Memorial Cup: Fitting tribute to much loved footballer\""},{"url":"https://www.midlothianadvertiser.co.uk/sport/shaun-woodburn-memorial-cup-fitting-tribute-much-loved-footballer-2047704","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Parkinson, Brendan (14 June 2019). \"Club announcement - Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic granted SFA membership\". bonnyriggrosefc.co.uk. Retrieved 10 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bonnyriggrosefc.co.uk/news/club-announcement--bonnyrigg-rose-athletic-granted-sfa-membership-2435339.html","url_text":"\"Club announcement - Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic granted SFA membership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scottish Cup matches\". scottishfa.co.uk. 21 September 2019. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish-cup-matches/?mid=235649","url_text":"\"Scottish Cup matches\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200812065244/https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish-cup-matches/?mid=235649","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Scottish Cup matches\". scottishfa.co.uk. 18 October 2019. Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish-cup-matches/?mid=236110","url_text":"\"Scottish Cup matches\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200913062329/https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish-cup-matches/?mid=236110","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McGlade, Neil (23 November 2019). \"Bonnyrigg Rose 2–1 Montrose: Ten-man Rose stun League One side in Scottish Cup thriller\". edinburghnews.scotsman.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/sport/football/bonnyrigg-rose-2-1-montrose-ten-man-rose-stun-league-one-side-scottish-cup-thriller-1320777","url_text":"\"Bonnyrigg Rose 2–1 Montrose: Ten-man Rose stun League One side in Scottish Cup thriller\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210615192535/https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/sport/football/bonnyrigg-rose-2-1-montrose-ten-man-rose-stun-league-one-side-scottish-cup-thriller-1320777","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Aidan (18 January 2020). \"Bonnyrigg Rose 0–1 Clyde: All about Love in Bonny and Clyde romance\". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/international/bonnyrigg-rose-0-1-clyde-all-about-love-bonny-and-clyde-romance-1396893","url_text":"\"Bonnyrigg Rose 0–1 Clyde: All about Love in Bonny and Clyde romance\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210515031813/https://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/international/bonnyrigg-rose-0-1-clyde-all-about-love-bonny-and-clyde-romance-1396893","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Scottish Cup matches\". scottishfa.co.uk. 1 January 2021. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish-cup-matches/?mid=250679","url_text":"\"Scottish Cup matches\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210116114431/https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish-cup-matches/?mid=250679","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dundee v Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic\". BBC. 9 January 2021. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/55512468","url_text":"\"Dundee v Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210109231625/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/55512468","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pattullo, Alan (9 January 2021). \"How Bonnyrigg Rose almost staged one of the biggest-ever Scottish Cup shocks\". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/international/dundee-almost-poley-against-rosey-posey-osman-sow-winner-extra-time-spares-blushes-after-bonnyrigg-rose-twice-take-lead-threaten-huge-scottish-cup-shock-3090998","url_text":"\"How Bonnyrigg Rose almost staged one of the biggest-ever Scottish Cup shocks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210110035516/https://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/international/dundee-almost-poley-against-rosey-posey-osman-sow-winner-extra-time-spares-blushes-after-bonnyrigg-rose-twice-take-lead-threaten-huge-scottish-cup-shock-3090998","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"CLUB ANNOUNCEMENT - Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic granted SFA membership - News - Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic - Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic FC\". www.bonnyriggrosefc.co.uk. Retrieved 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bonnyriggrosefc.co.uk/teams/118321/news/club-announcement-bonnyrigg-rose-athletic-granted-2435339.html","url_text":"\"CLUB ANNOUNCEMENT - Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic granted SFA membership - News - Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic - Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic FC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statement - Promotion and Relegation\". Scottish Lowland League. 14 June 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://slfl.co.uk/statement-promotion-and-relegation/","url_text":"\"Statement - Promotion and Relegation\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Team - Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic - Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic FC\". www.bonnyriggrosefc.co.uk. Retrieved 27 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bonnyriggrosefc.co.uk/teams/118321/the-team","url_text":"\"The Team - Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic - Bonnyrigg Rose Athletic FC\""}]},{"reference":"Parkinson, Brendan. \"Manager Announcement\". www.bonnyriggrosefc.co.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bonnyriggrosefc.co.uk/teams/118321/news/title-1442579.html","url_text":"\"Manager Announcement\""}]},{"reference":"Thomson, Scott (30 August 2017). \"Robbie Horn leaves Bonnyrigg Rose to join Berwick Rangers\". Edinburgh Evening News. Retrieved 30 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/sport/football/lower-leagues/bonnyrigg-rose/robbie-horn-leaves-bonnyrigg-rose-to-join-berwick-rangers-1-4545820","url_text":"\"Robbie Horn leaves Bonnyrigg Rose to join Berwick Rangers\""}]},{"reference":"Parkinson, Brendan. \"Managerial Announcement\". www.bonnyriggrosefc.co.uk. Retrieved 26 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bonnyriggrosefc.co.uk/teams/118321/news/managerial-announcement-2366076.html","url_text":"\"Managerial Announcement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scottish Junior Football History Sean Connery\". Mud & Glory. April 2005. Retrieved 18 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scottishjuniorfa.com/scottish-junior-fa/history/sean-connery","url_text":"\"Scottish Junior Football History Sean Connery\""}]},{"reference":"Crawford, Kenny (7 December 2016). \"Bonnyrigg Rose: Four things you might not know about the Rosey Posey\". BBC. Retrieved 18 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/38236789","url_text":"\"Bonnyrigg Rose: Four things you might not know about the Rosey Posey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Billy Neil\". Barry Hugman's Footballers.","urls":[{"url":"http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/14457","url_text":"\"Billy Neil\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheap_Thrills_(song)
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Cheap Thrills (song)
|
["1 Background and composition","2 Critical reception","2.1 Year-end lists","3 Chart performance","4 Live performances","5 Music videos","6 Radio edits","7 Track listing","8 Charts","8.1 Weekly charts","8.2 Year-end charts","8.3 Decade-end charts","9 Certifications","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
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2016 single by Sia
"Cheap Thrills"Single by Sia featuring Sean Paulfrom the album This Is Acting Released17 December 2015 (original) 11 February 2016 (remix)Genre
Dancehall
synth-pop
Length
3:44
Label
Inertia
Monkey Puzzle
RCA
Songwriter(s)
Sia Furler
Greg Kurstin
Sean Paul Henriques (remix)
Producer(s)Greg KurstinSia singles chronology
"Bang My Head" (2015)
"Cheap Thrills" (2015)
"The Greatest" (2016)
Sean Paul singles chronology
"Make My Love Go"(2016)
"Cheap Thrills"(2016)
"Lay You Down Easy"(2016)
Music Videos"Cheap Thrills" (Lyric Video) on YouTube"Cheap Thrills" (Performance Edit) on YouTube
"Cheap Thrills" is a song by Australian singer and songwriter Sia from her seventh studio album, This Is Acting (2016). It was written by Sia and Greg Kurstin, and produced by Kurstin. It was originally released on 17 December 2015, and an official remix version of "Cheap Thrills" featuring Jamaican singer Sean Paul was made available for digital download on 11 February 2016 as the album's second single. This version was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance.
In the United States, "Cheap Thrills" peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 becoming Sia's first number one single in the chart, and Paul's first since "Temperature" in 2006; it also topped the national Mainstream Top 40 and Radio Songs charts. It reached the top position in many countries, including Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Portugal, Spain; as well as the top-10 in Australia, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number two on its UK Singles Chart. At the APRA Music Awards of 2018, "Cheap Thrills" won Most Played Australian Work Overseas for its songwriters, Sia and Kurstin. It won the award again at the APRA Music Awards of 2019 and again at the APRA Music Awards of 2020. “Cheap Thrills” became the second best-selling single of 2016 worldwide.
Background and composition
"Cheap Thrills" was written by Sia and Greg Kurstin, and produced by Kurstin. It was originally intended to be performed by Rihanna for her album Anti (2016), but was rejected. It is a "bouncy", "reggae-tinged" synthpop and dancehall song. The song features "a constant tropical beat and electropop-style synth layers".
"Cheap Thrills" is written in the key of F♯ minor and set in a common time, 4/4 time. The vocal range in the song spans an octave, from B3 to B4.
For certain radio stations, instead of the lyric "turn the radio on", Sia sings the name or call sign of the radio station (in Canada, "Virgin Radio" is used for Bell Media owned stations using that format). In Australia, some stations, notably in the Nova Entertainment sphere, but especially prominent in the Sydney and Central Coast regions, adjust the same lyric to "turn the shower on" instead.
Critical reception
Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone called it a "bouncy party anthem", whilst The Guardian described it as "a perfectly serviceable party tune". Nick Levine of NME praised the track's production "and there's no denying this is another superior slab of on-trend ear candy from one of pop's finest songwriters." A CBS affiliate's critic wrote that the song was the No. 3 song that "saved 2016", calling it a "formidable hit".
Year-end lists
Publication
Rank
Ref.
Billboard's 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016
11
Chart performance
In Australia, "Cheap Thrills" was eventually certified quadruple platinum for shipments of over 280,000 copies, and reached No. 6. In New Zealand, the song reached No. 3, and was certified double platinum for sales of over 30,000 copies. The song was awarded quadruple platinum in Sweden, quintuple platinum in Spain, and Double Diamond in Poland. In the UK, it peaked at No. 2 for four weeks, and has since been certified quintuple platinum for shipments of over three million units.
The song became the best selling and highest certified single in Italy for a female artist, reaching 10× platinum status, with sales of over 500,000 copies. On 25 September 2017, the song received a Diamond certification in Italy, making Sia the first female singer to ever achieve such status.
In the United States, the song debuted at No. 81 and peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the issue dated 6 August 2016. The song became Sia's first number-one single in the country, and Sean Paul's fourth; he returned to the top 10 after ten years. It stayed on top for four straight weeks until it was dethroned by "Closer" by the Chainsmokers featuring Halsey. With "Cheap Thrills," Sia became the first woman over 40 to top the Hot 100 since Madonna topped the Hot 100 with "Music" in 2000. It sold 1.7 million copies in the US in 2016, becoming the tenth best-selling song of the year in the country. It sold 1.9 million copies in the US by May 2017. In 2022, It was certified octuple platinum for sales of over 8.000.000 copies.
"Cheap Thrills" was the second best selling single of 2016 after "Can't Stop the Feeling!" by Justin Timberlake. On Spotify, "Cheap Thrills" became Sia's most streamed song on the platform with more than two billion streams (1.6 billion for the solo version and 600 million for the feat version).
Live performances
Sia has performed "Cheap Thrills" on various television shows and concerts, with a group of dancers usually led by either Maddie Ziegler or Stephanie Mincone dancing to the same choreography as in the music video, including The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in January 2016, American Idol in March, Coachella in April, and YouTube's Brandcast event in New York City as well as the season finale of The Voice, both in May.
Music videos
A lyric video featuring Sean Paul performing a new verse was released on 10 February 2016. In the video, a faceless couple wearing wigs (two dancers Minn Vo and Stefanie Klausmann), which have become part of Sia's signature look, win a dance contest on a retro 1960s black-and-white TV show reminiscent of American Bandstand or The Buddy Deane Show, using visual effects to recreate the look of early 1960s television cameras. The video, directed by Lior Molcho, has been viewed more than 1.8 billion times as of July 2023.
Sia and Daniel Askill directed a performance video featuring Maddie Ziegler dancing with two male dancers (Wyatt Rocker and Nick Lanzisera) to Ryan Heffington's choreography, which was released on 21 March 2016. A trio of dancers wear nude-coloured, with black and blonde hairstyles and gloves in the half-and-half style used in most of Sia's videos for This Is Acting. They dance on a plain stage, with Sia at a rear corner in the background singing into a microphone while wearing a similar bobbed two-toned wig, a large hairbow and a white dress. Billboard wrote that "the video features the same type of intense, captivating choreography as some of other work. This time, Ziegler is backed by two other dancers, and the trio seems to blend as one". Teen Vogue said that Ziegler "delivers another powerful performance". The music video was nominated for Best Video at the ARIA Music Awards of 2016.
Radio edits
In radio, "Cheap Thrills" used modified lyrics, like "Come on, come on, turn Star on." It was heard on KIOI 101.3 FM in San Francisco and WTSS 102.5 FM in Buffalo.
Track listing
Digital download
"Cheap Thrills" (featuring Sean Paul) – 3:44
"Cheap Thrills" – 3:30
Digital download - Remixes EP
"Cheap Thrills" (Hex Cougar Remix) – 3:49
"Cheap Thrills" (featuring Sean Paul) (Le Youth Remix) – 3:39
"Cheap Thrills" (RAC Remix) – 4:09
"Cheap Thrills" (Nomero Remix) – 4:11
"Cheap Thrills" (Sted-E & Hybrid Heights Remix) – 5:35
"Cheap Thrills" (Cyril Hahn Remix) – 4:45
"Cheap Thrills" (John J-C Carr Remix) – 5:16
"Cheap Thrills" (Remix) (featuring Nicky Jam) – 3:32
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2016–2021)
Peakposition
Argentina (Monitor Latino)
1
Australia (ARIA)
6
Australia Dance (ARIA)
1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)
1
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
1
Canada AC (Billboard)
1
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)
1
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)
1
Colombia (National-Report)
6
Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)
1
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)
1
Denmark (Tracklisten)
2
Ecuador (National-Report)
4
Euro Digital Songs (Billboard)
1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)
4
France (SNEP)
1
Germany (Official German Charts)
1
Global 200 (Billboard)
170
Greece Digital Songs (Billboard)
1
Guatemala (Monitor Latino)
3
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
1
Hungary (Single Top 40)
2
Iceland (RÚV)
8
Ireland (IRMA)
1
Israel (Media Forest)
1
Italy (FIMI)
1
Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)
2
Luxembourg Digital Songs (Billboard)
1
Mexico Airplay (Billboard)
3
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
3
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
3
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
3
Norway (VG-lista)
3
Panama (Monitor Latino)
20
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)
2
Portugal (AFP)
1
Romania (Airplay 100)
1
Russia Airplay (Tophit)
3
Scotland (OCC)
1
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)
1
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)
1
Slovenia (SloTop50)
1
Spain (PROMUSICAE)
1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
2
Switzerland (Media Control Romandy)
1
Turkey (Radiomonitor Turkey International Chart)
1
UK Singles (OCC)
2
Uruguay (Monitor Latino)
13
US Billboard Hot 100
1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
2
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
1
US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)
6
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)
1
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
1
US Rhythmic (Billboard)
7
Venezuela English (Record Report)
1
Year-end charts
Chart (2016)
Position
Argentina (CAPIF)
4
Argentina (Monitor Latino)
6
Australia (ARIA)
8
Australian Dance Singles (ARIA)
5
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
2
Belgium (Ultratop Flanders)
8
Belgium (Ultratop Wallonia)
1
Brazil (Brasil Hot 100)
18
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
3
CIS (Tophit)
40
Colombia English (National-Report)
1
Denmark (Tracklisten)
4
France (SNEP)
1
Germany (Official German Charts)
3
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
4
Hungary (Single Top 40)
6
Iceland (Plötutíóindi)
3
Italy (FIMI)
1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)
2
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
5
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
8
Poland (ZPAV)
8
Romania (Airplay 100)
4
Russia Airplay (Tophit)
39
Slovenia (SloTop50)
3
Spain (PROMUSICAE)
2
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
2
Ukraine Airplay (Tophit)
13
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)
3
US Billboard Hot 100
11
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
18
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
4
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)
4
US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)
25
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
2
US Radio Songs (Billboard)
6
US Rhythmic (Billboard)
44
Venezuela English (Record Report)
3
Worldwide (IFPI)
4
Chart (2017)
Position
Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil)
140
France (SNEP)
67
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
16
Hungary (Single Top 40)
94
Italy (FIMI)
89
Spain (PROMUSICAE)
40
Uruguay (Monitor Latino)
54
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
8
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
43
US Radio Songs (Billboard)
50
Chart (2018)
Position
France (SNEP)
144
Decade-end charts
Chart (2010–2019)
Position
Australia (ARIA)
83
Australian Artist Singles (ARIA)
11
Germany (Official German Charts)
11
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)
18
US Billboard Hot 100
66
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
4× Platinum
280,000‡
Austria (IFPI Austria)
Platinum
30,000‡
Belgium (BEA)
3× Platinum
60,000‡
Canada (Music Canada)
Diamond
800,000‡
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)
4× Platinum
360,000‡
Germany (BVMI)
Diamond
1,000,000‡
Italy (FIMI)
Diamond
500,000‡
Mexico (AMPROFON)
2× Diamond+Gold
630,000‡
New Zealand (RMNZ)
2× Platinum
30,000*
Poland (ZPAV)
2× Diamond
200,000‡
Portugal (AFP)
2× Platinum
20,000‡
Spain (PROMUSICAE)
5× Platinum
200,000‡
Sweden (GLF)
4× Platinum
160,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI)
5× Platinum
3,000,000‡
United States (RIAA)
8× Platinum
8,000,000‡
Summaries
Worldwide
—
11,100,000
* Sales figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
See also
Greg Kurstin production discography
List of Airplay 100 number ones of the 2010s
List of best-selling singles
List of number-one dance singles of 2016 (U.S.)
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2016
List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2016
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^ "Top de l'année Top Singles 2017" (in French). SNEP. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
^ "Rádiós Top 100 - hallgatottsági adatok alapján - 2017". Mahasz. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
^ "Single Top 100 - eladási darabszám alapján - 2017". Mahasz. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
^ "Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017" (in Italian). FIMI. Archived from the original (Click on "Scarica allegato" and open the "Classifica annuale 2017 Singoli digital" file) on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
^ "Top 50 Radios Annual: 2017" (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
^ "Top 100 Anual 2017 Uruguay" (in Spanish). Monitor Latino. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
^ "Adult Contemporary Songs – Year-End 2017". Billboard. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
^ "Adult Pop Songs – Year-End 2017". Billboard. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
^ "Radio Songs – Year End 2017". Billboard. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
^ "Top de l'année Top Singles 2018" (in French). SNEP. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
^ a b "2019 ARIA End of Decade Singles Chart". ARIA. January 2020. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
^ ""Cheap Thrills" von Sia ist unser Platz 1️⃣1️⃣ der erfolgreichsten Singles des Jahrzehnts. Der Song war insgesamt 55 Wochen dabei. +++ Ed Sheeran räumte 2017 mit seinem Album "÷" ganz schön ab. Sieben Wochen stand er auf #1 und rangierte 139 Mal in der Top 100" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2019 – via Twitter.
^ Copsey, Rob (11 December 2019). "The UK's Official Top 100 biggest songs of the decade". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 19 April 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
^ "Decade-End Charts: Hot 100 Songs". Billboard. Archived from the original on 14 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2016 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
^ "Austrian single certifications – Sia – Cheap Thrills" (in German). IFPI Austria.
^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – singles 2016". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
^ "Canadian single certifications – Sia – Cheap Thrills". Music Canada. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
^ "Danish single certifications – Sia – Cheap Thrills". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Sia; 'Cheap Thrills')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ "Italian single certifications – Sia – Cheap Thrills" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 25 September 2017. Select "2017" in the "Anno" drop-down menu. Select "Cheap Thrills" in the "Filtra" field. Select "Singoli" under "Sezione".
^ "Certificaciones" (in Spanish). Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Retrieved 2 January 2023. Type Sia in the box under the ARTISTA column heading and Cheap Thrills in the box under the TÍTULO column heading.
^ "New Zealand single certifications – Sia – Cheap Thrills". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
^ "Wyróżnienia – Diamentowe płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2016 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
^ "Portuguese single certifications – Sia – Cheap Thrills" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
^ "Spanish single certifications – Sia – Cheap Thrills (feat Sean Paul)". El portal de Música. Productores de Música de España.
^ "Veckolista Singlar, vecka 36, 2016 | Sverigetopplistan" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 6 September 2016. Scroll to position 24 to view certification.
^ "American single certifications – Sia – Cheap Thrills". Recording Industry Association of America.
^ "Global Music Report 2017" (PDF). IFPI.org. 25 April 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
cheap thrills lyrics - sia ft. sean paul
External links
"Cheap Thrills" (Lyric Video) ft. Sean Paul on YouTube
"Cheap Thrills" (Performance Edit) on YouTube
Cheap Thrills at IMDb
vteSia singles
Awards and nominations
Discography
Songs
Healing Is Difficult
"Taken for Granted"
"Little Man"
"Drink to Get Drunk"
Colour the Small One
"Don't Bring Me Down"
"Breathe Me"
"Where I Belong"
Some People HaveReal Problems
"The Girl You Lost to Cocaine"
"Soon We'll Be Found"
"Buttons"
We Are Born
"You've Changed"
"Clap Your Hands"
"Bring Night"
1000 Forms of Fear
"Chandelier"
"Big Girls Cry"
"Elastic Heart"
"Fire Meet Gasoline"
This Is Acting
"Alive"
"Cheap Thrills"
"The Greatest"
"Move Your Body"
"Reaper"
"Unstoppable"
Everyday Is Christmas
"Santa's Coming for Us"
"Snowman"
Music
"Saved My Life"
"Together"
"Courage to Change"
"Hey Boy"
"Floating Through Space"
Reasonable Woman
"Gimme Love"
"Dance Alone"
"Incredible"
Soundtrack singles
"You're Never Fully Dressed Without a Smile"
"California Dreamin'"
"Never Give Up"
"Angel by the Wings"
"Helium"
"To Be Human"
"Rainbow"
"Original"
Other singles
"Under the Milky Way"
"Free Me"
"Flames"
"I'm Still Here"
"Del Mar"
"Let's Love"
"Hass Hass"
Promotional singles
"Eye of the Needle"
"Bird Set Free"
Featured singles
"Destiny"
"Somersault"
"I Love It"
"Titanium"
"Wild Ones"
"She Wolf (Falling to Pieces)"
"Battle Cry"
"Guts Over Fear"
"Déjà Vu"
"Golden"
"Bang My Head"
"Je te pardonne"
"Living Out Loud"
"Waterfall"
"Dusk Till Dawn"
"That's Life"
"On"
"Dynamite"
"Manchild"
Other songs
"I Go to Sleep"
"Beautiful Pain"
"The Whisperer"
"Like a River Runs"
"Start a War"
"Wolves"
"Satisfied"
vteSean PaulDiscographyStudio albums
Stage One (2000)
Dutty Rock (2002)
The Trinity (2005)
Imperial Blaze (2009)
Tomahawk Technique (2012)
Full Frequency (2014)
Live n Livin (2021)
Scorcha (2022)
Mixtapes
The Odyssey Mixtape (2009)
Extended plays
Mad Love the Prequel (2018)
Singles
"Deport Them"
"Gimme the Light"
"Get Busy"
"Like Glue"
"I'm Still in Love with You"
"We Be Burnin'"
"Ever Blazin'"
"Temperature"
"(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me"
"So Fine"
"Press It Up"
"Hold My Hand"
"Got 2 Luv U"
"She Doesn't Mind"
"Hold On"
"How Deep Is Your Love"
"Touch the Sky"
"Other Side of Love"
"Turn It Up"
"Crick Neck"
"No Lie"
"Body"
"Mad Love"
"Feels Like Home"
"Hey DJ"
"Boasty"
"Fuego"
"Light My Fire"
Featured singles
"Money Jane"
"Bossman"
"Make It Clap (Remix)"
"Come Get Some"
"Breathe"
"Baby Boy"
"Shoomp"
"Slow Wind (Remix)"
"Cry Baby Cry"
"Break It Off"
"Give It to You"
"Push It Baby"
"Come Over (Remix)"
"Feel It"
"Do You Remember"
"Shake Señora"
"Summer Paradise"
"Wine It Up"
"She Makes Me Go"
"What About Us"
"Come On to Me"
"Dangerous Love"
"Bailando"
"Make My Love Go"
"Cheap Thrills"
"Hair"
"Trumpets"
"Rockabye"
"Really Love (Remix)"
"Boca"
Other
Full Frequency Tour
Dua Lipa
Speak Your Mind
What Is Love?
This Is Acting Deluxe Edition
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
MusicBrainz work
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sia"},{"link_name":"This Is Acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Acting"},{"link_name":"Greg Kurstin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kurstin"},{"link_name":"Jamaican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_people"},{"link_name":"Sean Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Paul"},{"link_name":"digital download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_article-2"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Pop Duo/Group Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Duo/Group_Performance"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_(song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_peak-3"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Radio Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_100_Airplay_(Radio_Songs)"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"APRA Music Awards of 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APRA_Music_Awards_of_2018"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APRAWinners_2018-4"},{"link_name":"APRA Music Awards of 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APRA_Music_Awards_of_2019"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wins-5"},{"link_name":"APRA Music Awards of 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APRA_Music_Awards_of_2020"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cooper-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"\"Cheap Thrills\" is a song by Australian singer and songwriter Sia from her seventh studio album, This Is Acting (2016). It was written by Sia and Greg Kurstin, and produced by Kurstin. It was originally released on 17 December 2015, and an official remix version of \"Cheap Thrills\" featuring Jamaican singer Sean Paul was made available for digital download on 11 February 2016 as the album's second single.[1][2] This version was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance.In the United States, \"Cheap Thrills\" peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 becoming Sia's first number one single in the chart, and Paul's first since \"Temperature\" in 2006;[3] it also topped the national Mainstream Top 40 and Radio Songs charts. It reached the top position in many countries, including Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Portugal, Spain; as well as the top-10 in Australia, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number two on its UK Singles Chart. At the APRA Music Awards of 2018, \"Cheap Thrills\" won Most Played Australian Work Overseas for its songwriters, Sia and Kurstin.[4] It won the award again at the APRA Music Awards of 2019[5] and again at the APRA Music Awards of 2020.[6] “Cheap Thrills” became the second best-selling single of 2016 worldwide.[7]","title":"Cheap Thrills (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greg Kurstin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kurstin"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"Anti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti_(album)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_article-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vulture-8"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"synthpop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthpop"},{"link_name":"dancehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancehall"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-People-11"},{"link_name":"electropop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropop"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"F♯ minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-sharp_minor"},{"link_name":"common time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_signature"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Nova Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(radio_network)"}],"text":"\"Cheap Thrills\" was written by Sia and Greg Kurstin, and produced by Kurstin. It was originally intended to be performed by Rihanna for her album Anti (2016), but was rejected.[2][8] It is a \"bouncy\", \"reggae-tinged\" synthpop and dancehall song.[9][10][11] The song features \"a constant tropical beat and electropop-style synth layers\".[12][13]\"Cheap Thrills\" is written in the key of F♯ minor and set in a common time, 4/4 time. The vocal range in the song spans an octave, from B3 to B4.[14]For certain radio stations, instead of the lyric \"turn the radio on\", Sia sings the name or call sign of the radio station (in Canada, \"Virgin Radio\" is used for Bell Media owned stations using that format).[15] In Australia, some stations, notably in the Nova Entertainment sphere, but especially prominent in the Sydney and Central Coast regions, adjust the same lyric to \"turn the shower on\" instead.","title":"Background and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brittany Spanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brittany_Spanos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone called it a \"bouncy party anthem\",[16] whilst The Guardian described it as \"a perfectly serviceable party tune\".[17] Nick Levine of NME praised the track's production \"and there's no denying this is another superior slab of on-trend ear candy from one of pop's finest songwriters.\"[18] A CBS affiliate's critic wrote that the song was the No. 3 song that \"saved 2016\", calling it a \"formidable hit\".[19]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end lists","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BPI-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ilpopoloveneto.it-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard.com-24"},{"link_name":"Closer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closer_(The_Chainsmokers_song)"},{"link_name":"Chainsmokers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainsmokers"},{"link_name":"Halsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halsey_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard.com-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ussales-26"},{"link_name":"Can't Stop the Feeling!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_the_Feeling!"},{"link_name":"Justin Timberlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Timberlake"}],"text":"In Australia, \"Cheap Thrills\" was eventually certified quadruple platinum for shipments of over 280,000 copies, and reached No. 6. In New Zealand, the song reached No. 3, and was certified double platinum for sales of over 30,000 copies. The song was awarded quadruple platinum in Sweden, quintuple platinum in Spain, and Double Diamond in Poland. In the UK, it peaked at No. 2 for four weeks, and has since been certified quintuple platinum for shipments of over three million units.[21]The song became the best selling and highest certified single in Italy for a female artist, reaching 10× platinum status, with sales of over 500,000 copies.[22] On 25 September 2017, the song received a Diamond certification in Italy, making Sia the first female singer to ever achieve such status.[23]In the United States, the song debuted at No. 81 and peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the issue dated 6 August 2016.[24] The song became Sia's first number-one single in the country, and Sean Paul's fourth; he returned to the top 10 after ten years. It stayed on top for four straight weeks until it was dethroned by \"Closer\" by the Chainsmokers featuring Halsey. With \"Cheap Thrills,\" Sia became the first woman over 40 to top the Hot 100 since Madonna topped the Hot 100 with \"Music\" in 2000.[24] It sold 1.7 million copies in the US in 2016, becoming the tenth best-selling song of the year in the country.[25] It sold 1.9 million copies in the US by May 2017.[26] In 2022, It was certified octuple platinum for sales of over 8.000.000 copies.\"Cheap Thrills\" was the second best selling single of 2016 after \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\" by Justin Timberlake. On Spotify, \"Cheap Thrills\" became Sia's most streamed song on the platform with more than two billion streams (1.6 billion for the solo version and 600 million for the feat version).","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maddie Ziegler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddie_Ziegler"},{"link_name":"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Jimmy_Fallon"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"American Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Coachella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachella_Valley_Music_and_Arts_Festival"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"The Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VoiceFinale-31"}],"text":"Sia has performed \"Cheap Thrills\" on various television shows and concerts, with a group of dancers usually led by either Maddie Ziegler or Stephanie Mincone dancing to the same choreography as in the music video, including The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in January 2016,[27] American Idol in March,[28] Coachella in April,[29] and YouTube's Brandcast event in New York City[30] as well as the season finale of The Voice, both in May.[31]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sean Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Paul"},{"link_name":"American Bandstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bandstand"},{"link_name":"The Buddy Deane Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buddy_Deane_Show"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vulture-8"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Daniel Askill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Askill"},{"link_name":"Maddie Ziegler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddie_Ziegler"},{"link_name":"Ryan Heffington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Heffington"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Teen Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Vogue"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Best Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Award_for_Best_Video"},{"link_name":"ARIA Music Awards of 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_2016"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Video-36"}],"text":"A lyric video featuring Sean Paul performing a new verse was released on 10 February 2016. In the video, a faceless couple wearing wigs (two dancers Minn Vo and Stefanie Klausmann), which have become part of Sia's signature look, win a dance contest on a retro 1960s black-and-white TV show reminiscent of American Bandstand or The Buddy Deane Show, using visual effects to recreate the look of early 1960s television cameras.[8][32] The video, directed by Lior Molcho, has been viewed more than 1.8 billion times as of July 2023.[33]Sia and Daniel Askill directed a performance video featuring Maddie Ziegler dancing with two male dancers (Wyatt Rocker and Nick Lanzisera) to Ryan Heffington's choreography, which was released on 21 March 2016. A trio of dancers wear nude-coloured, with black and blonde hairstyles and gloves in the half-and-half style used in most of Sia's videos for This Is Acting. They dance on a plain stage, with Sia at a rear corner in the background singing into a microphone while wearing a similar bobbed two-toned wig, a large hairbow and a white dress. Billboard wrote that \"the video features the same type of intense, captivating choreography as some of [Sia's] other work. This time, Ziegler is backed by two other dancers, and the trio seems to blend as one\".[34] Teen Vogue said that Ziegler \"delivers another powerful performance\".[35] The music video was nominated for Best Video at the ARIA Music Awards of 2016.[36]","title":"Music videos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KIOI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIOI"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"WTSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTSS"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"In radio, \"Cheap Thrills\" used modified lyrics, like \"Come on, come on, turn Star on.\" It was heard on KIOI 101.3 FM in San Francisco and WTSS 102.5 FM in Buffalo.[37]","title":"Radio edits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sean Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Paul"},{"link_name":"Le Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Youth"},{"link_name":"RAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAC_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Nicky Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Jam"}],"text":"Digital download\"Cheap Thrills\" (featuring Sean Paul) – 3:44\n\"Cheap Thrills\" – 3:30Digital download - Remixes EP\"Cheap Thrills\" (Hex Cougar Remix) – 3:49\n\"Cheap Thrills\" (featuring Sean Paul) (Le Youth Remix) – 3:39\n\"Cheap Thrills\" (RAC Remix) – 4:09\n\"Cheap Thrills\" (Nomero Remix) – 4:11\n\"Cheap Thrills\" (Sted-E & Hybrid Heights Remix) – 5:35\n\"Cheap Thrills\" (Cyril Hahn Remix) – 4:45\n\"Cheap Thrills\" (John J-C Carr Remix) – 5:16\n\"Cheap Thrills\" (Remix) (featuring Nicky Jam) – 3:32","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheap_Thrills_(song)&action=edit§ion=10"},{"link_name":"Monitor Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_Latino"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australia_Sia-39"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Sia-41"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Sia_feat._Sean_Paul-42"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Wallonia_Sia_feat._Sean_Paul-43"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canada_Sia-44"},{"link_name":"AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_AC"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Can_AC-45"},{"link_name":"CHR/Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_CHR/Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Can_CHR-46"},{"link_name":"Hot AC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Hot_AC"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Can_HAC-47"},{"link_name":"National-Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National-Report"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colombia-48"},{"link_name":"Rádio – Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Czech_Republic_Sia-49"},{"link_name":"Singles Digitál Top 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lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Finland_Sia-54"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_Sia-55"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Sia-56"},{"link_name":"Global 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Global_200"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardglobal200_Sia-57"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Monitor Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_Latino"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Rádiós Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungary_-60"},{"link_name":"Single Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungarytop10_-61"},{"link_name":"RÚV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%9AV"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland_-63"},{"link_name":"Media Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Forest"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Israelairplay_Sia_feat._Sean_Paul-64"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Italy_Sia-65"},{"link_name":"Lebanese Top 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Lebanese_Top_20"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-66"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Mexico Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 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100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Poland_-74"},{"link_name":"AFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Portugal_Sia-75"},{"link_name":"Airplay 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplay_100_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-podcast-76"},{"link_name":"Tophit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tophit"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-78"},{"link_name":"Rádio Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Slovakia)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Slovakia_Sia-79"},{"link_name":"Singles Digitál Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Slovakdigital_Sia-80"},{"link_name":"SloTop50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SloTop50"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Spain_Sia-82"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Sia_feat._Sean_Paul-83"},{"link_name":"Schweizer 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100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Sia-89"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultcontemporary_Sia-90"},{"link_name":"Adult Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultpopsongs_Sia-91"},{"link_name":"Dance/Mix Show Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance/Mix_Show_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceairplay_Sia-92"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceclubplay_Sia-93"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardpopsongs_Sia-94"},{"link_name":"Rhythmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrhythmic_Sia-95"},{"link_name":"Record Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Report"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheap_Thrills_(song)&action=edit§ion=11"},{"link_name":"CAPIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPIF"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Brasil Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil_Hot_100_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"CIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colombia_English-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SPAYE2016-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-year_end_uruguay-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheap_Thrills_(song)&action=edit§ion=12"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EndofDecade-148"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EndofDecade-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2016–2021)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nArgentina (Monitor Latino)[38]\n\n1\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[39]\n\n6\n\n\nAustralia Dance (ARIA)[40]\n\n1\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[41]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[42]\n\n3\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[43]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[44]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada AC (Billboard)[45]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[46]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada Hot AC (Billboard)[47]\n\n1\n\n\nColombia (National-Report)[48]\n\n6\n\n\nCzech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)[49]\n\n1\n\n\nCzech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[50]\n\n1\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[51]\n\n2\n\n\nEcuador (National-Report)[52]\n\n4\n\n\nEuro Digital Songs (Billboard)[53]\n\n1\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[54]\n\n4\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[55]\n\n1\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[56]\n\n1\n\n\nGlobal 200 (Billboard)[57]\n\n170\n\n\nGreece Digital Songs (Billboard)[58]\n\n1\n\n\nGuatemala (Monitor Latino)[59]\n\n3\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[60]\n\n1\n\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[61]\n\n2\n\n\nIceland (RÚV)[62]\n\n8\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[63]\n\n1\n\n\nIsrael (Media Forest)[64]\n\n1\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[65]\n\n1\n\n\nLebanon (Lebanese Top 20)[66]\n\n2\n\n\nLuxembourg Digital Songs (Billboard)[67]\n\n1\n\n\nMexico Airplay (Billboard)[68]\n\n3\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[69]\n\n3\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[70]\n\n3\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[71]\n\n3\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[72]\n\n3\n\n\nPanama (Monitor Latino)[73]\n\n20\n\n\nPoland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[74]\n\n2\n\n\nPortugal (AFP)[75]\n\n1\n\n\nRomania (Airplay 100)[76]\n\n1\n\n\nRussia Airplay (Tophit)[77]\n\n3\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[78]\n\n1\n\n\nSlovakia (Rádio Top 100)[79]\n\n1\n\n\nSlovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[80]\n\n1\n\n\nSlovenia (SloTop50)[81]\n\n1\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[82]\n\n1\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[83]\n\n1\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[84]\n\n2\n\n\nSwitzerland (Media Control Romandy)[85]\n\n1\n\n\nTurkey (Radiomonitor Turkey International Chart)[86]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[87]\n\n2\n\n\nUruguay (Monitor Latino)[88]\n\n13\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[89]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[90]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[91]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)[92]\n\n6\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[93]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[94]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Rhythmic (Billboard)[95]\n\n7\n\n\nVenezuela English (Record Report)[96]\n\n1\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2016)\n\nPosition\n\n\nArgentina (CAPIF)[97]\n\n4\n\n\nArgentina (Monitor Latino)[98]\n\n6\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[99]\n\n8\n\n\nAustralian Dance Singles (ARIA)[100]\n\n5\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[101]\n\n2\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop Flanders)[102]\n\n8\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop Wallonia)[103]\n\n1\n\n\nBrazil (Brasil Hot 100)[104]\n\n18\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[105]\n\n3\n\n\nCIS (Tophit)[106]\n\n40\n\n\nColombia English (National-Report)[107]\n\n1\n\n\nDenmark (Tracklisten)[108]\n\n4\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[109]\n\n1\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[110]\n\n3\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[111]\n\n4\n\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[112]\n\n6\n\n\nIceland (Plötutíóindi)[113]\n\n3\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[114]\n\n1\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[115]\n\n2\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[116]\n\n5\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[117]\n\n8\n\n\nPoland (ZPAV)[118]\n\n8\n\n\nRomania (Airplay 100)[119]\n\n4\n\n\nRussia Airplay (Tophit)[120]\n\n39\n\n\nSlovenia (SloTop50)[121]\n\n3\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[122]\n\n2\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[123]\n\n2\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[124]\n\n2\n\n\nUkraine Airplay (Tophit)[125]\n\n13\n\n\nUK Singles (Official Charts Company)[126]\n\n3\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[127]\n\n11\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[128]\n\n18\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[129]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[130]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)[131]\n\n25\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[132]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Radio Songs (Billboard)[133]\n\n6\n\n\nUS Rhythmic (Billboard)[134]\n\n44\n\n\nVenezuela English (Record Report)[135]\n\n3\n\n\nWorldwide (IFPI)[136]\n\n4\n\n\nChart (2017)\n\nPosition\n\n\nBrazil (Pro-Música Brasil)[137]\n\n140\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[138]\n\n67\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[139]\n\n16\n\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[140]\n\n94\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[141]\n\n89\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[142]\n\n40\n\n\nUruguay (Monitor Latino)[143]\n\n54\n\n\nUS Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[144]\n\n8\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[145]\n\n43\n\n\nUS Radio Songs (Billboard)[146]\n\n50\n\n\nChart (2018)\n\nPosition\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[147]\n\n144\n\nDecade-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2010–2019)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[148]\n\n83\n\n\nAustralian Artist Singles (ARIA)[148]\n\n11\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[149]\n\n11\n\n\nUK Singles (Official Charts Company)[150]\n\n18\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[151]\n\n66","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Greg Kurstin production discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kurstin_production_discography"},{"title":"List of Airplay 100 number ones of the 2010s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Airplay_100_number_ones_of_the_2010s"},{"title":"List of best-selling singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles"},{"title":"List of number-one dance singles of 2016 (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_dance_singles_of_2016_(U.S.)"},{"title":"List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_2016"},{"title":"List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top_10_singles_in_2016"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Cheap Thrills (feat. Sean Paul) – Single\". iTunes. 11 February 2016. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/cheap-thrills-feat.-sean-paul/id1082505789?app=itunes","url_text":"\"Cheap Thrills (feat. Sean Paul) – Single\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes","url_text":"iTunes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160302115711/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/cheap-thrills-feat.-sean-paul/id1082505789?app=itunes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Weiner, Natalie (17 December 2015). \"Listen to Sia's New Single, Rihanna-Reject 'Cheap Thrills'\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160331092015/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/6813528/sia-cheap-thrills-new-single-rihanna-this-is-acting","url_text":"\"Listen to Sia's New Single, Rihanna-Reject 'Cheap Thrills'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/6813528/sia-cheap-thrills-new-single-rihanna-this-is-acting","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary. \"Sia's 'Cheap Thrills' Takes No. 1 on Hot 100 From Drake\". Billboard. Archived from the original on 26 July 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7446766/sia-cheap-thrills-sean-paul-no-1-hot-100","url_text":"\"Sia's 'Cheap Thrills' Takes No. 1 on Hot 100 From Drake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160726141731/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7446766/sia-cheap-thrills-sean-paul-no-1-hot-100","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Full List of Winners\". Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) | Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS). Archived from the original on 5 April 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200405152847/https://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2018-awards/apra-music-awards/full-list-of-winners/","url_text":"\"Full List of Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Performing_Right_Association","url_text":"Australasian Performing Right Association"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Mechanical_Copyright_Owners_Society","url_text":"Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society"},{"url":"http://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2018-awards/apra-music-awards/full-list-of-winners/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sarah Aarons wins Four APRA Awards The Complete Winners List\". noise11. 30 April 2019. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.noise11.com/news/sarah-aarons-wins-four-apra-awards-the-complete-winners-list-20190430","url_text":"\"Sarah Aarons wins Four APRA Awards The Complete Winners List\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190501041949/http://www.noise11.com/news/sarah-aarons-wins-four-apra-awards-the-complete-winners-list-20190430","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Nathanael (25 May 2020). \"Tones and I, Hilltop Hoods dominate 2020 APRA Music Awards\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/culture/music/tones-and-i-hilltop-hoods-dominate-songwriting-awards-20200525-p54w6m.html","url_text":"\"Tones and I, Hilltop Hoods dominate 2020 APRA Music Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200603160732/https://www.smh.com.au/culture/music/tones-and-i-hilltop-hoods-dominate-songwriting-awards-20200525-p54w6m.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Index\". Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mediatraffic.de/tracks-2016.htm","url_text":"\"Index\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210505033422/http://www.mediatraffic.de/tracks-2016.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sia Gives 'Cheap Thrills' Sean Paul Verse, Video\". Vulture.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2016/02/sia-gives-cheap-thrills-sean-paul-verse-video.html","url_text":"\"Sia Gives 'Cheap Thrills' Sean Paul Verse, Video\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160213184540/http://www.vulture.com/2016/02/sia-gives-cheap-thrills-sean-paul-verse-video.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Reed, Ryan (21 March 2016). \"Watch Sia Re-Team With 'Elastic Heart' Dancer for 'Cheap Thrills' Vid\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 31 August 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/watch-sia-re-team-with-elastic-heart-dancer-for-cheap-thrills-vid-20160321","url_text":"\"Watch Sia Re-Team With 'Elastic Heart' Dancer for 'Cheap Thrills' Vid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160831095522/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/watch-sia-re-team-with-elastic-heart-dancer-for-cheap-thrills-vid-20160321","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sia 'This Is Acting' review\". AllMusic. 29 January 2016. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/this-is-acting-mw0002894912","url_text":"\"Sia 'This Is Acting' review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161005043116/http://www.allmusic.com/album/this-is-acting-mw0002894912","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Jeff (21 March 2016). \"Maddie Ziegler Returns in Performance Video for Sia's New Single 'Cheap Thrills'\". People. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/celebrity/sia-releases-cheap-thrills-performance-video-starring-maddie-ziegler/","url_text":"\"Maddie Ziegler Returns in Performance Video for Sia's New Single 'Cheap Thrills'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180708221457/https://people.com/celebrity/sia-releases-cheap-thrills-performance-video-starring-maddie-ziegler/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sengupta, Arka (23 March 2016). \"Music Video Review: 'Cheap Thrills' by Sia\". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.in/music-video-review-cheap-thrills-by-sia-671866","url_text":"\"Music Video Review: 'Cheap Thrills' by Sia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161005230323/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/music-video-review-cheap-thrills-by-sia-671866","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"much.com\". much.com. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.much.com/danceall-reggae-fusion-trend-taking-over-the-music-scene/","url_text":"\"much.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180622033306/https://www.much.com/danceall-reggae-fusion-trend-taking-over-the-music-scene/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kurstin, Greg (31 March 2017). \"Sia \"Cheap Thrills\" Sheet Music – Download & Print\". Musicnotes.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0163013","url_text":"\"Sia \"Cheap Thrills\" Sheet Music – Download & Print\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160512185449/http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0163013","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sia's 'Cheap Thrills' is slightly different on most radio stations, but have you noticed the tweak?\". Digital Spy. 7 July 2016. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. 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|
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Sean Paul) – Single\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160302115711/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/cheap-thrills-feat.-sean-paul/id1082505789?app=itunes","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160331092015/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/6813528/sia-cheap-thrills-new-single-rihanna-this-is-acting","external_links_name":"\"Listen to Sia's New Single, Rihanna-Reject 'Cheap Thrills'\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/6813528/sia-cheap-thrills-new-single-rihanna-this-is-acting","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7446766/sia-cheap-thrills-sean-paul-no-1-hot-100","external_links_name":"\"Sia's 'Cheap Thrills' Takes No. 1 on Hot 100 From Drake\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160726141731/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7446766/sia-cheap-thrills-sean-paul-no-1-hot-100","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200405152847/https://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2018-awards/apra-music-awards/full-list-of-winners/","external_links_name":"\"Full List of Winners\""},{"Link":"http://apraamcos.com.au/awards/2018-awards/apra-music-awards/full-list-of-winners/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.noise11.com/news/sarah-aarons-wins-four-apra-awards-the-complete-winners-list-20190430","external_links_name":"\"Sarah Aarons wins Four APRA Awards The Complete Winners 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_de_Fuenmayor
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Alonso de Fuenmayor
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["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links and additional sources"]
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Most ReverendAlonso de FuenmayorArchbishop of Santo DomingoChurchCatholic ChurchDioceseArchdiocese of Santo DomingoIn office1546–1554PredecessorSebastián Ramírez de FuenlealSuccessorDiego de Covarrubias y LeivaOrdersConsecrationMarch 1538by Rodrigo de Bastidas y Rodriguez de RomeraPersonal detailsBorn1502Calahorra, SpainDied1 March 1554 (age 52)Santo DomingoCoat of arms
Alonso de Fuenmayor (1502- 1 March 1554) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as the Archbishop of Santo Domingo (1546–1554) and Bishop of Santo Domingo (1538–1546).
Biography
Alonso de Fuenmayor was born in Calahorra, Spain.
On 27 October 1538, he was appointed by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Paul III as Bishop of Santo Domingo.
In March 1538, he was consecrated bishop by Rodrigo de Bastidas y Rodriguez de Romera, Bishop of Coro.
On 12 February 1546, he was named by Pope Paul III as Archbishop of Santo Domingo after the elevation of the diocese.
He served as Archbishop of Santo Domingo until his death on 1 March 1554.
References
^ a b c d Eubel, Konrad (1923). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi. Vol. III (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. p. 187. (in Latin)
^ a b c d e Cheney, David M. "Archbishop Alfonso de Fuenmayor". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
External links and additional sources
Cheney, David M. "Archdiocese of Santo Domingo". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved March 25, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops)
Chow, Gabriel. "Metropolitan Archdiocese of Santo Domingo". GCatholic.org. Retrieved March 25, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops)
Religious titles
Preceded bySebastián Ramírez de Fuenleal
Archbishop and Bishop of Santo Domingo 1538–1554
Succeeded byDiego de Covarrubias y Leiva
Portals: Biography Catholicism Dominican Republic Spain
This article about a Catholic bishop or archbishop from the Dominican Republic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIII-SantoDomingo-1"}],"text":"Alonso de Fuenmayor (1502- 1 March 1554) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as the Archbishop of Santo Domingo (1546–1554) and Bishop of Santo Domingo (1538–1546).[1]","title":"Alonso de Fuenmayor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calahorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calahorra"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAlfonFuen-2"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_III"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIII-SantoDomingo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAlfonFuen-2"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo de Bastidas y Rodriguez de Romera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Bastidas_y_Rodriguez_de_Romera"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Coro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Coro"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAlfonFuen-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIII-SantoDomingo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAlfonFuen-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HierarchiaIII-SantoDomingo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAlfonFuen-2"}],"text":"Alonso de Fuenmayor was born in Calahorra, Spain.[2]\nOn 27 October 1538, he was appointed by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Paul III as Bishop of Santo Domingo.[1][2] \nIn March 1538, he was consecrated bishop by Rodrigo de Bastidas y Rodriguez de Romera, Bishop of Coro.[2] \nOn 12 February 1546, he was named by Pope Paul III as Archbishop of Santo Domingo after the elevation of the diocese.[1][2] \nHe served as Archbishop of Santo Domingo until his death on 1 March 1554.[1][2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Archdiocese of Santo Domingo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsndo.html"},{"link_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org"},{"link_name":"[self-published]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS"},{"link_name":"\"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Santo Domingo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/zdom0.htm"},{"link_name":"[self-published]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:External_Ornaments_of_a_Bishop.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alonso_de_Fuenmayor&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:DominicanRepublic-RC-bishop-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:DominicanRepublic-RC-bishop-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DominicanRepublic-RC-bishop-stub"}],"text":"Cheney, David M. \"Archdiocese of Santo Domingo\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved March 25, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]\nChow, Gabriel. \"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Santo Domingo\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved March 25, 2018. (for Chronology of Bishops) [self-published]Portals: Biography Catholicism Dominican Republic SpainThis article about a Catholic bishop or archbishop from the Dominican Republic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"External links and additional sources"}]
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[{"reference":"Eubel, Konrad (1923). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi. Vol. III (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. p. 187.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Eubel","url_text":"Eubel, Konrad"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/hierarchiacathol03eube#page/186/mode/2up","url_text":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi"}]},{"reference":"Cheney, David M. \"Archbishop Alfonso de Fuenmayor\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bfuen.html","url_text":"\"Archbishop Alfonso de Fuenmayor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]},{"reference":"Cheney, David M. \"Archdiocese of Santo Domingo\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. Retrieved March 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsndo.html","url_text":"\"Archdiocese of Santo Domingo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic-Hierarchy.org","url_text":"Catholic-Hierarchy.org"}]},{"reference":"Chow, Gabriel. \"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Santo Domingo\". GCatholic.org. Retrieved March 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/zdom0.htm","url_text":"\"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Santo Domingo\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/hierarchiacathol03eube#page/186/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bfuen.html","external_links_name":"\"Archbishop Alfonso de Fuenmayor\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsndo.html","external_links_name":"\"Archdiocese of Santo Domingo\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/zdom0.htm","external_links_name":"\"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Santo Domingo\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alonso_de_Fuenmayor&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratriathlon_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_PT4
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Paratriathlon at the 2016 Summer Paralympics – Women's PT4
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["1 Results"]
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Women's PT4at the XV Paralympic GamesLauren Steadman running in the eventVenueFort CopacabanaDates11 September 2016Competitors11 from 7 nationsMedalists
Grace Norman
United States
Lauren Steadman
Great Britain
Gwladys Lemoussu
France
Triathlon at the2016 Summer ParalympicsPT1menPT2menwomenPT4menwomenPT5womenvte
The Paratriathlon at the 2016 Summer Paralympics – Women's PT4 event at the 2016 Paralympic Games took place at 10:00 on 11 September 2016 at Fort Copacabana.
Results
Rank
Bib
Name
Nationality
Swim
1st Transition
Bike Lap 1
Bike Lap 2
Bike Lap 3
Bike Lap 4
2nd Transition
Run Lap 1
Run Lap 2
Time
405
Grace Norman
United States
10:42
1:47
9:02
9:12
9:14
9:29
0:58
9:30
10:45
1:10:39
410
Lauren Steadman
Great Britain
11:12
1:20
8:56
9:12
9:12
9:24
0:45
10:00
11:42
1:11:43
406
Gwladys Lemoussu
France
12:24
1:23
9:28
9:40
9:40
9:46
0:52
10:15
11:03
1:14:31
4
409
Faye McClelland
Great Britain
12:42
1:28
9:25
9:42
9:45
10:00
0:51
10:05
11:10
1:15:08
5
402
Kate Doughty
Australia
11:42
1:18
9:22
9:32
9:34
9:41
0:53
11:23
12:25
1:15:50
6
401
Alisa Kolpakchy
Ukraine
14:01
1:29
9:58
10:02
10:06
10:16
0:56
10:15
11:32
1:18:35
7
408
Clare Cunningham
Great Britain
12:08
1:31
10:05
10:29
10:21
10:33
1:01
10:35
12:19
1:19:02
8
407
Chantal Givens
Canada
15:24
1:30
9:42
9:55
9:57
10:00
0:56
10:23
11:26
1:19:13
9
403
Claire McLean
Australia
15:09
1:35
9:06
9:16
9:15
9:35
1:09
11:41
13:00
1:19:46
10
404
Patricia Collins
United States
12:36
2:23
9:51
9:54
9:43
9:48
1:21
12:10
13:22
1:21:08
11
411
Ana Raquel Lins
Brazil
12:30
1:24
10:16
10:33
10:46
10:57
0:51
11:20
12:47
1:21:24
Source: "Women's - PT4 Schedute and Results". Rio 2016 Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
Portal: Sports
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160922202052/https://www.rio2016.com/en/paralympics/triathlon-women-pt4","external_links_name":"\"Women's - PT4 Schedute and Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.rio2016.com/en/paralympics/triathlon-women-pt4","external_links_name":"the original"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_McKeon_(baseball)
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Larry McKeon (baseball)
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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American baseball player
Baseball player
Larry McKeonPitcherBorn: 1857 or 1858New York, New York, U.S.Died: July 18, 1915 (aged 57)Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.Batted: rightThrew: rightMLB debutMay 1, 1884, for the Indianapolis HoosiersLast MLB appearanceSeptember 15, 1886, for the Kansas City CowboysMLB statisticsWin–loss record46–64Earned run average3.71Strikeouts474
Teams
Indianapolis Hoosiers (1884)
Cincinnati Red Stockings (1885)
Kansas City Cowboys (1886)
Lawrence G. McKeon (1857/1858 – July 18, 1915) was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball for three seasons, from 1884 to 1886. He played one season each for the Indianapolis Hoosiers, Cincinnati Red Stockings, and Kansas City Cowboys. He was born in New York City, and died in Indianapolis on July 18, 1915, at age 57. He is interred at St. Mary Cemetery in Port Jervis, New York.
References
^ "Former Ball Pitcher Dies in Mission Ward". Indianapolis News. July 19, 1915. p. 4. Retrieved January 31, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Larry McKeon's career statistics". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved May 12, 2009.
External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
vteCincinnati Reds Opening Day starting pitchers
Red Ames
Homer Bailey
Fred Beebe
Joe Beggs
Larry Benton
Rube Benton
Jack Billingham
Ewell Blackwell
Ted Breitenstein
Jim Brosnan
Tom Browning
Luis Castillo
Johnny Cueto
Peaches Davis
Paul Derringer
Pete Donohue
Jesse Duryea
Frank Dwyer
Red Ehret
Sammy Ellis
Bob Ewing
Scott Feldman
Art Fowler
Tony Freitas
Art Fromme
Woodie Fryman
Sonny Gray
Hunter Greene
Don Gullett
Noodles Hahn
Joey Hamilton
Aaron Harang
Pete Harnisch
Jack Harper
Pink Hawley
Jimmy Haynes
Raisel Iglesias
Joey Jay
Si Johnson
Bumpus Jones
Johnny Klippstein
Brooks Lawrence
Cory Lidle
Red Lucas
Dolf Luque
Tyler Mahle
Jim Maloney
Larry McKeon
Jim Merritt
Frankie Montas
Tony Mullane
Gary Nolan
Joe Nuxhall
Jim O'Toole
Orval Overall
Milt Pappas
Tom Parrott
Frank Pastore
Bill Phillips
Bud Podbielan
Bob Purkey
Ken Raffensberger
Mike Remlinger
Billy Rhines
José Rijo
Eppa Rixey
Dutch Ruether
Pete Schneider
Gene Schott
Pete Schourek
Tom Seaver
Gus Shallix
John Smiley
Frank Smith
Mario Soto
Jack Sutthoff
Len Swormstedt
Brett Tomko
Fred Toney
Johnny Vander Meer
Edinson Vólquez
Bucky Walters
Herm Wehmeier
Will White
Paul Wilson
This biographical article relating to an American baseball pitcher born in the 1860s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Hoosiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Hoosiers_(American_Association)"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Red Stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Red_Stockings_(AA)"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Cowboys_(National_League)"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Port Jervis, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jervis,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retrosheet-2"}],"text":"Baseball playerLawrence G. McKeon (1857/1858 – July 18, 1915) was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball for three seasons, from 1884 to 1886. He played one season each for the Indianapolis Hoosiers, Cincinnati Red Stockings, and Kansas City Cowboys. He was born in New York City, and died in Indianapolis on July 18, 1915, at age 57.[1] He is interred at St. Mary Cemetery in Port Jervis, New York.[2]","title":"Larry McKeon (baseball)"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Former Ball Pitcher Dies in Mission Ward\". Indianapolis News. July 19, 1915. p. 4. Retrieved January 31, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43373686/former_ball_pitcher_dies_in_mission_ward/","url_text":"\"Former Ball Pitcher Dies in Mission Ward\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_News","url_text":"Indianapolis News"}]},{"reference":"\"Larry McKeon's career statistics\". retrosheet.org. Retrosheet, Inc. Retrieved May 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/M/Pmckel101.htm","url_text":"\"Larry McKeon's career statistics\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43373686/former_ball_pitcher_dies_in_mission_ward/","external_links_name":"\"Former Ball Pitcher Dies in Mission Ward\""},{"Link":"http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/M/Pmckel101.htm","external_links_name":"\"Larry McKeon's career statistics\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mckeola01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=mckeon001lar","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_McKeon_(baseball)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1_Live_in_Concert_(Steve_Earle_album)
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BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert (Steve Earle album)
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["1 Track listing","2 References"]
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1992 live album by Steve EarleBBC Radio 1 Live in ConcertLive album by Steve EarleReleased11 December 1992Recorded29 November 1988 at The Town & Country Club, LondonGenreCountry, Country rockLength52:45LabelWindsong InternationalProducerPete RitzemaSteve Earle chronology
BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert(1992)
Shut Up And Die Like An Aviator(1991)
BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert is a live album by Steve Earle. The album was recorded 29 November 1988 at The Town & Country Club, London and released in 1992. The album was re-released as Live At The BBC in 2009 with an additional four tracks recorded for Liz Kershaw's show, recorded live in Manchester on 16 April 1987.
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
Track listing
All songs written by Steve Earle unless otherwise noted.
"Copperhead Road" - 4:25
"San Antonio Girl" - 2:45
"Even When I'm Blue" - 4:00
"My Old Friend the Blues" - 2:50
"Someday" - 3:45
"The Devil's Right Hand" - 2:55
"Down the Road" - 3:05 (Tony Brown, Steve Earle, Jimbeau Hinson)
"Snake Oil" - 7:45
"Johnny Come Lately" - 3:20
"When Will We Be Married?" - 4:10 (Traditional)
"Little Rock & Roller" - 4:45
"Dead Flowers" - 5:35 (Mick Jagger, Keith Richards)
"My Baby Worships Me" - 3:25
2009 Edition (released as Live at the BBC) Bonus Tracks:
14. "Fearless Heart" - 4:05
15. "Good Ole Boy (Getting Tough)" - 3:57
16. "Hillbilly Highway" (Steve Earle, Jimbeau Hinson) - 3:39
17. "I Love You Too Much" - 4:06
References
^ "Live at the BBC - Steve Earle | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic.
^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/r181370 link
BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert at AllMusic
vteSteve EarleStudio albums
Guitar Town
Exit 0
Copperhead Road
The Hard Way
Train a Comin'
I Feel Alright
El Corazón
The Mountain (with the Del McCoury Band)
Transcendental Blues
Jerusalem
The Revolution Starts Now
Washington Square Serenade
Townes
I'll Never Get Out of This World Alive
The Low Highway
Terraplane
Colvin & Earle (with Shawn Colvin)
Ghosts of West Virginia
J.T.
Jerry Jeff
Compilation albums
Early Tracks
Essential Steve Earle
Ain't Ever Satisfied: The Steve Earle Collection
The Devil's Right Hand: An Introduction to Steve Earle
Sidetracks
20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Steve Earle
Live albums
Shut Up and Die Like an Aviator
BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert
Together at the Bluebird Café (with Guy Clark and Townes Van Zandt)
Just an American Boy
Live from Austin, TX
Live at Montreux 2005
Notable singles
"What'll You Do About Me"
"A Little Bit in Love"
"Hillbilly Highway"
"Guitar Town"
"Someday"
"Goodbye's All We've Got Left"
"Nowhere Road"
"Sweet Little '66"
"Copperhead Road"
"Six Days on the Road"
Other songs
"Devil's Right Hand"
"When You Fall in Love"
"Sometimes She Forgets"
"Galway Girl"
Related articles
Discography
E-Squared Records
The Steve Earle Show
Justin Townes Earle
Stacey Earle
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
This 1990s rock album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Live at the BBC - Steve Earle | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/live-at-the-bbc-mw0000810479","url_text":"\"Live at the BBC - Steve Earle | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Cevdet_Oran
|
Ahmet Cevdet Oran
|
["1 Biography","2 References"]
|
Ottoman-Turkish journalist (1862–1935)
Not to be confused with Ahmet Cevdet Pasha.
Ahmet Cevdet OranBorn1862Istanbul, Ottoman EmpireDied27 May 1935 (aged 72–73)Ankara, TurkeyNationalityTurkishOccupationJournalistYears active1883–1935
Ahmet Cevdet Oran (mostly known as Ahmet Cevdet; 1862–27 May 1935) was a Turkish journalist who founded an influential newspaper, İkdam which was in circulation between 1894 and 1928. He was one of the early Turkish journalists who employed pure Turkish instead of Ottoman Turkish in his writings.
Biography
Ahmet Cevdet was born in Istanbul in 1862. His father was Hacı Ahmed Efendi, a well-known tobacco merchant. He graduated from Kaptanpaşa Junior High School and then from Mülkiye, school of political sciences, and the law school. He took lessons in Arabic, Persian and French and learned German and Greek. He started his career as a translator at the newspaper Tercümân-ı Hakîkat when he was twenty-one. Later he began to publish his first articles in this newspaper. Meanwhile, he also published articles in Takvîm-i Vekāyi and served in its editorial board. Later, he worked as a civil servant at Ottoman Bank. He returned to journalism and worked as the chief editor of different newspapers, including Sabah, Tarik and Saadet. In 1894, he launched a newspaper entitled İkdam which he also edited.
Ahmet Cevdet was in opposition to the Committee of Union and Progress, which took over the Ottoman administration after the proclamation of the Second Constitutional Monarchy. Therefore, he went into exile in Switzerland. He supported the Turkish War of Independence and returned to the country following the establishment of Republic of Turkey. In addition to journalism, he was the publisher of many books such as Evliya Çelebi's Seyahatnâme and Şemseddin Sâmî's Kamus-ı Türki.
Ahmet Cevdet was married and had three daughters one of whom was the mother of Turkish social scientist Şerif Mardin. He died in Ankara on 27 May 1935.
References
^ Eminalp Malkoç (2008). "The 1927 Republican People's Party Congress and Mustafa Kemal's Great Speech From the Perspective of İkdam Newspaper". International Review of Turkology. 1 (2): 41. ISSN 1308-0105.
^ a b c d e f Cevat Fehmi Baskut (February 1964). "Prominent Figures in Turkish Journalism". International Communication Gazette. 10 (1): 87. doi:10.1177/001654926401000113. S2CID 144350383.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Ahmet Cevdet, İkdamcı" (in Turkish). Islam Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
^ a b Ali Demirel (July 2018). The Relations of İstanbul and Ankara within the Press of Turkish National Struggle (1918-1922) (PhD thesis). Middle East Technical University. p. 12. hdl:11511/27502.
^ "Bir Münevver Portresi: Şerif Mardin". TR Dergisi (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
Authority control databases
İslâm Ansiklopedisi
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Later, he worked as a civil servant at Ottoman Bank.[3] He returned to journalism and worked as the chief editor of different newspapers, including Sabah, Tarik and Saadet.[2][3] In 1894, he launched a newspaper entitled İkdam which he also edited.[4]Ahmet Cevdet was in opposition to the Committee of Union and Progress, which took over the Ottoman administration after the proclamation of the Second Constitutional Monarchy.[2] Therefore, he went into exile in Switzerland.[2][4] He supported the Turkish War of Independence and returned to the country following the establishment of Republic of Turkey.[2] In addition to journalism, he was the publisher of many books such as Evliya Çelebi's Seyahatnâme and Şemseddin Sâmî's Kamus-ı Türki.[3]Ahmet Cevdet was married and had three daughters one of whom was the mother of Turkish social scientist Şerif Mardin.[5] He died in Ankara on 27 May 1935.[3]","title":"Biography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goofy%27s_Freeway_Troubles
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List of Walt Disney Animation Studios short films
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["1 Laugh-O-Gram Studio","2 Walt Disney Productions short films","2.1 1923–1928","2.2 1928–1939","2.3 1940–1949","2.4 1950–1959","2.5 1960–1985","3 Walt Disney Animation Studios short films","3.1 1986–1999","3.2 2000–present","4 See also","4.1 Intersecting lists of shorts","4.2 Related television series","4.3 Other","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
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Walt Disney Animation Studios logo
This is a list of animated short films produced by Walt Disney and Walt Disney Animation Studios from 1921 to the present.
This includes films produced at the Laugh-O-Gram Studio which Disney founded in 1921 as well as the animation studio now owned by The Walt Disney Company, previously called the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio (1923–1926), The Walt Disney Studio (1926–1929), Walt Disney Productions (1929–1986), and Walt Disney Feature Animation (1986–2007).
This list does not include:
Segments of feature-length package films later released individually (see List of Disney theatrical animated features)
Animated cartoon segments originally made for television (e.g. Mickey Mouse Works, House of Mouse or the Mickey Mouse TV series)
Short films which contain animation but are primarily live-action (see List of Disney live-action shorts)
Short films which contain no new animation (i.e., films re-edited from other films)
Pixar short films
Disneytoon Studios short films
20th Century Animation short films
Note: A gold star indicates an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, while a silver star indicates a nomination.
Laugh-O-Gram Studio
For a more comprehensive list, see Laugh-O-Gram Studio § Filmography.
Walt Disney Productions short films
1923–1928
For a more comprehensive list, see Walt Disney Productions short films (silent era: 1923–1928).
1928–1939
For a more comprehensive list, see Walt Disney Productions short films (1928–1939).
1940–1949
For a more comprehensive list, see Walt Disney Productions short films (1940–1949).
1950–1959
For a more comprehensive list, see Walt Disney Productions short films (1950–1959).
1960–1985
For a more comprehensive list, see Walt Disney Productions short films (1960–1985).
Walt Disney Animation Studios short films
1986–1999
For a more comprehensive list, see Walt Disney Animation Studios short films (1986–1999).
2000–present
For a more comprehensive list, see Walt Disney Animation Studios short films (2000–present).
See also
Disney portalAnimation portal
Intersecting lists of shorts
Laugh-O-Gram Studio
List of Pixar shorts
Alice Comedies
List of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit shorts
Mickey Mouse film series
Silly Symphonies
Donald Duck film series
Pluto film series
Goofy film series
List of Walt Disney's World War II productions for Armed Forces
List of unproduced Disney animated shorts and feature films
List of Disney live-action shorts
Related television series
Disney anthology television series (1954–1983)
DuckTales (1987–1990)
Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers (1989–1990)
Goof Troop (1992)
Bonkers (1993–1994, cameo)
Quack Pack (1996)
Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000)
House of Mouse (2001–2003)
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016)
Mickey Mouse (2013–2019)
Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures (2017–2021)
The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse (2020–2023)
Mickey Mouse Funhouse (2021–present)
Other
Walt Disney Home Video (VHS)
List of Disney feature-length home entertainment releases
"Walt Disney Treasures"
"Walt Disney's Funny Factory"
"Walt Disney's Classic Cartoon Favorites"
"Walt Disney's It's a Small World of Fun!"
List of Disney theatrical animated features
List of TV series produced by Walt Disney Studios
List of Disney video games
Bibliography
Amendola, Dana (2015). All Aboard: The Wonderful World of Disney Trains (1st ed.). Disney Editions. ISBN 978-1-4231-1714-8.
External links
Official website
The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts
vteWalt Disney Animation StudiosFeature filmsReleased
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Pinocchio (1940)
Fantasia (1940)
Dumbo (1941)
Bambi (1942)
Saludos Amigos (1942)
The Three Caballeros (1944)
Make Mine Music (1946)
Fun and Fancy Free (1947)
Melody Time (1948)
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949)
Cinderella (1950)
Alice in Wonderland (1951)
Peter Pan (1953)
Lady and the Tramp (1955)
Sleeping Beauty (1959)
One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
The Sword in the Stone (1963)
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Aristocats (1970)
Robin Hood (1973)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
The Rescuers (1977)
The Fox and the Hound (1981)
The Black Cauldron (1985)
The Great Mouse Detective (1986)
Oliver & Company (1988)
The Little Mermaid (1989)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Aladdin (1992)
The Lion King (1994)
Pocahontas (1995)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
Hercules (1997)
Mulan (1998)
Tarzan (1999)
Fantasia 2000 (1999)
Dinosaur (2000)
The Emperor's New Groove (2000)
Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001)
Lilo & Stitch (2002)
Treasure Planet (2002)
Brother Bear (2003)
Home on the Range (2004)
Chicken Little (2005)
Meet the Robinsons (2007)
Bolt (2008)
The Princess and the Frog (2009)
Tangled (2010)
Winnie the Pooh (2011)
Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
Frozen (2013)
Big Hero 6 (2014)
Zootopia (2016)
Moana (2016)
Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018)
Frozen II (2019)
Raya and the Last Dragon (2021)
Encanto (2021)
Strange World (2022)
Wish (2023)
Upcoming
Moana 2 (2024)
Cancelled
My Peoples
Associatedproductions
The Reluctant Dragon (1941)
Victory Through Air Power (1943)
Song of the South (1946)
So Dear to My Heart (1948)
Mary Poppins (1964)
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
Pete's Dragon (1977)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
Television productionsTV specials
Prep & Landing (2009)
Prep & Landing: Naughty vs. Nice (2011)
TV series
Baymax! (2022)
Zootopia+ (2022)
Iwájú (2024)
PeopleExecutives
Edwin Catmull
Roy Conli
Roy E. Disney
Walt Disney
Don Hahn
Jeffrey Katzenberg
John Lasseter
Jennifer Lee
Peter Schneider
Thomas Schumacher
David Stainton
Clark Spencer
Disney LegendsanimatorsDisney's Nine Old Men
Les Clark
Marc Davis
Ollie Johnston
Milt Kahl
Ward Kimball
Eric Larson
John Lounsbery
Wolfgang Reitherman
Frank Thomas
James Algar
Ken Anderson
Xavier Atencio
Art Babbitt
Grace Bailey
Carl Barks
Mary Blair
Joyce Carlson
Marge Champion
Claude Coats
Don DaGradi
Virginia Davis
Andreas Deja
Norm Ferguson
Eyvind Earle
Clyde Geronimi
Manuel Gonzales
Floyd Gottfredson
Yale Gracey
Joe Grant
David Hand
Jack Hannah
John Hench
Dick Huemer
Ub Iwerks
Wilfred Jackson
Steve Jobs
Bill Justice
Glen Keane
Hamilton Luske
Burny Mattinson
Fred Moore
Floyd Norman
Bill Peet
Walter Peregoy
Joe Ranft
Retta Scott
Ben Sharpsteen
Mel Shaw
Ruthie Tompson
Roy Williams
Tyrus WongRelated topicsHistory
Disney animators' strike
1982 animators' strike
Disney Renaissance
Methods andtechnologies
Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life
Twelve basic principles of animation
Computer Animation Production System
Documentaries
Frank and Ollie (1995)
The Sweatbox (2002)
Dream On Silly Dreamer (2005)
Waking Sleeping Beauty (2009)
Walt & El Grupo (2009)
Miscellaneous
Alice Comedies
Laugh-O-Gram Studio
List of Walt Disney Animation Studios short films
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
Mickey Mouse
Silly Symphonies
Donald Duck
Pluto
Goofy
Academy Award Review
Disneytoon Studios
List of Disney theatrical animated features
unproduced
live-action adaptations
List of Disney animated films based on fairy tales
vteDisney theatrical animated featuresWalt DisneyAnimation Studios
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Pinocchio (1940)
Fantasia (1940)
Dumbo (1941)
Bambi (1942)
Saludos Amigos (1942)
The Three Caballeros (1944)
Make Mine Music (1946)
Fun and Fancy Free (1947)
Melody Time (1948)
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949)
Cinderella (1950)
Alice in Wonderland (1951)
Peter Pan (1953)
Lady and the Tramp (1955)
Sleeping Beauty (1959)
One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
The Sword in the Stone (1963)
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Aristocats (1970)
Robin Hood (1973)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
The Rescuers (1977)
The Fox and the Hound (1981)
The Black Cauldron (1985)
The Great Mouse Detective (1986)
Oliver & Company (1988)
The Little Mermaid (1989)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Aladdin (1992)
The Lion King (1994)
Pocahontas (1995)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
Hercules (1997)
Mulan (1998)
Tarzan (1999)
Fantasia 2000 (1999)
Dinosaur (2000)
The Emperor's New Groove (2000)
Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001)
Lilo & Stitch (2002)
Treasure Planet (2002)
Brother Bear (2003)
Home on the Range (2004)
Chicken Little (2005)
Meet the Robinsons (2007)
Bolt (2008)
The Princess and the Frog (2009)
Tangled (2010)
Winnie the Pooh (2011)
Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
Frozen (2013)
Big Hero 6 (2014)
Zootopia (2016)
Moana (2016)
Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018)
Frozen II (2019)
Raya and the Last Dragon (2021)
Encanto (2021)
Strange World (2022)
Wish (2023)
Upcoming
Moana 2 (2024)
Pixar Animation Studios
Toy Story (1995)
A Bug's Life (1998)
Toy Story 2 (1999)
Monsters, Inc. (2001)
Finding Nemo (2003)
The Incredibles (2004)
Cars (2006)
Ratatouille (2007)
WALL-E (2008)
Up (2009)
Toy Story 3 (2010)
Cars 2 (2011)
Brave (2012)
Monsters University (2013)
Inside Out (2015)
The Good Dinosaur (2015)
Finding Dory (2016)
Cars 3 (2017)
Coco (2017)
Incredibles 2 (2018)
Toy Story 4 (2019)
Onward (2020)
Soul (2020) IR
Luca (2021) IR
Turning Red (2022) IR
Lightyear (2022)
Elemental (2023)
Inside Out 2 (2024)
Upcoming
Elio (2025)
Disneytoon Studios
DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990)
A Goofy Movie (1995)
Return to Never Land (2002)
The Jungle Book 2 (2003)
Piglet's Big Movie (2003)
Pooh's Heffalump Movie (2005)
Bambi II (2006) IR
Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue (2010) IR
Secret of the Wings (2012) LR
Planes (2013)
The Pirate Fairy (2014) LR
Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014)
Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast (2015) LR
Disney Television Animation
Doug's 1st Movie (1999)
The Tigger Movie (2000)
Recess: School's Out (2001)
Teacher's Pet (2004)
Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension (2011) IR
Other Disney units
The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)
The Wild (2006)
A Christmas Carol (2009)
Gnomeo & Juliet (2011)
Mars Needs Moms (2011)
Frankenweenie (2012)
Strange Magic (2015)
The Lion King (2019)
Spies in Disguise (2019)
Ron's Gone Wrong (2021)
The Bob's Burgers Movie (2022)
Upcoming
Mufasa: The Lion King (2024)
Live-action films withnon-CGI animation
The Reluctant Dragon (1941)
Victory Through Air Power (1943)
Song of the South (1946)
So Dear to My Heart (1948)
Mary Poppins (1964)
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
Pete's Dragon (1977)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
James and the Giant Peach (1996)
The Lizzie McGuire Movie (2003)
Enchanted (2007)
Mary Poppins Returns (2018)
Related lists
Walt Disney Animation Studios short films
Academy Award Review
Pixar short films
Based on fairy tales
Unproduced films
Live-action adaptations and remakes
Based on Theme Parks
20th Century Animation
LR Limited release
IR International release
vteWalt Disney Animation Studios short filmsLists by year
1923–1928
1928–1939
1940–1949
1950–1959
1960–1985
1986–1999
2000–present
Mickey Mouseand friendsShort series
Mickey Mouse film series (1928–2013)
Donald Duck film series (1937–61)
Pluto film series (1937–51)
Donald & Goofy film series (1938–1947)
Goofy film series (1939–2007)
Chip 'n' Dale film series (1951–54)
Humphrey the Bear film series (1956)
How to Stay at Home (2021)
Stand-alone shorts
Donald's Decision (1942)
All Together (1942)
Out of the Frying Pan into the Firing Line (1942)
Morris the Midget Moose (1950)
Donald and the Wheel (1961)
Aquamania (1961)
Donald's Fire Survival Plan (1966)
Additionalshort series
Laugh-O-Grams (1921–1923)
Alice Comedies (1923–27)
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit (1927–28)
Silly Symphony (1929–39)
Winnie the Pooh (1966–1983)
Roger Rabbit (1989–93)
Prep & Landing (2009–11)
Short Circuit (2020–22)
At Home with Olaf (2020)
Olaf Presents (2021)
Stand-aloneshort films
Ferdinand the Bull (1938)
The Thrifty Pig (1941)
Food Will Win the War (1941)
Stop That Tank! (1942)
Chicken Little (1943)
The Grain That Built a Hemisphere (1943)
Education for Death (1943)
Reason and Emotion (1943)
The Pelican and the Snipe (1944)
The Brave Engineer (1950)
Lambert the Sheepish Lion (1952)
Susie the Little Blue Coupe (1952)
The Little House (1952)
Ben and Me (1953)
Melody (1953)
Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom (1953)
Football Now and Then (1953)
Social Lion (1954)
Pigs Is Pigs (1954)
A Cowboy Needs a Horse (1956)
Jack and Old Mac (1956)
The Truth About Mother Goose (1957)
The Story of Anyburg U.S.A. (1957)
Paul Bunyan (1958)
Noah's Ark (1959)
Goliath II (1960)
The Saga of Windwagon Smith (1961)
It's Tough to Be a Bird (1969)
The Small One (1978)
Vincent (1982)
Fun with Mr. Future (1982)
Oilspot and Lipstick (1987)
Off His Rockers (1992)
John Henry (2000)
Destino (2003)
Lorenzo (2004)
One by One (2004)
The Little Matchgirl (2006)
Glago's Guest (2008)
Tick Tock Tale (2010)
The Ballad of Nessie (2011)
Paperman (2012)
Feast (2014)
Inner Workings (2016)
Us Again (2021)
Far from the Tree (2021)
Once Upon a Studio (2023)
Based onfeature films
7 Wise Dwarfs (1941)
Casey Bats Again (1954)
A Dairy Tale (2004, direct-to-video)
Super Rhino (2009, direct-to-video)
Tangled Ever After (2012)
Frozen Fever (2015)
Olaf's Frozen Adventure (2017)
Once Upon a Snowman (2020)
|
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Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mouse_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"List of Disney live-action shorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Disney_live-action_shorts"},{"link_name":"Pixar short films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pixar_shorts"},{"link_name":"Disneytoon Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneytoon_Studios"},{"link_name":"20th Century Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Animation"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Short_Film"}],"text":"Walt Disney Animation Studios logoThis is a list of animated short films produced by Walt Disney and Walt Disney Animation Studios from 1921 to the present.This includes films produced at the Laugh-O-Gram Studio which Disney founded in 1921 as well as the animation studio now owned by The Walt Disney Company, previously called the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio (1923–1926), The Walt Disney Studio (1926–1929), Walt Disney Productions (1929–1986), and Walt Disney Feature Animation (1986–2007).This list does not include:Segments of feature-length package films later released individually (see List of Disney theatrical animated features)\nAnimated cartoon segments originally made for television (e.g. Mickey Mouse Works, House of Mouse or the Mickey Mouse TV series)\nShort films which contain animation but are primarily live-action (see List of Disney live-action shorts)\nShort films which contain no new animation (i.e., films re-edited from other films)\nPixar short films\nDisneytoon Studios short films\n20th Century Animation short filmsNote: A gold star indicates an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, while a silver star indicates a nomination.","title":"List of Walt Disney Animation Studios short films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laugh-O-Gram Studio § 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films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walt Disney Productions short films (1940–1949)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Productions_short_films_(1940%E2%80%931949)"}],"sub_title":"1940–1949","text":"For a more comprehensive list, see Walt Disney Productions short films (1940–1949).","title":"Walt Disney Productions short films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walt Disney Productions short films (1950–1959)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Productions_short_films_(1950%E2%80%931959)"}],"sub_title":"1950–1959","text":"For a more comprehensive list, see Walt Disney Productions short films (1950–1959).","title":"Walt Disney Productions short films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walt Disney Productions short films (1960–1985)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Productions_short_films_(1960%E2%80%931985)"}],"sub_title":"1960–1985","text":"For a more comprehensive list, see Walt Disney Productions short films (1960–1985).","title":"Walt Disney Productions short films"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Walt Disney Animation Studios short films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walt Disney Animation Studios short films (1986–1999)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios_short_films_(1986%E2%80%931999)"}],"sub_title":"1986–1999","text":"For a more comprehensive list, see Walt Disney Animation Studios short films (1986–1999).","title":"Walt Disney Animation Studios short films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walt Disney Animation Studios short films (2000–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios_short_films_(2000%E2%80%93present)"}],"sub_title":"2000–present","text":"For a more comprehensive list, see Walt Disney Animation Studios short films (2000–present).","title":"Walt Disney Animation Studios short films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4231-1714-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4231-1714-8"}],"text":"Amendola, Dana (2015). All Aboard: The Wonderful World of Disney Trains (1st ed.). Disney Editions. ISBN 978-1-4231-1714-8.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Walt Disney Animation Studios logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios_Logo.svg/300px-Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios_Logo.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Amendola, Dana (2015). All Aboard: The Wonderful World of Disney Trains (1st ed.). Disney Editions. ISBN 978-1-4231-1714-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4231-1714-8","url_text":"978-1-4231-1714-8"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.disneyanimation.com/shorts/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130113053731/http://disneyshorts.org/","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Rystyug
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Nizhny Rystyug
|
["1 Geography","2 References"]
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Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaNizhny Rystyug
Нижний РыстюгVillageNizhny RystyugShow map of Vologda OblastNizhny RystyugShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 59°35′N 45°28′E / 59.583°N 45.467°E / 59.583; 45.467CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictNikolsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00
Nizhny Rystyug (Russian: Нижний Рыстюг) is a rural locality (a village) in Krasnopolyanskoye Rural Settlement, Nikolsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 25 as of 2002.
Geography
Nizhny Rystyug is located 12 km northeast of Nikolsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Zhivotovo is the nearest rural locality.
References
^ Деревня Нижний Рыстюг на карте
^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004.
^ Расстояние от Никольска до Нижнего Рыстюга
vteRural localities in Nikolsky District
Abaturovo
Aksentyevo
Argunovo
Baydarovo
Belyayevka
Bludnovo
Bogdanovka
Bolshoy Dvor
Bolshoye Fomino
Bolshoye Oksilovo
Bolshoye Sverchkovo
Borok
Brodovitsa
Burakovo
Butova Kurya
Chegodayevsky
Chelpanovo
Chernino
Cherntsovo
Chushevino
Chyornaya
Demino
Dor
Dunilovo
Dunilovsky
Dvorishche
Dyachkovo
Filimonovy Gari
Filinsky
Filippovo
Gagarin
Gora
Gorka-Kokuy
Gorokhovsky
Guzhovo
Ilyinskoye
Irdanovo
Ivakovo
Ivantets
Kachug
Kalauz
Kalinino
Kamennoye
Kamenny
Karnysh
Kholshevikovo
Kipshenga
Klenovaya
Knyazhevo
Kolesov Log
Konygino
Korepino
Koshelevo
Kostenevo
Kostylevo
Kotelnoye
Kovrigino
Kovyrtsevo
Kozhayevo
Kozlovka
Krasnaya Zvezda
Krasnoye Zvedeniye
Krivodeyevo
Krivyatskoye
Kudanga
Kudangsky
Kudrino
Kumbiser
Kurevino
Kuznechikha
Kuznetsovo
Lantyug
Lashovo
Leunino
Levkin
Levoberezhny
Lipovo
Lisitsyno
Lokha
Lyulkovo
Makarovsky
Maloye Fomino
Maloye Oksilovo
Maloye Sverchkovo
Malyye Gari
Markovo
Melentyevo
Michkovo
Milofanovo
Mokretsevo
Molodyozhny
Myakishevo
Nagavitsino
Nigino
Nizhny Rystyug
Noskovo
Nyunenga
Orlovo
Osinovaya Gar
Osinovo
Paderino
Pakhomovo
Panteleyevo
Pavlovo
Perebor
Permas
Permassky
Pertyug
Petryanino
Petryayevo
Pezhenga
Pichug
Plaksino
Podgorye
Podol
Podolskaya
Podosinovets
Pogorelitsa
Polezhayevo
Polovina
Polovinka
Prudishnaya
Putilovo
Pyatakov
Rameshki
Rodyukino
Rokunovo
Samylovo
Selivanovo
Semenka
Senino
Serpovo
Shalashnevo
Sharzhenga
Shiri
Shirokaya
Sinitsyno
Skomoroshye
Sluda
Sofronovo
Sokolovo
Solotnovo
Sorokino
Starina
Stepshinsky
Storozhevaya
Subornaya
Svetly Klyuch
Syrkovo
Talitsa
Tarasovo
Telyanino
Terebayevo
Tokovitsa
Travino
Turino
Upiralovo
Uritskoye
Vakhnevo
Verkhny Rystyug
Verkhnyaya Kema
Verkhovino
Vesyolaya Griva
Vinograd
Vladimirovo
Vsemirskaya
Vyrypayevo
Vysokinsky
Yamskaya
Yelkhovetsky
Yelkhovka
Yeremkin
Yermakovo
Yesipovo
Yushkovo
Zavarikha
Zavrazhye
Zaymishche
Zelentsovo
Zelyonaya Griva
Zemtsovo
Zhivotovo
This Nikolsky District, Vologda Oblast location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nizhny_Rystyug¶ms=59_35_N_45_28_E_type:city_region:RU-VLG","external_links_name":"59°35′N 45°28′E / 59.583°N 45.467°E / 59.583; 45.467"},{"Link":"https://mapdata.ru/vologodskaya-oblast/nikolskiy-rayon/derevnya-nizhniy-ristyug/","external_links_name":"Деревня Нижний Рыстюг на карте"},{"Link":"http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_nikolsk-35_nizhnij-rystjug","external_links_name":"Расстояние от Никольска до Нижнего Рыстюга"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nizhny_Rystyug&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrophenia_(soundtrack)
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Quadrophenia (soundtrack)
|
["1 Tracks","1.1 1993 CD reissue","1.2 2000 CD reissue","2 Personnel","3 Charts","4 References"]
|
1979 soundtrack album by the Who
QuadropheniaSoundtrack album art work for the Quadrophenia filmscoreSoundtrack album by The WhoReleasedSeptember 1979Recorded1961–1979GenreHard rockR&BLength74.12 LabelPolydorThe Who chronology
The Kids Are Alright(1979)
Quadrophenia(1979)
Face Dances(1981)
Singles from Quadrophenia
"5:15/I'm One"Released: December 1979
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingChristgau's Record GuideBThe Encyclopedia of Popular Music
Quadrophenia is the soundtrack album of the 1979 film Quadrophenia, which refers to the 1973 rock opera Quadrophenia. It was initially released on Polydor Records in 1979 as a cassette and LP and was re-released as a compact disc in 1993 and 2001. The album was dedicated to Peter Meaden, a prominent Mod and first manager of The Who, who had died a year prior to the album's release.
The album contains ten of the seventeen tracks from the original rock opera Quadrophenia. These are different mixes than those that appear on the 1973 album as they were remixed in 1979 by John Entwistle. The most notable difference is the track "The Real Me" (used for the title sequence of the film) which features a different bass track, more prominent vocals and a more definite ending, which was part of the original recording but faded out on the previous mix. Most of the tracks are also edited to be slightly shorter. The soundtrack also includes three tracks by The Who that did not appear on the 1973 album – "Four Faces", "Get Out and Stay Out" and "Joker James". The latter two songs marked Kenney Jones's first on-record appearance with the Who after taking over on drums for the late Keith Moon. "Four Faces" was one of two outtakes recorded during the original 1973 sessions but unused at the time – The other being "We Close Tonight", which eventually was released on the remastered version of Odds & Sods.
Tracks
All songs performed by The Who unless noted.
Side one
"I Am the Sea" – 2:03
"The Real Me" – 3:28
"I'm One" – 2:40
"5:15" – 4:50
"Love Reign O'er Me" – 5:11
Side two
"Bell Boy" – 4:55
"I've Had Enough" – 6:11
"Helpless Dancer" – 0:18
"Doctor Jimmy" – 7:26
Side three
"Zoot Suit" (The High Numbers) – 2:00
"Hi-Heel Sneakers" (Cross Section) – 2:46
"Get Out and Stay Out" – 2:26
"Four Faces" – 3:20
"Joker James" – 3:13
"The Punk and the Godfather" – 5:21
Side four
"Night Train" (James Brown) – 3:38
"Louie Louie" (The Kingsmen) – 2:41
"Green Onions" (Booker T. & the M.G.'s) – 2:46
"Rhythm of the Rain" (The Cascades) – 2:28
"He's So Fine" (The Chiffons) – 1:52
"Be My Baby" (The Ronettes) – 2:30
"Da Doo Ron Ron" (The Crystals) – 2:09
1993 CD reissue
A version of the album was released on CD in 1993 (as Songs from Quadrophenia) featuring only the tracks performed by The High Numbers and The Who. The album keeps the Who tracks in the same order as the original double album and begins with the two High Numbers tracks. (Note: Prior to deciding on the name The Who they were called The High Numbers for a short period in summer 1964.)
"I'm the Face" (The High Numbers) – 2:31
"Zoot Suit" (The High Numbers) – 2:00
"I Am the Sea" – 2:03
"The Real Me" – 3:30
"I'm One" – 2:40
"5:15" – 4:51
"Love Reign O'er Me" – 5:11
"Bell Boy" – 4:57
"I've Had Enough" – 6:12
"Helpless Dancer" – 0:23
"Doctor Jimmy" – 7:32
"Get Out and Stay Out" – 2:28
"Four Faces" – 3:21
"Joker James" – 3:14
"The Punk and the Godfather" – 5:28
2000 CD reissue
A version of the album was released on CD in 2000 (as Music from the Soundtrack of the Who Film Quadrophenia) restoring the track listing to its original configuration, and adding "I'm the Face" to the running order.
"I Am the Sea" – 2:03
"The Real Me" – 3:28
"I'm One" – 2:40
"5:15" – 4:50
"Love Reign O'er Me" – 5:11
"Bell Boy" – 4:55
"I've Had Enough" – 6:11
"Helpless Dancer" – 0:22
"Doctor Jimmy" – 7:31
"Zoot Suit" (The High Numbers) – 2:00
"Hi-Heel Sneakers" (Cross Section) – 2:46
"Get Out and Stay Out" – 2:26
"Four Faces" – 3:20
"Joker James" – 3:13
"The Punk and the Godfather" – 5:21
"Night Train" (James Brown) – 3:38
"Louie Louie" (The Kingsmen) – 2:41
"Green Onions" (Booker T. & the M.G.'s) – 2:46
"Rhythm of the Rain" (The Cascades) – 2:28
"He's So Fine" (The Chiffons) – 1:52
"Be My Baby" (The Ronettes) – 2:30
"Da Doo Ron Ron" (The Crystals) – 2:09
"I'm the Face" (The High Numbers) – 2:29
Personnel
Roger Daltrey – lead vocals
Pete Townshend – guitar, keyboards, synthesizers, lead and backing vocals
John Entwistle – bass, brass overdubs, backing vocals
Keith Moon – drums, co-lead vocals on "Bell Boy"
Kenney Jones – drums on "Get Out and Stay Out" and "Joker James"
Production
John Entwistle – Musical Director
Mike Shaw – Music Co-ordinator
Dave "Cyrano" Langston – Recording and Remix Engineer
Remastered (2018) by Jon Astley
Design
Sleeve design by Richard Evans
Photography by Frank Connor
Co-ordination by Chris Chappel
Charts
Chart performance for Quadrophenia
Chart (1979)
Peakposition
UK Albums (OCC)
23
US Billboard Pop Albums
46
References
^ Strong, Martin Charles (3 May 1995). The Great Rock Discography. Canongate Press. p. 896. ISBN 978-0-86241-541-9.
^ Christgau, Robert (1981). "Consumer Guide '70s: Q". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
^ Larkin, Colin (2007). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195313734.
^ "The Who Official Band Website – Roger Daltrey, Pete Townshend, John Entwistle, and Keith Moon | Quadrophenia – Original Soundtrack". Thewho.com. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "The Who – Quadrophenia (1979 Soundtrack)". Thewho.info. 4 June 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
^ "Billboard 200: Week of November 17, 1979". Billboard. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
vteQuadropheniaThe WhoSongs
"The Real Me"
"Cut My Hair"
"The Punk and the Godfather"
"I'm One"
"5:15"
"Sea and Sand"
"Drowned"
"Bell Boy"
"Love, Reign o'er Me"
Adaptations
Quadrophenia (film)
Quadrophenia (film soundtrack)
Quadrophenia (musical)
Live albums w/majority ofQuadrophenia
Quadrophenia Live in London
Tommy and Quadrophenia Live
Supporting tours
The Who Tour 1973
The Who Tour 1974
My Generation
A Quick One
The Who Sell Out
Tommy
Who's Next
Quadrophenia
The Who by Numbers
Who Are You
Face Dances
It's Hard
Endless Wire
WHO
vtePete TownshendDiscographyStudio albums
Who Came First
Rough Mix (w/ Ronnie Lane)
Empty Glass
All the Best Cowboys Have Chinese Eyes
White City: A Novel
The Iron Man: A Musical
Psychoderelict
Live albums
Deep End Live! (w/ Deep End)
A Benefit for Maryville Academy
Live: The Empire
Live: Sadler's Wells
Live: The Fillmore
The Oceanic Concerts (w/ Raphael Rudd)
Live: La Jolla Playhouse 2001
Pete Townshend Live BAM 1993
Live: Brixton Academy '85
Compilations
Scoop
Another Scoop
The Best of Pete Townshend
Scoop 3
Scooped
Jai Baba
Lifehouse Chronicles
Lifehouse Elements
Anthology
Truancy: The Very Best of Pete Townshend
Singles
"Rough Boys"
"Let My Love Open the Door"
"A Little Is Enough"
"Keep On Working"
"Face Dances, Pt. 2"
"Face the Face"
"Give Blood"
"English Boy"
Other songs
"Somebody Saved Me"
"Slit Skirts"
"White City Fighting"
"Fire"
DVDs
Lifehouse Chronicles (video)
Live In New York Feat. Psychoderelict
O' Parvardigar
Related articles
Peter Meaden
The Who
Deep End
Happy Birthday
I Am
With Love
O' Parvardigar
Tommy (1975 film)
The Who's Tommy
Tommy (soundtrack)
Quadrophenia (film)
Horse's Neck
The Boy Who Heard Music
The Lifehouse Method
Who I Am
Classic Quadrophenia
Eel Pie Publishing
Eel Pie Studios
Double O
Cliff Townshend
Emma Townshend
Simon Townshend
The Wick
Ashdown House, Oxfordshire
The Boathouse, Twickenham
Chapel House, Twickenham
vteThe Who
Roger Daltrey
Pete Townshend
John Entwistle
Keith Moon
Doug Sandom
Kenney Jones
Studio albums
My Generation / The Who Sings My Generation
A Quick One / Happy Jack
The Who Sell Out
Tommy
Who's Next
Quadrophenia
The Who by Numbers
Who Are You
Face Dances
It's Hard
Endless Wire
Who
Live albums
Live at Leeds
Who's Last
Join Together
Live at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970
BBC Sessions
Blues to the Bush
Live at the Royal Albert Hall
Live from Toronto
View from a Backstage Pass
Greatest Hits Live
Live at Hull 1970
Quadrophenia Live in London
Live at the Fillmore East 1968
Compilations
Magic Bus: The Who on Tour
Direct Hits
Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy
Odds & Sods
The Story of The Who
Phases
Hooligans
Who's Greatest Hits
Rarities Volume I & Volume II
The Singles
The Who Collection
Who's Missing
Two's Missing
Who's Better, Who's Best
Thirty Years of Maximum R&B
My Generation: The Very Best of The Who
Encore Series
The Ultimate Collection
Then and Now
The 1st Singles Box
Greatest Hits
The Who Hits 50!
Extended plays
Ready Steady Who
Won't Get Fooled Again
Wire & Glass
Soundtracks
Tommy
The Kids Are Alright
Quadrophenia
Amazing Journey: The Story of The Who
Filmography
Tommy
The Kids Are Alright
Quadrophenia
Who's Better, Who's Best
Thirty Years of Maximum R&B Live
Live at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970
The Who & Special Guests: Live at the Royal Albert Hall
The Who Special Edition EP
Live in Boston
Tommy and Quadrophenia Live
The Vegas Job
Amazing Journey: The Story of The Who
The Who at Kilburn: 1977
Quadrophenia Live in London
Lambert & Stamp
Discographies
The Who
Roger Daltrey
Pete Townshend
John Entwistle
Keith Moon
Tours andperformances
1962–1963 performances
Tommy Tour
The Who by Numbers Tour
1979 tour (1979 Cincinnati human crush)
1980 tour
2000 tour
2001 The Concert for New York City appearance
2003 The 46664 Concert appearance
2006–2007 tour
Quadrophenia and More
The Who Hits 50!
Back to the Who Tour 51!
2017 Tommy & More
Moving On! Tour
Members
Mitch Mitchell
Julian Covey
Chris Townson
Scot Halpin
John "Rabbit" Bundrick
Tim Gorman
Steve "Boltz" Bolton
Simon Phillips
Jon Carin
Steve White
Brian Kehew
J. J. Blair
Danny Thompson
Simon Townshend
Jon Button
Loren Gold
Frank Simes
J. Greg Miller
Pino Palladino
Reggie Grisham
Morgan Nicholls
Chris Stainton
Scott Devours
Zak Starkey
Associated places
Ashdown House, Oxfordshire
Chapel House, Twickenham
Holmshurst Manor
Quarwood
Ramport Studios
Shepperton Studios
Tara, Chertsey
The Wick
Related
Songs
Awards and nominations
Band members
Musical equipment
The Boy Who Heard Music
Lifehouse
The Who's Tommy
Rock Is Dead—Long Live Rock!
The Who's Tommy Pinball Wizard
Who Covers Who?
"A Tale of Two Springfields"
"In Concert"
Double O
The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus
No Plan B
Kim McLagan
Richard Barnes
Dougal Butler
Chris Charlesworth
Kit Lambert
Chris Stamp
Bill Curbishley
Track Records
Shel Talmy
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quadrophenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrophenia_(film)"},{"link_name":"Quadrophenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrophenia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Polydor Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor_Records"},{"link_name":"cassette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Cassette"},{"link_name":"LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_record"},{"link_name":"compact disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"Peter Meaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Meaden"},{"link_name":"Mod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_subculture"},{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"John Entwistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Entwistle"},{"link_name":"The Real Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Me_(The_Who_song)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kenney Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenney_Jones"},{"link_name":"Keith Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Moon"},{"link_name":"Odds & Sods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odds_%26_Sods"}],"text":"Quadrophenia is the soundtrack album of the 1979 film Quadrophenia, which refers to the 1973 rock opera Quadrophenia.[4] It was initially released on Polydor Records in 1979 as a cassette and LP and was re-released as a compact disc in 1993 and 2001. The album was dedicated to Peter Meaden, a prominent Mod and first manager of The Who, who had died a year prior to the album's release.The album contains ten of the seventeen tracks from the original rock opera Quadrophenia. These are different mixes than those that appear on the 1973 album as they were remixed in 1979 by John Entwistle. The most notable difference is the track \"The Real Me\" (used for the title sequence of the film) which features a different bass track, more prominent vocals and a more definite ending, which was part of the original recording but faded out on the previous mix.[5] Most of the tracks are also edited to be slightly shorter. The soundtrack also includes three tracks by The Who that did not appear on the 1973 album – \"Four Faces\", \"Get Out and Stay Out\" and \"Joker James\". The latter two songs marked Kenney Jones's first on-record appearance with the Who after taking over on drums for the late Keith Moon. \"Four Faces\" was one of two outtakes recorded during the original 1973 sessions but unused at the time – The other being \"We Close Tonight\", which eventually was released on the remastered version of Odds & Sods.","title":"Quadrophenia (soundtrack)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"The Real Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Me_(The_Who_song)"},{"link_name":"I'm One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_One"},{"link_name":"5:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5:15"},{"link_name":"Love Reign O'er Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Reign_O%27er_Me"},{"link_name":"Bell Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Boy_(song)"},{"link_name":"Zoot Suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoot_Suit_(song)"},{"link_name":"The High Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_High_Numbers"},{"link_name":"Hi-Heel Sneakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Heel_Sneakers"},{"link_name":"The Punk and the Godfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Punk_and_the_Godfather"},{"link_name":"Night Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Train_(Jimmy_Forrest_composition)"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"Louie Louie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie_Louie"},{"link_name":"The Kingsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingsmen"},{"link_name":"Green Onions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Onions"},{"link_name":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._%26_the_M.G.%27s"},{"link_name":"Rhythm of the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_of_the_Rain"},{"link_name":"The Cascades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cascades_(band)"},{"link_name":"He's So Fine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%27s_So_Fine"},{"link_name":"The Chiffons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chiffons"},{"link_name":"Be My Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_My_Baby"},{"link_name":"The Ronettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ronettes"},{"link_name":"Da Doo Ron Ron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Doo_Ron_Ron"},{"link_name":"The Crystals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystals"}],"text":"All songs performed by The Who unless noted.Side one\"I Am the Sea\" – 2:03\n\"The Real Me\" – 3:28\n\"I'm One\" – 2:40\n\"5:15\" – 4:50\n\"Love Reign O'er Me\" – 5:11Side two\"Bell Boy\" – 4:55\n\"I've Had Enough\" – 6:11\n\"Helpless Dancer\" – 0:18\n\"Doctor Jimmy\" – 7:26Side three\"Zoot Suit\" (The High Numbers) – 2:00\n\"Hi-Heel Sneakers\" (Cross Section) – 2:46\n\"Get Out and Stay Out\" – 2:26\n\"Four Faces\" – 3:20\n\"Joker James\" – 3:13\n\"The Punk and the Godfather\" – 5:21Side four\"Night Train\" (James Brown) – 3:38\n\"Louie Louie\" (The Kingsmen) – 2:41\n\"Green Onions\" (Booker T. & the M.G.'s) – 2:46\n\"Rhythm of the Rain\" (The Cascades) – 2:28\n\"He's So Fine\" (The Chiffons) – 1:52\n\"Be My Baby\" (The Ronettes) – 2:30\n\"Da Doo Ron Ron\" (The Crystals) – 2:09","title":"Tracks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"The High Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_High_Numbers"}],"sub_title":"1993 CD reissue","text":"A version of the album was released on CD in 1993 (as Songs from Quadrophenia) featuring only the tracks performed by The High Numbers and The Who. The album keeps the Who tracks in the same order as the original double album and begins with the two High Numbers tracks. (Note: Prior to deciding on the name The Who they were called The High Numbers for a short period in summer 1964.)\"I'm the Face\" (The High Numbers) – 2:31\n\"Zoot Suit\" (The High Numbers) – 2:00\n\"I Am the Sea\" – 2:03\n\"The Real Me\" – 3:30\n\"I'm One\" – 2:40\n\"5:15\" – 4:51\n\"Love Reign O'er Me\" – 5:11\n\"Bell Boy\" – 4:57\n\"I've Had Enough\" – 6:12\n\"Helpless Dancer\" – 0:23\n\"Doctor Jimmy\" – 7:32\n\"Get Out and Stay Out\" – 2:28\n\"Four Faces\" – 3:21\n\"Joker James\" – 3:14\n\"The Punk and the Godfather\" – 5:28","title":"Tracks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Real Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Me_(The_Who_song)"},{"link_name":"5:15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5:15"},{"link_name":"Love Reign O'er Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Reign_O%27er_Me"},{"link_name":"Zoot Suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoot_Suit_(song)"},{"link_name":"The High Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"Hi-Heel Sneakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Heel_Sneakers"},{"link_name":"Night Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Train_(Jimmy_Forrest_composition)"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"Louie Louie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie_Louie"},{"link_name":"The Kingsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingsmen"},{"link_name":"Green Onions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Onions"},{"link_name":"Booker T. & the M.G.'s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._%26_the_M.G.%27s"},{"link_name":"Rhythm of the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_of_the_Rain"},{"link_name":"The Cascades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cascades_(band)"},{"link_name":"He's So Fine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%27s_So_Fine"},{"link_name":"The Chiffons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chiffons"},{"link_name":"Be My Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_My_Baby"},{"link_name":"The Ronettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ronettes"},{"link_name":"Da Doo Ron Ron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Doo_Ron_Ron"},{"link_name":"The Crystals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystals"},{"link_name":"I'm the Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_the_Face"}],"sub_title":"2000 CD reissue","text":"A version of the album was released on CD in 2000 (as Music from the Soundtrack of the Who Film Quadrophenia) restoring the track listing to its original configuration, and adding \"I'm the Face\" to the running order.\"I Am the Sea\" – 2:03\n\"The Real Me\" – 3:28\n\"I'm One\" – 2:40\n\"5:15\" – 4:50\n\"Love Reign O'er Me\" – 5:11\n\"Bell Boy\" – 4:55\n\"I've Had Enough\" – 6:11\n\"Helpless Dancer\" – 0:22\n\"Doctor Jimmy\" – 7:31\n\"Zoot Suit\" (The High Numbers) – 2:00\n\"Hi-Heel Sneakers\" (Cross Section) – 2:46\n\"Get Out and Stay Out\" – 2:26\n\"Four Faces\" – 3:20\n\"Joker James\" – 3:13\n\"The Punk and the Godfather\" – 5:21\n\"Night Train\" (James Brown) – 3:38\n\"Louie Louie\" (The Kingsmen) – 2:41\n\"Green Onions\" (Booker T. & the M.G.'s) – 2:46\n\"Rhythm of the Rain\" (The Cascades) – 2:28\n\"He's So Fine\" (The Chiffons) – 1:52\n\"Be My Baby\" (The Ronettes) – 2:30\n\"Da Doo Ron Ron\" (The Crystals) – 2:09\n\"I'm the Face\" (The High Numbers) – 2:29","title":"Tracks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Daltrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Daltrey"},{"link_name":"Pete Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Townshend"},{"link_name":"John Entwistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Entwistle"},{"link_name":"Keith Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Moon"},{"link_name":"Kenney Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenney_Jones"},{"link_name":"John Entwistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Entwistle"},{"link_name":"Jon Astley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Astley"},{"link_name":"Richard Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Evans_(designer)"}],"text":"Roger Daltrey – lead vocals\nPete Townshend – guitar, keyboards, synthesizers, lead and backing vocals\nJohn Entwistle – bass, brass overdubs, backing vocals\nKeith Moon – drums, co-lead vocals on \"Bell Boy\"\nKenney Jones – drums on \"Get Out and Stay Out\" and \"Joker James\"ProductionJohn Entwistle – Musical Director\nMike Shaw – Music Co-ordinator\nDave \"Cyrano\" Langston – Recording and Remix Engineer\nRemastered (2018) by Jon AstleyDesignSleeve design by Richard Evans\nPhotography by Frank Connor\nCo-ordination by Chris Chappel","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Strong, Martin Charles (3 May 1995). The Great Rock Discography. Canongate Press. p. 896. ISBN 978-0-86241-541-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greatrockdiscogr00stro/page/896/mode/","url_text":"The Great Rock Discography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86241-541-9","url_text":"978-0-86241-541-9"}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (1981). \"Consumer Guide '70s: Q\". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved 10 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=Q&bk=70","url_text":"\"Consumer Guide '70s: Q\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies","url_text":"Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticknor_%26_Fields","url_text":"Ticknor & Fields"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/089919026X","url_text":"089919026X"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2007). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195313734.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin","url_text":"Larkin, Colin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195313734","url_text":"978-0195313734"}]},{"reference":"\"The Who Official Band Website – Roger Daltrey, Pete Townshend, John Entwistle, and Keith Moon | Quadrophenia – Original Soundtrack\". Thewho.com. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thewho.com/index.php?module=discography&discography_item_id=106&discography_tag=albums","url_text":"\"The Who Official Band Website – Roger Daltrey, Pete Townshend, John Entwistle, and Keith Moon | Quadrophenia – Original Soundtrack\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Who – Quadrophenia (1979 Soundtrack)\". Thewho.info. 4 June 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thewho.info/Quad-ST.htm","url_text":"\"The Who – Quadrophenia (1979 Soundtrack)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard 200: Week of November 17, 1979\". Billboard. Retrieved 1 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/1979-11-17/","url_text":"\"Billboard 200: Week of November 17, 1979\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/greatrockdiscogr00stro/page/896/mode/","external_links_name":"The Great Rock Discography"},{"Link":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=Q&bk=70","external_links_name":"\"Consumer Guide '70s: Q\""},{"Link":"http://www.thewho.com/index.php?module=discography&discography_item_id=106&discography_tag=albums","external_links_name":"\"The Who Official Band Website – Roger Daltrey, Pete Townshend, John Entwistle, and Keith Moon | Quadrophenia – Original Soundtrack\""},{"Link":"http://www.thewho.info/Quad-ST.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Who – Quadrophenia (1979 Soundtrack)\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-chart/19791010/7502/","external_links_name":"\"Official Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/1979-11-17/","external_links_name":"\"Billboard 200: Week of November 17, 1979\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/fffa863e-7c39-3b1a-9aff-fa812b66b305","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planigon
|
Planigon
|
["1 History","2 Construction","2.1 Using the 12-5 Dodecagram (Above)","2.2 Regular Vertices","2.3 Edge-to-Edge Correspondence","2.4 Affine Linear Expansion","3 Derivation of all possible planigons","3.1 Planigons in the plane","4 Number of Dual Uniform Tilings","5 Regular and Laves tilings","6 Higher Dual Uniform Tilings","6.1 Insets of Dual Planigons into Higher Degree Vertices","6.2 2-Dual-Uniform","6.3 3-Dual-Uniform","6.4 4-Dual-Uniform","6.5 5-Dual-Uniform","6.6 Krotenheerdt duals with six planigons","6.7 Krotenheerdt duals with seven planigons","7 Fractalizing Dual k-Uniform Tilings","7.1 Large Fractalization","7.2 Big Fractalization","8 Miscellaneous","8.1 Centroid-Centroid Construction","8.2 Other Edge-Edge Construction Comparisons","8.3 Affine Linear Expansions","8.4 Optimized Tilings","8.5 Circle Packing","8.6 5-dual-uniform 4-Catalaves tilings","8.7 Clock Tilings","8.8 65 k-Uniform Tilings","9 References"]
|
Convex polygon which can tile the plane by itself
Three regular polygons, eight planigons, four demiregular planigons, and six not usable planigon triangles which cannot take part in dual uniform tilings; all to scale.
In geometry, a planigon is a convex polygon that can fill the plane with only copies of itself (isotopic to the fundamental units of monohedral tessellations). In the Euclidean plane there are 3 regular planigons; equilateral triangle, squares, and regular hexagons; and 8 semiregular planigons; and 4 demiregular planigons which can tile the plane only with other planigons.
All angles of a planigon are whole divisors of 360°. Tilings are made by edge-to-edge connections by perpendicular bisectors of the edges of the original uniform lattice, or centroids along common edges (they coincide).
Tilings made from planigons can be seen as dual tilings to the regular, semiregular, and demiregular tilings of the plane by regular polygons.
History
In the 1987 book, Tilings and patterns, Branko Grünbaum calls the vertex-uniform tilings Archimedean in parallel to the Archimedean solids. Their dual tilings are called Laves tilings in honor of crystallographer Fritz Laves. They're also called Shubnikov–Laves tilings after Shubnikov, Alekseĭ Vasilʹevich. John Conway calls the uniform duals Catalan tilings, in parallel to the Catalan solid polyhedra.
The Laves tilings have vertices at the centers of the regular polygons, and edges connecting centers of regular polygons that share an edge. The tiles of the Laves tilings are called planigons. This includes the 3 regular tiles (triangle, square and hexagon) and 8 irregular ones. Each vertex has edges evenly spaced around it. Three dimensional analogues of the planigons are called stereohedrons.
These tilings are listed by their face configuration, the number of faces at each vertex of a face. For example V4.8.8 (or V4.82) means isosceles triangle tiles with one corner with four triangles, and two corners containing eight triangles.
Construction
The Conway operation of dual interchanges faces and vertices. In Archimedean solids and k-uniform tilings alike, the new vertex coincides with the center of each regular face, or the centroid. In the Euclidean (plane) case; in order to make new faces around each original vertex, the centroids must be connected by new edges, each of which must intersect exactly one of the original edges. Since regular polygons have dihedral symmetry, we see that these new centroid-centroid edges must be perpendicular bisectors of the common original edges (e.g. the centroid lies on all edge perpendicular bisectors of a regular polygon). Thus, the edges of k-dual uniform tilings coincide with centroid-to-edge-midpoint line segments of all regular polygons in the k-uniform tilings.
Planigon Constructions
Centroid-to-Centroid
12-5 Dodecagram
Using the 12-5 Dodecagram (Above)
All 14 uniform usable regular vertex planigons also hail from the 6-5 dodecagram (where each segment subtends
5
π
/
6
{\displaystyle 5\pi /6}
radians, or 150 degrees).
The incircle of this dodecagram demonstrates that all the 14 VRPs are cocyclic, as alternatively shown by circle packings. The ratio of the incircle to the circumcircle is:
sin
π
12
=
sin
15
∘
=
6
−
2
4
≈
0.258819
{\displaystyle \sin {\frac {\pi }{12}}=\sin 15^{\circ }={\frac {{\sqrt {6}}-{\sqrt {2}}}{4}}\approx 0.258819}
and the convex hull is precisely the regular dodecagons in the k-uniform tiling. The equilateral triangle, square, regular hexagon, and regular dodecagon; are shown above with the VRPs.
In fact, any group of planigons can be constructed from the edges of a
2
k
-
(
k
−
1
)
{\displaystyle 2k{\text{-}}(k-1)}
polygram, where
k
=
gcd
(
n
1
,
…
,
n
m
)
{\displaystyle k=\gcd(n_{1},\dots ,n_{m})}
and
n
i
{\displaystyle n_{i}}
is the number of sides of sides in the RP adjacent to each involved vertex figure. This is because the circumradius
1
2
csc
π
n
i
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\csc {\frac {\pi }{n_{i}}}}
of any regular
n
i
{\displaystyle n_{i}}
-gon (from the vertex to the centroid) is the same as the distance from the center of the polygram to its line segments which intersect at the angle
2
π
/
n
i
{\displaystyle 2\pi /n_{i}}
, since all
2
k
-
(
k
−
1
)
{\displaystyle 2k{\text{-}}(k-1)}
polygrams admit incircles of inradii
1
/
2
{\displaystyle 1/2}
tangent to all its sides.
Regular Vertices
In Tilings and Patterns, Grünbaum also constructed the Laves tilings using monohedral tiles with regular vertices. A vertex is regular if all angles emanating from it are equal. In other words:
All vertices are regular,
All Laves planigons are congruent.
In this way, all Laves tilings are unique except for the square tiling (1 degree of freedom), barn pentagonal tiling (1 degree of freedom), and hexagonal tiling (2 degrees of freedom):
Tiling Variants
Square
Barn Pentagon
Hexagon
When applied to higher dual co-uniform tilings, all dual coregular planigons can be distorted except for the triangles (AAA similarity), with examples below:
Tiling Variants
S2TCH
I2RFH
IrDC
FH (p6)
sBH (short)
CB (pgg)
Edge-to-Edge Correspondence
Alternatively, k-dual uniform tilings (and all 21 planigons) can be constructed by forming new centroid-edge midpoint line segments of the original regular polygons (dissecting the regular n-gons into n congruent deltoids or ortho), and then removing the original edges (leaving the dual). Complete planigons will form around interior vertices, and line segments of (many possible) planigons will form around boundary vertices, giving a 1-to-1 edge k-dual uniform lattice. On the other hand, centroid-centroid connecting only yields interior planigons, but this construction is nonetheless equivalent to the original in the interior. If the k-uniform tiling fills the entire frame, then so will the k-dual uniform tiling, and the boundary line segments can be ignored (equivalent to original construction).
Edge-to-Edge/Interior Construction of a Dual Uniform Tiling
Orig
Dual
Comp
Affine Linear Expansion
Starting from the regular polygons of a k-uniform tiling, we can scale all regular polygons about their centroids over a linear factor
0
<
x
<
1
{\displaystyle 0<x<1}
, and put planigons in the vertex-figure gaps of scale
1
−
x
{\displaystyle 1-x}
. The original tiling starts from x = 0 and ends at the dual tiling (x = 1). This is true because the circumradii of the regular polygons are the same as the diagonals from the incenters of the planigons to their co-vertices, as we could see in the construction above (or by applying a kis-operator to both the uniform and dual adds the same join lattice ). Therefore, scaling the regular polygons by
x
{\displaystyle x}
yields proportional planigons of scale
1
−
x
{\displaystyle 1-x}
at the vertex-figure gaps. The intermediate stages are equivalent to expand (hence the expansion), and the union of all dyadic-
x
{\displaystyle x}
affine linear expansions of a tiling is closed under expansion (contains all expands). An example is shown below:
Affine Linear Expansion
Comparison
Derivation of all possible planigons
For edge-to-edge Euclidean tilings, the interior angles of the convex polygons meeting at a vertex must add to 360 degrees. A regular n-gon has internal angle
(
1
−
2
n
)
180
∘
{\displaystyle \left(1-{\frac {2}{n}}\right)180^{\circ }}
degrees. There are seventeen combinations of regular polygons whose internal angles add up to 360 degrees, each being referred to as a species of vertex; in four cases there are two distinct cyclic orders of the polygons, yielding twenty-one types of vertex.
In fact, with the vertex (interior) angles
60
∘
,
90
∘
,
108
∘
,
120
∘
,
128
4
7
∘
,
135
∘
,
140
∘
,
144
∘
,
147
3
11
∘
,
150
∘
,
…
{\displaystyle 60^{\circ },90^{\circ },108^{\circ },120^{\circ },128{\frac {4}{7}}^{\circ },135^{\circ },140^{\circ },144^{\circ },147{\frac {3}{11}}^{\circ },150^{\circ },\dots }
, we can find all combinations of admissible corner angles according to the following rules:
Every vertex has at least degree 3 (a degree-2 vertex must have two straight angles or one reflex angle);
If the vertex has degree
d
{\displaystyle d}
, the smallest
d
−
1
{\displaystyle d-1}
polygon vertex angles sum to over
180
∘
{\displaystyle 180^{\circ }}
;
The vertex angles add to
360
∘
{\displaystyle 360^{\circ }}
, and must be angles of regular polygons of positive integer sides (of the sequence
60
∘
,
90
∘
,
108
∘
,
120
∘
,
128
4
7
∘
,
135
∘
,
140
∘
,
144
∘
,
147
3
11
∘
,
150
∘
,
…
{\displaystyle 60^{\circ },90^{\circ },108^{\circ },120^{\circ },128{\frac {4}{7}}^{\circ },135^{\circ },140^{\circ },144^{\circ },147{\frac {3}{11}}^{\circ },150^{\circ },\dots }
).
Using the rules generates the list below:
Clusters of planigons which cannot tile the plane. Note the 8-cluster of V3.8.24 and the 10-cluster of V3.10.15 imply overlaps for the 24-gons and 15-gons, respectively. Also, V4.5.20 and V52.10 can generate lines and curves, but those cannot be completed without overlap.
Arrangements of regular polygons around a vertex
Degree-6 vertex
Degree-5 vertex
Degree-4 vertex
Degree-3 vertex
60
∘
-
60
∘
-
60
∘
-
60
∘
-
60
∘
-
60
∘
(
×
1
)
{\displaystyle 60^{\circ }{\text{-}}60^{\circ }{\text{-}}60^{\circ }{\text{-}}60^{\circ }{\text{-}}60^{\circ }{\text{-}}60^{\circ }~(\times 1)}
60
∘
-
60
∘
-
60
∘
-
90
∘
-
90
∘
(
×
2
)
{\displaystyle 60^{\circ }{\text{-}}60^{\circ }{\text{-}}60^{\circ }{\text{-}}90^{\circ }{\text{-}}90^{\circ }~(\times 2)}
60
∘
-
60
∘
-
90
∘
-
150
∘
(
×
2
)
{\displaystyle 60^{\circ }{\text{-}}60^{\circ }{\text{-}}90^{\circ }{\text{-}}150^{\circ }~(\times 2)}
60
∘
-
128
4
7
∘
-
171
3
7
∘
(
×
1
)
{\displaystyle 60^{\circ }{\text{-}}128{\frac {4}{7}}^{\circ }{\text{-}}171{\frac {3}{7}}^{\circ }~(\times 1)}
60
∘
-
60
∘
-
60
∘
-
60
∘
-
120
∘
(
×
1
)
{\displaystyle 60^{\circ }{\text{-}}60^{\circ }{\text{-}}60^{\circ }{\text{-}}60^{\circ }{\text{-}}120^{\circ }~(\times 1)}
60
∘
-
60
∘
-
120
∘
-
120
∘
(
×
2
)
{\displaystyle 60^{\circ }{\text{-}}60^{\circ }{\text{-}}120^{\circ }{\text{-}}120^{\circ }~(\times 2)}
60
∘
-
135
∘
-
165
∘
(
×
1
)
{\displaystyle 60^{\circ }{\text{-}}135^{\circ }{\text{-}}165^{\circ }~(\times 1)}
60
∘
-
90
∘
-
90
∘
-
120
∘
(
×
2
)
{\displaystyle 60^{\circ }{\text{-}}90^{\circ }{\text{-}}90^{\circ }{\text{-}}120^{\circ }~(\times 2)}
60
∘
-
140
∘
-
160
∘
(
×
1
)
{\displaystyle 60^{\circ }{\text{-}}140^{\circ }{\text{-}}160^{\circ }~(\times 1)}
90
∘
-
90
∘
-
90
∘
-
90
∘
(
×
1
)
{\displaystyle 90^{\circ }{\text{-}}90^{\circ }{\text{-}}90^{\circ }{\text{-}}90^{\circ }~(\times 1)}
60
∘
-
144
∘
-
156
(
×
1
)
{\displaystyle 60^{\circ }{\text{-}}144^{\circ }{\text{-}}156~(\times 1)}
60
∘
-
150
∘
-
150
∘
(
×
1
)
{\displaystyle 60^{\circ }{\text{-}}150^{\circ }{\text{-}}150^{\circ }~(\times 1)}
90
∘
-
108
∘
-
162
∘
(
×
1
)
{\displaystyle 90^{\circ }{\text{-}}108^{\circ }{\text{-}}162^{\circ }~(\times 1)}
90
∘
-
120
∘
-
150
∘
(
×
1
)
{\displaystyle 90^{\circ }{\text{-}}120^{\circ }{\text{-}}150^{\circ }~(\times 1)}
90
∘
-
135
∘
-
135
∘
(
×
1
)
{\displaystyle 90^{\circ }{\text{-}}135^{\circ }{\text{-}}135^{\circ }~(\times 1)}
*
108
∘
-
108
∘
-
144
∘
(
×
1
)
{\displaystyle 108^{\circ }{\text{-}}108^{\circ }{\text{-}}144^{\circ }~(\times 1)}
120
∘
-
120
∘
-
120
∘
(
×
1
)
{\displaystyle 120^{\circ }{\text{-}}120^{\circ }{\text{-}}120^{\circ }~(\times 1)}
*The
90
∘
-
135
∘
-
135
∘
(
×
1
)
{\displaystyle 90^{\circ }{\text{-}}135^{\circ }{\text{-}}135^{\circ }~(\times 1)}
cannot coexist with any other vertex types.
The solution to Challenge Problem 9.46, Geometry (Rusczyk), is in the Degree 3 Vertex column above. A triangle with a hendecagon (11-gon) yields a 13.2-gon, a square with a heptagon (7-gon) yields a 9.3333-gon, and a pentagon with a hexagon yields a 7.5-gon). Hence there are
1
(
1
)
+
(
1
(
2
)
+
1
)
+
(
3
(
2
)
+
1
)
+
10
=
21
{\displaystyle 1(1)+(1(2)+1)+(3(2)+1)+10=21}
combinations of regular polygons which meet at a vertex.
Planigons in the plane
Only eleven of these angle combinations can occur in a Laves Tiling of planigons.
In particular, if three polygons meet at a vertex and one has an odd number of sides, the other two polygons must be the same. If they are not, they would have to alternate around the first polygon, which is impossible if its number of sides is odd. By that restriction these six cannot appear in any tiling of regular polygons:
Six planigons which cannot tile the plane.
On the other hand, these four can be used in k-dual-uniform tilings:
There is one demiregular dual for each planigon V32.4.12, V3.4.3.12, V32.62, V3.42.6. And all quadrilaterals can tile the plane.
Finally, assuming unit side length, all regular polygons and usable planigons have side-lengths and areas as shown below in the table:
Regular Polygons and Planigons
Regular Polygons
Planigons
Triangle
Area:
3
4
{\displaystyle {\frac {\sqrt {3}}{4}}}
Side Lengths: 1
V3.122(O)
Area:
1
+
7
4
3
{\displaystyle 1+{\frac {7}{4{\sqrt {3}}}}}
Side Lengths:
2
+
3
,
1
+
2
3
{\displaystyle 2+{\sqrt {3}},1+{\frac {2}{\sqrt {3}}}}
V32.62(I)
Area:
2
3
{\displaystyle {\frac {2}{\sqrt {3}}}}
Side Lengths:
3
,
2
3
,
1
3
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {3}},{\frac {2}{\sqrt {3}}},{\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}}
V44(s)
Area: 1
Side Lengths: 1
Square
Area: 1
Side Lengths: 1
V4.6.12(3)
Area:
3
4
+
3
3
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {3}{4}}+{\frac {3{\sqrt {3}}}{2}}}
Side Lengths:
1
+
3
,
3
+
3
2
,
1
+
3
2
{\displaystyle 1+{\sqrt {3}},{\frac {3+{\sqrt {3}}}{2}},{\frac {1+{\sqrt {3}}}{2}}}
V(3.6)2(R)
Area:
2
3
{\displaystyle {\frac {2}{\sqrt {3}}}}
Side Lengths:
2
3
{\displaystyle {\frac {2}{\sqrt {3}}}}
V32.4.3.4(C)
Area:
1
2
+
3
4
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {\sqrt {3}}{4}}}
Side Lengths:
1
2
+
1
2
3
,
1
3
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2{\sqrt {3}}}},{\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}}
Hexagon
Area:
3
3
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {3{\sqrt {3}}}{2}}}
Side Lengths: 1
V32.4.12(S)
Area:
3
4
+
5
4
3
{\displaystyle {\frac {3}{4}}+{\frac {5}{4{\sqrt {3}}}}}
Side Lengths:
3
+
3
2
,
1
+
2
3
,
1
2
+
1
2
3
,
1
3
{\displaystyle {\frac {3+{\sqrt {3}}}{2}},1+{\frac {2}{\sqrt {3}}},{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2{\sqrt {3}}}},{\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}}
V3.42.6(r)
Area:
1
2
+
1
3
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}}
Side Lengths:
1
+
3
2
,
2
3
,
1
,
1
2
+
1
2
3
{\displaystyle {\frac {1+{\sqrt {3}}}{2}},{\frac {2}{\sqrt {3}}},1,{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2{\sqrt {3}}}}}
V33.42(B)
Area:
1
2
+
3
4
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {\sqrt {3}}{4}}}
Side Lengths:
1
,
1
2
+
1
2
3
,
1
3
{\displaystyle 1,{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2{\sqrt {3}}}},{\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}}
Octagon
Area:
2
+
2
2
{\displaystyle 2+2{\sqrt {2}}}
Side Lengths: 1
V3.4.3.12(T)
Area:
3
4
+
5
4
3
{\displaystyle {\frac {3}{4}}+{\frac {5}{4{\sqrt {3}}}}}
Side Lengths:
1
+
2
3
,
1
2
+
1
2
3
{\displaystyle 1+{\frac {2}{\sqrt {3}}},{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2{\sqrt {3}}}}}
V3.4.6.4(D)
Area:
1
2
+
1
3
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}}
Side Lengths:
1
+
3
2
,
1
2
+
1
2
3
{\displaystyle {\frac {1+{\sqrt {3}}}{2}},{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2{\sqrt {3}}}}}
V36(H)
Area:
3
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {\sqrt {3}}{2}}}
Side Lengths:
1
3
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}}
Dodecagon
Area:
6
+
3
3
{\displaystyle 6+3{\sqrt {3}}}
Side Lengths: 1
V63(E)
Area:
3
3
4
{\displaystyle {\frac {3{\sqrt {3}}}{4}}}
Side Lengths:
3
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {3}}}
V34.6(F)
Area:
7
4
3
{\displaystyle {\frac {7}{4{\sqrt {3}}}}}
Side Lengths:
2
3
,
1
3
{\displaystyle {\frac {2}{\sqrt {3}}},{\frac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}}
V4.82(i)
Area:
3
4
+
1
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {3}{4}}+{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}}
Side Lengths:
1
+
1
2
,
1
2
+
1
2
{\displaystyle 1+{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}},{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}}
Number of Dual Uniform Tilings
Every dual uniform tiling is in a 1:1 correspondence with the corresponding uniform tiling, by construction of the planigons above and superimposition.
k-dual-uniform, m-Catalaves tiling counts
m-Catalaves
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
k-dual-uniform
1
11
11
2
0
20
20
3
0
22
39
61
4
0
33
85
33
151
5
0
74
149
94
15
332
6
0
100
284
187
92
10
673
Total
11
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞
Such periodic tilings may be classified by the number of orbits of vertices, edges and tiles. If there are k orbits of planigons, a tiling is known as k-dual-uniform or k-isohedral; if there are t orbits of dual vertices, as t-isogonal; if there are e orbits of edges, as e-isotoxal.
k-dual-uniform tilings with the same vertex faces can be further identified by their wallpaper group symmetry, which is identical to that of the corresponding k-uniform tiling.
1-dual-uniform tilings include 3 regular tilings, and 8 Laves tilings, with 2 or more types of regular degree vertices. There are 20 2-dual-uniform tilings, 61 3-dual-uniform tilings, 151 4-dual-uniform tilings, 332 5-dual-uniform tilings and 673 6--dualuniform tilings. Each can be grouped by the number m of distinct vertex figures, which are also called m-Archimedean tilings.
Finally, if the number of types of planigons is the same as the uniformity (m = k below), then the tiling is said to be dual Krotenheerdt. In general, the uniformity is greater than or equal to the number of types of vertices (m ≥ k), as different types of planigons necessarily have different orbits, but not vice versa. Setting m = n = k, there are 11 such dual tilings for n = 1; 20 such dual tilings for n = 2; 39 such dual tilings for n = 3; 33 such dual tilings for n = 4; 15 such dual tilings for n = 5; 10 such dual tilings for n = 6; and 7 such dual tilings for n = 7.
Regular and Laves tilings
The 3 regular and 8 semiregular Laves tilings are shown, with planigons colored according to area as in the construction:
Higher Dual Uniform Tilings
Insets of Dual Planigons into Higher Degree Vertices
A manhole in Central Park with tiling CH (V32.4.3.4,V36).
A degree-six vertex can be replaced by a center regular hexagon and six edges emanating thereof;
A degree-twelve vertex can be replaced by six deltoids (a center deltoidal hexagon) and twelve edges emanating thereof;
A degree-twelve vertex can be replaced by six Cairo pentagons, a center hexagon, and twelve edges emanating thereof (by dissecting the degree-6 vertex in the center of the previous example).
Minor
Major
Full
Substitutions
Dual Processes (Insets)
This is done above for the dual of the 3-4-6-12 tiling. The corresponding uniform process is dissection, and is shown here.
2-Dual-Uniform
There are 20 tilings made from 2 types of planigons, the dual of 2-uniform tilings (Krotenheerdt Duals):
3-Dual-Uniform
There are 39 tilings made from 3 types of planigons (Krotenheerdt Duals):
4-Dual-Uniform
There are 33 tilings made from 4 types of planigons (Krotenheerdt Duals):
5-Dual-Uniform
There are 15 5-uniform dual tilings with 5 unique planigons:
Krotenheerdt duals with six planigons
There are 10 6-uniform dual tilings with 6 unique planigons:
Krotenheerdt duals with seven planigons
There are 7 7-uniform dual tilings with 7 unique planigons:
The last two dual uniform-7 tilings have the same vertex types, even though they look nothing alike!
From
n
≥
8
{\displaystyle n\geq 8}
onward, there are no uniform n tilings with n vertex types, or no uniform n duals with n distinct (semi)planigons.
Fractalizing Dual k-Uniform Tilings
There are many ways of generating new k-dual-uniform tilings from other k-uniform tilings. Three ways is to scale by
1
+
3
,
2
+
3
,
3
+
3
{\displaystyle 1+{\sqrt {3}},2+{\sqrt {3}},3+{\sqrt {3}}}
as seen below:
Fractalizing Examples
Original
Semi-Fractalization
Truncated Hexagonal Tiling
Truncated Trihexagonal Tiling
DualFractalizing
Large Fractalization
To enlarge the planigons V32.4.12 and V3.4.3.12 using the truncated trihexagonal method, a scale factor of
2
(
3
+
3
)
{\displaystyle 2(3+{\sqrt {3}})}
must be applied:
Big Fractalization
By two 9-uniform tilings in a big fractalization is achieved by a scale factor of 3 in all planigons. In the case of s,C,B,H its own planigon is in the exact center:
The two 9-uniform tilings are shown below, fractalizations of the demiregulars DC and DB, and a general example on S2TC:
9-Uniform
S2TC Big Fractalization
3Ir3Ds2B (of DB) 3Ir4DsC (of DC)
S2TCBig Fractalization
Miscellaneous
Centroid-Centroid Construction
Dual co-uniform tilings (red) along with the originals (blue) of selected tilings. Generated by centroid-edge midpoint construction by polygon-centroid-vertex detection, rounding the angle of each co-edge to the nearest 15 degrees. Since the unit size of tilings varies from 15 to 18 pixels and every regular polygon slightly differs, there is some overlap or breaks of dual edges (an 18-pixel size generator incorrectly generates co-edges from five 15-pixel size tilings, classifying some squares as triangles).
Other Edge-Edge Construction Comparisons
Other edge-edge construction comparisons. Rotates every 3 seconds.
Comparisons
SDB
3IrB
TDDC
IIRF
rFBH
OOOOT
3SrFCBH
O33STIr2C2B
Affine Linear Expansions
Below are affine linear expansions of other uniform tilings, from the original to the dual and back:
Affine Linear Expansions
8-Uniform 3STDC
12-Uniform 3STRrD
12-Uniform O3STIrCB
13-Uniform All Slab
16-Uniform OSTEIrCB
24-Uniform All Planigons
The first 12-uniform tiling contains all planigons with three types of vertices, and the second 12-uniform tiling contains all types of edges.
Optimized Tilings
A 14-Catalaves dual uniform tiling using p4g. Such tilings can assume any wallpaper group except for p4m since p4m only admits planigons O, S, T, D, s, C, B, H.
If
a
{\displaystyle a}
-
b
{\displaystyle b}
tiling means
a
{\displaystyle a}
dual uniform,
b
{\displaystyle b}
Catalaves tiling, then there exists a 11-9 tiling, a 13-10 tiling, 15-11 tiling, a 19-12 tiling, two 22-13 tilings, and a 24-14 tiling. Also exists a 13-8 slab tiling and a 14-10 non-clock tiling. Finally, there are 7-5 tilings using all clock planigons:
11-9
13-10
15-11
19-12
22-13
OSTRrD2sC2B
3S2IRr3DFCBH
3STEIRrFCB5H
O3ST3Rr2D3FsCB3H
O32ST2EIRr4D2FCB4H O32ST2EIRr3DFC2B5H
24-14
13-8 Slab
14-10 Non Clock
7-5 All Clock
O32S3TEIRr2DFsC2B6H
EI2Rr2F2s2B2H
EIRr3DFsCB2H
O33STB
O32ST2D
Circle Packing
See also: Circle packing § Other_packings
Each uniform tiling corresponds to a circle packing, in which circles of diameter 1 are placed at all vertex points, corresponding to the planigons. Below are the circle packings of the Optimized Tilings and all-edge tiling:
Circles are colored according to vertex type, and gaps are colored according to regular polygon.
5-dual-uniform 4-Catalaves tilings
A slideshow of all 94 5-dual-uniform tilings with 4 distinct planigons. Changes every 6 seconds, cycles every 60 seconds.
Clock Tilings
All tilings with regular dodecagons in are shown below, alternating between uniform and dual co-uniform every 5 seconds: All tilings with regular dodecagons are shown below, alternating between uniform and dual co-uniform every 5 seconds.
65 k-Uniform Tilings
A comparison of 65 k uniform tilings in uniform planar tilings and their dual uniform tilings. The two lower rows coincide and are to scale: A comparison of 65 k uniform tilings in uniform planar tilings and their dual uniform tilings. The two lower rows coincide and are to scale.
References
^ a b Grünbaum, Branko; Shephard, G. C. (1987). Tilings and Patterns. W. H. Freeman and Company. pp. 59, 96. ISBN 0-7167-1193-1.
^ Conway, John H.; Burgiel, Heidi; Goodman-Strauss, Chaim (April 18, 2008). "Chapter 21, Naming the Archimedean and Catalan polyhedra and tilings, Euclidean Plane Tessellations". The Symmetries of Things. A K Peters / CRC Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5. Archived from the original on 2010-09-19.
^ Encyclopaedia of Mathematics: Orbit - Rayleigh Equation, 1991
^ Ivanov, A. B. (2001) , "Planigon", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press
^ "THE BIG LIST SYSTEM OF TILINGS OF REGULAR POLYGONS". THE BIG LIST SYSTEM OF TILINGS OF REGULAR POLYGONS. Retrieved 2019-08-30.
^ Rusczyk, Richard. (2006). Introduction to geometry. Alpine, CA: AoPS Inc. ISBN 0977304523. OCLC 68040014.
^ a b c d e "n-Uniform Tilings". probabilitysports.com. Retrieved 2019-06-21.
^ k-uniform tilings by regular polygons Archived 2015-06-30 at the Wayback Machine Nils Lenngren, 2009
^ "11,20,39,33,15,10,7 - OEIS". oeis.org. Retrieved 2019-06-26.
^ a b c "Tessellation catalog". zenorogue.github.io. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
^ a b J. E. Soto Sánchez, On Periodic Tilings with Regular Polygons, PhD Thesis, IMPA, Aug 2020.
Planigon tessellation cellular automata Alexander Korobov, 30 September 1999
B. N. Delone, “Theory of planigons”, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat., 23:3 (1959), 365–386
|
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In the Euclidean plane there are 3 regular planigons; equilateral triangle, squares, and regular hexagons; and 8 semiregular planigons; and 4 demiregular planigons which can tile the plane only with other planigons.All angles of a planigon are whole divisors of 360°. Tilings are made by edge-to-edge connections by perpendicular bisectors of the edges of the original uniform lattice, or centroids along common edges (they coincide).Tilings made from planigons can be seen as dual tilings to the regular, semiregular, and demiregular tilings of the plane by regular polygons.","title":"Planigon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tilings and patterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilings_and_patterns"},{"link_name":"Branko Grünbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko_Gr%C3%BCnbaum"},{"link_name":"Archimedean solids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedean_solid"},{"link_name":"dual tilings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_graph"},{"link_name":"crystallographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography"},{"link_name":"Fritz Laves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Laves"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Horton_Conway"},{"link_name":"Catalan solid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_solid"},{"link_name":"tiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototile"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"stereohedrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereohedron"},{"link_name":"face configuration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_configuration"}],"text":"In the 1987 book, Tilings and patterns, Branko Grünbaum calls the vertex-uniform tilings Archimedean in parallel to the Archimedean solids. Their dual tilings are called Laves tilings in honor of crystallographer Fritz Laves.[1][2] They're also called Shubnikov–Laves tilings after Shubnikov, Alekseĭ Vasilʹevich.[3] John Conway calls the uniform duals Catalan tilings, in parallel to the Catalan solid polyhedra.The Laves tilings have vertices at the centers of the regular polygons, and edges connecting centers of regular polygons that share an edge. The tiles of the Laves tilings are called planigons. This includes the 3 regular tiles (triangle, square and hexagon) and 8 irregular ones.[4] Each vertex has edges evenly spaced around it. Three dimensional analogues of the planigons are called stereohedrons.These tilings are listed by their face configuration, the number of faces at each vertex of a face. For example V4.8.8 (or V4.82) means isosceles triangle tiles with one corner with four triangles, and two corners containing eight triangles.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conway operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_polyhedron_notation#Original_operations"},{"link_name":"Archimedean solids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedean_solids"},{"link_name":"k-uniform tilings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_tilings_by_convex_regular_polygons"},{"link_name":"regular face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_polygon"},{"link_name":"centroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centroid"},{"link_name":"dihedral symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_group"},{"link_name":"perpendicular bisectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisection#Line_segment_bisector"}],"text":"The Conway operation of dual interchanges faces and vertices. In Archimedean solids and k-uniform tilings alike, the new vertex coincides with the center of each regular face, or the centroid. In the Euclidean (plane) case; in order to make new faces around each original vertex, the centroids must be connected by new edges, each of which must intersect exactly one of the original edges. Since regular polygons have dihedral symmetry, we see that these new centroid-centroid edges must be perpendicular bisectors of the common original edges (e.g. the centroid lies on all edge perpendicular bisectors of a regular polygon). Thus, the edges of k-dual uniform tilings coincide with centroid-to-edge-midpoint line segments of all regular polygons in the k-uniform tilings.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"6-5 dodecagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecagram"},{"link_name":"incircle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incircle_and_excircles_of_a_triangle"},{"link_name":"cocyclic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangential_quadrilateral"},{"link_name":"circle packings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_packing"},{"link_name":"regular dodecagons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_dodecagon"},{"link_name":"k-uniform tiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_k-uniform_tilings"},{"link_name":"polygram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygram_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"circumradius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_polygon#Circumradius"}],"sub_title":"Using the 12-5 Dodecagram (Above)","text":"All 14 uniform usable regular vertex planigons also hail[5] from the 6-5 dodecagram (where each segment subtends \n \n \n \n 5\n π\n \n /\n \n 6\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 5\\pi /6}\n \n radians, or 150 degrees).The incircle of this dodecagram demonstrates that all the 14 VRPs are cocyclic, as alternatively shown by circle packings. The ratio of the incircle to the circumcircle is:sin\n \n \n \n π\n 12\n \n \n =\n sin\n \n \n 15\n \n ∘\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n 6\n \n \n −\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n 4\n \n \n ≈\n 0.258819\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sin {\\frac {\\pi }{12}}=\\sin 15^{\\circ }={\\frac {{\\sqrt {6}}-{\\sqrt {2}}}{4}}\\approx 0.258819}and the convex hull is precisely the regular dodecagons in the k-uniform tiling. The equilateral triangle, square, regular hexagon, and regular dodecagon; are shown above with the VRPs.In fact, any group of planigons can be constructed from the edges of a \n \n \n \n 2\n k\n \n -\n \n (\n k\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2k{\\text{-}}(k-1)}\n \n polygram, where \n \n \n \n k\n =\n gcd\n (\n \n n\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n n\n \n m\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k=\\gcd(n_{1},\\dots ,n_{m})}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{i}}\n \n is the number of sides of sides in the RP adjacent to each involved vertex figure. This is because the circumradius \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n csc\n \n \n \n π\n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{2}}\\csc {\\frac {\\pi }{n_{i}}}}\n \n of any regular \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{i}}\n \n-gon (from the vertex to the centroid) is the same as the distance from the center of the polygram to its line segments which intersect at the angle \n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n /\n \n \n n\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\pi /n_{i}}\n \n, since all \n \n \n \n 2\n k\n \n -\n \n (\n k\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2k{\\text{-}}(k-1)}\n \n polygrams admit incircles of inradii \n \n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1/2}\n \n tangent to all its sides.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grünbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko_Gr%C3%BCnbaum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"square tiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_tiling"},{"link_name":"barn pentagonal tiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prismatic_pentagonal_tiling"},{"link_name":"hexagonal tiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal_tiling"},{"link_name":"AAA similarity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity_(geometry)#Similar_triangles"}],"sub_title":"Regular Vertices","text":"In Tilings and Patterns, Grünbaum also constructed the Laves tilings using monohedral tiles with regular vertices. A vertex is regular if all angles emanating from it are equal. In other words:[1]All vertices are regular,\nAll Laves planigons are congruent.In this way, all Laves tilings are unique except for the square tiling (1 degree of freedom), barn pentagonal tiling (1 degree of freedom), and hexagonal tiling (2 degrees of freedom):When applied to higher dual co-uniform tilings, all dual coregular planigons can be distorted except for the triangles (AAA similarity), with examples below:","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ortho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_polyhedron_notation#Original_operations"},{"link_name":"dual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_polyhedron_notation#Original_operations"}],"sub_title":"Edge-to-Edge Correspondence","text":"Alternatively, k-dual uniform tilings (and all 21 planigons) can be constructed by forming new centroid-edge midpoint line segments of the original regular polygons (dissecting the regular n-gons into n congruent deltoids or ortho), and then removing the original edges (leaving the dual). Complete planigons will form around interior vertices, and line segments of (many possible) planigons will form around boundary vertices, giving a 1-to-1 edge k-dual uniform lattice. On the other hand, centroid-centroid connecting only yields interior planigons, but this construction is nonetheless equivalent to the original in the interior. If the k-uniform tiling fills the entire frame, then so will the k-dual uniform tiling, and the boundary line segments can be ignored (equivalent to original construction).","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//twitter.com/SumDumThum/status/1010723571264442368"},{"link_name":"incenters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incenter"},{"link_name":"kis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_polyhedron_notation#Original_operations"},{"link_name":"join","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_polyhedron_notation#Original_operations"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//twitter.com/SumDumThum/status/1117278379223470080"},{"link_name":"expand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_polyhedron_notation#Original_operations"},{"link_name":"union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory_union"},{"link_name":"dyadic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyadic_rational"},{"link_name":"expands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_polyhedron_notation#Original_operations"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//twitter.com/SumDumThum/status/1070788263445696512"}],"sub_title":"Affine Linear Expansion","text":"Starting from the regular polygons of a k-uniform tiling, we can scale all regular polygons about their centroids over a linear factor \n \n \n \n 0\n <\n x\n <\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0<x<1}\n \n, and put planigons in the vertex-figure gaps of scale \n \n \n \n 1\n −\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1-x}\n \n. The original tiling starts from x = 0 and ends at the dual tiling (x = 1).[1] This is true because the circumradii of the regular polygons are the same as the diagonals from the incenters of the planigons to their co-vertices, as we could see in the construction above (or by applying a kis-operator to both the uniform and dual adds the same join lattice [2]). Therefore, scaling the regular polygons by \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n yields proportional planigons of scale \n \n \n \n 1\n −\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1-x}\n \n at the vertex-figure gaps. The intermediate stages are equivalent to expand (hence the expansion), and the union of all dyadic-\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n affine linear expansions of a tiling is closed under expansion (contains all expands).[3] An example is shown below:","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interior angles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_angle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clusters_Of_Not_Usable_Planigons.svg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"hendecagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendecagon"},{"link_name":"heptagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptagon"}],"text":"For edge-to-edge Euclidean tilings, the interior angles of the convex polygons meeting at a vertex must add to 360 degrees. A regular n-gon has internal angle \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n 1\n −\n \n \n 2\n n\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 180\n \n ∘\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(1-{\\frac {2}{n}}\\right)180^{\\circ }}\n \n degrees. There are seventeen combinations of regular polygons whose internal angles add up to 360 degrees, each being referred to as a species of vertex; in four cases there are two distinct cyclic orders of the polygons, yielding twenty-one types of vertex.In fact, with the vertex (interior) angles \n \n \n \n \n 60\n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n \n 90\n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n \n 108\n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n \n 120\n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n 128\n \n \n \n 4\n 7\n \n \n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n \n 135\n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n \n 140\n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n \n 144\n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n 147\n \n \n \n 3\n 11\n \n \n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n \n 150\n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n …\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 60^{\\circ },90^{\\circ },108^{\\circ },120^{\\circ },128{\\frac {4}{7}}^{\\circ },135^{\\circ },140^{\\circ },144^{\\circ },147{\\frac {3}{11}}^{\\circ },150^{\\circ },\\dots }\n \n, we can find all combinations of admissible corner angles according to the following rules:Every vertex has at least degree 3 (a degree-2 vertex must have two straight angles or one reflex angle);\nIf the vertex has degree \n \n \n \n d\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d}\n \n, the smallest \n \n \n \n d\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d-1}\n \n polygon vertex angles sum to over \n \n \n \n \n 180\n \n ∘\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 180^{\\circ }}\n \n;\nThe vertex angles add to \n \n \n \n \n 360\n \n ∘\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 360^{\\circ }}\n \n, and must be angles of regular polygons of positive integer sides (of the sequence \n \n \n \n \n 60\n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n \n 90\n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n \n 108\n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n \n 120\n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n 128\n \n \n \n 4\n 7\n \n \n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n \n 135\n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n \n 140\n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n \n 144\n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n 147\n \n \n \n 3\n 11\n \n \n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n \n 150\n \n ∘\n \n \n ,\n …\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 60^{\\circ },90^{\\circ },108^{\\circ },120^{\\circ },128{\\frac {4}{7}}^{\\circ },135^{\\circ },140^{\\circ },144^{\\circ },147{\\frac {3}{11}}^{\\circ },150^{\\circ },\\dots }\n \n).Using the rules generates the list below:Clusters of planigons which cannot tile the plane. Note the 8-cluster of V3.8.24 and the 10-cluster of V3.10.15 imply overlaps for the 24-gons and 15-gons, respectively. Also, V4.5.20 and V52.10 can generate lines and curves, but those cannot be completed without overlap.*The \n \n \n \n \n 90\n \n ∘\n \n \n \n -\n \n \n 135\n \n ∘\n \n \n \n -\n \n \n 135\n \n ∘\n \n \n \n (\n ×\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 90^{\\circ }{\\text{-}}135^{\\circ }{\\text{-}}135^{\\circ }~(\\times 1)}\n \n cannot coexist with any other vertex types.The solution to Challenge Problem 9.46, Geometry (Rusczyk),[6] is in the Degree 3 Vertex column above. A triangle with a hendecagon (11-gon) yields a 13.2-gon, a square with a heptagon (7-gon) yields a 9.3333-gon, and a pentagon with a hexagon yields a 7.5-gon). Hence there are \n \n \n \n 1\n (\n 1\n )\n +\n (\n 1\n (\n 2\n )\n +\n 1\n )\n +\n (\n 3\n (\n 2\n )\n +\n 1\n )\n +\n 10\n =\n 21\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1(1)+(1(2)+1)+(3(2)+1)+10=21}\n \n combinations of regular polygons which meet at a vertex.","title":"Derivation of all possible planigons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laves Tiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Euclidean_uniform_tilings#Laves_tilings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Not_Usable_Planigons.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dualization_Deriving_Four_Semiplanigons.png"},{"link_name":"demiregular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demiregular_tiling"},{"link_name":"tile the plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation#Tessellations_with_polygons"}],"sub_title":"Planigons in the plane","text":"Only eleven of these angle combinations can occur in a Laves Tiling of planigons.In particular, if three polygons meet at a vertex and one has an odd number of sides, the other two polygons must be the same. If they are not, they would have to alternate around the first polygon, which is impossible if its number of sides is odd. By that restriction these six cannot appear in any tiling of regular polygons:Six planigons which cannot tile the plane.On the other hand, these four can be used in k-dual-uniform tilings:There is one demiregular dual for each planigon V32.4.12, V3.4.3.12, V32.62, V3.42.6. And all quadrilaterals can tile the plane.Finally, assuming unit side length, all regular polygons and usable planigons have side-lengths and areas as shown below in the table:","title":"Derivation of all possible planigons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_action_(mathematics)#Orbits_and_stabilizers"},{"link_name":"wallpaper group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper_group"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Every dual uniform tiling is in a 1:1 correspondence with the corresponding uniform tiling, by construction of the planigons above and superimposition.Such periodic tilings may be classified by the number of orbits of vertices, edges and tiles. If there are k orbits of planigons, a tiling is known as k-dual-uniform or k-isohedral; if there are t orbits of dual vertices, as t-isogonal; if there are e orbits of edges, as e-isotoxal.k-dual-uniform tilings with the same vertex faces can be further identified by their wallpaper group symmetry, which is identical to that of the corresponding k-uniform tiling.1-dual-uniform tilings include 3 regular tilings, and 8 Laves tilings, with 2 or more types of regular degree vertices. There are 20 2-dual-uniform tilings, 61 3-dual-uniform tilings, 151 4-dual-uniform tilings, 332 5-dual-uniform tilings and 673 6--dualuniform tilings. Each can be grouped by the number m of distinct vertex figures, which are also called m-Archimedean tilings.[8]Finally, if the number of types of planigons is the same as the uniformity (m = k below), then the tiling is said to be dual Krotenheerdt. In general, the uniformity is greater than or equal to the number of types of vertices (m ≥ k), as different types of planigons necessarily have different orbits, but not vice versa. Setting m = n = k, there are 11 such dual tilings for n = 1; 20 such dual tilings for n = 2; 39 such dual tilings for n = 3; 33 such dual tilings for n = 4; 15 such dual tilings for n = 5; 10 such dual tilings for n = 6; and 7 such dual tilings for n = 7.","title":"Number of Dual Uniform Tilings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1-Co-Uniform_Tilings.png"}],"text":"The 3 regular and 8 semiregular Laves tilings are shown, with planigons colored according to area as in the construction:","title":"Regular and Laves tilings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Higher Dual Uniform Tilings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_Park_Manhole_Tiling.png"},{"link_name":"dual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-4-6-12_tiling#Dual_tiling"},{"link_name":"dissection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_tilings_by_convex_regular_polygons#Dissected_regular_polygons"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-4-6-12_tiling#Related_k-uniform_tilings_of_regular_polygons"}],"sub_title":"Insets of Dual Planigons into Higher Degree Vertices","text":"A manhole in Central Park with tiling CH (V32.4.3.4,V36).A degree-six vertex can be replaced by a center regular hexagon and six edges emanating thereof;\nA degree-twelve vertex can be replaced by six deltoids (a center deltoidal hexagon) and twelve edges emanating thereof;\nA degree-twelve vertex can be replaced by six Cairo pentagons, a center hexagon, and twelve edges emanating thereof (by dissecting the degree-6 vertex in the center of the previous example).This is done above for the dual of the 3-4-6-12 tiling. The corresponding uniform process is dissection, and is shown here.","title":"Higher Dual Uniform Tilings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2-uniform tilings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_tilings_by_convex_regular_polygons#2-uniform_tilings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2-Co-Uniform_Tilings.png"}],"sub_title":"2-Dual-Uniform","text":"There are 20 tilings made from 2 types of planigons, the dual of 2-uniform tilings (Krotenheerdt Duals):","title":"Higher Dual Uniform Tilings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3-Kroten_Co-Uniform.png"}],"sub_title":"3-Dual-Uniform","text":"There are 39 tilings made from 3 types of planigons (Krotenheerdt Duals):","title":"Higher Dual Uniform Tilings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Everything_Uniform_4_Krotenheerdt.png"}],"sub_title":"4-Dual-Uniform","text":"There are 33 tilings made from 4 types of planigons (Krotenheerdt Duals):","title":"Higher Dual Uniform Tilings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5-Krotenheerdt_Co-Uniform_Tilings.png"}],"sub_title":"5-Dual-Uniform","text":"There are 15 5-uniform dual tilings with 5 unique planigons:","title":"Higher Dual Uniform Tilings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6-Krotenheerdt_Co-Uniform_Tilings.png"}],"sub_title":"Krotenheerdt duals with six planigons","text":"There are 10 6-uniform dual tilings with 6 unique planigons:","title":"Higher Dual Uniform Tilings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7-Krotenheerdt_Co-Uniform_Tilings.png"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Krotenheerdt duals with seven planigons","text":"There are 7 7-uniform dual tilings with 7 unique planigons:The last two dual uniform-7 tilings have the same vertex types, even though they look nothing alike!From \n \n \n \n n\n ≥\n 8\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\geq 8}\n \n onward, there are no uniform n tilings with n vertex types, or no uniform n duals with n distinct (semi)planigons.[9]","title":"Higher Dual Uniform Tilings"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are many ways of generating new k-dual-uniform tilings from other k-uniform tilings. Three ways is to scale by \n \n \n \n 1\n +\n \n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n 2\n +\n \n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n 3\n +\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1+{\\sqrt {3}},2+{\\sqrt {3}},3+{\\sqrt {3}}}\n \n as seen below:","title":"Fractalizing Dual k-Uniform Tilings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Large_Fractalization_Tiles.gif"}],"sub_title":"Large Fractalization","text":"To enlarge the planigons V32.4.12 and V3.4.3.12 using the truncated trihexagonal method, a scale factor of \n \n \n \n 2\n (\n 3\n +\n \n \n 3\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2(3+{\\sqrt {3}})}\n \n must be applied:","title":"Fractalizing Dual k-Uniform Tilings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Big_Fractal_Planigons.png"},{"link_name":"demiregulars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demiregular_tiling"}],"sub_title":"Big Fractalization","text":"By two 9-uniform tilings in [10] a big fractalization is achieved by a scale factor of 3 in all planigons. In the case of s,C,B,H its own planigon is in the exact center:The two 9-uniform tilings are shown below, fractalizations of the demiregulars DC and DB, and a general example on S2TC:","title":"Fractalizing Dual k-Uniform Tilings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Miscellaneous"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dual_Uniform_Tilings_Galebach.gif"}],"sub_title":"Centroid-Centroid Construction","text":"Dual co-uniform tilings (red) along with the originals (blue) of selected tilings.[7][11] Generated by centroid-edge midpoint construction by polygon-centroid-vertex detection, rounding the angle of each co-edge to the nearest 15 degrees. Since the unit size of tilings varies from 15 to 18 pixels and every regular polygon slightly differs,[7] there is some overlap or breaks of dual edges (an 18-pixel size generator incorrectly generates co-edges from five 15-pixel size tilings, classifying some squares as triangles).","title":"Miscellaneous"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other Edge-Edge Construction Comparisons","text":"Other edge-edge construction comparisons. Rotates every 3 seconds.","title":"Miscellaneous"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Affine Linear Expansions","text":"Below are affine linear expansions of other uniform tilings, from the original to the dual and back:The first 12-uniform tiling contains all planigons with three types of vertices, and the second 12-uniform tiling contains all types of edges.","title":"Miscellaneous"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:104-Uniform_14VRP_p4g_(6px).gif"},{"link_name":"p4g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper_group#Group_p4g_(4*2)"},{"link_name":"p4m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallpaper_group"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"}],"sub_title":"Optimized Tilings","text":"A 14-Catalaves dual uniform tiling using p4g. Such tilings can assume any wallpaper group except for p4m since p4m only admits planigons O, S, T, D, s, C, B, H.[10]If \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n-\n \n \n \n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b}\n \n tiling means \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n dual uniform, \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b}\n \n Catalaves tiling, then there exists a 11-9 tiling,[7] a 13-10 tiling, 15-11 tiling, a 19-12 tiling, two 22-13 tilings, and a 24-14 tiling. Also exists a 13-8 slab tiling and a 14-10 non-clock tiling. Finally, there are 7-5 tilings using all clock planigons:[10]","title":"Miscellaneous"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Circle packing § Other_packings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_packing#Other_packings"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"Optimized Tilings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Optimized_Tilings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Circle_Packing_Optimal_Tilings.png"}],"sub_title":"Circle Packing","text":"See also: Circle packing § Other_packingsEach uniform tiling corresponds to a circle packing, in which circles of diameter 1 are placed at all vertex points, corresponding to the planigons.[11] Below are the circle packings of the Optimized Tilings and all-edge tiling:Circles are colored according to vertex type, and gaps are colored according to regular polygon.","title":"Miscellaneous"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5-4_Dual_Tilings.gif"}],"sub_title":"5-dual-uniform 4-Catalaves tilings","text":"A slideshow of all 94 5-dual-uniform tilings with 4 distinct planigons. Changes every 6 seconds, cycles every 60 seconds.","title":"Miscellaneous"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clock_Tilings_(Uniform_Tilings_with_Regular_Dodecagons).gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clock_Tilings_(Uniform_Tilings_with_Regular_Dodecagons).gif"},{"link_name":"regular dodecagons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecagon#Regular_dodecagon"}],"sub_title":"Clock Tilings","text":"All tilings with regular dodecagons in [7] are shown below, alternating between uniform and dual co-uniform every 5 seconds:All tilings with regular dodecagons are shown below, alternating between uniform and dual co-uniform every 5 seconds.","title":"Miscellaneous"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"uniform planar tilings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_tilings_by_convex_regular_polygons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Final_Planar_Tiling_Project_(30_Tiles).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Final_Planar_Tiling_Project_(30_Tiles).png"},{"link_name":"uniform planar tilings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_tilings_by_convex_regular_polygons"}],"sub_title":"65 k-Uniform Tilings","text":"A comparison of 65 k uniform tilings in uniform planar tilings and their dual uniform tilings. The two lower rows coincide and are to scale:A comparison of 65 k uniform tilings in uniform planar tilings and their dual uniform tilings. The two lower rows coincide and are to scale.","title":"Miscellaneous"}]
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[{"image_text":"Three regular polygons, eight planigons, four demiregular planigons, and six not usable planigon triangles which cannot take part in dual uniform tilings; all to scale.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/All_Planigons.svg/451px-All_Planigons.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Clusters of planigons which cannot tile the plane. Note the 8-cluster of V3.8.24 and the 10-cluster of V3.10.15 imply overlaps for the 24-gons and 15-gons, respectively. Also, V4.5.20 and V52.10 can generate lines and curves, but those cannot be completed without overlap.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Clusters_Of_Not_Usable_Planigons.svg/600px-Clusters_Of_Not_Usable_Planigons.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Six planigons which cannot tile the plane.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Not_Usable_Planigons.svg/400px-Not_Usable_Planigons.svg.png"},{"image_text":"There is one demiregular dual for each planigon V32.4.12, V3.4.3.12, V32.62, V3.42.6. And all quadrilaterals can tile the plane.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dualization_Deriving_Four_Semiplanigons.png/750px-Dualization_Deriving_Four_Semiplanigons.png"},{"image_text":"A manhole in Central Park with tiling CH (V32.4.3.4,V36).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Central_Park_Manhole_Tiling.png/200px-Central_Park_Manhole_Tiling.png"},{"image_text":"A 14-Catalaves dual uniform tiling using p4g. Such tilings can assume any wallpaper group except for p4m since p4m only admits planigons O, S, T, D, s, C, B, H.[10]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/104-Uniform_14VRP_p4g_%286px%29.gif"},{"image_text":"Circles are colored according to vertex type, and gaps are colored according to regular polygon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Circle_Packing_Optimal_Tilings.png/800px-Circle_Packing_Optimal_Tilings.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Grünbaum, Branko; Shephard, G. C. (1987). Tilings and Patterns. W. H. Freeman and Company. pp. 59, 96. ISBN 0-7167-1193-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko_Gr%C3%BCnbaum","url_text":"Grünbaum, Branko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.C._Shephard","url_text":"Shephard, G. C."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_0716711931/page/59","url_text":"Tilings and Patterns"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_0716711931/page/59","url_text":"59, 96"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-1193-1","url_text":"0-7167-1193-1"}]},{"reference":"Conway, John H.; Burgiel, Heidi; Goodman-Strauss, Chaim (April 18, 2008). \"Chapter 21, Naming the Archimedean and Catalan polyhedra and tilings, Euclidean Plane Tessellations\". The Symmetries of Things. A K Peters / CRC Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5. Archived from the original on 2010-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Horton_Conway","url_text":"Conway, John H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_Goodman-Strauss","url_text":"Goodman-Strauss, Chaim"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100919143320/https://akpeters.com/product.asp?ProdCode=2205","url_text":"The Symmetries of Things"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_K_Peters","url_text":"A K Peters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-220-5","url_text":"978-1-56881-220-5"},{"url":"https://akpeters.com/product.asp?ProdCode=2205","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ivanov, A. B. (2001) [1994], \"Planigon\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Planigon","url_text":"\"Planigon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"EMS Press"}]},{"reference":"\"THE BIG LIST SYSTEM OF TILINGS OF REGULAR POLYGONS\". THE BIG LIST SYSTEM OF TILINGS OF REGULAR POLYGONS. Retrieved 2019-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biglist-tilings.com/","url_text":"\"THE BIG LIST SYSTEM OF TILINGS OF REGULAR POLYGONS\""}]},{"reference":"Rusczyk, Richard. (2006). Introduction to geometry. Alpine, CA: AoPS Inc. ISBN 0977304523. OCLC 68040014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0977304523","url_text":"0977304523"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/68040014","url_text":"68040014"}]},{"reference":"\"n-Uniform Tilings\". probabilitysports.com. Retrieved 2019-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://probabilitysports.com/tilings.html","url_text":"\"n-Uniform Tilings\""}]},{"reference":"\"11,20,39,33,15,10,7 - OEIS\". oeis.org. Retrieved 2019-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://oeis.org/search?q=11,20,39,33,15,10,7&sort=&language=&go=Search","url_text":"\"11,20,39,33,15,10,7 - OEIS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tessellation catalog\". zenorogue.github.io. Retrieved 2022-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenorogue.github.io/tes-catalog/?c=k-uniform/","url_text":"\"Tessellation catalog\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://twitter.com/SumDumThum/status/1010723571264442368","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/SumDumThum/status/1117278379223470080","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/SumDumThum/status/1070788263445696512","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_0716711931/page/59","external_links_name":"Tilings and Patterns"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_0716711931/page/59","external_links_name":"59, 96"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100919143320/https://akpeters.com/product.asp?ProdCode=2205","external_links_name":"The Symmetries of Things"},{"Link":"https://akpeters.com/product.asp?ProdCode=2205","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5rPnCAAAQBAJ&dq=Shubnikov%E2%80%93Laves+tilings&pg=PA169","external_links_name":"Encyclopaedia of Mathematics: Orbit - Rayleigh Equation"},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Planigon","external_links_name":"\"Planigon\""},{"Link":"https://www.biglist-tilings.com/","external_links_name":"\"THE BIG LIST SYSTEM OF TILINGS OF REGULAR POLYGONS\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/68040014","external_links_name":"68040014"},{"Link":"http://probabilitysports.com/tilings.html","external_links_name":"\"n-Uniform Tilings\""},{"Link":"http://www2.math.uu.se/research/pub/Lenngren1.pdf","external_links_name":"k-uniform tilings by regular polygons"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150630004622/http://www2.math.uu.se/research/pub/Lenngren1.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/search?q=11,20,39,33,15,10,7&sort=&language=&go=Search","external_links_name":"\"11,20,39,33,15,10,7 - OEIS\""},{"Link":"https://zenorogue.github.io/tes-catalog/?c=k-uniform/","external_links_name":"\"Tessellation catalog\""},{"Link":"http://chequesoto.info/thesis.html","external_links_name":"On Periodic Tilings with Regular Polygons"},{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0526(199907/08)4:6%3C31::AID-CPLX7%3E3.0.CO;2-D","external_links_name":"Planigon tessellation cellular automata"},{"Link":"https://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=im&paperid=3749&option_lang=eng","external_links_name":"B. N. Delone, “Theory of planigons”"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finningen
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Finningen
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 48°39′N 10°30′E / 48.650°N 10.500°E / 48.650; 10.500Municipality in Bavaria, GermanyFinningen MunicipalityChurch of Saint Martin
Coat of armsLocation of Finningen within Dillingen district
Finningen Show map of GermanyFinningen Show map of BavariaCoordinates: 48°39′N 10°30′E / 48.650°N 10.500°E / 48.650; 10.500CountryGermanyStateBavariaAdmin. regionSchwaben DistrictDillingen Government • Mayor (2020–26) Klaus FriegelArea • Total27.84 km2 (10.75 sq mi)Elevation495 m (1,624 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total1,786 • Density64/km2 (170/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes89435Dialling codes09074Vehicle registrationDLG
Finningen is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany. It is 7 km north of the town of Dillingen. The population is 1206 (as of 2017). The town is a member of the municipal association Höchstädt an der Donau.
References
^ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden, Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik, 15 July 2021.
^ Genesis Online-Datenbank des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Statistik Tabelle 12411-003r Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes: Gemeinden, Stichtag (Einwohnerzahlen auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011).
vteTowns and municipalities in Dillingen (district)
Aislingen
Bachhagel
Bächingen
Binswangen
Bissingen
Blindheim
Buttenwiesen
Dillingen an der Donau
Finningen
Glött
Gundelfingen an der Donau
Haunsheim
Höchstädt an der Donau
Holzheim
Laugna
Lauingen
Lutzingen
Medlingen
Mödingen
Schwenningen
Syrgenstein
Villenbach
Wertingen
Wittislingen
Ziertheim
Zöschingen
Zusamaltheim
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
This Dillingen district location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dillingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillingen_(district)"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"the town of Dillingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillingen_an_der_Donau"},{"link_name":"municipal association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_association_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Höchstädt an der Donau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6chst%C3%A4dt_an_der_Donau"}],"text":"Municipality in Bavaria, GermanyFinningen is a municipality in the district of Dillingen in Bavaria in Germany. It is 7 km north of the town of Dillingen. The population is 1206 (as of 2017). The town is a member of the municipal association Höchstädt an der Donau.","title":"Finningen"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Finningen_in_DLG.svg/240px-Finningen_in_DLG.svg.png"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Finningen¶ms=48_39_N_10_30_E_type:city(1786)_region:DE-BY","external_links_name":"48°39′N 10°30′E / 48.650°N 10.500°E / 48.650; 10.500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Finningen¶ms=48_39_N_10_30_E_type:city(1786)_region:DE-BY","external_links_name":"48°39′N 10°30′E / 48.650°N 10.500°E / 48.650; 10.500"},{"Link":"https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/","external_links_name":"Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden"},{"Link":"https://www.statistikdaten.bayern.de/genesis/online?operation=result&code=12411-003r&leerzeilen=false&language=de","external_links_name":"Genesis Online-Datenbank des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Statistik Tabelle 12411-003r Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes: Gemeinden, Stichtag"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/136670575","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4086489-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finningen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._Rachaiah
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B. Rachaiah
|
["1 Legacy","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Indian politician
Basavaiah RachaiahGovernor of KeralaIn office20 December 1990 – 9 November 1995Preceded bySarup SinghSucceeded byP. Shiv Shankar6th Governor of Himachal PradeshIn office16 February 1990 – 19 December 1990Preceded byH. A. Brari(Additional charge)Succeeded byVirendra VermaMember of Parliament, Lok SabhaIn office1977–1980Preceded byS.M. SiddaiahSucceeded bySrinivasa PrasadConstituencyChamarajanagar, KarnatakaMember of Parliament, Rajya SabhaIn office1974–1977 ConstituencyKarnataka
Personal detailsBorn(1922-08-10)10 August 1922Alur, Chamarajanagar District, British IndiaDied14 February 2000(2000-02-14) (aged 77)Political partyIndian National Congress, Janata DalSource:
Basavaiah Rachaiah (10 August 1922 – 14 February 2000) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Santhemarahalli and a member of the Rajya Sabha from Karnataka. He was elected to the Lok Sabha from Chamarajanagar Karnataka in 1977. He was the governor of Kerala and Himachal Pradesh and a Dalit leader, a member of the Karnataka state cabinets headed by S. Nijalingappa, B. D. Jatti, Devraj Urs, Veerendra Patil, Ramakrishna Hegde and S. R. Bommai.
Rachaiah was born in 1922 in Chamarajnagar and was an advocate by profession. One of his sons in Law, B. B. Ningaiah, was a minister in the government headed by J. H. Patel. Rachaiah died in 2000 aged 77.
Legacy
B Rachayya Circle on Sayyaaji Rao Road Mysore
For services rendered to the State, a circle on SayyajiRao Road in Mysore is named after Sri Rachaiah.
See also
List of governors of Himachal Pradesh
List of governors of Kerala
References
^ "RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 1952–2003" (PDF). Rajya Sabha. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
^ "Reference Made To The Passing Away Of Shri B. Rachaiah". Indian Kanoon. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
^ RAJYA SABHA, February 23, 2000
^ "Previous MEMBERS OF KARNATAKA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY 4th". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ "Previous MEMBERS OF KARNATAKA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY 3rd". Archived from the original on 6 March 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ Rajya Sabha Previous MEMBERS
^ "Lok Sabha Profile". Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ "Previous Governor Kerala". Archived from the original on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ PAST GOVERNORS Himachal Pradesh
^ "Siddaramaiah launches works on memorial for B Rachaiah". The Times of India. 11 August 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
External links
Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Karnataka Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Santhemarahalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhemarahalli_Assembly_constituency"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rajya Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lok Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Chamarajanagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamarajanagar_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Himachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"S. Nijalingappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Nijalingappa"},{"link_name":"B. D. Jatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._D._Jatti"},{"link_name":"Devraj Urs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devraj_Urs"},{"link_name":"Veerendra Patil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veerendra_Patil"},{"link_name":"Ramakrishna Hegde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna_Hegde"},{"link_name":"S. R. Bommai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._R._Bommai"},{"link_name":"Chamarajnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamarajanagar"},{"link_name":"J. H. Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._H._Patel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Basavaiah Rachaiah (10 August 1922 – 14 February 2000[3]) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Santhemarahalli[4][5] and a member of the Rajya Sabha from Karnataka.[6] He was elected to the Lok Sabha from Chamarajanagar Karnataka in 1977.[7] He was the governor of Kerala and Himachal Pradesh[8][9] and a Dalit leader, a member of the Karnataka state cabinets headed by S. Nijalingappa, B. D. Jatti, Devraj Urs, Veerendra Patil, Ramakrishna Hegde and S. R. Bommai.Rachaiah was born in 1922 in Chamarajnagar and was an advocate by profession. One of his sons in Law, B. B. Ningaiah, was a minister in the government headed by J. H. Patel. Rachaiah died in 2000 aged 77.[10]","title":"B. Rachaiah"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B_Rachayya_circle_Mysore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore"}],"text":"B Rachayya Circle on Sayyaaji Rao Road MysoreFor services rendered to the State, a circle on SayyajiRao Road in Mysore is named after Sri Rachaiah.","title":"Legacy"}]
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[{"image_text":"B Rachayya Circle on Sayyaaji Rao Road Mysore","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/B_Rachayya_circle_Mysore.jpg/220px-B_Rachayya_circle_Mysore.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of governors of Himachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Himachal_Pradesh"},{"title":"List of governors of Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Kerala"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Mj%C3%B8en
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Fridtjof Mjøen
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["1 Selected filmography","2 References"]
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Norwegian actor and director
Fridtjof MjøenBorn(1897-08-03)3 August 1897Died21 October 1967(1967-10-21) (aged 70)NationalityNorwegianOccupation(s)actor and theatre director
Fridtjof Mjøen (3 August 1897 – 21 October 1967) was a Norwegian actor and theatre director. He made his stage debut at Centralteatret in 1927. He was artistical director at Det Nye Teater from 1936 to 1937. During the 1940s and 1950s he played in various films, and in audio plays at Radioteatret.
Selected filmography
Snowshoe Bandits (1928)
The Stars Shine (1938)
Twelve Minutes After Midnight (1939)
One, But a Lion! (1940)
Vigdis (1943)
I moralens navn (1954)
The Summer Wind Blows (1955)
Kvinnens plass (1956)
Hans Nielsen Hauge (1961)
References
^ Brantenberg, Gerd. "Fridtjof Mjøen". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
^ "Fridtjof Mjøen". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Germany
Artists
KulturNav
People
Deutsche Biographie
This article about a Norwegian actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Religion_(France)
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French Wars of Religion
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["1 Name and periodisation","2 Background","2.1 Introduction of Reformation ideas","2.2 Growth of Calvinism","2.3 Rise in factionalism","2.4 Amboise conspiracy","2.5 Regency of Catherine de' Medici","2.6 Turn to violence","3 1562–1570","3.1 The \"first\" war (1562–1563)","3.2 The \"Armed Peace\" (1563–1567) and the \"second\" war (1567–1568)","3.3 The \"third\" war (1568–1570)","4 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and the \"fourth\" war (1572–1573)","4.1 The \"fourth\" war (1572–1573)","5 1574–1580","5.1 Death of Charles IX and the \"fifth\" war (1574–1576)","5.2 The Catholic League and the \"sixth\" war (1576–1577)","5.3 The \"seventh\" war (1579–1580)","6 War of the Three Henrys (1585–1589)","6.1 Death of Anjou and ensuing succession crisis (1584–1585)","6.2 Escalation into war (1585)","6.3 The Estates-General of Blois and assassination of Henry of Guise (1588)","6.4 The assassination of Henry III (1589)","7 Henry IV's \"conquest of the kingdom\" (1589–1593)","7.1 War in Brittany","8 Toward peace (1593–1598)","8.1 Conversion","8.2 War with Spain (1595–1598)","8.3 Resolution of the war in Brittany (1598–1599)","9 The Edict of Nantes (1598)","10 Aftermath","11 List of events","12 See also","13 Notes","14 References","15 Sources","15.1 Historiography","15.2 Primary sources","16 External links"]
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1562–1598 Catholic-Protestant conflicts
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "French Wars of Religion" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
French Wars of ReligionPart of the European wars of religionThe St. Bartholomew's Day massacre(1572) by François DuboisDate2 April 1562 – 30 April 1598(36 years and 4 weeks)LocationKingdom of FranceResult
Catholics retain their hegemony in France and France remains a Catholic state; Protestants tolerated under the Edict of Nantes; Peace of VervinsBelligerents
Protestants: Huguenots England Scotland Navarre United Provinces
PolitiquesMalcontents
France Spain (until 1588) Papal States (until 1588) Tuscany
Catholics: Catholic League Spain Savoy PortugalCommanders and leaders
Henry of Navarre (until 1589) Louis I, Prince of Condé † Gaspard II de Coligny † Gabriel de Lorges, Count of Montgomery † Elizabeth I James VI Jeanne d'Albret Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken † John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken Louis of Nassau William the Silent Francis, Duke of Anjou Henri I de Montmorency (from 1574)
Catherine de' Medici Charles IX Henry III † Henry IV (after 1589) Antoine of Navarre † Jacques d'Albon, Seigneur de Saint André † Francis, Duke of Guise † Henry I, Duke of Guise † (until 1584) François de Montmorency Anne de Montmorency † Claude, Duke of Aumale †
House of Guise Philip II Pope Sixtus V Charles Emmanuel I1595–1598: Pedro Henriquez de Acevedo, Count of Fuentes Carlos Coloma Albert VII, Archduke of Austria Girolamo Caraffa Luis de Velasco y Velasco, 2nd Count of Salazar Juan Fernández de Velasco y Tovar, 5th Duke of Frías Hernando Portocarrero † Charles, Duke of MayenneCasualties and losses
Between 2 million and 4 million deaths from all causesvteFrench Wars of Religion
First; 1562–1563Conflict in the provinces; Rouen; Vergt; Dreux; Orléans
Second; 1567–1568Saint-Denis; Chartres
Third; 1568–1570Jarnac; La Roche-l'Abeille; Poitiers; Orthez; Moncontour; Saint-Jean d'Angély; Arney-le-Duc
Fourth; 1572–1573Mons; Sommières; Sancerre; La Rochelle
Fifth; 1574–1576Dormans
Sixth; 1577La Charité-sur-Loire; Issoire; Brouage
Seventh; 1580La Fère
War of the Three Henrys (1585–1589)Coutras; Vimory; Auneau; Day of the Barricades
Succession of Henry IV of France (1589–1594)Arques; Ivry; Paris; Château-Laudran; Rouen; Caudebec; Craon; 1st Luxembourg; Blaye; Morlaix; Fort Crozon
Franco-Spanish War (1595–1598)2nd Luxembourg; Fontaine-Française; Ham; Le Catelet; Doullens; Cambrai; Calais; La Fère; Ardres; Amiens
vteFranco-Spanish wars
(1495–1498
1502–1504
1512–1516
1521–1526
1526–1529
1536–1538
1542–1544
1551–1559)
1580–1583
1595–1598
1625
1628–1631
1635–1659 (1640–1659, 1641–1659, 1648–1653)
1667–1668
1673–1678
1683–1684
1688–1697
1718–1720
1793–1795
1808–1814
1815
1823
The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars between French Catholics and Protestants (called Huguenots) from 1562 to 1598. Between two and four million people died from violence, famine or disease directly caused by the conflict, and it severely damaged the power of the French monarchy. One of its most notorious episodes was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572. The fighting ended with a compromise in 1598, when Henry of Navarre, who had converted to Catholicism in 1593, was proclaimed King Henry IV of France and issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted substantial rights and freedoms to the Huguenots. However, Catholics continued to disapprove of Protestants and of Henry, and his assassination in 1610 triggered a fresh round of Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s.
Tensions between the two religions had been building since the 1530s, exacerbating existing regional divisions. The death of Henry II of France in July 1559 initiated a prolonged struggle for power between his widow Catherine de' Medici and powerful nobles. These included a fervently Catholic faction led by the Guise and Montmorency families, and Protestants headed by the House of Condé and Jeanne d'Albret. Both sides received assistance from external powers, with Spain and Savoy supporting the Catholics, and England and the Dutch Republic backing the Protestants.
Moderates, also known as Politiques, hoped to maintain order by centralising power and making concessions to Huguenots, rather than the policies of repression pursued by Henry II and his father Francis I. They were initially supported by Catherine de' Medici, whose January 1562 Edict of Saint-Germain was strongly opposed by the Guise faction and led to an outbreak of widespread fighting in March. She later hardened her stance and backed the 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in Paris, which resulted in Catholic mobs killing between 5,000 and 30,000 Protestants throughout France.
The wars threatened the authority of the monarchy and the last Valois kings, Catherine's three sons Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Their Bourbon successor Henry IV responded by creating a strong central state and extending toleration to Huguenots; the latter policy would last until 1685, when Henry's grandson Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes.
Timeline for the French religious wars
Name and periodisation
Along with "French Wars of Religion" and "Huguenot Wars", the wars have also been variously described as the "Eight Wars of Religion", or simply the "Wars of Religion" (only within France).
The exact number of wars and their respective dates are subject to continued debate by historians: some assert that the Edict of Nantes (13 April 1598) and the Peace of Vervins (2 May 1598) concluded the wars, while the ensuing 1620s Huguenot rebellions lead others to believe the Peace of Alès in 1629 is the actual conclusion. However, the agreed upon beginning of the wars is the Massacre of Wassy in 1562, and the Edict of Nantes at least ended this series of conflicts. During this time, complex diplomatic negotiations and agreements of peace were followed by renewed conflict and power struggles.
American military historians Kiser, Drass & Brustein (1994) maintained the following divisions, periodisations and locations:
Massacre of Vassy (1562) – Western France
First War of Religion (1562–63) – Western and Southwestern France
Second War of Religion (1567–68) – Western and Southwestern France
Third War of Religion (1568–70) – Western and Southwestern France
St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572) – Northeastern France
Fourth War of Religion (1572–73) – Western and Southwestern France
Fifth War of Religion (1575–76) – Western and Southwestern France
Sixth War of Religion (1576–77) – Western and Southwestern France
Seventh War of Religion (1580) – Western and Southwestern France
Eighth War of Religion (1585–89) – Western and Southwestern France
Ninth War of Religion (1589–98) – Western and Southwestern France
Both Kohn (2013) and Clodfelter (2017) followed the same counting and periodisation and noted that "War of the Three Henrys" was another name for the Eighth War of Religion, with Kohn adding "Lovers' War" as another name for the Seventh War. In her Michel de Montaigne biography (2014), Elizabeth Guild concurred with this chronology as well, except for dating the Seventh War of Religion to 1579–1580 rather than just 1580. Holt (2005) asserted a rather different periodisation from 1562 to 1629, writing of 'civil wars' rather than wars of religion, dating the Sixth War to March–September 1577, and dating the Eight War from June 1584 (death of Anjou) to April 1598 (Edict of Nantes); finally, although he didn't put a number on it, Holt regarded the 1610–1629 period as 'the last war of religion'.
Background
John Calvin, whose ideas became central to French Protestantism
Introduction of Reformation ideas
Renaissance humanism began during the 14th century in Italy and arrived in France in the early 16th, coinciding with the rise of Protestantism in France. The movement emphasised the importance of ad fontes, or study of original sources, and initially focused on the reconstruction of secular Greek and Latin texts. It later expanded into the reading, study and translation of works by the Church Fathers and the New Testament, with a view to religious renewal and reform. Humanist scholars argued interpretation of the Bible required an ability to read the New Testament and Old Testaments in the original Greek and Hebrew, rather than relying on the 4th century Latin translation known as the "Vulgate Bible".
In 1495, the Venetian Aldus Manutius began using the newly invented printing press to produce small, inexpensive, pocket editions of Greek, Latin, and vernacular literature, making knowledge in all disciplines available for the first time to a wide audience. Cheap pamphlets and broadsides allowed theological and religious ideas to be disseminated at an unprecedented pace. In 1519, John Froben published a collection of works by Martin Luther and noted in his correspondence that 600 copies were being shipped to France and Spain and sold in Paris.
16th-century religious geopolitics on a map of modern France Huguenot controlled Contested Catholic controlled
In 1521, a group of reformers including Jacques Lefèvre and Guillaume Briçonnet, recently appointed bishop of Meaux, formed the Circle of Meaux, aiming to improve the quality of preaching and religious life in general. They were joined by François Vatable, an expert in Hebrew, along with Guillaume Budé, a classicist and Royal librarian. Lefèvre's Fivefold Psalter and his commentary on the Epistle to the Romans emphasised the literal interpretation of the Bible and the centrality of Jesus Christ. Many of the tenets behind Lutheranism first appeared in Luther's lectures, which in turn contained many of the ideas expressed in the works of Lefèvre.
Other members of the Circle included Marguerite de Navarre, sister of Francis I and mother of Jeanne d'Albret, as well as Guillaume Farel, who was exiled to Geneva in 1530 due to his reformist views and persuaded John Calvin to join him there. Both men were banished from Geneva in 1538 for opposing what they viewed as government interference with religious affairs; although the two fell out over the nature of the Eucharist, Calvin's return to Geneva in 1541 allowed him to forge the doctrine of Calvinism.
A key driver behind the Reform movement was corruption among the clergy which Luther and others attacked and sought to change. Such criticisms were not new but the printing press allowed them to be widely shared, such as the Heptameron by Marguerite, a collection of stories about clerical immorality. Another complaint was the reduction of Salvation to a business scheme based on the sale of Indulgences, which added to general unrest and increased the popularity of works such as Farel's translation of the Lord's Prayer, The True and Perfect Prayer. This focused on Sola fide, or the idea salvation was a free gift from God, emphasised the importance of understanding in prayer and criticised the clergy for hampering the growth of true faith.
Growth of Calvinism
Main article: Huguenot
After an initial period of tolerance, Francis I repressed Reformist ideas.
The Italian revival of classical learning appealed to Francis I (1494-1547), who set up royal professorships in Paris to better understand ancient literature. However, this did not extend to religion, especially after the 1516 Concordat of Bologna when Pope Leo X increased royal control of the Gallican church, allowing Francis to nominate French clergy and levy taxes on church property. Unlike Germany, the French nobility also generally supported the status quo and existing policies.
Despite his personal opposition, Francis tolerated Martin Luther’s ideas when they entered France in the late 1520s, largely because the definition of Catholic orthodoxy was unclear, making it hard to determine precisely what was or was not heresy. He tried to steer a middle course in the developing religious schism, but in January 1535, Catholic authorities made a definitive ruling by classifying "Lutherans" as heretical Zwinglians. Calvin, originally from Noyon in Picardy, went into exile in 1535 to escape persecution and settled in Basel, where he published the Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1538. This work contained the key principles of Calvinism, which became immensely popular in France and other European countries.
While Lutheranism was widespread within the French commercial class, the rapid growth of Calvinism was driven by the nobility. It is believed to have started when Condé passed through Geneva while returning home from a military campaign and heard a Calvinist sermon. Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, converted to Calvinism in 1560, possibly due to the influence of Theodore de Beze. Along with Condé and her husband Antoine of Navarre, she and their son Henry of Navarre became Huguenot leaders.
Rise in factionalism
Main article: 1559-1562 French political crisis
The crown continued efforts to remain neutral in the religious debate until the Affair of the Placards in October 1534, when Protestant radicals put up posters in Paris and other provincial towns that rejected the Catholic doctrine of the "Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist". This allowed Protestantism to be clearly defined as heresy, while Francis was furious at the breach of security which had allowed one of the posters to be placed on the door of his bedchamber. Having been severely criticised for his initial tolerance, he was now encouraged to punish those responsible. On 21 February 1535, a number of those implicated in the Affair were executed in front of Notre-Dame de Paris, an event attended by Francis and members of the Ottoman embassy to France.
Massacre of Mérindol, as imagined by Gustave Doré (1832–1883)
The fight against heresy intensified in the 1540s, forcing Protestants to worship in secret. In October 1545, Francis ordered the punishment of Waldensians based in the south-eastern village of Mérindol. A long-standing Proto-Protestantism tradition dating back to the 13th century, the Waldensians had recently affiliated with the Reformed church and became increasingly militant in their activities. In what became known as the Massacre of Mérindol, Provençal troops killed numerous residents and destroyed another 22 to 28 nearby villages, while hundreds of men were forced to become Galley slaves.
Francis I died on 31 March 1547 and was succeeded by his son Henry II, who continued the religious repression pursued by his father in the last years of his reign. His policies were even more severe since he sincerely believed all Protestants were heretics; on 27 June 1551, the Edict of Châteaubriant sharply curtailed their right to worship. Prohibitions were placed upon the distribution of 'heretical' literature, with the property of 'heretics' seizable by the crown.
From his base in Geneva, Calvin provided leadership and organisational structures for the Reformed Church of France. Calvinism proved attractive to people from across the social hierarchy and occupational divides and was highly regionalised, with no coherent pattern of geographical spread. Despite persecution, their numbers and power increased markedly, driven by the conversion to Calvinism of large sections of the nobility. Historians estimate that by the outbreak of war in 1562, there were around two million French Calvinists, including more than half of the nobility, backed by 1,200–1,250 churches. This constituted a substantial threat to the monarchy.
Amboise conspiracy
Main article: Amboise conspiracy
Contemporary woodcut of executions following the Amboise conspiracy
The death of Henry II in July 1559 created a political vacuum and an internal struggle for power between rival factions, which the 15-year-old Francis II lacked the ability to control. Francis, Duke of Guise, whose niece Mary, Queen of Scots, was married to the king, exploited the situation to establish dominance over their rivals, the House of Montmorency. Within days of the King's accession, the English ambassador reported "the house of Guise ruleth and doth all about the French King".
On 10 March 1560, a group of disaffected nobles led by Jean du Barry, attempted to break the power of the Guise by abducting the young king. Their plans were discovered before being carried out and hundreds of suspected plotters executed, including du Barry. The Guise suspected Condé of involvement in the plot, and he was arrested and sentenced to death before being freed in the political chaos that followed the sudden death of Francis II, adding to the tensions of the period.
In the aftermath of the plot, the term "Huguenot" for France's Protestants came into widespread usage. Shortly afterwards, the first instances of Protestant iconoclasm or the destruction of images and statues in Catholic churches, occurred in Rouen and La Rochelle. This continued throughout 1561 in more than 20 cities and towns, sparking attacks on Protestants by Catholic mobs in Sens, Cahors, Carcassonne, Tours and elsewhere.
Regency of Catherine de' Medici
Queen regent Catherine de' Medici, circa 1560
When Francis II died on 5 December 1560, his mother Catherine de' Medici became regent for her second son, the nine year old Charles IX. With the state financially exhausted by the Italian Wars, Catherine had to preserve the independence of the monarchy from a range of competing factions led by powerful nobles, each of whom controlled what were essentially private armies. To offset the Guise or "Guisard", she agreed a deal in which Antoine of Navarre renounced any claim to the regency in return for Condé's release and the position of Lieutenant-General of France.
Catherine had several options for dealing with "heresy", including continuing Henry's II's failed policy of eradication, an approach backed by Catholic ultras such as François de Tournon, or converting the monarchy to Calvinism, as preferred by de Bèze. A middle path between these two extremes was allowing both religions to be openly practised in France at least temporarily, or the Guisard compromise of scaling back persecution but not permitting toleration. For the moment she held to the Guisard line.
Before his death, Francis II had called the first Estates General held since 1484, which in December 1560 assembled in Orléans to discuss topics which included taxation and religion. It made little progress on the latter, other than agreeing to pardon those convicted of religious offences in the prior year. Since this was clearly unacceptable to Condé and his followers, Catherine bypassed the Estates and enacted conciliatory measures such as the Edict of 19 April 1561 and the Edict of July. This recognised Catholicism as the state religion but confirmed previous measures reducing penalties for "heresy".
The Estates then approved the Colloquy of Poissy, which began its session on 8 September 1561, with the Protestants led by de Bèze and the Catholics by Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine, brother of the Duke of Guise. The two sides initially sought to accommodate Protestant forms of worship within the existing church but this proved impossible. By the time the Colloquy ended on 8 October, it was clear the divide between Catholic and Protestant theology was too wide to be bridged. With their options narrowing, the government attempted to quell escalating disorder in the provinces by passing the Edict of Saint-Germain, which allowed Protestants to worship in public outside towns and in private inside them. On 1 March, Guise family retainers attacked a Calvinist service in Champagne, leading to what became known as the massacre of Vassy. This seemed to confirm Huguenot fears that the Guisards had no intention of compromising and is generally seen as the spark which led to open hostilities between the two religions.
Turn to violence
Guyenne was the epicentre of the turn to religious violence in late 16th-century France. Many explanations have been proffered for the rise of violence. Traditional explanations focus on the influence of Jeanne d'Albret and Antoine of Navarre. Other explanations focus on the rise of seigneurialism in the 1550s and see the turn to violence as a response of the peasant class. The murder of the baron of Château de Fumel by a Protestant mob in 1561 is often cited as an example. Recent analyses, on the other hand, have turned the focus on religious explanations. Denis Crouzet fingers the fiery eschatological preaching of the Franciscan Thomas Illyricus, who toured the region in the 1510s and 1520s. Stuart Carroll, however, argues for politicization: "the violence was directly caused by politicized factions and was not the result of a spontaneous intercommunal eruption."
1562–1570
The "first" war (1562–1563)
Main article: First French War of Religion (1562-1563)
Massacre de Vassy by Hogenberg, end of the 16th century
Although the Huguenots had begun mobilising for war before the Vassy massacre, many claimed that the massacre confirmed claims that they could not rely on the Edict of Saint Germain. In response, a group of nobles led by Condé proclaimed their intention of "liberating" the king from "evil" councillors and seized Orléans on 2 April 1562. This example was quickly followed by Protestant groups around France, who seized and garrisoned Angers, Blois and Tours along the Loire and assaulted Valence in the Rhône River. After capturing Lyon on 30 April, the attackers first sacked, then demolished all Catholic institutions in the city.
Hoping to turn Toulouse over to Condé, local Huguenots seized the Hôtel de ville but met resistance from angry Catholic mobs which resulted in street battles and over 3,000 deaths, mostly Huguenots. On 12 April 1562, there were massacres of Huguenots at Sens, as well as at Tours in July. As the conflict escalated, the Crown revoked the Edict under pressure from the Guise faction.
Looting of the churches of Lyon by the Calvinists in 1562, by Antoine Carot
The major engagements of the war occurred at Rouen, Dreux, and Orléans. At the Siege of Rouen (May–October 1562), the crown regained the city, but Antoine of Navarre died of his wounds. In the Battle of Dreux (December 1562), Condé was captured by the crown, and the constable Montmorency was captured by those opposing the crown. In February 1563, at the Siege of Orléans, Francis, Duke of Guise, was shot and killed by the Huguenot Jean de Poltrot de Méré. As he was killed outside of direct combat, the Guise considered this an assassination on the orders of the duke's enemy, Admiral Coligny. The popular unrest caused by the assassination, coupled with the resistance by the city of Orléans to the siege, led Catherine de' Medici to mediate a truce, resulting in the Edict of Amboise on 19 March 1563.
The "Armed Peace" (1563–1567) and the "second" war (1567–1568)
Print depicting Huguenot aggression against Catholics at sea, Horribles cruautés des Huguenots, 16th century
Plate from Richard Rowlands, Theatrum Crudelitatum haereticorum nostri temporis (1587), depicting supposed Huguenot atrocities
The Edict of Amboise was generally regarded as unsatisfactory by all concerned, and the Guise faction was particularly opposed to what they saw as dangerous concessions to heretics. The crown tried to re-unite the two factions in its efforts to re-capture Le Havre, which had been occupied by the English in 1562 as part of the Treaty of Hampton Court between its Huguenot leaders and Elizabeth I of England. That July, the French expelled the English. On 17 August 1563, Charles IX was declared of age at the Parlement of Rouen ending the regency of Catherine de Medici. His mother continued to play a principal role in politics, and she joined her son on a Grand Tour of the kingdom between 1564 and 1566, designed to reinstate crown authority. During this time, Jeanne d'Albret met and held talks with Catherine at Mâcon and Nérac.
Reports of iconoclasm in Flanders led Charles IX to lend support to the Catholics there; French Huguenots feared a Catholic re-mobilisation against them. Philip II of Spain's reinforcement of the strategic corridor from Italy north along the Rhine added to these fears, and political discontent grew. After Protestant troops unsuccessfully tried to capture and take control of King Charles IX in the Surprise of Meaux, a number of cities, such as La Rochelle, declared themselves for the Huguenot cause. Protestants attacked and massacred Catholic laymen and clergy the following day in Nîmes, in what became known as the Michelade.
This provoked the second war and its main military engagement, the Battle of Saint-Denis, where the crown's commander-in-chief and lieutenant general, the 74-year-old Anne de Montmorency, died. The war was brief, ending in another truce, the Peace of Longjumeau (March 1568), which was a reiteration of the Peace of Amboise of 1563 and once again granted significant religious freedoms and privileges to Protestants. News of the truce reached Toulouse in April, but such was the antagonism between the two sides that 6,000 Catholics continued their siege of Puylaurens, a notorious Protestant stronghold in the Lauragais, for another week.
The "third" war (1568–1570)
In reaction to the Peace, Catholic confraternities and leagues sprang up across the country in defiance of the law throughout the summer of 1568. Huguenot leaders such as Condé and Coligny fled court in fear for their lives, many of their followers were murdered, and in September, the Edict of Saint-Maur revoked the freedom of Huguenots to worship. In November, William of Orange led an army into France to support his fellow Protestants, but, the army being poorly paid, he accepted the crown's offer of money and free passage to leave the country.
The Battle of Moncontour, 1569
The Huguenots gathered a formidable army under the command of Condé, aided by forces from south-east France, led by Paul de Mouvans, and a contingent of fellow Protestant militias from Germany – including 14,000 mercenary reiters led by the Calvinist Duke of Zweibrücken. After the Duke was killed in action, his troops remained under the employ of the Huguenots who had raised a loan from England against the security of Jeanne d'Albret's crown jewels. Much of the Huguenots' financing came from Queen Elizabeth of England, who was likely influenced in the matter by Sir Francis Walsingham. The Catholics were commanded by the Duke d'Anjou – later King Henry III – and assisted by troops from Spain, the Papal States, and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
The Protestant army laid siege to several cities in the Poitou and Saintonge regions (to protect La Rochelle), and then Angoulême and Cognac. At the Battle of Jarnac (16 March 1569), the prince of Condé was killed, forcing Admiral de Coligny to take command of the Protestant forces, nominally on behalf of Condé's 16-year-old son, Henry, and the 15-year-old Henry of Navarre, who were presented by Jeanne d'Albret as the legitimate leaders of the Huguenot cause against royal authority. The Battle of La Roche-l'Abeille was a nominal victory for the Huguenots, but they were unable to seize control of Poitiers and were soundly defeated at the Battle of Moncontour (30 October 1569). Coligny and his troops retreated to the south-west and regrouped with Gabriel, comte de Montgomery, and in spring of 1570, they pillaged Toulouse, cut a path through the south of France, and went up the Rhone valley up to La Charité-sur-Loire. The staggering royal debt and Charles IX's desire to seek a peaceful solution led to the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (8 August 1570), negotiated by Jeanne d'Albret, which once more allowed some concessions to the Huguenots.
St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and the "fourth" war (1572–1573)
Main article: St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
One morning at the gates of the Louvre, 19th-century painting by Édouard Debat-Ponsan. (Catherine de' Medici is in black.)
With the kingdom once more at peace, the crown began seeking a policy of reconciliation to bring the fractured polity back together. One key part of this was to be a marriage between Navarre the son of Jeanne d'Albret and Antoine of Navarre, and Margaret of Valois the king's sister. Albret was hesitant, worried it might lead to the abjuration of her son, and it took until March 1572 for the contract to be signed.
Coligny, who had a price on his head during the third civil war, was restored to favour through the peace, and received lavishly at court in August 1571. He firmly believed that France should invade the Spanish Netherlands to unify the Catholics and Huguenots behind the king. Charles, however, was unwilling to provide more than covert support to this project, not wanting open war with Spain. The council was unanimous in rejecting Coligny's policy and he left court, not finding it welcoming.
In August the wedding was at last held, and all the most powerful Huguenot aristocracy had entered Paris for the occasion. A few days after the wedding, Coligny was shot on his way home from council. The outraged Huguenot nobility demanded justice which the king promised to provide. Catherine, Guise, Anjou, Alba were all variously suspected, though the Huguenot nobility directed their anger primarily at Guise, threatening to kill him in front of the king.
The court, increasingly alarmed at the possibility of Protestant forces marching on the capital, or a new civil war, decided to pre-emptively strike at the Huguenot leadership. On the morning of 24 August, several kill squads were formed, one going out under Guise, which killed Coligny around 4am, leaving his body on the street where it was mutilated by Parisians and thrown into the Seine.
By dawn it was clear the assassinations had not gone according to plan, with militant factions of the population slaughtering their Huguenot neighbours under the claim that 'the king willed it'. For the next five days, the violence continued as Catholics massacred Calvinist men, women, and children and looted their houses. King Charles IX informed ambassadors that he had ordered the assassinations to prevent a Huguenot coup and proclaimed a day of jubilee in celebration even as the killings continued. Over the next few weeks, the disorder spread to more than a dozen cities across France. Historians estimate that 2,000 Huguenots were killed in Paris and thousands more in the provinces; in all, perhaps 10,000 people were killed. Henry of Navarre and his cousin, the young Prince of Condé, managed to avoid death by agreeing to convert to Catholicism. Both repudiated their conversions after they escaped Paris.
The massacre provoked horror and outrage among Protestants throughout Europe, but both Philip II of Spain and Pope Gregory XIII, following the official version that a Huguenot coup had been thwarted, celebrated the outcome. In France, Huguenot opposition to the crown was seriously weakened by the deaths of many of the leaders. Many Huguenots emigrated to Protestant countries. Others reconverted to Catholicism for survival, and the remainder concentrated in a small number of cities where they formed a majority.
The "fourth" war (1572–1573)
The massacres provoked further military action, which included Catholic sieges of the cities of Sommières (by troops led by Henri I de Montmorency), Sancerre, and La Rochelle (by troops led by the duke of Anjou). The end of hostilities was brought on by the election (11–15 May 1573) of the Duke of Anjou to the throne of Poland and by the Edict of Boulogne (signed in July 1573), which severely curtailed many of the rights previously granted to French Protestants. Based on the terms of the treaty, all Huguenots were granted amnesty for their past actions and the freedom of belief. However, they were permitted the freedom to worship only within the three towns of La Rochelle, Montauban, and Nîmes, and even then only within their own residences. Protestant aristocrats with the right of high-justice were permitted to celebrate marriages and baptisms, but only before an assembly limited to ten persons outside of their family.
1574–1580
Death of Charles IX and the "fifth" war (1574–1576)
In the absence of the duke of Anjou, disputes between Charles and his youngest brother, the duke of Alençon, led to many Huguenots congregating around Alençon for patronage and support. A failed coup at Saint-Germain (February 1574), allegedly aiming to release Condé and Navarre who had been held at court since St Bartholemew's, coincided with rather successful Huguenot uprisings in other parts of France such as Lower Normandy, Poitou, and the Rhône valley, which reinitiated hostilities.
Three months after Henry of Anjou's coronation as King of Poland, his brother Charles IX died (May 1574) and his mother declared herself regent until his return. Henry secretly left Poland and returned via Venice to France, where he faced the defection of Montmorency-Damville, ex-commander in the Midi (November 1574). Despite having failed to have established his authority over the Midi, he was crowned King Henry III, at Rheims (February 1575), marrying Louise Vaudémont, a kinswoman of the Guise, the following day. By April, the crown was already seeking to negotiate, and the escape of Alençon from court in September prompted the possibility of an overwhelming coalition of forces against the crown, as John Casimir of the Palatinate invaded Champagne. The crown hastily negotiated a truce of seven months with Alençon and promised Casimir's forces 500,000 livres to stay east of the Rhine, but neither action secured a peace. By May 1576, the crown was forced to accept the terms of Alençon, and the Huguenots who supported him, in the Edict of Beaulieu, known as the Peace of Monsieur.
The Catholic League and the "sixth" war (1576–1577)
Armed procession of the Catholic League in Paris in 1590, Musée Carnavalet, Paris.
The Edict of Beaulieu granted many concessions to the Calvinists, but these were short-lived in the face of the Catholic League – which the ultra-Catholic, Henry I, Duke of Guise, had formed in opposition to it. The House of Guise had long been identified with the defense of the Roman Catholic Church and the Duke of Guise and his relations – the Duke of Mayenne, Duke of Aumale, Duke of Elbeuf, Duke of Mercœur, and the Duke of Lorraine – controlled extensive territories that were loyal to the League. The League also had a large following among the urban middle class.
King Henry III at first tried to co-opt the head of the Catholic League and steer it towards a negotiated settlement. This was anathema to the Guise leaders, who wanted to bankrupt the Huguenots and divide their considerable assets with the King. A test of King Henry III's leadership occurred at the meeting of the Estates-General at Blois in December 1576. At the meeting of the Estates-General, there was only one Huguenot delegate present among all of the three estates; the rest of the delegates were Catholics with the Catholic League heavily represented. Accordingly, the Estates-General pressured Henry III into conducting a war against the Huguenots. In response Henry said he would reopen hostilities with the Huguenots but wanted the Estates-General to vote him the funds to carry out the war. Yet, the Third Estate refused to vote for the necessary taxes to fund this war.
The Estates General of 1576 failed to resolve matters, and by December, the Huguenots had already taken up arms in Poitou and Guyenne. While the Guise faction had the unwavering support of the Spanish Crown, the Huguenots had the advantage of a strong power base in the southwest; they were also discreetly supported by foreign Protestant governments, but in practice, England or the German states could provide few troops in the ensuing conflict. After much posturing and negotiations, Henry III rescinded most of the concessions that had been made to the Protestants in the Edict of Beaulieu with the Treaty of Bergerac (September 1577), confirmed in the Edict of Poitiers passed six days later.
The "seventh" war (1579–1580)
Despite Henry according his youngest brother Francis the title of Duke of Anjou, the prince and his followers continued to create disorder at court through their involvement in the Dutch Revolt. Meanwhile, the regional situation disintegrated into disorder as both Catholics and Protestants armed themselves in 'self defence'. In November 1579, Condé seized the town of La Fère, leading to another round of military action, which was brought to an end by the Treaty of Fleix (November 1580), negotiated by Anjou.
War of the Three Henrys (1585–1589)
Main article: War of the Three Henrys
Death of Anjou and ensuing succession crisis (1584–1585)
The fragile compromise came to an end in 1584, when the Duke of Anjou, the King's youngest brother and heir presumptive, died. As Henry III had no son, under Salic Law, the next heir to the throne was the Calvinist Prince Henry of Navarre, a descendant of Louis IX. When it became clear that Henry of Navarre would not renounce his Protestantism, the Duke of Guise signed the Treaty of Joinville (31 December 1584) on behalf of the League, with Philip II of Spain, who supplied a considerable annual grant to the League over the following decade to maintain the civil war in France, with the hope of destroying the French Calvinists. Under pressure from the Guise, Henry III reluctantly issued the Treaty of Nemours (7 July 1585) and an edict suppressing Protestantism (18 July 1585) and annulling Henry of Navarre's right to the throne.
Escalation into war (1585)
The Duke of Guise during the Day of the Barricades
The situation degenerated into open warfare even without the King having the necessary funds. Henry of Navarre again sought foreign aid from the German princes and Elizabeth I of England. Meanwhile, the solidly Catholic people of Paris, under the influence of the Committee of Sixteen, were becoming dissatisfied with Henry III and his failure to defeat the Calvinists. On 12 May 1588, the Day of the Barricades, a popular uprising raised barricades on the streets of Paris to defend the Duke of Guise against the alleged hostility of the king, and Henry III fled the city. The Committee of Sixteen took complete control of the government, while the Guise protected the surrounding supply lines. The mediation of Catherine de'Medici led to the Edict of Union, in which the crown accepted almost all the League's demands: reaffirming the Treaty of Nemours, recognizing Cardinal de Bourbon as heir, and making Henry of Guise Lieutenant-General.
The Estates-General of Blois and assassination of Henry of Guise (1588)
Main articles: Estates General of 1588 and Assassination of the Duke of Guise (1588)
Assassination of the Duke of Guise, leader of the Catholic League, by King Henry III, in 1588
Refusing to return to Paris, Henry III called for an Estates General to meet at Blois. During the Estates-General, Henry III suspected that the members of the third estate were being manipulated by the League and became convinced that Guise had encouraged the duke of Savoy's invasion of Saluzzo in October 1588. Viewing the House of Guise as a dangerous threat to the power of the Crown, Henry III decided to strike first. On 23 December 1588, at the Château de Blois, Henry of Guise and his brother, the Cardinal de Guise, were lured into a trap by the King's guards. The Duke arrived in the council chamber where his brother the Cardinal waited. The Duke was told that the King wished to see him in the private room adjoining the royal chambers. There guardsmen seized the duke and stabbed him in the heart, while others arrested the Cardinal who later died on the pikes of his escort. To make sure that no contender for the French throne was free to act against him, the King had the Duke's son imprisoned. The Duke of Guise had been highly popular in France, and the Catholic League declared open war against King Henry III. The Sorbonne declared Henri deposed. Henri for his part now joined forces with his cousin, the Huguenot, Henry of Navarre, to war against the League.
The assassination of Henry III (1589)
Jacques Clément, a supporter of the Catholic League, assassinating Henry III in 1589
It thus fell upon the younger brother of the Duke of Guise, the Duke of Mayenne, to lead the Catholic League. The League presses began printing anti-royalist tracts under a variety of pseudonyms, while the Sorbonne proclaimed on 7 January 1589 that it was just and necessary to depose Henry III, and that any private citizen was morally free to commit regicide. In July 1589, in the royal camp at Saint-Cloud, a Dominican friar named Jacques Clément gained an audience with the King and drove a long knife into his spleen. Clément was killed on the spot, taking with him the information of who, if anyone, had hired him. On his deathbed, Henry III called for Henry of Navarre, and begged him, in the name of statecraft, to become a Catholic, citing the brutal warfare that would ensue if he refused. In keeping with Salic Law, he named Henry as his heir. However, many Catholics considered Navarre's Protestantism to be unacceptable. Navarre later declared that he would uphold the Catholic faith without changes.
Henry IV's "conquest of the kingdom" (1589–1593)
Main article: Henry IV of France's succession
The state of affairs in 1589 was that Henry of Navarre, now Henry IV of France, held the south and west, and the Catholic League the north and east. The leadership of the Catholic League had devolved to the Duke de Mayenne, who was appointed Lieutenant-General of the kingdom. He and his troops controlled most of rural Normandy. However, in September 1589, Henry inflicted a severe defeat on the Duke at the Battle of Arques. Henry's army swept through Normandy, taking town after town throughout the winter.
Henry IV at the Battle of Ivry, by Peter Paul Rubens
The King knew that he had to take Paris if he stood any chance of ruling all of France. This, however, was no easy task. The Catholic League's presses and supporters continued to spread stories about atrocities committed against Catholic priests and the laity in Protestant England (see Forty Martyrs of England and Wales). The city prepared to fight to the death rather than accept a Calvinist king.
The Battle of Ivry, fought on 14 March 1590, was another decisive victory for Henry against forces led by the Duke of Mayenne. Henry's forces then went on to besiege Paris, but after a long and desperately fought resistance by the Parisians, Henry's siege was lifted by a Spanish army under the command of the Duke of Parma. Then, what had happened at Paris was repeated at Rouen (November 1591 – March 1592).
Parma was subsequently wounded in the hand during the Siege of Caudebec whilst trapped by Henry's army. Having then made a miraculous escape from there, he withdrew into Flanders, but with his health quickly declining, Farnese called his son Ranuccio to command his troops. He was, however, removed from the position of governor by the Spanish court and died in Arras on 3 December. For Henry and the Protestant army at least, Parma was no longer a threat.
War in Brittany
Main article: Brittany Campaign
Meanwhile, Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur, whom Henry III had made governor of Brittany in 1582, was endeavouring to make himself independent in that province. A leader of the Catholic League, he invoked the hereditary rights of his wife, Marie de Luxembourg, who was a descendant of the dukes of Brittany and heiress of the Blois-Brosse claim to the duchy as well as Duchess of Penthièvre in Brittany, and organized a government at Nantes. Proclaiming his son "prince and duke of Brittany", he allied with Philip II of Spain, who sought to place his own daughter, infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia, on the throne of Brittany. With the aid of the Spanish under Juan del Águila, Mercœur defeated Henry IV's forces under the Duke of Montpensier at the Battle of Craon in 1592, but the royal troops, reinforced by English contingents, soon recovered the advantage; in September 1594, Martin Frobisher and John Norris with eight warships and 4,000 men besieged Fort Crozon, also known as the "Fort of the Lion (El León)" near Brest and captured it on November 7, killing 400 Spaniards including women and children as only 13 survived.
Toward peace (1593–1598)
Conversion
Entrance of Henry IV in Paris, 22 March 1594, with 1,500 cuirassiers
Departure of Spanish troops from Paris, 22 March 1594
Henry IV, as Hercules vanquishing the Lernaean Hydra (i.e. the Catholic League), by Toussaint Dubreuil, circa 1600. Louvre Museum.
Despite the campaigns between 1590 and 1592, Henry IV was "no closer to capturing Paris". Realising that Henry III had been right and that there was no prospect of a Protestant king succeeding in resolutely Catholic Paris, Henry agreed to convert, reputedly stating "Paris vaut bien une messe" ("Paris is well worth a Mass"). He was formally received into the Catholic Church in 1593, and was crowned at Chartres in 1594 as League members maintained control of the Cathedral of Reims, and, sceptical of Henry's sincerity, continued to oppose him. He was finally received into Paris in March 1594, and 120 League members in the city who refused to submit were banished from the capital. Paris' capitulation encouraged the same of many other towns, while others returned to support the crown after Pope Clement VIII absolved Henry, revoking his excommunication in return for the publishing of the Tridentine Decrees, the restoration of Catholicism in Béarn, and appointing only Catholics to high office. Evidently Henry's conversion worried Protestant nobles, many of whom had, until then, hoped to win not just concessions but a complete reformation of the French Church, and their acceptance of Henry was by no means a foregone conclusion.
War with Spain (1595–1598)
By the end of 1594, certain League members still worked against Henry across the country, but all relied on Spain's support. In January 1595, the king declared war on Spain to show Catholics that Spain was using religion as a cover for an attack on the French state – and to show Protestants that his conversion had not made him a puppet of Spain. Also, he hoped to reconquer large parts of northern France from the Franco-Spanish Catholic forces. The conflict mostly consisted of military action aimed at League members, such as the Battle of Fontaine-Française, though the Spanish launched a concerted offensive in 1595, taking Le Catelet, Doullens and Cambrai (the latter after a fierce bombardment), and in the spring of 1596 capturing Calais by April. Following the Spanish capture of Amiens in March 1597 the French crown laid siege until its surrender in September. With that victory Henry's concerns then turned to the situation in Brittany where he promulgated the Edict of Nantes and sent Bellièvre and Brulart de Sillery to negotiate a peace with Spain. The war was drawn to an official close after the Edict of Nantes, with the Peace of Vervins in May 1598.
Resolution of the war in Brittany (1598–1599)
In early 1598, the king marched against Mercœur in person, and received his submission at Angers on 20 March 1598. Mercœur subsequently went to exile in Hungary. Mercœur's daughter and heiress was married to the Duke of Vendôme, an illegitimate son of Henry IV.
The Edict of Nantes (1598)
Main article: Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes, April 1598
Henry IV was faced with the task of rebuilding a shattered and impoverished kingdom and uniting it under a single authority. Henry and his advisor, the Duke of Sully saw that the essential first step in this was the negotiation of the Edict of Nantes, which to promote civil unity granted the Huguenots substantial rights – but rather than being a sign of genuine toleration, was in fact a kind of grudging truce between the religions, with guarantees for both sides. The Edict can be said to mark the end of the Wars of Religion, though its apparent success was not assured at the time of its publication. Indeed, in January 1599, Henry had to visit the parlement in person to have the Edict passed. Religious tensions continued to affect politics for many years to come, though never to the same degree, and Henry IV faced many attempts on his life; the last succeeding in May 1610.
Aftermath
Main article: Huguenot rebellions
The French royal fleet captures the Île de Ré, a Huguenot stronghold
Although the Edict of Nantes concluded the fighting during Henry IV's reign, the political freedoms it granted to the Huguenots (seen by detractors as "a state within the state") became an increasing source of trouble during the 17th century. The damage done to the Huguenots meant a decline from 10% to 8% of the French population. The decision of King Louis XIII to reintroduce Catholicism in a portion of southwestern France prompted a Huguenot revolt. By the Peace of Montpellier in 1622, the fortified Protestant towns were reduced to two: La Rochelle and Montauban. Another war followed, which concluded with the Siege of La Rochelle, in which royal forces led by Cardinal Richelieu blockaded the city for fourteen months. Under the 1629 Peace of La Rochelle, the brevets of the Edict (sections of the treaty that dealt with military and pastoral clauses and were renewable by letters patent) were entirely withdrawn, though Protestants retained their prewar religious freedoms.
Richelieu, depicted at the 1627–1628 Siege of La Rochelle, put an end to the political and military autonomy of the Huguenots, while preserving their religious rights.
Over the remainder of Louis XIII's reign, and especially during the minority of Louis XIV, the implementation of the Edict varied year by year. In 1661 Louis XIV, who was particularly hostile to the Huguenots, started assuming control of his government and began to disregard some of the provisions of the Edict. In 1681, he instituted the policy of dragonnades, to intimidate Huguenot families to convert to Roman Catholicism or emigrate. Finally, in October 1685, Louis issued the Edict of Fontainebleau, which formally revoked the Edict and made the practice of Protestantism illegal in France. The revocation of the Edict had very damaging results for France. While it did not prompt renewed religious warfare, many Protestants chose to leave France rather than convert, with most moving to the Kingdom of England, Brandenburg-Prussia, the Dutch Republic, Switzerland and the Americas.
At the dawn of the 18th century, Protestants remained in significant numbers in the remote Cévennes region of the Massif Central. This population, known as the Camisards, revolted against the government in 1702, leading to fighting that continued intermittently until 1715, after which the Camisards were largely left in peace.
List of events
See also: French Wars of Religion § Name and periodisation
Protestant engraving representing 'les dragonnades' in France under Louis XIV
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17 January 1562: Edict of Saint-Germain, often called the "Edict of January"
1 March 1562: Massacre of Vassy (Wassy)
March 1562 – March 1563: usually known as the "First War", ended by the Edict of Amboise
19 December 1562: Battle of Dreux
September 1567 – March 1568: usually known as the "Second War", ended by the Peace of Longjumeau
10 November 1567: Battle of Saint Denis
7 April 1568: Siege of Puylaurens
1568–1570: usually known as the "Third War", ended by the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
March 1569: Battle of Jarnac
June 1569: Battle of La Roche-l'Abeille
October 1569: Battle of Moncontour
1572: St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
June 1572: Death of Jeanne d'Albret
1572–1573: usually known as the "Fourth War", ended by the Edict of Boulogne
November 1572 – July 1573: Siege of La Rochelle
May 1573: Henry d'Anjou elected King of Poland
1574: Death of Charles IX
1574–1576: usually known as the "Fifth War", ended by the Edict of Beaulieu
1576: Formation of the first Catholic League in France
1576–1577: usually known as the "Sixth War", ended by the Treaty of Bergerac (also known as the "Edict of Poitiers")
1579–1580: usually known as the "Seventh War", ended by the Treaty of Fleix. Sometimes also known as the "Lovers' War"
June 1584: Death of François, Duke of Anjou, heir presumptive
December 1584: Treaty of Joinville
7 July 1585: Treaty of Nemours
1585: Pope Sixtus V excommunicated Henry of Navarre and Henri, Prince of Condé (1552–1588)
1585–1598: sometimes known as the "Eighth War". It can be subdivided in three periods:
1585–1589: usually known as the War of the Three Henrys, sometimes also known as the "Eighth War"
1585: Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur invaded Poitou, was defeated by Condé in the Battle of Fontenay-le-Comte
October 1585: Failed Siege of Brouage by Condé
October 1585: Castle of Angers fell in royalist hands, Condé's army scattered
January 1586: Henry of Navarre issued pacifist proclamations while rebuilding his army
February 1586: Condé captured La Rochelle and Oléron
April 1586: Failed royalist attack on La Rochelle
Late 1586: Royalist Siege of Marans
Late 1586: Henry III called on parties to cease hostilities for peace talks, which broke down
19 August 1587: Battle of Jarrie
20 October 1587: Battle of Coutras
26 October 1587: Battle of Vimory
1587: Battle of Auneau
12 May 1588: Day of the Barricades. Catholic League seized control of Paris from Henry III, who fled to Chartres
1588: Henry III's submission to Henry of Guise
December 1588: Assassination of the Duke Henry of Guise and his brother Cardinal Louis of Guise on the orders of Henry III
3 April 1589: Henry III and Henry of Navarre signed a truce and an alliance against the Catholic League, and started besieging Paris
1 August 1589: Assassination of Henry III; by Salic Law, Henry of Navarre formally became king Henry IV of France, but most Catholics initially refused to recognise him as such
1589–1594: sometimes known as the Succession of Henry IV of France, sometimes also taken together with the 1594–1598 period as the "Ninth War"
21 September 1589: Battle of Arques
March 1590: Battle of Ivry,
7 April – 30 August 1590: Siege of Paris by Henry IV
9 May 1590: Charles de Bourbon (cardinal), considered the rightful king Charles X of France by the Catholic League, died in Henry IV's custody
19 September 1590: Spanish general Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma intervened and relieved Paris; this allowed the Dutch Republic to go on the offensive in the Habsburg Netherlands
March 1591: Pope Gregory XIV excommunicated Henry IV for a second time
November 1591 – April 1592: Siege of Rouen (1591–1592)
24 April – 21 May 1592: Siege of Caudebec
25 July 1593: Henry IV abjured Protestantism and reconverted to Catholicism
27 February 1594: Henry IV crowned in Chartres
22 March 1594: Paris surrendered to Henry IV
1595–1598: sometimes known simply as the "Franco-Spanish War of 1595–1598", sometimes also taken together with the 1589–1594 period as the "Ninth War"
17 January 1595: Henry IV of France declared war on Philip II of Spain after discovering another Spanish plot to invade France
June 1595: Battle of Fontaine-Française
April–September 1597: Siege of Amiens
April 1598: Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV
2 May 1598: Peace of Vervins between France and Spain
Epilogue
1610: Assassination of Henry IV of France
1621–1629: Huguenot rebellions, sometimes also known as the "Ninth War" or the "Ninth and Tenth Wars"
October 1685: Edict of Fontainebleau issued by Louis XIV, revoking the Edict of Nantes
See also
Edict of toleration
List of wars and disasters by death toll
Monarchomachs
Religion in France
Virtual Museum of Protestantism
Siege of Paris (1590)
Catholic League (French)
Battle of Craon
Franco-Spanish War
Notes
^ Catholic opponents of toleration were split between Ultramontanism, those who backed the supreme authority of the Pope such as Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine, and Gallicanism. The latter viewed an independent but Catholic monarchy as an important guarantee of political freedom and distinguishes them from the "Politiques".
References
^ a b Knecht 2002, p. 91.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Clodfelter 2017, pp. 14–16.
^ Clodfelter 2017, p. 537.
^ Jouanna et al. 1998, p. 318.
^ Holt 2005, p. xiii.
^ Knecht 2010, p. 35.
^ Knecht 2010, p. 84.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kiser, Drass & Brustein 1994, pp. 323–324.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Kohn 2013, pp. 390–391.
^ Guild, Elizabeth (2014). Unsettling Montaigne: Poetics, Ethics and Affect in the Essais and Other Writings. Cambridge: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. x–xii. ISBN 978-1843843719. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
^ Holt 2005, pp. xi–xiii, 178.
^ McGrath 1995, pp. 39–43.
^ McGrath 1995, pp. 122–124.
^ Spickard & Cragg 2005, pp. 158–160.
^ a b Lindberg 1996, p. 275.
^ Cairns 1996, p. 308.
^ Grimm 1973, p. 54.
^ Grimm 1973, p. 55.
^ Grimm 1973, pp. 263–264.
^ Knecht 2010, p. 8.
^ Holt 2005, p. 21.
^ Cairns 1996, p. 309.
^ a b Lindberg 1996, p. 279.
^ Lindberg 1996, p. 292.
^ Knecht 1996, p. 2.
^ a b c d Knecht 1996, p. 4.
^ a b c Knecht 1996, p. 3.
^ a b Knecht 1996, pp. 16–17.
^ Bernstein & Green 1988, p. 328.
^ Holt 2005, p. 20.
^ a b Garnier 2008, p. 90.
^ Knecht 1996, pp. 6–7, 86–87.
^ Knecht 2002, p. 402.
^ Audisio 1998, pp. 270–271.
^ Knecht 2010, p. 22.
^ Holt 2005, p. 41.
^ Sutherland 1980, pp. 46–47.
^ Baumgartner 1988, p. 130.
^ Knecht 1996, p. 6.
^ Knecht 1996, p. 10.
^ Salmon 1975, p. 118.
^ Rady 1991, pp. 52–53.
^ Knecht 2007, p. 195.
^ Knecht 1996, p. 25.
^ Salmon 1975, pp. 124–125.
^ Sutherland 1962, pp. 111–138).
^ Sutherland 1984, pp. 63–64.
^ Salmon 1975, p. 125.
^ Salmon 1975, pp. 136–137.
^ Knecht 1996, p. 27.
^ Knecht 1996, p. 29.
^ Bryson 1999, pp. 111.
^ Holt 2005, pp. 41–42.
^ Thompson 1909, p. 44.
^ a b Roelker 1996, pp. 252–256.
^ Thompson 1909, p. 79.
^ Castelnau 1724, p. 112.
^ Castelnau 1724, p. 110.
^ Roelker 1996, pp. 59–67.
^ Knecht 2000, pp. 78–79.
^ Guérard 1959, p. 152.
^ Carroll 2019, pp. 179–181.
^ Knecht 2000, p. 86.
^ a b c Knecht 1996, p. 35.
^ Hamilton & Spicer 2005, p. ?.
^ Baird 1880, p. 37.
^ Durot 2012, p. 702.
^ Trevor Dupuy, Curt Johnson and David L. Bongard, The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography, (Castle Books: Edison, 1992), p. 98.
^ Knecht 1996, p. 37.
^ Frieda, 268; Sutherland, Ancien Régime, p. 20.
^ Knecht 2014, pp. 102–104.
^ Cloulas 1979, p. 211.
^ Baird 1880, p. 207.
^ Holt 2005, p. 64.
^ Tulchin 2006, p. 22.
^ Knecht 2010, p. 39.
^ Thompson 1909, p. 318.
^ a b Knecht 1996, p. 40.
^ Taylor, Colin Duncan (2018). Lauragais: Steeped in History, Soaked in Blood. Troubador Publishing. ISBN 978-1789015836.
^ Wood 2002, p. 22.
^ Salmon 1975, p. 173.
^ Sutherland 1973, p. 92.
^ Baird 1880, p. 290.
^ a b Jouanna, p. 181.
^ Knecht 2000, 151.
^ Jouanna, p. 182.
^ Jouanna, p. 184.
^ Jouanna, pp. 184–185.
^ Roelker 1968, pp. 332–341.
^ Knecht 2010, p. 42.
^ Carroll 2009, p. 187.
^ Holt 2005, p. 81.
^ Knecht 2010, p. 45.
^ Jouanna 2007, p. 74.
^ Estebe 1968, p. 109.
^ Holt 2005, p. 83.
^ Holt 2005, pp. 84–85.
^ Holt 2005, p. 88.
^ Carroll 2009, p. 114.
^ Holt 2005, pp. 88–91.
^ Jouanna, p. 201.
^ Lincoln, Bruce, Discourse and the Construction of Society: Comparative Studies of Myth, Ritual, and Classification, Oxford University Press US, p. 98
^ Jouanna, p. 204.
^ Jouanna 2007, p. 112.
^ Knecht 2016, p. 108.
^ Sutherland 1980, pp. 222–223.
^ Jouanna 2007, p. 158.
^ Jouanna 2007, pp. 160–169.
^ Holt 2005, pp. 95–96.
^ Benedict 1978, p. 224.
^ Jouanna, p. 213.
^ Knecht 2000, p. 181.
^ Knecht 2000, p. 190.
^ Knecht 2000, p. 191.
^ Knecht 2016, p. 109.
^ Knecht 2016, p. 110.
^ Babelon 2009, p. 331.
^ Salmon 1975, pp. 236–237.
^ Salmon 1975, pp. 247–250.
^ a b c d Knecht 1996, p. 65.
^ Sutherland 1980, p. 263.
^ Knecht 2000, p. 208.
^ Holt 2002, p. 70.
^ Jouanna et al. 1998, p. 1248.
^ Salmon 1975, p. 204.
^ Holt 2002, p. 140.
^ Constant 1984, p. 134.
^ Knecht 2016, pp. 225–236.
^ Holt 2002, p. 211.
^ Knecht 2016, pp. 254–257.
^ Holt 2005, p. 131.
^ Salmon 1975, p. 240.
^ Knecht 1996, p. 90.
^ a b Knecht 1996, p. 72.
^ Le Roux 2006, p. 237.
^ Knecht 2010, p. 121.
^ Le Roux 2006, p. 158.
^ Roberts 1996, p. 174.
^ Knecht 2016, p. 288.
^ Holt 2005, p. 132.
^ Knecht 1996, p. 73.
^ Knecht 2016, p. 304.
^ Knecht 2014b, p. 238.
^ a b Knecht 2010, p. 79.
^ Salmon 1975, p. 279.
^ Babelon 2009, pp. 465–466.
^ a b Pitts 2012, p. 154.
^ Constant 1996, pp. 248–258.
^ Babelon 2009, p. 484.
^ Constant 1996, pp. 250–255.
^ Carroll 2005, p. 242.
^ Babelon 2009, pp. 536–537.
^ Constant 1996, p. 406.
^ Salmon 1975, p. 262.
^ Pitts 2012, p. 164.
^ Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1897). Armada Española desde la unión de los reinos de Aragón y Castilla (in Spanish). Vol. III. Madrid. pp. 86–90.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Wernham, R. B. (1984). After the Armada: Elizabethan England and the Struggle for Western Europe, 1588–1595. Clarendon Press. pp. 533–547. ISBN 978-0198227533.
^ Knecht 2000, p. 264.
^ a b Knecht 2000, p. 270.
^ Sutherland 1980, pp. 296–300.
^ a b Salmon 1975, p. 294.
^ Benedict 1999, p. 36.
^ Knecht 2000, p. 272.
^ Holt 2005, p. 165.
^ Babelon 2009, pp. 610–611.
^ Pitts 2012, pp. 207–208.
^ Philip Benedict, ‘Un roi, une loi, deux fois: Parameters for the History of Catholic–Protestant Co-existence in France, 1555–1685’, in O. Grell & B. Scribner (eds), Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation (1996), pp. 65–93.
^ Pitts 2012, p. 329.
^ Knecht 2010, p. 97.
^ Hans J. Hillerbrand, Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set, paragraphs "France" and "Huguenots"; Hans J. Hillerbrand, an expert on the subject, in his Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set claims the Huguenot community reached as much as 10% of the French population on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, declining to 8% by the end of the 16th century, and further after heavy persecution began once again with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV of France.
^ Holt 2005, pp. 186–192.
^ a b c "Edict of Nantes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
^ Holt 2005, p. 193.
^ Spielvogel, Western Civilization – Volume II: Since 1500 (5th ed., 2003) p. 410
^ Jouanna et al. 1998, p. 387.
^ a b c d e f g h William Shergold Browning (1840). A History of the Huguenots. Whittaker and Company. pp. 131–133. ISBN 9780608365909. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
^ a b c d Kohn 2013, p. 390.
^ a b c d e f g h Nolan 2006, p. 327.
^ a b c d e Kohn 2013, p. 391.
^ a b c d e f g h Nolan 2006, p. 328.
^ van der Lem 2019, p. 143.
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Historiography
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Primary sources
Potter, David L. (1997). French Wars of Religion, Selected Documents. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0312175450.
Salmon, J.H.M., ed. French Wars of Religion, The How Important Were Religious Factors? (1967) short excerpts from primary and secondary sources
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to French Wars of Religion.
The Wars of Religion, Part I
The Wars of Religion, Part II
French Religious Wars Archived 17 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
The Wars of Religion Archived 16 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine
The eight wars of religion (1562–1598) in The Virtual Museum of Protestantism
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Events
Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire (64–313)
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Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent (c.550–c. 1200)
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Battle of Tours (732)
Rhineland massacres (1096)
Jerusalem massacre (1099)
Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent (643–1526)
Inquisition (1184–1908)
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Northern Crusades (12th–16th cent.)
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European wars of religion (1522–1712)
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Goa Inquisition (1561–1812)
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Expulsion of the Moriscos (1609–1614)
Test Acts (1673–1829)
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction (1683–1922)
Christianization of the Sámi people (1700s)
French Revolutionary dechristianisation (1789–1801)
Utah War (1857–1858)
1860 Mount Lebanon civil war (1860)
Circassian genocide (1864)
Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
Adana massacre (1909)
Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars (1912–1913)
Greek genocide (1913–1922)
Pontic Greek genocide
Assyrian genocide (1914–1924)
Armenian genocide (1915–1923)
Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc (1917–1990)
Soviet persecution (1922–1991)
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Šahovići massacre (1924)
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Communist Polish persecution (1945–1989)
Communist Romanian persecution (1945–1989)
Noakhali riots (1946)
Direct Action Day (1946)
1946 Bihar riots (1946)
Rawalpindi massacres (1947)
Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan (1947-ongoing)
Violence against Muslims in India (1947-ongoing)
Violence against Hindus in independent India (1947-ongoing)
1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight (1948)
Jewish exodus from the Muslim world (1948–1980)
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party (1949-ongoing)
Persecution of Tibetans (1950-ongoing)
Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950)
Religious violence in Nigeria (1953-ongoing)
Istanbul pogrom (1955)
Buddhist crisis (1963)
Huế Phật Đản shootings (1963)
Thích Quảng Đức (1963)
Xá Lợi Pagoda raids (1963)
Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)
Four Olds (1966)
Famen Temple (1966)
Bangladesh genocide (1971)
Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh (1971-ongoing)
Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)
Cambodian genocide (1975–1979)
1984 anti-Sikh riots (1984)
Revival Process (1984-1989)
Big Excursion (1989)
Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus (1990)
Yugoslav Wars (1991-2001)
Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War (1992–1996)
Bosnian genocide (1995)
War crimes in the Kosovo War (1999)
Walisongo school massacre (2000)
Kosheh massacres (2000)
September 11 attacks (2001)
2002 Gujarat riots (2002)
South Thailand insurgency (2004–ongoing)
Boko Haram insurgency (2009–ongoing)
Maspero demonstrations (2011)
Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh (2013–2016)
Yazidi genocide (2014–2017)
Genocide of Christians by ISIL (2014–ongoing)
Iraqi Turkmen genocide (2014–2017)
Persecution of Uyghurs in China (2014–ongoing)
Rohingya genocide (2016–ongoing)
Christchurch mosque shootings (2019)
2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings (2019)
2020 Delhi riots (2020)
2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel (2023)
Crocus City Hall attack (2024)
Religion
vteCounter-ReformationCouncils and documentsCouncil of Trent • Exsurge Domine • Decet Romanum Pontificem • Confutatio Augustana • Regimini militantis Ecclesiae • Roman Catechism • Nova ordinantia eclessiastica • Defensio Tridentinæ fidei • Regnans in Excelsis • Ascendente Domino • Immensa aeterni Dei • UnigenitusPoliticsHoly Roman EmpireDiet of Worms • Catholic League • Augsburg InterimEuropean Wars of ReligionDalecarlian Rebellions • German Peasants' War • Wars of Kappel • Tyrone's Rebellion • Olav Engelbrektsson's rebellion • Pilgrimage of Grace • Bigod's rebellion • Dacke War • Schmalkaldic War • Prayer Book Rebellion • French Wars of Religion • Strasbourg Bishops' War • Thirty Years' War • Bohemian Revolt • Rohan Wars • Jacobite rising of 1689SpiritualityConfraternities • Devotionalism • French school of spirituality • Gregorian chant • Ignatian spirituality • Interior life • Mariology • Popular piety (Rosary • Sacred Heart) • Spanish mysticism • Tridentine Mass (Transubstantiation) • Works of mercyArtSchoolsMannerism • Polyphony • Baroque • Flemish Baroque • Spanish Golden CenturyPeopleFederico Barocci • Gian Lorenzo Bernini • Michelangelo Caravaggio • Annibale Carracci • Ludovico Carracci • Anthony van Dyck • Domenico Fontana • Artemisia Gentileschi • Luca Giordano • El Greco • Jacobus de Kerle • Giovanni Lanfranco • Orlando di Lasso • Bartolomé Esteban Murillo • Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina • Mattia Preti • Andrea Pozzo • Scipione Pulzone • Guido Reni • Jusepe de Ribera • Peter Paul Rubens • Vincenzo Ruffo • Tintoretto • Titian • Georges de la Tour • Juan de Valdés Leal • Francisco de ZurbaránPeopleClergyTeresa of Ávila • Robert Bellarmine • Charles Borromeo • Joseph Calasanz • Peter Canisius • Erasmus • Ignatius of Loyola • John Eck • John Fisher • John of the Cross • Lawrence of Brindisi • Thomas More • Péter Pázmány • Philip Neri • Matteo Ricci • Cardinal Richelieu • Francis de Sales • Francisco Suárez • Francis XavierMonarchsCharles V • Ferdinand II • Leopold I • Louis XIV • Mary I • Maximilian I • Catherine de' Medici • Philip II • Sigismund I • Sigismund III • William VPopesLeo X • Pius III • Paul III • Julius III • Paul IV • Pius IV • Pius V • Gregory XIII • Sixtus VInquisitionDicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith • List of excommunicable offences from the Council of Trent • Index Librorum Prohibitorum • Portuguese Inquisition • Roman Inquisition • Spanish Inquisition (Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition)Philosophy and educationCollegium Germanicum et Hungaricum • Pontifical Gregorian University • Second scholasticism • School of Salamanca • MolinismReligious ordersAugustinian Recollects • Barnabites • Capuchins • Discalced Augustinians • Discalced Carmelites • Jesuits • Oratorians • Piarists • Theatines • UrsulinesRelated topicsCatholic literary revival • History of Germany • Holy Roman Empire • Nationalism in the Middle Ages • Nation-building • Proto-Protestantism • Reformation • Renaissance
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wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"1495–1498","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_War_of_1494%E2%80%931498"},{"link_name":"1502–1504","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Wars_of_1499%E2%80%931504"},{"link_name":"1512–1516","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai"},{"link_name":"1521–1526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526"},{"link_name":"1526–1529","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac"},{"link_name":"1536–1538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_War_of_1536%E2%80%931538"},{"link_name":"1542–1544","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546"},{"link_name":"1551–1559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559"},{"link_name":"1580–1583","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession"},{"link_name":"1595–1598","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"1625","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"1628–1631","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Mantuan_Succession"},{"link_name":"1635–1659","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)"},{"link_name":"1640–1659","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reapers%27_War"},{"link_name":"1641–1659","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War"},{"link_name":"1648–1653","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fronde"},{"link_name":"1667–1668","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Devolution"},{"link_name":"1673–1678","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War"},{"link_name":"1683–1684","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Reunions"},{"link_name":"1688–1697","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"1718–1720","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance"},{"link_name":"1793–1795","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pyrenees"},{"link_name":"1808–1814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War"},{"link_name":"1815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days"},{"link_name":"1823","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Thousand_Sons_of_Saint_Louis"},{"link_name":"civil wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_war"},{"link_name":"Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Huguenots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht200291-1"},{"link_name":"St. Bartholomew's Day massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre"},{"link_name":"King Henry IV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Edict of Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes"},{"link_name":"Huguenot rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot_rebellions"},{"link_name":"Henry II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Catherine de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"Montmorency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Montmorency"},{"link_name":"House of Condé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Cond%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Jeanne d'Albret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Spain"},{"link_name":"Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Politiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiques"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Edict of Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Saint-Germain"},{"link_name":"St. Bartholomew's Day massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_France"},{"link_name":"Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Francis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"revoked the Edict of Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:French_Religious_Wars_Timeline.png"}],"text":"French Wars of ReligionPart of the European wars of religionThe St. Bartholomew's Day massacre(1572) by François DuboisDate2 April 1562 – 30 April 1598(36 years and 4 weeks)LocationKingdom of FranceResult\nCatholics retain their hegemony in France and France remains a Catholic state; Protestants tolerated under the Edict of Nantes; Peace of VervinsBelligerents\nProtestants: Huguenots England Scotland Navarre United Provinces\n\n PolitiquesMalcontents\n France Spain (until 1588) Papal States (until 1588) Tuscany\nCatholics: Catholic League Spain Savoy PortugalCommanders and leaders\n Henry of Navarre (until 1589) Louis I, Prince of Condé † Gaspard II de Coligny † Gabriel de Lorges, Count of Montgomery † Elizabeth I James VI Jeanne d'Albret Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken † John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken Louis of Nassau William the Silent Francis, Duke of Anjou Henri I de Montmorency (from 1574)\n Catherine de' Medici Charles IX Henry III † Henry IV (after 1589) Antoine of Navarre † Jacques d'Albon, Seigneur de Saint André † Francis, Duke of Guise † Henry I, Duke of Guise † (until 1584) François de Montmorency Anne de Montmorency † Claude, Duke of Aumale †\n House of Guise Philip II Pope Sixtus V Charles Emmanuel I1595–1598: Pedro Henriquez de Acevedo, Count of Fuentes Carlos Coloma Albert VII, Archduke of Austria Girolamo Caraffa Luis de Velasco y Velasco, 2nd Count of Salazar Juan Fernández de Velasco y Tovar, 5th Duke of Frías Hernando Portocarrero † Charles, Duke of MayenneCasualties and losses\nBetween 2 million and 4 million deaths from all causes[1]vteFrench Wars of Religion\nFirst; 1562–1563Conflict in the provinces; Rouen; Vergt; Dreux; Orléans\n\nSecond; 1567–1568Saint-Denis; Chartres\n\n\nThird; 1568–1570Jarnac; La Roche-l'Abeille; Poitiers; Orthez; Moncontour; Saint-Jean d'Angély; Arney-le-Duc\n\n\nFourth; 1572–1573Mons; Sommières; Sancerre; La Rochelle\n\n\nFifth; 1574–1576Dormans\n\n\nSixth; 1577La Charité-sur-Loire; Issoire; Brouage\n\n\nSeventh; 1580La Fère\n\n \nWar of the Three Henrys (1585–1589)Coutras; Vimory; Auneau; Day of the Barricades\n\n\nSuccession of Henry IV of France (1589–1594)Arques; Ivry; Paris; Château-Laudran; Rouen; Caudebec; Craon; 1st Luxembourg; Blaye; Morlaix; Fort Crozon\n\n\nFranco-Spanish War (1595–1598)2nd Luxembourg; Fontaine-Française; Ham; Le Catelet; Doullens; Cambrai; Calais; La Fère; Ardres; Amiens\n\n\nvteFranco-Spanish wars\n(1495–1498\n1502–1504\n1512–1516\n1521–1526\n1526–1529\n1536–1538\n1542–1544\n1551–1559)\n1580–1583\n1595–1598\n1625\n1628–1631\n1635–1659 (1640–1659, 1641–1659, \t1648–1653)\n1667–1668\n1673–1678\n1683–1684\n1688–1697\n1718–1720\n1793–1795\n1808–1814\n1815\n1823The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars between French Catholics and Protestants (called Huguenots) from 1562 to 1598. Between two and four million people died from violence, famine or disease directly caused by the conflict, and it severely damaged the power of the French monarchy.[1] One of its most notorious episodes was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572. The fighting ended with a compromise in 1598, when Henry of Navarre, who had converted to Catholicism in 1593, was proclaimed King Henry IV of France and issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted substantial rights and freedoms to the Huguenots. However, Catholics continued to disapprove of Protestants and of Henry, and his assassination in 1610 triggered a fresh round of Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s.Tensions between the two religions had been building since the 1530s, exacerbating existing regional divisions. The death of Henry II of France in July 1559 initiated a prolonged struggle for power between his widow Catherine de' Medici and powerful nobles. These included a fervently Catholic faction led by the Guise and Montmorency families, and Protestants headed by the House of Condé and Jeanne d'Albret. Both sides received assistance from external powers, with Spain and Savoy supporting the Catholics, and England and the Dutch Republic backing the Protestants.Moderates, also known as Politiques, hoped to maintain order by centralising power and making concessions to Huguenots, rather than the policies of repression pursued by Henry II and his father Francis I. They were initially supported by Catherine de' Medici, whose January 1562 Edict of Saint-Germain was strongly opposed by the Guise faction and led to an outbreak of widespread fighting in March. She later hardened her stance and backed the 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in Paris, which resulted in Catholic mobs killing between 5,000 and 30,000 Protestants throughout France.The wars threatened the authority of the monarchy and the last Valois kings, Catherine's three sons Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Their Bourbon successor Henry IV responded by creating a strong central state and extending toleration to Huguenots; the latter policy would last until 1685, when Henry's grandson Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes.Timeline for the French religious wars","title":"French Wars of Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201714%E2%80%9316-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017537-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouannaBoucherBiloghiThiec1998318-4"},{"link_name":"Edict of Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes"},{"link_name":"Peace of Vervins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Vervins"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201714%E2%80%9316-2"},{"link_name":"Huguenot rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot_rebellions"},{"link_name":"Peace of Alès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Al%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt2005xiii-5"},{"link_name":"Massacre of Wassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Wassy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201035-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201084-7"},{"link_name":"Brustein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I._Brustein"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiserDrassBrustein1994323%E2%80%93324-8"},{"link_name":"War of the Three Henrys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Three_Henrys"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013390%E2%80%93391-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201714%E2%80%9316-2"},{"link_name":"Michel de Montaigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt2005xi%E2%80%93xiii,_178-11"}],"text":"Along with \"French Wars of Religion\"[2] and \"Huguenot Wars\",[3] the wars have also been variously described as the \"Eight Wars of Religion\", or simply the \"Wars of Religion\" (only within France).[4]The exact number of wars and their respective dates are subject to continued debate by historians: some assert that the Edict of Nantes (13 April 1598) and the Peace of Vervins (2 May 1598) concluded the wars,[2] while the ensuing 1620s Huguenot rebellions lead others to believe the Peace of Alès in 1629 is the actual conclusion.[5] However, the agreed upon beginning of the wars is the Massacre of Wassy in 1562, and the Edict of Nantes at least ended this series of conflicts. During this time, complex diplomatic negotiations and agreements of peace were followed by renewed conflict and power struggles.[6][7]American military historians Kiser, Drass & Brustein (1994) maintained the following divisions, periodisations and locations:[8]Massacre of Vassy (1562) – Western France\nFirst War of Religion (1562–63) – Western and Southwestern France\nSecond War of Religion (1567–68) – Western and Southwestern France\nThird War of Religion (1568–70) – Western and Southwestern France\nSt. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572) – Northeastern France\nFourth War of Religion (1572–73) – Western and Southwestern France\nFifth War of Religion (1575–76) – Western and Southwestern France\nSixth War of Religion (1576–77) – Western and Southwestern France\nSeventh War of Religion (1580) – Western and Southwestern France\nEighth War of Religion (1585–89) – Western and Southwestern France\nNinth War of Religion (1589–98) – Western and Southwestern FranceBoth Kohn (2013) and Clodfelter (2017) followed the same counting and periodisation and noted that \"War of the Three Henrys\" was another name for the Eighth War of Religion, with Kohn adding \"Lovers' War\" as another name for the Seventh War.[9][2] In her Michel de Montaigne biography (2014), Elizabeth Guild concurred with this chronology as well, except for dating the Seventh War of Religion to 1579–1580 rather than just 1580.[10] Holt (2005) asserted a rather different periodisation from 1562 to 1629, writing of 'civil wars' rather than wars of religion, dating the Sixth War to March–September 1577, and dating the Eight War from June 1584 (death of Anjou) to April 1598 (Edict of Nantes); finally, although he didn't put a number on it, Holt regarded the 1610–1629 period as 'the last war of religion'.[11]","title":"Name and periodisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Calvin_-_Young.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Calvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin"}],"text":"John Calvin, whose ideas became central to French Protestantism","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renaissance humanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanism"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Protestantism in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_France"},{"link_name":"ad fontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_fontes"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Church Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Fathers"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199539%E2%80%9343-12"},{"link_name":"interpretation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesis"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Old Testaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Vulgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath1995122%E2%80%93124-13"},{"link_name":"Aldus Manutius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldus_Manutius"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpickardCragg2005158%E2%80%93160-14"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg1996275-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protestant_France.svg"},{"link_name":"Jacques Lefèvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lef%C3%A8vre_d%27%C3%89taples"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Briçonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Bri%C3%A7onnet_(Bishop_of_Meaux)"},{"link_name":"bishop of Meaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Meaux"},{"link_name":"Meaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaux"},{"link_name":"François Vatable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Vatable"},{"link_name":"expert in Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraist"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns1996308-16"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Budé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Bud%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"classicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimm197354-17"},{"link_name":"Epistle to the Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg1996275-15"},{"link_name":"Lutheranism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimm197355-18"},{"link_name":"Marguerite de Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_de_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Jeanne d'Albret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret"},{"link_name":"Guillaume Farel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Farel"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"John Calvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimm1973263%E2%80%93264-19"},{"link_name":"Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"Calvinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht20108-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt200521-21"},{"link_name":"clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns1996309-22"},{"link_name":"Heptameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptameron"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg1996279-23"},{"link_name":"Salvation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation"},{"link_name":"Indulgences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indulgences"},{"link_name":"Sola fide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_fide"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg1996279-23"}],"sub_title":"Introduction of Reformation ideas","text":"Renaissance humanism began during the 14th century in Italy and arrived in France in the early 16th, coinciding with the rise of Protestantism in France. The movement emphasised the importance of ad fontes, or study of original sources, and initially focused on the reconstruction of secular Greek and Latin texts. It later expanded into the reading, study and translation of works by the Church Fathers and the New Testament, with a view to religious renewal and reform.[12] Humanist scholars argued interpretation of the Bible required an ability to read the New Testament and Old Testaments in the original Greek and Hebrew, rather than relying on the 4th century Latin translation known as the \"Vulgate Bible\".[13]In 1495, the Venetian Aldus Manutius began using the newly invented printing press to produce small, inexpensive, pocket editions of Greek, Latin, and vernacular literature, making knowledge in all disciplines available for the first time to a wide audience.[14] Cheap pamphlets and broadsides allowed theological and religious ideas to be disseminated at an unprecedented pace. In 1519, John Froben published a collection of works by Martin Luther and noted in his correspondence that 600 copies were being shipped to France and Spain and sold in Paris.[15]16th-century religious geopolitics on a map of modern France Huguenot controlled Contested Catholic controlledIn 1521, a group of reformers including Jacques Lefèvre and Guillaume Briçonnet, recently appointed bishop of Meaux, formed the Circle of Meaux, aiming to improve the quality of preaching and religious life in general. They were joined by François Vatable, an expert in Hebrew,[16] along with Guillaume Budé, a classicist and Royal librarian.[17] Lefèvre's Fivefold Psalter and his commentary on the Epistle to the Romans emphasised the literal interpretation of the Bible and the centrality of Jesus Christ.[15] Many of the tenets behind Lutheranism first appeared in Luther's lectures, which in turn contained many of the ideas expressed in the works of Lefèvre.[18]Other members of the Circle included Marguerite de Navarre, sister of Francis I and mother of Jeanne d'Albret, as well as Guillaume Farel, who was exiled to Geneva in 1530 due to his reformist views and persuaded John Calvin to join him there.[19] Both men were banished from Geneva in 1538 for opposing what they viewed as government interference with religious affairs; although the two fell out over the nature of the Eucharist, Calvin's return to Geneva in 1541 allowed him to forge the doctrine of Calvinism.[20][21]A key driver behind the Reform movement was corruption among the clergy which Luther and others attacked and sought to change.[22] Such criticisms were not new but the printing press allowed them to be widely shared, such as the Heptameron by Marguerite, a collection of stories about clerical immorality.[23] Another complaint was the reduction of Salvation to a business scheme based on the sale of Indulgences, which added to general unrest and increased the popularity of works such as Farel's translation of the Lord's Prayer, The True and Perfect Prayer. This focused on Sola fide, or the idea salvation was a free gift from God, emphasised the importance of understanding in prayer and criticised the clergy for hampering the growth of true faith.[23]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Concordat of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X"},{"link_name":"Gallican church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindberg1996292-24"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"orthodoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht19962-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht19964-26"},{"link_name":"Zwinglians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology_of_Huldrych_Zwingli"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht19963-27"},{"link_name":"Noyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyon"},{"link_name":"Picardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picardy"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht19963-27"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"Institutes of the Christian Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion"},{"link_name":"Calvinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht19964-26"},{"link_name":"Condé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9_(1530%E2%80%931569)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht199616%E2%80%9317-28"},{"link_name":"Theodore de Beze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_de_Beze"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht199616%E2%80%9317-28"},{"link_name":"Antoine of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernsteinGreen1988328-29"}],"sub_title":"Growth of Calvinism","text":"After an initial period of tolerance, Francis I repressed Reformist ideas.The Italian revival of classical learning appealed to Francis I (1494-1547), who set up royal professorships in Paris to better understand ancient literature. However, this did not extend to religion, especially after the 1516 Concordat of Bologna when Pope Leo X increased royal control of the Gallican church, allowing Francis to nominate French clergy and levy taxes on church property. Unlike Germany, the French nobility also generally supported the status quo and existing policies.[24]Despite his personal opposition, Francis tolerated Martin Luther’s ideas when they entered France in the late 1520s, largely because the definition of Catholic orthodoxy was unclear, making it hard to determine precisely what was or was not heresy.[25] He tried to steer a middle course in the developing religious schism,[26] but in January 1535, Catholic authorities made a definitive ruling by classifying \"Lutherans\" as heretical Zwinglians.[27] Calvin, originally from Noyon in Picardy,[27] went into exile in 1535 to escape persecution and settled in Basel, where he published the Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1538. This work contained the key principles of Calvinism, which became immensely popular in France and other European countries.[26]While Lutheranism was widespread within the French commercial class, the rapid growth of Calvinism was driven by the nobility. It is believed to have started when Condé passed through Geneva while returning home from a military campaign and heard a Calvinist sermon.[28] Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, converted to Calvinism in 1560, possibly due to the influence of Theodore de Beze.[28] Along with Condé and her husband Antoine of Navarre, she and their son Henry of Navarre became Huguenot leaders.[29]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Affair of the Placards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affair_of_the_Placards"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht19964-26"},{"link_name":"Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht19964-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht19963-27"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt200520-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarnier200890-31"},{"link_name":"executed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_at_the_stake"},{"link_name":"Notre-Dame de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"Ottoman embassy to France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_embassy_to_France_(1534)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarnier200890-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg"},{"link_name":"Massacre of Mérindol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_M%C3%A9rindol"},{"link_name":"Gustave Doré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht19966%E2%80%937,_86%E2%80%9387-32"},{"link_name":"Waldensians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians"},{"link_name":"Mérindol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rindol"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht2002402-33"},{"link_name":"Proto-Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Massacre of Mérindol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_M%C3%A9rindol"},{"link_name":"Galley slaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galley_slave"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudisio1998270%E2%80%93271-34"},{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Edict of Châteaubriant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201022-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt200541-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland198046%E2%80%9347-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgartner1988130-38"},{"link_name":"Reformed Church of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Church_of_France"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht19966-39"},{"link_name":"Calvinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism_in_France"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht199610-40"}],"sub_title":"Rise in factionalism","text":"The crown continued efforts to remain neutral in the religious debate until the Affair of the Placards in October 1534,[26] when Protestant radicals put up posters in Paris and other provincial towns that rejected the Catholic doctrine of the \"Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist\".[26] This allowed Protestantism to be clearly defined as heresy, while Francis was furious at the breach of security which had allowed one of the posters to be placed on the door of his bedchamber.[27][30] Having been severely criticised for his initial tolerance, he was now encouraged to punish those responsible.[31] On 21 February 1535, a number of those implicated in the Affair were executed in front of Notre-Dame de Paris, an event attended by Francis and members of the Ottoman embassy to France.[31]Massacre of Mérindol, as imagined by Gustave Doré (1832–1883)The fight against heresy intensified in the 1540s, forcing Protestants to worship in secret.[32] In October 1545, Francis ordered the punishment of Waldensians based in the south-eastern village of Mérindol.[33] A long-standing Proto-Protestantism tradition dating back to the 13th century, the Waldensians had recently affiliated with the Reformed church and became increasingly militant in their activities. In what became known as the Massacre of Mérindol, Provençal troops killed numerous residents and destroyed another 22 to 28 nearby villages, while hundreds of men were forced to become Galley slaves.[34]Francis I died on 31 March 1547 and was succeeded by his son Henry II, who continued the religious repression pursued by his father in the last years of his reign. His policies were even more severe since he sincerely believed all Protestants were heretics; on 27 June 1551, the Edict of Châteaubriant sharply curtailed their right to worship. Prohibitions were placed upon the distribution of 'heretical' literature, with the property of 'heretics' seizable by the crown.[35][36][37][38]From his base in Geneva, Calvin provided leadership and organisational structures for the Reformed Church of France.[39] Calvinism proved attractive to people from across the social hierarchy and occupational divides and was highly regionalised, with no coherent pattern of geographical spread. Despite persecution, their numbers and power increased markedly, driven by the conversion to Calvinism of large sections of the nobility. Historians estimate that by the outbreak of war in 1562, there were around two million French Calvinists, including more than half of the nobility, backed by 1,200–1,250 churches. This constituted a substantial threat to the monarchy.[40]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conjuration_amboise.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amboise conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amboise_conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Francis, Duke of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"House of Montmorency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Montmorency"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmon1975118-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERady199152%E2%80%9353-42"},{"link_name":"house of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht2007195-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht199625-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmon1975124%E2%80%93125-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland1962111%E2%80%93138)-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland198463%E2%80%9364-47"},{"link_name":"Huguenot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmon1975125-48"},{"link_name":"iconoclasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm"},{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"La Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochelle"},{"link_name":"Sens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sens"},{"link_name":"Cahors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahors"},{"link_name":"Carcassonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcassonne"},{"link_name":"Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tours"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmon1975136%E2%80%93137-49"}],"sub_title":"Amboise conspiracy","text":"Contemporary woodcut of executions following the Amboise conspiracyThe death of Henry II in July 1559 created a political vacuum and an internal struggle for power between rival factions, which the 15-year-old Francis II lacked the ability to control. Francis, Duke of Guise, whose niece Mary, Queen of Scots, was married to the king, exploited the situation to establish dominance over their rivals, the House of Montmorency.[41][42] Within days of the King's accession, the English ambassador reported \"the house of Guise ruleth and doth all about the French King\".[43]On 10 March 1560, a group of disaffected nobles led by Jean du Barry, attempted to break the power of the Guise by abducting the young king.[44] Their plans were discovered before being carried out and hundreds of suspected plotters executed, including du Barry.[45][46] The Guise suspected Condé of involvement in the plot, and he was arrested and sentenced to death before being freed in the political chaos that followed the sudden death of Francis II, adding to the tensions of the period.[47]In the aftermath of the plot, the term \"Huguenot\" for France's Protestants came into widespread usage.[48] Shortly afterwards, the first instances of Protestant iconoclasm or the destruction of images and statues in Catholic churches, occurred in Rouen and La Rochelle. This continued throughout 1561 in more than 20 cities and towns, sparking attacks on Protestants by Catholic mobs in Sens, Cahors, Carcassonne, Tours and elsewhere.[49]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis_-_entourage_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catherine de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Francis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Catherine de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Charles IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht199627-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht199629-51"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-General_(France)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryson1999111-52"},{"link_name":"ultras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramontanism"},{"link_name":"François de Tournon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Tournon"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt200541%E2%80%9342-53"},{"link_name":"toleration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_tolerance"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson190944-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoelker1996252%E2%80%93256-55"},{"link_name":"Estates General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_General_of_1560-1"},{"link_name":"Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson190979-56"},{"link_name":"Edict of 19 April","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_19_April"},{"link_name":"Edict of July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_July"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoelker1996252%E2%80%93256-55"},{"link_name":"previous measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Romorantin"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelnau1724112-57"},{"link_name":"Colloquy of Poissy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquy_of_Poissy"},{"link_name":"Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelnau1724110-58"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht200078%E2%80%9379-61"},{"link_name":"Edict of Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Saint-Germain"},{"link_name":"Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_(province)"},{"link_name":"massacre of Vassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Vassy"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGu%C3%A9rard1959152-62"}],"sub_title":"Regency of Catherine de' Medici","text":"Queen regent Catherine de' Medici, circa 1560When Francis II died on 5 December 1560, his mother Catherine de' Medici became regent for her second son, the nine year old Charles IX.[50] With the state financially exhausted by the Italian Wars, Catherine had to preserve the independence of the monarchy from a range of competing factions led by powerful nobles, each of whom controlled what were essentially private armies.[51] To offset the Guise or \"Guisard\", she agreed a deal in which Antoine of Navarre renounced any claim to the regency in return for Condé's release and the position of Lieutenant-General of France.[52]Catherine had several options for dealing with \"heresy\", including continuing Henry's II's failed policy of eradication, an approach backed by Catholic ultras such as François de Tournon, or converting the monarchy to Calvinism, as preferred by de Bèze.[53] A middle path between these two extremes was allowing both religions to be openly practised in France at least temporarily, or the Guisard compromise of scaling back persecution but not permitting toleration.[54] For the moment she held to the Guisard line.[55]Before his death, Francis II had called the first Estates General held since 1484, which in December 1560 assembled in Orléans to discuss topics which included taxation and religion. It made little progress on the latter, other than agreeing to pardon those convicted of religious offences in the prior year.[56] Since this was clearly unacceptable to Condé and his followers, Catherine bypassed the Estates and enacted conciliatory measures such as the Edict of 19 April 1561 and the Edict of July.[55] This recognised Catholicism as the state religion but confirmed previous measures reducing penalties for \"heresy\".[57]The Estates then approved the Colloquy of Poissy, which began its session on 8 September 1561, with the Protestants led by de Bèze and the Catholics by Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine, brother of the Duke of Guise. The two sides initially sought to accommodate Protestant forms of worship within the existing church but this proved impossible.[58][a] By the time the Colloquy ended on 8 October, it was clear the divide between Catholic and Protestant theology was too wide to be bridged.[60] With their options narrowing, the government attempted to quell escalating disorder in the provinces by passing the Edict of Saint-Germain, which allowed Protestants to worship in public outside towns and in private inside them. On 1 March, Guise family retainers attacked a Calvinist service in Champagne, leading to what became known as the massacre of Vassy. This seemed to confirm Huguenot fears that the Guisards had no intention of compromising and is generally seen as the spark which led to open hostilities between the two religions.[61]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guyenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyenne"},{"link_name":"Château de Fumel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fumel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Fumel"},{"link_name":"Denis Crouzet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Crouzet"},{"link_name":"Thomas Illyricus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Illyricus"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2019179%E2%80%93181-63"}],"sub_title":"Turn to violence","text":"Guyenne was the epicentre of the turn to religious violence in late 16th-century France. Many explanations have been proffered for the rise of violence. Traditional explanations focus on the influence of Jeanne d'Albret and Antoine of Navarre. Other explanations focus on the rise of seigneurialism in the 1550s and see the turn to violence as a response of the peasant class. The murder of the baron of Château de Fumel [fr] by a Protestant mob in 1561 is often cited as an example. Recent analyses, on the other hand, have turned the focus on religious explanations. Denis Crouzet fingers the fiery eschatological preaching of the Franciscan Thomas Illyricus, who toured the region in the 1510s and 1520s. Stuart Carroll, however, argues for politicization: \"the violence was directly caused by politicized factions and was not the result of a spontaneous intercommunal eruption.\"[62]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1562–1570"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massacre_de_Vassy_1562_print_by_Hogenberg_end_of_16th_century.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vassy massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Vassy"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht200086-64"},{"link_name":"Edict of Saint Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Saint-Germain"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht199635-65"},{"link_name":"Angers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angers"},{"link_name":"Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blois"},{"link_name":"Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tours"},{"link_name":"Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire"},{"link_name":"Valence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence,_Dr%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"Rhône River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_River"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht199635-65"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonSpicer2005?-66"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"street battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1562_Riots_of_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tours"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht199635-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaird188037-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurot2012702-68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Sac_de_Lyon_par_les_R%C3%A9form%C3%A9s_-_Vers1565.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"Dreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreux"},{"link_name":"Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Antoine of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dreux"},{"link_name":"Condé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_de_Bourbon,_Prince_de_Cond%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Montmorency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_de_Montmorency"},{"link_name":"Francis, Duke of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"shot and killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_the_Duke_of_Guise_(1563)"},{"link_name":"Jean de Poltrot de Méré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Poltrot_de_M%C3%A9r%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"Admiral Coligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_II_de_Coligny"},{"link_name":"Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Catherine de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Edict of Amboise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Amboise"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht199637-70"}],"sub_title":"The \"first\" war (1562–1563)","text":"Massacre de Vassy by Hogenberg, end of the 16th centuryAlthough the Huguenots had begun mobilising for war before the Vassy massacre,[63] many claimed that the massacre confirmed claims that they could not rely on the Edict of Saint Germain. In response, a group of nobles led by Condé proclaimed their intention of \"liberating\" the king from \"evil\" councillors and seized Orléans on 2 April 1562.[64] This example was quickly followed by Protestant groups around France, who seized and garrisoned Angers, Blois and Tours along the Loire and assaulted Valence in the Rhône River.[64] After capturing Lyon on 30 April, the attackers first sacked, then demolished all Catholic institutions in the city.[65]Hoping to turn Toulouse over to Condé, local Huguenots seized the Hôtel de ville but met resistance from angry Catholic mobs which resulted in street battles and over 3,000 deaths, mostly Huguenots. On 12 April 1562, there were massacres of Huguenots at Sens, as well as at Tours in July.[64] As the conflict escalated, the Crown revoked the Edict under pressure from the Guise faction.[66][67]Looting of the churches of Lyon by the Calvinists in 1562, by Antoine CarotThe major engagements of the war occurred at Rouen, Dreux, and Orléans. At the Siege of Rouen (May–October 1562), the crown regained the city, but Antoine of Navarre died of his wounds.[68] In the Battle of Dreux (December 1562), Condé was captured by the crown, and the constable Montmorency was captured by those opposing the crown. In February 1563, at the Siege of Orléans, Francis, Duke of Guise, was shot and killed by the Huguenot Jean de Poltrot de Méré. As he was killed outside of direct combat, the Guise considered this an assassination on the orders of the duke's enemy, Admiral Coligny. The popular unrest caused by the assassination, coupled with the resistance by the city of Orléans to the siege, led Catherine de' Medici to mediate a truce, resulting in the Edict of Amboise on 19 March 1563.[69]","title":"1562–1570"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Print_entitled_Horribles_cruautes_des_Huguenot_en_France_16th_century.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theatre_des_cruautez_des_Hereticques_de_nostre_temps.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richard Rowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rowlands"},{"link_name":"Edict of Amboise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Amboise"},{"link_name":"heretics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Hampton Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Hampton_Court_(1562)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Charles IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Grand Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Entry"},{"link_name":"Jeanne d'Albret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht2014102%E2%80%93104-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECloulas1979211-73"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Surprise of Meaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surprise_of_Meaux"},{"link_name":"La Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochelle"},{"link_name":"Nîmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEmes"},{"link_name":"Michelade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelade"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaird1880207-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt200564-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETulchin200622-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201039-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1909318-78"},{"link_name":"Battle of Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Denis_(1567)"},{"link_name":"Peace of Longjumeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Longjumeau"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J._Knecht,_p._40-79"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J._Knecht,_p._40-79"},{"link_name":"Puylaurens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puylaurens"},{"link_name":"Lauragais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauragais"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"The \"Armed Peace\" (1563–1567) and the \"second\" war (1567–1568)","text":"Print depicting Huguenot aggression against Catholics at sea, Horribles cruautés des Huguenots, 16th centuryPlate from Richard Rowlands, Theatrum Crudelitatum haereticorum nostri temporis (1587), depicting supposed Huguenot atrocitiesThe Edict of Amboise was generally regarded as unsatisfactory by all concerned, and the Guise faction was particularly opposed to what they saw as dangerous concessions to heretics. The crown tried to re-unite the two factions in its efforts to re-capture Le Havre, which had been occupied by the English in 1562 as part of the Treaty of Hampton Court between its Huguenot leaders and Elizabeth I of England. That July, the French expelled the English. On 17 August 1563, Charles IX was declared of age at the Parlement of Rouen ending the regency of Catherine de Medici.[70] His mother continued to play a principal role in politics, and she joined her son on a Grand Tour of the kingdom between 1564 and 1566, designed to reinstate crown authority. During this time, Jeanne d'Albret met and held talks with Catherine at Mâcon and Nérac.[71][72]Reports of iconoclasm in Flanders led Charles IX to lend support to the Catholics there; French Huguenots feared a Catholic re-mobilisation against them. Philip II of Spain's reinforcement of the strategic corridor from Italy north along the Rhine added to these fears, and political discontent grew. After Protestant troops unsuccessfully tried to capture and take control of King Charles IX in the Surprise of Meaux, a number of cities, such as La Rochelle, declared themselves for the Huguenot cause. Protestants attacked and massacred Catholic laymen and clergy the following day in Nîmes, in what became known as the Michelade.[73][74][75][76][77]This provoked the second war and its main military engagement, the Battle of Saint-Denis, where the crown's commander-in-chief and lieutenant general, the 74-year-old Anne de Montmorency, died. The war was brief, ending in another truce, the Peace of Longjumeau (March 1568),[78] which was a reiteration of the Peace of Amboise of 1563 and once again granted significant religious freedoms and privileges to Protestants.[78] News of the truce reached Toulouse in April, but such was the antagonism between the two sides that 6,000 Catholics continued their siege of Puylaurens, a notorious Protestant stronghold in the Lauragais, for another week.[79]","title":"1562–1570"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"confraternities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confraternities"},{"link_name":"Edict of Saint-Maur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Saint-Maur"},{"link_name":"William of Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Silent"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood200222-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmon1975173-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland197392-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaird1880290-84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Moncontour_1569.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Moncontour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moncontour"},{"link_name":"reiters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiter"},{"link_name":"Duke of Zweibrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang,_Count_Palatine_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jouanna,_p.181-85"},{"link_name":"Jeanne d'Albret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Sir Francis Walsingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Francis_Walsingham"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jouanna,_p.181-85"},{"link_name":"Duke d'Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Poitou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou"},{"link_name":"Saintonge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Saintonge"},{"link_name":"La Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochelle"},{"link_name":"Angoulême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"Cognac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognac,_France"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jarnac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jarnac"},{"link_name":"Admiral de Coligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_II_de_Coligny"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_I_de_Bourbon,_prince_de_Cond%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Henry of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Battle of La Roche-l'Abeille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_La_Roche-l%27Abeille"},{"link_name":"Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiers"},{"link_name":"Battle of Moncontour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moncontour"},{"link_name":"Gabriel, comte de Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel,_comte_de_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Rhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhone"},{"link_name":"La Charité-sur-Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Charit%C3%A9-sur-Loire"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoelker1968332%E2%80%93341-90"}],"sub_title":"The \"third\" war (1568–1570)","text":"In reaction to the Peace, Catholic confraternities and leagues sprang up across the country in defiance of the law throughout the summer of 1568. Huguenot leaders such as Condé and Coligny fled court in fear for their lives, many of their followers were murdered, and in September, the Edict of Saint-Maur revoked the freedom of Huguenots to worship. In November, William of Orange led an army into France to support his fellow Protestants, but, the army being poorly paid, he accepted the crown's offer of money and free passage to leave the country.[80][81][82][83]The Battle of Moncontour, 1569The Huguenots gathered a formidable army under the command of Condé, aided by forces from south-east France, led by Paul de Mouvans, and a contingent of fellow Protestant militias from Germany – including 14,000 mercenary reiters led by the Calvinist Duke of Zweibrücken.[84] After the Duke was killed in action, his troops remained under the employ of the Huguenots who had raised a loan from England against the security of Jeanne d'Albret's crown jewels.[85] Much of the Huguenots' financing came from Queen Elizabeth of England, who was likely influenced in the matter by Sir Francis Walsingham.[84] The Catholics were commanded by the Duke d'Anjou – later King Henry III – and assisted by troops from Spain, the Papal States, and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.[86]The Protestant army laid siege to several cities in the Poitou and Saintonge regions (to protect La Rochelle), and then Angoulême and Cognac. At the Battle of Jarnac (16 March 1569), the prince of Condé was killed, forcing Admiral de Coligny to take command of the Protestant forces, nominally on behalf of Condé's 16-year-old son, Henry, and the 15-year-old Henry of Navarre, who were presented by Jeanne d'Albret as the legitimate leaders of the Huguenot cause against royal authority. The Battle of La Roche-l'Abeille was a nominal victory for the Huguenots, but they were unable to seize control of Poitiers and were soundly defeated at the Battle of Moncontour (30 October 1569). Coligny and his troops retreated to the south-west and regrouped with Gabriel, comte de Montgomery, and in spring of 1570, they pillaged Toulouse, cut a path through the south of France, and went up the Rhone valley up to La Charité-sur-Loire.[87] The staggering royal debt and Charles IX's desire to seek a peaceful solution[88] led to the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (8 August 1570), negotiated by Jeanne d'Albret, which once more allowed some concessions to the Huguenots.[89]","title":"1562–1570"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Debat-Ponsan-matin-Louvre.jpg"},{"link_name":"Édouard Debat-Ponsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Debat-Ponsan"},{"link_name":"Catherine de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Valois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201042-91"},{"link_name":"Coligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Coligny_d%27Andelot"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2009187-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt200581-93"},{"link_name":"Spanish Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201045-94"},{"link_name":"Coligny was shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Admiral_Coligny"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouanna200774-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstebe1968109-96"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt200583-97"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt200584%E2%80%9385-98"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt200588-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2009114-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt200588%E2%80%9391-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"spread to more than a dozen cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Day_Massacre_in_the_Provinces"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Prince of Condé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_I_de_Bourbon,_prince_de_Cond%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouanna2007112-105"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht2016108-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland1980222%E2%80%93223-107"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouanna2007158-108"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouanna2007160%E2%80%93169-109"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt200595%E2%80%9396-110"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict1978224-111"}],"text":"One morning at the gates of the Louvre, 19th-century painting by Édouard Debat-Ponsan. (Catherine de' Medici is in black.)With the kingdom once more at peace, the crown began seeking a policy of reconciliation to bring the fractured polity back together. One key part of this was to be a marriage between Navarre the son of Jeanne d'Albret and Antoine of Navarre, and Margaret of Valois the king's sister. Albret was hesitant, worried it might lead to the abjuration of her son, and it took until March 1572 for the contract to be signed.[90]Coligny, who had a price on his head during the third civil war, was restored to favour through the peace, and received lavishly at court in August 1571.[91][92] He firmly believed that France should invade the Spanish Netherlands to unify the Catholics and Huguenots behind the king. Charles, however, was unwilling to provide more than covert support to this project, not wanting open war with Spain. The council was unanimous in rejecting Coligny's policy and he left court, not finding it welcoming.[93]In August the wedding was at last held, and all the most powerful Huguenot aristocracy had entered Paris for the occasion. A few days after the wedding, Coligny was shot on his way home from council.[94] The outraged Huguenot nobility demanded justice which the king promised to provide.[95] Catherine, Guise, Anjou, Alba were all variously suspected, though the Huguenot nobility directed their anger primarily at Guise, threatening to kill him in front of the king.[96]The court, increasingly alarmed at the possibility of Protestant forces marching on the capital, or a new civil war, decided to pre-emptively strike at the Huguenot leadership.[97] On the morning of 24 August, several kill squads were formed, one going out under Guise, which killed Coligny around 4am, leaving his body on the street where it was mutilated by Parisians and thrown into the Seine.[98][99]By dawn it was clear the assassinations had not gone according to plan, with militant factions of the population slaughtering their Huguenot neighbours under the claim that 'the king willed it'.[100] For the next five days, the violence continued as Catholics massacred Calvinist men, women, and children and looted their houses.[101] King Charles IX informed ambassadors that he had ordered the assassinations to prevent a Huguenot coup and proclaimed a day of jubilee in celebration even as the killings continued.[102] Over the next few weeks, the disorder spread to more than a dozen cities across France. Historians estimate that 2,000 Huguenots were killed in Paris and thousands more in the provinces; in all, perhaps 10,000 people were killed.[103] Henry of Navarre and his cousin, the young Prince of Condé, managed to avoid death by agreeing to convert to Catholicism. Both repudiated their conversions after they escaped Paris.[104][105][106]The massacre provoked horror and outrage among Protestants throughout Europe, but both Philip II of Spain and Pope Gregory XIII, following the official version that a Huguenot coup had been thwarted, celebrated the outcome. In France, Huguenot opposition to the crown was seriously weakened by the deaths of many of the leaders. Many Huguenots emigrated to Protestant countries. Others reconverted to Catholicism for survival, and the remainder concentrated in a small number of cities where they formed a majority.[107][108][109][110]","title":"St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and the \"fourth\" war (1572–1573)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sieges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege"},{"link_name":"Sommières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommi%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"Henri I de Montmorency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_I_de_Montmorency"},{"link_name":"Sancerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sancerre"},{"link_name":"La Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle_(1572%E2%80%931573)"},{"link_name":"duke of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Edict of Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Boulogne"},{"link_name":"Montauban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauban"},{"link_name":"Nîmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEmes"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"}],"sub_title":"The \"fourth\" war (1572–1573)","text":"The massacres provoked further military action, which included Catholic sieges of the cities of Sommières (by troops led by Henri I de Montmorency), Sancerre, and La Rochelle (by troops led by the duke of Anjou). The end of hostilities was brought on by the election (11–15 May 1573) of the Duke of Anjou to the throne of Poland and by the Edict of Boulogne (signed in July 1573), which severely curtailed many of the rights previously granted to French Protestants. Based on the terms of the treaty, all Huguenots were granted amnesty for their past actions and the freedom of belief. However, they were permitted the freedom to worship only within the three towns of La Rochelle, Montauban, and Nîmes, and even then only within their own residences. Protestant aristocrats with the right of high-justice were permitted to celebrate marriages and baptisms, but only before an assembly limited to ten persons outside of their family.[111]","title":"St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and the \"fourth\" war (1572–1573)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1574–1580"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"duke of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"duke of Alençon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye"},{"link_name":"Condé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_I_de_Bourbon,_prince_de_Cond%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"St Bartholemew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre"},{"link_name":"Lower Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Poitou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou"},{"link_name":"Rhône","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhone"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"King of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Montmorency-Damville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_I_de_Montmorency"},{"link_name":"Midi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_France"},{"link_name":"Rheims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheims"},{"link_name":"Louise Vaudémont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_de_Lorraine-Vaud%C3%A9mont"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"John Casimir of the Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I,_Count_Palatine_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne,_France"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Edict of Beaulieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Beaulieu"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht2016109-116"}],"sub_title":"Death of Charles IX and the \"fifth\" war (1574–1576)","text":"In the absence of the duke of Anjou, disputes between Charles and his youngest brother, the duke of Alençon, led to many Huguenots congregating around Alençon for patronage and support. A failed coup at Saint-Germain (February 1574), allegedly aiming to release Condé and Navarre who had been held at court since St Bartholemew's, coincided with rather successful Huguenot uprisings in other parts of France such as Lower Normandy, Poitou, and the Rhône valley, which reinitiated hostilities.[112]Three months after Henry of Anjou's coronation as King of Poland, his brother Charles IX died (May 1574) and his mother declared herself regent until his return. Henry secretly left Poland and returned via Venice to France, where he faced the defection of Montmorency-Damville, ex-commander in the Midi (November 1574). Despite having failed to have established his authority over the Midi, he was crowned King Henry III, at Rheims (February 1575), marrying Louise Vaudémont, a kinswoman of the Guise, the following day. By April, the crown was already seeking to negotiate,[113] and the escape of Alençon from court in September prompted the possibility of an overwhelming coalition of forces against the crown, as John Casimir of the Palatinate invaded Champagne. The crown hastily negotiated a truce of seven months with Alençon and promised Casimir's forces 500,000 livres to stay east of the Rhine,[114] but neither action secured a peace. By May 1576, the crown was forced to accept the terms of Alençon, and the Huguenots who supported him, in the Edict of Beaulieu, known as the Peace of Monsieur.[115]","title":"1574–1580"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Procession_de_la_Ligue_1590_Carnavalet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"link_name":"Musée Carnavalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet"},{"link_name":"Edict of Beaulieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Beaulieu"},{"link_name":"Catholic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"link_name":"Henry I, Duke of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"House of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Duke of Mayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_of_Lorraine,_Duke_of_Mayenne"},{"link_name":"Duke of Aumale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Aumale"},{"link_name":"Duke of Elbeuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I,_Duke_of_Elbeuf"},{"link_name":"Duke of Mercœur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Emmanuel,_Duke_of_Merc%C5%93ur"},{"link_name":"Duke of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht2016110-117"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabelon2009331-118"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmon1975236%E2%80%93237-119"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmon1975247%E2%80%93250-120"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knecht65-121"},{"link_name":"Estates-General at Blois in December 1576","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_General_of_1576"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knecht65-121"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knecht65-121"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knecht65-121"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland1980263-122"},{"link_name":"Estates General of 1576","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_General_of_1576"},{"link_name":"Poitou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou"},{"link_name":"German states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Bergerac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bergerac"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"}],"sub_title":"The Catholic League and the \"sixth\" war (1576–1577)","text":"Armed procession of the Catholic League in Paris in 1590, Musée Carnavalet, Paris.The Edict of Beaulieu granted many concessions to the Calvinists, but these were short-lived in the face of the Catholic League – which the ultra-Catholic, Henry I, Duke of Guise, had formed in opposition to it. The House of Guise had long been identified with the defense of the Roman Catholic Church and the Duke of Guise and his relations – the Duke of Mayenne, Duke of Aumale, Duke of Elbeuf, Duke of Mercœur, and the Duke of Lorraine – controlled extensive territories that were loyal to the League. The League also had a large following among the urban middle class.[116][117][118][119]King Henry III at first tried to co-opt the head of the Catholic League and steer it towards a negotiated settlement.[120] This was anathema to the Guise leaders, who wanted to bankrupt the Huguenots and divide their considerable assets with the King. A test of King Henry III's leadership occurred at the meeting of the Estates-General at Blois in December 1576.[120] At the meeting of the Estates-General, there was only one Huguenot delegate present among all of the three estates;[120] the rest of the delegates were Catholics with the Catholic League heavily represented. Accordingly, the Estates-General pressured Henry III into conducting a war against the Huguenots. In response Henry said he would reopen hostilities with the Huguenots but wanted the Estates-General to vote him the funds to carry out the war.[120] Yet, the Third Estate refused to vote for the necessary taxes to fund this war.[121]The Estates General of 1576 failed to resolve matters, and by December, the Huguenots had already taken up arms in Poitou and Guyenne. While the Guise faction had the unwavering support of the Spanish Crown, the Huguenots had the advantage of a strong power base in the southwest; they were also discreetly supported by foreign Protestant governments, but in practice, England or the German states could provide few troops in the ensuing conflict. After much posturing and negotiations, Henry III rescinded most of the concessions that had been made to the Protestants in the Edict of Beaulieu with the Treaty of Bergerac (September 1577), confirmed in the Edict of Poitiers passed six days later.[122]","title":"1574–1580"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Duke of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Dutch Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Condé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_I_de_Bourbon,_prince_de_Cond%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"La Fère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_F%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Fleix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fleix"},{"link_name":"Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt200270-124"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouannaBoucherBiloghiThiec19981248-125"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmon1975204-126"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt2002140-127"}],"sub_title":"The \"seventh\" war (1579–1580)","text":"Despite Henry according his youngest brother Francis the title of Duke of Anjou, the prince and his followers continued to create disorder at court through their involvement in the Dutch Revolt. Meanwhile, the regional situation disintegrated into disorder as both Catholics and Protestants armed themselves in 'self defence'. In November 1579, Condé seized the town of La Fère, leading to another round of military action, which was brought to an end by the Treaty of Fleix (November 1580), negotiated by Anjou.[123][124][125][126]","title":"1574–1580"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"War of the Three Henrys (1585–1589)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duke of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Salic Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salic_Law"},{"link_name":"Henry of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Joinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Joinville"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Nemours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nemours"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstant1984134-128"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht2016225%E2%80%93236-129"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt2002211-130"}],"sub_title":"Death of Anjou and ensuing succession crisis (1584–1585)","text":"The fragile compromise came to an end in 1584, when the Duke of Anjou, the King's youngest brother and heir presumptive, died. As Henry III had no son, under Salic Law, the next heir to the throne was the Calvinist Prince Henry of Navarre, a descendant of Louis IX. When it became clear that Henry of Navarre would not renounce his Protestantism, the Duke of Guise signed the Treaty of Joinville (31 December 1584) on behalf of the League, with Philip II of Spain, who supplied a considerable annual grant to the League over the following decade to maintain the civil war in France, with the hope of destroying the French Calvinists. Under pressure from the Guise, Henry III reluctantly issued the Treaty of Nemours (7 July 1585) and an edict suppressing Protestantism (18 July 1585) and annulling Henry of Navarre's right to the throne.[127][128][129]","title":"War of the Three Henrys (1585–1589)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_duc_de_Guise_lors_de_la_journee_des_barricades_by_Paul_Lehugeur_19th_century.jpg"},{"link_name":"Duke of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"Day of the Barricades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Barricades"},{"link_name":"Henry of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Committee of Sixteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Committee_of_Sixteen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Day of the Barricades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Barricades"},{"link_name":"Catherine de'Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27Medici"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Nemours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nemours"},{"link_name":"Cardinal de Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_de_Bourbon_(born_1523)"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-General_(France)"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht2016254%E2%80%93257-131"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt2005131-132"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmon1975240-133"}],"sub_title":"Escalation into war (1585)","text":"The Duke of Guise during the Day of the BarricadesThe situation degenerated into open warfare even without the King having the necessary funds. Henry of Navarre again sought foreign aid from the German princes and Elizabeth I of England. Meanwhile, the solidly Catholic people of Paris, under the influence of the Committee of Sixteen, were becoming dissatisfied with Henry III and his failure to defeat the Calvinists. On 12 May 1588, the Day of the Barricades, a popular uprising raised barricades on the streets of Paris to defend the Duke of Guise against the alleged hostility of the king, and Henry III fled the city. The Committee of Sixteen took complete control of the government, while the Guise protected the surrounding supply lines. The mediation of Catherine de'Medici led to the Edict of Union, in which the crown accepted almost all the League's demands: reaffirming the Treaty of Nemours, recognizing Cardinal de Bourbon as heir, and making Henry of Guise Lieutenant-General.[130][131][132]","title":"War of the Three Henrys (1585–1589)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L%C3%A9gended%27Henri_III.jpg"},{"link_name":"Duke of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"Catholic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Estates General to meet at Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_General_of_1588"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"third estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_General_(France)"},{"link_name":"League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"link_name":"duke of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_I,_Duke_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Saluzzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saluzzo"},{"link_name":"Château de Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_Blois"},{"link_name":"Henry of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"Cardinal de Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II,_Cardinal_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J._Knecht,_p._72-135"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Henry of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux2006237-136"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht2010121-137"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Roux2006158-138"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1996174-139"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht2016288-140"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt2005132-141"}],"sub_title":"The Estates-General of Blois and assassination of Henry of Guise (1588)","text":"Assassination of the Duke of Guise, leader of the Catholic League, by King Henry III, in 1588Refusing to return to Paris, Henry III called for an Estates General to meet at Blois.[133] During the Estates-General, Henry III suspected that the members of the third estate were being manipulated by the League and became convinced that Guise had encouraged the duke of Savoy's invasion of Saluzzo in October 1588. Viewing the House of Guise as a dangerous threat to the power of the Crown, Henry III decided to strike first. On 23 December 1588, at the Château de Blois, Henry of Guise and his brother, the Cardinal de Guise, were lured into a trap by the King's guards.[134] The Duke arrived in the council chamber where his brother the Cardinal waited. The Duke was told that the King wished to see him in the private room adjoining the royal chambers. There guardsmen seized the duke and stabbed him in the heart, while others arrested the Cardinal who later died on the pikes of his escort. To make sure that no contender for the French throne was free to act against him, the King had the Duke's son imprisoned. The Duke of Guise had been highly popular in France, and the Catholic League declared open war against King Henry III. The Sorbonne declared Henri deposed. Henri for his part now joined forces with his cousin, the Huguenot, Henry of Navarre, to war against the League.[135][136][137][138][139][140]","title":"War of the Three Henrys (1585–1589)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques_Cl%C3%A9ment.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacques Clément","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cl%C3%A9ment"},{"link_name":"Catholic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Duke of Mayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_of_Lorraine,_Duke_of_Mayenne"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Sorbonne"},{"link_name":"regicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regicide"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J._Knecht,_p._72-135"},{"link_name":"Saint-Cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Cloud"},{"link_name":"Dominican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Jacques Clément","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cl%C3%A9ment"},{"link_name":"Henry of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"statecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Salic Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salic_Law"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht2016304-143"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht2014b238-144"}],"sub_title":"The assassination of Henry III (1589)","text":"Jacques Clément, a supporter of the Catholic League, assassinating Henry III in 1589It thus fell upon the younger brother of the Duke of Guise, the Duke of Mayenne, to lead the Catholic League. The League presses began printing anti-royalist tracts under a variety of pseudonyms, while the Sorbonne proclaimed on 7 January 1589 that it was just and necessary to depose Henry III, and that any private citizen was morally free to commit regicide.[134] In July 1589, in the royal camp at Saint-Cloud, a Dominican friar named Jacques Clément gained an audience with the King and drove a long knife into his spleen. Clément was killed on the spot, taking with him the information of who, if anyone, had hired him. On his deathbed, Henry III called for Henry of Navarre, and begged him, in the name of statecraft, to become a Catholic, citing the brutal warfare that would ensue if he refused.[141] In keeping with Salic Law, he named Henry as his heir.[142] However, many Catholics considered Navarre's Protestantism to be unacceptable. Navarre later declared that he would uphold the Catholic faith without changes.[143]","title":"War of the Three Henrys (1585–1589)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Arques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arques"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201079-145"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmon1975279-146"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabelon2009465%E2%80%93466-147"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivryrubens.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Peter Paul Rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens"},{"link_name":"Forty Martyrs of England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitts2012154-148"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201079-145"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstant1996248%E2%80%93258-149"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ivry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ivry"},{"link_name":"Duke of Mayenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_of_Lorraine,_Duke_of_Mayenne"},{"link_name":"to besiege Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1590)"},{"link_name":"Duke of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"repeated at Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen_(1591)"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabelon2009484-150"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitts2012154-148"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstant1996250%E2%80%93255-151"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2005242-152"},{"link_name":"Siege of Caudebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Caudebec"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Ranuccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranuccio_I_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras,_France"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabelon2009536%E2%80%93537-153"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstant1996406-154"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmon1975262-155"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitts2012164-156"}],"text":"The state of affairs in 1589 was that Henry of Navarre, now Henry IV of France, held the south and west, and the Catholic League the north and east. The leadership of the Catholic League had devolved to the Duke de Mayenne, who was appointed Lieutenant-General of the kingdom. He and his troops controlled most of rural Normandy. However, in September 1589, Henry inflicted a severe defeat on the Duke at the Battle of Arques. Henry's army swept through Normandy, taking town after town throughout the winter.[144][145][146]Henry IV at the Battle of Ivry, by Peter Paul RubensThe King knew that he had to take Paris if he stood any chance of ruling all of France. This, however, was no easy task. The Catholic League's presses and supporters continued to spread stories about atrocities committed against Catholic priests and the laity in Protestant England (see Forty Martyrs of England and Wales). The city prepared to fight to the death rather than accept a Calvinist king.[147][144][148]The Battle of Ivry, fought on 14 March 1590, was another decisive victory for Henry against forces led by the Duke of Mayenne. Henry's forces then went on to besiege Paris, but after a long and desperately fought resistance by the Parisians, Henry's siege was lifted by a Spanish army under the command of the Duke of Parma. Then, what had happened at Paris was repeated at Rouen (November 1591 – March 1592).[149][147][150][151]Parma was subsequently wounded in the hand during the Siege of Caudebec whilst trapped by Henry's army. Having then made a miraculous escape from there, he withdrew into Flanders, but with his health quickly declining, Farnese called his son Ranuccio to command his troops. He was, however, removed from the position of governor by the Spanish court and died in Arras on 3 December. For Henry and the Protestant army at least, Parma was no longer a threat.[152][153][154][155]","title":"Henry IV's \"conquest of the kingdom\" (1589–1593)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Emmanuel,_Duke_of_Merc%C5%93ur"},{"link_name":"governor of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Catholic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"link_name":"Marie de Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"dukes of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Penthièvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_of_Penthi%C3%A8vre"},{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantes"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"infanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanta"},{"link_name":"Isabella Clara Eugenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia"},{"link_name":"Juan del Águila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_del_%C3%81guila"},{"link_name":"Duke of Montpensier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Bourbon-Montpensier,_Duke_of_Montpensier"},{"link_name":"Battle of Craon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Craon"},{"link_name":"Martin Frobisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Frobisher"},{"link_name":"John Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Norris_(soldier)"},{"link_name":"besieged Fort Crozon, also known as the \"Fort of the Lion (El León)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Crozon"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_France"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"}],"sub_title":"War in Brittany","text":"Meanwhile, Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur, whom Henry III had made governor of Brittany in 1582, was endeavouring to make himself independent in that province. A leader of the Catholic League, he invoked the hereditary rights of his wife, Marie de Luxembourg, who was a descendant of the dukes of Brittany and heiress of the Blois-Brosse claim to the duchy as well as Duchess of Penthièvre in Brittany, and organized a government at Nantes. Proclaiming his son \"prince and duke of Brittany\", he allied with Philip II of Spain, who sought to place his own daughter, infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia, on the throne of Brittany. With the aid of the Spanish under Juan del Águila, Mercœur defeated Henry IV's forces under the Duke of Montpensier at the Battle of Craon in 1592, but the royal troops, reinforced by English contingents, soon recovered the advantage; in September 1594, Martin Frobisher and John Norris with eight warships and 4,000 men besieged Fort Crozon, also known as the \"Fort of the Lion (El León)\" near Brest and captured it on November 7, killing 400 Spaniards including women and children as only 13 survived.[156][157]","title":"Henry IV's \"conquest of the kingdom\" (1589–1593)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Toward peace (1593–1598)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entrance_of_Henry_IV_in_Paris_22_March_1594.jpg"},{"link_name":"cuirassiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuirassier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%A9part_des_espagnols_de_Paris_le_22_mars_1594_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_IV_en_Herculeus_terrassant_l_Hydre_de_Lerne_cad_La_ligue_Catholique_Atelier_Toussaint_Dubreuil_circa_1600.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules"},{"link_name":"Lernaean Hydra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lernaean_Hydra"},{"link_name":"Catholic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"link_name":"Toussaint Dubreuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toussaint_Dubreuil"},{"link_name":"Louvre Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Museum"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Chartres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KnechtFrenchCivilWars270-160"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII"},{"link_name":"excommunication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunication"},{"link_name":"Tridentine Decrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trent"},{"link_name":"Béarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9arn"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KnechtFrenchCivilWars270-160"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland1980296%E2%80%93300-161"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmon1975294-162"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedict199936-163"}],"sub_title":"Conversion","text":"Entrance of Henry IV in Paris, 22 March 1594, with 1,500 cuirassiersDeparture of Spanish troops from Paris, 22 March 1594Henry IV, as Hercules vanquishing the Lernaean Hydra (i.e. the Catholic League), by Toussaint Dubreuil, circa 1600. Louvre Museum.Despite the campaigns between 1590 and 1592, Henry IV was \"no closer to capturing Paris\".[158] Realising that Henry III had been right and that there was no prospect of a Protestant king succeeding in resolutely Catholic Paris, Henry agreed to convert, reputedly stating \"Paris vaut bien une messe\" (\"Paris is well worth a Mass\"). He was formally received into the Catholic Church in 1593, and was crowned at Chartres in 1594 as League members maintained control of the Cathedral of Reims, and, sceptical of Henry's sincerity, continued to oppose him. He was finally received into Paris in March 1594, and 120 League members in the city who refused to submit were banished from the capital.[159] Paris' capitulation encouraged the same of many other towns, while others returned to support the crown after Pope Clement VIII absolved Henry, revoking his excommunication in return for the publishing of the Tridentine Decrees, the restoration of Catholicism in Béarn, and appointing only Catholics to high office.[159] Evidently Henry's conversion worried Protestant nobles, many of whom had, until then, hoped to win not just concessions but a complete reformation of the French Church, and their acceptance of Henry was by no means a foregone conclusion.[160][161][162]","title":"Toward peace (1593–1598)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fontaine-Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fontaine-Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Le Catelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Le_Catelet_(1595)"},{"link_name":"Doullens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Doullens"},{"link_name":"Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrai"},{"link_name":"capturing Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1596)"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"},{"link_name":"laid siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Amiens_(1597)"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Edict of Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes"},{"link_name":"Bellièvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomponne_de_Belli%C3%A8vre"},{"link_name":"Edict of Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes"},{"link_name":"Peace of Vervins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Vervins"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt2005165-165"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabelon2009610%E2%80%93611-166"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmon1975294-162"}],"sub_title":"War with Spain (1595–1598)","text":"By the end of 1594, certain League members still worked against Henry across the country, but all relied on Spain's support. In January 1595, the king declared war on Spain to show Catholics that Spain was using religion as a cover for an attack on the French state – and to show Protestants that his conversion had not made him a puppet of Spain. Also, he hoped to reconquer large parts of northern France from the Franco-Spanish Catholic forces.[163] The conflict mostly consisted of military action aimed at League members, such as the Battle of Fontaine-Française, though the Spanish launched a concerted offensive in 1595, taking Le Catelet, Doullens and Cambrai (the latter after a fierce bombardment), and in the spring of 1596 capturing Calais by April. Following the Spanish capture of Amiens in March 1597 the French crown laid siege until its surrender in September. With that victory Henry's concerns then turned to the situation in Brittany where he promulgated the Edict of Nantes and sent Bellièvre and Brulart de Sillery to negotiate a peace with Spain. The war was drawn to an official close after the Edict of Nantes, with the Peace of Vervins in May 1598.[164][165][161]","title":"Toward peace (1593–1598)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angers"},{"link_name":"Duke of Vendôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_de_Bourbon,_duc_de_Vend%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitts2012207%E2%80%93208-167"}],"sub_title":"Resolution of the war in Brittany (1598–1599)","text":"In early 1598, the king marched against Mercœur in person, and received his submission at Angers on 20 March 1598. Mercœur subsequently went to exile in Hungary. Mercœur's daughter and heiress was married to the Duke of Vendôme, an illegitimate son of Henry IV.[166]","title":"Toward peace (1593–1598)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edit_de_Nantes_Avril_1598.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edict of Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Duke of Sully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_de_B%C3%A9thune,_duc_de_Sully"},{"link_name":"Edict of Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes"},{"link_name":"toleration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_toleration"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"parlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitts2012329-169"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht201097-170"}],"text":"The Edict of Nantes, April 1598Henry IV was faced with the task of rebuilding a shattered and impoverished kingdom and uniting it under a single authority. Henry and his advisor, the Duke of Sully saw that the essential first step in this was the negotiation of the Edict of Nantes, which to promote civil unity granted the Huguenots substantial rights – but rather than being a sign of genuine toleration, was in fact a kind of grudging truce between the religions, with guarantees for both sides.[167] The Edict can be said to mark the end of the Wars of Religion, though its apparent success was not assured at the time of its publication. Indeed, in January 1599, Henry had to visit the parlement in person to have the Edict passed. Religious tensions continued to affect politics for many years to come, though never to the same degree, and Henry IV faced many attempts on his life; the last succeeding in May 1610.[168][169]","title":"The Edict of Nantes (1598)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soubise_12_15_Septembre_1625.jpg"},{"link_name":"captures the Île de Ré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_R%C3%A9_island"},{"link_name":"Huguenots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Louis XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Peace of Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Montpellier"},{"link_name":"La Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochelle"},{"link_name":"Montauban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montauban"},{"link_name":"Siege of La Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Richelieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt2005186%E2%80%93192-172"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RichelieuRochelle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richelieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu"},{"link_name":"Siege of La Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle"},{"link_name":"Huguenots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-173"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-173"},{"link_name":"dragonnades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonnade"},{"link_name":"Edict of Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-173"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg-Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt2005193-174"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Cévennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9vennes"},{"link_name":"Massif Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif_Central"},{"link_name":"Camisards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camisard"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The French royal fleet captures the Île de Ré, a Huguenot strongholdAlthough the Edict of Nantes concluded the fighting during Henry IV's reign, the political freedoms it granted to the Huguenots (seen by detractors as \"a state within the state\") became an increasing source of trouble during the 17th century. The damage done to the Huguenots meant a decline from 10% to 8% of the French population.[170] The decision of King Louis XIII to reintroduce Catholicism in a portion of southwestern France prompted a Huguenot revolt. By the Peace of Montpellier in 1622, the fortified Protestant towns were reduced to two: La Rochelle and Montauban. Another war followed, which concluded with the Siege of La Rochelle, in which royal forces led by Cardinal Richelieu blockaded the city for fourteen months. Under the 1629 Peace of La Rochelle, the brevets of the Edict (sections of the treaty that dealt with military and pastoral clauses and were renewable by letters patent) were entirely withdrawn, though Protestants retained their prewar religious freedoms.[171]Richelieu, depicted at the 1627–1628 Siege of La Rochelle, put an end to the political and military autonomy of the Huguenots,[172] while preserving their religious rights.Over the remainder of Louis XIII's reign, and especially during the minority of Louis XIV, the implementation of the Edict varied year by year. In 1661 Louis XIV, who was particularly hostile to the Huguenots, started assuming control of his government and began to disregard some of the provisions of the Edict.[172] In 1681, he instituted the policy of dragonnades, to intimidate Huguenot families to convert to Roman Catholicism or emigrate. Finally, in October 1685, Louis issued the Edict of Fontainebleau, which formally revoked the Edict and made the practice of Protestantism illegal in France. The revocation of the Edict had very damaging results for France.[172] While it did not prompt renewed religious warfare, many Protestants chose to leave France rather than convert, with most moving to the Kingdom of England, Brandenburg-Prussia, the Dutch Republic, Switzerland and the Americas.[173][174]At the dawn of the 18th century, Protestants remained in significant numbers in the remote Cévennes region of the Massif Central. This population, known as the Camisards, revolted against the government in 1702, leading to fighting that continued intermittently until 1715, after which the Camisards were largely left in peace.[citation needed]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Wars of Religion § Name and periodisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Name_and_periodisation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dragonnades430.jpg"},{"link_name":"dragonnades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonnades"},{"link_name":"Edict of Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Saint-Germain"},{"link_name":"Massacre of Vassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Vassy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiserDrassBrustein1994323%E2%80%93324-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiserDrassBrustein1994323%E2%80%93324-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013390%E2%80%93391-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201714%E2%80%9316-2"},{"link_name":"Edict of Amboise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Amboise"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dreux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dreux"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiserDrassBrustein1994323%E2%80%93324-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013390%E2%80%93391-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201714%E2%80%9316-2"},{"link_name":"Peace of Longjumeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Longjumeau"},{"link_name":"Battle of Saint Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Denis_(1567)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiserDrassBrustein1994323%E2%80%93324-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013390%E2%80%93391-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201714%E2%80%9316-2"},{"link_name":"Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jarnac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jarnac"},{"link_name":"Battle of La Roche-l'Abeille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_La_Roche-l%27Abeille"},{"link_name":"Battle of Moncontour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moncontour"},{"link_name":"St. Bartholomew's Day massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiserDrassBrustein1994323%E2%80%93324-8"},{"link_name":"Jeanne d'Albret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiserDrassBrustein1994323%E2%80%93324-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013390%E2%80%93391-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201714%E2%80%9316-2"},{"link_name":"Edict of Boulogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Boulogne"},{"link_name":"Siege of La Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle_(1572-1573)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiserDrassBrustein1994323%E2%80%93324-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013390%E2%80%93391-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201714%E2%80%9316-2"},{"link_name":"Edict of Beaulieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Beaulieu"},{"link_name":"Catholic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiserDrassBrustein1994323%E2%80%93324-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013390%E2%80%93391-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201714%E2%80%9316-2"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Bergerac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bergerac"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiserDrassBrustein1994323%E2%80%93324-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013390%E2%80%93391-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201714%E2%80%9316-2"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Fleix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fleix"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013390%E2%80%93391-9"},{"link_name":"François, Duke of Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Joinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Joinville"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Nemours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nemours"},{"link_name":"Pope Sixtus V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V"},{"link_name":"Henri, Prince of Condé (1552–1588)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9_(1552%E2%80%931588)"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouannaBoucherBiloghiThiec1998387-176"},{"link_name":"War of the Three Henrys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Three_Henrys"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013390%E2%80%93391-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201714%E2%80%9316-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiserDrassBrustein1994323%E2%80%93324-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013390%E2%80%93391-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201714%E2%80%9316-2"},{"link_name":"Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Emmanuel,_Duke_of_Merc%C5%93ur"},{"link_name":"Fontenay-le-Comte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontenay-le-Comte"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browning-177"},{"link_name":"Brouage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiers-Brouage"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browning-177"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browning-177"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browning-177"},{"link_name":"Oléron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%C3%A9ron"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browning-177"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browning-177"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browning-177"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Browning-177"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jarrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jarrie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Jarrie"},{"link_name":"Battle of Coutras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Coutras"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013390-178"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2006327-179"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vimory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vimory"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013390-178"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013390-178"},{"link_name":"Day of the Barricades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Barricades"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2006327-179"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013390-178"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013390%E2%80%93391-9"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2006327-179"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013391-180"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2006328-181"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2006328-181"},{"link_name":"Succession of Henry IV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_of_Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiserDrassBrustein1994323%E2%80%93324-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013390%E2%80%93391-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201714%E2%80%9316-2"},{"link_name":"Battle of Arques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arques"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013391-180"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2006327-179"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ivry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ivry"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013391-180"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2006327-179"},{"link_name":"Charles de Bourbon (cardinal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_de_Bourbon_(born_1523)"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2006327-179"},{"link_name":"Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"to go on the offensive in the Habsburg Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Years_(Eighty_Years%27_War)"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Lem2019143-182"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2006327-179"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2006327-179"},{"link_name":"Siege of Rouen (1591–1592)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen_(1591%E2%80%931592)"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2006328-181"},{"link_name":"Siege of Caudebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Caudebec"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2006328-181"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2006328-181"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2006328-181"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2006328-181"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiserDrassBrustein1994323%E2%80%93324-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013390%E2%80%93391-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201714%E2%80%9316-2"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2006328-181"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fontaine-Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fontaine-Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Siege of Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Amiens_(1597)"},{"link_name":"Edict of Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013391-180"},{"link_name":"Peace of Vervins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Vervins"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2013391-180"},{"link_name":"Huguenot rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot_rebellions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Edict of Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau"}],"text":"See also: French Wars of Religion § Name and periodisationProtestant engraving representing 'les dragonnades' in France under Louis XIV17 January 1562: Edict of Saint-Germain, often called the \"Edict of January\"\n1 March 1562: Massacre of Vassy (Wassy)[8]\nMarch 1562 – March 1563: usually known as the \"First War\",[8][9][2] ended by the Edict of Amboise\n19 December 1562: Battle of Dreux\nSeptember 1567 – March 1568: usually known as the \"Second War\",[8][9][2] ended by the Peace of Longjumeau\n10 November 1567: Battle of Saint Denis\n7 April 1568: Siege of Puylaurens\n1568–1570: usually known as the \"Third War\",[8][9][2] ended by the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye\nMarch 1569: Battle of Jarnac\nJune 1569: Battle of La Roche-l'Abeille\nOctober 1569: Battle of Moncontour\n1572: St. Bartholomew's Day massacre[8]\nJune 1572: Death of Jeanne d'Albret\n1572–1573: usually known as the \"Fourth War\",[8][9][2] ended by the Edict of Boulogne\nNovember 1572 – July 1573: Siege of La Rochelle\nMay 1573: Henry d'Anjou elected King of Poland\n1574: Death of Charles IX\n1574–1576: usually known as the \"Fifth War\",[8][9][2] ended by the Edict of Beaulieu\n1576: Formation of the first Catholic League in France\n1576–1577: usually known as the \"Sixth War\",[8][9][2] ended by the Treaty of Bergerac (also known as the \"Edict of Poitiers\")\n1579–1580: usually known as the \"Seventh War\",[8][9][2] ended by the Treaty of Fleix. Sometimes also known as the \"Lovers' War\"[9]\nJune 1584: Death of François, Duke of Anjou, heir presumptive\nDecember 1584: Treaty of Joinville\n7 July 1585: Treaty of Nemours\n1585: Pope Sixtus V excommunicated Henry of Navarre and Henri, Prince of Condé (1552–1588)\n1585–1598: sometimes known as the \"Eighth War\".[175] It can be subdivided in three periods:\n1585–1589: usually known as the War of the Three Henrys,[9][2] sometimes also known as the \"Eighth War\"[8][9][2]\n1585: Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur invaded Poitou, was defeated by Condé in the Battle of Fontenay-le-Comte[176]\nOctober 1585: Failed Siege of Brouage by Condé[176]\nOctober 1585: Castle of Angers fell in royalist hands, Condé's army scattered[176]\nJanuary 1586: Henry of Navarre issued pacifist proclamations while rebuilding his army[176]\nFebruary 1586: Condé captured La Rochelle and Oléron[176]\nApril 1586: Failed royalist attack on La Rochelle[176]\nLate 1586: Royalist Siege of Marans[176]\nLate 1586: Henry III called on parties to cease hostilities for peace talks, which broke down[176]\n19 August 1587: Battle of Jarrie [fr]\n20 October 1587: Battle of Coutras[177][178]\n26 October 1587: Battle of Vimory[177]\n1587: Battle of Auneau[177]\n12 May 1588: Day of the Barricades. Catholic League seized control of Paris from Henry III, who fled to Chartres[178]\n1588: Henry III's submission to Henry of Guise[177]\nDecember 1588: Assassination of the Duke Henry of Guise and his brother Cardinal Louis of Guise on the orders of Henry III[9]\n3 April 1589: Henry III and Henry of Navarre signed a truce and an alliance against the Catholic League, and started besieging Paris[178]\n1 August 1589: Assassination of Henry III;[179][180] by Salic Law, Henry of Navarre formally became king Henry IV of France, but most Catholics initially refused to recognise him as such[180]\n1589–1594: sometimes known as the Succession of Henry IV of France,[citation needed] sometimes also taken together with the 1594–1598 period as the \"Ninth War\"[8][9][2]\n21 September 1589: Battle of Arques[179][178]\nMarch 1590: Battle of Ivry,[179]\n7 April – 30 August 1590: Siege of Paris by Henry IV[178]\n9 May 1590: Charles de Bourbon (cardinal), considered the rightful king Charles X of France by the Catholic League, died in Henry IV's custody[178]\n19 September 1590: Spanish general Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma intervened and relieved Paris; this allowed the Dutch Republic to go on the offensive in the Habsburg Netherlands[181][178]\nMarch 1591: Pope Gregory XIV excommunicated Henry IV for a second time[178]\nNovember 1591 – April 1592: Siege of Rouen (1591–1592)[180]\n24 April – 21 May 1592: Siege of Caudebec\n25 July 1593: Henry IV abjured Protestantism and reconverted to Catholicism[180]\n27 February 1594: Henry IV crowned in Chartres[180]\n22 March 1594: Paris surrendered to Henry IV[180]\n1595–1598: sometimes known simply as the \"Franco-Spanish War of 1595–1598\",[180] sometimes also taken together with the 1589–1594 period as the \"Ninth War\"[8][9][2]\n17 January 1595: Henry IV of France declared war on Philip II of Spain after discovering another Spanish plot to invade France[180]\nJune 1595: Battle of Fontaine-Française\nApril–September 1597: Siege of Amiens\nApril 1598: Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV[179]\n2 May 1598: Peace of Vervins between France and Spain[179]Epilogue1610: Assassination of Henry IV of France\n1621–1629: Huguenot rebellions, sometimes also known as the \"Ninth War\"[citation needed] or the \"Ninth and Tenth Wars\"[citation needed]\nOctober 1685: Edict of Fontainebleau issued by Louis XIV, revoking the Edict of Nantes","title":"List of events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"Ultramontanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramontanism"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Gallicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallicanism"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoelker199659%E2%80%9367-59"}],"text":"^ Catholic opponents of toleration were split between Ultramontanism, those who backed the supreme authority of the Pope such as Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine, and Gallicanism. The latter viewed an independent but Catholic monarchy as an important guarantee of political freedom and distinguishes them from the \"Politiques\".[59]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acton, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton"},{"link_name":"\"The Huguenots and the League\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lectures_on_Modern_History/The_Huguenots_and_the_League"},{"link_name":"Lectures on Modern History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lectures_on_Modern_History"},{"link_name":"Baird, H. M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Martyn_Baird"},{"link_name":"History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OCLC10527542"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"The Huguenots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/huguenotsandrev00bairgoog"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0521496942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521496942"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9004247512","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004247512"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0310208129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0310208129"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8856793192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8856793192"},{"link_name":"Carroll, Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Carroll"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/fh/crz009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2Fcrz009"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1130283136","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1130283136"},{"link_name":"Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0786474707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786474707"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0802831591","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802831591"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0195065549","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195065549"},{"link_name":"Davis, Natalie Zemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Zemon_Davis"},{"link_name":"Society and Culture in Early Modern 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1568–1648","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=m4KGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1789140880","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1789140880"},{"link_name":"France in the Age of Henry 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Lectures on Modern History . New York: Macmillan. pp. 155–167.\nAudisio, Gabriel (1998). Les Vaudois: Histoire d'une dissidence XIIe – XVIe siecle (in French). Fayard.\nBaird, Henry (1880). History of the Rise of the Huguenots: Vol 2 of 2. Hodder & Stoughton.\nBaird, H. M. (1889). History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France. Vol. 1.\n——— (1889). History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France. Vol. 2.[permanent dead link] New edition, two volumes, New York, 1907.\nBaird, H. M. (1895). The Huguenots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. C. Scribner's sons.\nBaumgartner, Frederic (1988). Henry II: King of France 1547–1559. Duke University Press.\nBabelon, Jean-Pierre (2009). Henri IV. Fayard.\nBenedict, Philip (1996). \"Un roi, une loi, deux fois: Parameters for the History of Catholic-Protestant Co-existence in France, 1555–1685\". In Grell, O. & Scribner, B. (eds.). Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–93. ISBN 0521496942.\nBenedict, Philip (1978). \"The Saint Bartholomew's Massacre in the Provinces\". The Historical Journal. 21 2.\nBenedict, Philip (1999). \"The Dynamics of Protestant Militancy: France 1555–1563\". In Benedict, P; Marnef, G; van Nierop, H; Venard, M (eds.). Reformation, Revolt and Civil War in France and the Netherlands 1555–1585. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.\nBernstein, Paul; Green, Robert W (1988). History of Civilization Volume 1. Rowman & Littlefield.\nBryson, David (1999). Queen Jeanne and the Promised Land; Dynasty, Homeland, Religion and Violence in Sixteenth-Century France. Brill Publishing. ISBN 978-9004247512.\nCairns, Earl (1996). Christianity through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0310208129.\nDi Bondeno, Agostino (2018). Colloqui di Poissy. Rome: Albatros. ISBN 978-8856793192.\nCarroll, Stuart (2005). Noble Power During the French Wars of Religion: The Guise Affinity and the Catholic Cause in Normandy. Cambridge University Press.\nCarroll, Stuart (2009). Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe. Oxford University Press.\n——— (2019). \"Political Justice and the Outbreak of the Wars of Religion\". French History. 33 (2): 177–198. doi:10.1093/fh/crz009.\nCastelnau, Michel de (1724). Memoirs of the Reigns of Francis II and Charles IX (2012 ed.). Rarebooks.com. ISBN 978-1130283136.\nClodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. pp. 14–16, 537. ISBN 978-0786474707. Retrieved 3 September 2022.\nCloulas, Ivan (1979). Catherine de Médicis. Fayard.\nConstant, Jean-Marie (1984). Les Guise. Hachette.\nConstant, Jean-Marie (1996). La Ligue. Fayard.\nCottret, Bernard (2000). Calvin: A Biography. Translated by McDonald, M Wallace. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0802831591.\nDe Caprariis, Vittorio (1959). Propaganda e pensiero politico in Francia durante le guerre di religione (1559–1572). Napoli: Società Editrice Italiana.\nDiefendorf, Barbara B. (1991). Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth-Century Paris. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195065549.\nDavis, Natalie Zemon (1975). Society and Culture in Early Modern France. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804708681.\nDurot, Éric (2012). François de Lorraine, duc de Guise entre Dieu et le Roi. Classiques Garnier. ISBN 978-2812406102.\nEstebe, Janine (1968). Tocsin pour une Massacre: La Saison des Saint-Barthélemy. Éditions du Centurion.\nFrieda, Leonie (2005). Catherine de Medici. Phoenix. ISBN 978-0060744922.\nFrieda, Leonie (2006) [2004]. Catherine de Medici: Renaissance Queen of France. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-1842127254.\nGarnier, Edith (2008). L'Alliance Impie (in French). Editions du Felin.\nvan der Lem, Anton (2019). Revolt in the Netherlands: The Eighty Years War, 1568–1648. London: Reaktion Books. p. 143. ISBN 978-1789140880. Retrieved 9 July 2022.\nGreengrass, Mark (1986). France in the Age of Henry IV. Longman. ISBN 0582492513.\n——— (1987). The French Reformation. London: Blackwell. ISBN 0631145168.\n——— (2007). Governing Passions: Peace and Reform in the French Kingdom, 1576–1585. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199214907.\nGrimm, Harold (1973) [1965]. The Reformation Era 1500–1650. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0023472701.\nGuérard, Albert (1959). France: A Modern History. University of Michigan Press.\nHamilton, Sarah; Spicer, Andrew (2005). Defining the holy: Sacred space in medieval and early modern Europe. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0754651940.\nHolt, Mack (2002). The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion. Cambridge University Press.\nHolt, Mack P. (2005). The French wars of religion, 1562–1629. Cambridge. ISBN 052183872X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nHulme, E. M. (1914). The Renaissance, the Protestant Revolution, and the Catholic Reaction in Continental Europe. New York.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\nJouanna, Arlette; Boucher, Jacqueline; Biloghi, Dominique; Thiec, Guy (1998). Histoire et dictionnaire des Guerres de religion. Collection: Bouquins (in French). Paris: Laffont. ISBN 2221074254.\nJouanna, Arlette (2007). The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre: The Mysteries of a Crime of State. Manchester University Press.\nKiser, Edward; Drass, Kriss A.; Brustein, William (1994). \"The relationship between revolt and war in early modern Western Europe\". Journal of Political & Military Sociology. 22 (2). University Press of Florida: 323–324. JSTOR 45371312. Retrieved 3 September 2022.\nKnecht, Robert J. (1996). The French Wars of Religion 1559–1598 (2nd ed.). Longman. ISBN 058228533X.\n——— (2010). The French Wars of Religion, 1559–1598. Routledge.\n——— (2000). The French Civil Wars. Modern Wars in Perspective. New York: Longman. ISBN 0582095492.\n——— (2001). The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France 1483–1610. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0631227296.\n——— (2002). The French Religious Wars 1562–1598. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1841763958.\n——— (2007). The Valois: Kings of France 1328–1589 (2nd ed.). New York: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 978-1852855222.\n——— (2014). Catherine de' Medici. Routledge.\n——— (2014b). The French Civil Wars, 1562–1598. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-89510-7.\n——— (2016). Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574–1589. Routledge.\nKohn, George Childs (2013). Dictionary of Wars. Revised Edition. Londen/New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1135954949.\nLindberg, Carter (1996). The European Reformations (2009 ed.). Wiley Publishing. ISBN 978-1405180689.\nLindsay, T. M. (1906). A History of the Reformation. Vol. 1. T and T Clark.\n——— (1907). A History of the Reformation. Vol. 2.\nMallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2012). The Italian Wars: 1494–1559. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0582057586.\nMcGrath, Alister (1995). The Intellectual Origins of the European Reformation (2003 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0631229407.\nNolan, Cathal J. (2006). The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Volume 2. London: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1076. ISBN 978-0313337345.\nSalmon, J. H. M. (1975). Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century. Methuen. ISBN 0416730507.\nPearson, Hesketh, Henry of Navarre: The King Who Dared (New York: Harper & Rowe, Publishers, 1963).\nPitts, Vincent (2012). Henri IV of France: His Reign and Age. Johns Hopkins University Press.\nRady, Martyn (1991). France: Renaissance, Religion and Recovery, 1494–1610. Hodder Education. ISBN 978-0340518045.\nRoberts, Penny (1996). A City in Conflict: Troyes during the French Wars of Religion. Manchester University Press.\nRoelker, Nancy (1968). Queen of Navarre: Jeanne d'Albret 1528–1572. Harvard University Press.\nRoelker, Nancy (1996). One King, One Faith: The Parlement of Paris and the Religious Reformations of the Sixteenth Century. University of California Press. ISBN 0520086260.\nLe Roux, Nicolas (2006). Un Régicide au nom de Dieu: L'Assassinat d'Henri III. Gallimard.\nSpickard, Paul; Cragg, Kevin (2005). A Global History of Christians: How Everyday Believers Experienced Their World. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0801022494.\nSutherland, N. M. (1962). \"Calvinism and the conspiracy of Amboise\". History. 47 (160): 111–138. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1962.tb01083.x.\nSutherland, Nicola (1973). The Massacre of St Bartholomew and the European Conflict: 1559–1572. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0064966207.\nSutherland, N.M. (1984). Princes, Politics and Religion 1547–89. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0907628446.\nSutherland, N. M. Catherine de Medici and the Ancien Régime. London: Historical Association, 1966. OCLC 1018933.\nSutherland, Nicola (1980). The Huguenot Struggle for Recognition. Yale University Press.\nThompson, J. W. (1909). The Wars of Religion in France, 1559–1576. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.\nTilley, Arthur Augustus (1919). The French wars of religion.\nTulchin, Allan (2006). \"The Michelade in Nimes, 1567\". French Historical Studies. 29 1.\nWood, James (2002). The Kings Army: Warfare, Soldiers and Society during the Wars of Religion in France, 1562–1576. Cambridge University Press.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Reformation and Wars of Religion in France: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=we7k8KxUYM0C&pg=PA3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0199809295","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199809295"},{"link_name":"full text online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctt16r0hwb"},{"link_name":"online review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.h-france.net/forum/forumvol11/frisch1.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3525310540","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3525310540"}],"sub_title":"Historiography","text":"Diefendorf, Barbara B. (2010). The Reformation and Wars of Religion in France: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide. Oxford U.P. ISBN 978-0199809295.\nFrisch, Andrea Forgetting Differences: Tragedy, Historiography, and the French Wars of Religion (Edinburgh University Press, 2015). x + 176 pp. full text online' online review\nChristian Mühling: Die europäische Debatte über den Religionskrieg (1679–1714). Konfessionelle Memoria und internationale Politik im Zeitalter Ludwigs XIV. (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte Mainz, 250) Göttingen, Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht, ISBN 978-3525310540, 2018.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0312175450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312175450"}],"sub_title":"Primary sources","text":"Potter, David L. (1997). French Wars of Religion, Selected Documents. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0312175450.\nSalmon, J.H.M., ed. French Wars of Religion, The How Important Were Religious Factors? (1967) short excerpts from primary and secondary sources","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Timeline for the French religious wars","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/French_Religious_Wars_Timeline.png/220px-French_Religious_Wars_Timeline.png"},{"image_text":"John Calvin, whose ideas became central to French Protestantism","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/John_Calvin_-_Young.jpg/180px-John_Calvin_-_Young.jpg"},{"image_text":"16th-century religious geopolitics on a map of modern France Huguenot controlled Contested Catholic controlled","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Protestant_France.svg/220px-Protestant_France.svg.png"},{"image_text":"After an initial period of tolerance, Francis I repressed Reformist ideas.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg/260px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Massacre of Mérindol, as imagined by Gustave Doré (1832–1883)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg/180px-Massacre_of_the_Vaudois_of_Merindol.jpg"},{"image_text":"Contemporary woodcut of executions following the Amboise conspiracy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Conjuration_amboise.jpg/290px-Conjuration_amboise.jpg"},{"image_text":"Queen regent Catherine de' Medici, circa 1560","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis_-_entourage_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet.jpg/180px-Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis_-_entourage_de_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet.jpg"},{"image_text":"Massacre de Vassy by Hogenberg, end of the 16th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Massacre_de_Vassy_1562_print_by_Hogenberg_end_of_16th_century.jpg/290px-Massacre_de_Vassy_1562_print_by_Hogenberg_end_of_16th_century.jpg"},{"image_text":"Looting of the churches of Lyon by the Calvinists in 1562, by Antoine Carot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Le_Sac_de_Lyon_par_les_R%C3%A9form%C3%A9s_-_Vers1565.jpg/290px-Le_Sac_de_Lyon_par_les_R%C3%A9form%C3%A9s_-_Vers1565.jpg"},{"image_text":"Print depicting Huguenot aggression against Catholics at sea, Horribles cruautés des Huguenots, 16th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Print_entitled_Horribles_cruautes_des_Huguenot_en_France_16th_century.jpg/220px-Print_entitled_Horribles_cruautes_des_Huguenot_en_France_16th_century.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plate from Richard Rowlands, Theatrum Crudelitatum haereticorum nostri temporis (1587), depicting supposed Huguenot atrocities","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Theatre_des_cruautez_des_Hereticques_de_nostre_temps.jpg/220px-Theatre_des_cruautez_des_Hereticques_de_nostre_temps.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Battle of Moncontour, 1569","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Battle_of_Moncontour_1569.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Moncontour_1569.jpg"},{"image_text":"One morning at the gates of the Louvre, 19th-century painting by Édouard Debat-Ponsan. (Catherine de' Medici is in black.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Debat-Ponsan-matin-Louvre.jpg/290px-Debat-Ponsan-matin-Louvre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Armed procession of the Catholic League in Paris in 1590, Musée Carnavalet, Paris.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Procession_de_la_Ligue_1590_Carnavalet.jpg/350px-Procession_de_la_Ligue_1590_Carnavalet.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Duke of Guise during the Day of the Barricades","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Le_duc_de_Guise_lors_de_la_journee_des_barricades_by_Paul_Lehugeur_19th_century.jpg/220px-Le_duc_de_Guise_lors_de_la_journee_des_barricades_by_Paul_Lehugeur_19th_century.jpg"},{"image_text":"Assassination of the Duke of Guise, leader of the Catholic League, by King Henry III, in 1588","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/L%C3%A9gended%27Henri_III.jpg/220px-L%C3%A9gended%27Henri_III.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jacques Clément, a supporter of the Catholic League, assassinating Henry III in 1589","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jacques_Cl%C3%A9ment.jpg/310px-Jacques_Cl%C3%A9ment.jpg"},{"image_text":"Henry IV at the Battle of Ivry, by Peter Paul Rubens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ivryrubens.jpg/340px-Ivryrubens.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entrance of Henry IV in Paris, 22 March 1594, with 1,500 cuirassiers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Entrance_of_Henry_IV_in_Paris_22_March_1594.jpg/220px-Entrance_of_Henry_IV_in_Paris_22_March_1594.jpg"},{"image_text":"Departure of Spanish troops from Paris, 22 March 1594","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/D%C3%A9part_des_espagnols_de_Paris_le_22_mars_1594_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg/220px-D%C3%A9part_des_espagnols_de_Paris_le_22_mars_1594_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg"},{"image_text":"Henry IV, as Hercules vanquishing the Lernaean Hydra (i.e. the Catholic League), by Toussaint Dubreuil, circa 1600. Louvre Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Henry_IV_en_Herculeus_terrassant_l_Hydre_de_Lerne_cad_La_ligue_Catholique_Atelier_Toussaint_Dubreuil_circa_1600.jpg/220px-Henry_IV_en_Herculeus_terrassant_l_Hydre_de_Lerne_cad_La_ligue_Catholique_Atelier_Toussaint_Dubreuil_circa_1600.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Edict of Nantes, April 1598","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Edit_de_Nantes_Avril_1598.jpg/220px-Edit_de_Nantes_Avril_1598.jpg"},{"image_text":"The French royal fleet captures the Île de Ré, a Huguenot stronghold","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Soubise_12_15_Septembre_1625.jpg/220px-Soubise_12_15_Septembre_1625.jpg"},{"image_text":"Richelieu, depicted at the 1627–1628 Siege of La Rochelle, put an end to the political and military autonomy of the Huguenots,[172] while preserving their religious rights.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/RichelieuRochelle.jpg/220px-RichelieuRochelle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Protestant engraving representing 'les dragonnades' in France under Louis XIV","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dragonnades430.jpg/220px-Dragonnades430.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Edict of toleration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_toleration"},{"title":"List of wars and disasters by death toll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_and_disasters_by_death_toll"},{"title":"Monarchomachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchomachs"},{"title":"Religion in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_France"},{"title":"Virtual Museum of Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Museum_of_Protestantism"},{"title":"Siege of Paris (1590)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1590)"},{"title":"Catholic League (French)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)"},{"title":"Battle of Craon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Craon"},{"title":"Franco-Spanish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(disambiguation)"}]
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[{"reference":"Guild, Elizabeth (2014). Unsettling Montaigne: Poetics, Ethics and Affect in the Essais and Other Writings. Cambridge: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. x–xii. ISBN 978-1843843719. Retrieved 3 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_M_CAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Unsettling Montaigne: Poetics, Ethics and Affect in the Essais and Other Writings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843843719","url_text":"978-1843843719"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Colin Duncan (2018). Lauragais: Steeped in History, Soaked in Blood. Troubador Publishing. ISBN 978-1789015836.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1789015836","url_text":"978-1789015836"}]},{"reference":"Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1897). Armada Española desde la unión de los reinos de Aragón y Castilla (in Spanish). Vol. III. Madrid. pp. 86–90.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UhHdh391DHcC","url_text":"Armada Española desde la unión de los reinos de Aragón y Castilla"}]},{"reference":"Wernham, R. B. (1984). After the Armada: Elizabethan England and the Struggle for Western Europe, 1588–1595. Clarendon Press. pp. 533–547. ISBN 978-0198227533.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198227533","url_text":"978-0198227533"}]},{"reference":"\"Edict of Nantes\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 5 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/402718/Edict-of-Nantes","url_text":"\"Edict of Nantes\""}]},{"reference":"William Shergold Browning (1840). A History of the Huguenots. Whittaker and Company. pp. 131–133. ISBN 9780608365909. Retrieved 3 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qz4AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA131","url_text":"A History of the Huguenots"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780608365909","url_text":"9780608365909"}]},{"reference":"Acton, John (1906). \"The Huguenots and the League\" . Lectures on Modern History . New York: Macmillan. pp. 155–167.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton","url_text":"Acton, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lectures_on_Modern_History/The_Huguenots_and_the_League","url_text":"\"The Huguenots and the League\""},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lectures_on_Modern_History","url_text":"Lectures on Modern History"}]},{"reference":"Audisio, Gabriel (1998). Les Vaudois: Histoire d'une dissidence XIIe – XVIe siecle (in French). Fayard.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Baird, Henry (1880). History of the Rise of the Huguenots: Vol 2 of 2. Hodder & Stoughton.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Baird, H. M. (1889). History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France. Vol. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Martyn_Baird","url_text":"Baird, H. M."}]},{"reference":"——— (1889). History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France. Vol. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OCLC10527542","url_text":"History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France"}]},{"reference":"Baird, H. M. (1895). The Huguenots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. C. Scribner's sons.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/huguenotsandrev00bairgoog","url_text":"The Huguenots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes"}]},{"reference":"Baumgartner, Frederic (1988). Henry II: King of France 1547–1559. Duke University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Babelon, Jean-Pierre (2009). Henri IV. Fayard.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Benedict, Philip (1996). \"Un roi, une loi, deux fois: Parameters for the History of Catholic-Protestant Co-existence in France, 1555–1685\". In Grell, O. & Scribner, B. (eds.). Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–93. ISBN 0521496942.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521496942","url_text":"0521496942"}]},{"reference":"Benedict, Philip (1978). \"The Saint Bartholomew's Massacre in the Provinces\". The Historical Journal. 21 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Benedict, Philip (1999). \"The Dynamics of Protestant Militancy: France 1555–1563\". In Benedict, P; Marnef, G; van Nierop, H; Venard, M (eds.). Reformation, Revolt and Civil War in France and the Netherlands 1555–1585. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bernstein, Paul; Green, Robert W (1988). History of Civilization Volume 1. Rowman & Littlefield.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bryson, David (1999). Queen Jeanne and the Promised Land; Dynasty, Homeland, Religion and Violence in Sixteenth-Century France. Brill Publishing. ISBN 978-9004247512.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004247512","url_text":"978-9004247512"}]},{"reference":"Cairns, Earl (1996). Christianity through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0310208129.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0310208129","url_text":"978-0310208129"}]},{"reference":"Di Bondeno, Agostino (2018). Colloqui di Poissy. Rome: Albatros. ISBN 978-8856793192.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8856793192","url_text":"978-8856793192"}]},{"reference":"Carroll, Stuart (2005). Noble Power During the French Wars of Religion: The Guise Affinity and the Catholic Cause in Normandy. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carroll, Stuart (2009). Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe. Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Carroll","url_text":"Carroll, Stuart"}]},{"reference":"——— (2019). \"Political Justice and the Outbreak of the Wars of Religion\". French History. 33 (2): 177–198. doi:10.1093/fh/crz009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2Fcrz009","url_text":"10.1093/fh/crz009"}]},{"reference":"Castelnau, Michel de (1724). Memoirs of the Reigns of Francis II and Charles IX (2012 ed.). Rarebooks.com. ISBN 978-1130283136.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1130283136","url_text":"978-1130283136"}]},{"reference":"Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. pp. 14–16, 537. ISBN 978-0786474707. Retrieved 3 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8urEDgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786474707","url_text":"978-0786474707"}]},{"reference":"Cloulas, Ivan (1979). Catherine de Médicis. Fayard.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Constant, Jean-Marie (1984). Les Guise. Hachette.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Constant, Jean-Marie (1996). La Ligue. Fayard.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cottret, Bernard (2000). Calvin: A Biography. Translated by McDonald, M Wallace. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0802831591.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802831591","url_text":"0802831591"}]},{"reference":"Diefendorf, Barbara B. (1991). Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth-Century Paris. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195065549.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195065549","url_text":"0195065549"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Natalie Zemon (1975). Society and Culture in Early Modern France. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804708681.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Zemon_Davis","url_text":"Davis, Natalie Zemon"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/societyculturein00davi","url_text":"Society and Culture in Early Modern France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804708681","url_text":"0804708681"}]},{"reference":"Durot, Éric (2012). François de Lorraine, duc de Guise entre Dieu et le Roi. Classiques Garnier. ISBN 978-2812406102.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2812406102","url_text":"978-2812406102"}]},{"reference":"Estebe, Janine (1968). Tocsin pour une Massacre: La Saison des Saint-Barthélemy. Éditions du Centurion.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Frieda, Leonie (2005). Catherine de Medici. Phoenix. ISBN 978-0060744922.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/catherinedemedic00frie_0","url_text":"Catherine de Medici"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060744922","url_text":"978-0060744922"}]},{"reference":"Frieda, Leonie (2006) [2004]. Catherine de Medici: Renaissance Queen of France. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-1842127254.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1842127254","url_text":"978-1842127254"}]},{"reference":"Garnier, Edith (2008). L'Alliance Impie (in French). Editions du Felin.","urls":[]},{"reference":"van der Lem, Anton (2019). Revolt in the Netherlands: The Eighty Years War, 1568–1648. London: Reaktion Books. p. 143. ISBN 978-1789140880. Retrieved 9 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m4KGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143","url_text":"Revolt in the Netherlands: The Eighty Years War, 1568–1648"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1789140880","url_text":"978-1789140880"}]},{"reference":"Greengrass, Mark (1986). France in the Age of Henry IV. Longman. ISBN 0582492513.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/franceinageofhen0000gree","url_text":"France in the Age of Henry IV"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582492513","url_text":"0582492513"}]},{"reference":"——— (1987). The French Reformation. London: Blackwell. ISBN 0631145168.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631145168","url_text":"0631145168"}]},{"reference":"——— (2007). Governing Passions: Peace and Reform in the French Kingdom, 1576–1585. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199214907.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199214907","url_text":"978-0199214907"}]},{"reference":"Grimm, Harold (1973) [1965]. The Reformation Era 1500–1650. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0023472701.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0023472701","url_text":"978-0023472701"}]},{"reference":"Guérard, Albert (1959). France: A Modern History. University of Michigan Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hamilton, Sarah; Spicer, Andrew (2005). Defining the holy: Sacred space in medieval and early modern Europe. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0754651940.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0754651940","url_text":"0754651940"}]},{"reference":"Holt, Mack (2002). The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Holt, Mack P. (2005). The French wars of religion, 1562–1629. Cambridge. ISBN 052183872X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/052183872X","url_text":"052183872X"}]},{"reference":"Hulme, E. M. (1914). The Renaissance, the Protestant Revolution, and the Catholic Reaction in Continental Europe. New York.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GjQNAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Renaissance, the Protestant Revolution, and the Catholic Reaction in Continental Europe"}]},{"reference":"Jouanna, Arlette; Boucher, Jacqueline; Biloghi, Dominique; Thiec, Guy (1998). Histoire et dictionnaire des Guerres de religion. Collection: Bouquins (in French). Paris: Laffont. ISBN 2221074254.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2221074254","url_text":"2221074254"}]},{"reference":"Jouanna, Arlette (2007). The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre: The Mysteries of a Crime of State. Manchester University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kiser, Edward; Drass, Kriss A.; Brustein, William (1994). \"The relationship between revolt and war in early modern Western Europe\". Journal of Political & Military Sociology. 22 (2). University Press of Florida: 323–324. JSTOR 45371312. Retrieved 3 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/45371312","url_text":"\"The relationship between revolt and war in early modern Western Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/45371312","url_text":"45371312"}]},{"reference":"Knecht, Robert J. (1996). The French Wars of Religion 1559–1598 (2nd ed.). Longman. ISBN 058228533X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Knecht","url_text":"Knecht, Robert J."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/frenchcivilwars100rjkn","url_text":"The French Wars of Religion 1559–1598"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/058228533X","url_text":"058228533X"}]},{"reference":"——— (2010). The French Wars of Religion, 1559–1598. Routledge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"——— (2000). The French Civil Wars. Modern Wars in Perspective. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_supper_clubs
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List of supper clubs
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["1 Supper clubs","2 See also","3 References"]
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This is a list of supper clubs. A supper club is a traditional dining establishment that also functions as a social club. The term may describe different establishments depending on the region, but in general, supper clubs tend to present themselves as having a high-class image, even if the price is affordable to all. A newer usage of the term supper club has emerged, referring to underground restaurants.
Supper clubs are more formal than casual restaurants and bars.
Supper clubs
500 Club – a former a nightclub and supper club at 6 Missouri Avenue in Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States, that operated from the 1930s until the building burned down in 1973. The 500 Club became one of the most popular nightspots on the East Coast, regularly attracting top-name talent. Performers included Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis, Jr., Martin and Lewis, the Will Mastin Trio, Jimmy Durante, Eartha Kitt, Sophie Tucker, the Jackie Paris Trio, Milton Berle, Nat King Cole, and Liberace, among many others.
A postcard of the bar at Babette's
Babette's – also known as Babette's Supper Club, it was a supper club and bar at 2211 Pacific Avenue on the Boardwalk of Atlantic City, New Jersey. It operated from the early 1920s onwards and was sold in 1950. The bar was designed like a ship's hull. In the backroom was a gambling den, which was investigated by the federal authorities and raided in 1943.
Bagdad Supper Club – a theater and entertainment venue located on north side of what then was U.S. Route 80, but now is U.S. Route 180, east of Grand Prairie, Texas, at the corner of Bagdad Road and Main Street, it opened Thanksgiving Day 1928 and was an opulent palatial facility that offered dining, dancing, and music.
Catalina Bar & Grill – also called Catalina Jazz Club, it is a prominent jazz club and restaurant on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California
Chez Ami Supper Club – also called The Chez Ami, it was a former supper club located at 311 Delaware Avenue in Buffalo, New York that opened 1934. The interior of Chez Ami was designed by C. Theodore Macheras who used art-deco elements of mirrors, neon, indirect lighting and plush carpeting to achieve a modern entertainment experience. The centerpiece of Chez Ami was a revolving bar, purported to be the first of its kind in America, and- took 7 ½ minutes to make a complete cycle.
Club Saint-Germain – a former jazz club located at 13 rue Saint-Benoît in the 6e arrondissement de Paris, it was opened in 1947 by Boris Vian and staged central figures in the French jazz scene such as Barney Wilen, René Urtreger, Django Reinhardt, and Pierre Michelot throughout the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. The building of the defunct Club Saint-Germain is now home to the supper club Bilboquet.
Evans Music-and-Supper Rooms – a former entertainment venue for music and singing in early nineteenth century that was located at 43 King Street, Covent Garden, London, England.
The Fainting Club – a members-only supper club for women founded in 2014 by artist Zoe Crosher, it started in Los Angeles and now has chapters worldwide including in New York, Mexico City, London, Berlin, Paris and Hong Kong.
The building of the former The Gobbler supper club
The Gobbler – a former motel, supper club, and roadside attraction in Johnson Creek, Wisconsin, United States. It was designed in the late 1960s by Fort Atkinson architect Helmut Ajango for local poultry processor Clarence Hartwig and opened in 1967. It included a rotating circular bar that completed one revolution every 80 minutes. The Gobbler was reopened in December 2015 as the Gobbler Theater.
Gus Stevens Seafood Restaurant & Buccaneer Lounge – a former restaurant and supper club in Biloxi, Mississippi, its restaurant building was constructed with a Moroccan architecture style turret. It was famous in the 1950s and 1960s and hosted many famous entertainers, including Andy Griffith, Mel Torme, Rudy Vallee, and Jerry Lee Lewis. It is also well known as the last place where Jayne Mansfield performed; she died early the next morning in a car crash while being driven from the club. • The Holiday House. Winding up as a 900 seat showroom in Monroeville,Pa, 15 mi. east of dowtown Pittsburgh, the facility housed a hotel, several eateries in addition to the showroom, several themed bars, a comedy club, disco, and several small businesses including a Hong Kong Tailor. The showroom was usually open with a headline act for two shows Tuesday thru Saturday, featuring top tier talent. The room closed in 1981 and the property was developed as a shopping center.
Metropolitan Opera Club – a private social club within the Metropolitan Opera House in New York that was founded in 1893 and incorporated in 1899. The Club maintains its own dining room that was designed by Angelo Donghia and later renovated by Peter Pennoyer. The Club was founded in 1893 when a collection of New York Society gentlemen created a private supper club in a lobby of the old Metropolitan Opera House on West 39th Street while the back of the house was under renovation after a fire. Known as the "Vaudeville Club", members and their guests dined and watched performances from a miniature stage designed by Stanford White, a founding member.
Pigalle Club – a former supper club and live music venue in Piccadilly, London, owned by John Vincent Power. It closed in 2012.
Pith – a former supper club in New York City that was open from September 2015 until May 31, 2016.
Patrons at the Shore Club having a lobster supper
Shore Club – located in Hubbards, Nova Scotia and was opened in 1946, it purveys the "Original Nova Scotian Lobster Supper"
Smoke Jazz & Supper-Club Lounge – an influential jazz club based on the Upper West Side of New York City, it was founded on April 9, 1999
Song and supper room – a former dining club in Victorian England in which entertainment and good food were provided. They provided an alternative to formal theatre and music hall with a good convivial atmosphere in which the customers were encouraged to perform themselves.
Time Supper Club – the first supper club in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, it gradually turned into a night club
Triad Theatre – formerly known as Palsson's Supper Club, Steve McGraw's, and Stage 72 it is a performing arts venue located on West 72nd Street on New York's Upper West Side
Volxkuche, VoKu, peoples kitchen, free supper club and kitchen for all are names used by the alternative scene (left) for a weekly or regularly occurring group cooking event, at which the meal is served free of charge or at cost. The name derives from the German expression "people's kitchen" (soup kitchen), as a secular counterpart of the Christian soup kitchen.
See also
Companies portalFood portal
AirDine – a supper club mobile app based on the sharing economy principles where individuals stand as both supplier and customer, similar to Airbnb in the short time rental market.
Lists of restaurants
References
^ Van Meter, J. (2004). The Last Good Time: Skinny D'Amato, the Notorious 500 Club, and the Rise and Fall of Atlantic City. Crown Publishing Group. p. 242. ISBN 978-1-4000-5297-4.
^ Van Meter, Jonathan (2004). The Last Good Time: Skinny D'Amato, the Notorious 500 Club, and the Rise and Fall of Atlantic City. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4000-5297-4.
^ "Atlantic City Offers Stars". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 4 May 1955. p. 13.
^ "Watch, Or No, Prices Are Up". Billboard: 60. 18 July 1953.
^ "Music: As Written". Billboard: 36. 3 July 1948.
^ McShane, Larry (7 November 1989). "Mr. TV at 80 no longer wears a dress". The Daytona Beach News-Journal. p. 9A.
^ "Chez Ami, Buffalos Theater Restaurant, 311 Delaware Avenue". forgottenbuffalo.com. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
^ "#ChicEats: Exclusive Supper Clubs to Try". 21 September 2015.
^ "8 Fabulous "Secret" Supper Clubs in NYC - March 26, 2015 - NewYork.com". 26 March 2015.
^ a b Sun Herald - December 3, 1999 - A1 LOCAL-FRONT "IN THE 50s and 60s, stars gravitated to Gus Stevens' nightclub in Biloxi. Today, the wrecking ball is closing in on a piece of history."
^ Mansfield Memories Many Know the Legend, but Until Now, Few Knew the Truth Behind that Fatal Night. Kat Bergeron / The Sun Herald (Biloxi, MS) Section: LOCAL-FRONT, Page: A1 2000
^ Bonner, Eugene (1949). The Club in the Opera House: The Story of the Metropolitan Opera Club. New York: The Metropolitan Opera Club.Pages 16-17
^ a b "Opera Club". The New Yorker: 11. 22 February 1936.
^ Bonner 1949, p. 16.
^ "Mr John Vincent Power". duedil.com.
^ Time Out, The Pigalle Club.
^ "The former Pigalle club reopens in Piccadilly under new name of Werewolf". Evening Standard. 23 April 2014. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
^ Vilensky, Mike (5 May 2016). "Columbia Student Restaurateur 86ed From University Housing". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
^ Ronald Pearsall (1973), "The Song and Supper Rooms", Victorian popular music, ISBN 9780715356890
^ Reviews/Theater; 'Showing Off,' an Incisive Look at Manhattan Life 28 May 1989
^ NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: UPPER WEST SIDE; Curtain to Fall on Old-Time Cabaret 26 June 1994
^ Today in Theatre History: May 20
^ Triad Theater Rebrands Itself as Stage 72; Venue to Re-Launch in November Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
^ The Triad - Time Out New York
^ Coldwell, Will (2016-02-20). "5 of the best sharing economy apps and sites for travellers". the Guardian. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
^ "Bröder öppnar dörren till det franska köket med AirDine". www.ehandel.se. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
^ "Bröder startar krog på 24 kvadratmeter". Skånska Dagbladet. 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
^ "Lyckad premiär för lägenhetskrog". Skånska Dagbladet. 2016-02-26. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
^ "Appen som ska slå upp dörrarna till svenskens kök". Veckans affärer. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
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|
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Supper clubs are more formal than casual restaurants and bars.","title":"List of supper clubs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"500 Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Club"},{"link_name":"nightclub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Meter_2004-1"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Sammy Davis, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Davis,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Martin and Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_and_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Will Mastin Trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Mastin_Trio"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Durante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Durante"},{"link_name":"Eartha Kitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eartha_Kitt"},{"link_name":"Sophie Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Tucker"},{"link_name":"Jackie Paris Trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Paris"},{"link_name":"Milton Berle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Berle"},{"link_name":"Nat King Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_King_Cole"},{"link_name":"Liberace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberace"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Babette%27s_Atlantic_City.jpg"},{"link_name":"Babette's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babette%27s"},{"link_name":"Babette's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babette%27s"},{"link_name":"Bagdad Supper Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagdad_Supper_Club"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_180"},{"link_name":"Grand Prairie, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prairie,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Catalina Bar & Grill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalina_Bar_%26_Grill"},{"link_name":"Sunset Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Chez Ami Supper Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chez_Ami_Supper_Club"},{"link_name":"Buffalo, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"art-deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art-deco"},{"link_name":"revolving bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolving_restaurant"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forgottenbuffalo-7"},{"link_name":"Club Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Saint-Germain"},{"link_name":"jazz club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_club"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Boris Vian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Vian"},{"link_name":"Barney Wilen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Wilen"},{"link_name":"René Urtreger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Urtreger"},{"link_name":"Django Reinhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Django_Reinhardt"},{"link_name":"Pierre Michelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Michelot"},{"link_name":"Evans Music-and-Supper Rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evans_Music-and-Supper_Rooms"},{"link_name":"Covent Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covent_Garden"},{"link_name":"The Fainting Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fainting_Club"},{"link_name":"Zoe Crosher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Crosher"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Currently_Defunct_Gobbler_Restaurant_August_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Gobbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gobbler"},{"link_name":"The Gobbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gobbler"},{"link_name":"motel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motel"},{"link_name":"roadside attraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadside_attraction"},{"link_name":"Johnson Creek, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Creek,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Fort Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Atkinson,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Helmut Ajango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Ajango"},{"link_name":"Gus Stevens Seafood Restaurant & Buccaneer Lounge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Stevens_Seafood_Restaurant_%26_Buccaneer_Lounge"},{"link_name":"Biloxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biloxi"},{"link_name":"Moroccan architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_architecture"},{"link_name":"turret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turret_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Andy Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Griffith"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mansfield-10"},{"link_name":"Mel Torme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Torme"},{"link_name":"Rudy Vallee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Vallee"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lee Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mansfield-10"},{"link_name":"Jayne Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayne_Mansfield"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_Club"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_House_(Lincoln_Center)"},{"link_name":"Angelo Donghia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Donghia"},{"link_name":"Peter Pennoyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pennoyer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bonner-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opera_Club-13"},{"link_name":"Stanford White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_White"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner194916-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opera_Club-13"},{"link_name":"Pigalle Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigalle_Club"},{"link_name":"music venue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_venue"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"John Vincent Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Power"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Pith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pith_(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lobster_Function.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shore Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shore_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supper"},{"link_name":"Shore Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shore_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hubbards, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbards,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Smoke Jazz & Supper-Club Lounge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_(jazz_club)"},{"link_name":"Upper West Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_West_Side"},{"link_name":"Song and supper room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_and_supper_room"},{"link_name":"Victorian England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_England"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Time Supper Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Supper_Club"},{"link_name":"Montreal, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Triad Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triad_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Volxkuche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volxkuche"},{"link_name":"soup kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soup_kitchen"}],"text":"500 Club – a former a nightclub and supper club at 6 Missouri Avenue in Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States, that operated from the 1930s until the building burned down in 1973.[1] The 500 Club became one of the most popular nightspots on the East Coast, regularly attracting top-name talent. Performers included Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis, Jr., Martin and Lewis, the Will Mastin Trio, Jimmy Durante, Eartha Kitt, Sophie Tucker, the Jackie Paris Trio, Milton Berle, Nat King Cole, and Liberace, among many others.[2][3][4][5][6]A postcard of the bar at Babette'sBabette's – also known as Babette's Supper Club, it was a supper club and bar at 2211 Pacific Avenue on the Boardwalk of Atlantic City, New Jersey. It operated from the early 1920s onwards and was sold in 1950. The bar was designed like a ship's hull. In the backroom was a gambling den, which was investigated by the federal authorities and raided in 1943.\nBagdad Supper Club – a theater and entertainment venue located on north side of what then was U.S. Route 80, but now is U.S. Route 180, east of Grand Prairie, Texas, at the corner of Bagdad Road and Main Street, it opened Thanksgiving Day 1928 and was an opulent palatial facility that offered dining, dancing, and music.\nCatalina Bar & Grill – also called Catalina Jazz Club, it is a prominent jazz club and restaurant on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California\nChez Ami Supper Club – also called The Chez Ami, it was a former supper club located at 311 Delaware Avenue in Buffalo, New York that opened 1934. The interior of Chez Ami was designed by C. Theodore Macheras who used art-deco elements of mirrors, neon, indirect lighting and plush carpeting to achieve a modern entertainment experience. The centerpiece of Chez Ami was a revolving bar, purported to be the first of its kind in America, and- took 7 ½ minutes to make a complete cycle.[7]\nClub Saint-Germain – a former jazz club located at 13 rue Saint-Benoît in the 6e arrondissement de Paris, it was opened in 1947 by Boris Vian and staged central figures in the French jazz scene such as Barney Wilen, René Urtreger, Django Reinhardt, and Pierre Michelot throughout the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. The building of the defunct Club Saint-Germain is now home to the supper club Bilboquet.\nEvans Music-and-Supper Rooms – a former entertainment venue for music and singing in early nineteenth century that was located at 43 King Street, Covent Garden, London, England.\nThe Fainting Club – a members-only supper club for women founded in 2014 by artist Zoe Crosher, it started in Los Angeles[8] and now has chapters worldwide including in New York, Mexico City, London, Berlin, Paris and Hong Kong.[9]The building of the former The Gobbler supper clubThe Gobbler – a former motel, supper club, and roadside attraction in Johnson Creek, Wisconsin, United States. It was designed in the late 1960s by Fort Atkinson architect Helmut Ajango for local poultry processor Clarence Hartwig and opened in 1967. It included a rotating circular bar that completed one revolution every 80 minutes. The Gobbler was reopened in December 2015 as the Gobbler Theater.\nGus Stevens Seafood Restaurant & Buccaneer Lounge – a former restaurant and supper club in Biloxi, Mississippi, its restaurant building was constructed with a Moroccan architecture style turret. It was famous in the 1950s and 1960s and hosted many famous entertainers, including Andy Griffith,[10] Mel Torme, Rudy Vallee, and Jerry Lee Lewis.[10] It is also well known as the last place where Jayne Mansfield performed; she died early the next morning in a car crash while being driven from the club.[11] • The Holiday House. Winding up as a 900 seat showroom in Monroeville,Pa, 15 mi. east of dowtown Pittsburgh, the facility housed a hotel, several eateries in addition to the showroom, several themed bars, a comedy club, disco, and several small businesses including a Hong Kong Tailor. The showroom was usually open with a headline act for two shows Tuesday thru Saturday, featuring top tier talent. The room closed in 1981 and the property was developed as a shopping center.\nMetropolitan Opera Club – a private social club within the Metropolitan Opera House in New York that was founded in 1893 and incorporated in 1899. The Club maintains its own dining room that was designed by Angelo Donghia and later renovated by Peter Pennoyer. The Club was founded in 1893 when a collection of New York Society gentlemen created a private supper club in a lobby of the old Metropolitan Opera House on West 39th Street while the back of the house was under renovation after a fire.[12][13] Known as the \"Vaudeville Club\", members and their guests dined and watched performances from a miniature stage designed by Stanford White, a founding member.[14][13]\nPigalle Club – a former supper club and live music venue in Piccadilly, London, owned by John Vincent Power.[15][16] It closed in 2012.[17]\nPith – a former supper club in New York City that was open from September 2015 until May 31, 2016.[18]Patrons at the Shore Club having a lobster supperShore Club – located in Hubbards, Nova Scotia and was opened in 1946, it purveys the \"Original Nova Scotian Lobster Supper\"\nSmoke Jazz & Supper-Club Lounge – an influential jazz club based on the Upper West Side of New York City, it was founded on April 9, 1999\nSong and supper room – a former dining club in Victorian England in which entertainment and good food were provided. They provided an alternative to formal theatre and music hall with a good convivial atmosphere in which the customers were encouraged to perform themselves.[19]\nTime Supper Club – the first supper club in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, it gradually turned into a night club\nTriad Theatre – formerly known as Palsson's Supper Club, Steve McGraw's, and Stage 72[20][21][22][23][24] it is a performing arts venue located on West 72nd Street on New York's Upper West Side\nVolxkuche, VoKu, peoples kitchen, free supper club and kitchen for all are names used by the alternative scene (left) for a weekly or regularly occurring group cooking event, at which the meal is served free of charge or at cost. The name derives from the German expression \"people's kitchen\" (soup kitchen), as a secular counterpart of the Christian soup kitchen.","title":"Supper clubs"}]
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[{"image_text":"A postcard of the bar at Babette's","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Babette%27s_Atlantic_City.jpg/220px-Babette%27s_Atlantic_City.jpg"},{"image_text":"The building of the former The Gobbler supper club","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Currently_Defunct_Gobbler_Restaurant_August_2010.jpg/220px-Currently_Defunct_Gobbler_Restaurant_August_2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"Patrons at the Shore Club having a lobster supper","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Lobster_Function.jpg/220px-Lobster_Function.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"AirDine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirDine"},{"title":"supper club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supper_club"},{"title":"mobile app","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app"},{"title":"sharing economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharing_economy"},{"title":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"title":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-26"},{"title":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"title":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"title":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"title":"Airbnb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbnb"},{"title":"Lists of restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_restaurants"}]
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[{"reference":"Van Meter, J. (2004). The Last Good Time: Skinny D'Amato, the Notorious 500 Club, and the Rise and Fall of Atlantic City. Crown Publishing Group. p. 242. ISBN 978-1-4000-5297-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h4QUicLiEGwC&pg=PA242","url_text":"The Last Good Time: Skinny D'Amato, the Notorious 500 Club, and the Rise and Fall of Atlantic City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5297-4","url_text":"978-1-4000-5297-4"}]},{"reference":"Van Meter, Jonathan (2004). The Last Good Time: Skinny D'Amato, the Notorious 500 Club, and the Rise and Fall of Atlantic City. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4000-5297-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h4QUicLiEGwC&q=500+club+atlantic+city","url_text":"The Last Good Time: Skinny D'Amato, the Notorious 500 Club, and the Rise and Fall of Atlantic City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5297-4","url_text":"978-1-4000-5297-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Atlantic City Offers Stars\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 4 May 1955. p. 13.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19550503&id=0TkxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7GoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2043,810151&hl=en","url_text":"\"Atlantic City Offers Stars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette","url_text":"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Watch, Or No, Prices Are Up\". Billboard: 60. 18 July 1953.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XAoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60","url_text":"\"Watch, Or No, Prices Are Up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music: As Written\". Billboard: 36. 3 July 1948.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8kQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT35","url_text":"\"Music: As Written\""}]},{"reference":"McShane, Larry (7 November 1989). \"Mr. TV at 80 no longer wears a dress\". The Daytona Beach News-Journal. p. 9A.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1901&dat=19891106&id=5VgfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ndIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1635,5436626&hl=en","url_text":"\"Mr. TV at 80 no longer wears a dress\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daytona_Beach_News-Journal","url_text":"The Daytona Beach News-Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Chez Ami, Buffalos Theater Restaurant, 311 Delaware Avenue\". forgottenbuffalo.com. Retrieved 2015-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.forgottenbuffalo.com/forgottenbflofeatures/chezami311delawareave.html","url_text":"\"Chez Ami, Buffalos Theater Restaurant, 311 Delaware Avenue\""}]},{"reference":"\"#ChicEats: Exclusive Supper Clubs to Try\". 21 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/travel-dining/a12253/best-supper-clubs/","url_text":"\"#ChicEats: Exclusive Supper Clubs to Try\""}]},{"reference":"\"8 Fabulous \"Secret\" Supper Clubs in NYC - March 26, 2015 - NewYork.com\". 26 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyork.com/articles/restaurants/fabulous-secret-supper-clubs-in-nyc-98775/","url_text":"\"8 Fabulous \"Secret\" Supper Clubs in NYC - March 26, 2015 - NewYork.com\""}]},{"reference":"Bonner, Eugene (1949). The Club in the Opera House: The Story of the Metropolitan Opera Club. New York: The Metropolitan Opera Club.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Opera Club\". The New Yorker: 11. 22 February 1936.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mr John Vincent Power\". duedil.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.duedil.com/director/915669035/john-vincent-power","url_text":"\"Mr John Vincent Power\""}]},{"reference":"\"The former Pigalle club reopens in Piccadilly under new name of Werewolf\". Evening Standard. 23 April 2014. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141218132019/http://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/the-former-pigalle-club-reopens-in-piccadilly-under-new-name-of-werewolf-9277109.html","url_text":"\"The former Pigalle club reopens in Piccadilly under new name of Werewolf\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Standard","url_text":"Evening Standard"},{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/the-former-pigalle-club-reopens-in-piccadilly-under-new-name-of-werewolf-9277109.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vilensky, Mike (5 May 2016). \"Columbia Student Restaurateur 86ed From University Housing\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 10 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/columbia-student-cant-keep-running-restaurant-in-university-housing-1462486779","url_text":"\"Columbia Student Restaurateur 86ed From University Housing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Ronald Pearsall (1973), \"The Song and Supper Rooms\", Victorian popular music, ISBN 9780715356890","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3P8LAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Victorian popular music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780715356890","url_text":"9780715356890"}]},{"reference":"Coldwell, Will (2016-02-20). \"5 of the best sharing economy apps and sites for travellers\". the Guardian. Retrieved 2016-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/feb/20/five-best-sharing-economy-apps-and-sites","url_text":"\"5 of the best sharing economy apps and sites for travellers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bröder öppnar dörren till det franska köket med AirDine\". www.ehandel.se. Retrieved 2016-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ehandel.se/Broder-oppnar-dorren-till-det-franska-koket-med-AirDine,7320.html","url_text":"\"Bröder öppnar dörren till det franska köket med AirDine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bröder startar krog på 24 kvadratmeter\". Skånska Dagbladet. 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2016-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skd.se/2016/02/22/broder-startar-krog-pa-24-kvadratmeter/","url_text":"\"Bröder startar krog på 24 kvadratmeter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lyckad premiär för lägenhetskrog\". Skånska Dagbladet. 2016-02-26. Retrieved 2016-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skd.se/2016/02/26/lyckad-premiar-for-lagenhetskrog/","url_text":"\"Lyckad premiär för lägenhetskrog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Appen som ska slå upp dörrarna till svenskens kök\". Veckans affärer. Retrieved 2016-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.va.se/nyheter/2015/12/07/appen-som-ska-sla-upp-dorrarna-till-svenskens-kok/","url_text":"\"Appen som ska slå upp dörrarna till svenskens kök\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Cyclone_Wind_Signals
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Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals
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["1 Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal levels","2 Issuance principles and practices","3 History","3.1 Pre-Haiyan Philippine tropical cyclone warning systems (1879–2015)","3.2 Post-Haiyan Philippine tropical cyclone warning system (2015–2022)","3.3 Current version (2022–onwards)","4 See also","5 External links","6 Notes","7 References"]
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Weather alerts in the Philippines
This article is about the tropical cyclone warning system used in the Philippines. For the similarly named warning system in Hong Kong, see Hong Kong tropical cyclone warning signals. For other tropical cyclone warning systems, see Tropical cyclone warnings and watches.
Map of Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals hoisted in most of Luzon, Philippines due to Typhoon Noru (Karding) at 5:00 PM PhST on September 25, 2022
The Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals (TCWS, or simply wind signals or signals; Filipino: Mga Babala ng Bagyo) are tropical cyclone alert levels issued by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) to areas within the Philippines that may be affected by tropical cyclone winds and their associated hazards.
PAGASA's TCWS system is activated when a tropical cyclone is inside or near the Philippine Area of Responsibility and is forecast to affect the Philippine archipelago. It is a tiered system that has five numbered levels, with higher numbers associated with higher wind speeds and shorter "lead times", which are time periods within which an expected range of wind strength is expected to occur. TCWS signals are issued for specific localities (province or city/municipal level) and are escalated, de-escalated or lifted depending on the expected strength of winds and the movement of the tropical cyclone relative to the affected areas.
The TCWS system is the consequence of decades of evolution of early warning systems for tropical cyclones in the Philippines. The very first tropical cyclone warning in the country was issued in July 1879, albeit it was in 1931 when the earliest formalized system of tropical cyclone warning was implemented by PAGASA's predecessor, the Philippine Weather Bureau. In the late 20th century, this system gradually transformed into the more familiar four-tiered public storm warning signal system. This was further subject to revisions after the catastrophic onslaught of Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) in 2013, which prompted the addition of a fifth warning level to emphasize extreme tropical cyclone winds. The current version of the TCWS was implemented in 2022.
Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal levels
Note: This table incorporates text from public domain sources authored by PAGASA.
Philippine Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals
Wind Signal No.
Wind speed
Warning lead time (from first issuance)
Potential wind impacts
Corresponding tropical cyclone category
TCWS #1
Strong winds:Beaufort Force 6–739–61 km/h22–33 kn10.8–17.1 m/s25–38 mph
36 hours
Minimal to minor threat to life and property
House of poor construction (e.g., wood frame, bamboo, makeshift), old dilapidated structures, and other structures made of light materials will suffer minimal to minor damage.
Some banana and similar plants are tilted, while twigs of small trees may sway with the wind. Rice crops, especially those in flowering and ripening stages, may suffer some damage.
Minimal disruption to public transportation
Tropical depressions (TD) and stronger
TCWS #2
Gale-force winds:Beaufort Force 8–962–88 km/h34–47 kn17.2–24.4 m/s39–54 mph
24 hours
Minor to moderate threat to life and property
Minor to moderate damage may occur to makeshift or old dilapidated structures, and other structures made of light materials. Houses of poor and average construction (e.g., unreinforced CHB/masonry, mixed timber-CHB) may receive minor roof damage.
Unsecured, exposed lightweight items may become projectiles which may cause additional damage.
Some electrical wires may be blown down, resulting in local power outages.
Minor to moderate disruption to public transportation.
Most banana and similar plants are tilted, with some stooped or downed. Some small trees blow over, with twigs and branches of frail trees broken. Considerable damage is likely to rice and other similar crops, especially those in flowering and ripening stages
Tropical storms (TS) and stronger
TCWS #3
Storm-force winds:Beaufort Force 10–1189–117 km/h48–63 kn24.5–32.6 m/s55–72 mph
18 hours
Moderate to significant threat to life and property
Makeshift or old, dilapidated structures, and other structures made of light materials may suffer substantial damage. Houses of poor or average construction will have considerable roof damage, some blown-out windows, and/or partial wall damage. Well-constructed houses (e.g., reinforced/pre-cast CHB, reinforced concrete moment frame) may suffer minimal to minor roof damage.
Warehouses and other buildings in industrial parks may suffer minor to moderate damage.
Unsecured, exposed outdoor items of light to moderate weight may become projectiles, causing additional damage or injuries.
Many areas may suffer power outages with numerous downed power lines and posts. Minimal to minor disruption in telecommunications and potable water supply.
Moderate to significant disruption to public transportation
Some small trees, most banana and similar plants, and a few large trees are downed or broken. Rice and other similar crops, especially those in flowering and ripening stages may suffer heavy damage
Severe tropical storms (STS) and stronger
TCWS #4
Typhoon-force winds:Beaufort Force 12118–184 km/h64–99 kn32.7–51.2 m/s73–114 mph
12 hours
Significant to severe threat to life and property
Severe damage will occur to makeshift or old, dilapidated of light structures, and other structures made of light materials. Houses of poor or average construction may receive major damage, including complete roof failure and possible wall collapse; a few may suffer severe damage.
Most well-constructed houses may suffer minor to moderate roof damage, with some houses experiencing major roof failure; blown out windows are also likely.
Failure of aluminum and steel roofs and coverings may occur in buildings at industrial parks.
Some glass in most high-rise office buildings may be blown out; a few of these buildings may have minor to moderate damage and higher proportion of blown-out windows due to swaying.
Considerable airborne debris will be generated and may cause damage, injury, and possible fatalities.
Near total loss of power supply and telecommunications due to numerous downed power lines, poles, and cellular towers. Diminished availability of potable water supply is also likely.
Significant to severe disruption to public transportation.
Significant damage to banana and similar plants. Most small trees and some large trees will be broken, defoliated, or uprooted. Almost total damage to rice and other crops
Typhoons (TY) and stronger
TCWS #5
Extreme typhoon-force winds:Beaufort Force 12≥185 km/h≥100 kn≥51.3 m/s≥115 mph
12 hours
Extreme threat to life and property
Severe to catastrophic damage is expected to houses of poor or average construction, makeshift or old, dilapidated structures, and other structures made of light materials. Well-constructed houses may suffer substantial roof and wall failure or damage.
Many industrial buildings will be destroyed, with only few receiving partial roof and wall damage.
Most windows will be blown out in high-rise office buildings; moderate structural damage is possible due to swaying. Most, if not all, billboards and signs will be destroyed.
Extensive damage will be cause by airborne debris. People, pets, and livestock exposed to the wind are at great risk of injury or death.
Electricity, potable water supply, and telecommunications will be unavailable for prolonged periods due to significant disruption in infrastructure.
Prolonged significant to severe disruption to public transportation.
Vast majority of the trees will be broken, defoliated, or unrooted. Banana and similar plants will be extensively damaged. Only few trees, plants, and crops will survive.
Super typhoons (STY)
Issuance principles and practices
The first two pages of a Tropical Cyclone Bulletin (TCB) issued by PAGASA on August 23, 2022 at 11:00 AM PHT for Severe Tropical Storm Ma-on (Florita). The table on the second page lists down all localities where Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals are in effect at the time of issuance.The wind signals enumerated in the same bulletin are visualized in this color-coded map which PAGASA publishes in its official website and social media accounts.
Whenever a tropical cyclone forms inside or enters the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) commences the release of Tropical Cyclone Bulletins (TCB) to inform the general public of the cyclone's location, intensity, movement, circulation radius and its forecast track and intensity for at most 72 hours. The TCB also contains a plain-text discussion of the hazards threatening land and coastal waters and the PAGASA's track and intensity outlook for the cyclone.
PAGASA activates the five-tiered Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal (TCWS) system once it is determined that the tropical cyclone inside the PAR is going to directly affect the Philippines and its outermost cyclonic winds are at least 36 hours away from reaching the nearest Philippine landmass. Wind signals under the TCWS system are hoisted primarily at city/municipal or province level; an exception to this is Metro Manila, which is collectively placed under a single wind signal level. All TCWS signal levels in effect in various localities affected or to be affected by tropical cyclone winds are enumerated in each TCB issuance, including the escalation, de-escalation or lifting of such signal levels. Wind signals are hoisted and updated (escalated, de-escalated or lifted) usually in regular time intervals coinciding with the release of a TCB:
6-hourly TCB issuance: when TCWS signals levels have been raised as the tropical cyclone approaches the Philippine landmass (5:00 a.m./p.m. and 11:00 a.m./p.m. PHT).
3-hourly TCB issuance: when (a) the tropical cyclone is about to make landfall within the next 24 hours; (b) during land crossing and directly after land crossing when the tropical cyclone starts to move over water away from land; (c) the tropical cyclone remains offshore but is significantly close to the landmass, warranting the activation of TCWS signals (2:00 a.m./p.m., 5:00 a.m./p.m., 8:00 a.m./p.m. and 11:00 a.m./p.m. PHT).
TCBs can also be released only twice a day (12-hourly) when the tropical cyclone is too far away that it does not affect the Philippine landmass (whether or not the tropical cyclone is approaching the landmass), in which case no TCWS signals are raised.
The progression of Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal issuances for Typhoon Noru (Karding) in September 23–26, 2022. Notice how wind signal levels are escalated/downgraded and how the overall area with wind signals expand/contract as the typhoon moved through Luzon Island.
The TCWS system is a tiered system (from TCWS #1 to #5) that allows for the escalation, de-escalation or lifting of wind signals in every TCB issuance depending on the tropical cyclone wind intensity, the extent of tropical cyclone winds (i.e. radius of tropical cyclone wind circulation) and the forecast direction and speed of movement of the tropical cyclone (relative to the Philippine landmass) at the time of TCB issuance. As a tropical cyclone approaches or moves over land, intensifies or becomes wider, a wind signal raised over a particular locality can be escalated to a higher wind signal level; multiple wind signals hoisted over various areas can also be escalated, and the extent or area where there are active wind signals can also be expanded. On the other hand, wind signals are de-escalated to lower wind signal levels, or else lifted or deactivated, and the area where wind signals are active becomes smaller when the tropical cyclone moves away from land, weakens or scales down in its width. The TCWS system also allows for the skipping of wind signal levels, especially when there is a rapid change in the state of the tropical cyclone.
An important feature of the TCWS system is the lead time, which is the period of time within which a locality should expect the arrival of a range of tropical cyclone wind intensity, i.e. the number of hours from the first time a wind signal is hoisted until the expected range of tropical cyclone wind intensity impacts a particular locality. This makes the TCWS an early warning system, wherein the initial issuance of a particular signal level over a locality does not mean that the inclement weather conditions indicated for the given signal level is already prevailing. The lead time is used to raise awareness of the approximate remaining length of time for the public to prepare against impending tropical cyclone winds. Lead times in the TCWS system are valid only for the first issuance of a particular wind signal; higher wind signal levels correspond to higher wind speeds and shorter lead times.
For example, winds of 39–61 km/h is expected to occur within the next 36 hours when a specific locality is initially put under TCWS #1 due to an approaching tropical cyclone; thus, that locality has at least 36 hours to prepare before such winds arrive or start to occur. When the wind signal in the same locality is escalated to #2, the public has at least 24 hours left to prepare or brace themselves before their locality is struck by winds of 62–88 km/h.
Contrary to common misconception and as implied by its name, the purpose of the TCWS system is to warn the public of the threat of tropical cyclone winds, including its associated hazards and/or impacts on land and sea. As detailed in the table above, PAGASA devised the TCWS system such that each of the five warning signals stands for specific levels of severity of the impacts of tropical cyclone winds (increasing from minimal/minor impacts in TCWS #1 up to catastrophic impacts in TCWS #5), especially on damages to infrastructure and agriculture due to high winds and the risk of injury or death due to building failure or airborne debris. The scope of the TCWS system does not include rainfall (and its associated hazards such as flooding and landslides) induced by tropical cyclones. PAGASA has other warning systems already in place for rainfall, such as Rainfall Advisories for light to moderate rainfall and the Heavy Rainfall Warning System (HR-WS) for heavy and/or continuous rainfall during rain-intensive weather events including tropical cyclones.
The TCWS system is often the basis for suspension of work, classes and transportation in the Philippines due to tropical cyclones, albeit this is not explicitly stated since it is already outside PAGASA's purview. The currently applied protocol by the country's Department of Education (DepEd) indicates that classes (from kindergarten to Grade 12) and work are automatically suspended in all public elementary and secondary schools located in localities where the TCWS system (regardless of the warning level) is in effect due to a tropical cyclone. However, current protocols implemented by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) stipulate that state universities and colleges are allowed to suspend classes and work due to tropical cyclones only in the following three cases: (1) if the institution's locality has been placed under Wind Signal #3, (2) if the local chief executive, i.e. municipal or city mayor, declares the suspension of work and classes in all levels, (3) if the institution's head, i.e. president, headmaster or dean, declares the suspension of work and classes. On the other hand, the country's Coast Guard decrees that generally all vessels are prohibited to venture out to sea when the TCWS (also regardless of the warning level) is in effect along its route and points of departure and destination, with strict exemptions applied only to few vessel types.
History
Pre-Haiyan Philippine tropical cyclone warning systems (1879–2015)
The earliest issuance of a tropical cyclone warning in the Philippines happened in July 7, 1879 during the Spanish colonization era, when Federico Faura of the Observatorio Meteorológico del Ateneo Municipal de Manila (now known as the Manila Observatory) warned of a typhoon moving across Northern Luzon based on barometric readings. The primitive methods of meteorological observation and the lack of telegraph communications made it hard for the Observatorio, a Jesuit scientific institution established in 1865, to promptly warn areas outside Manila. In 1884, the institution was formalized by royal decree as the Observatorio Meteorológico de Manila, leading to major improvements in their tropical cyclone monitoring and warning. In 1901, during the American colonization period, the Observatorio was reorganized as the Philippine Weather Bureau and was the predecessor to the now independent Philippine's state weather bureau PAGASA.
It was during the American period when the earliest formalized system of tropical cyclone warning, with levels/tiers of increasing severity, was used in the Philippines as a result of a 1930 conference of meteorological institutions in the Far East, of which the Philippine Weather Bureau's then Director Miguel Selga was a participant. First implemented by the Bureau in 1931, this tropical cyclone warning system was a revised version of the originally seven-tiered numbered Public Storm Warning Signals (PSWS) introduced by the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) in 1917. The 1930 revision extended the seven warning levels to ten (from PSWS #1 to #10), and it had symbols and meanings that are retained in the HKO's current (1973–present) version of their tropical cyclone warning system.
After World War II, the Bureau's ten-tiered tropical cyclone warning system was revised in the 1970s to include only three levels corresponding to the three basic tropical cyclone classification by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for the Northwest Pacific basin: PSWS #1 for cyclones at tropical depression strength, with 10-minute maximum sustained wind speed of no more than 63 km/h (≤39 mph; ≤34 kn); PSWS #2 for cyclones at tropical storm strength, with winds reaching 64–117 km/h (40–72 mph; 35–63 kn); and PSWS #3 for cyclones attaining typhoon-force winds, i.e. at least 118 km/h (≥73 mph; ≥64 kn).
Philippine Public Storm Warning Signals (1970s)
Signal No.
Meaning
PSWS #1
winds of 63 km/h or less (≤39 mph; ≤34 kn)
PSWS #2
winds of 64–117 km/h (40–72 mph; 35–63 kn)
PSWS #3
winds of 118 km/h or greater (≥73 mph; ≥64 kn)
A fourth signal level was added in 1997 to accommodate stronger typhoons and, in this amendment, the concept of "lead time" was first introduced. Each signal level has a corresponding lead time which indicates the period of time within which an locality should expect the arrival of a range of tropical cyclone wind strength, thus informing the public as early as possible of the approximate remaining length of time for preparations against impending tropical cyclone winds. Lead times remain in use in succeeding versions of PAGASA's tropical cyclone signal systems, with higher signal levels corresponding to both stronger wind speeds and shorter lead times.
PAGASA later expanded this to include details on the impacts of such wind intensities (particularly the potential scale of damage to agriculture and infrastructure) and the precautionary measures to be taken. This four-tiered Public Storm Warning Signal system was in place for nearly two decades until amendments were made in 2015, two years after the disaster brought by Typhoon Haiyan.
Philippine Public Storm Warning Signals (1997–2015)
Signal No.
Meaning
PSWS #1
winds of 30–60 km/h (19–37 mph; 16–32 kn) expected in at least 36 hours
PSWS #2
winds of 61–100 km/h (38–62 mph; 33–54 kn) expected in at least 24 hours
PSWS #3
winds of 101–185 km/h (63–115 mph; 55–100 kn) expected in at least 18 hours
PSWS #4
winds greater than 185 km/h (>115 mph; >100 kn) expected in at least 12 hours
Post-Haiyan Philippine tropical cyclone warning system (2015–2022)
Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) at peak intensity on November 7, 2013Tacloban City nearly a week after Haiyan's onslaught
Typhoon Haiyan, known in the Philippines as Typhoon "Yolanda", caused catastrophic destruction after plowing through central Philippines in November 2013 with 10-minute maximum sustained winds peaking at 235 km/h as estimated by PAGASA. Discussions on the revision of the PSWS started, as PSWS #4 was deemed inadequate for extreme tropical cyclones.
As a result, PAGASA launched the Tropical Cyclone Warning Signal (TCWS) system in May 2015 to supersede the PSWS. Alongside the TCWS, PAGASA also declared its official tropical cyclone intensity scale which resembles the intensity scale stipulated in the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee's operational manual (implemented by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), which is the WMO Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in charge of the Northwest Pacific basin). In this amendment, PAGASA introduced the "severe tropical storm" category (in between the tropical storm and typhoon categories) and the "super typhoon" category, the latter being defined as an extreme tropical cyclone with 10-minute maximum sustained winds in excess of 220 km/h. A fifth signal level, TCWS #5, was introduced accordingly for super typhoons, with the same 12-hour lead time as TCWS #4.
The Tropical Cyclone Warning Signal was then renamed "Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal" in 2019 to show emphasis that this warning system is based on tropical cyclone wind intensity rather than rains, flash floods and landslides (for which other weather warning systems, particularly the PAGASA Heavy Rainfall Warning System, are already in place).
Philippine Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale (2015–2022)
Category
Sustained winds
Tropical depression
≤61 km/h (≤38 mph; ≤33 kn)
Tropical storm
62–88 km/h (39–54 mph; 34–47 kn)
Severe tropical storm
89–117 km/h (55–72 mph; 48–63 kn)
Typhoon
118–220 km/h (73–140 mph; 64–120 kn)
Super typhoon
>220 km/h (>140 mph; >120 kn)
Philippine Tropical Cyclone Warning/Wind Signals (2015–2022)
Signal No.
Meaning
TCWS #1
winds of 30–60 km/h (19–37 mph; 16–32 kn) are prevailing or expected to occur within 36 hours
TCWS #2
winds of 61–120 km/h (38–74 mph; 33–64 kn) are prevailing or expected to occur within 24 hours
TCWS #3
winds of 121–170 km/h (75–105 mph; 65–91 kn) are prevailing or expected to occur within 18 hours
TCWS #4
winds of 171–220 km/h (106–140 mph; 92–120 kn) are prevailing or expected to occur within 12 hours
TCWS #5
winds greater than 220 km/h (>140 mph; >120 kn) are prevailing or expected to occur within 12 hours
Current version (2022–onwards)
A PAGASA meteorologist presenting the Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals in effect due to Tropical Storm Megi (Agaton) on the morning of April 10, 2022.
Seven years later, PAGASA announced on March 23, 2022 (in line with the celebration of the 2022 World Meteorological Day) that they have amended both the tropical cyclone intensity scale and the Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals (TCWS) as a result of a "sunset review" of the agency's tropical cyclone warning system. In a press release, PAGASA stated that the intensity scale and TCWS revisions are based on the "adoption of best practices from other TC warning centers and regionally-accepted operational standards, developments in objective guidance for TC wind swaths, operational experiences and challenges encountered by typhoon forecasters, and feedback from end-users and stakeholders."
For the intensity scale, PAGASA lowered the threshold wind speed for classifying super typhoons from 220 km/h to 185 km/h and defined a super typhoon as an extreme tropical cyclone with 10-minute maximum sustained winds reaching 185 km/h or greater (the range of wind speed for typhoon category is consequently adjusted to 118–184 km/h). This is deemed similar to the super typhoon definition used by other meteorological agencies in the Northwest Pacific such as the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC).
Philippine Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale (updated March 23, 2022)
Category
Sustained winds
Tropical depression
≤61 km/h (≤38 mph; ≤33 kn)
Tropical storm
62–88 km/h (39–54 mph; 34–47 kn)
Severe tropical storm
89–117 km/h (55–72 mph; 48–63 kn)
Typhoon
118–184 km/h (73–114 mph; 64–99 kn)
Super typhoon
≥185 km/h (≥115 mph; ≥100 kn)
For the TCWS, adjustments were made in the wind intensity ranges per wind signal level to account for:
the "indistinguishable" damages sustained in areas under the old TCWS #4 and TCWS #5, as discovered through damage assessment of previous tropical cyclones;
the wide wind intensity range in the old TCWS #2, which was applicable for both tropical storms and severe tropical storms despite significant change in both cyclonic wind strength and impact severity.
PAGASA, thus, amended the TCWS by adjusting the wind intensity ranges per signal level based on the Beaufort wind force scale, which empirically assigns a number from 0 to 12 to measure wind speed. As a result, the wind intensity ranges in the modified TCWS parallels that of the revised tropical cyclone intensity scale, i.e. each signal level in the modified TCWS is associated with each tropical cyclone category (TCWS #1 corresponding to tropical depression, TCWS #2 for tropical storm, and so on). This March 2022 update of the tropical cyclone intensity scale and TCWS is the version that is currently being implemented in the Philippines.
Philippine Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals (updated March 23, 2022)
Signal No.
Issued for
Meaning
TCWS #1
Tropical depressions and stronger
strong winds (Beaufort Force 6–7: 39–61 km/h; 22–33 kn; 25–38 mph) are prevailing or expected to occur within 36 hours
TCWS #2
Tropical storms and stronger
gale-force winds (Beaufort Force 8–9: 62–88 km/h; 34–47 kn; 39–54 mph) are prevailing or expected to occur within 24 hours
TCWS #3
Severe tropical storms and stronger
storm-force winds (Beaufort Force 10–11: 89–117 km/h; 48–63 kn; 55–72 mph) are prevailing or expected to occur within 18 hours
TCWS #4
Typhoons and stronger
typhoon-force winds (Beaufort Force 12 winds of 118–184 km/h; 64–99 kn; 73–114 mph) are prevailing or expected to occur within 12 hours
TCWS #5
Super typhoons
extreme typhoon-force winds (Beaufort Force 12 winds of 185 km/h or greater; ≥ 100 kn; ≥ 115 mph) are prevailing or expected to occur within 12 hours
See also
Hong Kong tropical cyclone warning signals
Tropical cyclone warnings and watches
Tropical cyclone scales
External links
Philippine Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals (TCWS) – DOST-PAGASA official website (in English)
Introduction to the March 23, 2022 update of the Philippine Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal (TCWS) System – DOST-PAGASA official YouTube channel (in Filipino)
Notes
^ Formerly known as Tropical Cyclone Warning Signals (2015–2019) or Public Storm Warning Signals (1970s–2015)
^ When converted from JTWC's 1-minute averaging to PAGASA/WMO's 10-minute averaging
^ or "strong breeze to near gale-force winds"
^ or "gale-force to severe gale-force winds"
^ or "storm-force to violent storm-force winds"
^ equivalent to "hurricane-force winds"
References
^ a b c d e f "Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). Retrieved August 23, 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ a b c PAGASA. "Philippine Tropical Cyclone Warning Signal". Archived from the original on 2022-06-30. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
^ a b c d PAGASA. "The Modified Philippine Public Storm Warning Signals". PAGASA Kidlat. Archived from the original on 2008-09-30. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
^ a b Arceo, Acor (December 3, 2019). "Why is it now called tropical cyclone 'wind' – and not 'warning' – signals?". Rappler. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
^ a b c d e "Annual Report on Philippine Tropical Cyclones (2017)" (PDF). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration. March 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 12, 2024. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
^ a b c d e Esperanza O. Cayanan (July 20, 2015). "The Philippines modified its Tropical Cyclone Warning System" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
^ a b c d e de la Cruz, Gwen (May 21, 2015). "PAGASA adds Storm Signal No. 5 to storm warning system". Rappler. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
^ a b c d e Sauler, Erika (May 21, 2015). "Pagasa adds storm signal No. 5 for supertyphoons". Inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
^ a b c d e f g "Press Release: DOST-PAGASA modifies Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal (TCWS) system". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). March 23, 2022. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
^ a b c d e f Arceo, Acor (March 23, 2022). "PAGASA changes super typhoon definition, wind signals". Rappler. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
^ a b c Sarao, Zacarian (March 24, 2022). "Pagasa revises definition of 'super typhoon,' signal system". Inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
^ a b c d "Modified Tropical Cyclone Warning Signal (TCWS) System (23 March 2022)". YouTube (in Filipino). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). March 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
^ a b c d e f g "Modified Tropical Cyclone Warning System (in the 2022 World Meteorological Day: Scientific Forum)". YouTube. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). March 23, 2022.
^ Perez, Chris (October 26, 2018). "Public Weather Forecast Issued at 4:00 AM October 26, 2018". YouTube. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). Retrieved August 24, 2022.
^ "DepEd Order No. 37, s. 2022 (Guidelines on the cancellation or suspension of classes and work in schools in the event of natural disasters, power outages/power interruptions and other calamities)" (PDF). September 1, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 11, 2024. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ "CHED Memorandum Order No. 15, s. 2012" (PDF). June 1, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ Hernando-Malipot, Merlina (September 28, 2022). "CHED clarifies cancellation of classes in public, private schools in tertiary level". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on January 11, 2024. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ "Memorandum Circular No. 02-23 (Revised guidelines on movement of vessels during heavy weather)" (PDF). March 23, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 11, 2024. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
^ a b Lui, W. H.; Lee, T.C.; Shun, C. M. (January 2018). "Technical Note No. 109: Evolution of the Tropical Cyclone Warning Systems in Hong Kong since 1884" (PDF). Hong Kong Observatory. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 12, 2024. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
^ Tropical Cyclone Warning: Typhoon "Yolanda" (Haiyan) Severe Weather Bulletin Number Six (Report). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). November 7, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.
^ a b c "Storm Signal No. 5 officially added by PAGASA". CNN Philippines. May 21, 2015. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
^ a b Cervantes, Ding (May 16, 2015). "Pagasa bares 5 new storm categories". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
^ de la Cruz, Gwen (April 4, 2015). "How to use PAGASA's color-coded rainfall advisory". Rappler. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong tropical cyclone warning signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_tropical_cyclone_warning_signals"},{"link_name":"Tropical cyclone warnings and watches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_warnings_and_watches"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tropical_Cyclone_Wind_Signals_(TCWS)_due_to_Typhoon_Noru_(Karding),_5_PM_PhST,_25_September_2022.png"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Noru (Karding)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Noru"},{"link_name":"PhST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhST"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language"},{"link_name":"tropical cyclone alert levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_warnings_and_watches"},{"link_name":"Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAGASA"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"tropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_windspeed_climatology"},{"link_name":"hazards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_tropical_cyclones#Strong_winds"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS-2"},{"link_name":"Philippine Area of Responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Area_of_Responsibility"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWSoldver-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSWSkidlat-4"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"municipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whywindsignal-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSWSHistory1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSWSHistory2-7"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS5rappler-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS5pdi-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022TCWS-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS2022verRappler-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS2022verPDI-12"}],"text":"This article is about the tropical cyclone warning system used in the Philippines. For the similarly named warning system in Hong Kong, see Hong Kong tropical cyclone warning signals. For other tropical cyclone warning systems, see Tropical cyclone warnings and watches.Map of Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals hoisted in most of Luzon, Philippines due to Typhoon Noru (Karding) at 5:00 PM PhST on September 25, 2022The Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals (TCWS, or simply wind signals or signals;[a] Filipino: Mga Babala ng Bagyo) are tropical cyclone alert levels issued by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) to areas within the Philippines that may be affected by tropical cyclone winds and their associated hazards.[1]PAGASA's TCWS system is activated when a tropical cyclone is inside or near the Philippine Area of Responsibility and is forecast to affect the Philippine archipelago. It is a tiered system that has five numbered levels, with higher numbers associated with higher wind speeds and shorter \"lead times\", which are time periods within which an expected range of wind strength is expected to occur.[1][2][3] TCWS signals are issued for specific localities (province or city/municipal level) and are escalated, de-escalated or lifted depending on the expected strength of winds and the movement of the tropical cyclone relative to the affected areas.[4][1]The TCWS system is the consequence of decades of evolution of early warning systems for tropical cyclones in the Philippines. The very first tropical cyclone warning in the country was issued in July 1879, albeit it was in 1931 when the earliest formalized system of tropical cyclone warning was implemented by PAGASA's predecessor, the Philippine Weather Bureau.[5] In the late 20th century, this system gradually transformed into the more familiar four-tiered public storm warning signal system.[6] This was further subject to revisions after the catastrophic onslaught of Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) in 2013, which prompted the addition of a fifth warning level to emphasize extreme tropical cyclone winds.[7][8] The current version of the TCWS was implemented in 2022.[9][10][11]","title":"Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PAGASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAGASA"}],"text":"Note: This table incorporates text from public domain sources authored by PAGASA.","title":"Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal levels"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PAGASA_Tropical_Cyclone_Bulletin_(example_for_STS_Ma-on_or_Florita,_issued_11_AM_23_August_2022)_showing_Tropical_Cyclone_Wind_Signals.png"},{"link_name":"Severe Tropical Storm Ma-on (Florita)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Pacific_typhoon_season#Severe_Tropical_Storm_Ma-on_(Florita)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tropical_Cyclone_Wind_Signals_(TCWS)_due_to_Severe_Tropical_Storm_Ma-on_(Florita),_11_AM_PhST,_23_August_2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"tropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"Philippine Area of Responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Area_of_Responsibility"},{"link_name":"Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Atmospheric,_Geophysical,_and_Astronomical_Services_Administration"},{"link_name":"cyclonic winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_windspeed_climatology#Winds_in_tropical_cyclones"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"municipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"PHT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"landfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All_Tropical_Cyclone_Wind_Signals_(TCWS)_issued_due_to_Typhoon_Noru_(Karding),_23%E2%80%9326_September_2022.gif"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Noru (Karding)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Noru"},{"link_name":"table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tropical_Cyclone_wind_signal_levels"},{"link_name":"rainfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain"},{"link_name":"flooding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood"},{"link_name":"landslides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide"},{"link_name":"suspension of work, classes and transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather-related_cancellation"},{"link_name":"Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"public elementary and secondary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Commission on Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Higher_Education_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"state universities and colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercraft"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The first two pages of a Tropical Cyclone Bulletin (TCB) issued by PAGASA on August 23, 2022 at 11:00 AM PHT for Severe Tropical Storm Ma-on (Florita). The table on the second page lists down all localities where Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals are in effect at the time of issuance.The wind signals enumerated in the same bulletin are visualized in this color-coded map which PAGASA publishes in its official website and social media accounts.Whenever a tropical cyclone forms inside or enters the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) commences the release of Tropical Cyclone Bulletins (TCB) to inform the general public of the cyclone's location, intensity, movement, circulation radius and its forecast track and intensity for at most 72 hours. The TCB also contains a plain-text discussion of the hazards threatening land and coastal waters and the PAGASA's track and intensity outlook for the cyclone.PAGASA activates the five-tiered Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal (TCWS) system once it is determined that the tropical cyclone inside the PAR is going to directly affect the Philippines and its outermost cyclonic winds are at least 36 hours away from reaching the nearest Philippine landmass. Wind signals under the TCWS system are hoisted primarily at city/municipal or province level; an exception to this is Metro Manila, which is collectively placed under a single wind signal level. All TCWS signal levels in effect in various localities affected or to be affected by tropical cyclone winds are enumerated in each TCB issuance, including the escalation, de-escalation or lifting of such signal levels. Wind signals are hoisted and updated (escalated, de-escalated or lifted) usually in regular time intervals coinciding with the release of a TCB:[14]6-hourly TCB issuance: when TCWS signals levels have been raised as the tropical cyclone approaches the Philippine landmass (5:00 a.m./p.m. and 11:00 a.m./p.m. PHT).\n3-hourly TCB issuance: when (a) the tropical cyclone is about to make landfall within the next 24 hours; (b) during land crossing and directly after land crossing when the tropical cyclone starts to move over water away from land; (c) the tropical cyclone remains offshore but is significantly close to the landmass, warranting the activation of TCWS signals (2:00 a.m./p.m., 5:00 a.m./p.m., 8:00 a.m./p.m. and 11:00 a.m./p.m. PHT).TCBs can also be released only twice a day (12-hourly) when the tropical cyclone is too far away that it does not affect the Philippine landmass (whether or not the tropical cyclone is approaching the landmass), in which case no TCWS signals are raised.The progression of Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal issuances for Typhoon Noru (Karding) in September 23–26, 2022. Notice how wind signal levels are escalated/downgraded and how the overall area with wind signals expand/contract as the typhoon moved through Luzon Island.The TCWS system is a tiered system (from TCWS #1 to #5) that allows for the escalation, de-escalation or lifting of wind signals in every TCB issuance depending on the tropical cyclone wind intensity, the extent of tropical cyclone winds (i.e. radius of tropical cyclone wind circulation) and the forecast direction and speed of movement of the tropical cyclone (relative to the Philippine landmass) at the time of TCB issuance. As a tropical cyclone approaches or moves over land, intensifies or becomes wider, a wind signal raised over a particular locality can be escalated to a higher wind signal level; multiple wind signals hoisted over various areas can also be escalated, and the extent or area where there are active wind signals can also be expanded. On the other hand, wind signals are de-escalated to lower wind signal levels, or else lifted or deactivated, and the area where wind signals are active becomes smaller when the tropical cyclone moves away from land, weakens or scales down in its width. The TCWS system also allows for the skipping of wind signal levels, especially when there is a rapid change in the state of the tropical cyclone.An important feature of the TCWS system is the lead time, which is the period of time within which a locality should expect the arrival of a range of tropical cyclone wind intensity, i.e. the number of hours from the first time a wind signal is hoisted until the expected range of tropical cyclone wind intensity impacts a particular locality. This makes the TCWS an early warning system, wherein the initial issuance of a particular signal level over a locality does not mean that the inclement weather conditions indicated for the given signal level is already prevailing. The lead time is used to raise awareness of the approximate remaining length of time for the public to prepare against impending tropical cyclone winds. Lead times in the TCWS system are valid only for the first issuance of a particular wind signal; higher wind signal levels correspond to higher wind speeds and shorter lead times.For example, winds of 39–61 km/h is expected to occur within the next 36 hours when a specific locality is initially put under TCWS #1 due to an approaching tropical cyclone; thus, that locality has at least 36 hours to prepare before such winds arrive or start to occur. When the wind signal in the same locality is escalated to #2, the public has at least 24 hours left to prepare or brace themselves before their locality is struck by winds of 62–88 km/h.Contrary to common misconception and as implied by its name, the purpose of the TCWS system is to warn the public of the threat of tropical cyclone winds, including its associated hazards and/or impacts on land and sea. As detailed in the table above, PAGASA devised the TCWS system such that each of the five warning signals stands for specific levels of severity of the impacts of tropical cyclone winds (increasing from minimal/minor impacts in TCWS #1 up to catastrophic impacts in TCWS #5), especially on damages to infrastructure and agriculture due to high winds and the risk of injury or death due to building failure or airborne debris. The scope of the TCWS system does not include rainfall (and its associated hazards such as flooding and landslides) induced by tropical cyclones. PAGASA has other warning systems already in place for rainfall, such as Rainfall Advisories for light to moderate rainfall and the Heavy Rainfall Warning System (HR-WS) for heavy and/or continuous rainfall during rain-intensive weather events including tropical cyclones.The TCWS system is often the basis for suspension of work, classes and transportation in the Philippines due to tropical cyclones, albeit this is not explicitly stated since it is already outside PAGASA's purview. The currently applied protocol by the country's Department of Education (DepEd) indicates that classes (from kindergarten to Grade 12) and work are automatically suspended in all public elementary and secondary schools located in localities where the TCWS system (regardless of the warning level) is in effect due to a tropical cyclone.[15] However, current protocols implemented by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) stipulate that state universities and colleges are allowed to suspend classes and work due to tropical cyclones only in the following three cases: (1) if the institution's locality has been placed under Wind Signal #3, (2) if the local chief executive, i.e. municipal or city mayor, declares the suspension of work and classes in all levels, (3) if the institution's head, i.e. president, headmaster or dean, declares the suspension of work and classes.[16][17] On the other hand, the country's Coast Guard decrees that generally all vessels are prohibited to venture out to sea when the TCWS (also regardless of the warning level) is in effect along its route and points of departure and destination, with strict exemptions applied only to few vessel types.[18]","title":"Issuance principles and practices"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_warnings_and_watches"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Spanish colonization era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)"},{"link_name":"Ateneo Municipal de Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University"},{"link_name":"Manila Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Observatory"},{"link_name":"barometric readings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSWSHistory1-6"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_(province)"},{"link_name":"royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"American colonization period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)"},{"link_name":"PAGASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAGASA"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSWSHistory1-6"},{"link_name":"Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSWSHistory1-6"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKO-20"},{"link_name":"Public Storm Warning Signals (PSWS) introduced by the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_tropical_cyclone_warning_signals"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSWSHistory1-6"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKO-20"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"tropical cyclone classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon#Intensity_classifications"},{"link_name":"World Meteorological Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization"},{"link_name":"Northwest Pacific basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_basins#Northwestern_Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"typhoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSWSHistory2-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSWSkidlat-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWSoldver-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS-2"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Haiyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSWSHistory2-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSWSkidlat-4"}],"sub_title":"Pre-Haiyan Philippine tropical cyclone warning systems (1879–2015)","text":"The earliest issuance of a tropical cyclone warning in the Philippines happened in July 7, 1879 during the Spanish colonization era, when Federico Faura of the Observatorio Meteorológico del Ateneo Municipal de Manila (now known as the Manila Observatory) warned of a typhoon moving across Northern Luzon based on barometric readings.[5] The primitive methods of meteorological observation and the lack of telegraph communications made it hard for the Observatorio, a Jesuit scientific institution established in 1865, to promptly warn areas outside Manila. In 1884, the institution was formalized by royal decree as the Observatorio Meteorológico de Manila, leading to major improvements in their tropical cyclone monitoring and warning. In 1901, during the American colonization period, the Observatorio was reorganized as the Philippine Weather Bureau and was the predecessor to the now independent Philippine's state weather bureau PAGASA.[5]It was during the American period when the earliest formalized system of tropical cyclone warning, with levels/tiers of increasing severity, was used in the Philippines as a result of a 1930 conference of meteorological institutions in the Far East, of which the Philippine Weather Bureau's then Director Miguel Selga was a participant.[5][19] First implemented by the Bureau in 1931, this tropical cyclone warning system was a revised version of the originally seven-tiered numbered Public Storm Warning Signals (PSWS) introduced by the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) in 1917. The 1930 revision extended the seven warning levels to ten (from PSWS #1 to #10), and it had symbols and meanings that are retained in the HKO's current (1973–present) version of their tropical cyclone warning system.[5][19]After World War II, the Bureau's ten-tiered tropical cyclone warning system was revised in the 1970s to include only three levels corresponding to the three basic tropical cyclone classification by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for the Northwest Pacific basin: PSWS #1 for cyclones at tropical depression strength, with 10-minute maximum sustained wind speed of no more than 63 km/h (≤39 mph; ≤34 kn); PSWS #2 for cyclones at tropical storm strength, with winds reaching 64–117 km/h (40–72 mph; 35–63 kn); and PSWS #3 for cyclones attaining typhoon-force winds, i.e. at least 118 km/h (≥73 mph; ≥64 kn).[6]A fourth signal level was added in 1997 to accommodate stronger typhoons and, in this amendment, the concept of \"lead time\" was first introduced. Each signal level has a corresponding lead time which indicates the period of time within which an locality should expect the arrival of a range of tropical cyclone wind strength, thus informing the public as early as possible of the approximate remaining length of time for preparations against impending tropical cyclone winds. Lead times remain in use in succeeding versions of PAGASA's tropical cyclone signal systems, with higher signal levels corresponding to both stronger wind speeds and shorter lead times.[3][2][1]PAGASA later expanded this to include details on the impacts of such wind intensities (particularly the potential scale of damage to agriculture and infrastructure) and the precautionary measures to be taken. This four-tiered Public Storm Warning Signal system was in place for nearly two decades until amendments were made in 2015, two years after the disaster brought by Typhoon Haiyan.[6][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haiyan_2013-11-07_1345Z_(alternate).png"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tacloban_Typhoon_Haiyan_2013-11-14.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tacloban City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacloban"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Haiyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-webcitation1-21"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSWSHistory2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS5rappler-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS5pdi-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS5rappler-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS5pdi-9"},{"link_name":"ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESCAP/WMO_Typhoon_Committee"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SciForum-14"},{"link_name":"Japan Meteorological Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency"},{"link_name":"Regional Specialized Meteorological Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Specialized_Meteorological_Centre"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS5cnn-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCcats2015abs-23"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSWSHistory2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS5rappler-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS5pdi-9"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS5cnn-22"},{"link_name":"rains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain"},{"link_name":"flash floods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_flood"},{"link_name":"landslides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whywindsignal-5"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRW-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS5cnn-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCcats2015abs-23"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWSoldver-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS5rappler-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS5pdi-9"}],"sub_title":"Post-Haiyan Philippine tropical cyclone warning system (2015–2022)","text":"Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) at peak intensity on November 7, 2013Tacloban City nearly a week after Haiyan's onslaughtTyphoon Haiyan, known in the Philippines as Typhoon \"Yolanda\", caused catastrophic destruction after plowing through central Philippines in November 2013 with 10-minute maximum sustained winds peaking at 235 km/h as estimated by PAGASA.[20] Discussions on the revision of the PSWS started, as PSWS #4 was deemed inadequate for extreme tropical cyclones.[6][7][8]As a result, PAGASA launched the Tropical Cyclone Warning Signal (TCWS) system in May 2015 to supersede the PSWS.[7][8] Alongside the TCWS, PAGASA also declared its official tropical cyclone intensity scale which resembles the intensity scale stipulated in the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee's operational manual[13] (implemented by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), which is the WMO Regional Specialized Meteorological Center in charge of the Northwest Pacific basin). In this amendment, PAGASA introduced the \"severe tropical storm\" category (in between the tropical storm and typhoon categories) and the \"super typhoon\" category, the latter being defined as an extreme tropical cyclone with 10-minute maximum sustained winds in excess of 220 km/h.[21][22] A fifth signal level, TCWS #5, was introduced accordingly for super typhoons, with the same 12-hour lead time as TCWS #4.[6][7][8][21]The Tropical Cyclone Warning Signal was then renamed \"Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal\" in 2019 to show emphasis that this warning system is based on tropical cyclone wind intensity rather than rains, flash floods and landslides (for which other weather warning systems, particularly the PAGASA Heavy Rainfall Warning System, are already in place).[4][23]Philippine Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale[21][22] (2015–2022)\n\n\nCategory\n\nSustained winds\n\n\nTropical depression\n\n≤61 km/h (≤38 mph; ≤33 kn)\n\n\nTropical storm\n\n62–88 km/h (39–54 mph; 34–47 kn)\n\n\nSevere tropical storm\n\n89–117 km/h (55–72 mph; 48–63 kn)\n\n\nTyphoon\n\n118–220 km/h (73–140 mph; 64–120 kn)\n\n\nSuper typhoon\n\n>220 km/h (>140 mph; >120 kn)\n\n\nPhilippine Tropical Cyclone Warning/Wind Signals[2][7][8] (2015–2022)\n\n\nSignal No.\n\nMeaning\n\n\nTCWS #1\n\nwinds of 30–60 km/h (19–37 mph; 16–32 kn) are prevailing or expected to occur within 36 hours\n\n\nTCWS #2\n\nwinds of 61–120 km/h (38–74 mph; 33–64 kn) are prevailing or expected to occur within 24 hours\n\n\nTCWS #3\n\nwinds of 121–170 km/h (75–105 mph; 65–91 kn) are prevailing or expected to occur within 18 hours\n\n\nTCWS #4\n\nwinds of 171–220 km/h (106–140 mph; 92–120 kn) are prevailing or expected to occur within 12 hours\n\n\nTCWS #5\n\nwinds greater than 220 km/h (>140 mph; >120 kn) are prevailing or expected to occur within 12 hours","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PAGASA_meteorologist_presenting_an_update_on_Tropical_Storm_Megi_(Agaton),_10_April_2022.png"},{"link_name":"Tropical Storm Megi (Agaton)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Megi_(2022)"},{"link_name":"World Meteorological Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Day"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS2022verRappler-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS2022verPDI-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022TCWS-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022TCWS-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS2022verRappler-11"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Joint Typhoon Warning Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SciForum-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS2022verRappler-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS2022verPDI-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022TCWS-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS2022verRappler-11"},{"link_name":"Beaufort wind force scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_scale"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SciForum-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newTCWSvid-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2022TCWS-10"}],"sub_title":"Current version (2022–onwards)","text":"A PAGASA meteorologist presenting the Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals in effect due to Tropical Storm Megi (Agaton) on the morning of April 10, 2022.Seven years later, PAGASA announced on March 23, 2022 (in line with the celebration of the 2022 World Meteorological Day) that they have amended both the tropical cyclone intensity scale and the Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals (TCWS) as a result of a \"sunset review\" of the agency's tropical cyclone warning system.[10][11][9] In a press release, PAGASA stated that the intensity scale and TCWS revisions are based on the \"adoption of best practices from other TC warning centers and regionally-accepted operational standards, developments in objective guidance for TC wind swaths, operational experiences and challenges encountered by typhoon forecasters, and feedback from end-users and stakeholders.\"[9][10]For the intensity scale, PAGASA lowered the threshold wind speed for classifying super typhoons from 220 km/h to 185 km/h and defined a super typhoon as an extreme tropical cyclone with 10-minute maximum sustained winds reaching 185 km/h or greater (the range of wind speed for typhoon category is consequently adjusted to 118–184 km/h). This is deemed similar to the super typhoon definition used by other meteorological agencies in the Northwest Pacific such as the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC).[b][13][10][11]For the TCWS, adjustments were made in the wind intensity ranges per wind signal level to account for:[9][10]the \"indistinguishable\" damages sustained in areas under the old TCWS #4 and TCWS #5, as discovered through damage assessment of previous tropical cyclones;\nthe wide wind intensity range in the old TCWS #2, which was applicable for both tropical storms and severe tropical storms despite significant change in both cyclonic wind strength and impact severity.PAGASA, thus, amended the TCWS by adjusting the wind intensity ranges per signal level based on the Beaufort wind force scale, which empirically assigns a number from 0 to 12 to measure wind speed. As a result, the wind intensity ranges in the modified TCWS parallels that of the revised tropical cyclone intensity scale, i.e. each signal level in the modified TCWS is associated with each tropical cyclone category (TCWS #1 corresponding to tropical depression, TCWS #2 for tropical storm, and so on). This March 2022 update of the tropical cyclone intensity scale and TCWS is the version that is currently being implemented in the Philippines.[13][12][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SciForum-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCWS2022verRappler-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"}],"text":"^ Formerly known as Tropical Cyclone Warning Signals (2015–2019) or Public Storm Warning Signals (1970s–2015)\n\n^ When converted from JTWC's 1-minute averaging to PAGASA/WMO's 10-minute averaging[13][10]\n\n^ or \"strong breeze to near gale-force winds\"\n\n^ or \"gale-force to severe gale-force winds\"\n\n^ or \"storm-force to violent storm-force winds\"\n\n^ equivalent to \"hurricane-force winds\"","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Map of Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals hoisted in most of Luzon, Philippines due to Typhoon Noru (Karding) at 5:00 PM PhST on September 25, 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Tropical_Cyclone_Wind_Signals_%28TCWS%29_due_to_Typhoon_Noru_%28Karding%29%2C_5_PM_PhST%2C_25_September_2022.png/350px-Tropical_Cyclone_Wind_Signals_%28TCWS%29_due_to_Typhoon_Noru_%28Karding%29%2C_5_PM_PhST%2C_25_September_2022.png"},{"image_text":"The progression of Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal issuances for Typhoon Noru (Karding) in September 23–26, 2022. Notice how wind signal levels are escalated/downgraded and how the overall area with wind signals expand/contract as the typhoon moved through Luzon Island.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/All_Tropical_Cyclone_Wind_Signals_%28TCWS%29_issued_due_to_Typhoon_Noru_%28Karding%29%2C_23%E2%80%9326_September_2022.gif/310px-All_Tropical_Cyclone_Wind_Signals_%28TCWS%29_issued_due_to_Typhoon_Noru_%28Karding%29%2C_23%E2%80%9326_September_2022.gif"},{"image_text":"A PAGASA meteorologist presenting the Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals in effect due to Tropical Storm Megi (Agaton) on the morning of April 10, 2022.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/PAGASA_meteorologist_presenting_an_update_on_Tropical_Storm_Megi_%28Agaton%29%2C_10_April_2022.png/350px-PAGASA_meteorologist_presenting_an_update_on_Tropical_Storm_Megi_%28Agaton%29%2C_10_April_2022.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Hong Kong tropical cyclone warning signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_tropical_cyclone_warning_signals"},{"title":"Tropical cyclone warnings and watches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_warnings_and_watches"},{"title":"Tropical cyclone scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone_scales"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal\". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). Retrieved August 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/tropical-cyclone-wind-signal","url_text":"\"Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAGASA","url_text":"Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration"}]},{"reference":"PAGASA. \"Philippine Tropical Cyclone Warning Signal\". Archived from the original on 2022-06-30. Retrieved 2022-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAGASA","url_text":"PAGASA"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220630031151/http://m.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/weather/psws.php","url_text":"\"Philippine Tropical Cyclone Warning Signal\""},{"url":"http://m.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/weather/psws.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"PAGASA. \"The Modified Philippine Public Storm Warning Signals\". PAGASA Kidlat. Archived from the original on 2008-09-30. Retrieved 2008-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAGASA","url_text":"PAGASA"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080930021806/http://kidlat.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/genmet/psws.html","url_text":"\"The Modified Philippine Public Storm Warning Signals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAGASA","url_text":"PAGASA"},{"url":"http://kidlat.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/genmet/psws.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Arceo, Acor (December 3, 2019). \"Why is it now called tropical cyclone 'wind' – and not 'warning' – signals?\". Rappler. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20220823132624/https://www.rappler.com/nation/weather/246177-why-is-it-now-called-tropical-cyclone-wind-not-warning-signals/","url_text":"\"Why is it now called tropical cyclone 'wind' – and not 'warning' – signals?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappler","url_text":"Rappler"},{"url":"https://www.rappler.com/nation/weather/246177-why-is-it-now-called-tropical-cyclone-wind-not-warning-signals/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report on Philippine Tropical Cyclones (2017)\" (PDF). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration. March 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 12, 2024. Retrieved January 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/pagasaweb/files/tamss/weather/tcsummary/PAGASA_ARTC_2017.pdf","url_text":"\"Annual Report on Philippine Tropical Cyclones (2017)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Atmospheric,_Geophysical,_and_Astronomical_Services_Administration","url_text":"Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240112152421/https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/pagasaweb/files/tamss/weather/tcsummary/PAGASA_ARTC_2017.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Esperanza O. Cayanan (July 20, 2015). \"The Philippines modified its Tropical Cyclone Warning System\" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization (WMO).","urls":[{"url":"https://ane4bf-datap1.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wmocms/s3fs-public/modified_tcws_for_wmo.pdf?TJ91amk3aBWGjDIRIk7fnmANc3keuUlq","url_text":"\"The Philippines modified its Tropical Cyclone Warning System\""}]},{"reference":"de la Cruz, Gwen (May 21, 2015). \"PAGASA adds Storm Signal No. 5 to storm warning system\". Rappler. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190426061618/https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/93894-pagasa-storm-signal-no-5","url_text":"\"PAGASA adds Storm Signal No. 5 to storm warning system\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappler","url_text":"Rappler"},{"url":"https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/93894-pagasa-storm-signal-no-5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sauler, Erika (May 21, 2015). \"Pagasa adds storm signal No. 5 for supertyphoons\". Inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20220823121448/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/692664/pagasa-adds-storm-signal-no-5-for-supertyphoons#selection-541.0-543.2","url_text":"\"Pagasa adds storm signal No. 5 for supertyphoons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer","url_text":"Philippine Daily Inquirer"},{"url":"https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/692664/pagasa-adds-storm-signal-no-5-for-supertyphoons","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Press Release: DOST-PAGASA modifies Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal (TCWS) system\". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). March 23, 2022. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20220823131633/https://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/press-release/108","url_text":"\"Press Release: DOST-PAGASA modifies Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal (TCWS) system\""},{"url":"https://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/press-release/108","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Arceo, Acor (March 23, 2022). \"PAGASA changes super typhoon definition, wind signals\". Rappler. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20220823150431/https://www.rappler.com/nation/weather/pagasa-changes-super-typhoon-definition-tropical-cyclone-wind-signals-march-2022/","url_text":"\"PAGASA changes super typhoon definition, wind signals\""},{"url":"https://www.rappler.com/nation/weather/pagasa-changes-super-typhoon-definition-tropical-cyclone-wind-signals-march-2022/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sarao, Zacarian (March 24, 2022). \"Pagasa revises definition of 'super typhoon,' signal system\". Inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. 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Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). March 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xY_J_O4KCL0&t=1812s","url_text":"\"Modified Tropical Cyclone Warning System (in the 2022 World Meteorological Day: Scientific Forum)\""}]},{"reference":"Perez, Chris (October 26, 2018). \"Public Weather Forecast Issued at 4:00 AM October 26, 2018\". YouTube. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). Retrieved August 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYg0OqiKIY0&t=663s","url_text":"\"Public Weather Forecast Issued at 4:00 AM October 26, 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"DepEd Order No. 37, s. 2022 (Guidelines on the cancellation or suspension of classes and work in schools in the event of natural disasters, power outages/power interruptions and other calamities)\" (PDF). September 1, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 11, 2024. 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Retrieved January 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://coastguard.gov.ph/images/2023_Files/MC/0223_Revised_Heavy_Weather.pdf","url_text":"\"Memorandum Circular No. 02-23 (Revised guidelines on movement of vessels during heavy weather)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240111151738/https://coastguard.gov.ph/images/2023_Files/MC/0223_Revised_Heavy_Weather.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lui, W. H.; Lee, T.C.; Shun, C. M. (January 2018). \"Technical Note No. 109: Evolution of the Tropical Cyclone Warning Systems in Hong Kong since 1884\" (PDF). Hong Kong Observatory. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 12, 2024. Retrieved January 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/publica/tn/files/tn109.pdf","url_text":"\"Technical Note No. 109: Evolution of the Tropical Cyclone Warning Systems in Hong Kong since 1884\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Observatory","url_text":"Hong Kong Observatory"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240112153741/https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/publica/tn/files/tn109.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tropical Cyclone Warning: Typhoon \"Yolanda\" (Haiyan) Severe Weather Bulletin Number Six (Report). Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). November 7, 2013. Archived from the original on November 8, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20131108114055/http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/TCUPDATE_201311072100.htm","url_text":"Tropical Cyclone Warning: Typhoon \"Yolanda\" (Haiyan) Severe Weather Bulletin Number Six"},{"url":"http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/TCUPDATE_201311072100.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Storm Signal No. 5 officially added by PAGASA\". CNN Philippines. May 21, 2015. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20220823125819/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/05/21/PAGASA-adds-Signal-No-5.html","url_text":"\"Storm Signal No. 5 officially added by PAGASA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Philippines","url_text":"CNN Philippines"},{"url":"https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/05/21/PAGASA-adds-Signal-No-5.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cervantes, Ding (May 16, 2015). \"Pagasa bares 5 new storm categories\". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20220823130326/https://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/regions/05/15/15/pagasa-bares-5-new-storm-categories","url_text":"\"Pagasa bares 5 new storm categories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_News_and_Current_Affairs","url_text":"ABS-CBN News"},{"url":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/regions/05/15/15/pagasa-bares-5-new-storm-categories","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"de la Cruz, Gwen (April 4, 2015). \"How to use PAGASA's color-coded rainfall advisory\". Rappler. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20220823133324/https://www.rappler.com/moveph/88868-use-pagasa-color-coded-rainfall/","url_text":"\"How to use PAGASA's color-coded rainfall advisory\""},{"url":"https://www.rappler.com/moveph/88868-use-pagasa-color-coded-rainfall/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%E2%80%93Kovalevskaya_theorem
|
Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem
|
["1 First order Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem","2 Proof by analytic majorization","3 Higher-order Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem","3.1 Example","4 Cauchy–Kovalevskaya–Kashiwara theorem","4.1 Example","5 References","6 External links"]
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Existence and uniqueness theorem for certain partial differential equations
Differential equations
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vte
In mathematics, the Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem (also written as the Cauchy–Kowalevski theorem) is the main local existence and uniqueness theorem for analytic partial differential equations associated with Cauchy initial value problems. A special case was proven by Augustin Cauchy (1842), and the full result by Sofya Kovalevskaya (1874).
First order Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem
This theorem is about the existence of solutions to a system of m differential equations in n dimensions when the coefficients are analytic functions. The theorem and its proof are valid for analytic functions of either real or complex variables.
Let K denote either the fields of real or complex numbers, and let V = Km and W = Kn. Let A1, ..., An−1 be analytic functions defined on some neighbourhood of (0, 0) in W × V and taking values in the m × m matrices, and let b be an analytic function with values in V defined on the same neighbourhood. Then there is a neighbourhood of 0 in W on which the quasilinear Cauchy problem
∂
x
n
f
=
A
1
(
x
,
f
)
∂
x
1
f
+
⋯
+
A
n
−
1
(
x
,
f
)
∂
x
n
−
1
f
+
b
(
x
,
f
)
{\displaystyle \partial _{x_{n}}f=A_{1}(x,f)\partial _{x_{1}}f+\cdots +A_{n-1}(x,f)\partial _{x_{n-1}}f+b(x,f)}
with initial condition
f
(
x
)
=
0
{\displaystyle f(x)=0}
on the hypersurface
x
n
=
0
{\displaystyle x_{n}=0}
has a unique analytic solution ƒ : W → V near 0.
Lewy's example shows that the theorem is not more generally valid for all smooth functions.
The theorem can also be stated in abstract (real or complex) vector spaces. Let V and W be finite-dimensional real or complex vector spaces, with n = dim W. Let A1, ..., An−1 be analytic functions with values in End (V) and b an analytic function with values in V, defined on some neighbourhood of (0, 0) in W × V. In this case, the same result holds.
Proof by analytic majorization
Both sides of the partial differential equation can be expanded as formal power series and give recurrence relations for the coefficients of the formal power series for f that uniquely determine the coefficients. The Taylor series coefficients of the Ai's and b are majorized in matrix and vector norm by a simple scalar rational analytic function. The corresponding scalar Cauchy problem involving this function instead of the Ai's and b has an explicit local analytic solution. The absolute values of its coefficients majorize the norms of those of the original problem; so the formal power series solution must converge
where the scalar solution converges.
Higher-order Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem
If F and fj are analytic functions near 0, then the non-linear Cauchy problem
∂
t
k
h
=
F
(
x
,
t
,
∂
t
j
∂
x
α
h
)
,
where
j
<
k
and
|
α
|
+
j
≤
k
,
{\displaystyle \partial _{t}^{k}h=F\left(x,t,\partial _{t}^{j}\,\partial _{x}^{\alpha }h\right),{\text{ where }}j<k{\text{ and }}|\alpha |+j\leq k,}
with initial conditions
∂
t
j
h
(
x
,
0
)
=
f
j
(
x
)
,
0
≤
j
<
k
,
{\displaystyle \partial _{t}^{j}h(x,0)=f_{j}(x),\qquad 0\leq j<k,}
has a unique analytic solution near 0.
This follows from the first order problem by considering the derivatives of h appearing on the right hand side as components of a vector-valued function.
Example
The heat equation
∂
t
h
=
∂
x
2
h
{\displaystyle \partial _{t}h=\partial _{x}^{2}h}
with the condition
h
(
0
,
x
)
=
1
1
+
x
2
for
t
=
0
{\displaystyle h(0,x)={1 \over 1+x^{2}}{\text{ for }}t=0}
has a unique formal power series solution (expanded around (0, 0)). However this formal power series does not converge for any non-zero values of t, so there are no analytic solutions in a neighborhood of the origin. This shows that the condition |α| + j ≤ k above cannot be dropped. (This example is due to Kowalevski.)
Cauchy–Kovalevskaya–Kashiwara theorem
There is a wide generalization of the Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem for systems of linear partial differential equations with analytic coefficients, the Cauchy–Kovalevskaya–Kashiwara theorem, due to
Masaki Kashiwara (1983). This theorem involves a cohomological formulation, presented in the language of D-modules. The existence condition involves a compatibility condition among the non homogeneous parts of each equation and the vanishing of a derived functor
E
x
t
1
{\displaystyle Ext^{1}}
.
Example
Let
n
≤
m
{\displaystyle n\leq m}
. Set
Y
=
{
x
1
=
⋯
=
x
n
}
{\displaystyle Y=\{x_{1}=\cdots =x_{n}\}}
. The system
∂
x
i
f
=
g
i
,
i
=
1
,
…
,
n
,
{\displaystyle \partial _{x_{i}}f=g_{i},i=1,\ldots ,n,}
has a solution
f
∈
C
{
x
1
,
…
,
x
m
}
{\displaystyle f\in \mathbb {C} \{x_{1},\ldots ,x_{m}\}}
if and only if the compatibility conditions
∂
x
i
g
j
=
∂
x
j
g
i
{\displaystyle \partial _{x_{i}}g_{j}=\partial _{x_{j}}g_{i}}
are verified. In order to have a unique solution we must include an initial condition
f
|
Y
=
h
{\displaystyle f|_{Y}=h}
, where
h
∈
C
{
x
n
+
1
,
…
,
x
m
}
{\displaystyle h\in \mathbb {C} \{x_{n+1},\ldots ,x_{m}\}}
.
References
Cauchy, Augustin (1842), "Mémoire sur l'emploi du calcul des limites dans l'intégration des équations aux dérivées partielles", Comptes rendus, 15 Reprinted in Oeuvres completes, 1 serie, Tome VII, pages 17–58.
Folland, Gerald B. (1995), Introduction to Partial Differential Equations, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-04361-2
Hörmander, L. (1983), The analysis of linear partial differential operators I, Grundl. Math. Wissenschaft., vol. 256, Springer, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-96750-4, ISBN 3-540-12104-8, MR 0717035 (linear case)
Kashiwara, M. (1983), Systems of microdifferential equations, Progress in Mathematics, vol. 34, Birkhäuser, ISBN 0817631380
von Kowalevsky, Sophie (1875), "Zur Theorie der partiellen Differentialgleichung", Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 80: 1–32 (German spelling of her surname used at that time.)
Nakhushev, A.M. (2001) , "Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press
External links
PlanetMath
|
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A special case was proven by Augustin Cauchy (1842), and the full result by Sofya Kovalevskaya (1874).","title":"Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"analytic functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_function"},{"link_name":"fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"analytic functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_function"},{"link_name":"neighbourhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"quasilinear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_differential_equation#Linear_and_nonlinear_equations"},{"link_name":"Cauchy problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy_problem"},{"link_name":"Lewy's example","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewy%27s_example"},{"link_name":"analytic functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_function"},{"link_name":"End (V)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomorphism"},{"link_name":"neighbourhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood_(mathematics)"}],"text":"This theorem is about the existence of solutions to a system of m differential equations in n dimensions when the coefficients are analytic functions. The theorem and its proof are valid for analytic functions of either real or complex variables.Let K denote either the fields of real or complex numbers, and let V = Km and W = Kn. Let A1, ..., An−1 be analytic functions defined on some neighbourhood of (0, 0) in W × V and taking values in the m × m matrices, and let b be an analytic function with values in V defined on the same neighbourhood. Then there is a neighbourhood of 0 in W on which the quasilinear Cauchy problem∂\n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n f\n =\n \n A\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n f\n )\n \n ∂\n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n f\n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n A\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n f\n )\n \n ∂\n \n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n f\n +\n b\n (\n x\n ,\n f\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\partial _{x_{n}}f=A_{1}(x,f)\\partial _{x_{1}}f+\\cdots +A_{n-1}(x,f)\\partial _{x_{n-1}}f+b(x,f)}with initial conditionf\n (\n x\n )\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=0}on the hypersurfacex\n \n n\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{n}=0}has a unique analytic solution ƒ : W → V near 0.Lewy's example shows that the theorem is not more generally valid for all smooth functions.The theorem can also be stated in abstract (real or complex) vector spaces. Let V and W be finite-dimensional real or complex vector spaces, with n = dim W. Let A1, ..., An−1 be analytic functions with values in End (V) and b an analytic function with values in V, defined on some neighbourhood of (0, 0) in W × V. In this case, the same result holds.","title":"First order Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"partial differential equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_differential_equation"},{"link_name":"formal power series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_power_series"},{"link_name":"Taylor series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_series"},{"link_name":"majorized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorization"}],"text":"Both sides of the partial differential equation can be expanded as formal power series and give recurrence relations for the coefficients of the formal power series for f that uniquely determine the coefficients. The Taylor series coefficients of the Ai's and b are majorized in matrix and vector norm by a simple scalar rational analytic function. The corresponding scalar Cauchy problem involving this function instead of the Ai's and b has an explicit local analytic solution. The absolute values of its coefficients majorize the norms of those of the original problem; so the formal power series solution must converge\nwhere the scalar solution converges.","title":"Proof by analytic majorization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear"}],"text":"If F and fj are analytic functions near 0, then the non-linear Cauchy problem∂\n \n t\n \n \n k\n \n \n h\n =\n F\n \n (\n \n x\n ,\n t\n ,\n \n ∂\n \n t\n \n \n j\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n \n α\n \n \n h\n \n )\n \n ,\n \n where \n \n j\n <\n k\n \n and \n \n \n |\n \n α\n \n |\n \n +\n j\n ≤\n k\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\partial _{t}^{k}h=F\\left(x,t,\\partial _{t}^{j}\\,\\partial _{x}^{\\alpha }h\\right),{\\text{ where }}j<k{\\text{ and }}|\\alpha |+j\\leq k,}with initial conditions∂\n \n t\n \n \n j\n \n \n h\n (\n x\n ,\n 0\n )\n =\n \n f\n \n j\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n ,\n \n 0\n ≤\n j\n <\n k\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\partial _{t}^{j}h(x,0)=f_{j}(x),\\qquad 0\\leq j<k,}has a unique analytic solution near 0.This follows from the first order problem by considering the derivatives of h appearing on the right hand side as components of a vector-valued function.","title":"Higher-order Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heat equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_equation"}],"sub_title":"Example","text":"The heat equation∂\n \n t\n \n \n h\n =\n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n \n 2\n \n \n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\partial _{t}h=\\partial _{x}^{2}h}with the conditionh\n (\n 0\n ,\n x\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n 1\n +\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n for \n \n t\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h(0,x)={1 \\over 1+x^{2}}{\\text{ for }}t=0}has a unique formal power series solution (expanded around (0, 0)). However this formal power series does not converge for any non-zero values of t, so there are no analytic solutions in a neighborhood of the origin. This shows that the condition |α| + j ≤ k above cannot be dropped. (This example is due to Kowalevski.)","title":"Higher-order Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cauchy–Kovalevskaya–Kashiwara theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cauchy%E2%80%93Kovalevskaya%E2%80%93Kashiwara_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Masaki Kashiwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaki_Kashiwara"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKashiwara1983"},{"link_name":"cohomological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohomological"},{"link_name":"D-modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-modules"},{"link_name":"derived functor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derived_functor"}],"text":"There is a wide generalization of the Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem for systems of linear partial differential equations with analytic coefficients, the Cauchy–Kovalevskaya–Kashiwara theorem, due to\nMasaki Kashiwara (1983). This theorem involves a cohomological formulation, presented in the language of D-modules. The existence condition involves a compatibility condition among the non homogeneous parts of each equation and the vanishing of a derived functor \n \n \n \n E\n x\n \n t\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Ext^{1}}\n \n.","title":"Cauchy–Kovalevskaya–Kashiwara theorem"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Example","text":"Let \n \n \n \n n\n ≤\n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n\\leq m}\n \n. Set \n \n \n \n Y\n =\n {\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n ⋯\n =\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y=\\{x_{1}=\\cdots =x_{n}\\}}\n \n. The system \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n f\n =\n \n g\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n i\n =\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\partial _{x_{i}}f=g_{i},i=1,\\ldots ,n,}\n \n has a solution \n \n \n \n f\n ∈\n \n C\n \n {\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n m\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\in \\mathbb {C} \\{x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{m}\\}}\n \n if and only if the compatibility conditions \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n j\n \n \n =\n \n ∂\n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\partial _{x_{i}}g_{j}=\\partial _{x_{j}}g_{i}}\n \n are verified. In order to have a unique solution we must include an initial condition \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n |\n \n \n Y\n \n \n =\n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f|_{Y}=h}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n h\n ∈\n \n C\n \n {\n \n x\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n m\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h\\in \\mathbb {C} \\{x_{n+1},\\ldots ,x_{m}\\}}\n \n.","title":"Cauchy–Kovalevskaya–Kashiwara theorem"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Cauchy, Augustin (1842), \"Mémoire sur l'emploi du calcul des limites dans l'intégration des équations aux dérivées partielles\", Comptes rendus, 15","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/oeuvresdaugusti107caucrich#page/n27/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Mémoire sur l'emploi du calcul des limites dans l'intégration des équations aux dérivées partielles\""}]},{"reference":"Folland, Gerald B. (1995), Introduction to Partial Differential Equations, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-04361-2","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c0WFd3X_R20C&q=%22Cauchy%E2%80%93Kowalevski%22","url_text":"Introduction to Partial Differential Equations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04361-2","url_text":"0-691-04361-2"}]},{"reference":"Hörmander, L. (1983), The analysis of linear partial differential operators I, Grundl. Math. Wissenschaft., vol. 256, Springer, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-96750-4, ISBN 3-540-12104-8, MR 0717035","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-96750-4","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-96750-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-12104-8","url_text":"3-540-12104-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0717035","url_text":"0717035"}]},{"reference":"Kashiwara, M. (1983), Systems of microdifferential equations, Progress in Mathematics, vol. 34, Birkhäuser, ISBN 0817631380","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0817631380","url_text":"0817631380"}]},{"reference":"von Kowalevsky, Sophie (1875), \"Zur Theorie der partiellen Differentialgleichung\", Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 80: 1–32","urls":[{"url":"http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN243919689_0080&DMDID=DMDLOG_0005","url_text":"\"Zur Theorie der partiellen Differentialgleichung\""}]},{"reference":"Nakhushev, A.M. (2001) [1994], \"Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Cauchy%E2%80%93Kovalevskaya_theorem","url_text":"\"Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"EMS Press"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/oeuvresdaugusti107caucrich#page/n27/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Mémoire sur l'emploi du calcul des limites dans l'intégration des équations aux dérivées partielles\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c0WFd3X_R20C&q=%22Cauchy%E2%80%93Kowalevski%22","external_links_name":"Introduction to Partial Differential Equations"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-96750-4","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-642-96750-4"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0717035","external_links_name":"0717035"},{"Link":"http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN243919689_0080&DMDID=DMDLOG_0005","external_links_name":"\"Zur Theorie der partiellen Differentialgleichung\""},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Cauchy%E2%80%93Kovalevskaya_theorem","external_links_name":"\"Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem\""},{"Link":"https://planetmath.org/cauchykowalewskitheorem","external_links_name":"PlanetMath"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallara_P217
|
Dallara P217
|
["1 Development","2 Cadillac DPi-V.R","3 Complete IMSA SportsCar Championship results","4 Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results","5 Complete European Le Mans Series results","6 See also","7 References"]
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Prototype sportscar
Racing car model
Dallara P217Nyck de Vries during the 2018 6 Hours of SilverstoneCategoryLe Mans Prototype 2ConstructorDallaraDesigner(s)Jos ClaesTechnical specificationsChassisCarbon-fibre monocoque with aluminium honeycomb and Zylon side panelsSuspension (front)Double Wishbone Independent PushrodSuspension (rear)As FrontLength4745mmWidth1900mmHeight1050mmWheelbase3010mmEngineGibson GK-428 4.2 litre V8mid-engined, longitudinally mountedTransmissionXtrac P1159F 6-speed sequential semi-automatic paddle-shiftPower603 hp (450 kW)Weight930kgFuelVariousLubricantsVariousBrakesBrembo Carbon DisksTyresMichelin, Dunlop, GoodyearCompetition historyNotable entrants Racing Team Nederland Cetilar Villorba Corse SMP Racing Cetilar Racing High Class Racing Thunderhead Carlin Racing AVF by Adrián VallésNotable drivers Matevos Isaakyan Egor Orudzhev Frits van Eerd Jan Lammers Andrea Belicchi Roberto Lacorte Giorgio Sernagiotto Dennis Andersen Anders Fjordbach Henrique Chaves Konstantin Tereshchenko Viktor Shaytar Felipe Nasr Ben Barnicoat Jack Manchester Olivier Pla Harry Tincknell Harrison Newey Giedo van der Garde Nyck de Vries Antonio FuocoDebut2017 4 Hours of SilverstoneFirst win2017 4 Hours of CastelletLast win2017 4 Hours of CastelletLast event2021 24 Hours of Daytona
RacesWinsPodiumsPolesF/Laps
351500Teams' Championships0Constructors' Championships0Drivers' Championships0
The Dallara P217 is a sportscar prototype built by Dallara Automobili to the 2017 FIA/ACO regulations for the Le Mans Prototype LMP2 class. The car also meets the regulations for the Le Mans Prototype 2 Class of the IMSA WeatherTech Sportscar Championship. It was active in the FIA World Endurance Championship, and the European Le Mans Series. The prototype made its debut at the 2017 4 Hours of Silverstone.
Development
The car is a result of the bid made by Dallara, for one of the four licenses to build the new for 2017 Le Mans Prototype 2 cars. It is also the first LMP constructed by Dallara since the original Audi R18 TDI. The car was first spotted testing at the Autodromo Riccardo Paletti in Northern Italy in late early October, by the Italian magazine Autosprint.
During the 2017 racing season, the car was discovered to have a fundamental issue with a critical element of the sprint kit which was firmly homologated and carried over in the Le Mans low-drag kit. Resulting in major balance issues for the car which first surfaced at Le Mans. With the car being noted for its speed on the long straights, such as the Mulsanne Straight, but also for its lack of pace in the twistier sections of the track. This element was later revealed to be the splitter. The car was subsequently fitted with an Evo kit for the 2018 racing season to resolve issues with the car. With a new splitter for the Standard High Downforce Aero package and a revised Le Mans Low Drag Kit. Ahead of the homologation of the Evo Package, the revised car was revealed to have undergone testing at the Algarve International Circuit, in the hands of customer team Cetilar Villorba Corse. The car has also been known for its relative similarity to the Porsche 919 Hybrid.
Cadillac DPi-V.R
Main article: Cadillac DPi-V.R
Action Express Racing's Mustang Sampling Racing Cadillac DPi- V.R. at the Petit Le Mans.
A Daytona Prototype International variant of the car, has been developed in partnership with General Motors (under its Cadillac marque), as well as Wayne Taylor Racing. It was unveiled on the 30th of November and is a successor to the successful Corvette Daytona Prototype that was fielded in the Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series, as well as the IMSA WeatherTech Sportscar Championship. It is powered by a LS based GM small-block engine, originally a 6.2L V8 designed, developed, and produced by ECR Engines, mated to a 6 Speed Xtrac transmission, producing 600 hp. In this guise, the car was extremely dominant, with the car winning on its debut at the 2017 Rolex 24 at Daytona, where Wayne Taylor Racing leading a 1–2 with Action Express Racing, while also winning 8 of the 10 races in the calendar. In 2018, the displacement of the LS engine was changed to 5.5L, again built by ECR Engines and producing 580 hp, following a series of BoP adjustments during 2017 to slow down the car the previous season, that had made the car hard to drive, with most notably a tall first and second gear mandated after the low-end torque became an advantage against the turbocharged four and six-cylinder engines.
Complete IMSA SportsCar Championship results
Results in bold indicate pole position. Results in italics indicate fastest lap.
Year
Entrant
Class
Drivers
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Points
Pos
DAY1
DAY2
SEB
MOH
BEL
WGL1
WGL2
ELK
LGA
LBH
ATL
2021
Cetilar Racing
LMP2
Andrea Belicchi
47
6
6
0
NC
Antonio Fuoco
6
6
Roberto Lacorte
6
6
Giorgio Sernagiotto
6
6
Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results
Results in bold indicate pole position. Results in italics indicate fastest lap.
Year
Entrant
Class
Drivers
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Points
Pos
SPA
LMS
SIL
FUJ
SHA
SEB
SPA
LMS
2018 - 2019
Racing Team Nederland
LMP2
Giedo van der Garde
29
8
7
5
7
5
5
6
15
85
6th
Frits van Eerd
8
7
5
7
5
5
6
15
Jan Lammers
8
7
Nyck de Vries
5
7
5
5
6
15
SIL
FUJ
SHA
BHR
COTA
SPA
LMS
BHR
Points
Pos
2019 - 2020
Cetilar Racing
LMP2
Andrea Belicchi
47
6
7
7
9
8
5
10
6
72
7th
Roberto Lacorte
6
7
7
9
8
5
10
6
Giorgio Sernagiotto
6
7
7
9
8
5
10
6
Complete European Le Mans Series results
Results in bold indicate pole position. Results in italics indicate fastest lap.
Year
Entrant
Class
Drivers
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Points
Pos
SIL
MNZ
RBR
LEC
SPA
POR
2017
SMP Racing
LMP2
Matevos Isaakyan
27
6
1
3
3
63
4th
Egor Orudzhev
6
1
3
3
Racing Team Nederland
Frits van Eerd
29
11
10
7
12
11
8
12.5
11th
Jan Lammers
11
10
7
12
11
8
Cetilar Villorba Corse
Andrea Belicchi
47
6
5
NC
10
7
5
35
9th
Roberto Lacorte
6
5
NC
10
7
5
Giorgio Sernagiotto
6
5
NC
10
7
5
High Class Racing
Dennis Andersen
49
3
3
8
9
8
7
46
6th
Anders Fjordbach
3
3
8
9
8
7
LEC
MNZ
RBR
SIL
SPA
POR
Points
Pos
2018
AVF by Adrián Vallés
LMP2
Henrique Chaves
30
11
Ret
14
8
9
Ret
6
15th
Konstantin Tereshchenko
11
Ret
14
8
9
Ret
SMP Racing
Matevos Isaakyan
35
NC
Ret
7
Ret
6
14th
Egor Orudzhev
NC
Ret
7
Viktor Shaytar
NC
Ret
7
Ret
Cetilar Villorba Corse
Andrea Belicchi
47
14
4.5
17th
Roberto Lacorte
14
9
11
13
10
11
Giorgio Sernagiotto
14
9
11
13
10
11
Felipe Nasr
9
11
13
10
11
High Class Racing
Dennis Andersen
49
13
14
12
9
Ret
9
5.5
16th
Anders Fjordbach
13
14
12
9
Ret
9
LEC
MNZ
BAR
SIL
SPA
POR
Points
Pos
2019
Thunderhead Carlin Racing
LMP2
Ben Barnicoat
45
11
11
9
Ret
Ret
3
16th
Jack Manchester
11
11
9
Ret
Olivier Pla
11
Harry Tincknell
11
9
Ret
Ret
Harrison Newey
Ret
Cetilar Villorba Corse
Andrea Belicchi
47
Ret
0
NC
Roberto Lacorte
Ret
Giorgio Sernagiotto
Ret
See also
BR Engineering BR1 (Dallara-based LMP1 chassis)
Cadillac DPi-V.R (Dallara-based DPi chassis)
References
^ "Racing Team Nederland Steps Up to WEC – Sportscar365". Retrieved 2018-12-04.
^ a b c "Dallara P217 - Racecar Engineering". Racecar Engineering. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
^ "Dallara LMP2 Car Breaks Cover – Sportscar365". Retrieved 2018-12-04.
^ "Dallara, Ups & Downs In LMP – dailysportscar.com". www.dailysportscar.com. Retrieved 2020-01-04.
^ "Dallara Details LMP2 Evo Kit Updates – Sportscar365". Retrieved 2018-12-04.
^ "Dallara 'Joker' Package On Track At Portimão – dailysportscar.com". www.dailysportscar.com. Retrieved 2020-01-03.
^ "Cadillac DPi-V.R Unveiled – Sportscar365". Retrieved 2018-12-04.
^ "Cadillac Pressroom - United States - DPi-V.R race car". media.gm.com. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
^ "Cadillac DPi teams to race with smaller engine". RACER. 2018-01-04. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
vte Dallara Automobili
Founder
Giampaolo Dallara
Formula One cars
3087
F188
F189
F190
F191
F192
RA099
F110
VF-16
VF-17
VF-18
VF-19
VF-20
VF-21
VF-22
VF-23
VF-24
Le Mans Prototype cars
333 SP
SP1
GC21
R18
P217
Le Mans Hypercars
499P
Le Mans Daytona h cars
M Hybrid V8
V-Series.R
IndyCar Series cars
IR-7
IR-00
IR-03/IR-05
DW12
Super Formula cars
SF14
SF19
SF23
GP2 Series (2005–2016) later FIA Formula 2 Championship (2017–present) cars
GP2/05
GP2/08
GP2/11
F2 2018
F2 2024
GP3 Series (2010–2018) later FIA Formula 3 Championship (2019–present) cars
GP3/10
GP3/13
GP3/16
F3 2019
Formula Three cars
Emiliani 380
381
382
383
384
F385
F386
F387
F388
F389
F390
F391
F392
F393
F394
F395
F396
F397
F398
F399
F300
F301
F302
F303
F304
F305
F306
F307
F308
F309
F310
F311
F312
F313
F314
F315
F316
F317
320
Formula Renault 3.5 (2005–2015) later Formula V8 3.5 (2016–2017) cars
T05
T08
T12
Autonomous racing
AV-21
AV-24
EAV24
List
Dallara cars
vte« previous Cars that competed in the 2018–19 FIA World Endurance Championship next »LMP1
BR Engineering BR1
ENSO CLM P1/01
Ginetta G60-LT-P1
Rebellion R13
Toyota TS050 Hybrid
LMP2
Alpine A470
Dallara P217
Ligier JS P217
Oreca 07
LMGTE Pro
Aston Martin Vantage AMR
BMW M8 GTE
Ferrari 488 GTE Evo
Ford GT
Porsche 911 RSR
LMGTE Am
Aston Martin Vantage GTE
Ferrari 488 GTE
Porsche 911 RSR
vte« previous Cars that competed in the 2019–20 FIA World Endurance Championship next »LMP1
ENSO CLM P1/01
Ginetta G60-LT-P1
Rebellion R13
Toyota TS050 Hybrid
LMP2
Alpine A470
Dallara P217
Oreca 07
LMGTE Pro
Aston Martin Vantage AMR
Ferrari 488 GTE Evo
Porsche 911 RSR-19
LMGTE Am
Aston Martin Vantage AMR
Ferrari 488 GTE Evo
Porsche 911 RSR
vte« previous Cars that competed in the 2021 IMSA SportsCar Championship next »DPi
Acura ARX-05
Cadillac DPi-V.R
Mazda RT24-P
LMP2
Dallara P217
Ligier JS P217
Oreca 07
LMP3
Duqueine M30 - D08
Ligier JS P320
GTLM
BMW M8 GTE
Chevrolet Corvette C8.R
Ferrari 488 GTE Evo
Porsche 911 RSR-19
GTD
Audi R8 LMS Evo
Acura NSX GT3 Evo
Aston Martin Vantage AMR GT3
BMW M6 GT3
Ferrari 488 GT3 Evo 2020
Lamborghini Huracán GT3 Evo
Lexus RC F GT3
McLaren 720S GT3
Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo
Porsche 911 GT3 R
|
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The prototype made its debut at the 2017 4 Hours of Silverstone.","title":"Dallara P217"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallara"},{"link_name":"Audi R18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_R18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mulsanne Straight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulsanne_Straight"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Algarve International Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algarve_International_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Porsche 919 Hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_919_Hybrid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"The car is a result of the bid made by Dallara, for one of the four licenses to build the new for 2017 Le Mans Prototype 2 cars. It is also the first LMP constructed by Dallara since the original Audi R18 TDI.[2] The car was first spotted testing at the Autodromo Riccardo Paletti in Northern Italy in late early October, by the Italian magazine Autosprint.[3]During the 2017 racing season, the car was discovered to have a fundamental issue with a critical element of the sprint kit which was firmly homologated and carried over in the Le Mans low-drag kit. Resulting in major balance issues for the car which first surfaced at Le Mans. With the car being noted for its speed on the long straights, such as the Mulsanne Straight, but also for its lack of pace in the twistier sections of the track.[4] This element was later revealed to be the splitter. The car was subsequently fitted with an Evo kit for the 2018 racing season to resolve issues with the car. With a new splitter for the Standard High Downforce Aero package and a revised Le Mans Low Drag Kit.[5] Ahead of the homologation of the Evo Package, the revised car was revealed to have undergone testing at the Algarve International Circuit, in the hands of customer team Cetilar Villorba Corse.[6] The car has also been known for its relative similarity to the Porsche 919 Hybrid.[2]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mustang_Cadillac_DPi-_V.R.jpg"},{"link_name":"Action Express Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Express_Racing"},{"link_name":"Petit Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"Daytona Prototype International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytona_Prototype_International"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Cadillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac"},{"link_name":"Wayne Taylor Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Taylor_Racing"},{"link_name":"Corvette Daytona Prototype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette_Daytona_Prototype"},{"link_name":"Rolex Sports Car Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolex_Sports_Car_Series"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"LS based GM small-block engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LS_based_GM_small-block_engine"},{"link_name":"ECR Engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing#ECR_Engines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Action Express Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Express_Racing"},{"link_name":"ECR Engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing#ECR_Engines"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Action Express Racing's Mustang Sampling Racing Cadillac DPi- V.R. at the Petit Le Mans.A Daytona Prototype International variant of the car, has been developed in partnership with General Motors (under its Cadillac marque), as well as Wayne Taylor Racing. 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In 2018, the displacement of the LS engine was changed to 5.5L, again built by ECR Engines and producing 580 hp, following a series of BoP adjustments during 2017 to slow down the car the previous season, that had made the car hard to drive, with most notably a tall first and second gear mandated after the low-end torque became an advantage against the turbocharged four and six-cylinder engines.[9]","title":"Cadillac DPi-V.R"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Results in bold indicate pole position. Results in italics indicate fastest lap.","title":"Complete IMSA SportsCar Championship results"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Results in bold indicate pole position. Results in italics indicate fastest lap.","title":"Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Results in bold indicate pole position. Results in italics indicate fastest lap.","title":"Complete European Le Mans Series results"}]
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[{"title":"BR Engineering BR1 (Dallara-based LMP1 chassis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BR_Engineering_BR1"},{"title":"Cadillac DPi-V.R (Dallara-based DPi chassis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_DPi-V.R"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schapira
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Hermann Schapira
|
["1 Biography","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]
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Lithuanian rabbi, mathematician and zionist.
Zvi Hermann Schapira.
Stamps with inscribed portraits, including Hermann Schapira, ca. 1916. In the collection of the Jewish Museum of Switzerland.
Zvi Hermann Schapira (Hebrew: צבי הרמן שפירא; 1840–1898), or Hermann Hirsch Schapira, was a Lithuanian rabbi, mathematician at the University of Heidelberg, and Zionist. He was the first to suggest founding a Jewish National Fund for the purchase of land in Palestine.
Biography
Zvi Hermann Schapira was born in a small Lithuanian town, Erswilken, not far from the larger town of Tauragė, part of the Russian Empire, but also close to the Prussian border. After studying for the rabbinate, Schapira was first appointed rabbi at age twenty-four, but then decided to dedicate his life to the secular sciences. He first moved to Odessa, and in 1868 to Berlin, where he enrolled for three years at the Gewerbeakademie . Schapira returned to Odessa, where he worked as a merchant for the next five years.
In 1878 he switched back to scientific studies, spending the next four years in the German university town of Heidelberg where he especially concentrated on mathematics and physics. In 1880, he applied for a PhD examination, with mathematics as a main subject and mechanics and Hebrew Language and Literature as secondary subjects. That same year, with Lazarus Fuchs as thesis advisor, he earned his doctorate with the dissertation Lineare homogene Cofunktionen, "Linear homogeneous cofunctions". In 1883 he established himself as Privatdozent in mathematics at the University of Heidelberg, becoming assistant professor in 1887. Schapira published his mathematical work in a number of specialised journals.
Throughout his life, Schapira remained a student of Hebrew literature, contributing an edition of the Mishnat ha-Middot (1880) based on a Munich manuscript. He also wrote for the Hebrew periodicals Ha-Meliẓ, Ha-Ẓefirah, and Mi-Mizraḥ umi-Ma'arab.
In the aftermath of the Russian pogroms of 1881, Schapira lent his support to the proto-Zionist Hibbat Zion movement. In 1884, Schapira proposed the establishment of an organization for the acquisition of land in Eretz Yisrael and came up with the idea of the "Blue Box" as means of collecting money. He presented proposal for the creation of a Jewish national fund at the First Zionist Congress of 1897, where he supported the Basel program, proving to be an enthusiastic Zionist from the very beginning of the movement. Although the Jewish National Fund (JNF) came into being only in 1901, at the Fifth Congress, after Shapira's death, he is still considered to be the "father" of the JNF.
Also at the 1897 congress, Shapira brought up the idea of founding a Hebrew university in Jerusalem.
During a Zionist lecture tour he contracted pneumonia in Cologne, and died there on 8 May 1898.
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Schapira, Hermann". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
^ Myers, David N. "A New Scholalry Colony in Jerusalem: The Early History of Jewish Studies at the Hebrew University" (PDF). Judaism (The Origins of Modern Jewish Studies and the Founding of the Hebrew University, Issue No. 178 / Volume 45 / Number 2, Spring 1996). American Jewish Congress: 142–159 . Retrieved 16 February 2021.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Jewish Encyclopedia
^ a b c d Kern, Günter (2011) . Dörflinger, Gabriele (ed.). Hermann Schapira (PDF). Heidelberger Texte zur Mathematikgeschichte (in German). Heidelberg: Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg. pp. 40–42. Retrieved 16 February 2021. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ a b c Edelheit, Hershel, History Of Zionism: A Handbook And Dictionary
^ The Blue Box: Jewish National Fund
^ Glass, Joseph B. (2018). From New Zion to Old Zion: American Jewish Immigration and Settlement in Palestine, 1917-1939. American Holy Land Series (reprint ed.). Wayne State University Press. ISBN 9780814344224. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
^ Hebrew University Opens, Center for Israel Education, accessed 15 February 2021
Further reading
Sources mentioned in the Jewish Encyclopedia article:
Kohut, Adolph, Berühmte Israelitische Männer und Frauen, vi. 249-250
Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums, May 13, 1898
Aḥiasaf, 1898, pp. 296–301
Ha-Meliẓ, 1898, No. 95; 1899, Nos. 62, 68, 76, 77
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zvi Hermann Schapira.
Works by or about Hermann Schapira at Internet Archive
Hermann Schapira at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Sweden
Netherlands
Academics
MathSciNet
Mathematics Genealogy Project
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
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In the collection of the Jewish Museum of Switzerland.Zvi Hermann Schapira (Hebrew: צבי הרמן שפירא; 1840–1898), or Hermann Hirsch Schapira, was a Lithuanian rabbi,[1] mathematician at the University of Heidelberg, and Zionist. He was the first to suggest founding a Jewish National Fund for the purchase of land in Palestine.","title":"Hermann Schapira"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erswilken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C5%BEvilkas"},{"link_name":"Tauragė","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurag%C4%97"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JE-2"},{"link_name":"Russian 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switched back to scientific studies, spending the next four years in the German university town of Heidelberg where he especially concentrated on mathematics and physics.[2] In 1880, he applied for a PhD examination, with mathematics as a main subject and mechanics and Hebrew Language and Literature as secondary subjects.[3] That same year, with Lazarus Fuchs as thesis advisor, he earned his doctorate with the dissertation Lineare homogene Cofunktionen, \"Linear homogeneous cofunctions\".[3] In 1883 he established himself as Privatdozent in mathematics at the University of Heidelberg, becoming assistant professor in 1887.[3] Schapira published his mathematical work in a number of specialised journals.[2]Throughout his life, Schapira remained a student of Hebrew literature, contributing an edition of the Mishnat ha-Middot (1880) based on a Munich manuscript.[2] He also wrote for the Hebrew periodicals Ha-Meliẓ, Ha-Ẓefirah, and Mi-Mizraḥ umi-Ma'arab.[2]In the aftermath of the Russian pogroms of 1881, Schapira lent his support to the proto-Zionist Hibbat Zion movement.[4] In 1884, Schapira proposed the establishment of an organization for the acquisition of land in Eretz Yisrael and came up with the idea of the \"Blue Box\" as means of collecting money.[5] He presented proposal for the creation of a Jewish national fund at the First Zionist Congress of 1897,[4] where he supported the Basel program, proving to be an enthusiastic Zionist from the very beginning of the movement.[2] Although the Jewish National Fund (JNF) came into being only in 1901, at the Fifth Congress, after Shapira's death, he is still considered to be the \"father\" of the JNF.[6][4]Also at the 1897 congress, Shapira brought up the idea of founding a Hebrew university in Jerusalem.[7]During a Zionist lecture tour he contracted pneumonia in Cologne, and died there on 8 May 1898.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kohut, 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[{"reference":"Myers, David N. \"A New Scholalry Colony in Jerusalem: The Early History of Jewish Studies at the Hebrew University\" (PDF). Judaism (The Origins of Modern Jewish Studies and the Founding of the Hebrew University, Issue No. 178 / Volume 45 / Number 2, Spring 1996). American Jewish Congress: 142–159 [146]. Retrieved 16 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.ucla.edu/sites/default/files/u184/myers/new_articles/a_new_scholarly_colony.pdf","url_text":"\"A New Scholalry Colony in Jerusalem: The Early History of Jewish Studies at the Hebrew University\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jewish_Congress","url_text":"American Jewish Congress"}]},{"reference":"Kern, Günter (2011) [1992]. Dörflinger, Gabriele (ed.). Hermann Schapira (PDF). Heidelberger Texte zur Mathematikgeschichte (in German). Heidelberg: Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg. pp. 40–42. Retrieved 16 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/14583/1/kern.pdf","url_text":"Hermann Schapira"}]},{"reference":"Glass, Joseph B. (2018). From New Zion to Old Zion: American Jewish Immigration and Settlement in Palestine, 1917-1939. American Holy Land Series (reprint ed.). Wayne State University Press. ISBN 9780814344224. Retrieved 16 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DGZwDwAAQBAJ&q=%22schapira%22&pg=PT160","url_text":"From New Zion to Old Zion: American Jewish Immigration and Settlement in Palestine, 1917-1939"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press","url_text":"Wayne State University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814344224","url_text":"9780814344224"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Orr
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Franklin Orr
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["1 Education and early career","2 Academic career","3 Government service","4 Journal publications","5 Awards and honors","6 References","7 External links"]
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Franklin (Lynn) Orr, Jr.Born1946 (age 77–78)United StatesAlma materUniversity of MinnesotaStanford UniversityKnown forFlow in Porous Media Enhanced Oil Recovery Geological CO2 StorageSpouseSusan Packard OrrAwardsNational Academy of Engineering (2002) Secretary's Exceptional Service Award, U.S. Dept. of EnergyScientific careerFieldsChemical engineeringInstitutionsStanford University U.S. Department of EnergyDoctoral advisorsL. E. Scriven
External videos “Franklin Orr at Stanford's Climate and Energy Leadership” “Energy@Stanford with Franklin M. Orr”
Franklin (Lynn) M. Orr Jr. is an American chemical engineer and former Under Secretary for Science and Energy of the U.S. Department of Energy from 2014 to 2017. Prior to his government service, he was a professor of engineering at the Stanford Department of Energy Resources Engineering. He was elected a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering in 2000 for contributions to understanding of complex multicomponent flows in porous media and its applications to the design of enhanced oil recovery processes; and for superb academic leadership. He is married to Susan Packard Orr.
Education and early career
Orr grew up and attended high school in Houston, Texas. He attended Stanford University, where he earned his Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering in 1969. While at Stanford, he studied abroad at Imperial College in London and was named Rotary Undergraduate Scholar.
In 1969, he became a graduate student of chemical engineering at the University of Minnesota department of chemical engineering and materials science under doctoral advisor L. E. Scriven. He left for two years, 1970–1972, to serve in the U.S. Public Health Service. His thesis was published in 1976 with the title, "Numerical Simulation of Viscous Flow with a Free Surface". During his time in graduate school, Franklin also prepared journal publications with his advisor, including:
F.M. Orr, L.E. Scriven, A.P. Rivas, "Pendular rings between solids: meniscus properties and capillary forces", Journal of Fluid Mechanics 67(4), 723-742 (1975).
F.M. Orr, R.A. Brown, L.E. Scriven "Three-dimensional menisci: Numerical simulation by finite elements", Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 60(1), 137-147 (1977).
F.M. Orr, L.E. Scriven "Rimming flow: numerical simulation of steady, viscous, free-surface flow with surface tension", Journal of Fluid Mechanics 84(1), 145-165 (1978).
Academic career
Franklin became an associate professor of petroleum engineering at Stanford University in 1985 followed by promotion to professor in 1987. In 1991 he became chair of the department of petroleum engineering; in 1994 he was selected as dean of the school of earth sciences. He was the founding director of two energy and conservation projects: the Global Climate and Energy Project in 2002 and the Precourt Institute for Energy in 2009. He became professor emeritus in 2014.
Government service
Along with the previously mentioned time with the Public Health Service, Orr also joined the United States Department of Energy as Under Secretary for Science and Energy under President Barack Obama and Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz in 2014, where he remained until January 2017. In this role, he served as the principal advisor on energy and science initiatives and clean energy technologies in general. He was also tasked with integrating the basic science, applied research and technology development and deployment occurring across the various divisions of the U.S. Department of Energy. Part of this effort included oversight of the office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Nuclear Energy, and Science, which included 13 national laboratories.
Journal publications
Orr has authored more than 100 journal articles describing significant advances in flow in porous media, enhanced oil recovery, and geological CO2 storage, including:
M. Blunt, F.J. Fayers, F.M. Orr "Carbon dioxide in enhanced oil recovery", Energy Conversion and Management, 34(9-11), 1042 (1993).
R. Juanes, E.J. Spiteri, F.M. Orr, M.J. Blunt "Impact of relative permeability hysteresis on geological CO2 storage", Water Resources Research, 42(12), 1042 (2006).
S. Taku Ide, K. Jessen, F.M. Orr "Storage of CO2 in saline aquifers: Effects of gravity, viscous, and capillary forces on amount and timing of trapping", International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 1(4), 481-491 (2007).
M.A. Hesse, F.M. Orr, H.A. Tchelepi "Gravity currents with residual trapping", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 611, 35-60 (2008).
F.M. Orr "Onshore Geologic Storage of CO2", Science, 325(5948), 1656-1658 (2009).
Awards and honors
Orr's contributions to research, education and government service have received numerous awards, many of which highlight his passion for problems associated with energy, fuels and sustainability. In 2000, Orr was appointed to the U.S. National Academy of Engineering; his election citation stated:
"For contributions to understanding of complex multicomponent flows in porous media and its applications to the design of enhanced oil recovery processes; and for superb academic leadership.,"— U.S. National Academy of Engineering
Other awards and honors include:
Robert S. Schechter Award and Lecture, University of Texas at Austin (2018)
Aurel Stodola Medal and Lecture, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich (2017)
Izatt Christensen Award and Lecture, Brigham Young University (2017)
Secretary's Exceptional Service Award, US Department of Energy (2017)
IOR Pioneer, Society of Petroleum Engineers (2006)
Honorary Doctorate in Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland (2005)
Robert Earl McConnell Award, AIME (2001)
Election, National Academy of Engineering (2000)
Keleen and Carlton Beal Chair, School of Earth Sciences (1994)
Earth Sciences Teaching Award, School of Earth Sciences (1994)
Distinguished Achievement Award for Petroleum Engineering Faculty, Society of Petroleum Engineers (1993)
Distinguished Lecturer, Society of Petroleum Engineers (1989-1990)
References
^ "NAE Members - Orr". NAE. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
^ Energy Under Secretary for Science: Who is Franklin Orr?
^ Franklin M. Orr, Jr. AIMMPE
^ Energy Under Secretary for Science: Who is Franklin Orr?
^ "Energy Under Secretary for Science: Who is Franklin Orr?".
^ "Thesis - Franklin M. Orr". ProQuest 302798355. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Orr, F. M.; Scriven, L. E.; Rivas, A. P. (1975). "Pendular rings between solids: meniscus properties and capillary forces". Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 67 (4): 723–742. Bibcode:1975JFM....67..723O. doi:10.1017/S0022112075000572. S2CID 123458133. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
^ "Three-dimensional menisci: Numerical simulation by finite elements". doi:10.1063/1.462583. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Orr, F. M.; Scriven, L. E. (1978). "Rimming flow: numerical simulation of steady, viscous, free-surface flow with surface tension". Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 84: 145. Bibcode:1978JFM....84..145O. doi:10.1017/S0022112078000087. S2CID 122414704.
^ Stanford Profile - Lynn Orr
^ Franklin M. Orr, Jr.
^ Former Under Secretary for Science and Energy
^ Blunt, Martin; Fayers, F.John; Orr, Franklin M. (1993). "Carbon dioxide in enhanced oil recovery". Energy Conversion and Management. 34 (9–11): 1197–1204. doi:10.1016/0196-8904(93)90069-M. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ Juanes, R.; Spiteri, E. J.; Orr, F. M.; Blunt, M. J. (2006). "Impact of relative permeability hysteresis on geological CO2 storage". Water Resources Research. 42 (12). Bibcode:2006WRR....4212418J. doi:10.1029/2005WR004806. S2CID 204216425.
^ Taku Ide, S.; Jessen, Kristian; Orr, Franklin M. (2007). "Storage of CO2 in saline aquifers: Effects of gravity, viscous, and capillary forces on amount and timing of trapping". International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 1 (4): 481–491. Bibcode:2007IJGGC...1..481T. doi:10.1016/S1750-5836(07)00091-6. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ Hesse, M. A.; Orr, F. M.; Tchelepi, H. A. (2008). "Gravity currents with residual trapping". Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 611: 35–60. Bibcode:2008JFM...611...35H. doi:10.1017/S002211200800219X. S2CID 122027769. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
^ Orr, Franklin M. (2009). "Onshore Geologic Storage of CO2". Science. 325 (5948): 1656–1658. Bibcode:2009Sci...325.1656O. doi:10.1126/science.1175677. PMID 19779190. S2CID 10014801.
^ "Franklin Orr - national Academy of Engineering". Retrieved 14 April 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Lynn Orr - List of Awards". Retrieved 2 March 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Lynn Orr - Schecter Award & Lecture
^ Aurel Stodoloa Medal - Franklin Orr
^ BYU Izatt Christensen Award - Franklin Orr
^ U.S. Department of Energy, Secretary's Exceptional Service Award
^ IOR Pioneer - Franklin Orr
External links
U.S. Department of Energy - Franklin (Lynn) Orr
Stanford Profiles - Franklin M. Orr, Jr.
Google Scholar - F.M. Orr
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
Academics
Google Scholar
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Susan Packard Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Packard_Orr"}],"text":"Franklin (Lynn) M. Orr Jr. is an American chemical engineer and former Under Secretary for Science and Energy of the U.S. Department of Energy from 2014 to 2017. Prior to his government service, he was a professor of engineering at the Stanford Department of Energy Resources Engineering. He was elected a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering in 2000 for contributions to understanding of complex multicomponent flows in porous media and its applications to the design of enhanced oil recovery processes; and for superb academic leadership.[1] He is married to Susan Packard Orr.","title":"Franklin Orr"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"chemical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Imperial College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"L. E. Scriven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._E._Scriven"},{"link_name":"U.S. Public Health Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Public_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Orr grew up and attended high school in Houston, Texas.[2] He attended Stanford University, where he earned his Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering in 1969.[3] While at Stanford, he studied abroad at Imperial College in London and was named Rotary Undergraduate Scholar.[4]In 1969, he became a graduate student of chemical engineering at the University of Minnesota department of chemical engineering and materials science under doctoral advisor L. E. Scriven. He left for two years, 1970–1972, to serve in the U.S. Public Health Service.[5] His thesis was published in 1976 with the title, \"Numerical Simulation of Viscous Flow with a Free Surface\".[6] During his time in graduate school, Franklin also prepared journal publications with his advisor, including:F.M. Orr, L.E. Scriven, A.P. Rivas, \"Pendular rings between solids: meniscus properties and capillary forces\", Journal of Fluid Mechanics 67(4), 723-742 (1975).[7]\nF.M. Orr, R.A. Brown, L.E. Scriven \"Three-dimensional menisci: Numerical simulation by finite elements\", Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 60(1), 137-147 (1977).[8]\nF.M. Orr, L.E. Scriven \"Rimming flow: numerical simulation of steady, viscous, free-surface flow with surface tension\", Journal of Fluid Mechanics 84(1), 145-165 (1978).[9]","title":"Education and early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Global Climate and Energy Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Climate_and_Energy_Project"},{"link_name":"Precourt Institute for Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precourt_Institute_for_Energy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Franklin became an associate professor of petroleum engineering at Stanford University in 1985 followed by promotion to professor in 1987. In 1991 he became chair of the department of petroleum engineering; in 1994 he was selected as dean of the school of earth sciences. He was the founding director of two energy and conservation projects: the Global Climate and Energy Project in 2002 and the Precourt Institute for Energy in 2009. He became professor emeritus in 2014.[10]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"President Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Ernest Moniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Moniz"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Along with the previously mentioned time with the Public Health Service, Orr also joined the United States Department of Energy as Under Secretary for Science and Energy under President Barack Obama and Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz in 2014, where he remained until January 2017.[11] In this role, he served as the principal advisor on energy and science initiatives and clean energy technologies in general. He was also tasked with integrating the basic science, applied research and technology development and deployment occurring across the various divisions of the U.S. Department of Energy. Part of this effort included oversight of the office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Nuclear Energy, and Science, which included 13 national laboratories.[12]","title":"Government service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Orr has authored more than 100 journal articles describing significant advances in flow in porous media, enhanced oil recovery, and geological CO2 storage, including:M. Blunt, F.J. Fayers, F.M. Orr \"Carbon dioxide in enhanced oil recovery\", Energy Conversion and Management, 34(9-11), 1042 (1993).[13]\nR. Juanes, E.J. Spiteri, F.M. Orr, M.J. Blunt \"Impact of relative permeability hysteresis on geological CO2 storage\", Water Resources Research, 42(12), 1042 (2006).[14]\nS. Taku Ide, K. Jessen, F.M. Orr \"Storage of CO2 in saline aquifers: Effects of gravity, viscous, and capillary forces on amount and timing of trapping\", International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 1(4), 481-491 (2007).[15]\nM.A. Hesse, F.M. Orr, H.A. Tchelepi \"Gravity currents with residual trapping\", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 611, 35-60 (2008).[16]\nF.M. Orr \"Onshore Geologic Storage of CO2\", Science, 325(5948), 1656-1658 (2009).[17]","title":"Journal publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering"}],"text":"Orr's contributions to research, education and government service have received numerous awards, many of which highlight his passion for problems associated with energy, fuels and sustainability. In 2000, Orr was appointed to the U.S. National Academy of Engineering; his election citation stated:\"For contributions to understanding of complex multicomponent flows in porous media and its applications to the design of enhanced oil recovery processes; and for superb academic leadership.,\"— U.S. National Academy of Engineering[18]Other awards and honors include:[19]Robert S. Schechter Award and Lecture, University of Texas at Austin (2018) [20]\nAurel Stodola Medal and Lecture, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich (2017) [21]\nIzatt Christensen Award and Lecture, Brigham Young University (2017) [22]\nSecretary's Exceptional Service Award, US Department of Energy (2017) [23]\nIOR Pioneer, Society of Petroleum Engineers (2006) [24]\nHonorary Doctorate in Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland (2005)\nRobert Earl McConnell Award, AIME (2001)\nElection, National Academy of Engineering (2000)\nKeleen and Carlton Beal Chair, School of Earth Sciences (1994)\nEarth Sciences Teaching Award, School of Earth Sciences (1994)\nDistinguished Achievement Award for Petroleum Engineering Faculty, Society of Petroleum Engineers (1993)\nDistinguished Lecturer, Society of Petroleum Engineers (1989-1990)","title":"Awards and honors"}]
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| null |
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Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/pendular-rings-between-solids-meniscus-properties-and-capillary-force/BDDEC14EC61794FFA3BBDE069E670198","url_text":"\"Pendular rings between solids: meniscus properties and capillary forces\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975JFM....67..723O","url_text":"1975JFM....67..723O"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022112075000572","url_text":"10.1017/S0022112075000572"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123458133","url_text":"123458133"}]},{"reference":"\"Three-dimensional menisci: Numerical simulation by finite elements\". doi:10.1063/1.462583.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.462583","url_text":"10.1063/1.462583"}]},{"reference":"Orr, F. M.; Scriven, L. E. (1978). \"Rimming flow: numerical simulation of steady, viscous, free-surface flow with surface tension\". Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 84: 145. Bibcode:1978JFM....84..145O. doi:10.1017/S0022112078000087. S2CID 122414704.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978JFM....84..145O","url_text":"1978JFM....84..145O"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022112078000087","url_text":"10.1017/S0022112078000087"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122414704","url_text":"122414704"}]},{"reference":"Blunt, Martin; Fayers, F.John; Orr, Franklin M. (1993). \"Carbon dioxide in enhanced oil recovery\". Energy Conversion and Management. 34 (9–11): 1197–1204. doi:10.1016/0196-8904(93)90069-M. Retrieved 2 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904%2893%2990069-M","url_text":"\"Carbon dioxide in enhanced oil recovery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0196-8904%2893%2990069-M","url_text":"10.1016/0196-8904(93)90069-M"}]},{"reference":"Juanes, R.; Spiteri, E. J.; Orr, F. M.; Blunt, M. J. (2006). \"Impact of relative permeability hysteresis on geological CO2 storage\". Water Resources Research. 42 (12). Bibcode:2006WRR....4212418J. doi:10.1029/2005WR004806. S2CID 204216425.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005WR004806","url_text":"\"Impact of relative permeability hysteresis on geological CO2 storage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006WRR....4212418J","url_text":"2006WRR....4212418J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005WR004806","url_text":"10.1029/2005WR004806"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204216425","url_text":"204216425"}]},{"reference":"Taku Ide, S.; Jessen, Kristian; Orr, Franklin M. (2007). \"Storage of CO2 in saline aquifers: Effects of gravity, viscous, and capillary forces on amount and timing of trapping\". International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 1 (4): 481–491. Bibcode:2007IJGGC...1..481T. doi:10.1016/S1750-5836(07)00091-6. Retrieved 2 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1750583607000916","url_text":"\"Storage of CO2 in saline aquifers: Effects of gravity, viscous, and capillary forces on amount and timing of trapping\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IJGGC...1..481T","url_text":"2007IJGGC...1..481T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1750-5836%2807%2900091-6","url_text":"10.1016/S1750-5836(07)00091-6"}]},{"reference":"Hesse, M. A.; Orr, F. M.; Tchelepi, H. A. (2008). \"Gravity currents with residual trapping\". Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 611: 35–60. Bibcode:2008JFM...611...35H. doi:10.1017/S002211200800219X. S2CID 122027769. Retrieved 2 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/gravity-currents-with-residual-trapping/64BC2019BA287EC528D4B4F4602D7FC9","url_text":"\"Gravity currents with residual trapping\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JFM...611...35H","url_text":"2008JFM...611...35H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002211200800219X","url_text":"10.1017/S002211200800219X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122027769","url_text":"122027769"}]},{"reference":"Orr, Franklin M. (2009). \"Onshore Geologic Storage of CO2\". Science. 325 (5948): 1656–1658. Bibcode:2009Sci...325.1656O. doi:10.1126/science.1175677. PMID 19779190. S2CID 10014801.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...325.1656O","url_text":"2009Sci...325.1656O"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1175677","url_text":"10.1126/science.1175677"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19779190","url_text":"19779190"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10014801","url_text":"10014801"}]},{"reference":"\"Franklin Orr - national Academy of Engineering\". Retrieved 14 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nae.edu/30336/Dr-Franklin-M-Orr-Jr","url_text":"\"Franklin Orr - national Academy of Engineering\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lynn Orr - List of Awards\". Retrieved 2 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://profiles.stanford.edu/franklin-orr","url_text":"\"Lynn Orr - List of Awards\""}]}]
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Orr, Jr."},{"Link":"https://www.energy.gov/contributors/franklin-lynn-orr","external_links_name":"Former Under Secretary for Science and Energy"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904%2893%2990069-M","external_links_name":"\"Carbon dioxide in enhanced oil recovery\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0196-8904%2893%2990069-M","external_links_name":"10.1016/0196-8904(93)90069-M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005WR004806","external_links_name":"\"Impact of relative permeability hysteresis on geological CO2 storage\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006WRR....4212418J","external_links_name":"2006WRR....4212418J"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005WR004806","external_links_name":"10.1029/2005WR004806"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204216425","external_links_name":"204216425"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1750583607000916","external_links_name":"\"Storage of CO2 in saline aquifers: Effects of gravity, viscous, and capillary forces on amount and timing of trapping\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IJGGC...1..481T","external_links_name":"2007IJGGC...1..481T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1750-5836%2807%2900091-6","external_links_name":"10.1016/S1750-5836(07)00091-6"},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/gravity-currents-with-residual-trapping/64BC2019BA287EC528D4B4F4602D7FC9","external_links_name":"\"Gravity currents with residual trapping\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JFM...611...35H","external_links_name":"2008JFM...611...35H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002211200800219X","external_links_name":"10.1017/S002211200800219X"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122027769","external_links_name":"122027769"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...325.1656O","external_links_name":"2009Sci...325.1656O"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1175677","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.1175677"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19779190","external_links_name":"19779190"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10014801","external_links_name":"10014801"},{"Link":"https://www.nae.edu/30336/Dr-Franklin-M-Orr-Jr","external_links_name":"\"Franklin Orr - national Academy of Engineering\""},{"Link":"https://profiles.stanford.edu/franklin-orr","external_links_name":"\"Lynn Orr - List of Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.cpge.utexas.edu/sites/default/files/PDFs/CPGE_SchechterLecture2018.pdf","external_links_name":"Lynn Orr - Schecter Award & Lecture"},{"Link":"https://www.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/mavt/department-dam/news/documents/Invitation_Aurel_Stodola_Lecture_2017_def.pdf","external_links_name":"Aurel Stodoloa Medal - Franklin Orr"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ft-Kf_uqnH4&t=41s","external_links_name":"BYU Izatt Christensen Award - Franklin Orr"},{"Link":"https://www.energy.gov/secretary-s-honor-awards-and-presidential-rank-awards","external_links_name":"U.S. Department of Energy, Secretary's Exceptional Service Award"},{"Link":"http://www.speior.org/pioneer.php","external_links_name":"IOR Pioneer - Franklin Orr"},{"Link":"https://www.energy.gov/contributors/franklin-lynn-orr","external_links_name":"U.S. Department of Energy - Franklin (Lynn) Orr"},{"Link":"https://profiles.stanford.edu/franklin-orr","external_links_name":"Stanford Profiles - Franklin M. Orr, Jr."},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jNBJYwcAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao","external_links_name":"Google Scholar - F.M. Orr"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/48046812","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79121169","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jNBJYwcAAAAJ","external_links_name":"Google Scholar"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsodonty
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Hypsodont
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["1 Evolution","2 Morphology","3 Examples","4 See also","5 External links","6 References"]
|
Pattern of dentition with high-crowned teeth
Not to be confused with Hyopsodont.
Hypsodont is a pattern of dentition with high-crowned teeth and enamel extending past the gum line, providing extra material for wear and tear. Some examples of animals with hypsodont dentition are cows and horses; all animals that feed on gritty, fibrous material. The opposite condition is called brachydont.
Evolution
Since the morphology of the hypsodont tooth is suited to a more abrasive diet, hypsodonty was thought to have evolved concurrently with the spread of grasslands. Grass contains phytoliths, silica-rich granules, which wear away dental tissue more quickly. Analysis has shown however, that the development of this morphology is out of sync with the flourishing of grasslands. Instead, the ingestion of grit and soil is hypothesized to be the primary driver of hypsodonty (the Grit, not grass hypothesis).
Morphology
Hypsodont dentition is characterized by:
high-crowned teeth
A rough, flattish occlusal surface adapted for crushing and grinding
Cementum both above and below the gingival line
Enamel which covers the entire length of the body and likewise extends past the gum line
The cementum and the enamel invaginate into the thick layer of dentin
A mammal may have exclusively hypsodont molars or have a mix of dentitions.
Examples
Hypsodonty is observed both in the fossil record and the modern world. It is a characteristic of large clades (equids) as well as subspecies level specialization. For example, the Sumatran rhinoceros and the Javan rhinoceros both have brachydont, lophodont cheek teeth whereas the Indian rhinoceros has hypsodont dentition.
Examples of extant animals with hypsodont dentition include:
Cows
Horses
Deer
At least two lineages of allotheres, Taeniolabidoidea and Gondwanatheria, developed hypsodont teeth, the latter being probably among the first mammals to be able to process grass.
See also
Brachydont
Lophodont
Dental formula
Polyphyodont
External links
The Diversity of Cheek Teeth
References
^ Phillip E. Jardine, Christine M. Janis, Sarda Sahney, Michael J. Benton. “Grit not grass: Concordant patterns of early origin of hypsodonty in Great Plains ungulates and Glires.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. December 2012:365–366, 1–10
^ Flynn, John J., André R. Wyss, and Reynaldo Charrier. “South America’s Missing Mammals.” Scientific American. May 2007: 68-75.
^ Kwan, Paul W.L. (2007). "Digestive system I" (PDF). Tufts University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
^ Gondwanatheria
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hyopsodont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyopsodont"},{"link_name":"dentition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentition"},{"link_name":"teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth"},{"link_name":"cows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle"},{"link_name":"brachydont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachydont"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Hyopsodont.Hypsodont is a pattern of dentition with high-crowned teeth and enamel extending past the gum line, providing extra material for wear and tear. Some examples of animals with hypsodont dentition are cows and horses; all animals that feed on gritty, fibrous material. The opposite condition is called brachydont.","title":"Hypsodont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grit, not grass hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grit,_not_grass_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Since the morphology of the hypsodont tooth is suited to a more abrasive diet, hypsodonty was thought to have evolved concurrently with the spread of grasslands. Grass contains phytoliths, silica-rich granules, which wear away dental tissue more quickly. Analysis has shown however, that the development of this morphology is out of sync with the flourishing of grasslands. Instead, the ingestion of grit and soil is hypothesized to be the primary driver of hypsodonty (the Grit, not grass hypothesis).[1]","title":"Evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kwan-Tufts-3"},{"link_name":"teeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth"},{"link_name":"gingival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingiva"},{"link_name":"invaginate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invagination"}],"text":"Hypsodont dentition is characterized by:\n[2][3]high-crowned teeth\nA rough, flattish occlusal surface adapted for crushing and grinding\nCementum both above and below the gingival line\nEnamel which covers the entire length of the body and likewise extends past the gum line\nThe cementum and the enamel invaginate into the thick layer of dentinA mammal may have exclusively hypsodont molars or have a mix of dentitions.","title":"Morphology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sumatran rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Javan rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Indian rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Cows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cows"},{"link_name":"Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses"},{"link_name":"Deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"allotheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotheria"},{"link_name":"Taeniolabidoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeniolabidoidea"},{"link_name":"Gondwanatheria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwanatheria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Hypsodonty is observed both in the fossil record and the modern world. It is a characteristic of large clades (equids) as well as subspecies level specialization. For example, the Sumatran rhinoceros and the Javan rhinoceros both have brachydont, lophodont cheek teeth whereas the Indian rhinoceros has hypsodont dentition.Examples of extant animals with hypsodont dentition include:Cows\nHorses\nDeerAt least two lineages of allotheres, Taeniolabidoidea and Gondwanatheria, developed hypsodont teeth, the latter being probably among the first mammals to be able to process grass.[4]","title":"Examples"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Brachydont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachydont"},{"title":"Lophodont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophodont"},{"title":"Dental formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_formula"},{"title":"Polyphyodont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyodont"}]
|
[{"reference":"Kwan, Paul W.L. (2007). \"Digestive system I\" (PDF). Tufts University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131020065708/http://ocw.tufts.edu/data/4/531949.pdf","url_text":"\"Digestive system I\""},{"url":"http://ocw.tufts.edu/data/4/531949.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110502143831/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/topics/mammal_anatomy/tooth_diversity.html","external_links_name":"The Diversity of Cheek Teeth"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131020065708/http://ocw.tufts.edu/data/4/531949.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Digestive system I\""},{"Link":"http://ocw.tufts.edu/data/4/531949.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JgKGv2aQxggC&dq=gondwanatheria+grass&pg=PA32","external_links_name":"Gondwanatheria"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellis_of_Sicyon
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Tellis of Sicyon
|
["1 References","2 See also"]
|
Ancient Greek athlete
Tellis of Sicyon was an ancient Greek athlete listed by Eusebius of Caesarea as a victor in the stadion race of the 18th Olympiad (708 BC). He was the first winner from Sicyon.
References
^ Eusebius of Caesarea, Chronicle .
See also
Olympic winners of the Stadion race
vteAncient Olympic GamesGeneral
Archaeological Museum of Olympia
Ancient Greek Olympic festivals
Hellanodikai
Stadium at Olympia
SportsFoot races
Diaulos
Dolichos
Hoplitodromos
Stadion
Horse races
Apene
Chariot of polos
Decapolon
Kalpe
Keles
Perfect chariot
Polos
Synoris
Synoris of polos
Tethrippon
Tethrippon of polos
Combat
Boxing
Pankration
Wrestling
Special
Herald and Trumpet contest
Pentathlon
WinnersAcanthus of SpartaAgasias of ArcadiaAgesarchus of TritaeaAlcibiades of AthensAlexander I of MacedonAnaxilas of MesseniaAratus of SicyonArchelaus of MacedonArrhichion of PhigaliaArsinoe IIAstylos of CrotonBerenice II of EgyptBilisticheChaeron of PelleneChilon of PatrasChionis of SpartaCimon CoalemosCoroebus of ElisCylon of AthensCynisca of SpartaDamarchusDemaratus of SpartaDesmon of CorinthDiagoras of RhodesDiocles of CorinthErgoteles of HimeraEuryleonisHerodorus of MegaraHiero I of SyracuseHypenus of ElisHysmon of ElisIccus of TarantoLeonidas of RhodesLeophronMilo of CrotonNero Caesar AugustusOebotas of DymeOnomastus of SmyrnaOrsippus of MegaraPeisistratos of AthensPhanas of PellenePhilinus of CosPhilip II of MacedonPhilippus of CrotonPhrynon of AthensPolydamas of SkotoussaPythagoras of LaconiaPythagoras of SamosSostratus of PelleneTheagenes of ThasosTheron of AcragasTiberius Caesar AugustusTimasitheus of DelphiTroilus of ElisVarazdat of ArmeniaXenophon of AegiumXenophon of CorinthLists of winners
Ancient Olympic victors
Stadion race
Archaic period
Classical period
Hellenistic period
Roman period
Olympic Games portal
Category
This Ancient Greek biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article relating to Greek athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sicyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicyon"},{"link_name":"ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Eusebius of Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea"},{"link_name":"stadion race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_(running_race)"},{"link_name":"Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Tellis of Sicyon was an ancient Greek athlete listed by Eusebius of Caesarea as a victor in the stadion race of the 18th Olympiad (708 BC).[1] He was the first winner from Sicyon.","title":"Tellis of Sicyon"}]
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[{"title":"Olympic winners of the Stadion race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_winners_of_the_Stadion_race"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ancient_Olympic_winners"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Olympic_winners"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Olympic_winners"},{"title":"Ancient Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games"},{"title":"Archaeological Museum of Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Olympia"},{"title":"Ancient Greek Olympic festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Olympic_festivals"},{"title":"Hellanodikai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellanodikai"},{"title":"Stadium at Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_at_Olympia"},{"title":"Foot races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_in_Ancient_Greece"},{"title":"Diaulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaulos_(running_race)"},{"title":"Dolichos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolichos_(race)"},{"title":"Hoplitodromos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoplitodromos"},{"title":"Stadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_(running_race)"},{"title":"Apene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apene&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Chariot of polos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chariot_of_polos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Decapolon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decapolon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Kalpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalpe_riding&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Keles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keles_riding&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Perfect chariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perfect_chariot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Polos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polos_riding&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Synoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synoris"},{"title":"Synoris of polos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synoris_of_polos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Tethrippon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethrippon"},{"title":"Tethrippon of polos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tethrippon_of_polos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_boxing"},{"title":"Pankration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankration"},{"title":"Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_wrestling"},{"title":"Herald and Trumpet contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_and_Trumpet_contest"},{"title":"Pentathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_pentathlon"},{"title":"Acanthus of Sparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthus_of_Sparta"},{"title":"Agasias of Arcadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agasias_of_Arcadia"},{"title":"Agesarchus of Tritaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agesarchus_of_Tritaea"},{"title":"Alcibiades of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcibiades"},{"title":"Alexander I of Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon"},{"title":"Anaxilas of Messenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaxilas"},{"title":"Aratus of Sicyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon"},{"title":"Archelaus of Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archelaus_of_Macedon"},{"title":"Arrhichion of Phigalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhichion"},{"title":"Arsinoe II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsinoe_II"},{"title":"Astylos of Croton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astylos_of_Croton"},{"title":"Berenice II of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berenice_II_of_Egypt"},{"title":"Bilistiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilistiche"},{"title":"Chaeron of Pellene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaeron_of_Pellene"},{"title":"Chilon of Patras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilon_of_Patras"},{"title":"Chionis of Sparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chionis_of_Sparta"},{"title":"Cimon Coalemos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimon_Coalemos"},{"title":"Coroebus of Elis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroebus_of_Elis"},{"title":"Cylon of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylon_of_Athens"},{"title":"Cynisca of Sparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynisca"},{"title":"Damarchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damarchus"},{"title":"Demaratus of Sparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demaratus"},{"title":"Desmon of Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmon_of_Corinth"},{"title":"Diagoras of Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagoras_of_Rhodes"},{"title":"Diocles of Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocles_of_Corinth"},{"title":"Ergoteles of Himera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoteles_of_Himera"},{"title":"Euryleonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euryleonis"},{"title":"Herodorus of Megara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodorus_of_Megara"},{"title":"Hiero I of Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiero_I_of_Syracuse"},{"title":"Hypenus of Elis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypenus_of_Elis"},{"title":"Hysmon of Elis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysmon"},{"title":"Iccus of Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iccus_of_Taranto"},{"title":"Leonidas of Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonidas_of_Rhodes"},{"title":"Leophron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leophron"},{"title":"Milo of Croton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo_of_Croton"},{"title":"Nero Caesar Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero"},{"title":"Oebotas of Dyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oebotas_of_Dyme"},{"title":"Onomastus of Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomastus_of_Smyrna"},{"title":"Orsippus of Megara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsippus"},{"title":"Peisistratos of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisistratus"},{"title":"Phanas of Pellene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanas_of_Pellene"},{"title":"Philinus of Cos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philinus_of_Cos_(athlete)"},{"title":"Philip II of Macedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon"},{"title":"Philippus of Croton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippus_of_Croton"},{"title":"Phrynon of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrynon"},{"title":"Polydamas of Skotoussa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydamas_of_Skotoussa"},{"title":"Pythagoras of Laconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras_of_Laconia"},{"title":"Pythagoras of Samos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras_(boxer)"},{"title":"Sostratus of Pellene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostratus_of_Pellene"},{"title":"Theagenes of Thasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theagenes_of_Thasos"},{"title":"Theron of Acragas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theron_of_Acragas"},{"title":"Tiberius Caesar Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"title":"Timasitheus of Delphi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timasitheus_of_Delphi"},{"title":"Troilus of Elis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troilus_of_Elis"},{"title":"Varazdat of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varazdat"},{"title":"Xenophon of Aegium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophon_of_Aegium"},{"title":"Xenophon of Corinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophon_of_Corinth"},{"title":"Ancient Olympic victors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors"},{"title":"Stadion race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_winners_of_the_Stadion_race"},{"title":"Archaic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_winners_of_the_Archaic_period"},{"title":"Classical period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympic_winners_of_the_Classical_period&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Hellenistic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympic_winners_of_the_Hellenistic_period&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Roman period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympic_winners_of_the_Roman_period&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Olympic Games portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Olympic_Games"},{"title":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Olympic_Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plato.png"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tellis_of_Sicyon&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:AncientGreece-bio-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:AncientGreece-bio-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AncientGreece-bio-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Greece.svg"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tellis_of_Sicyon&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Greece-athletics-bio-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Greece-athletics-bio-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greece-athletics-bio-stub"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.attalus.org/translate/eusebius2.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tellis_of_Sicyon&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tellis_of_Sicyon&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Japan_Railway
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Central Japan Railway Company
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["1 Lines","1.1 Shinkansen","1.2 Conventional lines","2 Named train services","3 Affiliates","3.1 Transportation","3.2 Merchandise","3.3 Construction","3.4 Information systems","3.5 Hotels and resorts","3.6 Travel","3.7 Publishing","3.8 Rolling stock","3.9 Maintenance","3.10 Real estate","3.11 Other services","4 References","5 External links"]
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Japanese railway company
Central Japan Railway CompanyThe JR Central Towers company headquarters located above Nagoya StationNative name東海旅客鉄道株式会社Romanized nameTōkai Ryokaku Tetsudō (lit. "Tōkai Passenger Railway") kabushiki gaishaCompany typePublic (KK)Traded as
TYO: 9022
NAG: 9022
Nikkei 225 component (TYO)
TOPIX Core30 component (TYO)
IndustryPrivate railwayPredecessorJapanese National Railways (JNR)Founded1 April 1987; 37 years ago (1987-04-01), privatization of JNRHeadquartersJR Central Towers 1-1-4 Meieki, Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 450-6101, JapanArea servedTōkai regionKey peopleShin Kaneko, Chairman
Shunsuke Niwa, President ProductsTOICA, EX-IC (a rechargeable contactless smart card)Servicespassenger railwaystravel agency serviceswholesale and retailparking lot operationsreal estatefood and beverage salescasualty insuranceother related servicesRevenue ¥1,672,295 million (2014)Operating income ¥506,598 million (2014)Net income ¥264,134 million (2014)Total assets ¥5,217,982 million (2014)Total equity ¥2,020,196 million (2014)OwnerPublic float, largest single shareholder: Mizuho Bank (4.39%)Number of employees16,193 (as of March 31, 2008)DivisionsConventional lines operationsShinkansen operationsSubsidiaries39 group companies, including Nippon Sharyo (since October 2008)Websiteenglish.jr-central.co.jp/index.html
Central Japan Railway CompanyJR Central N700 Series Shinkansen Nozomi trainOperationNational railwayJapan Railways GroupInfrastructure companyJapan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology AgencyStatisticsRidership0.528 billion per yearPassenger km55.811 billion per yearSystem lengthTotal1,970.8 km (1,224.6 mi)Double track1,086.8 km (675.3 mi) (55.1%)Electrified1,491.7 km (926.9 mi) (75.7%)High-speed552.6 km (343.4 mi) (28.0%)Track gaugeMain1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)High-speed1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)ElectrificationMain1,500 V DC overhead catenary 1,418.2 km (881.2 mi)25 kV AC 60 Hz overhead 552.6 km (343.4 mi) Tokaido ShinkansenFeaturesNo. stations403MapService areaShinkansen station layoutsTOICA Service Area (in Japanese)
The Central Japan Railway Company is the main railway company operating in the Chūbu (Nagoya) region of central Japan. It is officially abbreviated in English as JR Central and in Japanese as JR Tōkai (Japanese: JR東海). Tōkai is a reference to the geographical region in which the company chiefly operates.
JR Central's operational hub is Nagoya Station and the company's administrative headquarters are located in the JR Central Towers above the station. The busiest and longest railway line operated by JR Central is the Tōkaidō Main Line between Atami and Maibara. The company also operates the Tōkaidō Shinkansen between Tokyo and Shin-Ōsaka. Additionally it is responsible for the Chūō Shinkansen—a maglev service between Tokyo and Osaka, which is due to start operation between Tokyo and Nagoya in 2027.
JR Central is Japan's most profitable and highest throughput high-speed-rail operator, carrying 138 million high-speed-rail passengers in 2009, considerably more than the world's largest airline. Japan recorded a total of 289 million high-speed-rail passengers in 2009.
JR Central is listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange and Nagoya Stock Exchange with American depositary receipts traded over-the-counter through OTCMG Pink, is a constituent of the TOPIX Core30 index, and is also one of the three only Japan Railways Group constituents of the Nikkei 225 index, the others being JR East and JR West. It is also one of Nagoya's gosanke companies along with Toyota and the Chubu Electric Power Company.
Lines
Shinkansen
Tōkaidō Shinkansen: Tokyo Station—Shin-Ōsaka Station 552.6 km
Conventional lines
CA Tōkaidō Main Line: Atami Station—Maibara Station 341.3 km
Branch line: Ōgaki Station—Mino-Akasaka Station 5.0 km
CB Gotemba Line: Kōzu Station—Numazu Station 60.2 km
CC Minobu Line: Fuji Station—Kōfu Station 88.4 km
CD Iida Line: Toyohashi Station—Tatsuno Station 195.7 km
CE Taketoyo Line: Ōbu Station—Taketoyo Station 19.3 km
CF Chūō Main Line: Shiojiri Station—Nagoya Station 174.8 km
CG Takayama Main Line: Gifu Station—Inotani Station 189.2 km
CI Taita Line: Tajimi Station—Mino-Ōta Station 17.8 km
CJ Kansai Main Line: Nagoya Station—Kameyama Station 59.9 km
Kisei Main Line: Kameyama Station—Shingū Station 180.2 km
Meishō Line: Matsusaka Station—Ise-Okitsu Station 43.5 km
Sangū Line: Taki Station—Toba Station 29.1 km
Jōhoku Line: Kachigawa Station—Biwajima Station 11.2 km (trains are operated by Tokai Transport Service Company, not JR Central)
Named train services
Nanki (Nagoya - Shingū & Kii-Katsuura)
Hida (Nagoya/Ōsaka - Takayama, Hida-Furukawa & Toyama)
Shinano (Nagoya - Nagano & Hakuba)
Mie (Nagoya - Iseshi & Toba)
Fujikawa (Shizuoka - Kōfu)
Inaji (Toyohashi - Iida)
Odoriko (Tokyo - Izukyū-Shimoda & Shuzenji)
Sunrise Seto (Tokyo - Takamatsu)
Sunrise Izumo (Tokyo - Izumoshi)
Nozomi (Tokyo - Hakata)
Hikari (Tokyo - Hakata & Hakataminami)
Kodama (Tokyo - Shin-Ōsaka, Shin-Ōsaka - Hakata & Hakataminami)
Affiliates
The JR Central Group consists of JR Central and the following affiliates:
Transportation
JR Tokai Bus Company
JR Tokai Logistics Company (ja:ジェイアール東海物流株式会社)
Tokai Transport Service Company
First Air Transport Co., Ltd. (ja:ファーストエアートランスポート株式会社)
Merchandise
JR Tokai Corporation (ja:ジェイアール東海商事株式会社)
JR Tokai Takashimaya Co., Ltd. (株式会社ja:ジェイアール東海高島屋)
JR-Central Passengers Co., Ltd. (株式会社ja:ジェイアール東海パッセンジャーズ)
JR Tokai Food Service Co., Ltd. (ja:ジェイアール東海フードサービス株式会社)
Tokai Kiosk Company (ja:東海キヨスク株式会社)
Construction
JR Tokai Construction Co., Ltd. (ja:ジェイアール東海建設株式会社)
JR Central Consultants Company (ja:ジェイアール東海コンサルタンツ株式会社)
The Nihon Kikai Hosen Co., Ltd (ja:日本機械保線株式会社)
Futaba Tetsudo Kogyo Co., Ltd. (ja:双葉鉄道工業株式会社)
CN Construction Co., Ltd. (ja:シーエヌ建設株式会社)
Information systems
JR Tokai Information Systems Company (ja:ジェイアール東海情報システム株式会社)
Shinsei Technos Co., Ltd.(ja:新生テクノス株式会社)
Hotels and resorts
JR Tokai Hotels Co., Ltd. (株式会社ja:ジェイアール東海ホテルズ)
Nagoya Terminal Hotel Co., Ltd. (ja:名古屋ターミナルホテル株式会社)
Shizuoka Terminal Hotel Co., Ltd. (ja:静岡ターミナルホテル株式会社)
Travel
JR Tokai Agency Co., Ltd. (株式会社ja:ジェイアール東海エージェンシー)
JR Tokai Tours (株式会社ja:ジェイアール東海ツアーズ)
Hida Forest City Planning Co., Ltd. (ja:飛騨森林都市企画株式会社)
Publishing
Wedge Inc. (株式会社ウェッジ)
Rolling stock
Shinkansen Engineering Co., Ltd. (ja:新幹線エンジニアリング株式会社)
Tokai Rolling Stock & Machinery Co., Ltd. (ja:東海交通機械株式会社)
Nippon Sharyo, Ltd
Maintenance
Chuoh Linen Supply Co., Ltd. (ja:中央リネンサプライ株式会社)
JR Tokai General Building Maintenance Co., Ltd. (ja:ジェイアール東海総合ビルメンテナンス株式会社)
Central Maintenance Co., Ltd. (ja:セントラルメンテナンス株式会社)
Shinkansen Service & Technology Co., Ltd. (株式会社ja:関西新幹線サービック)
Shinkansen Maintenance Tokai Co., Ltd. (ja:新幹線メンテナンス東海株式会社)
Tokai Seibi Co., Ltd. (ja:東海整備株式会社)
Real estate
JR Central Building Co., Ltd. (ja:ジェイアールセントラルビル株式会社)
JR Development and Management Corporation of Kansai (ja:ジェイアール東海関西開発株式会社)
JR Development and Management Corporation of Shizuoka (ja:ジェイアール東海静岡開発株式会社)
JR Tokai Real Estate Co., Ltd. (ja:ジェイアール東海不動産株式会社)
Shizuoka Terminal Development Co., Ltd. (ja:静岡ターミナル開発株式会社)
Shin-Yokohama Station Development Co., Ltd. (ja:新横浜ステーション開発株株式会社)
Tokyo Station Development Co., Ltd. (ja:東京ステーション開発株式会社)
Toyohashi Station Building Co., Ltd. (ja:豊橋ステーションビル株式会社)
Nagoya Station Area Development Corporation (ja:名古屋ステーション開発株式会社)
Nagoya Terminal Station Building Co., Ltd. (ja:名古屋ターミナルビル株式会社)
Hamamatsu Terminal Development Co., Ltd. (ja:浜松ターミナル開発株式会社)
Other services
JR Tokai Well Co., Ltd. (株式会社ja:ジェイアール東海ウェル)
JR Tokai Partners Co., Ltd. (ja:ジェイアール東海パートナーズ株式会社)
JR Central Towers in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, the world's largest train station complex by floor area
References
^ Central Japan Railway Company. "Board of Directors, Audit and Supervisory Board Members and Corporate officers (as of June, 2023)". Retrieved 27 February 2024.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Central Japan Railway Company. "Data book 2008" (PDF). Retrieved 30 June 2009.
^ a b c d e Central Japan Railway Company. Annual Report 2015 (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 10 January 2016.
^ a b Central Japan Railway Company. "Organization Chart (As of July, 2008)". Retrieved 30 June 2009.
^ Central Japan Railway Company. "Notice concerning Change of Specified Subsidiary" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009.
^ 東海旅客鉄道株式会社, Tōkai Ryokaku Tetsudō kabushiki gaisha, lit. "Tōkai Passenger Railway Stock Company"
^ Central Japan Railway Company. "Corporate Data". Retrieved 28 June 2009.
^ a b Cooper, Chris (8 February 2011). "Rail's Cash-Flow King Stakes $62 Billion on Tokyo Maglev Train". Bloomberg. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
External links
Japan portalCompanies portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Central Japan Railway Company.
Central Japan Railway Company
Central Japan Railway Company| SCMAGLEV Official Website
"Company history books (Shashi)". Shashi Interest Group. April 2016. Wiki collection of bibliographic works on Central Japan Railway Company
vte Japan Railways Group
Predecessors
Ministry of Industry
Cabinet
Home Ministry
Ministry of Communications
Ministry of Railways
Ministry of Transport and Communications
Ministry of Transport
Japanese National Railways
Japan Railway Construction Public Corporation
JNR Settlement Corporation
Passenger Railway Companies
JR Hokkaido
JR East
JR Central
JR West
JR Shikoku
JR Kyushu
JR Bus Companies
JR Hokkaido Bus
JR Bus TohokuJR Bus Kanto JR Bustech
JR Tokai Bus
West JR Bus West Japan JR Bus Service Chugoku JR Bus Hikari Guru Rin Bus
JR Shikoku Bus
JR Kyushu Bus
Smart cards
Kitaca
Suica Mobile Suica
TOICA EX-IC
ICOCA
ICOCA (SHIKOKU ICOCA)
SUGOCA
Shinkansen lines
Hokkaido Shinkansen
Tōhoku ShinkansenJōetsu ShinkansenHokuriku Shinkansen
Tokaido ShinkansenChūō Shinkansen
San'yō ShinkansenHokuriku Shinkansen
Shikoku Shinkansen (proposed)
Kyushu ShinkansenNishi Kyushu Shinkansen
Railway museums
Hokkaido Railway Technology Museum
Railway MuseumOme Railway Park
SCMaglev and Railway Park
Kyoto Railway MuseumTsuyama Railroad Educational Museum
Shikoku Railway Cultural Center
Kyushu Railway History Museum
Rolling stock manufacturers
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Japan Transport Engineering Company(J-TREC)
Nippon Sharyo
Kinki Sharyo (partner)
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-
International operations
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West Midlands Trains (14.95%)
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-
-
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Other organizations
JR Freight
Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI)
Railway Information Systems (JR Systems)
Railway Telecommunication ↓ SoftBank
Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency (JRTT)
Related topics
MARS (ticket reservation system)
National Railway Workers' Union
Japan Confederation of Railway Workers' Unions
Japan Railway Trade Unions Confederation
All Japan Construction, Transport and General Workers' Union
Sankei Children's Book Award
vteShinkansenLinesSCMaglev lines (505 km/h)
Chuo (2027)
Main lines (300–320 km/h)
Sanyō
Tohoku
Main lines (260–285 km/h)
Tōkaidō
Joetsu
Hokuriku
Kyushu
Nishi Kyushu
Hokkaido
Mini-shinkansen (130 km/h)
Yamagata
Akita
Conventional lines
Hakata-Minami
Gala-Yuzawa
Lines under construction
Chuo (2027)
Hokkaido Sapporo Extension (2031)
Planned lines
Chuo Osaka Extension (2037)
Nishi Kyushu Extension (date unknown)
Hokuriku Osaka Extension (date unknown)
Cancelled lines
Narita
Narrow-gauge line (200+ km/h)
Super Tokkyū
Service namesFast
Nozomi
Hayabusa
Mizuho
Kagayaki
Limited-stop
Hikari
Hikari Rail Star
Sakura
Hakutaka
Toki
Yamabiko
Stopping
Kodama
Hayate
Nasuno
Tsubame
Tanigawa
Asama
Tsurugi
Kamome
Mini-shinkansen
Tsubasa
Komachi
Discontinued
Aoba
Asahi
Genbi Shinkansen
Toreiyu
Train typesIn service
500
700
N700/ N700A
N700S
800
E2
E3
E5/H5
E6
E7/W7
E8
On order
L0
Retired
0
100
200
300
400
E1
E4
Export
THSR
700T
N700S
CRH
CRH2A
CRH2B
Texas Central
N700S
NHSRCL
E5
Non-revenue
Class 1000
Class 951
Class 961
Class 962
Doctor Yellow
Class E926 "East i"
WIN350
STAR21
300X
Fastech 360
Gauge Change Train
MLX-01
ALFA-X
OperatorsCurrent
JR Hokkaido
JR East
JR Central
JR West
JR Kyushu
Former
Japanese National Railways (1964–87)
Builders and ownersCurrent
Japan Railway Construction, Transport and Technology Agency (JRTT)
JR East
JR Central
JR West
Former
Japanese National Railways
Japan Railway Construction Public Corporation (JRCC)
People
Hideo Shima
Shinji Sogō
Japan transit: Tokyo
Keihanshin
Nagoya
Fukuoka
Hakone Fuji Izu
Hokkaido
Aomori
Sendai
Akita
Niigata
Toyama
Nagano
Okayama
Hiroshima
Shikoku
Metro systems
Shinkansen
trams (list)
aerial lifts (list)
vteMass transit in Nagoya (Chūkyō) Nagoya Municipal Subway lines
Higashiyama Line
Meijō Line
Meikō Line
Tsurumai Line
Sakura-dōri Line
Kamiiida Line
Meitetsu linesOwari (Western Aichi)
NH Nagoya
TB Tsushima
TB BS Bisai
IY Inuyama
KM Komaki
ST Seto
Chita Peninsula
TA Tokoname/Airport
KC Kōwa/Chita
CH Chikkō
Mikawa (Eastern Aichi)
TK Toyokawa
MU MY Mikawa
TT Toyota
GN Nishio
GN Gamagōri
Mino (Southern Gifu)
KG Kakamigahara
HM Hiromi
TH Takehana
TH Hashima
Kintetsu lines(Osaka-Nagoya Line area)
E Nagoya
K Yunoyama
L Suzuka
M Yamada Toba Shima
JR Central linesShinkansen
Tōkaidō Shinkansen
Conventional lines
CA Tokaido
CF Chuo
CJ Kansai
CD Iida
CE Taketoyo
CG Takayama
CI Taita
Kisei
Sangū
Meishō
Other linesMinor private railways
Toyotetsu
City line (Azumada)
Atsumi
Sangi
Sangi
Hokusei
Yōrō
Jōhoku
Third-sector railways
Aikan (Aichi Loop)
Akechi
Nagaragawa (Etumi South)
Tarumi
Ise
AN Aonami
Yokkaichi Asunarou
Utsube
Hachiōji
L Linimo
Guided bus
Y Yutorito
Cable and RopewayGozaisho Ropeway Bus
Transportation Bureau City of Nagoya
Nagoya Municipal Bus
Key Route Bus (BRT)
Meitetsu Group
Meitetsu Bus
Gifu Bus
Chita Noriai
Kintetsu Group
Mie Kotsu
Willer Express (long distance)
Meitetsu Highway Bus Center (@Nagoya Station)
Sakae JR Bus Terminal (@Sakae Station)
Terminals
Rail
Nagoya/Meitetsu Nagoya/Kintetsu Nagoya
Kanayama
Ōzone
Sakae/Sakaemachi
Gifu/Meitetsu Gifu
Toyohashi/Shin-toyohashi/Ekimae
Airports
Centrair
Komaki
Ports
Nagoya
Yokkaichi
Kinuura (Handa and Hekinan)
Mikawa (Toyohashi)
Miscellaneous
Transport in Greater Nagoya
Ferry operators
Taiheiyō Ferry
Ise Bay Ferry
Meitetsu Tourist Ferry
Cards
Manaca
TOICA
Tranpass
Japan transit: Tokyo
Keihanshin
Nagoya
Fukuoka
Hakone Fuji Izu
Hokkaido
Aomori
Sendai
Akita
Niigata
Toyama
Nagano
Okayama
Hiroshima
Shikoku
Metro systems
Shinkansen
trams (list)
aerial lifts (list)
vteTOPIX 100 companies of JapanCore 30
Astellas
Daiichi Sankyo
Daikin
FANUC
Hitachi
Honda
Hoya
Itochu
KDDI
Keyence
Mitsubishi Corporation
MUFG
Mitsui & Co
Mizuho
Murata
Nidec
Nintendo
NTT
Recruit
Seven & I Holdings
Shin-Etsu
SMC
SoftBank
SoftBank Group
Sony Group
Sumitomo Mitsui Financial
Takeda
Tokio Marine
Tokyo Electron
Toyota
Large 70
ÆON
Ajinomoto
ANA
Asahi Group Holdings
Asahi Kasei
Bandai Namco Holdings
Bridgestone
Canon
Chugai Pharmaceutical
Dai-ichi Life
Daiwa House
Denso
Eisai
ENEOS
Fast Retailing
Fujifilm
Fujitsu
Japan Exchange Group
Japan Post Holdings
JR Central
JR East
JR West
JT
Kao
Kirin
Komatsu
Kubota
Kyocera
Lasertec
M3.com
Marubeni
Mitsubishi Chemical
Mitsubishi Electric
Mitsubishi Estate
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Mitsui Fudosan
MS&AD
Nippon Steel
Nippon Yusen
Nissan
Nitori
Nomura
Olympus
Omron
Ono Pharmaceutical
Oriental Land
Orix
Otsuka
Panasonic
Renesas Electronics
Resona
Secom
Sekisui House
Shimano
Shionogi
Shiseido
Sompo Holdings
Subaru
Sumitomo Corporation
Sumitomo Electric
Sumitomo Metal Mining
Sumitomo Mitsui Trust
Sumitomo Realty & Development
Suzuki
Sysmex
Terumo
Toray
Toshiba
Unicharm
Z Holdings
vte Nikkei 225 companies of Japan
7&i
Advantest
ÆON
AGC
Ajinomoto
Alps
ANA
Amada
Aozora Bank
Asahi Breweries
Asahi Kasei
Astellas
Bandai Namco Holdings
Bridgestone
Canon
Casio
Chiba Bank
Chiyoda
Chuden
Chugai
Citizen Holdings
Comsys
Concordia Financial
Credit Saison
Dai-ichi Life
Daiichi Sankyo
Daikin
Daiwa House
Daiwa Securities
Denka
Denso
Dentsu
DNP
Dowa
Ebara
Eisai
ENEOS
Fanuc
Fast Retailing
Fuji Electric
Fujifilm
Fujikura
Fujitsu
Fukuoka Financial
Furukawa Group
Furukawa Electric
GS Yuasa
Heiwa Real Estate
Hino
Hitachi
Hitachi Construction Machinery
Hitz
Hokuetsu Paper
Honda
IHI
INPEX
Isetan-Mitsukoshi
Isuzu
Itochu
JFE
J. Front Retailing
JGC
JR Central
JR East
JR West
JSW
JT
JTEKT
Kajima
KEPCO
Kao
Kawasaki
KDDI
Keio
Keisei
Keyence
Kikkoman
Kirin
K Line
Kobelco
Komatsu
Konami
Konica Minolta
Kubota
Kuraray
Kyocera
Kyowa Hakko Kirin
Marubeni
Maruha Nichiro
Marui
Matsui Securities
Mazda
Meidensha
Meiji Holdings
MES
Minebea
Mitsubishi Chemical
Mitsubishi Corporation
Mitsubishi Electric
Mitsubishi Estate
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Mitsubishi Logistics
Mitsubishi Materials
Mitsubishi Motors
Mitsui & Co
Mitsui Chemicals
Mitsui Fudosan
Mitsui Kinzoku
Mitsumi Electric
Mizuho
MOL
MS&AD
MUFG
Murata Manufacturing
NEC
Nexon
NEG
NGK
Nichirei
Nikon
Nintendo
Nippon Express
Nippon Kayaku
Nippon Light Metal
Nippon Ham
Nippon Paper Industries
Nippon Soda
Nissan Motor Company
Nissan Chemical
Nisshin Seifun
Nisshin Steel
Nissui
Nittobo
Nitto Denko
Sompo Japan Nipponkoa Holdings
Nomura
NSG
NSK
NSSMC
NTN
NTT
NTT Data
NYK
Obayashi
Odakyu
Oji Holdings Corporation
OKI
Okuma
Olympus
Osaka Gas
Pacific Metals
Panasonic
Pioneer
Resona
Ricoh
Sapporo Holdings
SCREEN
Secom
Sekisui House
Sharp
Shimz
Shin-Etsu
Shinsei Bank
Shionogi
Shiseido
Shizuoka Bank
Showa Denko
Showa Shell
SoftBank
Sojitz
Sony
Subaru Corporation
SUMCO
Sumitomo Chemical
Sumitomo Corporation
Sumitomo Electric
Sumitomo Heavy Industries
Sumitomo Metal Mining
Sumitomo Mitsui Financial
Sumitomo Mitsui Trust
Sumitomo Osaka Cement
Sumitomo Pharma
Sumitomo Realty
Suzuki
T&D
Taiheiyo Cement
Taisei
Taiyo Yuden
Takara
Takashimaya
Takeda
TDK
Teijin
TEPCO
Terumo
Tobu
Toho
Toho Zinc
Tokai Carbon
Tokuyama Corporation
Tokio Marine
Tokyo Dome
Tokyo Electron
Tokyo Gas
Tokyo Tatemono
Tokyu
Tokyu Land
Toppan
Toray
Toshiba
Tosoh
Toto
Toyobo
Toyota
Toyota Tsusho
Trend Micro
UBE
Unitika
Uny
Yahoo! Japan
Yamaha
Yamato Transport
Yasakawa
Yokogawa Electric
Yokohama Rubber
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Japan
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Chūbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABbu_region"},{"link_name":"Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya"},{"link_name":"geographical region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai_region"},{"link_name":"Nagoya Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya_Station"},{"link_name":"JR Central Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Central_Towers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-corpdata-7"},{"link_name":"Tōkaidō Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Atami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atami_Station"},{"link_name":"Maibara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maibara_Station"},{"link_name":"Tōkaidō Shinkansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Shinkansen"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Station"},{"link_name":"Shin-Ōsaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-%C5%8Csaka_Station"},{"link_name":"Chūō Shinkansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Shinkansen"},{"link_name":"maglev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maglev_train"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloom-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloom-8"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Nagoya Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"American depositary receipts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_depositary_receipts"},{"link_name":"OTCMG Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTC_Markets_Group"},{"link_name":"TOPIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOPIX"},{"link_name":"Japan Railways Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Railways_Group"},{"link_name":"Nikkei 225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkei_225"},{"link_name":"JR East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_East"},{"link_name":"JR West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_West"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"Chubu Electric Power Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chubu_Electric_Power"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Central Japan Railway Company[6] is the main railway company operating in the Chūbu (Nagoya) region of central Japan. It is officially abbreviated in English as JR Central and in Japanese as JR Tōkai (Japanese: JR東海). Tōkai is a reference to the geographical region in which the company chiefly operates.JR Central's operational hub is Nagoya Station and the company's administrative headquarters are located in the JR Central Towers above the station.[7] The busiest and longest railway line operated by JR Central is the Tōkaidō Main Line between Atami and Maibara. The company also operates the Tōkaidō Shinkansen between Tokyo and Shin-Ōsaka. Additionally it is responsible for the Chūō Shinkansen—a maglev service between Tokyo and Osaka, which is due to start operation between Tokyo and Nagoya in 2027.JR Central is Japan's most profitable and highest throughput high-speed-rail operator, carrying 138 million high-speed-rail passengers in 2009, considerably more than the world's largest airline.[8] Japan recorded a total of 289 million high-speed-rail passengers in 2009.[8]JR Central is listed in the Tokyo Stock Exchange and Nagoya Stock Exchange with American depositary receipts traded over-the-counter through OTCMG Pink, is a constituent of the TOPIX Core30 index, and is also one of the three only Japan Railways Group constituents of the Nikkei 225 index, the others being JR East and JR West. It is also one of Nagoya's gosanke companies along with Toyota and the Chubu Electric Power Company.[citation needed]","title":"Central Japan Railway Company"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tōkaidō Shinkansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Shinkansen"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Station"},{"link_name":"Shin-Ōsaka Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-%C5%8Csaka_Station"}],"sub_title":"Shinkansen","text":"Tōkaidō Shinkansen: Tokyo Station—Shin-Ōsaka Station 552.6 km","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tōkaidō Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Atami Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atami_Station"},{"link_name":"Maibara Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maibara_Station"},{"link_name":"Ōgaki Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cgaki_Station"},{"link_name":"Mino-Akasaka Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mino-Akasaka_Station"},{"link_name":"Gotemba Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotemba_Line"},{"link_name":"Kōzu Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dzu_Station_(Kanagawa)"},{"link_name":"Numazu Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numazu_Station"},{"link_name":"Minobu Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minobu_Line"},{"link_name":"Fuji Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_Station"},{"link_name":"Kōfu Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dfu_Station"},{"link_name":"Iida Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iida_Line"},{"link_name":"Toyohashi Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyohashi_Station"},{"link_name":"Tatsuno Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsuno_Station_(Nagano)"},{"link_name":"Taketoyo Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taketoyo_Line"},{"link_name":"Ōbu Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cbu_Station"},{"link_name":"Taketoyo Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taketoyo_Station"},{"link_name":"Chūō Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Shiojiri Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiojiri_Station"},{"link_name":"Nagoya Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya_Station"},{"link_name":"Takayama Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takayama_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Gifu Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifu_Station"},{"link_name":"Inotani Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inotani_Station"},{"link_name":"Taita Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taita_Line"},{"link_name":"Tajimi Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajimi_Station"},{"link_name":"Mino-Ōta Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mino-%C5%8Cta_Station"},{"link_name":"Kansai Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansai_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Kameyama Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameyama_Station_(Mie)"},{"link_name":"Kisei Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisei_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Shingū Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shing%C5%AB_Station"},{"link_name":"Meishō Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meish%C5%8D_Line"},{"link_name":"Matsusaka Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsusaka_Station"},{"link_name":"Ise-Okitsu Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ise-Okitsu_Station"},{"link_name":"Sangū Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sang%C5%AB_Line"},{"link_name":"Taki Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taki_Station_(Mie)"},{"link_name":"Toba Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_Station"},{"link_name":"Jōhoku Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokai_Transport_Service_Johoku_Line"},{"link_name":"Kachigawa Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachigawa_Station"},{"link_name":"Biwajima Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biwajima_Station"},{"link_name":"Tokai Transport Service Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokai_Transport_Service_Company"}],"sub_title":"Conventional lines","text":"CA Tōkaidō Main Line: Atami Station—Maibara Station 341.3 km\nBranch line: Ōgaki Station—Mino-Akasaka Station 5.0 km\nCB Gotemba Line: Kōzu Station—Numazu Station 60.2 km\nCC Minobu Line: Fuji Station—Kōfu Station 88.4 km\nCD Iida Line: Toyohashi Station—Tatsuno Station 195.7 km\nCE Taketoyo Line: Ōbu Station—Taketoyo Station 19.3 km\nCF Chūō Main Line: Shiojiri Station—Nagoya Station 174.8 km\nCG Takayama Main Line: Gifu Station—Inotani Station 189.2 km\nCI Taita Line: Tajimi Station—Mino-Ōta Station 17.8 km\nCJ Kansai Main Line: Nagoya Station—Kameyama Station 59.9 km\nKisei Main Line: Kameyama Station—Shingū Station 180.2 km\nMeishō Line: Matsusaka Station—Ise-Okitsu Station 43.5 km\nSangū Line: Taki Station—Toba Station 29.1 km\nJōhoku Line: Kachigawa Station—Biwajima Station 11.2 km (trains are operated by Tokai Transport Service Company, not JR Central)","title":"Lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nanki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanki"},{"link_name":"Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya_Station"},{"link_name":"Shingū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shing%C5%AB_Station"},{"link_name":"Kii-Katsuura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kii-Katsuura_Station"},{"link_name":"Hida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hida_(train)"},{"link_name":"Ōsaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Csaka_Station"},{"link_name":"Takayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takayama_Station"},{"link_name":"Hida-Furukawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hida-Furukawa_Station"},{"link_name":"Toyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyama_Station"},{"link_name":"Shinano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinano_(train)"},{"link_name":"Nagano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano_Station"},{"link_name":"Hakuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakuba_Station"},{"link_name":"Mie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_(train)"},{"link_name":"Iseshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iseshi_Station"},{"link_name":"Toba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_Station"},{"link_name":"Fujikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujikawa_(train)"},{"link_name":"Shizuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuoka_Station"},{"link_name":"Kōfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dfu_Station"},{"link_name":"Toyohashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyohashi_Station"},{"link_name":"Iida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iida_Station"},{"link_name":"Odoriko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoriko"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Station"},{"link_name":"Izukyū-Shimoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izuky%C5%AB-Shimoda_Station"},{"link_name":"Shuzenji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuzenji_Station"},{"link_name":"Sunrise Seto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_Seto"},{"link_name":"Takamatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takamatsu_Station_(Kagawa)"},{"link_name":"Sunrise Izumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_Izumo"},{"link_name":"Izumoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumoshi_Station"},{"link_name":"Nozomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozomi_(train)"},{"link_name":"Hakata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakata_Station"},{"link_name":"Hikari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikari_(train)"},{"link_name":"Hakataminami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakataminami_Station"},{"link_name":"Kodama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodama_(train)"},{"link_name":"Shin-Ōsaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-%C5%8Csaka_Station"}],"text":"Nanki (Nagoya - Shingū & Kii-Katsuura)\nHida (Nagoya/Ōsaka - Takayama, Hida-Furukawa & Toyama)\nShinano (Nagoya - Nagano & Hakuba)\nMie (Nagoya - Iseshi & Toba)\nFujikawa (Shizuoka - Kōfu)\nInaji (Toyohashi - Iida)\nOdoriko (Tokyo - Izukyū-Shimoda & Shuzenji)\nSunrise Seto (Tokyo - Takamatsu)\nSunrise Izumo (Tokyo - Izumoshi)\nNozomi (Tokyo - Hakata)\nHikari (Tokyo - Hakata & Hakataminami)\nKodama (Tokyo - Shin-Ōsaka, Shin-Ōsaka - Hakata & Hakataminami)","title":"Named train services"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The JR Central Group consists of JR Central and the following affiliates:","title":"Affiliates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JR Tokai Logistics Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JR_Tokai_Logistics_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:ジェイアール東海物流","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%A9%E6%B5%81"},{"link_name":"Tokai Transport Service Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokai_Transport_Service_Company"},{"link_name":"First Air Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Air_Transport&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:ファーストエアートランスポート","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88"}],"sub_title":"Transportation","text":"JR Tokai Bus Company\nJR Tokai Logistics Company (ja:ジェイアール東海物流株式会社)\nTokai Transport Service Company\nFirst Air Transport Co., Ltd. (ja:ファーストエアートランスポート株式会社)","title":"Affiliates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JR Tokai Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JR_Tokai_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:ジェイアール東海商事","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%86%E4%BA%8B"},{"link_name":"JR Tokai Takashimaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JR_Tokai_Takashimaya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:ジェイアール東海高島屋","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B6%E5%B1%8B"},{"link_name":"JR-Central Passengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JR-Central_Passengers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:ジェイアール東海パッセンジャーズ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E3%83%91%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA"},{"link_name":"JR Tokai Food Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JR_Tokai_Food_Service&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:ジェイアール東海フードサービス","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E3%83%95%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B9"},{"link_name":"Tokai Kiosk Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokai_Kiosk_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:東海キヨスク","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF"}],"sub_title":"Merchandise","text":"JR Tokai Corporation (ja:ジェイアール東海商事株式会社)\nJR Tokai Takashimaya Co., Ltd. (株式会社ja:ジェイアール東海高島屋)\nJR-Central Passengers Co., Ltd. (株式会社ja:ジェイアール東海パッセンジャーズ)\nJR Tokai Food Service Co., Ltd. (ja:ジェイアール東海フードサービス株式会社)\nTokai Kiosk Company (ja:東海キヨスク株式会社)","title":"Affiliates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JR Tokai Construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JR_Tokai_Construction&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:ジェイアール東海建設","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD"},{"link_name":"JR Central Consultants Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JR_Central_Consultants_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:ジェイアール東海コンサルタンツ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%84"},{"link_name":"Nihon Kikai Hosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nihon_Kikai_Hosen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:日本機械保線","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E4%BF%9D%E7%B7%9A"},{"link_name":"Futaba Tetsudo Kogyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Futaba_Tetsudo_Kogyo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:双葉鉄道工業","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E8%91%89%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD"},{"link_name":"CN Construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CN_Construction&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:シーエヌ建設","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8C%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD"}],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"JR Tokai Construction Co., Ltd. (ja:ジェイアール東海建設株式会社)\nJR Central Consultants Company (ja:ジェイアール東海コンサルタンツ株式会社)\nThe Nihon Kikai Hosen Co., Ltd (ja:日本機械保線株式会社)\nFutaba Tetsudo Kogyo Co., Ltd. (ja:双葉鉄道工業株式会社)\nCN Construction Co., Ltd. (ja:シーエヌ建設株式会社)","title":"Affiliates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JR Tokai Information Systems Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JR_Tokai_Information_Systems_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:ジェイアール東海情報システム","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0"},{"link_name":"Shinsei Technos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shinsei_Technos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:新生テクノス","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E3%83%86%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B9"}],"sub_title":"Information systems","text":"JR Tokai Information Systems Company (ja:ジェイアール東海情報システム株式会社)\nShinsei Technos Co., Ltd.(ja:新生テクノス株式会社)","title":"Affiliates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JR Tokai Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JR_Tokai_Hotels&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:ジェイアール東海ホテルズ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E3%83%9B%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA"},{"link_name":"Nagoya Terminal Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagoya_Terminal_Hotel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:名古屋ターミナルホテル","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%8F%A4%E5%B1%8B%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB"},{"link_name":"Shizuoka Terminal Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_Terminal_Hotel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:静岡ターミナルホテル","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB"}],"sub_title":"Hotels and resorts","text":"JR Tokai Hotels Co., Ltd. (株式会社ja:ジェイアール東海ホテルズ)\nNagoya Terminal Hotel Co., Ltd. (ja:名古屋ターミナルホテル株式会社)\nShizuoka Terminal Hotel Co., Ltd. (ja:静岡ターミナルホテル株式会社)","title":"Affiliates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JR Tokai Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JR_Tokai_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:ジェイアール東海エージェンシー","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC"},{"link_name":"JR Tokai Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JR_Tokai_Tours&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:ジェイアール東海ツアーズ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E3%83%84%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA"},{"link_name":"Hida Forest City Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hida_Forest_City_Planning&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:飛騨森林都市企画","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E9%A8%A8%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E4%BC%81%E7%94%BB"}],"sub_title":"Travel","text":"JR Tokai Agency Co., Ltd. (株式会社ja:ジェイアール東海エージェンシー)\nJR Tokai Tours (株式会社ja:ジェイアール東海ツアーズ)\nHida Forest City Planning Co., Ltd. (ja:飛騨森林都市企画株式会社)","title":"Affiliates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wedge Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wedge_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ウェッジ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%83%E3%82%B8_(%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE)"}],"sub_title":"Publishing","text":"Wedge Inc. (株式会社ウェッジ)","title":"Affiliates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shinkansen Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen_Engineering&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:新幹線エンジニアリング","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0"},{"link_name":"Tokai Rolling Stock & Machinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokai_Rolling_Stock_%26_Machinery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:東海交通機械","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0"},{"link_name":"Nippon Sharyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Sharyo"}],"sub_title":"Rolling stock","text":"Shinkansen Engineering Co., Ltd. (ja:新幹線エンジニアリング株式会社)\nTokai Rolling Stock & Machinery Co., Ltd. (ja:東海交通機械株式会社)\nNippon Sharyo, Ltd","title":"Affiliates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chuoh Linen Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuoh_Linen_Supply&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:中央リネンサプライ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4"},{"link_name":"JR Tokai General Building Maintenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JR_Tokai_General_Building_Maintenance&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:ジェイアール東海総合ビルメンテナンス","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%88%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9"},{"link_name":"Central Maintenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Maintenance&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:セントラルメンテナンス","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9"},{"link_name":"Shinkansen Service & Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen_Service_%26_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:関西新幹線サービック","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%A2%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF"},{"link_name":"Shinkansen Maintenance Tokai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shinkansen_Maintenance_Tokai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:新幹線メンテナンス東海","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7"},{"link_name":"Tokai Seibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokai_Seibi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:東海整備","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E6%95%B4%E5%82%99"}],"sub_title":"Maintenance","text":"Chuoh Linen Supply Co., Ltd. (ja:中央リネンサプライ株式会社)\nJR Tokai General Building Maintenance Co., Ltd. (ja:ジェイアール東海総合ビルメンテナンス株式会社)\nCentral Maintenance Co., Ltd. (ja:セントラルメンテナンス株式会社)\nShinkansen Service & Technology Co., Ltd. (株式会社ja:関西新幹線サービック)\nShinkansen Maintenance Tokai Co., Ltd. (ja:新幹線メンテナンス東海株式会社)\nTokai Seibi Co., Ltd. (ja:東海整備株式会社)","title":"Affiliates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JR Central Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JR_Central_Building&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:ジェイアールセントラルビル","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB"},{"link_name":"JR Development and Management Corporation of Kansai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JR_Development_and_Management_Corporation_of_Kansai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:ジェイアール東海関西開発","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E9%96%A2%E8%A5%BF%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA"},{"link_name":"JR Development and Management Corporation of Shizuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JR_Development_and_Management_Corporation_of_Shizuoka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:ジェイアール東海静岡開発","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA"},{"link_name":"JR Tokai Real Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JR_Tokai_Real_Estate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:ジェイアール東海不動産","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%95%E7%94%A3"},{"link_name":"Shizuoka Terminal Development Co., Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shizuoka_Terminal_Development_Co.,_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:静岡ターミナル開発","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E5%B2%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA"},{"link_name":"Shin-Yokohama Station Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shin-Yokohama_Station_Development&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:新横浜ステーション開発株","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%A8%AA%E6%B5%9C%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA%E6%A0%AA"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Station Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_Station_Development&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:東京ステーション開発","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA"},{"link_name":"Toyohashi Station Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toyohashi_Station_Building&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:豊橋ステーションビル","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%8A%E6%A9%8B%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB"},{"link_name":"Nagoya Station Area Development Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagoya_Station_Area_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:名古屋ステーション開発","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%8F%A4%E5%B1%8B%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA"},{"link_name":"Nagoya Terminal Station Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagoya_Terminal_Station_Building&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:名古屋ターミナルビル","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%8F%A4%E5%B1%8B%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB"},{"link_name":"Hamamatsu Terminal Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamamatsu_Terminal_Development&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:浜松ターミナル開発","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%9C%E6%9D%BE%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA"}],"sub_title":"Real estate","text":"JR Central Building Co., Ltd. (ja:ジェイアールセントラルビル株式会社)\nJR Development and Management Corporation of Kansai (ja:ジェイアール東海関西開発株式会社)\nJR Development and Management Corporation of Shizuoka (ja:ジェイアール東海静岡開発株式会社)\nJR Tokai Real Estate Co., Ltd. (ja:ジェイアール東海不動産株式会社)\nShizuoka Terminal Development Co., Ltd. (ja:静岡ターミナル開発株式会社)\nShin-Yokohama Station Development Co., Ltd. (ja:新横浜ステーション開発株株式会社)\nTokyo Station Development Co., Ltd. (ja:東京ステーション開発株式会社)\nToyohashi Station Building Co., Ltd. (ja:豊橋ステーションビル株式会社)\nNagoya Station Area Development Corporation (ja:名古屋ステーション開発株式会社)\nNagoya Terminal Station Building Co., Ltd. (ja:名古屋ターミナルビル株式会社)\nHamamatsu Terminal Development Co., Ltd. (ja:浜松ターミナル開発株式会社)","title":"Affiliates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JR Tokai Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JR_Tokai_Well&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:ジェイアール東海ウェル","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB"},{"link_name":"JR Tokai Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JR_Tokai_Partners&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja:ジェイアール東海パートナーズ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JR_Central_Towers.jpg"},{"link_name":"JR Central Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Central_Towers"}],"sub_title":"Other services","text":"JR Tokai Well Co., Ltd. (株式会社ja:ジェイアール東海ウェル)\nJR Tokai Partners Co., Ltd. (ja:ジェイアール東海パートナーズ株式会社)JR Central Towers in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, the world's largest train station complex by floor area","title":"Affiliates"}]
|
[{"image_text":"JR Central Towers in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, the world's largest train station complex by floor area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/JR_Central_Towers.jpg/220px-JR_Central_Towers.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Central Japan Railway Company. \"Board of Directors, Audit and Supervisory Board Members and Corporate officers (as of June, 2023)\". Retrieved 27 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://global.jr-central.co.jp/en/company/about/executives.html","url_text":"\"Board of Directors, Audit and Supervisory Board Members and Corporate officers (as of June, 2023)\""}]},{"reference":"Central Japan Railway Company. \"Data book 2008\" (PDF). Retrieved 30 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/company/others/data-book/_pdf/2008.pdf","url_text":"\"Data book 2008\""}]},{"reference":"Central Japan Railway Company. Annual Report 2015 (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 10 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/ir/annualreport/_pdf/annualreport2015.pdf","url_text":"Annual Report 2015"}]},{"reference":"Central Japan Railway Company. \"Organization Chart (As of July, 2008)\". Retrieved 30 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/company/about/organization.html","url_text":"\"Organization Chart (As of July, 2008)\""}]},{"reference":"Central Japan Railway Company. \"Notice concerning Change of Specified Subsidiary\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090205112050/http://english.jr-central.co.jp/news/n20081015/_pdf/release.pdf","url_text":"\"Notice concerning Change of Specified Subsidiary\""},{"url":"http://english.jr-central.co.jp/news/n20081015/_pdf/release.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Central Japan Railway Company. \"Corporate Data\". Retrieved 28 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/company/about/outline.html","url_text":"\"Corporate Data\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Chris (8 February 2011). \"Rail's Cash-Flow King Stakes $62 Billion on Tokyo Maglev Train\". Bloomberg. Retrieved 12 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-08/rail-s-cash-flow-king-stakes-62-billion-on-tokyo-maglev-train.html","url_text":"\"Rail's Cash-Flow King Stakes $62 Billion on Tokyo Maglev Train\""}]},{"reference":"\"Company history books (Shashi)\". Shashi Interest Group. April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nccjapan.net/shashiwiki/index.php?title=Tokai_Ryokaku_Tetsudo","url_text":"\"Company history books (Shashi)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www2.jpx.co.jp/tseHpFront/StockSearch.do?callJorEFlg=1&method=topsearch&topSearchStr=9022","external_links_name":"9022"},{"Link":"http://www.nse.or.jp/e/meigara/stocksch/list.html?schKey_Code=9022","external_links_name":"9022"},{"Link":"http://english.jr-central.co.jp/index.html","external_links_name":"english.jr-central.co.jp/index.html"},{"Link":"http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/company/about/area.html","external_links_name":"Service area"},{"Link":"http://english.jr-central.co.jp/info/station/index.html","external_links_name":"Shinkansen station layouts"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090225073915/http://toica.jr-central.co.jp/outline/area/index.html","external_links_name":"TOICA Service Area"},{"Link":"https://global.jr-central.co.jp/en/company/about/executives.html","external_links_name":"\"Board of Directors, Audit and Supervisory Board Members and Corporate officers (as of June, 2023)\""},{"Link":"http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/company/others/data-book/_pdf/2008.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Data book 2008\""},{"Link":"http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/ir/annualreport/_pdf/annualreport2015.pdf","external_links_name":"Annual Report 2015"},{"Link":"http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/company/about/organization.html","external_links_name":"\"Organization Chart (As of July, 2008)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090205112050/http://english.jr-central.co.jp/news/n20081015/_pdf/release.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Notice concerning Change of Specified Subsidiary\""},{"Link":"http://english.jr-central.co.jp/news/n20081015/_pdf/release.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://english.jr-central.co.jp/company/company/about/outline.html","external_links_name":"\"Corporate Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-08/rail-s-cash-flow-king-stakes-62-billion-on-tokyo-maglev-train.html","external_links_name":"\"Rail's Cash-Flow King Stakes $62 Billion on Tokyo Maglev Train\""},{"Link":"http://english.jr-central.co.jp/index.html","external_links_name":"Central Japan Railway Company"},{"Link":"https://scmaglev.jr-central-global.com/","external_links_name":"Central Japan Railway Company| SCMAGLEV Official Website"},{"Link":"http://www.nccjapan.net/shashiwiki/index.php?title=Tokai_Ryokaku_Tetsudo","external_links_name":"\"Company history books (Shashi)\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000107027423","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/148189037","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr91017662","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00305497","external_links_name":"Japan"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose_reductase
|
dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose reductase
|
["1 References"]
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dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose reductaseIdentifiersEC no.1.1.1.266DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumGene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGOSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteins
In enzymology, a dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose reductase (EC 1.1.1.266) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
dTDP-D-fucose + NADP+
⇌
{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }
dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + NADPH + H+
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are dTDP-D-fucose and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose, NADPH, and H+.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is dTDP-D-fucose:NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose reductase. This enzyme participates in polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis.
References
Yoshida Y, Nakano Y, Nezu T, Yamashita Y, Koga T (1999). "A novel NDP-6-deoxyhexosyl-4-ulose reductase in the pathway for the synthesis of thymidine diphosphate-D-fucose". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (24): 16933–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.24.16933. PMID 10358040.
vteOxidoreductases: alcohol oxidoreductases (EC 1.1)1.1.1: NAD/NADP acceptor
3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Aldo-keto reductase
1A1
1B1
1B10
1C1
1C3
1C4
7A2
Aldose reductase
Beta-Ketoacyl ACP reductase
Carbohydrate dehydrogenases
Carnitine dehydrogenase
D-malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)
DXP reductoisomerase
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
HMG-CoA reductase
IMP dehydrogenase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Lactate dehydrogenase
L-threonine dehydrogenase
L-xylulose reductase
Malate dehydrogenase
Malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)
Malate dehydrogenase (NADP+)
Malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating)
Malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NADP+)
Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
Sorbitol dehydrogenase
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: 3β
3β-HSD
NSDHL
11β
11β-HSD1
11β-HSD2
17β
1.1.2: cytochrome acceptor
D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome c-553)
Mannitol dehydrogenase (cytochrome)
1.1.3: oxygen acceptor
Glucose oxidase
L-gulonolactone oxidase
Xanthine oxidase
Alcohol oxidase
1.1.4: disulfide as acceptor
Vitamin K epoxide reductase
Vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-insensitive)
1.1.5: quinone/similar acceptor
Malate dehydrogenase (quinone)
Quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase
1.1.99: other acceptors
Choline dehydrogenase
L2HGDH
vteEnzymesActivity
Active site
Binding site
Catalytic triad
Oxyanion hole
Enzyme promiscuity
Diffusion-limited enzyme
Cofactor
Enzyme catalysis
Regulation
Allosteric regulation
Cooperativity
Enzyme inhibitor
Enzyme activator
Classification
EC number
Enzyme superfamily
Enzyme family
List of enzymes
Kinetics
Enzyme kinetics
Eadie–Hofstee diagram
Hanes–Woolf plot
Lineweaver–Burk plot
Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types
EC1 Oxidoreductases (list)
EC2 Transferases (list)
EC3 Hydrolases (list)
EC4 Lyases (list)
EC5 Isomerases (list)
EC6 Ligases (list)
EC7 Translocases (list)
Portal: Biology
This EC 1.1.1 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enzymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymology"},{"link_name":"EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number"},{"link_name":"1.1.1.266","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.1.1.266"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"catalyzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis"},{"link_name":"chemical reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction"},{"link_name":"substrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"dTDP-D-fucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DTDP-D-fucose&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"NADP+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate"},{"link_name":"products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"NADPH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate"},{"link_name":"H+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_ion"},{"link_name":"oxidoreductases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidoreductase"},{"link_name":"systematic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes"},{"link_name":"polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyketide_sugar_unit_biosynthesis&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"In enzymology, a dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose reductase (EC 1.1.1.266) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactiondTDP-D-fucose + NADP+ \n \n \n \n ⇌\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rightleftharpoons }\n \n dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + NADPH + H+Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are dTDP-D-fucose and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose, NADPH, and H+.This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is dTDP-D-fucose:NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called dTDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose reductase. This enzyme participates in polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis.","title":"dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose reductase"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Yoshida Y, Nakano Y, Nezu T, Yamashita Y, Koga T (1999). \"A novel NDP-6-deoxyhexosyl-4-ulose reductase in the pathway for the synthesis of thymidine diphosphate-D-fucose\". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (24): 16933–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.24.16933. PMID 10358040.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.24.16933","url_text":"\"A novel NDP-6-deoxyhexosyl-4-ulose reductase in the pathway for the synthesis of thymidine diphosphate-D-fucose\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.24.16933","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.274.24.16933"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10358040","url_text":"10358040"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.enzyme-database.org/query.php?ec=1.1.1.266","external_links_name":"1.1.1.266"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/intenz/query?cmd=SearchEC&ec=1.1.1.266","external_links_name":"IntEnz view"},{"Link":"http://www.brenda-enzymes.org/enzyme.php?ecno=1.1.1.266","external_links_name":"BRENDA entry"},{"Link":"https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.1.1.266","external_links_name":"NiceZyme view"},{"Link":"https://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?enzyme+1.1.1.266","external_links_name":"KEGG entry"},{"Link":"https://biocyc.org/META/substring-search?type=NIL&object=1.1.1.266","external_links_name":"metabolic pathway"},{"Link":"http://priam.prabi.fr/cgi-bin/PRIAM_profiles_CurrentRelease.pl?EC=1.1.1.266","external_links_name":"profile"},{"Link":"https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity.rcsb_ec_lineage.id:1.1.1.266","external_links_name":"RCSB PDB"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index?ec_number:1.1.1.266","external_links_name":"PDBe"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/enzymes/GetPage.pl?ec_number=1.1.1.266","external_links_name":"PDBsum"},{"Link":"http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050573","external_links_name":"AmiGO"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0050573","external_links_name":"QuickGO"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&term=1.1.1.266%5BEC/RN%20Number%5D%20AND%20pubmed%20pmc%20local%5Bsb%5D","external_links_name":"articles"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&term=1.1.1.266%5BEC/RN%20Number%5D","external_links_name":"articles"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein?term=1.1.1.266%5BEC/RN%20Number%5D","external_links_name":"proteins"},{"Link":"https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.1.1.266","external_links_name":"1.1.1.266"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.24.16933","external_links_name":"\"A novel NDP-6-deoxyhexosyl-4-ulose reductase in the pathway for the synthesis of thymidine diphosphate-D-fucose\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.24.16933","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.274.24.16933"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10358040","external_links_name":"10358040"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose_reductase&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Poland
|
List of rivers of Poland
|
["1 Rivers by length","2 River system","3 References"]
|
Following is a list of rivers, which are at least partially, if not predominantly located within Poland.
Rivers by length
For list of rivers in alphabetical order, please use table-sort buttons.
28 longest rivers in Poland
River name
Emptying into
Total length (in km)
Length in Poland (in km)
Total basin area(in km2)
Basin areain Poland(in km2)
Vistula
Baltic Sea
1022
1022
193,690
168,868
Oder
Baltic Sea
840
726
119,074
106,043
Warta
Oder
795
795
54,520
54,520
Bug
Narew
774
590
38,712
19,239
Narew
Vistula
499
443
74,527
53,846
San
Vistula
458
457
16,877
14,426
Noteć
Warta
391
391
17,302
17,302
Wieprz
Vistula
349
349
10,497
10,497
Pilica
Vistula
333
333
9,258
9,258
Bóbr
Oder
279
276
5,874
5,830
Łyna
Pregolya
264
207
7,126
5,298
Wkra
Narew
255
255
5,348
5,348
Dunajec
Vistula
249
249
6,796
4,838
Nysa Łużycka
Oder
246
197
4,403
2,201
Brda
Vistula
245
245
4,665
4,665
Drwęca
Vistula
231
231
5,697
5,697
Prosna
Warta
227
227
4,917
4,917
Wisłok
San
220
220
3,538
3,538
Wda (Czarna Woda)
Vistula
198
198
2,325
2,325
Drawa
Noteć
192
192
3,291
3,291
Nysa Kłodzka
Oder
189
189
4,570
3,742
Rega
Baltic Sea
188
188
2,767
2,767
Bzura
Vistula
173
173
7,764
7,764
Wisłoka
Vistula
173
173
4,100
4,100
Obra
Warta
171
171
2,760
2,760
Pasłęka
Vistula Bay, Baltic Sea
169
169
2,294
2,294
Biebrza
Narew
164
164
7,092
7,067
Nida
Vistula
154
154
3,844
3,844
River system
Baltic Sea
Oder (Odra)
Warta
Ner
Noteć
Drawa
Obra
Prosna
Widawka
Nysa Łużycka
Bóbr
Cegielinka
Diabelnica
Nysa Kłodzka
Świniec
Niemica
Wołcza
Stuchowska Struga
Rega
Parsęta
Wieprza
Słupia
Łeba
Reda
Pasłęka
Baltic Sea
Vistula (Wisła)
Wda
Brda
Drwęca
Bzura
Narew
Wkra
Bug
Biebrza
Pilica
Wieprz
San
Złota
Wisłok
Wisłoka
Nida
Dunajec
Poprad
Hydrography of Poland
References
^ KSNG (2002–2014), List of Names of Flowing Waters (Wykaz nazw wód płynacych) (PDF file, direct download 1.47 MB), Komisja Standaryzacji Nazw Geograficznych poza Granicami Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej: Nazwy geograficzne. Pages: 1/348. (in Polish)
^ Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland 2017, Statistics Poland, p. 85-86
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vteList of rivers of Europe Sovereign states
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|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of rivers of Poland"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"For list of rivers in alphabetical order, please use table-sort buttons.","title":"Rivers by length"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Oder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder"},{"link_name":"Warta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warta"},{"link_name":"Ner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ner"},{"link_name":"Noteć","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Drawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawa"},{"link_name":"Obra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obra_(river)"},{"link_name":"Prosna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosna"},{"link_name":"Widawka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widawka"},{"link_name":"Nysa Łużycka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatian_Neisse"},{"link_name":"Bóbr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3br"},{"link_name":"Cegielinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cegielinka"},{"link_name":"Nysa Kłodzka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nysa_K%C5%82odzka"},{"link_name":"Świniec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awiniec_(river)"},{"link_name":"Niemica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemica_(river)"},{"link_name":"Wołcza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wo%C5%82cza_(river)"},{"link_name":"Stuchowska Struga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuchowska_Struga"},{"link_name":"Rega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rega"},{"link_name":"Parsęta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars%C4%99ta"},{"link_name":"Wieprza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieprza"},{"link_name":"Słupia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82upia"},{"link_name":"Łeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81eba_(river)"},{"link_name":"Reda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reda_(river)"},{"link_name":"Pasłęka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas%C5%82%C4%99ka"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"Wda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wda"},{"link_name":"Brda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brda_(river)"},{"link_name":"Drwęca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drw%C4%99ca"},{"link_name":"Bzura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bzura"},{"link_name":"Narew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narew"},{"link_name":"Wkra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wkra"},{"link_name":"Bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_River"},{"link_name":"Biebrza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biebrza"},{"link_name":"Pilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilica_(river)"},{"link_name":"Wieprz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieprz"},{"link_name":"San","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_(river)"},{"link_name":"Złota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82ota_(river)"},{"link_name":"Wisłok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wis%C5%82ok"},{"link_name":"Wisłoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wis%C5%82oka"},{"link_name":"Nida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nida_(river)"},{"link_name":"Dunajec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunajec"},{"link_name":"Poprad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poprad_(river)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polska_hydrografia2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hydrography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrography"}],"text":"Baltic Sea\n\nOder (Odra)\nWarta\nNer\nNoteć\nDrawa\nObra\nProsna\nWidawka\nNysa Łużycka\nBóbr\nCegielinka\nDiabelnica\nNysa Kłodzka\nŚwiniec\nNiemica\nWołcza\nStuchowska Struga\nRega\nParsęta\nWieprza\nSłupia\nŁeba\nReda\nPasłęka\n\n\nBaltic Sea\n\nVistula (Wisła)\nWda\nBrda\nDrwęca\nBzura\nNarew\nWkra\nBug\nBiebrza\nPilica\nWieprz\nSan\nZłota\nWisłok\nWisłoka\nNida\nDunajec\nPoprad\n\n\nHydrography of Poland","title":"River system"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Hydrography of Poland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Polska_hydrografia2.jpg/380px-Polska_hydrografia2.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/pliki/hydronimy1.pdf","external_links_name":"List of Names of Flowing Waters (Wykaz nazw wód płynacych)"},{"Link":"http://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/en/defaultaktualnosci/3328/2/17/1/statistical_yearbook_of_the_republic_of_poland_2017.pdf","external_links_name":"Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland 2017"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisha_Silang
|
Tisha Silang
|
["1 Binibining Pilipinas","2 Showbiz career","3 The Amazing Race Asia","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Tisha SilangBornOlivia Tisha deCarlos SilangOccupationBusiness development managerTelevisionThe Amazing Race Asia 3
Olivia Tisha de Carlos Silang (born November 6, 1975), more popularly known as Tisha Silang, was the Binibining Pilipinas Universe titleholder in 1998. She became a TV host and businesswoman later in her career. In the third season of The Amazing Race Asia, she partnered with her boyfriend Geoff Rodriguez and won 2nd place.
Binibining Pilipinas
In 1998, Tisha was crowned as Binibining Pilipinas Universe titleholder. However, she resigned and gave up her crown because of questions on her citizenship. The Binibining Pilipinas Charities which managed the contest had already earlier required that all winners must be holders of Philippine passport. Jewel May Lobaton, the first runner-up, was selected as the Philippines' representative in the Miss Universe 1998 pageant that was held in Honolulu, Hawaii.
Showbiz career
After the Binibining Pilipinas, Tisha worked as a TV personality in several shows of GMA Network. She was included in the morning news and talk show Mornings @ GMA, which was shown every morning. She also had some other hosting jobs and a modeling career.
The Amazing Race Asia
The third season of The Amazing Race Asia started with ten pairs of racers from different countries of Asia such as Hong Kong, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, South Korea and India. Tisha Silang partnered with Geoff Rodriguez, who was her boyfriend, and the pair was the only team who used the Yield and the U-Turn in the race. After 11 legs in seven countries, they finished the race placing second to Sam Wu and Vince Chung of Hong Kong, who placed first, out of 10 teams.
References
^ "Teams – Geoff & Tisha – Bio". amazing-race-asia.axn via Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
^ "Tarnished tiaras (or, beauties in distress)". philstar.com. Retrieved 2019-06-30.
^ a b c "Pauleen Luna frustrated by Gerald Anderson's denial that he visited her on "Eat Bulaga!"".
^ "Welcome back, Thank You Girls". Inquirer Lifestyle. 2011-09-09. Retrieved 2019-06-30.
^ "Binibining Pilipinas 1990s Winners". www.geocities.com via webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 2009-10-20. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
^ "Honolulu, Hawaii, Miss Universe, 1998, Photo of the Day, Picture, Photography, Wallpapers – National Geographic". photography.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on 2008-09-27.
^ "FIRST READ ON PEP: KC Concepcion leaves for Caribbean cruise with her family".
External links
Tisha and Geoff on The Amazing Race Asia
Tisha Silang at IMDb
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Binibining Pilipinas Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binibining_Pilipinas_Universe"},{"link_name":"third season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_Asia_3"},{"link_name":"The Amazing Race Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_Asia"}],"text":"Olivia Tisha de Carlos Silang (born November 6, 1975), more popularly known as Tisha Silang, was the Binibining Pilipinas Universe titleholder in 1998. She became a TV host and businesswoman later in her career. In the third season of The Amazing Race Asia, she partnered with her boyfriend Geoff Rodriguez and won 2nd place.","title":"Tisha Silang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Miss Universe 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe_1998"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1998, Tisha was crowned as Binibining Pilipinas Universe titleholder. However, she resigned and gave up her crown because of questions on her citizenship.[2][3] The Binibining Pilipinas Charities which managed the contest had already earlier required that all winners must be holders of Philippine passport.[4] Jewel May Lobaton, the first runner-up, was selected as the Philippines' representative in the Miss Universe 1998 pageant that was held in Honolulu, Hawaii.[5][6]","title":"Binibining Pilipinas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GMA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network"},{"link_name":"Mornings @ GMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornings_@_GMA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"After the Binibining Pilipinas, Tisha worked as a TV personality in several shows of GMA Network. She was included in the morning news and talk show Mornings @ GMA,[3] which was shown every morning. She also had some other hosting jobs and a modeling career.","title":"Showbiz career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Vince Chung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Matthew_Chung"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"The third season of The Amazing Race Asia started with ten pairs of racers from different countries of Asia such as Hong Kong, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, South Korea and India. Tisha Silang partnered with Geoff Rodriguez, who was her boyfriend, and the pair was the only team who used the Yield and the U-Turn in the race.[7] After 11 legs in seven countries, they finished the race placing second to Sam Wu and Vince Chung of Hong Kong, who placed first, out of 10 teams.[3]","title":"The Amazing Race Asia"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Teams – Geoff & Tisha – Bio\". amazing-race-asia.axn via Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 31 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081201163441/http://amazing-race-asia.axn-asia.com/season3/teams/geoff-tisha/","url_text":"\"Teams – Geoff & Tisha – Bio\""},{"url":"http://amazing-race-asia.axn-asia.com/season3/teams/geoff-tisha/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tarnished tiaras (or, beauties in distress)\". philstar.com. Retrieved 2019-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2007/01/18/380479/tarnished-tiaras-or-beauties-distress","url_text":"\"Tarnished tiaras (or, beauties in distress)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pauleen Luna frustrated by Gerald Anderson's denial that he visited her on \"Eat Bulaga!\"\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pep.ph/news/19973/Geoff-and-Tisha-of-the-Philippines-finished-second-in-The-Amazing-Race-Asia-3","url_text":"\"Pauleen Luna frustrated by Gerald Anderson's denial that he visited her on \"Eat Bulaga!\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome back, Thank You Girls\". Inquirer Lifestyle. 2011-09-09. Retrieved 2019-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/12961/welcome-back-thank-you-girls/","url_text":"\"Welcome back, Thank You Girls\""}]},{"reference":"\"Binibining Pilipinas 1990s Winners\". www.geocities.com via webcitation.org. Archived from the original on 2009-10-20. Retrieved 31 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091020123009/http://geocities.com/Hollywood/7723/links_bbpilipinas90s.html","url_text":"\"Binibining Pilipinas 1990s Winners\""},{"url":"http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/7723/links_bbpilipinas90s.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Honolulu, Hawaii, Miss Universe, 1998, Photo of the Day, Picture, Photography, Wallpapers – National Geographic\". photography.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on 2008-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080927081111/http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/enlarge/miss-universe_pod_image.html","url_text":"\"Honolulu, Hawaii, Miss Universe, 1998, Photo of the Day, Picture, Photography, Wallpapers – National Geographic\""},{"url":"http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/enlarge/miss-universe_pod_image.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FIRST READ ON PEP: KC Concepcion leaves for Caribbean cruise with her family\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pep.ph/news/19023/Beauty-queen-Tisha-Silang-and-boyfriend-Geoff-Rodriguez-represent-the-Philippines-in-Amazing-Race-Asia-3","url_text":"\"FIRST READ ON PEP: KC Concepcion leaves for Caribbean cruise with her family\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics
|
Cycling at the 1936 Summer Olympics
|
["1 Medal summary","1.1 Road cycling","1.2 Track cycling","2 Participating nations","3 Medal table","4 References"]
|
Cyclingat the Games of the XI OlympiadVenuesAvus motor roadBerliner Sport-Club StadiumDeutschlandhalleDate6 –8 August 1936Competitors175 from 30 nations← 19321948 →
The cycling competition at the 1936 Summer Olympics consisted of two road cycling events and four track cycling events, all for men only.
Medal summary
Road cycling
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Road race, Individualdetails
Robert Charpentier (FRA)
Guy Lapébie (FRA)
Ernst Nievergelt (SUI)
Road race, Teamdetails
France (FRA)Robert CharpentierRobert DorgebrayGuy Lapébie
Switzerland (SUI)Edgar BuchwalderErnst NievergeltKurt Ott
Belgium (BEL)Auguste GarrebeekArmand PutzeysFrançois Vandermotte
Track cycling
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Pursuit, teamdetails
France (FRA)Roger-Jean Le NizerhyRobert CharpentierJean GoujonGuy Lapébie
Italy (ITA)Severino RigoniBianco BianchiMario GentiliArmando Latini
Great Britain (GBR)Ernie MillsHarry HillErnest JohnsonCharles King
Sprintdetails
Toni Merkens (GER)
Arie van Vliet (NED)
Louis Chaillot (FRA)
Tandemdetails
Ernst Ihbe and Carl Lorenz (GER)
Bernhard Leene and Hendrik Ooms (NED)
Pierre Georget and Georges Maton (FRA)
1000m time trialdetails
Arie van Vliet (NED)
Pierre Georget (FRA)
Rudolf Karsch (GER)
Participating nations
175 cyclists from 30 nations competed.
Australia (3)
Austria (10)
Belgium (8)
Brazil (3)
Bulgaria (10)
Canada (6)
Chile (4)
Republic of China (1)
Czechoslovakia (4)
Denmark (11)
Finland (2)
France (8)
Germany (12)
Great Britain (11)
Hungary (8)
Italy (11)
Latvia (4)
Liechtenstein (1)
Luxembourg (4)
Netherlands (11)
New Zealand (1)
Norway (2)
Peru (4)
Poland (4)
South Africa (2)
Sweden (5)
Switzerland (11)
Turkey (4)
United States (6)
Yugoslavia (4)
Medal table
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 France (FRA)32272 Germany (GER)20133 Netherlands (NED)12034 Switzerland (SUI)01125 Italy (ITA)01016 Belgium (BEL)0011 Great Britain (GBR)0011Totals (7 entries)66618
References
^ a b "Cycling at the 1936 Berlin Summer Games". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
vteEvents at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin
Athletics
Baseball (demonstration)
Basketball
Boxing
Canoeing
Cycling
Diving
Equestrian
Fencing
Field hockey
Football
Gliding (demonstration)
Gymnastics
Handball
Modern pentathlon
Polo
Rowing
Sailing
Shooting
Swimming
Water polo
Weightlifting
Wrestling
Art competitions (unofficial)
vteCycling at the Summer OlympicsEditions
1896
1900
1904
1906 (Intercalated)
1908
1912
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
cyclists
2016
cyclists
2020
cyclists
2024
EventsTrack
Keirin
Madison
Omnium
Individual sprint
Team sprint
Team pursuit
Road
Road race
Time trial
Mountain bike
Cross-country
BMX
Individual
Freestyle
Defunct
Individual pursuit
Points race
Track time trial
Tandem
1⁄4 mile
1⁄3 mile
1⁄2 mile
1 mile
2 miles
5 miles
25 miles
660 yards
5 kilometres
10 kilometres
20 kilometres
25 kilometres
50 kilometres
100 kilometres
12 hours
Cyclists
...
Netherlands
... (incomplete list)
List of medalists
men
women
List of Olympic records
List of Olympic venues
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Cycling at the 1936 Berlin Summer Games\". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417041919/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1936/CYC/","url_text":"\"Cycling at the 1936 Berlin Summer Games\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1936/CYC/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417041919/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1936/CYC/","external_links_name":"\"Cycling at the 1936 Berlin Summer Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1936/CYC/","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Abrahams
|
Gerard Abrahams
|
["1 References"]
|
Gerard Abrahamsvan HouwelingenBattle of Lekkerbeetje (5 February 1600), engraved by Joannes Doetecum II after Sebastian Vrancx, published by Claes Jansz. Visscher II (1631). Gerard Abrahams ("Lieutenant Lekkerbeetje") lying dead at bottom left.Nickname(s)Lekkerbeetje (sweet-tooth)Born's-HertogenboschDied5 February 1600VughtAllegianceDutch Republic;Spanish NetherlandsBattles/warsCapture of Geertruidenberg (1589);Battle of Lekkerbeetje
Gerard Abrahams van Houwelingen (died 5 February 1600), known as Lekkerbeetje ("sweet-tooth") was a Brabantine cavalry officer in the armies of the Dutch Republic and later in the Army of Flanders.
Abrahams, a native of 's-Hertogenbosch, had first served the Dutch Republic, but being among the soldiers who delivered Geertruidenberg to Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma in 1589 he was declared an outlaw by the States. He went over to the Army of Flanders and served as a lieutenant of cuirassiers under Anthonie Schetz, Baron of Grobbendonk, the governor of 's-Hertogenbosch.
In the winter of 1599–1600, a lull in the campaigning season, the Dutch cuirassiers garrisoned in 's-Hertogenbosch brought in a French prisoner, a cavalry lieutenant in the service of the Republic. When the prisoner wrote to his captain, Pierre de Bréauté, asking that money be sent to ransom him, Bréauté replied that he should be ashamed at having been captured, since any one of his men should be worth two of the enemy. Abrahams, hearing of the letter's content, challenged Bréauté to meet him on Vught Heath with equal numbers to put his boast to the test.
The two officers obtained permission from their commanders, and the combat took place on 5 February 1600. Abrahams was the first casualty, being shot through the neck in the first charge.
References
^ Gerard Abrahams, in A.J. van der Aa, Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden, vol. 1 (Haarlem, 1852), p. 31.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"link_name":"Army of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"'s-Hertogenbosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch"},{"link_name":"delivered Geertruidenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1589)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"cuirassiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuirassier"},{"link_name":"Anthonie Schetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthonie_Schetz"},{"link_name":"Pierre de Bréauté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Br%C3%A9aut%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Vught Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vught"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Gerard Abrahams van Houwelingen (died 5 February 1600), known as Lekkerbeetje (\"sweet-tooth\") was a Brabantine cavalry officer in the armies of the Dutch Republic and later in the Army of Flanders.Abrahams, a native of 's-Hertogenbosch, had first served the Dutch Republic, but being among the soldiers who delivered Geertruidenberg to Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma in 1589 he was declared an outlaw by the States. He went over to the Army of Flanders and served as a lieutenant of cuirassiers under Anthonie Schetz, Baron of Grobbendonk, the governor of 's-Hertogenbosch.In the winter of 1599–1600, a lull in the campaigning season, the Dutch cuirassiers garrisoned in 's-Hertogenbosch brought in a French prisoner, a cavalry lieutenant in the service of the Republic. When the prisoner wrote to his captain, Pierre de Bréauté, asking that money be sent to ransom him, Bréauté replied that he should be ashamed at having been captured, since any one of his men should be worth two of the enemy. Abrahams, hearing of the letter's content, challenged Bréauté to meet him on Vught Heath with equal numbers to put his boast to the test.[1]The two officers obtained permission from their commanders, and the combat took place on 5 February 1600. Abrahams was the first casualty, being shot through the neck in the first charge.","title":"Gerard Abrahams"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/aa__001biog01_01/aa__001biog01_01_0061.php","external_links_name":"Gerard Abrahams"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Melbourne
|
Demographics of Melbourne
|
["1 Demographic statistics","2 Demographic history","2.1 European settlement and Gold Rush immigration","2.2 Post-war immigration","3 Multiculturalism","3.1 Ancestry and immigration","3.2 Demographics and Cuisine","4 Religion","4.1 Buddhism","4.2 Christianity","4.3 Hinduism","4.4 Islam","4.5 Judaism","4.6 Sikhism","4.7 Irreligion","5 Socioeconomics","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Demographics of region
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Demographics of Melbourne" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Geographic distribution of the main ethno-cultural communities of Melbourne according to the 2016 census.
Chart of Melbourne's current and projected population growth
Melbourne is Australia's second-most populous city and has a diverse and multicultural population.
Melbourne dominated Australia's population growth for the 15th year in a row as of 2017, adding 125,424 people between 2016 and 2017, and boomed past 5 million people in 2019. Population growth is however projected to significantly decline as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated economic slowdown.
Melbourne has the 10th largest immigrant population among world metropolitan areas. In the 2021 census, 58.8% of residents were born in Australia. Melbourne is home to residents from 200 countries and territories, who speak over 233 languages and dialects and follow 116 religious faiths.
The earliest known inhabitants of the broad area that later became known as Melbourne were Indigenous Australians – specifically, at the time of European settlement, the Bunurong, Wurundjeri and Wathaurong tribal groups. Melbourne is still a centre of Aboriginal life — consisting of local groups and indigenous groups from other parts of Australia, as most indigenous Victorians were displaced from their traditional lands during colonization – with the Aboriginal community in the city numbering over 20,000 persons (0.6% of the population).
Demographic statistics
Melbourne population density by mesh blocks (MB), according to the 2016 census
Melbournepopulation by year
1836
177
1841
4,479
1854
76,565
Gold rush
1857
91,900
Gold rush
1861
126,536
1871
206,780
1881
282,947
1880s property boom
1891
490,896
1901
496,079
1891 economic bust
1911
588,854
1921
766,506
1933
922,048
1947
1,226,923
1954
1,524,062
1961
1,911,895
1971
2,436,335
1981
2,806,000
1991
3,156,700
1990–91 recession
2001
3,366,542
2006
3,744,373
2011
3,999,982
2016
4,485,211
Melbourneurban area density(people/ha)
1951
23.4
1961
21.4
1971
18.1
1981
15.9
1986
16.05
1991
16.8
1996
17.9
1999
17.05
2001
15.9
Although Victoria's net interstate migration has fluctuated, the Melbourne statistical division was growing by approximately 50,000 people a year in 2003. Until 2020, Melbourne had attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants (48,000) finding it outpacing Sydney's international migrant intake, along with having strong interstate migration from Sydney and other capitals due to more affordable housing and cost of living, which have been two recent key factors driving Melbourne's growth.
In recent years, Melton, Wyndham, Hume and Whittlesea, part of the Melbourne statistical division, recorded the highest growth rate of all local government areas in Australia.
Melbourne's population density declined following the Second World War, with the private motor car and the lures of space and property ownership causing a suburban sprawl, mainly eastward. After much discussion both at general public and planning levels in the 1980s, the decline has reversed since the recession of the early 1990s.
The city has seen increased density in the inner and western suburbs. Since the 1970s, Victorian Government planning blueprints, such as Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030, have aimed to curtail the urban sprawl.
Demographic history
European settlement and Gold Rush immigration
Melbourne's Chinatown, established in 1854, is the oldest in Australia and one of the oldest in the world
The first European settlers in Melbourne were British and Irish. These two groups accounted for nearly all arrivals before the gold rush, and supplied most immigrants to the city until the Second World War.
Melbourne was transformed by the 1850s gold rush; within months of the discovery of gold in August 1852, the city's population had increased by nearly three-quarters, from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants. Thereafter, growth was exponential and by 1865, Melbourne had overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city.
Many Chinese, German and American nationals were to be found on the goldfields and subsequently in Melbourne. The various nationalities involved in the Eureka Stockade revolt nearby give some indication of the migration flows in the second half of the nineteenth century.
Post-war immigration
In the aftermath of the Second World War, Melbourne experienced unprecedented inflows from Mediterranean Europe and the Balkans, primarily Greece, Italy, Yugoslavia, and West Asia, mostly from Lebanon, Cyprus and Turkey. Since the end of the White Australia policy in 1973 during the Vietnam War, the city has received a larger wave of primarily Asian immigration and refugees, with Vietnam, China, India.
Multiculturalism
In 2018, the population of the Melbourne metropolitan area was 4,963,349.
Although Victoria's net interstate migration has fluctuated, the population of the Melbourne statistical division has grown by about 70,000 people a year since 2005. Until 2020, Melbourne had attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants (48,000) finding it outpacing Sydney's international migrant intake on percentage, along with having strong interstate migration from Sydney and other capitals due to more affordable housing and cost of living.
In recent years, Melton, Wyndham and Casey, part of the Melbourne statistical division, recorded the highest growth rate of all local government areas in Australia.
After a trend of declining population density since World War II, the city has seen increased density in the inner and western suburbs, aided in part by Victorian Government planning, such as Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030, which have aimed to curtail urban sprawl. As of 2018, the CBD is the most densely populated area in Australia with more than 19,000 residents per square kilometre, and the inner city suburbs of Carlton, South Yarra, Fitzroy and Collingwood make up Victoria's top five.
Ancestry and immigration
Country of Birth (2021)
Birthplace
Population
Australia
2,947,136
India
242,635
Mainland China
166,023
England
132,912
Vietnam
90,552
New Zealand
82,939
Sri Lanka
65,152
Philippines
58,935
Italy
58,081
Malaysia
57,345
Greece
44,956
Pakistan
29,067
South Africa
27,056
Iraq
25,041
Hong Kong SAR
24,428
Afghanistan
23,525
Iran
20,922
USA
20,231
At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:
English (24.8%)
Australian (22.5%)
Chinese (8.8%)
Irish (8.2%)
Scottish (6.9%)
Italian (6.7%)
Indian (5.5%)
Greek (3.6%)
German (2.8%)
Vietnamese (2.5%)
Filipino (1.7%)
Dutch (1.4%)
Maltese (1.3%)
Polish (1.1%)
Sri Lankan (1%)
Lebanese (1%)
0.5% of the population, or 24,062 people, identified as Indigenous Australians (Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders) in 2016.
Melbourne has the 10th largest immigrant population among world metropolitan areas. In Melbourne at the 2021 census, the other most common countries of birth were India (5.1%), Mainland China (3.6%), England (2.7%), Vietnam (2.0%) and New Zealand (1.7%).
As of the 2021 census, 59.6% of Melburnians speak only English at home. Mandarin (4.6%), Vietnamese (2.5%), Greek (2.2%), Punjabi (2.0%), and Arabic (1.9%) are the most common foreign languages spoken at home by residents of Melbourne.
An Indian restaurant in West Melbourne.
Most foreign ethnic groups are associated with the suburbs they are most concentrated in:
Italians with Avondale Heights, Reservoir, Fawkner, Thomastown, Keilor Park, Greenvale, Pascoe Vale, Bulleen, Mill Park, Keilor East and throughout much of the North and North-Western suburbs
Greeks with Oakleigh, Oakleigh South, Bentleigh East, Hughesdale, Doncaster, Preston, Thornbury, Pascoe Vale South, Burwood East, Templestowe and interspersed throughout the North, North-Eastern and South-Eastern suburbs.
Turkish with Broadmeadows, Dallas, Roxburgh Park, Craigieburn, Meadow Heights, Greenvale and Coolaroo
Lebanese with Broadmeadows, Roxburgh Park, Altona North, Coolaroo, Glenroy, Coburg, Campbellfield and Fawkner
Egyptians with Hillside, Taylors Lakes and Taylors Hill
Afghans with Dandenong, Hallam, Doveton, Narre Warren South and Hampton Park
Iranians with Doncaster, Doncaster East and Templestowe
Assyrians and Iraqis with Broadmeadows, Roxburgh Park, Greenvale, Craigieburn and Coolaroo
Vietnamese with St Albans, Springvale, Footscray, Sunshine North, Deer Park, Delahey, Braybrook, Cairnlea, Sunshine, Sunshine West, Noble Park and Richmond.
Sri Lankans with Dandenong, Endeavour Hills, Noble Park, Hampton Park, Narre Warren, Mount Waverley, Glen Waverley, Clyde North and Craigieburn
Chileans and Salvadorans with Caroline Springs, Hillside, Burnside Heights, Sunshine West and St Albans
Colombians with CBD and Southbank
Somalis with Heidelberg West, Broadmeadows, Carlton and Flemington
Ethiopians with Tarneit, Truganina, Derrimut, Flemington and throughout the Western Suburbs.
Eritreans with Braybrook, Flemington, Carlton and Roxburgh Park.
Sudanese with St Albans, Sunshine, Wyndham Vale, Tarneit, Truganina, Noble Park, Dandenong, Melton, Pakenham and Doveton
Croatian with St Albans and Taylors Lakes
Serbians with Keysborough, Noble Park, Dandenong, Endeavour Hills and St Albans
Indians with Tarneit, Truganina, Noble Park, Epping, Cranbourne West, Glen Waverley, Laverton, Sydenham, Springvale, Hampton Park, Clayton South, Lynbrook, Lyndhurst, Point Cook, Carnegie, Glenhuntly, Clayton, Dandenong, Craigieburn and St Albans
Pakistani with Fawkner, Glenroy, Broadmeadows, Tarneit and Dallas
Albanians with Dandenong
Maltese with Hillside, St Albans, Caroline Springs, Taylors Lakes and throughout the western suburbs.
Chinese including Chinese Malaysians, Hongkongers, Taiwanese with CBD, Templestowe, Doncaster East, Doncaster, Clayton, Carlton, Mount Waverley, Glen Waverley, Wantirna South, Springvale, Vermont South, Forest Hill, Bundoora, Point Cook, Box Hill and throughout the Eastern suburbs
Jewish with Caulfield North, Elsternwick, Caulfield, St Kilda East, Balaclava
Russian with Carnegie, Bentleigh East, Caulfield, Caulfield North, Bentleigh, McKinnon and Moorabbin
Samoans with Tarneit, Hampton Park, Cranbourne, Craigieburn, Melton, Broadmeadows and St Albans
Māori with Tarneit, Truganina, Point Cook, Cranbourne, Hampton Park and Carrum Downs
Filipino with Caroline Springs, Hampton Park, Derrimut, Burnside and Tarneit
Koreans with CBD, Box Hill, Glen Waverley, Clayton, Oakleigh, Point Cook, Docklands and Southbank
Cambodian with Springvale, Springvale South, Noble Park, Keysborough and Clayton South
Nepalese with Glenroy, Broadmeadows and Sunshine.
Burmese with Sunshine, Laverton, Hoppers Crossing, Werribee, Springvale and Ringwood
Polish with Bentleigh, Caulfield, Keysborough, Carnegie and Albion
Timorese with Delahey and Taylors Hill
Fijian with Berwick, Cranbourne and Hampton Park
Macedonian with Thomastown, Lalor, Kings Park, Epping, Mill Park, Taylors Hill, Keilor Downs and Taylors Lakes
Bosnian with Cairnlea, Noble Park and St Albans
The cities of Whittlesea, Wyndham, Hume, Brimbank and Dandenong on Melbourne's fringe are particular current migrant hotspots.
Demographics and Cuisine
As a result of large migrant populations, Melbourne has a proliferation of areas where restaurants, cafes and services of similar international demographic establish, particularly Chinese, Indian, Thai, Vietnamese and Malaysian cuisines. Some of these areas include:
Lonsdale Street, Top End, Melbourne CBD – Greek cuisine
Lygon Street, Southern End, Carlton – Italian cuisine (Little Italy)
Sydney Road, Coburg/Brunswick – Lebanese and Turkish (Little Lebanon)
Johnston Street, western end, Fitzroy – Spanish/Latin-American
Caulfield & North Caulfield – Kosher Jewish cuisine
Oakleigh – Greek cuisine
Little Bourke Street, eastern end, Melbourne city – Chinese and East Asian cuisine (Chinatown)
Central Box Hill – Chinese and East Asian cuisine
Koornang Road, Carnegie – Korean cuisine
Central Footscray – Vietnamese, Sudanese and Chinese
Robinson, Walker and Foster streets, Dandenong – Indian (Little India)
Thomas Street, Dandenong – Afghan (Afghan Bazaar)
Central Springvale – Chinese, Thai, Vietnamese, Cambodian
Glen Waverley/Doncaster – Chinese, Malaysian and Sri Lankan cuisines
Victoria Street, Abbotsford/Richmond – Chinese, Vietnamese (Little Saigon)
Areas notable for large variety of mixed cuisine – Dandenong, St Kilda, Ormond, Brunswick, Melbourne CBD
Religion
St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne (the foundation stone was laid in 1858)
The 2006 Census records show some 28.3% (1,018,113) of Melbourne residents list their religious affiliation as Catholic. The next highest responses were No Religion (20.0%, 717,717), Anglican (12.1%, 433,546), Eastern Orthodox (5.9%, 212,887) and the Uniting Church (4.0%, 143,552).
Buddhists, Muslims, Jews and Hindus collectively account for 7.5% of the population.
Buddhism
In 1848, the first large group of Buddhists to come to Australia came as part of gold rush. The great majority stayed briefly for prospecting purposes rather than as permanent settlers. In 1856, a temple was established in South Melbourne by the Sze Yap group. The first specific Australian Buddhist group, the Buddhist Study Group Melbourne, was formed in Melbourne in 1938 but ended a short time later during the Second World War.
Christianity
The largest religious group is Christianity. 64% of people from Melbourne consider themselves Christians but this is subdivided into a number of denominations of which over half are members of the Roman Catholic Church, followed by the Anglican, Eastern Orthodox and the Uniting churches. The city has two large cathedrals, St Patrick's (Roman Catholic), and St Paul's (Anglican). Both were built in the Victorian era and are of considerable heritage significance as major landmarks of the city.
Hinduism
The majority of Australian Hindus live along the Eastern Coast of Australia and are mainly located in Melbourne and Sydney. They have established a number of temples and other spiritual meeting places and celebrate most Hindu festivals.
Islam
There are approximately 500,000 Muslims living in Australia with over 100,000 settled in Melbourne. They are noted for their diversity with heritages from more than 60 countries.
The first Muslims to settle permanently in Australia were the cameleers, mainly from Afghanistan from as early as the 1860s.
Judaism
The heritage-listed East Melbourne Hebrew Congregation in East Melbourne.
Four out of ten Australian Jews call Melbourne home. The city is also residence to the largest number of Holocaust survivors of any Australian city, indeed the highest per capita concentration outside Israel itself. To service the needs of the vibrant Jewish community, Melbourne's Jewry have established multiple synagogues, which today number over 30, along with a local Jewish newspaper. Melbourne's largest university–Monash University is named after prominent Jewish general and statesman, John Monash.
Sikhism
Sikhism is a small but growing minority religion in Australia, that can trace its origins in the nation back to the 1830s. The Sikhs form one of the largest subgroups of Indian Australians with 125,000 adherents according to the 2016 census, having grown from 17,000 in 2001 and 12,000 in 1996 . Most adherents can trace their ancestry back to the Punjab region of India.
Whereas, as per anecdotal evidence collected by Sikh Council of Australia Inc., there are approximately 100,000 Sikhs in Australia and the number of Punjabi speakers is even higher.
They are often mistaken for who they are not, due to Sikh men required to wear a "Turban" as one of the 5 articles of faith.
The largest Sikh communities are situated on the Eastern Sea Board, Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, followed by Adelaide, Perth, Canberra, Cairns, Townsville. Sikhs also make up a significant population in the town of Woolgoolga near Coffs Harbour, NSW where they own Banana Plantations. There is also a significant Sikh population in Griffith, NSW and Renmark SA, associated with Farming. Kahlon Estate's in Renmark which produce Australia's Premium Wines are owned by Sikh emigrants.
Irreligion
Melbourne, like the rest of Australia, is partially irreligious, with the proportion of people identifying themselves as Christian declining from 96% in 1901 to 64% in 2006 and those who did not state their religion or declared no religion rising from 2% to over 30% over the same period.
Major religious groups in Melbourne (2021)
Religion
Totalpopulation
% oftotal
Christianity
1,974,006
40.1%
Islam
258,250
5.3%
Hinduism
203,192
4.1%
Buddhism
190,454
3.9%
Sikhism
85,286
1.7%
Judaism
45,698
0.9%
Non-classifiable religious belief
27,343
0.6%
No Religion/secular beliefs
1,827,618
37.2%
Not stated
287,048
5.8%
Total population
4,917,741
100%
Socioeconomics
Darker green indicate areas of higher household incomes. Suburbs immediately east of the centre tend to be more affluent
Areas within the Greater Melbourne area host varying groups of socio-economic background, inner city areas tend to be more affluent, gentrified or bohemian, suburban areas tend to house middle class residents, whilst outer suburban areas tend to house lower income residents.
Other points of note include increased property prices in public transport corridors, leading to many of these areas, particularly in the inner east, being more affluent.
See also
Demographics of Australia
Greek community of Melbourne
Italian Australians of Melbourne
Japanese community of Melbourne
Birth rate and fertility rate in Australia
Immigration to Australia
Melbourne population growth
Notes
^ In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately.
^ As a percentage of 4,652,326 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2021 census.
^ The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the Anglo-Celtic group.
^ Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
References
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^ 1857 Census of Victoria, accessed from The Dataverse Project "ADA Dataverse".
^ 1861 Census of Victoria, accessed from The Dataverse Project "ADA Dataverse".
^ 1871 Census of Victoria, accessed from The Dataverse Project "ADA Dataverse".
^ 1881 Census of Victoria, accessed from The Dataverse Project "ADA Dataverse".
^ 1891 Census of Victoria, accessed from The Dataverse Project "ADA Dataverse".
^ 1901 Census of Victoria, accessed from The Dataverse Project "ADA Dataverse".
^ 1911 Census, accessed from Australian Bureau of Statistics https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/ViewContent?readform&view=ProductsbyCatalogue&Action=Expand&Num=2.2
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^ 1947 Census, accessed from Australian Bureau of Statistics https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/ViewContent?readform&view=ProductsbyCatalogue&Action=Expand&Num=2.2
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^ Greater Melbourne Religion
External links
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Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylors_Hill,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Fijian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijian_Australians"},{"link_name":"Berwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Cranbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Hampton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Park,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Australians"},{"link_name":"Thomastown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomastown,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Lalor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalor,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Kings Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Park,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Epping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epping,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Mill Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Park,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Taylors Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylors_Hill,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Keilor Downs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keilor_Downs,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Taylors Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylors_Lakes,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Bosnian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_Australians"},{"link_name":"Cairnlea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairnlea,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Noble Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Park,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"St Albans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Whittlesea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Whittlesea"},{"link_name":"Wyndham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Wyndham"},{"link_name":"Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Hume"},{"link_name":"Brimbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Brimbank"},{"link_name":"Dandenong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Greater_Dandenong"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Ancestry and immigration","text":"At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:[N 2][42]English (24.8%)\nAustralian (22.5%)[N 3]\nChinese (8.8%)\nIrish (8.2%)\nScottish (6.9%)\nItalian (6.7%)\nIndian (5.5%)\nGreek (3.6%)\nGerman (2.8%)\nVietnamese (2.5%)\nFilipino (1.7%)\nDutch (1.4%)\nMaltese (1.3%)\nPolish (1.1%)\nSri Lankan (1%)\nLebanese (1%)0.5% of the population, or 24,062 people, identified as Indigenous Australians (Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders) in 2016.[N 4][44]Melbourne has the 10th largest immigrant population among world metropolitan areas. In Melbourne at the 2021 census, the other most common countries of birth were India (5.1%), Mainland China (3.6%), England (2.7%), Vietnam (2.0%) and New Zealand (1.7%).[45]As of the 2021 census, 59.6% of Melburnians speak only English at home.[45] Mandarin (4.6%), Vietnamese (2.5%), Greek (2.2%), Punjabi (2.0%), and Arabic (1.9%) are the most common foreign languages spoken at home by residents of Melbourne.[45]An Indian restaurant in West Melbourne.Most foreign ethnic groups are associated with the suburbs they are most concentrated in:Italians with Avondale Heights, Reservoir, Fawkner, Thomastown, Keilor Park, Greenvale, Pascoe Vale, Bulleen, Mill Park, Keilor East and throughout much of the North and North-Western suburbs\nGreeks with Oakleigh, Oakleigh South, Bentleigh East, Hughesdale, Doncaster, Preston, Thornbury, Pascoe Vale South, Burwood East, Templestowe and interspersed throughout the North, North-Eastern and South-Eastern suburbs.\nTurkish with Broadmeadows, Dallas, Roxburgh Park, Craigieburn, Meadow Heights, Greenvale and Coolaroo\nLebanese with Broadmeadows, Roxburgh Park, Altona North, Coolaroo, Glenroy, Coburg, Campbellfield and Fawkner\nEgyptians with Hillside, Taylors Lakes and Taylors Hill\nAfghans with Dandenong, Hallam, Doveton, Narre Warren South and Hampton Park\nIranians with Doncaster, Doncaster East and Templestowe\nAssyrians and Iraqis with Broadmeadows, Roxburgh Park, Greenvale, Craigieburn and Coolaroo[46]\nVietnamese with St Albans, Springvale, Footscray, Sunshine North, Deer Park, Delahey, Braybrook, Cairnlea, Sunshine, Sunshine West, Noble Park and Richmond.\nSri Lankans with Dandenong, Endeavour Hills, Noble Park, Hampton Park, Narre Warren, Mount Waverley, Glen Waverley, Clyde North and Craigieburn\nChileans and Salvadorans with Caroline Springs, Hillside, Burnside Heights, Sunshine West and St Albans\nColombians with CBD and Southbank\nSomalis with Heidelberg West, Broadmeadows, Carlton and Flemington\nEthiopians with Tarneit, Truganina, Derrimut, Flemington and throughout the Western Suburbs.\nEritreans with Braybrook, Flemington, Carlton and Roxburgh Park.\nSudanese with St Albans, Sunshine, Wyndham Vale, Tarneit, Truganina, Noble Park, Dandenong, Melton, Pakenham and Doveton\nCroatian with St Albans and Taylors Lakes\nSerbians with Keysborough, Noble Park, Dandenong, Endeavour Hills and St Albans\nIndians with Tarneit, Truganina, Noble Park, Epping, Cranbourne West, Glen Waverley, Laverton, Sydenham, Springvale, Hampton Park, Clayton South, Lynbrook, Lyndhurst, Point Cook, Carnegie, Glenhuntly, Clayton, Dandenong, Craigieburn and St Albans\nPakistani with Fawkner, Glenroy, Broadmeadows, Tarneit and Dallas\nAlbanians with Dandenong\nMaltese with Hillside, St Albans, Caroline Springs, Taylors Lakes and throughout the western suburbs.\nChinese including Chinese Malaysians, Hongkongers, Taiwanese with CBD, Templestowe, Doncaster East, Doncaster, Clayton, Carlton, Mount Waverley, Glen Waverley, Wantirna South, Springvale, Vermont South, Forest Hill, Bundoora, Point Cook, Box Hill and throughout the Eastern suburbs\nJewish with Caulfield North, Elsternwick, Caulfield, St Kilda East, Balaclava\nRussian with Carnegie, Bentleigh East, Caulfield, Caulfield North, Bentleigh, McKinnon and Moorabbin\nSamoans with Tarneit, Hampton Park, Cranbourne, Craigieburn, Melton, Broadmeadows and St Albans\nMāori with Tarneit, Truganina, Point Cook, Cranbourne, Hampton Park and Carrum Downs\nFilipino with Caroline Springs, Hampton Park, Derrimut, Burnside and Tarneit\nKoreans with CBD, Box Hill, Glen Waverley, Clayton, Oakleigh, Point Cook, Docklands and Southbank\nCambodian with Springvale, Springvale South, Noble Park, Keysborough and Clayton South\nNepalese with Glenroy, Broadmeadows and Sunshine.\nBurmese with Sunshine, Laverton, Hoppers Crossing, Werribee, Springvale and Ringwood\nPolish with Bentleigh, Caulfield, Keysborough, Carnegie and Albion\nTimorese with Delahey and Taylors Hill\nFijian with Berwick, Cranbourne and Hampton Park\nMacedonian with Thomastown, Lalor, Kings Park, Epping, Mill Park, Taylors Hill, Keilor Downs and Taylors Lakes\nBosnian with Cairnlea, Noble Park and St AlbansThe cities of Whittlesea, Wyndham, Hume, Brimbank and Dandenong on Melbourne's fringe are particular current migrant hotspots.[47]","title":"Multiculturalism"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Demographics and Cuisine","text":"As a result of large migrant populations, Melbourne has a proliferation of areas where restaurants, cafes and services of similar international demographic establish, particularly Chinese, Indian, Thai, Vietnamese and Malaysian cuisines. Some of these areas include:Lonsdale Street, Top End, Melbourne CBD – Greek cuisine\nLygon Street, Southern End, Carlton – Italian cuisine (Little Italy)\nSydney Road, Coburg/Brunswick – Lebanese and Turkish (Little Lebanon)\nJohnston Street, western end, Fitzroy – Spanish/Latin-American\nCaulfield & North Caulfield – Kosher Jewish cuisine\nOakleigh – Greek cuisine\nLittle Bourke Street, eastern end, Melbourne city – Chinese and East Asian cuisine (Chinatown)\nCentral Box Hill – Chinese and East Asian cuisine\nKoornang Road, Carnegie – Korean cuisine\nCentral Footscray – Vietnamese, Sudanese and Chinese\nRobinson, Walker and Foster streets, Dandenong – Indian (Little India)\nThomas Street, Dandenong – Afghan (Afghan Bazaar)\nCentral Springvale – Chinese, Thai, Vietnamese, Cambodian\nGlen Waverley/Doncaster – Chinese, Malaysian and Sri Lankan cuisines\nVictoria Street, Abbotsford/Richmond – Chinese, Vietnamese (Little Saigon)\nAreas notable for large variety of mixed cuisine – Dandenong, St Kilda, Ormond, Brunswick, Melbourne CBD","title":"Multiculturalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral_-_Gothic_Revival_Style.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qs-52"},{"link_name":"No Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Uniting Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniting_Church"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qs-52"},{"link_name":"Buddhists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"}],"text":"St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne (the foundation stone was laid in 1858)The 2006 Census records show some 28.3% (1,018,113) of Melbourne residents list their religious affiliation as Catholic.[48] The next highest responses were No Religion (20.0%, 717,717), Anglican (12.1%, 433,546), Eastern Orthodox (5.9%, 212,887) and the Uniting Church (4.0%, 143,552).[48]\nBuddhists, Muslims, Jews and Hindus collectively account for 7.5% of the population.","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buddhists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"gold rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_gold_rush"},{"link_name":"South Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Melbourne,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Sze Yap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sze_Yap"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Buddhism","text":"In 1848, the first large group of Buddhists to come to Australia came as part of gold rush. The great majority stayed briefly for prospecting purposes rather than as permanent settlers. In 1856, a temple was established in South Melbourne by the Sze Yap group. The first specific Australian Buddhist group, the Buddhist Study Group Melbourne, was formed in Melbourne in 1938 but ended a short time later during the Second World War.[49]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"cathedrals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"St Paul's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Victorian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Christianity","text":"The largest religious group is Christianity. 64% of people from Melbourne consider themselves Christians but this is subdivided into a number of denominations of which over half are members of the Roman Catholic Church, followed by the Anglican, Eastern Orthodox and the Uniting churches. The city has two large cathedrals, St Patrick's (Roman Catholic),[50] and St Paul's (Anglican).[51] Both were built in the Victorian era and are of considerable heritage significance as major landmarks of the city.[52]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple"},{"link_name":"Hindu festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_festivals"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Hinduism","text":"The majority of Australian Hindus live along the Eastern Coast of Australia and are mainly located in Melbourne and Sydney. They have established a number of temples and other spiritual meeting places and celebrate most Hindu festivals.[53]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MuslimMElbourne-58"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census2006MediaReleaseReligionGrowthABS-59"}],"sub_title":"Islam","text":"There are approximately 500,000 Muslims living in Australia with over 100,000 settled in Melbourne. They are noted for their diversity with heritages from more than 60 countries.[54]\n[55]\nThe first Muslims to settle permanently in Australia were the cameleers, mainly from Afghanistan from as early as the 1860s.","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melbourne_(AU),_East_Melbourne_Hebrew_Congregation_--_2019_--_1552.jpg"},{"link_name":"East Melbourne Hebrew Congregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Melbourne_Hebrew_Congregation"},{"link_name":"East Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Australian Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Jewry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"synagogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"local Jewish newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Jewish_News"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"Monash University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_University"},{"link_name":"John Monash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Monash"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Judaism","text":"The heritage-listed East Melbourne Hebrew Congregation in East Melbourne.Four out of ten Australian Jews call Melbourne home. The city is also residence to the largest number of Holocaust survivors of any Australian city,[56] indeed the highest per capita concentration outside Israel itself.[57] To service the needs of the vibrant Jewish community, Melbourne's Jewry have established multiple synagogues, which today number over 30,[58] along with a local Jewish newspaper.[59] Melbourne's largest university–Monash University is named after prominent Jewish general and statesman, John Monash.[60]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"Cairns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairns"},{"link_name":"Townsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsville"}],"sub_title":"Sikhism","text":"Sikhism is a small but growing minority religion in Australia, that can trace its origins in the nation back to the 1830s. The Sikhs form one of the largest subgroups of Indian Australians with 125,000 adherents according to the 2016 census, having grown from 17,000 in 2001 and 12,000 in 1996[1] [2]. Most adherents can trace their ancestry back to the Punjab region of India.\nWhereas, as per anecdotal evidence collected by Sikh Council of Australia Inc., there are approximately 100,000 Sikhs in Australia and the number of Punjabi speakers is even higher.\nThey are often mistaken for who they are not, due to Sikh men required to wear a \"Turban\" as one of the 5 articles of faith.\nThe largest Sikh communities are situated on the Eastern Sea Board, Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, followed by Adelaide, Perth, Canberra, Cairns, Townsville. Sikhs also make up a significant population in the town of Woolgoolga near Coffs Harbour, NSW where they own Banana Plantations. There is also a significant Sikh population in Griffith, NSW and Renmark SA, associated with Farming. Kahlon Estate's in Renmark which produce Australia's Premium Wines are owned by Sikh emigrants.","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABS_2008_Yr_Bk-65"}],"sub_title":"Irreligion","text":"Melbourne, like the rest of Australia, is partially irreligious, with the proportion of people identifying themselves as Christian declining from 96% in 1901 to 64% in 2006 and those who did not state their religion or declared no religion rising from 2% to over 30% over the same period.[61]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mel_HHY.png"}],"text":"Darker green indicate areas of higher household incomes. Suburbs immediately east of the centre tend to be more affluentAreas within the Greater Melbourne area host varying groups of socio-economic background, inner city areas tend to be more affluent, gentrified or bohemian, suburban areas tend to house middle class residents, whilst outer suburban areas tend to house lower income residents.Other points of note include increased property prices in public transport corridors, leading to many of these areas, particularly in the inner east, being more affluent.","title":"Socioeconomics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australian"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders"}],"text":"^ In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately.\n\n^ As a percentage of 4,652,326 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2021 census.\n\n^ The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate \"Australian\" as their ancestry are part of the Anglo-Celtic group.[43]\n\n^ Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Geographic distribution of the main ethno-cultural communities of Melbourne according to the 2016 census.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ethnic_groups_in_Melbourne.jpg/220px-Ethnic_groups_in_Melbourne.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chart of Melbourne's current and projected population growth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Melb_pop_growth.jpg/300px-Melb_pop_growth.jpg"},{"image_text":"Melbourne population density by mesh blocks (MB), according to the 2016 census","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Melbourne_density.jpg/220px-Melbourne_density.jpg"},{"image_text":"Melbourne's Chinatown, established in 1854, is the oldest in Australia and one of the oldest in the world","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Melbourne_China_Town.jpg/220px-Melbourne_China_Town.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Indian restaurant in West Melbourne.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Tandoori_Dhaba.JPG/220px-Tandoori_Dhaba.JPG"},{"image_text":"St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne (the foundation stone was laid in 1858)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral_-_Gothic_Revival_Style.jpg/200px-St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral_-_Gothic_Revival_Style.jpg"},{"image_text":"The heritage-listed East Melbourne Hebrew Congregation in East Melbourne.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Melbourne_%28AU%29%2C_East_Melbourne_Hebrew_Congregation_--_2019_--_1552.jpg/170px-Melbourne_%28AU%29%2C_East_Melbourne_Hebrew_Congregation_--_2019_--_1552.jpg"},{"image_text":"Darker green indicate areas of higher household incomes. Suburbs immediately east of the centre tend to be more affluent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mel_HHY.png/220px-Mel_HHY.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Demographics of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia"},{"title":"Greek community of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_community_of_Melbourne"},{"title":"Italian Australians of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Australians_of_Melbourne"},{"title":"Japanese community of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Melbourne"},{"title":"Birth rate and fertility rate in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_rate_and_fertility_rate_in_Australia"},{"title":"Immigration to Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia"},{"title":"Melbourne population growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_population_growth"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"\"Census of Population and Housing - Cultural Diversity, 2016, TableBuilder\"\". Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).","urls":[{"url":"https://tablebuilder.abs.gov.au/","url_text":"\"\"Census of Population and Housing - Cultural Diversity, 2016, TableBuilder\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coronavirus Australia: Sydney, Melbourne could suffer long-term damage from COVID-19\". 30 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/virus-hits-the-nation-s-economic-powerhouses-sydney-and-melbourne-20200828-p55q7c.html","url_text":"\"Coronavirus Australia: Sydney, Melbourne could suffer long-term damage from COVID-19\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABS Australia\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/UCL201001","url_text":"\"ABS Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"ADA Dataverse\".","urls":[{"url":"http://dataverse.ada.edu.au/","url_text":"\"ADA Dataverse\""}]},{"reference":"\"ADA Dataverse\".","urls":[{"url":"http://dataverse.ada.edu.au/","url_text":"\"ADA Dataverse\""}]},{"reference":"\"ADA Dataverse\".","urls":[{"url":"http://dataverse.ada.edu.au/","url_text":"\"ADA Dataverse\""}]},{"reference":"\"ADA Dataverse\".","urls":[{"url":"http://dataverse.ada.edu.au/","url_text":"\"ADA Dataverse\""}]},{"reference":"\"ADA Dataverse\".","urls":[{"url":"http://dataverse.ada.edu.au/","url_text":"\"ADA Dataverse\""}]},{"reference":"\"ADA Dataverse\".","urls":[{"url":"http://dataverse.ada.edu.au/","url_text":"\"ADA Dataverse\""}]},{"reference":"\"ADA Dataverse\".","urls":[{"url":"http://dataverse.ada.edu.au/","url_text":"\"ADA Dataverse\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Census QuickStats\". quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 28 March 2013. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008123107/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/2GMEL","url_text":"\"2011 Census QuickStats\""},{"url":"https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/2GMEL","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Census QuickStats\". quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. 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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_(album)
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Gita (album)
|
["1 Track listing","2 References"]
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1974 studio album by Raul SeixasGitaStudio album by Raul SeixasReleased1974GenreRock and roll, blues rock, psychedelic rock, rockabillyLabelPhilips/PhonogramProducerMarco MazzolaRaul Seixas chronology
Krig-ha, Bandolo!(1973)
Gita(1974)
Novo Aeon(1975)
Gita is the second solo studio album by the Brazilian musician Raul Seixas. It was released in 1974, shortly after he returned to Brazil (he was exiled in the United States by orders of the military régime). Gita is one of Seixas' more critically acclaimed albums, selling more than 600,000 copies and receiving a Gold Certification from ABPD.
The album shares its name with the religious Hindu epic poem Bhagavad Gita. The title track refers heavily to the Bhagavad Gita. It was voted by the Brazilian edition of Rolling Stone as the 72nd greatest Brazilian song.
Bruce Springsteen covered "Sociedade Alternativa" live in the concerts in Brazil that were part of the Wrecking Ball World Tour, including his appearance at Rock in Rio '13.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Raul Seixas and Paulo Coelho unless notedNo.TitleEnglish titleLength1."Super-Heróis"Superheroes3:112."Medo da Chuva"Fear of the Rain3:003."As Aventuras de Raul Seixas na Cidade de Thor" (Seixas)The Adventures of Raul Seixas in the City of Thor3:404."Água Viva"Living Water (a pun on the Portuguese name for jellyfish)2:025."Moleque Maravilhoso"Wonder Boy2:166."Sessão das 10" (Seixas)10 O'Clock Session2:207."Sociedade Alternativa"Alternative Society2:558."O Trem das 7" (Seixas)The 7 O'clock Train2:409."S.O.S." (Seixas) 3:0610."Prelúdio" (Seixas)Prelude1:1211."Loteria da Babilônia"Babylon Lottery2:3012."Gita" 4:50
References
^ thiago Marques, Luiz (2009). "As 100 Maiores Músicas Brasileiras - "Gita"". Rolling Stone Brasil (in Portuguese). Spring. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
vteRaul SeixasSolo albums
Krig-ha, Bandolo!
Gita
Novo Aeon
Há 10 Mil Anos Atrás
O Dia em que a Terra Parou
Mata Virgem
Por Quem os Sinos Dobram
Abre-te Sésamo
Raul Seixas
Metrô Linha 743
Uah-Bap-Lu-Bap-Lah-Béin-Bum!
A Pedra do Gênesis
with Os Panteras
Raulzito e os Panteras
with Sociedade da Grã-Ordem Kavernista
Sociedade da Grã-Ordem Kavernista Apresenta Sessão das 10
with Marcelo Nova
A Panela do Diabo
Compilations
Os 24 Maiores Sucessos da Era do Rock
Raul Rock Seixas
Let Me Sing My Rock and Roll
Raul Rock Seixas, Vol. 2
As Profecias
Anarkilópolis
Live albums
Ao Vivo: Único e Exclusivo
Eu, Raul Seixas
Raul Vivo
Se o Rádio Não Toca...
Soundtracks
O Rebu
Related articles
Paulo Coelho
Marcelo Nova
Marco Mazzola
Aleister Crowley
Thelema
The Book of the Law
Raul: O Início, o Fim e o Meio
As Aventuras de Raul Seixas na Cidade de Thor
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master%27s_Bedroom_Is_Worth_Spending_a_Night_In
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The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending a Night In
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["1 Background","2 Release","3 Artwork","4 Track listing","5 Personnel","6 Credits","7 References"]
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2008 studio album by Thee Oh SeesThe Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending a Night InStudio album by Thee Oh SeesReleasedApril 8, 2008GenreGarage rock, psychedelic rock, alternative rock, noise rockLength46:09LabelTomlab, Castle FaceThee Oh Sees chronology
Sucks Blood(2007)
The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending a Night In(2008)
Thee Hounds of Foggy Notion(2008)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic linkThe A.V. Club(B+) linkDrowned in Sound(6/10) linkPitchfork Media(7.2/10) linkPopMatters(3/10) linkTiny Mix Tapes link
The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending a Night In is the seventh studio album by San Francisco-based rock band Thee Oh Sees. The album was the first to be released under the name "Thee Oh Sees", after the band had previously been known as "OCS", "The Ohsees", and "The Oh Sees". It is their seventh studio album overall.
Background
Their previous album, Sucks Blood, already used the name "Thee Oh Sees" on the interior of both CD and vinyl releases, while the exterior continued to use the name "The OhSees".
This album seems to get its title from The master's bedroom, it's worth spending a night there, a 1920 painting by surrealist Max Ernst. Additionally, the phrase is a line in the Mekons song "Hostile Mascot," from their album Retreat From Memphis.
This album marked the first appearance of Mike Shoun, the drummer that joined the band following the departure of previous drummer, Patrick Mullins. Shoun's arrival marked a change in the band's sound. John Dwyer noted that his style "brought it up to a more party thing". The change in style can be observed in Thee Hounds of Foggy Notion, which was recorded prior to the creation of The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending a Night In (both were released in 2008). The songs "Block of Ice" and "Ghost In The Trees" appear on both releases, but the latter performances on The Master's Bedroom... are faster and more rock-oriented. "Two Drummers Disappear" also features Chris Woodhouse as second drummer. Woodhouse was the mix engineer for the twelve of the songs on the album that were recorded in San Francisco. The remaining three tracks, "Graveyard Drug Party", "Maria Stacks", and "You Will See This Dog Before You Die", were recorded in New York City with mix engineers Dave Sitek (of TV on the Radio) and Chris Moore. Jigmae Baer was the drummer for these three tracks, rather than Mike Shoun.
The songs were influenced by a variety of artists, including Adam and the Ants ("Visit Colonel"), Taj Mahal ("Poison Finger"), and Pink Floyd's "The Scarecrow" ("Graveyard Drug Party"). "Ghost In The Trees" was adapted from "Putrifiers" by Yikes, one of Dwyer's previous bands. He would later allude to this work againh with 2012's album Putrifiers II. "Block Of Ice" was heavily influenced by Red Krayola's song "Hurricane Fighter Plane" as well as Malcolm Mooney's work with Can. "Block Of Ice" had also appeared on the album Deuteronomy by The Intelligence in 2007. The two bands had toured together, and The Intelligence recorded their cover of the song before John Dwyer had recorded a studio version with his own band. Lars Finberg, the leader of The Intelligence, would later go on to join Thee Oh Sees as second drummer and second guitarist in 2011.
Release
The vinyl pressings of the album have been made in different colors. The initial pressing by Tomlab in 2008 was on purple vinyl, and the second was on black vinyl. In 2010, In The Red Records issued two different pressings. One was a traditional black series, and the other was a limited pressing on clear blue vinyl.
In 2011, Burger Records released a series of cassette tapes by Thee Oh Sees that contained two full-length albums on each cassette. The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending a Night In was paired with the following album Help for this series.
Artwork
The cover art was created by William Keihn, who has contributed the cover art to other Thee Oh Sees' albums. Keihn also created the art for Ty Segall's album Melted, which features a similar character in a mask. The album art was originally a gift given to John Dwyer, who in turn requested it to be used for The Master's Bedroom....
The artwork, (along with the artwork from the following album Help) was later included in the cover for Singles Vol. 1 and 2, in the form of marker drawings on two different fans' chests.
Track listing
No.TitleLength1."Block of Ice"2:142."Visit Colonel"3:323."Grease 2"2:474."Ghost in the Trees"2:145."Two Drummers Disappear"3:586."Graveyard Drug Party"3:507."The Master's Bedroom (Is Worth Spending a Night In)"2:258."Grease"3:109."Adult Acid"2:5410."The Coconut"3:1011."Maria Stacks"2:1712."Poison Finger"3:0813."You Will See This Dog Before You Die"4:0814."Quadrospazzed"5:0315."Koka Kola Jingle"1:16
Personnel
Thee Oh Sees
John Dwyer - vocals, guitar
Brigid Dawson - vocals
Petey Dammit - bass
Mike Shoun - drums (Tracks 1-5, 7-10, 12, 14, and 15)
Guest Musicians
Jigmae Baer - drums (Tracks 6, 11, and 13)
Dave Sitek - mellotron (Track 6) and organ (Track 13)
Chris Woodhouse - percussion, drums (Track 5)
Credits
William Keihn - cover art
Jan Lankisch - Layout
Archie McKay - Photography
Chris Moore - recording engineer (Tracks 6, 11, and 13)
Dave Sitek - recording engineer (Tracks 6, 11, and 13)
Chris Woodhouse - recording engineer (Tracks 1-5, 7-10, 12, and 14-15) and mix engineer
References
^ "Thee Oh Sees – Sucks Blood (2007, CD)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ "Thee Oh Sees – Sucks Blood (2007, White / Red Splatter, Vinyl)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ "The master's bedroom, it's worth spending a night there - Max Ernst". Wikiart.org. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ Musical and artistic knowledge.
^ "Dusted Magazine Inerview With John Dwyer". Dustedmagazine.com. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
^ a b "Terminal Boredom - You Will See This Dog Before You Die". Terminal-boredom.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ "Tomlab". Archived from the original on 2011-11-07. Retrieved 2013-02-28.
^ "The Masters Bedroom Is Worth Spending a Night In - Thee Oh Sees | Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ "Thee Oh Sees, Intelligence and NRSZ Vaporize Vancouver". Victimoftime.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ "Thee Oh Sees – The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending A Night In (2008, Purple, Vinyl)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ "Thee Oh Sees – The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending A Night In (2010, Green 'Coke Bottle', Vinyl)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ "Thee Oh Sees – The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending A Night In (2010, Vinyl)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ "Thee Oh Sees – The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending A Night In/Help (2011, Cassette)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ "Allmusic page for Melted". AllMusic. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
^ "Terminal Boredom - illuminating the perversion of our obsession with nostalgia". Terminal-boredom.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
vteOsees
Tomas Dolas
John Dwyer
Tim Hellman
Dan Rincon
Paul Quattrone
Studio albums
2
Songs About Death & Dying Vol. 3
OCS 4: Get Stoved
The Cool Death of Island Raiders
Sucks Blood
The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending a Night In
Help
Dog Poison
Warm Slime
Castlemania
Carrion Crawler/The Dream
Putrifiers II
Floating Coffin
Drop
Mutilator Defeated at Last
A Weird Exits
An Odd Entrances
Orc
Memory of a Cut Off Head
Smote Reverser
Face Stabber
Protean Threat
Metamorphosed
A Foul Form
Intercepted Message
Compilations
Singles Collection Volume 3
Live albums
Thee Hounds of Foggy Notion
Live in San Francisco
EPs
Moon Sick
Singles
"The Drag"
"Fortress"
Former members
Patrick Mullins
Jigmae Baer
Lars Finberg
Mike Shoun
Petey Dammit!
Brigid Dawson
Nick Murray
Ryan Moutinho
Related articlesArticles
Discography
Castle Face Records
Chris Woodhouse
Bands
Coachwhips
Pink and Brown
The Hospitals
The Intelligence
Sic Alps
Ty Segall
Albums
Witch Egg
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Thee Oh Sees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osees"}],"text":"The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending a Night In is the seventh studio album by San Francisco-based rock band Thee Oh Sees. The album was the first to be released under the name \"Thee Oh Sees\", after the band had previously been known as \"OCS\", \"The Ohsees\", and \"The Oh Sees\". It is their seventh studio album overall.","title":"The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending a Night In"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Max Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Ernst"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dusted_Magazine_2008-5"},{"link_name":"Thee Hounds of Foggy Notion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thee_Hounds_of_Foggy_Notion"},{"link_name":"Chris Woodhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Woodhouse"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terminal_Boredom-6"},{"link_name":"Dave Sitek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Sitek"},{"link_name":"TV on the Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_on_the_Radio"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Adam and the Ants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_the_Ants"},{"link_name":"Taj Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Mahal_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"\"The Scarecrow\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scarecrow_(song)"},{"link_name":"Putrifiers II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrifiers_II"},{"link_name":"Red Krayola's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Krayola"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Fighter Plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Parable_of_Arable_Land"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Mooney's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Mooney"},{"link_name":"Can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_(band)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Terminal_Boredom-6"},{"link_name":"The Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Victim_Of_Time,_2007-9"}],"text":"Their previous album, Sucks Blood, already used the name \"Thee Oh Sees\" on the interior of both CD and vinyl releases, while the exterior continued to use the name \"The OhSees\".[1][2]This album seems to get its title from The master's bedroom, it's worth spending a night there, a 1920 painting by surrealist Max Ernst. Additionally, the phrase is a line in the Mekons song \"Hostile Mascot,\" from their album Retreat From Memphis.[3][4]This album marked the first appearance of Mike Shoun, the drummer that joined the band following the departure of previous drummer, Patrick Mullins. Shoun's arrival marked a change in the band's sound. John Dwyer noted that his style \"brought it up to a more party thing\".[5] The change in style can be observed in Thee Hounds of Foggy Notion, which was recorded prior to the creation of The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending a Night In (both were released in 2008). The songs \"Block of Ice\" and \"Ghost In The Trees\" appear on both releases, but the latter performances on The Master's Bedroom... are faster and more rock-oriented. \"Two Drummers Disappear\" also features Chris Woodhouse as second drummer.[6] Woodhouse was the mix engineer for the twelve of the songs on the album that were recorded in San Francisco. The remaining three tracks, \"Graveyard Drug Party\", \"Maria Stacks\", and \"You Will See This Dog Before You Die\", were recorded in New York City with mix engineers Dave Sitek (of TV on the Radio) and Chris Moore. Jigmae Baer was the drummer for these three tracks, rather than Mike Shoun.[7][8]The songs were influenced by a variety of artists, including Adam and the Ants (\"Visit Colonel\"), Taj Mahal (\"Poison Finger\"), and Pink Floyd's \"The Scarecrow\" (\"Graveyard Drug Party\"). \"Ghost In The Trees\" was adapted from \"Putrifiers\" by Yikes, one of Dwyer's previous bands. He would later allude to this work againh with 2012's album Putrifiers II. \"Block Of Ice\" was heavily influenced by Red Krayola's song \"Hurricane Fighter Plane\" as well as Malcolm Mooney's work with Can.[6] \"Block Of Ice\" had also appeared on the album Deuteronomy by The Intelligence in 2007. The two bands had toured together, and The Intelligence recorded their cover of the song before John Dwyer had recorded a studio version with his own band.[9] Lars Finberg, the leader of The Intelligence, would later go on to join Thee Oh Sees as second drummer and second guitarist in 2011.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Burger Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burger_Records"},{"link_name":"cassette tapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Cassette"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The vinyl pressings of the album have been made in different colors. The initial pressing by Tomlab in 2008 was on purple vinyl, and the second was on black vinyl. In 2010, In The Red Records issued two different pressings. One was a traditional black series, and the other was a limited pressing on clear blue vinyl.[10][11][12]In 2011, Burger Records released a series of cassette tapes by Thee Oh Sees that contained two full-length albums on each cassette. The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending a Night In was paired with the following album Help for this series.[13]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_(Thee_Oh_Sees_album)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The cover art was created by William Keihn, who has contributed the cover art to other Thee Oh Sees' albums. Keihn also created the art for Ty Segall's album Melted, which features a similar character in a mask.[14] The album art was originally a gift given to John Dwyer, who in turn requested it to be used for The Master's Bedroom....[15]The artwork, (along with the artwork from the following album Help) was later included in the cover for Singles Vol. 1 and 2, in the form of marker drawings on two different fans' chests.[citation needed]","title":"Artwork"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"No.TitleLength1.\"Block of Ice\"2:142.\"Visit Colonel\"3:323.\"Grease 2\"2:474.\"Ghost in the Trees\"2:145.\"Two Drummers Disappear\"3:586.\"Graveyard Drug Party\"3:507.\"The Master's Bedroom (Is Worth Spending a Night In)\"2:258.\"Grease\"3:109.\"Adult Acid\"2:5410.\"The Coconut\"3:1011.\"Maria Stacks\"2:1712.\"Poison Finger\"3:0813.\"You Will See This Dog Before You Die\"4:0814.\"Quadrospazzed\"5:0315.\"Koka Kola Jingle\"1:16","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Dwyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dwyer_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Brigid Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigid_Dawson"},{"link_name":"Petey Dammit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petey_Dammit"},{"link_name":"Dave Sitek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Sitek"},{"link_name":"Chris Woodhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Woodhouse"}],"text":"Thee Oh SeesJohn Dwyer - vocals, guitar\nBrigid Dawson - vocals\nPetey Dammit - bass\nMike Shoun - drums (Tracks 1-5, 7-10, 12, 14, and 15)Guest MusiciansJigmae Baer - drums (Tracks 6, 11, and 13)\nDave Sitek - mellotron (Track 6) and organ (Track 13)\nChris Woodhouse - percussion, drums (Track 5)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Sitek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Sitek"},{"link_name":"Chris Woodhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Woodhouse"}],"text":"William Keihn - cover art\nJan Lankisch - Layout\nArchie McKay - Photography\nChris Moore - recording engineer (Tracks 6, 11, and 13)\nDave Sitek - recording engineer (Tracks 6, 11, and 13)\nChris Woodhouse - recording engineer (Tracks 1-5, 7-10, 12, and 14-15) and mix engineer","title":"Credits"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Thee Oh Sees – Sucks Blood (2007, CD)\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/1386951-Thee-Oh-Sees-Sucks-Blood","url_text":"\"Thee Oh Sees – Sucks Blood (2007, CD)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thee Oh Sees – Sucks Blood (2007, White / Red Splatter, Vinyl)\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/1849908-Thee-Oh-Sees-Sucks-Blood","url_text":"\"Thee Oh Sees – Sucks Blood (2007, White / Red Splatter, Vinyl)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The master's bedroom, it's worth spending a night there - Max Ernst\". Wikiart.org. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wikiart.org/en/max-ernst/the-master-s-bedroom-it-s-worth-spending-a-night-there","url_text":"\"The master's bedroom, it's worth spending a night there - Max Ernst\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dusted Magazine Inerview With John Dwyer\". Dustedmagazine.com. Retrieved 12 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dustedmagazine.com/features/660","url_text":"\"Dusted Magazine Inerview With John Dwyer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terminal Boredom - You Will See This Dog Before You Die\". Terminal-boredom.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://terminal-boredom.com/larsvsohsees.html","url_text":"\"Terminal Boredom - You Will See This Dog Before You Die\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tomlab\". Archived from the original on 2011-11-07. Retrieved 2013-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111107104446/http://www.tomlab.de/front/index.php?action=release_detail&release_id=218&release_strike=217&artist_id=92&release_action=tracks","url_text":"\"Tomlab\""},{"url":"http://www.tomlab.de/front/index.php?action=release_detail&release_id=218&release_strike=217&artist_id=92&release_action=tracks","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Masters Bedroom Is Worth Spending a Night In - Thee Oh Sees | Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-masters-bedroom-is-worth-spending-a-night-in-mw0000783380/credits","url_text":"\"The Masters Bedroom Is Worth Spending a Night In - Thee Oh Sees | Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Thee Oh Sees, Intelligence and NRSZ Vaporize Vancouver\". Victimoftime.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.victimoftime.com/articles/thee-ohsees-intelligence-and-nrsz-vaporize-vancouv/","url_text":"\"Thee Oh Sees, Intelligence and NRSZ Vaporize Vancouver\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thee Oh Sees – The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending A Night In (2008, Purple, Vinyl)\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/1378496-Thee-Oh-Sees-The-Masters-Bedroom-Is-Worth-Spending-A-Night-In","url_text":"\"Thee Oh Sees – The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending A Night In (2008, Purple, Vinyl)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thee Oh Sees – The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending A Night In (2010, Green 'Coke Bottle', Vinyl)\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/2121092-Thee-Oh-Sees-The-Masters-Bedroom-Is-Worth-Spending-A-Night-In","url_text":"\"Thee Oh Sees – The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending A Night In (2010, Green 'Coke Bottle', Vinyl)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thee Oh Sees – The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending A Night In (2010, Vinyl)\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/4122028-Thee-Oh-Sees-The-Masters-Bedroom-Is-Worth-Spending-A-Night-In","url_text":"\"Thee Oh Sees – The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending A Night In (2010, Vinyl)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thee Oh Sees – The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending A Night In/Help (2011, Cassette)\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/3677658-Thee-Oh-Sees-The-Masters-Bedroom-Is-Worth-Spending-A-Night-InHelp","url_text":"\"Thee Oh Sees – The Master's Bedroom Is Worth Spending A Night In/Help (2011, Cassette)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allmusic page for Melted\". AllMusic. Retrieved 12 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/melted-mw0001978682/credits","url_text":"\"Allmusic page for Melted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Terminal Boredom - illuminating the perversion of our obsession with nostalgia\". Terminal-boredom.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://terminal-boredom.com/interviews/keihn/","url_text":"\"Terminal Boredom - illuminating the perversion of our obsession with nostalgia\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)
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Ministry of Works (imperial China)
|
["1 History","2 Functions","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Sources"]
|
Imperial Chinese government ministry responsible for infrastructure
Ministry of WorksChinese nameChinese工部Literal meaningWorks DepartmentTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinGōngbùWade–GilesKung PuManchu nameManchu scriptᠸᡝᡳᠯᡝᡵᡝ ᠵᡠᡵᡤᠠᠨMöllendorffweilere jurgan
The Ministry of Works or of Public Works was one of the Six Ministries under the Department of State Affairs in imperial China.
The Ministry of Works is also commonly translated into English as the Board of Works or of Public Works.
History
The ministry was established during the Sui dynasty as one of the six functional divisions of the Department of State Affairs. It was also part of the same department during the Five Dynasties period and the Song dynasty. After the merger of the "three departments" (Zhongshu Sheng, Menxia Sheng and Shangshu Sheng), it was reassigned to the Zhongshu Sheng (Secretariat) in the Yuan Empire and later the Ming Empire. In 1380, the office of Secretariat was abolished and the ministries, including the Ministry of Works, became independent and continued to report directly to the emperor.
Under the Ming and Qing, it lost some influence in favor of agencies run by palace eunuchs, provincial coordinators, and governors. It was usually considered the weakest of the six ministries. During some periods (under the Southern Song and Yuan) it was merged with the Ministry of Justice.
The ministry was headed by the Minister of Shangshu (pinyin: shàng shū, Chinese: 尚書; Manchu: aliha amban), who had the Standard class, Rank 3 under the Changs (in the Nine-rank system); Secondary class, Rank 2 under the Song; Standard class, Rank 1 under the Jin, Yuan and Ming up to 1380; Standard class, Rank 2 under the Ming after 1380 and Qing; and Secondary class, Rank 1 under the Qing after 1730. During the Qing dynasty, there was one minister for the Manchu and another for the Chinese. He was assisted by two deputy ministers, called Shilang (pinyin: shì lang, Chinese: 侍郎; Manchu: ashan-i amban).
Functions
Under the Ming, the Ministry of Works had charge of weights and measures, the construction and maintenance of transportation infrastructure (especially roads and canals), other government construction works (especially flood control projects), the manufacturing and provision of government equipment, the public exploitation of natural resources, and the hiring of artisans or laborers for temporary service. Permanent hires fell under the purview of the Ministry of Personnel.
See also
Traditional Chinese measures
References
Citations
^ a b c Hucker (1985), p. 294.
^ Hucker (1985), p. 245.
^ Hucker (1985), p. 427.
^ a b Hucker (1958), p. 32.
Sources
Hucker, Charles O. (1958), "Governmental Organization of The Ming Dynasty", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 21: 1–66, doi:10.2307/2718619, JSTOR 2718619.
Hucker, Charles O. (1985). A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9576382858.
vteThree Departments and Six MinistriesThree Departments
Shangshu Sheng
Zhongshu Sheng
Menxia Sheng
(Secretariat-Chancellery)
Six Ministries
Ministry of Personnel
Ministry of Revenue
Ministry of Rites
Ministry of War
Ministry of Justice
Ministry of Works
vteGovernment of Imperial ChinaNobility
Monarchy
Dynasty
Cycle
Titles
Emperor
List
Son of Heaven
Heirloom Seal of the Realm
Empress
Consort kin
Harem
King
Offices
Grand Chancellor
Mandarin (bureaucrat)
Scholar-official
Institutions
Nine-rank system
Nine Courts
Five Directorates
Imperial examinations
Taixue
Guozijian
Hanlin Academy
Academies (Shuyuan)
Censorate
Tributary system
Territorial administration
Yamen
Tusi
Early Imperial
Three Lords and Nine Ministers
Three Ducal Ministers
Nine Ministers
Translated titles
Middle Imperial
Jiedushi
Jimi system
Bureau of Military Affairs
Shumishi
Three Departments
Shangshu Sheng
Zhongshu Sheng
Menxia Sheng
(Secretariat-Chancellery)
Six Ministries
Ministry of Personnel
Ministry of Revenue
Ministry of Rites
Ministry of War
Ministry of Justice
Ministry of Works
Late Imperial
Three Bureaus
Remonstrance Bureau
Imperial Commissioner
Grand Secretariat
Imperial Clan Court
Grand coordinator and provincial governor
Viceroys in China
Mandarin square
Qing
Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
Grand Council
Lifan Yuan
Nine Gates Infantry Commander
Ranks
Zongli Yamen
Imperial guards
Tang Imperial Guards
Shence Army
Embroidered Uniform Guard
Qing Imperial Guards
Dynasties
Han
Tang
Liao
Yuan
Qing
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Six Ministries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries"},{"link_name":"Department of State Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_State_Affairs"},{"link_name":"imperial China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China"}],"text":"The Ministry of Works or of Public Works was one of the Six Ministries under the Department of State Affairs in imperial China.The Ministry of Works is also commonly translated into English as the Board of Works or of Public Works.","title":"Ministry of Works (imperial China)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sui dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Department of State Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_State_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Five Dynasties period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period"},{"link_name":"Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"three departments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries"},{"link_name":"Zhongshu Sheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng"},{"link_name":"Menxia Sheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menxia_Sheng"},{"link_name":"Shangshu Sheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangshu_Sheng"},{"link_name":"Yuan Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ming Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Empire"},{"link_name":"emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHucker1985294-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHucker1985294-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHucker1985245-2"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Nine-rank system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine-rank_system"},{"link_name":"Manchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHucker1985294-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHucker1985427-3"}],"text":"The ministry was established during the Sui dynasty as one of the six functional divisions of the Department of State Affairs. It was also part of the same department during the Five Dynasties period and the Song dynasty. After the merger of the \"three departments\" (Zhongshu Sheng, Menxia Sheng and Shangshu Sheng), it was reassigned to the Zhongshu Sheng (Secretariat) in the Yuan Empire and later the Ming Empire. In 1380, the office of Secretariat was abolished and the ministries, including the Ministry of Works, became independent and continued to report directly to the emperor.[1]Under the Ming and Qing, it lost some influence in favor of agencies run by palace eunuchs, provincial coordinators, and governors. It was usually considered the weakest of the six ministries.[1] During some periods (under the Southern Song and Yuan) it was merged with the Ministry of Justice.[2]The ministry was headed by the Minister of Shangshu (pinyin: shàng shū, Chinese: 尚書; Manchu: aliha amban), who had the Standard class, Rank 3 under the Changs (in the Nine-rank system); Secondary class, Rank 2 under the Song; Standard class, Rank 1 under the Jin, Yuan and Ming up to 1380; Standard class, Rank 2 under the Ming after 1380 and Qing; and Secondary class, Rank 1 under the Qing after 1730. During the Qing dynasty, there was one minister for the Manchu and another for the Chinese.[1] He was assisted by two deputy ministers, called Shilang (pinyin: shì lang, Chinese: 侍郎; Manchu: ashan-i amban).[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_government"},{"link_name":"weights and measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_units"},{"link_name":"roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_roads"},{"link_name":"canals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_canals"},{"link_name":"flood control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_control"},{"link_name":"natural resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resources"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHucker195832-4"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Personnel_(imperial_China)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHucker195832-4"}],"text":"Under the Ming, the Ministry of Works had charge of weights and measures, the construction and maintenance of transportation infrastructure (especially roads and canals), other government construction works (especially flood control projects), the manufacturing and provision of government equipment, the public exploitation of natural resources, and the hiring of artisans or laborers for temporary service.[4] Permanent hires fell under the purview of the Ministry of Personnel.[4]","title":"Functions"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Traditional Chinese measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_measures"}]
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[{"reference":"Hucker, Charles O. (1958), \"Governmental Organization of The Ming Dynasty\", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 21: 1–66, doi:10.2307/2718619, JSTOR 2718619.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718619","url_text":"10.2307/2718619"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718619","url_text":"2718619"}]},{"reference":"Hucker, Charles O. (1985). A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9576382858.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9576382858","url_text":"9576382858"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718619","external_links_name":"10.2307/2718619"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718619","external_links_name":"2718619"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jerzy
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User talk:Jerzy
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["1 Messages to Jerzy and Dialogues with Him","2 Nomination for deletion of Template:American politicians Robert Smith","3 Talkback","4 New Page Patrol survey","5 Notice of redirect discussion at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion","6 Not real talk: an extra sandbox","7 A page you started (Empress of Japan (disambiguation)) has been reviewed!","8 Proposed deletion of Matthew 18 process","9 Proposed deletion of Gang of Four (Pakistan)","10 Proposed deletion of Bob Martin (singer)","11 Nomination of Bob Martin (singer) for deletion","12 \"Has (Disambiguation)\" listed at Redirects for discussion","13 Proposed deletion of Rebecca Campbell-Howe","14 \"C. dif\" listed at Redirects for discussion","15 Proposed deletion of Husker du? (TV program)","16 Nomination for deletion of Template:Tl-ovw","17 Nomination for deletion of Template:Tl-ovw2","18 Nomination for deletion of Template:Tl1-1","19 Nomination for deletion of Template:Tl1-2","20 Nomination for deletion of Template:Tl2-1","21 Speedy deletion nomination of IK Sirius (disambiguation)","22 Category:Politicians of African nations has been nominated for renaming","23 Proposed deletion of Contrecoup","24 Category:Names by culture has been nominated for renaming","25 Category:Critics has been nominated for splitting","26 Proposed deletion of Superconducting steel","27 \"Scorsezi\" listed at Redirects for discussion","28 \"Scorsesi\" listed at Redirects for discussion","29 Nomination of Sports teams named Trojans for deletion","30 Nomination for deletion of Template:Roman-succ","31 Nomination of List of 3D animation software for deletion"]
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- - (Generated (using "subst:") from 06:07, 3 May 2009 (UTC) revision of user-Jerzy-talk generating template User:Jerzy/Fresh Talk Page, based on 3 January 2009 revision of User talk:Jerzy plus dynamic transclusion of User:Jerzy/Past Archive Phases, minor typo fixes, and a new link.)
<small>{{Attempting_wikibreak|]| in late June|I}}</small>
Now Back--Jerzy•t 09:59, 22 June 2010 (UTC)
Wikipedia:BabelenThis user is a native speaker of the English language.de-2Dieser Benutzer hat fortgeschrittene Deutschkenntnisse.Search user languages
Rough Overview of this Page
Welcome to the Page for "Talking" to Jerzy (Talk-Page Front-Matter)
About Communicating Here
Note to Non-Native Speakers of English
Links to my Discussion (User-talk page) Archives
Detailed Table of Contents of whole page
Messages to Jerzy and Dialogues with Him
Archives
Archive 1Archive 2Archive 3Archive 4Archive 5Archive 6Archive 7Archive 8
Messages to Jerzy and Dialogues with Him
I think the discussions that are still not reflected here will progress no further. --Jerzy•t 05:40, 5 August 2009 (UTC)
Nomination for deletion of Template:American politicians Robert Smith
Template:American politicians Robert Smith has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Thank you.—Preceding undated comment added 16:39, 22 October 2009.
Talkback
Hello, Jerzy. You have new messages at Auntof6's talk page. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{Talkback}} or {{Tb}} template.
New Page Patrol survey
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Notice of redirect discussion at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion
Not real talk: an extra sandbox
rUbBER roOM
A page you started (Empress of Japan (disambiguation)) has been reviewed!
Thanks for creating Empress of Japan (disambiguation), Jerzy!
Wikipedia editor Devopam just reviewed your page, and wrote this note for you:
Please participate in the AfD discussion should you contest the action.
To reply, leave a comment on Devopam's talk page.
Learn more about page curation.
Proposed deletion of Matthew 18 process
The article Matthew 18 process has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
Lack of notability; sole reliable source is NYtimes article, was unable to find additional sources using the term that could be incorporated
While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.
You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.
Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Waxworker (talk) 02:30, 28 April 2022 (UTC)
Proposed deletion of Gang of Four (Pakistan)
The article Gang of Four (Pakistan) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
Non notable topic
While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.
You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.
Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Radioactive (talk) 06:13, 9 June 2022 (UTC)
Proposed deletion of Bob Martin (singer)
The article Bob Martin (singer) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
Fails WP:GNG and WP:MUSICBIO and falls under WP:ONEEVENT
While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.
You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.
Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.
This bot DID NOT nominate any of your contributions for deletion; please refer to the history of each individual page for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 10:01, 11 June 2022 (UTC)
Nomination of Bob Martin (singer) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Bob Martin (singer) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.
The article will be discussed at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bob Martin (singer) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.
Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished.
Sims2aholic8 (talk) 07:48, 15 June 2022 (UTC)
"Has (Disambiguation)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Has (Disambiguation) and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 August 24#Has (Disambiguation) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 16:04, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
Proposed deletion of Rebecca Campbell-Howe
The article Rebecca Campbell-Howe has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
Doesn't meet our notability guidelines. A WP:BEFORE search finds none of the significant coverage in independent reliable sources needed to satisfy the GNG, and no relevant SNG (e.g. WP:NPROF) appears to be met.
While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.
You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.
Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Extraordinary Writ (talk) 19:11, 29 August 2022 (UTC)
"C. dif" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect C. dif and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 September 14#C. dif until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Mdewman6 (talk) 01:35, 14 September 2022 (UTC)
Proposed deletion of Husker du? (TV program)
The article Husker du? (TV program) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
Does not appear to be notable, nothing in a BEFORE. Tagged since 2018
While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.
You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.
Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. DonaldD23 talk to me 01:04, 15 April 2023 (UTC)
Nomination for deletion of Template:Tl-ovw
Template:Tl-ovw has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. – Jonesey95 (talk) 13:03, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
Nomination for deletion of Template:Tl-ovw2
Template:Tl-ovw2 has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. – Jonesey95 (talk) 13:03, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
Nomination for deletion of Template:Tl1-1
Template:Tl1-1 has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. – Jonesey95 (talk) 13:04, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
Nomination for deletion of Template:Tl1-2
Template:Tl1-2 has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. – Jonesey95 (talk) 13:04, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
Nomination for deletion of Template:Tl2-1
Template:Tl2-1 has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. – Jonesey95 (talk) 13:05, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
Speedy deletion nomination of IK Sirius (disambiguation)
If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read the guide to writing your first article.You may want to consider using the Article Wizard to help you create articles.
A tag has been placed on IK Sirius (disambiguation) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G14 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a disambiguation page which either
disambiguates only one extant Wikipedia page and whose title ends in "(disambiguation)" (i.e., there is a primary topic);
disambiguates zero extant Wikipedia pages, regardless of its title; or
is an orphaned redirect with a title ending in "(disambiguation)" that does not target a disambiguation page or page that has a disambiguation-like function.
Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such pages may be deleted at any time. Please see the disambiguation page guidelines for more information.
If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator. Dsuke1998AEOS (talk) 18:45, 8 June 2023 (UTC)
Category:Politicians of African nations has been nominated for renaming
Category:Politicians of African nations has been nominated for renaming. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Nederlandse Leeuw (talk) 08:53, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
Proposed deletion of Contrecoup
The article Contrecoup has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
Unneccesary disambiguation page, only 1 link has its own page
While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.
You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.
Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Michael H (talk) 13:01, 2 August 2023 (UTC)
Category:Names by culture has been nominated for renaming
Category:Names by culture has been nominated for renaming. A discussion is taking place to decide whether it complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Mason (talk) 05:50, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
Category:Critics has been nominated for splitting
Category:Critics has been nominated for splitting. A discussion is taking place to decide whether it complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Marcocapelle (talk) 05:54, 5 March 2024 (UTC)
Proposed deletion of Superconducting steel
The article Superconducting steel has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
Not notable. The article discusses a misprint in New York Times.
While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.
You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.
Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Jähmefyysikko (talk) 09:45, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
"Scorsezi" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect Scorsezi has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 April 24 § Scorsezi until a consensus is reached. Mazewaxie (talk • contribs) 13:14, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
"Scorsesi" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect Scorsesi has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 April 24 § Scorsesi until a consensus is reached. Mazewaxie (talk • contribs) 13:14, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
Nomination of Sports teams named Trojans for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Sports teams named Trojans is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.
The article will be discussed at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sports teams named Trojans until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.
Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Let'srun (talk) 13:34, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
Nomination for deletion of Template:Roman-succ
Template:Roman-succ has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. – Jonesey95 (talk) 05:51, 30 May 2024 (UTC)
Nomination of List of 3D animation software for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of 3D animation software is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.
The article will be discussed at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of 3D animation software until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.
Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Greatder (talk) 07:48, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimaladharmasurya_II_of_Kandy
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Vimaladharmasuriya II of Kandy
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["1 Childhood","2 Ascension","3 Marriages","4 Contributions to Buddhism in Sri Lanka","5 The Dutch","6 Relations with Daud Khan Panni","7 See also","8 References","9 Sources"]
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Thrisinhaladheeshwara
Vimaladharmasurya IIThrisinhaladheeshwara LankeshwaraBhupathiKing of KandyReign7 December 1687 – 4 June 1707Coronation28 June 1688PredecessorRajasinghe IISuccessorVira Narendra SinhaBornSri LankaDied4 June 1707Sri LankaBurialRoyal Cremation Yard, Asgiri Temple, Kandy, Sri LankaSpouseQueen Consort of Madurai Royal Consort (Rididoli) Muthukude DeviRoyal Consort (Yakadadoli) Kirawelle DeviIssueVira Narendra Sinha
Prince Pattiya BandaraFatherRajasinghe IIMotherQueen Consort of Rajasinghe IIReligionTheravada Buddhism
Vimaladharmasurya II (ruled 1687–1707) was a peaceful king of Kandy who succeeded his father, Rajasinghe II, on December 7, 1687.
Childhood
During his childhood, Lord Ambanwela Rala, who was a member of the royal court from a noble Kandyan family led a rebellion against Rajasinghe II. Rebels tried to use Crown Prince Vimaladharmasuriya against his father. But his paternal half-aunt Sama Devi, who held the position of "Mother Queen" at that time was rescued him from rebels and taken to the king. Rajasinghe II hide him to save from the rebels. So Vimaladharmasuriya was brought up by a bhikku for a long period in his childhood.
King Vimaladharmasurya II was naturally of peaceful temperament. During his childhood though, a sufficient number of Buddhist priests were not able to conduct the higher ordination (Upasampadā) ceremony.
Ascension
In 1687, Rajasinghe II realized that his reign was nearing its end. He convened a gathering of his ministers at Hanguranketa Place and introduced them to his son, Prince Mahastana, who was destined to succeed him on the throne. Although surprised, the ministers did not express any doubt. It is said that Rajasinghe II humbly knelt before his son, pledging his loyalty, before the ministers officially recognized Prince Mahastana as the new king.
On December 10, two ambassadors arrived in Colombo to inform the Dutch authorities that Prince Mahastana had ascended to the throne of Kandy. This news brought immense joy, leading to widespread celebrations and acts of clemency such as the release of slaves and the pardoning of criminals. Five days later, additional ambassadors arrived in Colombo to deliver the somber news of Rajasinghe II's passing and subsequent cremation. They also conveyed Rajasinghe II's final wish for his son to maintain friendly relations with Laurens van Pyl, the 12th Governor of Dutch Ceylon.
Marriages
Vimaladharmasuriya II, following in his father's footsteps, maintained the connection with Madurai Nayak clan through marriage. As documented in the Cūḷavaṃsa, he wedded the daughter of his father's queen consort and appointed her as his queen.
Not only his Queen Consort but also he had several Royal Concubines from Nayakkar clan. But none of those consorts were able to produce an heir to the throne.
So he married a princess from a local noble family who lived in the Muthukude Walawwa at Wattegama. This Royal Concubine was called as Muthukude Devi. She could able to give birth to a son, who later became king's successor Vira Narendra Sinha
And also according to historical sources he had a concubine from Kirawelle royal clan, who was the mother of king's another son Pattiya Bandara.
Contributions to Buddhism in Sri Lanka
He invited 33 priests from Burma and established the higher ordination that helped protect Buddhism.
The Dutch
During the reign of King Vimaladharmasurya II, many attempts made by the Dutch to capture the Kandyan Kingdom had failed. However the Dutch gained control of the Kandyan Kingdom's foreign trade.
He allowed Joseph Vaz to settle in his kingdom and allowed him to preach the Christian faith.
Relations with Daud Khan Panni
In the year 1703, the Mughal commander at Coromandel, Daud Khan Panni spent 10,500 coins to purchase 30 to 50 War elephants from Ceylon. These purchases were acknowledged by Vimaladharmasurya II of Kandy.
See also
Mahavamsa
List of monarchs of Sri Lanka
History of Sri Lanka
References
^ "chapter 1, Kandyan kingdom, page 15".
^ a b Pieris, P. E. (Paul Edward) (1999). Ceylon and the Hollanders, 1658-1796. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, p. 31.
^ Obeyesekere, Gananath. "Between the Portuguese and the Nāyakas: the many faces of the Kandyan Kingdom, 1591–1765." In Sri Lanka at the Crossroads of History, 2017, p. 186.
^ Gommans, Jos J. L. (2002-10-18). Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700 - Jos J. L. Gommans - Google Books. ISBN 9780415239899. Retrieved 2012-06-02.
Sources
Kings & Rulers of Sri Lanka
Vimaladharmasuriya II of Kandy Konnapu BandaraBorn: ? ? Died: 4 June 1707
Regnal titles
Preceded byRâjasimha II
King of Kandy 1687–4 June 1707
Succeeded byVira Narendra Sinha
vteList of Kandyan monarchsHouse of Siri Sanga Bo(1473–1592)
Sena Sammatha Wickramabahu (1473–1511)
Jayaweera Astana (1511–1551)
Karaliyadde Bandara (1551–1581)
Dona Catherina (1581–1581)
Rajasinha I (1581–1591)
House of Dinajara(1590–1739)
Vimaladharmasuriya I (1590–1604)
Senarat (1604–1635)
Rajasinghe II (1635–1687)
Vimaladharmasurya II (1687–1707)
Vira Narendra Sinha (1707–1739)
Nayaks of Kandy(1739–1815)
Sri Vijaya Rajasinha (1739–1747)
Kirti Sri Rajasinha (1747–1782)
Rajadhi Rajasinha (1782–1798)
Sri Vikrama Rajasinha (1798–1815)
Monarchs from 1473 to 1592 were only regional rulers
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rajasinghe II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasinghe_II"}],"text":"Vimaladharmasurya II (ruled 1687–1707) was a peaceful king of Kandy who succeeded his father, Rajasinghe II, on December 7, 1687.","title":"Vimaladharmasuriya II of Kandy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upasampadā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upasampad%C4%81"}],"text":"During his childhood, Lord Ambanwela Rala, who was a member of the royal court from a noble Kandyan family led a rebellion against Rajasinghe II. Rebels tried to use Crown Prince Vimaladharmasuriya against his father. But his paternal half-aunt Sama Devi, who held the position of \"Mother Queen\" at that time was rescued him from rebels and taken to the king. Rajasinghe II hide him to save from the rebels. So Vimaladharmasuriya was brought up by a bhikku for a long period in his childhood.King Vimaladharmasurya II was naturally of peaceful temperament. During his childhood though, a sufficient number of Buddhist priests were not able to conduct the higher ordination (Upasampadā) ceremony.","title":"Childhood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rajasinghe II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasinghe_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Laurens van Pyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurens_van_Pyl"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"In 1687, Rajasinghe II realized that his reign was nearing its end. He convened a gathering of his ministers at Hanguranketa Place and introduced them to his son, Prince Mahastana, who was destined to succeed him on the throne. Although surprised, the ministers did not express any doubt. It is said that Rajasinghe II humbly knelt before his son, pledging his loyalty, before the ministers officially recognized Prince Mahastana as the new king.[2]On December 10, two ambassadors arrived in Colombo to inform the Dutch authorities that Prince Mahastana had ascended to the throne of Kandy. This news brought immense joy, leading to widespread celebrations and acts of clemency such as the release of slaves and the pardoning of criminals. Five days later, additional ambassadors arrived in Colombo to deliver the somber news of Rajasinghe II's passing and subsequent cremation. They also conveyed Rajasinghe II's final wish for his son to maintain friendly relations with Laurens van Pyl, the 12th Governor of Dutch Ceylon.[2]","title":"Ascension"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai"},{"link_name":"Nayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayak_caste"},{"link_name":"Cūḷavaṃsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C5%AB%E1%B8%B7ava%E1%B9%83sa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Vira Narendra Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vira_Narendra_Sinha"}],"text":"Vimaladharmasuriya II, following in his father's footsteps, maintained the connection with Madurai Nayak clan through marriage. As documented in the Cūḷavaṃsa, he wedded the daughter of his father's queen consort and appointed her as his queen.[3]Not only his Queen Consort but also he had several Royal Concubines from Nayakkar clan. But none of those consorts were able to produce an heir to the throne.So he married a princess from a local noble family who lived in the Muthukude Walawwa at Wattegama. This Royal Concubine was called as Muthukude Devi. She could able to give birth to a son, who later became king's successor Vira Narendra SinhaAnd also according to historical sources he had a concubine from Kirawelle royal clan, who was the mother of king's another son Pattiya Bandara.","title":"Marriages"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"He invited 33 priests from Burma and established the higher ordination that helped protect Buddhism.","title":"Contributions to Buddhism in Sri Lanka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Vaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Vaz"}],"text":"During the reign of King Vimaladharmasurya II, many attempts made by the Dutch to capture the Kandyan Kingdom had failed. However the Dutch gained control of the Kandyan Kingdom's foreign trade.\nHe allowed Joseph Vaz to settle in his kingdom and allowed him to preach the Christian faith.","title":"The Dutch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Coromandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coromandel_Coast"},{"link_name":"Daud Khan Panni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daud_Khan_of_the_Carnatic"},{"link_name":"War elephants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_elephant"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In the year 1703, the Mughal commander at Coromandel, Daud Khan Panni spent 10,500 coins to purchase 30 to 50 War elephants from Ceylon.[4] These purchases were acknowledged by Vimaladharmasurya II of Kandy.","title":"Relations with Daud Khan Panni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kings & Rulers of Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lkawgw/gen3000.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_the_Kingdom_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_the_Kingdom_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_the_Kingdom_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"List of Kandyan monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kandyan_monarchs"},{"link_name":"House of Siri Sanga Bo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Siri_Sanga_Bo"},{"link_name":"Sena Sammatha Wickramabahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sena_Sammatha_Wickramabahu_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"Jayaweera Astana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayaweera_Astana_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"Karaliyadde Bandara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaliyadde_Bandara_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"Dona Catherina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dona_Catherina_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"Rajasinha I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasinha_I_of_Sitawaka"},{"link_name":"Vimaladharmasuriya I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimaladharmasuriya_I_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"Senarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senarat_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"Rajasinghe II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasinghe_II_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"Vimaladharmasurya II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimaladharmasurya_II_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"Vira Narendra Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vira_Narendra_Sinha_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"Nayaks of Kandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayaks_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"Sri Vijaya Rajasinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Vijaya_Rajasinha_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"Kirti Sri Rajasinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirti_Sri_Rajasinha_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"Rajadhi Rajasinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajadhi_Rajasinha_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"Sri Vikrama Rajasinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Vikrama_Rajasinha_of_Kandy"}],"text":"Kings & Rulers of Sri LankavteList of Kandyan monarchsHouse of Siri Sanga Bo(1473–1592)\nSena Sammatha Wickramabahu (1473–1511)\nJayaweera Astana (1511–1551)\nKaraliyadde Bandara (1551–1581)\nDona Catherina (1581–1581)\nRajasinha I (1581–1591)\nHouse of Dinajara(1590–1739)\nVimaladharmasuriya I (1590–1604)\nSenarat (1604–1635)\nRajasinghe II (1635–1687)\nVimaladharmasurya II (1687–1707)\nVira Narendra Sinha (1707–1739)\nNayaks of Kandy(1739–1815)\nSri Vijaya Rajasinha (1739–1747)\nKirti Sri Rajasinha (1747–1782)\nRajadhi Rajasinha (1782–1798)\nSri Vikrama Rajasinha (1798–1815)\nMonarchs from 1473 to 1592 were only regional rulers","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Mahavamsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavamsa"},{"title":"List of monarchs of Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"title":"History of Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka"}]
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[{"reference":"\"chapter 1, Kandyan kingdom, page 15\".","urls":[{"url":"https://edupub.gov.lk/","url_text":"\"chapter 1, Kandyan kingdom, page 15\""}]},{"reference":"Gommans, Jos J. L. (2002-10-18). Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700 - Jos J. L. Gommans - Google Books. ISBN 9780415239899. Retrieved 2012-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3C1vz5ioOMwC&q=mughal+ceylon&pg=PA122","url_text":"Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700 - Jos J. L. Gommans - Google Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415239899","url_text":"9780415239899"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://edupub.gov.lk/","external_links_name":"\"chapter 1, Kandyan kingdom, page 15\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3C1vz5ioOMwC&q=mughal+ceylon&pg=PA122","external_links_name":"Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700 - Jos J. L. Gommans - Google Books"},{"Link":"https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lkawgw/gen3000.html","external_links_name":"Kings & Rulers of Sri Lanka"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreider-Reisner_C-4_Challenger
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Fairchild KR-34
|
["1 Development","2 Variants","3 Specifications (KR-34)","4 References"]
|
Fairchild KR-34
KR-34
Role
Utility biplaneType of aircraft
Manufacturer
Kreider-Reisner AircraftFairchild Aircraft
First flight
1928
The Kreider-Reisner Challenger (later the Fairchild KR series) was an American utility biplane aircraft designed and produced by the Kreider-Reisner Aircraft Company, which was later taken over by the Fairchild Aircraft Company.
Development
The Challenger C-1 was possibly developed from the similar Waco 10. A poorly documented aircraft, the C-1 was progressively modified.
The Challenger was a conventional mixed-construction biplane with a fixed tailskid landing gear. It had two open tandem cockpits for a pilot (at the rear), and passenger (forward) and was powered initially by a 90 hp (67 kW) Curtiss OX-5 inline engine. A number of variants were built as the C-3 Challenger and C-4 Challenger which had detail differences and different engines fitted. Late in 1928 the company introduced a new and slightly smaller design as the C-6 Challenger.
In 1929 the company was absorbed by the Fairchild Aircraft Company who continued the production of the C-4 as the Fairchild KR-34 and the C-6 as the Fairchild KR-21. Although not built by Fairchild the C-2 was redesignated the Fairchild KR-31.
To act as an engine testbed one KR-21 was modified to use a Fairchild 6-390 engine (later named Ranger) and changes were made to the wing and landing gear geometry. The modified aircraft was known as the Fairchild KR-125. In 1931 a similar aircraft without the geometry changes but with a Ranger engine was sold under the designation KR-135.
In 1930, the KR-34CA, a military version of the Fairchild KR-34 based on the Kreider-Reisner C-4C Challenger design, was built in Farmingdale, New York. A light attack craft, it had two .30 caliber Browning machine guns mounted on the nose, firing through the propellers. The Chinese version had bomb racks under the fuselage. Two of this military version of the Fairchild KR-34 were sold to the warlord generals Liu Wenhui and Liu Xiang in Sichuan Province.
Variants
Fairchild type numbers in brackets
Kreider-Reisner C-4C Challenger
C-1 Challenger
90 hp (67 kW) Curtiss OX-5 V-8 engine
C-2 Challenger (KR-31)
Initial production version, with either 90 hp (67 kW) Curtiss OX-5 (KR-31A), or Hallett H-256, or Curtiss OXX-6, or Fairchild-Caminez or Warner Scarab or 100 hp (75 kW) Kinner K-5 (KR-31B).
C-2A (KR-125)
C-2 used as a testbed for the 100 hp (75 kW) Ranger 6-375 (6 cylinder L-375) inline engine.
C-3 Challenger
C-2 with detail changes and 110 hp (82 kW) Warner Scarab radial engine
C-4 Challenger (KR-34)
C-2 with numerous changes, including the elimination of the ailerons from the top wing, and new engines.
C-4B (KR-34B and KR-35B-1)
130 hp (97 kW) Comet 7-RA or 150 hp (110 kW) Comet 7-D. 4 built.
C-4C (KR-34C)
165 hp (123 kW) Wright J-6 and 165 hp (123 kW) Continental A70. roughly 60 built.
KR-34CA Attack version of C-4C for Mexico and China.
C-4D (KR-34A)
150 hp (110 kW) Wright J-6 and 165 hp (123 kW) Curtiss R-600 Challenger, 1 modified.
C-5 Challenger
C-3/C-4 with numerous changes, including the elimination of the ailerons from the top wing, and an increase in allowable weights
C-6 Challenger (KR-21)
Scaled down 110 hp (82 kW) Warner Scarab powered development with tapered wings and redesigned cabane struts.
C-6A (KR-21)
C-6 with minor detail changes but same engine.
C-6B (KR-21A)
100 hp (75 kW) Kinner K-5, or 170 hp (130 kW) Curtiss R-600 Challenger or 85 hp (63 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Genet.
KR-21B
Parks P-1
Challenger C-2 temporarily modified with radiator between undercarriage legs. About 45 built.
Parks P-2
Challenger with 115 hp (86 kW) Axelson (company) radial and split-axle undercarriage.
Parks P-2A
165 hp (123 kW) Wright J-6-5 radial. Less than 20 built of P-2 and P-2A.
Ryan Speedster
later name for Parks P-2 and Parks 2A .
Hammond Sportster
Parks P-2A with wide track undercarriage. Seven built.
Specifications (KR-34)
Data from The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 1674.General characteristics
Crew: two
Length: 23 ft 2 in (7.06 m)
Wingspan: 30 ft 1 in (9.17 m)
Height: 9 ft 3 in (2.82 m)
Wing area: 285 sq ft (26.48 m2)
Empty weight: 1,524 lb (691 kg)
Gross weight: 2,368 lb (1,074 kg)
Powerplant: 1 × Wright J-6 Whirlwind Five 5-cylinder radial piston engine , 165 hp (123 kW)
Performance
Maximum speed: 120 mph (193 km/h, 100 kn)
Range: 510 mi (821 km, 440 nmi)
Service ceiling: 14,000 ft (4,265 m)
References
^ a b "Aerofiles: Kreider-Reisner". Retrieved 28 February 2021.
^ a b c Simpson, Rod (2001). Airlife's World Aircraft. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84037-115-3.
^ "Hammond Biplane". Aero Digest. 22 (4): 49. April 1933.
^ "Aerofiles: Hammond". Retrieved 2 March 2021.
^ "Ryan Speedster". Aero Digest. 18 (4): 86. October 1931.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fairchild KR-34.
Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions.
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 1674
vteFairchild aircraftManufacturer designations
FB-3
FC-1
FC-2
KR-21
KR-31
KR-34
KR-125
KR-135
21
22
24
41
42
45
46
51
61
62
71
77
78/78
79
80
81
82
91
100
105
107
110
150
164
203
205
224
473
484
538
By roleExperimental
VZ-5
XC-120 Packplane
XBQ-3
XH-26 Jet Jeep
Passenger transports
FC-1
FC-2
21
22
24
41
42
45
46
51
71
81
82
91
92
100 Pilgrim
150
228
(Pilatus) PC-6
Military trainers
AT-21 Gunner
PT-19
PT-23
PT-26
XNQ
Military transports
AU-23 Peacemaker
C-26 Metroliner
C-82 Packet
C-119 Flying Boxcar
C-123 Provider
Drones and missiles
AQM-41
KAQ
SD-5 Osprey
SM-73 Goose
Fairchild (Canada)
81, 82, 34-42 Niska
45-80 Sekani
51/71
(Bristol) Bolingbroke
F-11 Husky
(Handley Page) Hampden
SBF Helldiver
Super 71
Fairchild-Dornier
228
328
328JET
Fairchild Hiller
F-27/FH-227
FH-1100
Fairchild Republic
A-10 Thunderbolt
T-46
Fairchild Swearingen
Merlin
Metroliner
American Helicopter
XA-8
See also
Ranger/Fairchild aeroengines
Fairchild Industries
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fairchild KR-34"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waco 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroF-1"},{"link_name":"biplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biplane"},{"link_name":"tailskid landing gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear"},{"link_name":"Curtiss OX-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_OX-5"},{"link_name":"inline engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline_engine_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"Fairchild KR-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_KR-21"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Farmingdale, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmingdale,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Liu Wenhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Wenhui"},{"link_name":"Liu Xiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xiang_(warlord)"},{"link_name":"Sichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"}],"text":"The Challenger C-1 was possibly developed from the similar Waco 10. A poorly documented aircraft, the C-1 was progressively modified.[1]The Challenger was a conventional mixed-construction biplane with a fixed tailskid landing gear. It had two open tandem cockpits for a pilot (at the rear), and passenger (forward) and was powered initially by a 90 hp (67 kW) Curtiss OX-5 inline engine. A number of variants were built as the C-3 Challenger and C-4 Challenger which had detail differences and different engines fitted. Late in 1928 the company introduced a new and slightly smaller design as the C-6 Challenger.In 1929 the company was absorbed by the Fairchild Aircraft Company who continued the production of the C-4 as the Fairchild KR-34 and the C-6 as the Fairchild KR-21. Although not built by Fairchild the C-2 was redesignated the Fairchild KR-31.To act as an engine testbed one KR-21 was modified to use a Fairchild 6-390 engine (later named Ranger) and changes were made to the wing and landing gear geometry. The modified aircraft was known as the Fairchild KR-125. In 1931 a similar aircraft without the geometry changes but with a Ranger engine was sold under the designation KR-135.[citation needed]In 1930, the KR-34CA, a military version of the Fairchild KR-34 based on the Kreider-Reisner C-4C Challenger design, was built in Farmingdale, New York. A light attack craft, it had two .30 caliber Browning machine guns mounted on the nose, firing through the propellers. The Chinese version had bomb racks under the fuselage. Two of this military version of the Fairchild KR-34 were sold to the warlord generals Liu Wenhui and Liu Xiang in Sichuan Province.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroF-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kreider-Reisner_C-4C_Challenger_SI.jpg"},{"link_name":"Curtiss OX-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_OX-5"},{"link_name":"Hallett H-256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hallett_H-256&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Curtiss OXX-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_OXX-6"},{"link_name":"Fairchild-Caminez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fairchild-Caminez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Warner Scarab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Scarab"},{"link_name":"Kinner K-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinner_K-5"},{"link_name":"Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_Engines"},{"link_name":"Comet 7-RA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_7-cylinder_radial_engines"},{"link_name":"Wright J-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_J-6"},{"link_name":"Continental A70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continental_A70&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Curtiss R-600 Challenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_R-600_Challenger"},{"link_name":"Armstrong Siddeley Genet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley_Genet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KR-21B.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parks P-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_P-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWA-2"},{"link_name":"Parks P-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_P-2"},{"link_name":"Axelson (company)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axelson_(company)"},{"link_name":"Wright J-6-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-540"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWA-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroD1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroF1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AeroD2-5"}],"text":"Fairchild type numbers in brackets[1]Kreider-Reisner C-4C ChallengerC-1 Challenger\n90 hp (67 kW) Curtiss OX-5 V-8 engine\nC-2 Challenger (KR-31)\nInitial production version, with either 90 hp (67 kW) Curtiss OX-5 (KR-31A), or Hallett H-256, or Curtiss OXX-6, or Fairchild-Caminez or Warner Scarab or 100 hp (75 kW) Kinner K-5 (KR-31B).\nC-2A (KR-125)\nC-2 used as a testbed for the 100 hp (75 kW) Ranger 6-375 (6 cylinder L-375) inline engine.\nC-3 Challenger\nC-2 with detail changes and 110 hp (82 kW) Warner Scarab radial engine\nC-4 Challenger (KR-34)\nC-2 with numerous changes, including the elimination of the ailerons from the top wing, and new engines.\nC-4B (KR-34B and KR-35B-1)\n130 hp (97 kW) Comet 7-RA or 150 hp (110 kW) Comet 7-D. 4 built.\nC-4C (KR-34C)\n165 hp (123 kW) Wright J-6 and 165 hp (123 kW) Continental A70. roughly 60 built.\nKR-34CA Attack version of C-4C for Mexico and China.[citation needed]\nC-4D (KR-34A)\n150 hp (110 kW) Wright J-6 and 165 hp (123 kW) Curtiss R-600 Challenger, 1 modified.C-5 Challenger\nC-3/C-4 with numerous changes, including the elimination of the ailerons from the top wing, and an increase in allowable weights\nC-6 Challenger (KR-21)\nScaled down 110 hp (82 kW) Warner Scarab powered development with tapered wings and redesigned cabane struts.\nC-6A (KR-21)\nC-6 with minor detail changes but same engine.\nC-6B (KR-21A)\n100 hp (75 kW) Kinner K-5, or 170 hp (130 kW) Curtiss R-600 Challenger or 85 hp (63 kW) Armstrong Siddeley Genet.KR-21BParks P-1\nChallenger C-2 temporarily modified with radiator between undercarriage legs. About 45 built.[2]\nParks P-2\nChallenger with 115 hp (86 kW) Axelson (company) radial and split-axle undercarriage.\nParks P-2A\n165 hp (123 kW) Wright J-6-5 radial. Less than 20 built of P-2 and P-2A.[2]Ryan Speedster\nlater name for Parks P-2 and Parks 2A .[2][3]\nHammond Sportster\nParks P-2A with wide track undercarriage. Seven built.[4][5]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wright J-6 Whirlwind Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_J-6_Whirlwind_Five"}],"text":"Data from The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 1674.General characteristicsCrew: two\nLength: 23 ft 2 in (7.06 m)\nWingspan: 30 ft 1 in (9.17 m)\nHeight: 9 ft 3 in (2.82 m)\nWing area: 285 sq ft (26.48 m2)\nEmpty weight: 1,524 lb (691 kg)\nGross weight: 2,368 lb (1,074 kg)\nPowerplant: 1 × Wright J-6 Whirlwind Five 5-cylinder radial piston engine , 165 hp (123 kW)PerformanceMaximum speed: 120 mph (193 km/h, 100 kn)\nRange: 510 mi (821 km, 440 nmi)\nService ceiling: 14,000 ft (4,265 m)","title":"Specifications (KR-34)"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Kreider-Reisner C-4C Challenger","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kreider-Reisner_C-4C_Challenger_SI.jpg/220px-Kreider-Reisner_C-4C_Challenger_SI.jpg"},{"image_text":"KR-21B","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/KR-21B.jpg/220px-KR-21B.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Aerofiles: Kreider-Reisner\". Retrieved 28 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aerofiles.com/_k.html","url_text":"\"Aerofiles: Kreider-Reisner\""}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Rod (2001). Airlife's World Aircraft. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84037-115-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84037-115-3","url_text":"1-84037-115-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Hammond Biplane\". Aero Digest. 22 (4): 49. April 1933.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/aerodigest2219unse/page/n288/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Hammond Biplane\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aerofiles: Hammond\". Retrieved 2 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aerofiles.com/_h.html","url_text":"\"Aerofiles: Hammond\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ryan Speedster\". Aero Digest. 18 (4): 86. October 1931.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/aerodigest1919unse/page/n509/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Ryan Speedster\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.aerofiles.com/_k.html","external_links_name":"\"Aerofiles: Kreider-Reisner\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/aerodigest2219unse/page/n288/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Hammond Biplane\""},{"Link":"http://www.aerofiles.com/_h.html","external_links_name":"\"Aerofiles: Hammond\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/aerodigest1919unse/page/n509/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Ryan Speedster\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_in_Swedish_music
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2015 in Swedish music
|
["1 Events","1.1 January","1.2 February","1.3 March","1.4 April","1.5 May","1.6 June","1.7 July","1.8 August","1.9 September","1.10 October","1.11 November","1.12 December","2 Album and singles releases","2.1 January","2.2 February","2.3 March","2.4 April","2.5 May","2.6 June","2.7 July","2.8 August","2.9 September","2.10 October","2.11 November","2.12 December","3 Deaths","4 See also","5 References"]
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2015 in music
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United States
By genre
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By topic
List of albums released
Overview of the events of 2015 in Swedish music
List of years in Swedish music
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The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 2015 in Swedish music.
Events
January
February
7 – The first semi-final of Melodifestivalen was arranged. The three next semi-finals took place on February 14, 21, and 28.
March
7 – The Melodifestivalen second chance took place on March 7.
14 – The final of Melodifestivalen was carried out on March 14, 2015. Måns Zelmerlöw's song "Heroes" won the competition.
April
25 – Gamlestaden Jazzfestival started in Gothenburg (April 25 – May 2).
May
23
Måns Zelmerlöw wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 for Sweden with his song "Heroes". It goes on to top the charts in Sweden, Greece, Iceland and Poland.
June
4 – The Malmö Live venue is officially inaugurated in Sweden; it becomes the new home of the Malmö Symphony Orchestra.
25 – The 3rd Bråvalla Festival opened near Norrköping (June 25–27).
July
August
September
October
12 – The 30th Stockholm International Composer Festival opens at the Stockholms Konserthus, focusing on the work of Lili and Nadia Boulanger.
November
December
11 – The 27 years old Martin Almgren won the final of Sweden's Idol series.
Album and singles releases
January
Day
Album
Artist
Label
Notes
Ref.
30
Pinball
Marius Neset with Ivo Neame, Petter Eldh, and Anton Eger
ACT Music
Produced by Marius Neset and Anton Eger
February
Day
Album
Artist
Label
Notes
Ref.
17
Picture You
The Amazing with Reine Fiske
Partisan Records
March
Day
Album
Artist
Label
Notes
Ref.
6
Trees Of Light
Anders Jormin / Lena Willemark / Karin Nakagawa
ECM Records
Produced by Manfred Eicher
22
Hit The Wall!
Mats Gustafsson together with Thurston Moore
Smalltown Superjazzz
23
Lucidity
Atomic
Jazzland Recordings
Produced by Atomic, co-producer Sten Nilsen
27
Young At Heart
Ida Sand
ACT Music
Produced by Nils Landgren, executive producer Siggi Loch
April
May
Day
Album
Artist
Label
Notes
Ref.
19
Firehouse
Gard Nilssen's Acoustic Unity with Petter Eldh and André Roligheten
Clean Feed
June
July
August
Day
Album
Artist
Label
Notes
Ref.
21
Silver Mountain
Elephant9 with Reine Fiske
Rune Grammofon
28
Just The Two Of Us
Cæcilie Norby and Lars Danielsson
ACT Music
September
Day
Album
Artist
Label
Notes
Ref.
25
Allas Sak
Dungen
Smalltown Supersound
25
Postcard from a Painted Lady
Kikki Danielsson
Lionheart/Universal
Produced by Sören Karlsson
October
Day
Album
Artist
Label
Notes
Ref.
23
Redo att gå Sönder
Bo Kaspers Orkester
Columbia
November
Day
Album
Artist
Label
Notes
Ref.
27
Melt
Brian Chippendale / Mats Gustafsson / Massimo Pupillo
Trost
December
Deaths
January
July
13 – Bengt-Arne Wallin, Swedish composer, arrangeur, trumpeter, and flugelhornist (born 1926).
November
5 – Kjell Öhman, jazz pianist, hammond organist, and accordionist (born 1943).
December
22 – Peter Lundblad, singer "Ta mig till havet" (prostate cancer) (born 1950).
See also
Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015
List of number-one singles and albums in Sweden (see 2015 section on page)
References
^ "Artisterna i Melodifestivalen 2016: Hela listan – så blir deltävlingarna". SVT. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
^ "Sweden's Melodifestivalen dates, changes and presenters announced". Eurovision.tv. Archived from the original on 2015-03-31. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
^ "GMLSTN JAZZ 2015". GmlStnJazz.com. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
^ Om Malmö Live. Archived 2015-08-26 at the Wayback Machine Malmö Live. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
^ "Bråvalla 2015". SongKick.com. Retrieved 2018-03-04.
^ http://www.konserthuset.se/Default.aspx?MenuId=84&InformationPageItemId=354&Kategori=In+english Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine "Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra presents fascinating 2015-16 programme"]. Accessed 24 February 2016
^ "Martin vann i Globen". svt.se. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
^ "Marius Neset: Pinball - CD". Musical reviews. ACT Music. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ "The Amazing – Picture You". consequence.net. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
^ "Anders Jormin / Lena Willemark / Karin Nakagawa – Trees Of Light". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
^ "Mats Gustafsson & Thurston Moore – Hit The Wall!". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
^ Lucidity - Atomic at AllMusic. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
^ "Ida Sand: Young At Heart - CD". ACT Music. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
^ "Firehouse (Gatefold LP) – Gard Nilssen's acoustic Unity". Cleanfeed-Records.com. Retrieved 2015-02-16.
^ "Rune Grammofon". Rune Grammofon. Retrieved 2015-08-04.
^ "Cæcilie Norby just the two of us – CD". ACT Music. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
^ "Dungen – Allas Sak". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
^ Håkan Steen (22 September 2017). "Kikki sjunger fantastiskt" (in Swedish). Aftonbladet. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
^ "Bo Kaspers Orkester – Redo att gå sönder". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
^ "Brian Chippendale / Mats Gustafsson / Massimo Pupillo – Melt". AllMusic.com. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
^ Weibull, Hedvig; Haimi, Rebecca; Fossbo, Hannes (2015-12-23). "Sångaren Peter Lundblad död". SVT (in Swedish). Retrieved 2016-02-21.
|
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The three next semi-finals took place on February 14, 21, and 28.[1]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Måns Zelmerlöw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5ns_Zelmerl%C3%B6w"},{"link_name":"Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_(M%C3%A5ns_Zelmerl%C3%B6w_song)"}],"sub_title":"March","text":"7 – The Melodifestivalen second chance took place on March 7.\n14 – The final of Melodifestivalen was carried out on March 14, 2015.[2] Måns Zelmerlöw's song \"Heroes\" won the competition.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"April","text":"25 – Gamlestaden Jazzfestival started in Gothenburg (April 25 – May 2).[3]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Måns Zelmerlöw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5ns_Zelmerl%C3%B6w"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2015"},{"link_name":"Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_(M%C3%A5ns_Zelmerl%C3%B6w_song)"}],"sub_title":"May","text":"23\nMåns Zelmerlöw wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 for Sweden with his song \"Heroes\". It goes on to top the charts in Sweden, Greece, Iceland and Poland.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malmö Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_Live"},{"link_name":"Malmö Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bråvalla Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A5valla_Festival"},{"link_name":"Norrköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrk%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"June","text":"4 – The Malmö Live venue is officially inaugurated in Sweden; it becomes the new home of the Malmö Symphony Orchestra.[4]\n25 – The 3rd Bråvalla Festival opened near Norrköping (June 25–27).[5]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"July","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"August","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"September","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili_Boulanger"},{"link_name":"Nadia Boulanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"October","text":"12 – The 30th Stockholm International Composer Festival opens at the Stockholms Konserthus, focusing on the work of Lili and Nadia Boulanger.[6]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"November","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Almgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Almgren"},{"link_name":"Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol_(Swedish_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"December","text":"11 – The 27 years old Martin Almgren won the final of Sweden's Idol series.[7]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Album and singles releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"January","title":"Album and singles releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"February","title":"Album and singles releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"March","title":"Album and singles releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"April","title":"Album and singles releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"May","title":"Album and singles releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"June","title":"Album and singles releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"July","title":"Album and singles releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"August","title":"Album and singles releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"September","title":"Album and singles releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"October","title":"Album and singles releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"November","title":"Album and singles releases"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"December","title":"Album and singles releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengt-Arne Wallin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt-Arne_Wallin"},{"link_name":"Kjell Öhman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjell_%C3%96hman"},{"link_name":"1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_in_jazz"},{"link_name":"Peter Lundblad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lundblad"},{"link_name":"Ta mig till havet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta_mig_till_havet"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"JanuaryJuly13 – Bengt-Arne Wallin, Swedish composer, arrangeur, trumpeter, and flugelhornist (born 1926).November5 – Kjell Öhman, jazz pianist, hammond organist, and accordionist (born 1943).December22 – Peter Lundblad, singer \"Ta mig till havet\" (prostate cancer) (born 1950).[21]","title":"Deaths"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2015"},{"title":"List of number-one singles and albums in Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_and_albums_in_Sweden"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Artisterna i Melodifestivalen 2016: Hela listan – så blir deltävlingarna\". SVT. Retrieved 2016-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.svt.se/melodifestivalen/artisterna-i-melodifestivalen-2016-hela-listan-artister-som-ace-wilder-molly-sanden-samir-och-viktor-tavlar-i-goteborg-malmo-norrkoping-och-gavle","url_text":"\"Artisterna i Melodifestivalen 2016: Hela listan – så blir deltävlingarna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Television","url_text":"SVT"}]},{"reference":"\"Sweden's Melodifestivalen dates, changes and presenters announced\". Eurovision.tv. Archived from the original on 2015-03-31. Retrieved 2016-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150331164404/http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=a_bigger_final_for_swedens_melodifestivalen","url_text":"\"Sweden's Melodifestivalen dates, changes and presenters announced\""},{"url":"http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=a_bigger_final_for_swedens_melodifestivalen","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GMLSTN JAZZ 2015\". GmlStnJazz.com. Retrieved 2016-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://gmlstnjazz.com/","url_text":"\"GMLSTN JAZZ 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bråvalla 2015\". SongKick.com. Retrieved 2018-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.songkick.com/festivals/538019-bravalla/id/22303743-brvalla-festival-2015","url_text":"\"Bråvalla 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martin vann i Globen\". svt.se. Retrieved 25 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.svt.se/nyheter/regionalt/orebro/martin-vann","url_text":"\"Martin vann i Globen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marius Neset: Pinball - CD\". Musical reviews. ACT Music. Retrieved 2016-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.actmusic.com/en/Artists/Marius-Neset/Lion/Lion-CD","url_text":"\"Marius Neset: Pinball - CD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_Music","url_text":"ACT Music"}]},{"reference":"\"The Amazing – Picture You\". consequence.net. Retrieved 2016-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequence.net/2015/02/album-review-the-amazing-picture-you","url_text":"\"The Amazing – Picture You\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anders Jormin / Lena Willemark / Karin Nakagawa – Trees Of Light\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2018-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Anders-Jormin-Lena-Willemark-Karin-Nakagawa-Trees-Of-Light/release/6740366","url_text":"\"Anders Jormin / Lena Willemark / Karin Nakagawa – Trees Of Light\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs.com","url_text":"Discogs.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Mats Gustafsson & Thurston Moore – Hit The Wall!\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Mats-Gustafsson-Thurston-Moore-Hit-The-Wall/release/6980963","url_text":"\"Mats Gustafsson & Thurston Moore – Hit The Wall!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs.com","url_text":"Discogs.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Ida Sand: Young At Heart - CD\". ACT Music. Retrieved 2017-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.actmusic.com/en/Artists/Ida-Sand/Young-At-Heart/Young-At-Heart-CD","url_text":"\"Ida Sand: Young At Heart - CD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_Music","url_text":"ACT Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Firehouse (Gatefold LP) – Gard Nilssen's acoustic Unity\". Cleanfeed-Records.com. Retrieved 2015-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://cleanfeed-records.com/product/firehouse-gatefold-lp","url_text":"\"Firehouse (Gatefold LP) – Gard Nilssen's acoustic Unity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rune Grammofon\". Rune Grammofon. Retrieved 2015-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://runegrammofon.com/artists/elephant9/rcd2174-elephant9-with-reine-fiske-silver-mountain-cd-2lp","url_text":"\"Rune Grammofon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rune_Grammofon","url_text":"Rune Grammofon"}]},{"reference":"\"Cæcilie Norby just the two of us – CD\". ACT Music. Retrieved 2016-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.actmusic.com/en/Artists/Caecilie-Norby/just-the-two-of-us/just-the-two-of-us-CD","url_text":"\"Cæcilie Norby just the two of us – CD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_Music","url_text":"ACT Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Dungen – Allas Sak\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Dungen-Allas-Sak/release/7520289","url_text":"\"Dungen – Allas Sak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs.com","url_text":"Discogs.com"}]},{"reference":"Håkan Steen (22 September 2017). \"Kikki sjunger fantastiskt\" (in Swedish). Aftonbladet. Retrieved 2 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://musik.aftonbladet.se/2015/09/kikki-sjunger-fantastiskt/","url_text":"\"Kikki sjunger fantastiskt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bo Kaspers Orkester – Redo att gå sönder\". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Bo-Kaspers-Orkester-Redo-Att-G%C3%A5-S%C3%B6nder/release/7798795","url_text":"\"Bo Kaspers Orkester – Redo att gå sönder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs.com","url_text":"Discogs.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Brian Chippendale / Mats Gustafsson / Massimo Pupillo – Melt\". AllMusic.com. Retrieved 2016-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/melt-mw0002890190/releases","url_text":"\"Brian Chippendale / Mats Gustafsson / Massimo Pupillo – Melt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic.com","url_text":"AllMusic.com"}]},{"reference":"Weibull, Hedvig; Haimi, Rebecca; Fossbo, Hannes (2015-12-23). \"Sångaren Peter Lundblad död\". SVT (in Swedish). Retrieved 2016-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.svt.se/kultur/sangaren-peter-lundblad-dod","url_text":"\"Sångaren Peter Lundblad död\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Television","url_text":"SVT"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_McQuade
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Marian McQuade
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Activism","2.1 National Grandparents' Day","3 Later years and personal life","4 References"]
|
American elder rights activist (1917–2008)
Marian McQuadeBornMarian Lucille Herndon(1917-01-18)January 18, 1917Caperton, West Virginia, U.S.DiedSeptember 26, 2008(2008-09-26) (aged 91)Oak Hill, West Virginia, U.S.
Marian McQuade (January 18, 1917 – September 26, 2008) was an American elder rights activist from West Virginia, best known as the founder of Grandparents' Day in the United States.
Early life and education
McQuade was born Marian Lucille Herndon in Caperton, West Virginia on January 18, 1917. Like Mother's Day founder Anna Jarvis, she was a native West Virginian. As a child, she often visited elderly neighbors with her grandmother. After graduating high school, she went on to briefly attend nursing school. In 1936, she dropped out of school to marry Joe McQuade, a coal miner, whom she had first dated in high school.
Activism
McQuade's first foray into activism was in 1956, when she organized an event for octogenarians in the state.
After the youngest of her 15 children graduating high school, McQuade focused on helping the elderly. She served on the West Virginia Commission on Aging, the Nursing Home Licensing Board, and the Vocational Rehabilitation Foundation.
For many years, she helped with the Past 80 Party, which was held annually in Richwood, WV. Jim Comstock, editor of 'The News Leader' and the West Virginia Hillbilly, originated the Past 80 Party.
In 1970, she ran for a seat in Congress as a Republican, but was defeated. In 1972, she ran for a seat in the West Virginia Senate, and was again unsuccessful. In 1971, McQuade was a delegate at the White House Conference on Aging. That same year, she was elected vice-chairman of the West Virginia Committee of Aging.
National Grandparents' Day
McQuade began campaigning for a National Grandparents Day in 1970, hoping it would allow nursing care patients a time to connect with their families. In 1973, West Virginia became the first state with a special day to honor grandparents when Governor Arch Moore proclaimed May 27, 1973, Grandparents Day. She continued to push other states to adopt the day as a yearly observance, helped by a group of volunteers who hailed primarily form her church. In September 1978, the White House called her to inform her that President Jimmy Carter had signed a bill designating the Sunday after Labor Day as National Grandparents Day beginning in 1979. Throughout her campaigning, McQuade remained adamant that the day be focused on homemade gifts and family time, rather than commercialism; at one point, she turned down royalties from a company selling Grandparents Day cards.
In 1989, the United States Postal Service issued a tenth anniversary commemorative envelope bearing the likeness of Marian McQuade in honor of National Grandparents Day.
In her later years, McQuade launched a website for National Grandparents' Day
Later years and personal life
She later lived in Oak Hill, West Virginia with her husband, Joe McQuade (1915–2001). She died from heart failure at a nursing home in Oak Hill on September 26, 2008, at age 91.
McQuade had 15 children and 43 grandchildren.
References
^ a b c "Obituaries in the News". Kentucky New Era. Associated Press. 2008-09-26. pp. A2. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
^ "Marian McQuade; Pushed for Grandparents Day". The Washington Post. 2008-10-01. Archived from the original on 2015-01-20. Retrieved 2015-01-20.
^ a b c d e f g "Advocate for elderly founded Grandparents Day". Los Angeles Times. 2008-10-02. Archived from the original on 2019-12-26. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
^ a b Coughlin, Sara. "The Founder Of Grandparents Day Wanted Everyone To Be Able To Celebrate". www.refinery29.com. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
^ Pearson, Steve (2023-08-31). "Grandparents Day Has West Virginia Roots". The Observer. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
^ a b "Grandparents Day comes from West Virginia". WBOY.com. 2023-08-30. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
This biographical article about a United States activist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"elder rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_rights"},{"link_name":"Grandparents' Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandparents%27_Day#United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WashingtonPostObituary-2"}],"text":"Marian McQuade (January 18, 1917 – September 26, 2008)[1] was an American elder rights activist from West Virginia, best known as the founder of Grandparents' Day in the United States.[2]","title":"Marian McQuade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caperton, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caperton,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Mother's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Anna Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Jarvis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"McQuade was born Marian Lucille Herndon in Caperton, West Virginia on January 18, 1917. Like Mother's Day founder Anna Jarvis, she was a native West Virginian. As a child, she often visited elderly neighbors with her grandmother. After graduating high school, she went on to briefly attend nursing school. In 1936, she dropped out of school to marry Joe McQuade, a coal miner, whom she had first dated in high school.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"White House Conference on Aging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Aging"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"}],"text":"McQuade's first foray into activism was in 1956, when she organized an event for octogenarians in the state.[1]After the youngest of her 15 children graduating high school,[4] McQuade focused on helping the elderly. She served on the West Virginia Commission on Aging, the Nursing Home Licensing Board, and the Vocational Rehabilitation Foundation.[3]For many years, she helped with the Past 80 Party, which was held annually in Richwood, WV. Jim Comstock, editor of 'The News Leader' and the West Virginia Hillbilly, originated the Past 80 Party.In 1970, she ran for a seat in Congress as a Republican, but was defeated. In 1972, she ran for a seat in the West Virginia Senate, and was again unsuccessful.[3] In 1971, McQuade was a delegate at the White House Conference on Aging.[5][6] That same year, she was elected vice-chairman of the West Virginia Committee of Aging.[6]","title":"Activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Arch Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_A._Moore,_Jr."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Labor Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"United States Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"}],"sub_title":"National Grandparents' Day","text":"McQuade began campaigning for a National Grandparents Day in 1970, hoping it would allow nursing care patients a time to connect with their families.[4] In 1973, West Virginia became the first state with a special day to honor grandparents when Governor Arch Moore proclaimed May 27, 1973, Grandparents Day.[citation needed] She continued to push other states to adopt the day as a yearly observance, helped by a group of volunteers who hailed primarily form her church.[3] In September 1978, the White House called her to inform her that President Jimmy Carter had signed a bill designating the Sunday after Labor Day as National Grandparents Day beginning in 1979.[citation needed] Throughout her campaigning, McQuade remained adamant that the day be focused on homemade gifts and family time, rather than commercialism; at one point, she turned down royalties from a company selling Grandparents Day cards.[3]In 1989, the United States Postal Service issued a tenth anniversary commemorative envelope bearing the likeness of Marian McQuade in honor of National Grandparents Day.In her later years, McQuade launched a website for National Grandparents' Day","title":"Activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oak Hill, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Hill,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"heart failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"She later lived in Oak Hill, West Virginia with her husband, Joe McQuade (1915–2001).[1] She died from heart failure at a nursing home in Oak Hill on September 26, 2008, at age 91.[3]McQuade had 15 children and 43 grandchildren.[3]","title":"Later years and personal life"}]
|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius_manifold
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Frobenius manifold
|
["1 Definition","2 Elementary properties","3 Examples","4 References"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Frobenius manifold" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a Frobenius manifold, introduced by Dubrovin, is a flat Riemannian manifold with a certain compatible multiplicative structure on the tangent space. The concept generalizes the notion of Frobenius algebra to tangent bundles.
Frobenius manifolds occur naturally in the subject of symplectic topology, more specifically quantum cohomology. The broadest definition is in the category of Riemannian supermanifolds. We will limit the discussion here to smooth (real) manifolds. A restriction to complex manifolds is also possible.
Definition
Let M be a smooth manifold. An affine flat structure on M is a sheaf Tf of vector spaces that pointwisely span TM the tangent bundle and the tangent bracket of pairs of its sections vanishes.
As a local example consider the coordinate vectorfields over a chart of M. A manifold admits an affine flat structure if one can glue together such vectorfields for a covering family of charts.
Let further be given a Riemannian metric g on M. It is compatible to the flat structure if g(X, Y) is locally constant for all flat vector fields X and Y.
A Riemannian manifold admits a compatible affine flat structure if and only if its curvature tensor vanishes everywhere.
A family of commutative products * on TM is equivalent to a section A of S2(T*M) ⊗ TM via
X
∗
Y
=
A
(
X
,
Y
)
.
{\displaystyle X*Y=A(X,Y).\,}
We require in addition the property
g
(
X
∗
Y
,
Z
)
=
g
(
X
,
Y
∗
Z
)
.
{\displaystyle g(X*Y,Z)=g(X,Y*Z).\,}
Therefore, the composition g#∘A is a symmetric 3-tensor.
This implies in particular that a linear Frobenius manifold (M, g, *) with constant product is a Frobenius algebra M.
Given (g, Tf, A), a local potential Φ is a local smooth function such that
g
(
A
(
X
,
Y
)
,
Z
)
=
X
[
Y
[
Z
[
Φ
]
]
]
{\displaystyle g(A(X,Y),Z)=X]]\,}
for all flat vector fields X, Y, and Z.
A Frobenius manifold (M, g, *) is now a flat Riemannian manifold (M, g) with symmetric 3-tensor A that admits everywhere a local potential and is associative.
Elementary properties
The associativity of the product * is equivalent to the following quadratic PDE in the local potential Φ
Φ
,
a
b
e
g
e
f
Φ
,
c
d
f
=
Φ
,
a
d
e
g
e
f
Φ
,
b
c
f
{\displaystyle \Phi _{,abe}g^{ef}\Phi _{,cdf}=\Phi _{,ade}g^{ef}\Phi _{,bcf}\,}
where Einstein's sum convention is implied, Φ,a denotes the partial derivative of the function Φ by the coordinate vectorfield ∂/∂xa which are all assumed to be flat. gef are the coefficients of the inverse of the metric.
The equation is therefore called associativity equation or Witten–Dijkgraaf–Verlinde–Verlinde (WDVV) equation.
Examples
Beside Frobenius algebras, examples arise from quantum cohomology. Namely, given a semipositive symplectic manifold (M, ω) then there exists an open neighborhood U of 0 in its even quantum cohomology QHeven(M, ω) with Novikov ring over C such that the big quantum product *a for a in U is analytic. Now U together with the intersection form g = <·,·> is a (complex) Frobenius manifold.
The second large class of examples of Frobenius manifolds come from the singularity theory. Namely, the space of miniversal deformations of an isolated singularity has a Frobenius manifold structure. This Frobenius manifold structure also relates to Kyoji Saito's primitive forms.
References
^ B. Dubrovin: Geometry of 2D topological field theories. In: Springer LNM, 1620 (1996), pp. 120–348.
2. Yu.I. Manin, S.A. Merkulov: Semisimple Frobenius (super)manifolds and quantum cohomology of Pr, Topol. Methods in Nonlinear Analysis 9 (1997), pp. 107–161
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"differential geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Riemannian manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_manifold"},{"link_name":"tangent space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent_space"},{"link_name":"Frobenius algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius_algebra"},{"link_name":"symplectic topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic_topology"},{"link_name":"quantum cohomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cohomology"},{"link_name":"supermanifolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermanifold"}],"text":"In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a Frobenius manifold, introduced by Dubrovin,[1] is a flat Riemannian manifold with a certain compatible multiplicative structure on the tangent space. The concept generalizes the notion of Frobenius algebra to tangent bundles.Frobenius manifolds occur naturally in the subject of symplectic topology, more specifically quantum cohomology. The broadest definition is in the category of Riemannian supermanifolds. We will limit the discussion here to smooth (real) manifolds. A restriction to complex manifolds is also possible.","title":"Frobenius manifold"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sheaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheaf_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Riemannian metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_metric"},{"link_name":"curvature tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_curvature_tensor"}],"text":"Let M be a smooth manifold. An affine flat structure on M is a sheaf Tf of vector spaces that pointwisely span TM the tangent bundle and the tangent bracket of pairs of its sections vanishes.As a local example consider the coordinate vectorfields over a chart of M. A manifold admits an affine flat structure if one can glue together such vectorfields for a covering family of charts.Let further be given a Riemannian metric g on M. It is compatible to the flat structure if g(X, Y) is locally constant for all flat vector fields X and Y.A Riemannian manifold admits a compatible affine flat structure if and only if its curvature tensor vanishes everywhere.A family of commutative products * on TM is equivalent to a section A of S2(T*M) ⊗ TM viaX\n ∗\n Y\n =\n A\n (\n X\n ,\n Y\n )\n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X*Y=A(X,Y).\\,}We require in addition the propertyg\n (\n X\n ∗\n Y\n ,\n Z\n )\n =\n g\n (\n X\n ,\n Y\n ∗\n Z\n )\n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle g(X*Y,Z)=g(X,Y*Z).\\,}Therefore, the composition g#∘A is a symmetric 3-tensor.This implies in particular that a linear Frobenius manifold (M, g, *) with constant product is a Frobenius algebra M.Given (g, Tf, A), a local potential Φ is a local smooth function such thatg\n (\n A\n (\n X\n ,\n Y\n )\n ,\n Z\n )\n =\n X\n [\n Y\n [\n Z\n [\n Φ\n ]\n ]\n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle g(A(X,Y),Z)=X[Y[Z[\\Phi ]]]\\,}for all flat vector fields X, Y, and Z.A Frobenius manifold (M, g, *) is now a flat Riemannian manifold (M, g) with symmetric 3-tensor A that admits everywhere a local potential and is associative.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_differential_equation"}],"text":"The associativity of the product * is equivalent to the following quadratic PDE in the local potential ΦΦ\n \n ,\n a\n b\n e\n \n \n \n g\n \n e\n f\n \n \n \n Φ\n \n ,\n c\n d\n f\n \n \n =\n \n Φ\n \n ,\n a\n d\n e\n \n \n \n g\n \n e\n f\n \n \n \n Φ\n \n ,\n b\n c\n f\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi _{,abe}g^{ef}\\Phi _{,cdf}=\\Phi _{,ade}g^{ef}\\Phi _{,bcf}\\,}where Einstein's sum convention is implied, Φ,a denotes the partial derivative of the function Φ by the coordinate vectorfield ∂/∂xa which are all assumed to be flat. gef are the coefficients of the inverse of the metric.The equation is therefore called associativity equation or Witten–Dijkgraaf–Verlinde–Verlinde (WDVV) equation.","title":"Elementary properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"symplectic manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic_manifold"},{"link_name":"quantum cohomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cohomology"},{"link_name":"Novikov ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novikov_ring"},{"link_name":"intersection form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_form_(4-manifold)"},{"link_name":"Kyoji Saito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoji_Saito"}],"text":"Beside Frobenius algebras, examples arise from quantum cohomology. Namely, given a semipositive symplectic manifold (M, ω) then there exists an open neighborhood U of 0 in its even quantum cohomology QHeven(M, ω) with Novikov ring over C such that the big quantum product *a for a in U is analytic. Now U together with the intersection form g = <·,·> is a (complex) Frobenius manifold.The second large class of examples of Frobenius manifolds come from the singularity theory. Namely, the space of miniversal deformations of an isolated singularity has a Frobenius manifold structure. This Frobenius manifold structure also relates to Kyoji Saito's primitive forms.","title":"Examples"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Scanlon
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Joseph Scanlon
|
["1 Biography","2 Death and interment","3 References"]
|
American politician
Not to be confused with Joseph A. Scanlon.
Joseph J. ScanlonMember of the Pennsylvania Senatefrom the 4th districtIn officeJanuary 7, 1969 – September 13, 1970Preceded byThomas McCreeshSucceeded byJoseph F. SmithConstituencyPart of Philadelphia
Personal detailsBornApril 3, 1924DiedSeptember 13, 1970(1970-09-13) (aged 46)Resting placeHoly Sepulchre Cemetery, Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania, U.S.SpouseAgnes M. (Ruddock) ScanlonChildrenThree children
Joseph J. Scanlon (April 3, 1924 – September 13, 1970) was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 4th district from 1969 to 1970.
Biography
He graduated from Northeast Catholic High School in Philadelphia and attended Temple University. His father, Joseph A. Scanlon, was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the Philadelphia County district from 1935 to 1952.
He and his wife, Agnes M. (Ruddock) Scanlon, were the parents of three children, the grandparents of eight grandchildren and the great-grandparents of six great-grandchildren. His wife was also a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.
Death and interment
Scanlon died in office in 1970 at Temple University Hospital while undergoing treatment for diabetes. He is interred at the Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania.
References
^ Cox, Harold (2004). "Pennsylvania Senate - 1969-1970" (PDF). Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.
^ Pennsylvania. Dept. of General Services; Pennsylvania. Bureau of Publications; Pennsylvania. Dept. of Property and Supplies (1967). The Pennsylvania Manual. Vol. 98. Department of General Services. ISSN 0275-8814. Retrieved 2015-01-05.
^ Cox, Harold. "Senate Members "S"". Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.
^ a b "Pennsylvania State Senate - Joseph J Scanlon Biography". www.legis.state.pa.us. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
^ "AGNES M. (Ruddock) SCANLON". Philadelphia Inquirer/Philadelphia Daily News. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
^ "Agnes M. Scanlon" (biography). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania House of Representatives, retrieved online May 24, 2023.
^ "J.J. Scanlon, Democratic Leader, Dies". www.newspapers.com. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
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[]
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[{"reference":"Cox, Harold (2004). \"Pennsylvania Senate - 1969-1970\" (PDF). Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.","urls":[{"url":"http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/legis/153S.pdf","url_text":"\"Pennsylvania Senate - 1969-1970\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes_University_Election_Statistics_Project","url_text":"Wilkes University Election Statistics Project"}]},{"reference":"Pennsylvania. Dept. of General Services; Pennsylvania. Bureau of Publications; Pennsylvania. Dept. of Property and Supplies (1967). The Pennsylvania Manual. Vol. 98. Department of General Services. ISSN 0275-8814. Retrieved 2015-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sCP0AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Pennsylvania Manual"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0275-8814","url_text":"0275-8814"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Harold. \"Senate Members \"S\"\". Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.","urls":[{"url":"http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/legis/SS.html","url_text":"\"Senate Members \"S\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes_University_Election_Statistics_Project","url_text":"Wilkes University Election Statistics Project"}]},{"reference":"\"Pennsylvania State Senate - Joseph J Scanlon Biography\". www.legis.state.pa.us. Retrieved 6 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/BiosHistory/MemBio.cfm?ID=5412&body=S","url_text":"\"Pennsylvania State Senate - Joseph J Scanlon Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"AGNES M. (Ruddock) SCANLON\". Philadelphia Inquirer/Philadelphia Daily News. Retrieved July 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/inquirer/obituary.aspx?n=agnes-m-scanlon&pid=190415282&fhid=15287","url_text":"\"AGNES M. (Ruddock) SCANLON\""}]},{"reference":"\"J.J. Scanlon, Democratic Leader, Dies\". www.newspapers.com. Retrieved 6 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/11943254/scanlon/","url_text":"\"J.J. Scanlon, Democratic Leader, Dies\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autokinesis
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Autokinetic effect
|
["1 In literature","2 In aviation","3 In combat","4 Autostasis","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography"]
|
Optical illusion
See also: Kinetic depth effect
The autokinetic effect (also referred to as autokinesis and the autokinetic illusion) is a phenomenon of visual perception in which a stationary, small point of light in an otherwise dark or featureless environment appears to move. It was first recorded in 1799 by Alexander von Humboldt who observed illusory movement of a star in a dark sky, although he believed the movement was real. It is presumed to occur because motion perception is always relative to some reference point, and in darkness or in a featureless environment there is no reference point, so the position of the single point is undefined. The direction of the movements does not appear to be correlated with involuntary eye movements, but may be determined by errors between eye position and that specified by efference copy of the movement signals sent to the extraocular muscles. Richard Gregory suggested that, with lack of peripheral information, eye movements which correct movements due to muscle fatigue are wrongly interpreted as movement of the perceived light.
The amplitude of the movements is also undefined. Individual observers set their own frames of reference to judge amplitude (and possibly direction). Because the phenomenon is labile, it has been used to show the effects of social influence or suggestion on judgements. For example, if an observer who would otherwise say the light is moving one foot overhears another observer say the light is moving one yard, then the first observer will report that the light moved one yard. Discovery of the influence of suggestion on the autokinetic effect is often attributed to Sherif (1935), but it was recorded by Adams (1912), if not others.
Alexander von Humboldt observed the phenomenon in 1799 while looking at stars with the naked eye, but thought it was a real movement of the stars. Thus, he named them "Sternschwanken", meaning "swinging stars". It was not until 1857 that G. Schweitzer showed that it was a subjective phenomenon: several observers all simultaneously viewing the same star reported different directions of the movement.
Many sightings of UFOs have been attributed to the autokinetic effect when looking at stars or planets.
The US Navy started studying autokinesis in 1945 in an attempt to explain vertigo experiences reported by pilots, but this "kinetic illusion" is now categorized as a vestibular-induced illusion: see vestibular system.
In literature
An evocative passage appears in H. G. Wells' novel The War of the Worlds. Although Wells ascribes the apparent "swimming" of the planet to telescope vibration and eye fatigue, it is likely that the autokinetic effect is also being described:
Looking through the telescope, one saw a circle of deep blue and the little round planet swimming in the field. It seemed such a little thing, so bright and small and still, faintly marked with transverse stripes, and slightly flattened from the perfect round. But so little it was, so silvery warm—a pin's-head of light! It was as if it quivered, but really this was the telescope vibrating with the activity of the clockwork that kept the planet in view.
As I watched, the planet seemed to grow larger and smaller and to advance and recede, but that was simply that my eye was tired. Forty million miles it was from us—more than forty million miles of void. Few people realise the immensity of vacancy in which the dust of the material universe swims.
In aviation
The effect is well known as an illusion affecting pilots who fly at night. It is particularly dangerous for pilots flying in formation or rejoining a refueling tanker at night. Steps that can be taken to prevent or overcome the phenomenon include:
Shifting your gaze frequently to avoid prolonged fixation on light sources.
Attempting to view a target with a reference to stationary structures or landmarks.
Making eye, head, and body movements to eliminate the illusion.
Monitoring the flight instruments to prevent or resolve any perceptual conflict.
In combat
In his book documenting the opening stages of the second Gulf War from his position embedded with the 1st Marine Reconnaissance Battalion, Evan Wright documents an incident during which, at night in the Iraqi desert, the Marines observed the lights of a town approximately 40 kilometers away. These lights appeared to be moving and were suspected of belonging to a large combat force moving out to attack the marines. An airstrike was called in on the estimated position of the lights—estimated to be around 15 kilometers away—which resulted in no enemy assets being destroyed. It was later suggested by Major Shoup of the battalion that this misidentification was a result of autokinesis. In the HBO mini-series based on the book, this information was imparted to the viewer by the character of Sergeant Brad Colbert, who had correctly deduced that it was a town in both versions.
Night fighter and night bomber crews during the Second World War reported encounters with mysterious aerial phenomena, nicknamed foo fighters, which may have been caused by autokinesis or a similar effect.
Autostasis
The opposite effect of autokinesis is autostasis. It is when a moving bright light in a dark sky appears stationary.
See also
Spatial disorientation
Ganzfeld effect
References
^ Levy, John (1972). "Autokinetic illusion: A systematic review of theories, measures, and independent variables". Psychological Bulletin. 78 (6): 457–474. doi:10.1037/h0033614. PMID 4566651.
^ von Humboldt, Alexander (1850). "Voyage aux regions équinoctiaux". Kosmos. 3: 73–74.
^ Gregory, R. L. (1977). Eye and Brain: The Psychology of Seeing (Third ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 105. ISBN 0-297-77303-8.
^ Adams, H. F. (1912). Autokinetic sensations. The Psychological Monographs, 14(2), i–44. doi:10.1037/h0093066
^ Wertheimer, Michael (1968). "A Case of "Autostasis" or Reverse Autokinesis". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 26 (2): 417–418. doi:10.2466/pms.1968.26.2.417. PMID 5654860. S2CID 39932855.
Bibliography
Adams, H. F. (1912). Autokinetic sensations. Psychological Monographs, 14, 1-45.
Schweitzer, G. (1857). Über das Sternschwanken. Bulletin de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou. 30: 440–457; 31: 477–500. Source: Skeptic, Volume 17. No. 2 2012, pages 38–43.
Sherif, M. (1935). A study of some social factors in perception. Archives of Psychology, 27(187) .
U.S. Air Force (2000). Flying Operations, Instrument Flight Procedures. Air Force Manual 11-217. Volume 1, 29 December 2000.
Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, second edition, by Roy L. DeHart. Port City Press, 1996.
Generation Kill by Evan Wright. (2005) ISBN 0-552-15189-0 Chapter 17, Page 236.
Gregory, Richard L. and Oliver L. Zangwill. 1963. "The Origin of the Autokinetic Effect." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 15, 255–261.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kinetic depth effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_depth_effect"},{"link_name":"visual perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_perception"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Alexander von Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"motion perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_perception"},{"link_name":"relative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity"},{"link_name":"eye movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_movement_(sensory)"},{"link_name":"efference copy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efference_copy"},{"link_name":"extraocular muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraocular_muscles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"social influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence"},{"link_name":"suggestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggestion"},{"link_name":"Sherif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzafer_Sherif"},{"link_name":"Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Foster_Adams"},{"link_name":"Alexander von Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"UFOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFOs"},{"link_name":"been attributed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identified_flying_object#Misperception"},{"link_name":"vertigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo"},{"link_name":"vestibular system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_system"}],"text":"See also: Kinetic depth effectThe autokinetic effect (also referred to as autokinesis and the autokinetic illusion) is a phenomenon of visual perception in which a stationary, small point of light in an otherwise dark or featureless environment appears to move.[1] It was first recorded in 1799 by Alexander von Humboldt who observed illusory movement of a star in a dark sky, although he believed the movement was real.[2] It is presumed to occur because motion perception is always relative to some reference point, and in darkness or in a featureless environment there is no reference point, so the position of the single point is undefined. The direction of the movements does not appear to be correlated with involuntary eye movements, but may be determined by errors between eye position and that specified by efference copy of the movement signals sent to the extraocular muscles. Richard Gregory suggested that, with lack of peripheral information, eye movements which correct movements due to muscle fatigue are wrongly interpreted as movement of the perceived light.[3]The amplitude of the movements is also undefined. Individual observers set their own frames of reference to judge amplitude (and possibly direction). Because the phenomenon is labile, it has been used to show the effects of social influence or suggestion on judgements. For example, if an observer who would otherwise say the light is moving one foot overhears another observer say the light is moving one yard, then the first observer will report that the light moved one yard. Discovery of the influence of suggestion on the autokinetic effect is often attributed to Sherif (1935), but it was recorded by Adams (1912), if not others.Alexander von Humboldt observed the phenomenon in 1799 while looking at stars with the naked eye, but thought it was a real movement of the stars. Thus, he named them \"Sternschwanken\", meaning \"swinging stars\". It was not until 1857 that G. Schweitzer showed that it was a subjective phenomenon: several observers all simultaneously viewing the same star reported different directions of the movement.[4]Many sightings of UFOs have been attributed to the autokinetic effect when looking at stars or planets.The US Navy started studying autokinesis in 1945 in an attempt to explain vertigo experiences reported by pilots, but this \"kinetic illusion\" is now categorized as a vestibular-induced illusion: see vestibular system.","title":"Autokinetic effect"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H. G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"The War of the Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds"}],"text":"An evocative passage appears in H. G. Wells' novel The War of the Worlds. Although Wells ascribes the apparent \"swimming\" of the planet to telescope vibration and eye fatigue, it is likely that the autokinetic effect is also being described:Looking through the telescope, one saw a circle of deep blue and the little round planet swimming in the field. It seemed such a little thing, so bright and small and still, faintly marked with transverse stripes, and slightly flattened from the perfect round. But so little it was, so silvery warm—a pin's-head of light! It was as if it quivered, but really this was the telescope vibrating with the activity of the clockwork that kept the planet in view.\nAs I watched, the planet seemed to grow larger and smaller and to advance and recede, but that was simply that my eye was tired. Forty million miles it was from us—more than forty million miles of void. Few people realise the immensity of vacancy in which the dust of the material universe swims.","title":"In literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"illusion affecting pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_illusions_in_aviation"},{"link_name":"refueling tanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_refueling"},{"link_name":"flight instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instruments"}],"text":"The effect is well known as an illusion affecting pilots who fly at night. It is particularly dangerous for pilots flying in formation or rejoining a refueling tanker at night. Steps that can be taken to prevent or overcome the phenomenon include:Shifting your gaze frequently to avoid prolonged fixation on light sources.\nAttempting to view a target with a reference to stationary structures or landmarks.\nMaking eye, head, and body movements to eliminate the illusion.\nMonitoring the flight instruments to prevent or resolve any perceptual conflict.","title":"In aviation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Kill"},{"link_name":"1st Marine Reconnaissance Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Recon"},{"link_name":"Evan Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Wright"},{"link_name":"HBO mini-series based on the book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Kill_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"foo fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_fighter"}],"text":"In his book documenting the opening stages of the second Gulf War from his position embedded with the 1st Marine Reconnaissance Battalion, Evan Wright documents an incident during which, at night in the Iraqi desert, the Marines observed the lights of a town approximately 40 kilometers away. These lights appeared to be moving and were suspected of belonging to a large combat force moving out to attack the marines. An airstrike was called in on the estimated position of the lights—estimated to be around 15 kilometers away—which resulted in no enemy assets being destroyed. It was later suggested by Major Shoup of the battalion that this misidentification was a result of autokinesis. In the HBO mini-series based on the book, this information was imparted to the viewer by the character of Sergeant Brad Colbert, who had correctly deduced that it was a town in both versions.Night fighter and night bomber crews during the Second World War reported encounters with mysterious aerial phenomena, nicknamed foo fighters, which may have been caused by autokinesis or a similar effect.","title":"In combat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The opposite effect of autokinesis is autostasis.[5] It is when a moving bright light in a dark sky appears stationary.","title":"Autostasis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Force Manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160601055718/http://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/af_a3_5/publication/afman11-217v1/afman11-217v1.pdf"},{"link_name":"Generation Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Kill"},{"link_name":"Evan Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Wright"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-552-15189-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-552-15189-0"}],"text":"Adams, H. F. (1912). Autokinetic sensations. Psychological Monographs, 14, 1-45.\nSchweitzer, G. (1857). Über das Sternschwanken. Bulletin de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou. 30: 440–457; 31: 477–500. Source: Skeptic, Volume 17. No. 2 2012, pages 38–43.\nSherif, M. (1935). A study of some social factors in perception. Archives of Psychology, 27(187) .\nU.S. Air Force (2000). Flying Operations, Instrument Flight Procedures. Air Force Manual 11-217. Volume 1, 29 December 2000.\nFundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, second edition, by Roy L. DeHart. Port City Press, 1996.\nGeneration Kill by Evan Wright. (2005) ISBN 0-552-15189-0 Chapter 17, Page 236.\nGregory, Richard L. and Oliver L. Zangwill. 1963. \"The Origin of the Autokinetic Effect.\" Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 15, 255–261.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Spatial disorientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_disorientation"},{"title":"Ganzfeld effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganzfeld_effect"}]
|
[{"reference":"Levy, John (1972). \"Autokinetic illusion: A systematic review of theories, measures, and independent variables\". Psychological Bulletin. 78 (6): 457–474. doi:10.1037/h0033614. PMID 4566651.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0033614","url_text":"10.1037/h0033614"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4566651","url_text":"4566651"}]},{"reference":"von Humboldt, Alexander (1850). \"Voyage aux regions équinoctiaux\". Kosmos. 3: 73–74.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gregory, R. L. (1977). Eye and Brain: The Psychology of Seeing (Third ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 105. ISBN 0-297-77303-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-77303-8","url_text":"0-297-77303-8"}]},{"reference":"Wertheimer, Michael (1968). \"A Case of \"Autostasis\" or Reverse Autokinesis\". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 26 (2): 417–418. doi:10.2466/pms.1968.26.2.417. PMID 5654860. S2CID 39932855.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/pms.1968.26.2.417","url_text":"\"A Case of \"Autostasis\" or Reverse Autokinesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpms.1968.26.2.417","url_text":"10.2466/pms.1968.26.2.417"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5654860","url_text":"5654860"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39932855","url_text":"39932855"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Senate
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Iowa Senate
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["1 Leadership","2 Committee leadership","3 Current composition","3.1 Past notable members","4 Past composition of the Senate","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 41°35′28″N 93°36′14″W / 41.591°N 93.604°W / 41.591; -93.604State of Iowa legislative body
41°35′28″N 93°36′14″W / 41.591°N 93.604°W / 41.591; -93.604
Iowa SenateIowa General AssemblyTypeTypeUpper house Term limitsNoneHistoryNew session startedJanuary 9, 2023LeadershipPresidentAmy Sinclair (R) since January 4, 2023 President pro temporeBrad Zaun (R) since January 11, 2021 Majority LeaderJack Whitver (R) since March 14, 2018 Minority LeaderPam Jochum (D) since June 7, 2023 StructurePolitical groupsMajority
Republican (34)
Minority
Democratic (16)
Length of term4 yearsAuthorityLegislative Department, Section 3, Iowa ConstitutionSalary$25,000/year + per diemElectionsLast electionNovember 8, 2022(25 seats)Next electionNovember 5, 2024(25 seats)RedistrictingLegislative Service Agency with legislative approvalMeeting placeState Senate ChamberIowa State CapitolDes Moines, IowaWebsiteIowa General Assembly
The Iowa Senate is the upper house of the Iowa General Assembly, United States. There are 50 seats in the Iowa Senate, representing 50 single-member districts across the state of Iowa with populations of approximately 60,927 per constituency, as of the 2010 United States census. Each Senate district is composed of two House districts. The Senate meets at the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines.
Unlike the lower house, the Iowa House of Representatives, senators serve four-year terms, with no term limits. Terms are staggered so that half the Senate is up for reelection every two years.
Leadership
The President of the Senate presides over the body, whose powers include referring bills to committees, recognizing members during debate, and making procedural rulings. Unlike the more powerful Speaker of the Iowa House of Representatives, the Senate President cannot appoint committee chairmanships or shuffle committee memberships. The Lieutenant Governor of Iowa was the presiding officer of the Senate until 1988, when an amendment to the Constitution of Iowa was passed in a referendum (effective from 1991). The other partisan Senate leadership positions, such as the Majority and Minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses to head their parties in the chamber.
The President of the Senate is Republican Amy Sinclair of the 12th District. The Majority Leader is Republican Jack Whitver of the 23rd District. The Minority Leader is Democrat Pam Jochum of the 36th District.
Committee leadership
Committee
Chair
Vice Chair
Ranking Member
Agriculture
Dan Zumbach
Annette Sweeney
Kevin Kinney
Appropriations
Tim Kraayenbrink
Mark Lofgren
Joe Bolkcom
Commerce
Jason Schultz
Carrie Koelker
Jim Lykam
Education
Amy Sinclair
Jeff Taylor
Herman Quirmbach
Ethics
Carrie Koelker
Jim Carlin
Pam Jochum
Government Oversight
Jason Schultz
Craig Williams
Claire Celsi
Human Resources
Jeff Edler
Mark Costello
Liz Mathis
Judiciary
Brad Zaun
Julian Garrett
Kevin Kinney
Labor and Business Relations
Zach Whiting
Jesse Green
Nate Boulton
Local Government
Tom Shipley
Mike Klimesh
Jackie Smith
Natural Resources and Environment
Annette Sweeney
Dawn Driscoll
Sarah Trone Garriott
Rules and Administration
Jack Whitver
Jake Chapman
Zach Wahls
State Government
Roby Smith
Chris Cournoyer
Tony Bisignano
Transportation
Waylon Brown
Adrian Dickey
Eric Giddens
Veterans Affairs
Jim Carlin
Jeff Reichman
Eric Giddens
Ways and Means
Dan Dawson
Tim Goodwin
Pam Jochum
*All chairs and vice chairs are Republicans. All ranking members are Democrats.
Current composition
Iowa Senate districts from 2012 to 2022Current partisan composition
Affiliation
Party (shading indicates majority caucus)
Total
Democratic
Republican
Independent
Vacant
End 2012
26
23
0
49
1
Begin 2013
26
24
0
50
0
End of 2014 session
Begin 2015
26
24
0
50
0
End 2016 session
23
1
Begin 2017
20
29
1
50
0
End 2018
50
0
Begin 2019
18
32
0
50
0
Begin 2023
16
34
0
50
0
Latest voting share
32%
68%
0%
Past notable members
Samuel J. Kirkwood, two-time governor of Iowa (1860–64, 1876–77); two time U.S. senator (1866–67), (1877–81); U.S. secretary of the interior (1881–82)
George G. Wright, U.S. senator from 1871 to 1877
Tom Vilsack, Incumbent United States secretary of agriculture since 2021 and from 2009 to 2017, former governor of Iowa from 1999 to 2007, and briefly Democratic candidate for president of the United States in 2008
George A. Wilson, governor of Iowa from 1939 to 1943
Patty Judge, former lieutenant governor of Iowa (2007–2011), former Iowa secretary of agriculture (1999–2007)
Steve King, former U.S. representative for Iowa's 4th congressional district (2003–2021)
Joni Ernst, Incumbent U.S. senator, since 2015
Kim Reynolds, Incumbent governor of Iowa since 2017, former lieutenant governor of Iowa (2011–2017)
Randy Feenstra, Incumbent U.S. representative for Iowa's 4th congressional district since 2021
Mariannette Miller-Meeks, U.S. representative for Iowa's 2nd congressional district since 2021 and Republican nominee for Iowa's 2nd congressional district in 2008, 2010, and 2014
SENATE CHAMBER seating chart detail from the 1882 Iowa Redbook
Past composition of the Senate
Main article: Political party strength in Iowa
See also
List of current members of the Iowa Senate
Iowa House of Representatives
References
^ Iowa Legislative Services Agency (2011-03-31). "First Redistricting Plan" (PDF). p. 3. Retrieved 2012-11-17.
^ "The Three Branches of Government". Iowa General Assembly. Archived from the original on 2005-11-10. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
^ "The Drafting of Iowa's Constitution". Steven Cross, Iowa General Assembly. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
^ "Iowa Legislature - Leadership".
^ Agency, Iowa Legislative Services. "Committees". www.legis.iowa.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-12.
^ David Johnson (District 1) switched parties from Republican to "No Party" on June 7, 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iowa Senate.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iowa State Senators of the 85th General Assembly.
Iowa Legislature official government website
Iowa Senate at Ballotpedia
Iowa Senate Democrats
Iowa Senate Republicans
Current Iowa Senators
vteMembers of the Iowa Senate90th General Assembly (2023–2025)
President of the Senate
Amy Sinclair (R)
President pro tempore
Brad Zaun (R)
Majority Leader
Jack Whitver (R)
Minority Leader
Pam Jochum (D)
▌Rocky De Witt (R)
▌Jeff Taylor (R)
▌Lynn Evans (R)
▌Tim Kraayenbrink (R)
▌Dave Rowley (R)
▌Jason Schultz (R)
▌Kevin Alons (R)
▌Mark Costello (R)
▌Tom Shipley (R)
▌Dan Dawson (R)
▌Julian Garrett (R)
▌Amy Sinclair (R)
▌Cherielynn Westrich (R)
▌Sarah Trone Garriott (D)
▌Tony Bisignano (D)
▌Claire Celsi (D)
▌Izaah Knox (D)
▌Janet Petersen (D)
▌Ken Rozenboom (R)
▌Nate Boulton (D)
▌Mike Bousselot (R)
▌Brad Zaun (R)
▌Jack Whitver (R)
▌Jesse Green (R)
▌Herman Quirmbach (D)
▌Jeff Edler (R)
▌Annette Sweeney (R)
▌Dennis Guth (R)
▌Sandy Salmon (R)
▌Waylon Brown (R)
▌William Dotzler (D)
▌Mike Klimesh (R)
▌Carrie Koelker (R)
▌Dan Zumbach (R)
▌Chris Cournoyer (R)
▌Pam Jochum (D)
▌Molly Donahue (D)
▌Eric Giddens (D)
▌Liz Bennett (D)
▌Todd Taylor (D)
▌Kerry Gruenhagen (R)
▌Charlie McClintock (R)
▌Zach Wahls (D)
▌Adrian Dickey (R)
▌Janice Weiner (D)
▌Dawn Driscoll (R)
▌Scott Webster (R)
▌Mark Lofgren (R)
▌Cindy Winckler (D)
▌Jeff Reichman (R)
▌Republican (34)
▌Democratic (16)
Iowa General Assembly
Iowa House of Representatives
Iowa Senate
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United States House of Representatives
United States Senate
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Other legislatures
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List of U.S. state legislators
vteState of IowaDes Moines (capital)Topics
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Largest cities
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Iowa portal
vteStatewide political officials of IowaU.S. senators
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Mike Naig, Agriculture Secretary
State Senate
Amy Sinclair, President
Brad Zaun, President pro tempore
Jack Whitver, Majority Leader
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Pat Grassley, Speaker
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Susan Christensen, Chief Justice
Christopher McDonald
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Authority control databases International
VIAF
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Kirkwood, two-time governor of Iowa (1860–64, 1876–77); two time U.S. senator (1866–67), (1877–81); U.S. secretary of the interior (1881–82)\nGeorge G. Wright, U.S. senator from 1871 to 1877\nTom Vilsack, Incumbent United States secretary of agriculture since 2021 and from 2009 to 2017, former governor of Iowa from 1999 to 2007, and briefly Democratic candidate for president of the United States in 2008\nGeorge A. Wilson, governor of Iowa from 1939 to 1943\nPatty Judge, former lieutenant governor of Iowa (2007–2011), former Iowa secretary of agriculture (1999–2007)\nSteve King, former U.S. representative for Iowa's 4th congressional district (2003–2021)\nJoni Ernst, Incumbent U.S. senator, since 2015\nKim Reynolds, Incumbent governor of Iowa since 2017, former lieutenant governor of Iowa (2011–2017)\nRandy Feenstra, Incumbent U.S. representative for Iowa's 4th congressional district since 2021\nMariannette Miller-Meeks, U.S. representative for Iowa's 2nd congressional district since 2021 and Republican nominee for Iowa's 2nd congressional district in 2008, 2010, and 2014SENATE CHAMBER seating chart detail from the 1882 Iowa Redbook","title":"Current composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Past composition of the Senate"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin-du-Canigou
|
Abbey of Saint-Martin-du-Canigou
|
["1 Location","2 History","3 Buildings","3.1 The cloister","3.2 Gallery","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 42°31′41″N 2°24′03″E / 42.528144°N 2.400892°E / 42.528144; 2.400892Abbey of Saint-Martin-du-CanigouSaint-Martin-du-CanigouReligionAffiliationRoman CatholicDistrictPradesRegionLanguedoc-RoussillonEcclesiastical or organizational statusMonasteryStatusActiveLocationLocationnear Casteil, Prades, Pyrénées-Orientales, Languedoc-Roussillon region,FranceMunicipalityCasteilStatePyrénées-OrientalesShown within FranceGeographic coordinates42°31′41″N 2°24′03″E / 42.528144°N 2.400892°E / 42.528144; 2.400892ArchitectureTypeAbbey churchStyleRomanesqueGroundbreaking1005Completed1009Designated as NHLMonument historique (1889)Websitehttp://stmartinducanigou.org/
The abbey of Saint-Martin-du-Canigou (Catalan: Sant Martí del Canigó) is a monastery built in 1009 in the Pyrenees of Northern Catalonia on Canigou mountain in present-day southern France near the Spanish border.
Pau Casals wrote a composition entitled "Sant Martí del Canigó" for Orchestra.
Location
The monastery is located on the territory of the commune of Casteil, in the Pyrénées-Orientales département.
History
The original Romanesque style monastery was built from 1005 to 1009 by Guifred II, Count of Cerdanya (Fr. Cerdagne), in atonement for the murder of his son and was populated by Benedictine monks.
In 1050, Guifred II died at the monastery he had built after having become a monk there 15 years before. In 1051 a messenger set forth to visit religious houses throughout Europe to solicit prayers for Guifred. He brought a parchment, a mortuary roll, upon which at each stop were added words of prayer and respect. This parchment has survived and scholars (including Léopold Delisle with his Rouleaux des Morts du IX au XV Siecle of 1866) have used it to discover differences in culture between northern and southern Europe in a single given year. Some of the discoveries from this important document include that southern culture was more staid and bound by custom while the northern culture more free form and experimental in their writing styles, use of words and grammar.
The monastery was damaged in the Catalan earthquake of 1428.
The monastery was secularized in 1782 by Louis XVI. The monastery was abandoned by the monks in 1783-1785 and fell into disrepair.
During Reign of Terror in the years 1793-1794, the abbey was closed, and its contents scattered. The buildings were then transformed into a stone quarry for nearby residents, the capitals of the cloister were looted, as well as sculptures and furniture.
In 1902, the bishop of Elne and Perpignan, because of his Catalan background, began to restore the ruins radically, work that was completed in 1932. Today it is occupied by the Catholic Community of the Beatitudes.
Buildings
The abbey consists of two churches in the First Romanesque style; the lower church, dedicated to St. Mary, and the upper, dedicated to St. Martin. This building is indexed in the Base Mérimée, a database of architectural heritage maintained by the French Ministry of Culture, under the reference PA00103981.
The lower church is predominantly black, and vault height rarely exceeds 3 meters. The eastern part (apses and adjacent bay) probably dates back to the consecration of 1009, while the rest of the building dates from the years 1010–1020, in conjunction with work after acquiring the relics of St. Ganders and new consecration of the church.
The upper church was built between the years 1010-1020 (at the same time as the expansion of the lower church). Its construction required the strengthening of the columns of the lower church, which were enclosed in square piles. Similar to the lower church, the Saint-Martin church is composed of three naves separated by monolithic columns and barrel vaulted semicircular (except between the third and fourth bay, where the pair of support is cruciform in shape and arch supports).
The gatehouse is no longer than 19 meters after being damaged in the 1428 earthquake. It was never fully restored.
The rest of the convent buildings date from the early 20th century.
The cloister
Since the restorations of 1900-1920 it is difficult to imagine the original appearance of the cloister.
The cloister once had two levels, the first built in the early 11th century and the second to the late 12th century. The lower level, which showed vaulted galleries and semicircular arches was bare of any decoration. Nowadays, there remain only three galleries that have been heavily restored, lacking their original character. The upper level, had marble capitals, which were scattered after the closure of the monastery during the French Revolution. The restoration recovered some, which were incorporated in the new southern gallery.
Gallery
Northern and eastern galleries (2006)
Abbey of Saint Martin du Canigou by A. Mayer (1837)
Abbey Church of St Martin de Canigou (1837)
Tower-porch and apse of the abbey (2006)
Decorated pillar (2010)
Tower (2010)
Cloisters (2010)
Decorated capital, figures (2015)
Interior (2010)
Font (2011)
Slate tile roofs (2011)
Relief, Monks burying an Abbot (2011)
Floor plan of the upper church, Sketch (2011)
References
^ a b "St-Martin-Du-Canigou Abbey, Casteil". Sacred Destinations.
Bibliography
Cortade, Eugène (1972). La restauration de l'abbaye de Saint-Martin-du-Canigou par Mgr de Carsalade du Pont (in French). Prades: Revue Conflent.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Martin-du-Canigou.
Pictures
Website of the commune
vteVisitor attractions in Pyrénées-Orientales
Camp de Rivesaltes
Canigou
Castillet
Château Royal de Collioure
Elne Cathedral
Fort de Bellegarde
Fort de Salses
Gate of the Catalan Countries
GR 10
Ligne de Cerdagne
Martin-du-Canigou
Mont-Louis Solar Furnace
Musée d'Art Moderne de Céret
Palace of the Kings of Majorca
Paulilles
Perpignan Cathedral
Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa
Serrabone Priory
Themis solar power plant
Vermilion Coast Tracks
Villefranche-de-Conflent
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Geographic
Mérimée
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"Pyrenees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees"},{"link_name":"Northern Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Canigou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canigou"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Pau Casals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau_Casals"}],"text":"The abbey of Saint-Martin-du-Canigou (Catalan: Sant Martí del Canigó) is a monastery built in 1009 in the Pyrenees of Northern Catalonia on Canigou mountain in present-day southern France near the Spanish border.Pau Casals wrote a composition entitled \"Sant Martí del Canigó\" for Orchestra.","title":"Abbey of Saint-Martin-du-Canigou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_in_France"},{"link_name":"Casteil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casteil"},{"link_name":"Pyrénées-Orientales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales"},{"link_name":"département","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9partement_in_France"}],"text":"The monastery is located on the territory of the commune of Casteil, in the Pyrénées-Orientales département.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romanesque style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Guifred II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wifred_II,_Count_of_Cerdanya"},{"link_name":"Count of Cerdanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Cerdanya"},{"link_name":"Fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_St._Benedict"},{"link_name":"mortuary roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortuary_roll"},{"link_name":"Léopold Delisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_Delisle"},{"link_name":"Catalan earthquake of 1428","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_earthquake_of_1428"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI"},{"link_name":"Reign of Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror"},{"link_name":"bishop of Elne and Perpignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Elne_and_Perpignan"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Community of the Beatitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_the_Beatitudes"}],"text":"The original Romanesque style monastery was built from 1005 to 1009 by Guifred II, Count of Cerdanya (Fr. Cerdagne), in atonement for the murder of his son and was populated by Benedictine monks.In 1050, Guifred II died at the monastery he had built after having become a monk there 15 years before. In 1051 a messenger set forth to visit religious houses throughout Europe to solicit prayers for Guifred. He brought a parchment, a mortuary roll, upon which at each stop were added words of prayer and respect. This parchment has survived and scholars (including Léopold Delisle with his Rouleaux des Morts du IX au XV Siecle of 1866) have used it to discover differences in culture between northern and southern Europe in a single given year. Some of the discoveries from this important document include that southern culture was more staid and bound by custom while the northern culture more free form and experimental in their writing styles, use of words and grammar.The monastery was damaged in the Catalan earthquake of 1428.The monastery was secularized in 1782 by Louis XVI. The monastery was abandoned by the monks in 1783-1785 and fell into disrepair.During Reign of Terror in the years 1793-1794, the abbey was closed, and its contents scattered. The buildings were then transformed into a stone quarry for nearby residents, the capitals of the cloister were looted, as well as sculptures and furniture.In 1902, the bishop of Elne and Perpignan, because of his Catalan background, began to restore the ruins radically, work that was completed in 1932. Today it is occupied by the Catholic Community of the Beatitudes.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Romanesque"},{"link_name":"Base Mérimée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"French Ministry of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(France)"}],"text":"The abbey consists of two churches in the First Romanesque style; the lower church, dedicated to St. Mary, and the upper, dedicated to St. Martin. This building is indexed in the Base Mérimée, a database of architectural heritage maintained by the French Ministry of Culture, under the reference PA00103981.The lower church is predominantly black, and vault height rarely exceeds 3 meters. The eastern part (apses and adjacent bay) probably dates back to the consecration of 1009, while the rest of the building dates from the years 1010–1020, in conjunction with work after acquiring the relics of St. Ganders and new consecration of the church.\nThe upper church was built between the years 1010-1020 (at the same time as the expansion of the lower church). Its construction required the strengthening of the columns of the lower church, which were enclosed in square piles. Similar to the lower church, the Saint-Martin church is composed of three naves separated by monolithic columns and barrel vaulted semicircular (except between the third and fourth bay, where the pair of support is cruciform in shape and arch supports).\nThe gatehouse is no longer than 19 meters after being damaged in the 1428 earthquake. It was never fully restored.The rest of the convent buildings date from the early 20th century.","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"}],"sub_title":"The cloister","text":"Since the restorations of 1900-1920 it is difficult to imagine the original appearance of the cloister. \nThe cloister once had two levels, the first built in the early 11th century and the second to the late 12th century. The lower level, which showed vaulted galleries and semicircular arches was bare of any decoration. Nowadays, there remain only three galleries that have been heavily restored, lacking their original character. The upper level, had marble capitals, which were scattered after the closure of the monastery during the French Revolution. The restoration recovered some, which were incorporated in the new southern gallery.","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Martin_du_Canigou_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abbaye_Saint-Martin-du-Canigou_-_Voyages_pittoresques.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%89glise_de_l%27abbaye_Saint-Martin_du_Canigou_-_Voyages_pittoresques.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Martin_du_Canigou_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint-Martin-du-Canigou-PM_45669.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint-Martin-du-Canigou-PM_45714.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint-Martin-du-Canigou-PM_45663.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint-Martin_du_Canigou,_chapiteau_05.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint-Martin-du-Canigou-PM_45711.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F10_51_Abbaye_Saint-Martin_du_Canigou.0179.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F10_51_Abbaye_Saint-Martin_du_Canigou.0089.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F10_51_Abbaye_Saint-Martin_du_Canigou.0111.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abbaye_Saint-Martin_du_Canigou,_Grundriss_Oberkirche,_Handskizze.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Gallery","text":"Northern and eastern galleries (2006)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAbbey of Saint Martin du Canigou by A. Mayer (1837)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAbbey Church of St Martin de Canigou (1837)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTower-porch and apse of the abbey (2006)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDecorated pillar (2010)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTower (2010)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCloisters (2010)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDecorated capital, figures (2015)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInterior (2010)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFont (2011)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSlate tile roofs (2011)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRelief, Monks burying an Abbot (2011)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFloor plan of the upper church, Sketch (2011)","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Cortade, Eugène (1972). La restauration de l'abbaye de Saint-Martin-du-Canigou par Mgr de Carsalade du Pont (in French). Prades: Revue Conflent.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensen
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Bensen Aircraft
|
["1 History","2 Aircraft","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Bibliography","5 External links"]
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This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Not to be confused with Benson (disambiguation).
Bensen AircraftCompany typePrivate companyIndustryAerospaceFounded1952 (1952)FounderIgor BensenDefunct1987 (1987)FateClosedHeadquartersRaleigh, North Carolina, United States
The Bensen Aircraft Corporation was established by Dr. Igor Bensen at Raleigh-Durham International Airport in North Carolina in 1952 to develop and market a variety of helicopters and autogyros of Bensen's own design.
History
The most successful product was the Bensen B-8 that first flew in 1955 and remained in production until the company closed down in 1987.
Aircraft
Bensen B-8M
Model name
First flight
Number built
Type
Bensen B-5
1953
Rotor kite
Bensen B-6
1953
Rotor kite
Bensen B-7
1955
Rotor kite
Bensen B-8
1955
Autogyro
Bensen B-9
1958
Helicopter
Bensen B-10
1958
1
Experimental VTOL aircraft
Bensen B-11
Autogyro
Bensen B-12
1961
1
Experimental VTOL aircraft
Bensen B-13
1963
Bensen Mid-Jet
1953
1
Experimental helicopter
Bensen X-25
1968
2
Experimental autogyro
See also
Aviation portal
Gyrocopter
Gyroglider
References
Notes
^ a b Eckland, K. O. (11 March 2009). "American airplanes: Ba - Bl". Aerofiles. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
Bibliography
Gunston, Bill (1993). World Encyclopaedia of Aircraft Manufacturers. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-1557509390. LCCN 93087264.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bensen aircraft.
Bensen Aircraft Foundation archives
vteBensen aircraft
B-1
B-2
B-3
B-4
B-5
B-6
B-7
B-8
B-9
B-10
B-11
B-12
B-13
B-16
Bensen Mid-Jet
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|
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|
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Lion_(France)
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Order of the Lion (France)
|
["1 Sources"]
|
Order of knighthood in France
This article is about the Order of the Lion (France). For other uses, see Order of the Lion.
The Order of the Lion was an order of knighthood set up by Enguerrand I of Coucy (or, according to other sources, his son Enguerrand II), to keep alive the memory of his killing a dangerous lion. It was short-lived and was forgotten after its founder's death.
His successor Enguerrand VII founded the Order of the Crown in 1378
Gustav Adolph Ackermann mentions the two orders as among the historical orders of France.
Sources
Gustav Adolph Ackermann, Ordensbuch, Sämtlicher in Europa blühender und erloschener Orden und Ehrenzeichen. Annaberg, 1855, p 209 n°83. "Orden des Löwen" - Google Books (Former orders of France : p. 205-214)
This France-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to orders, decorations, and medals is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_(given_name)
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Katherine
|
["1 Popularity and variations","1.1 Anglophone use","1.2 Language variants","2 See also","3 Notes and references","4 External links"]
|
Feminine given name
For other uses, see Katherine (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Katherine" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Look up Katherine or Catherine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Katherine/CatherineCatherine of Alexandria, by Carlo Crivelli. The name Catherine became famous in Christian communities because of this early saint.GenderFemaleOriginLanguage(s)GreekOther namesNickname(s)Kaight, Kate, Kath, Cat, Catt, Cate, Catey, Cath, Catie, Cayte, Kathy, Kathie, Kathi, Katie, Katey, Katy, Kay, Kat, Katya, Katyusha, Kati, Kit, Kitty, Kasia, Cathy, CathieRelated namesCatalina or KatalinaCaitlínCarin or KarenCatarina or KatarinaCatharina or KatharinaCatharine or KatharineCate or KateCaterina or KaterinaCaterineCatherynCathrinCatrinCatrinaCatrionaCetheraneChatarinaEkaterinaKatrinaYekaterina
Katherine (/kæθərɪn/), also spelled Catherine and other variations, is a feminine given name. The name and its variants are popular in countries where large Christian populations exist, because of its associations with one of the earliest Christian saints, Catherine of Alexandria.
In the early Christian era it came to be associated with the Greek adjective καθαρός (katharos), meaning 'pure'. This influenced the name's English spelling, giving rise to variants Katharine and Catharine. The spelling with a middle 'a' was more common in the past. Katherine, with a middle 'e', was first recorded in England in 1196 after being brought back from the Crusades.
Popularity and variations
Anglophone use
In Britain and America, Catherine and its variants have been among the 100 most popular names since 1880. Amongst the most common variants are Katherine and Kathryn. The spelling Catherine is common in both English and French. Less-common variants in English include Katharine, Catharine, Cathryn, Katheryn, Katharyn, Kathryne, Katheryne, Katherin, and Kathrine.
Diminutives include: Katie, Katy, Kate, Kathy, Kathe, Kath, Kay, Kat, Katja or Katya, Kota, Katyusha, Katrya, Kitty, Kit, Kasia; many of these are also sometimes given as independent names.
Kathleen or Cathleen, Anglicized forms of the Irish Caitlín, have become established in the US among people with no Irish background, but is less popular in England and Wales. The form Karen, of Danish origin, is now often considered an independent name in English.
Language variants
The following is a list of various forms of the name Katherine, all ultimately associated with a common Greek-language origin of uncertain meaning but influenced by the Ancient Greek: καθαρός, 'pure'. These forms are in use as a given name in the language noted, or were formerly. The list includes short or pet forms (hypocorisms), associated with Katherine or one of its variants:
Αἰκατερίνη (Ancient Greek)
Aikaterine (Old French)
Cadi (Welsh)
Cáit (Irish)
Caitlín (Irish)
Caitlyn or Caitlin (English)
Caitria (Irish)
Caitrín (Irish)
Caitrina (Irish)
Caitríona (Irish)
Caja (Danish)
Cajsa (Swedish)
Caren (Welsh)
Carin (English)
Carina (Portuguese)
Carine (French; Karien in Afrikaans)
Caryn (English)
Cat (English)
Cát Linh (Vietnamese)
Cătălina (Romanian)
Catalina (Italian, Spanish)
Catherine, Katarina, Katherine (Indonesian)
Catant (French)
Catarina (Galician, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Neapolitan)
Cate (English)
Cateline (Old French)
Cateliña (Galician)
Caterina (Catalan, Italian, Romanian)
Caterine (Old French)
Cathanne (English, French)
Cathareau (French)
Catharina (Dutch, Swedish)
Catharine (English)
Catherin (English)
Catherina (Spanish)
Catherine (English, French)
Catherne (17th century English)
Cathey (Nordic)
Cathie (English)
Cathleen (English, Hiberno-English)
Cathrin (German)
Cathrine (Scandinavian)
Cathrinus (Latinized, male)
Cathryn (English)
Cathy (English)
Cati (Italian)
Catia (Italian)
Cátia (Portuguese)
Catie (English)
Catina (Romanian)
Catinca (Romanian)
Catja (Danish)
Catlin (Middle English)
Cato (Dutch)
Catraoine (Irish)
Catreena (Manx)
Catreeney (Manx)
Catrien (Dutch)
Catrin (German, Welsh)
Catrine (Swedish)
Catrinel (Romanian)
Catrina (Romanian)
Catrìona (Scottish Gaelic, Irish)
Tríona (Irish)
Catterina (Italian)
Catuxa (Galician)
Caty (Italian)
Ecaterina (Romanian)
Eka: Georgian: ეკა
Ekaterina: Екатерина (Bulgarian, Macedonian)
Ekaterina, or Jekaterina, Yekaterina: Russian: Екатерина
Ekaterina (Latvian)
Ekaterine: Georgian: ეკატერინე
Gaa Fu Lin: 嘉芙蓮 (Hong Kong Cantonese)
Gadara: (Armenian: Գադարա)
Gadarine: (Armenian: Կատարինէ)
Gáhteriinná (Sami)
Gáre (Sami)
Gáren (Sami)
Jekaterina (Estonian)
Kaarat (Greenlandic)
Kaarin (Estonian)
Kaarina (Finnish)
Kaatje (Dutch)
Kaća (Serbian)
Kaciaryna: (Belarusian: Кацярына)
Kadara: (Armenian: Կատարա)
Kadarine: (Armenian: Կատարինէ)
Kadi (Estonian)
Kadri (Estonian)
Kaety (English)
Káhtariinná (Sami)
Kai (Estonian, Swedish)
Kaia (Estonian, Norwegian)
Kaie (Estonian)
Kaight (English)
Kaija (Finnish)
Kaila (English)
Kailani (Hawaiian)
Kaili (Estonian)
Kailie (English, French)
Kailua (Hawaiian)
Kelavra: Greek: Καιλαύρα, Arabic: كلارا. (Also German)
Kena: Greek: Καινά, Arabic: كائنا. (Also English)
Kera: Greek: Καίρα; Arabic: كيرا
Keri, Kerry: Greek: Καίρη; Arabic: كيري; Japanese: カイリ. (Also Hawaiian)
Keria: Greek: Καίρια. (Also Arabic)
Kairi or Kairia (Arabic, Estonian, Greek, Japanese)
Kaisa (Estonian, Finnish)
Kai Sa Lin: 凱薩琳 (traditional Chinese)
Kai Se Lin: Chinese: 凯瑟琳 (simplified Chinese)
Kaisu (Finnish)
Kait (English)
Kaitlan (English)
Kaitlane (English)
Kaitlin (English)
Kaitline (English)
Kaitlyn (English)
Kaitlynne (English)
Kaitrin (German, Swedish)
Kaitrina (Dutch, English, German, Swedish)
Kaity (English)
Kaj (Swedish, male)
Kaja (Scandinavian, Estonian, Polish)
Kajsa (Swedish)
Kakalina (Hawaiian)
Kalena (Hawaiian)
Kalina (Hawaiian)
Katerina (Albanian)
Kateryna, Katerina: Ukrainian: Катерина
Kara (Arabic, English, Greek: Κάρα, Japanese)
Káre (Sami)
Káren (Sami)
Karen: derived from the Danish short form of Katherine (Danish, English, German, Norwegian, Dutch)
Karena (English)
Karenina (English, Scandinavian, Russian)
Karentina (English, Scandinavian, Russian)
Kari (Norwegian)
Karia (Norwegian)
Karien (Afrikaans, Dutch, Carine in French)
Kariinná (Sami)
Karin (Afrikaans, Dutch, Estonian, Faroese, Finnish, German, Swedish)
Karina (English)
Karine (Կարինե Armenian; French)
Karoun (Arabic, Armenian)
Kary (Norwegian)
Karyn (English)
Karyna (English, Polish)
Kasari: Japanese: 笠利
Kasia: Belarusian: Кася
Kat (English)
Kata (Croatian, Finnish, Hungarian)
Katalin (Basque, Hungarian)
Katalina (Basque, Esperanto, Hungarian)
Katariina (Estonian, Finnish)
Katarin (Basque, Breton)
Katarína (Slovak)
Katarina (Bosnian, Croatian, Esperanto, German, Hungarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Slovene, Swedish)
Katarine (German)
Katarino (Esperanto)
Katarzyna (Polish)
Kasia (Polish)
Kasieńka (Polish)
Kaśka (Polish)
Kate (Croatian, English)
Katelijn (Dutch)
Katelijne (Dutch)
Katelin (English)
Kateline (Middle English)
Katell (Breton)
Katelyn (English)
Katelynn (English)
Katelynne (English)
Katen (Dutch)
Katenka (Russian)
Kateri (Mohawk)
Katerien (Afrikaans, Dutch)
Katerine (Old French)
Keti: Greek: Καίτη
Kety: Greek: Καίτυ
Katia (Italian)
Kátia (Portuguese)
Katia: Greek: Κάτια
Kateřina (Czech)
Katerina (Greek: Κατερίνα; Albanian, Bulgarian, Latin, Macedonian, Russian, Ukrainian)
Katerine (Middle English)
Katerino (Esperanto)
Kateryna (Ukrainian)
Katerynka (Ukrainian)
Kathalavra: Greek: Καθαλαύρα. (Also German)
Kathandra: Greek: Καθάνδρα
Kathandrea: Greek: Καθανδρέα
Kathani (Hindi, Arabic)
Kathanna (English, German)
Kathanne (English, French)
Kathareau (French)
Katharina (German, Latin)
Katharine (English, German, Dutch)
Katharsia: Greek: Καθαρσία
Käthe (German)
Kathelijne (Dutch)
Katherina (English, German)
Katherne (17th century English)
Katheryn (English)
Katheryne (English)
Kathey (Gaelic)
Kathi (English)
Kathie (English)
Kathianna (English)
Kathianne (English)
Kathlaura (English, German)
Kathlauren (English, German)
Kathlaurie (English, French, German)
Kathleanna (English, German)
Kathleanne (English, French)
Kathleen (English, Hiberno-English)
Kathlyn (English)
Kathreena (Malayalam)
Kathrina (German)
Kathrin (German)
Kathru (Malayalam)
Kathryn (English)
Kathy (English)
Kati (Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian)
Katya, Katia, Katja: Russian: Катя; Ukrainian: Кейт
Katica (Croatian, Czech, Serbian, Slovene, Hungarian)
Katie (English)
Katika (Danish)
Katina: Greek: Κατίνα
Κatina, Katinja (Esperanto)
Katinka (Afrikaans, German, Hungarian, Russian)
Katixa (Basque)
Katja (Croatian, Dutch, Finnish, German, Russian, Slovene, Ukrainian)
Katka (Czech, Russian)
Káťa (Czech
Kačka (Czech
Kačenka (Czech
Katlyn (English)
Kätlin (Estonian)
Kato: Georgian: კატო
Kató (Hungarian)
Katóka (Hungarian)
Katre (Estonian)
Katri (Finnish)
Katrian (Afrikaans, Dutch, Flemish Dutch)
Katriana (Portuguese, Spanish)
Katrianna (Danish, Dutch, English, German, Norwegian, Swedish)
Katrianne (English, French)
Katrien (Afrikaans, Dutch, Flemish Dutch)
Katriin (Estonian)
Katriina (Finnish)
Katrijn (Dutch, also 'Katryn' in Afrikaans and German)
Katriona (English)
Katrin (Estonian, Faroese, German, Swedish)
Katrina (English)
Katrīna (Latvian)
Katrine (Bulgarian: Катрин; Dutch, French, Scottish Gaelic, Scandinavian)
Katrinka (Dutch, German, Russian)
Katrusia (Ukrainian)
Katryn (Afrikaans, German, spelt in Dutch: Katrijn)
Katushka (Russian)
Katuška (Czech)
Katy (English)
Katya (Russian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian)
Kay (English)
Kaye (English)
Kerry (Hiberno-English)
Keta: Georgian: ქეთა
Ketevan: Georgian: ქეთევან
Keti: Georgian: ქეთი
Ketlen
Ketlin (Estonian)
Keto: ქეთო (Georgian)
Ketrina (Albanian)
Kitty (English)
Koto (Hungarian)
Kotryna (Lithuanian)
Kyla (English)
Kysa (Finnish)
Nienke (Dutch)
Nynke (Frisian)
Qatherine (French)
Quatherine (French)
Reina (Japanese, Yiddish)
Riin (Estonian)
Riina (Estonian, Finnish)
Rina (Croatian)
Triin (Estonian)
Triinu (Estonian)
Trijn (Dutch)
Trijntje (Dutch)
Trina (German)
Trinchen (German)
Trine (Danish, German)
Trīne (Latvian)
Trinette (French)
Tríona (Irish)
See also
All pages with titles beginning with Catherine
All pages with titles beginning with Katharine
All pages with titles beginning with Katherine
All pages with titles beginning with Kathrine
All pages with titles beginning with Katie
St. Catherine (disambiguation)
Notes and references
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Withycombe, E. G. (1976). The Concise Dictionary of English Christian Names (3rd ed.). London: Omega Books. ISBN 1-85007-059-8.
^ Historical popularity statistics for United States
"Top Names Over the Last 100 Years: 1922-2021". United States Social Security Administration. United States Government. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
"Top Names Over the Last 100 Years 1912−2011". United States Social Security Administration. United States Government. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
For names given to girls 1912–2011, ranking positions were: Kathleen (33rd), Catherine (40th), Katherine (42nd), Kathryn (72nd).
For the 100 years 1922–2021, ranking of the same names were: Kathleen (31st), Katherine (42nd), Catherine (48th), Kathryn (76th).
The spelling variants Katharine and Catharine (with a middle 'a') did not appear in the top 100 for the time period 1912–2021.
^ Recent (21st century) popularity statistics for United States―name variant with (rank) shown in brackets:
United States Social Security Administration. "Popular Baby Names". Retrieved 17 April 2023.
2001: Katherine (35)Catherine (81)Kathryn (97)Kathleen (237)Kathy (716)Katharine (728)
2011: Katherine (61)Catherine (161)Kathryn (237)Kathleen (631)
2021: Katherine (158)Catherine (325)Kathryn (595)Kathleen (984)
As of 2021, the variant spelling Katharine (with a middle 'a') has not appeared in the top 1000 most popular girls' names since 2006, in which year it ranked 905th most-given girls' name, the count being 293 registrations; while Catharine is not present in the top one-thousand list after 1996, when it ranked 983 with a count of 109 registrations.
^ UK government Office for National Statistics. "Baby Names, England and Wales, 1904-1994". Retrieved 3 November 2012.
^ Popularity statistics for England and Wales for years 2001, 2011, and 2021―name variant with (rank) shown in brackets:
UK government Office for National Statistics. "Baby Names in England and Wales, 2011". Retrieved 3 November 2012.
"Baby names for girls in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
2001: Katherine (78)Catherine (98)Kathryn (136)Katelyn (240)Catrin (337)Kathleen (399)Katharine (480)Catriona (540)Katerina (584)Katlyn (962)
2011: Katherine (169)Catherine (233)Katlyn (615)Kathleen (714)Katerina (841)Catrin (989)
2021: Catherine (457)Katherine (478)Kathleen (983)
The last appearance of Katharine in the top 1000 was in 2008 at a rank of 817th and a count of 410. There is no record of the spelling Catharine appearing in the top 100 girls' names in England and Wales.
^ a b c d e f g h De Felice, Emidio (1995) . Dizionario dei nomi italiani (in Italian) (3 ed.). Milan: Mondadori.
External links
Name statistics for Northern Ireland:
"Baby Names". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Government of the United Kingdom.
Name statistics for Scotland:
"Babies' First Names". National Records of Scotland. Government of the United Kingdom. 31 May 2013.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katherine (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Katherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Katherine"},{"link_name":"Catherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Catherine"},{"link_name":"/kæθərɪn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"other variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherina"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"Catherine of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W-1"},{"link_name":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Katherine (disambiguation).Look up Katherine or Catherine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Katherine (/kæθərɪn/), also spelled Catherine and other variations, is a feminine given name. The name and its variants are popular in countries where large Christian populations exist, because of its associations with one of the earliest Christian saints, Catherine of Alexandria.[1]In the early Christian era it came to be associated with the Greek adjective καθαρός (katharos), meaning 'pure'. This influenced the name's English spelling, giving rise to variants Katharine and Catharine. The spelling with a middle 'a' was more common in the past. Katherine, with a middle 'e', was first recorded in England in 1196 after being brought back from the Crusades.[1]","title":"Katherine"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Popularity and variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Catharine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharine_(given_name)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W-1"},{"link_name":"Kathleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_(given_name)"},{"link_name":"Cathleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathleen"},{"link_name":"Karen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_(name)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W-1"}],"sub_title":"Anglophone use","text":"In Britain and America, Catherine and its variants have been among the 100 most popular names since 1880. Amongst the most common variants are Katherine and Kathryn. The spelling Catherine is common in both English and French. Less-common variants in English include Katharine, Catharine, Cathryn, Katheryn, Katharyn, Kathryne, Katheryne, Katherin, and Kathrine.[2][3][4][5]Diminutives include: Katie, Katy, Kate, Kathy, Kathe, Kath, Kay, Kat, Katja or Katya, Kota, Katyusha, Katrya, Kitty, Kit, Kasia; many of these are also sometimes given as independent names.[1]Kathleen or Cathleen, Anglicized forms of the Irish Caitlín, have become established in the US among people with no Irish background, but is less popular in England and Wales. The form Karen, of Danish origin, is now often considered an independent name in English.[1]","title":"Popularity and variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"hypocorisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocorism"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Old 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Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Katrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrin"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Faroese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroese_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_(given_name)"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_language"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W-1"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_languages"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Katy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_(given_name)"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W-1"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Hiberno-English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W-1"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"Ketlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketlin"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-W-1"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Nienke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nienke"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Frisian_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Reina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reina_(given_name)"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language"},{"link_name":"Riin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riin"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Riina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riina_(given_name)"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Triin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triin"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Triinu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triinu"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Trijn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trijn"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Trina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trina_(name)"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"}],"sub_title":"Language variants","text":"The following is a list of various forms of the name Katherine, all ultimately associated with a common Greek-language origin of uncertain meaning but influenced by the Ancient Greek: καθαρός, 'pure'. These forms are in use as a given name in the language noted, or were formerly. The list includes short or pet forms (hypocorisms), associated with Katherine or one of its variants:Αἰκατερίνη (Ancient Greek)\nAikaterine (Old French)\nCadi (Welsh)\nCáit (Irish)\nCaitlín (Irish)\nCaitlyn or Caitlin (English)[1]\nCaitria (Irish)\nCaitrín (Irish)\nCaitrina (Irish)\nCaitríona (Irish)\nCaja (Danish)\nCajsa (Swedish)\nCaren (Welsh)\nCarin (English)\nCarina (Portuguese)\nCarine (French; Karien in Afrikaans)\nCaryn (English)\nCat (English)\nCát Linh (Vietnamese)\nCătălina (Romanian)\nCatalina (Italian,[6] Spanish)\nCatherine, Katarina, Katherine (Indonesian)\nCatant (French)\nCatarina (Galician, Italian,[1][6] Portuguese, Spanish, Neapolitan)\nCate (English)\nCateline (Old French)[1]\nCateliña (Galician)\nCaterina (Catalan, Italian, Romanian)[6]\nCaterine (Old French)[1]\nCathanne (English, French)\nCathareau (French)\nCatharina (Dutch, Swedish)\nCatharine (English)\nCatherin (English)\nCatherina (Spanish)\nCatherine (English, French)\nCatherne (17th century English)[1]\nCathey (Nordic)\nCathie (English)\nCathleen (English, Hiberno-English)[1]\nCathrin (German)\nCathrine (Scandinavian)\nCathrinus (Latinized, male)\nCathryn (English)\nCathy (English)[1]\nCati (Italian)[6]\nCatia (Italian)[6]\nCátia (Portuguese)\nCatie (English)\nCatina (Romanian)\nCatinca (Romanian)\nCatja (Danish)\nCatlin (Middle English)[1]\nCato (Dutch)\nCatraoine (Irish)\nCatreena (Manx)\nCatreeney (Manx)\nCatrien (Dutch)\nCatrin (German, Welsh)\nCatrine (Swedish)\nCatrinel (Romanian)\nCatrina (Romanian)\nCatrìona (Scottish Gaelic, Irish)[1]\nTríona (Irish)\nCatterina (Italian)[6]\nCatuxa (Galician)\nCaty (Italian)[6]\nEcaterina (Romanian)\nEka: Georgian: ეკა\nEkaterina: Екатерина (Bulgarian, Macedonian)\nEkaterina, or Jekaterina, Yekaterina: Russian: Екатерина[1]\nEkaterina (Latvian)\nEkaterine: Georgian: ეკატერინე\nGaa Fu Lin: 嘉芙蓮 (Hong Kong Cantonese)\nGadara: (Armenian: Գադարա)\nGadarine: (Armenian: Կատարինէ)\nGáhteriinná (Sami)\nGáre (Sami)\nGáren (Sami)\nJekaterina (Estonian)\nKaarat (Greenlandic)\nKaarin (Estonian)\nKaarina (Finnish)\nKaatje (Dutch)\nKaća (Serbian)\nKaciaryna: (Belarusian: Кацярына)\nKadara: (Armenian: Կատարա)\nKadarine: (Armenian: Կատարինէ)\nKadi (Estonian)\nKadri (Estonian)\nKaety (English)\nKáhtariinná (Sami)\nKai (Estonian, Swedish)\nKaia (Estonian, Norwegian)\nKaie (Estonian)\nKaight (English)\nKaija (Finnish)\nKaila (English)\nKailani (Hawaiian)\nKaili (Estonian)\nKailie (English, French)\nKailua (Hawaiian)\nKelavra: Greek: Καιλαύρα, Arabic: كلارا. (Also German)\nKena: Greek: Καινά, Arabic: كائنا. (Also English)\nKera: Greek: Καίρα; Arabic: كيرا\nKeri, Kerry: Greek: Καίρη; Arabic: كيري; Japanese: カイリ. (Also Hawaiian)\nKeria: Greek: Καίρια. (Also Arabic)\nKairi or Kairia (Arabic, Estonian, Greek, Japanese)\nKaisa (Estonian, Finnish)\nKai Sa Lin: 凱薩琳 (traditional Chinese)\nKai Se Lin: Chinese: 凯瑟琳 (simplified Chinese)\nKaisu (Finnish)\nKait (English)\nKaitlan (English)\nKaitlane (English)\nKaitlin (English)\nKaitline (English)\nKaitlyn (English)\nKaitlynne (English)\nKaitrin (German, Swedish)\nKaitrina (Dutch, English, German, Swedish)\nKaity (English)\nKaj (Swedish, male)\nKaja (Scandinavian, Estonian, Polish)\nKajsa (Swedish)\nKakalina (Hawaiian)\nKalena (Hawaiian)\nKalina (Hawaiian)\nKaterina (Albanian)\nKateryna, Katerina: Ukrainian: Катерина\nKara (Arabic, English, Greek: Κάρα, Japanese)\nKáre (Sami)\nKáren (Sami)\nKaren: derived from the Danish short form of Katherine (Danish,[1] English,[1] German, Norwegian, Dutch[1])\nKarena (English)\nKarenina (English, Scandinavian, Russian)\nKarentina (English, Scandinavian, Russian)\nKari (Norwegian)\nKaria (Norwegian)\nKarien (Afrikaans, Dutch, Carine in French)\nKariinná (Sami)\nKarin (Afrikaans, Dutch, Estonian, Faroese, Finnish, German, Swedish)\nKarina (English)\nKarine (Կարինե Armenian; French)\nKaroun (Arabic, Armenian)\nKary (Norwegian)\nKaryn (English)\nKaryna (English, Polish)\nKasari: Japanese: 笠利\nKasia: Belarusian: Кася\nKat (English)\nKata (Croatian, Finnish, Hungarian)\nKatalin (Basque, Hungarian)\nKatalina (Basque, Esperanto, Hungarian)\nKatariina (Estonian, Finnish)\nKatarin (Basque, Breton)\nKatarína (Slovak)\nKatarina (Bosnian, Croatian, Esperanto, German, Hungarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Slovene, Swedish)\nKatarine (German)\nKatarino (Esperanto)\nKatarzyna (Polish)\nKasia (Polish)\nKasieńka (Polish)\nKaśka (Polish)\nKate (Croatian, English)[1]\nKatelijn (Dutch)\nKatelijne (Dutch)\nKatelin (English)\nKateline (Middle English)[1]\nKatell (Breton)\nKatelyn (English)\nKatelynn (English)\nKatelynne (English)\nKaten (Dutch)\nKatenka (Russian)\nKateri (Mohawk)\nKaterien (Afrikaans, Dutch)\nKaterine (Old French)\nKeti: Greek: Καίτη\nKety: Greek: Καίτυ\nKatia (Italian)[6]\nKátia (Portuguese)\nKatia: Greek: Κάτια\nKateřina (Czech)\nKaterina (Greek: Κατερίνα; Albanian, Bulgarian, Latin,[1] Macedonian, Russian, Ukrainian)\nKaterine (Middle English)[1]\nKaterino (Esperanto)\nKateryna (Ukrainian)\nKaterynka (Ukrainian)\nKathalavra: Greek: Καθαλαύρα. (Also German)\nKathandra: Greek: Καθάνδρα\nKathandrea: Greek: Καθανδρέα\nKathani (Hindi, Arabic)\nKathanna (English, German)\nKathanne (English, French)\nKathareau (French)\nKatharina (German, Latin[1])\nKatharine (English,[1] German, Dutch)\nKatharsia: Greek: Καθαρσία\nKäthe (German)\nKathelijne (Dutch)\nKatherina (English, German)\nKatherne (17th century English)[1]\nKatheryn (English)\nKatheryne (English)\nKathey (Gaelic)\nKathi (English)\nKathie (English)\nKathianna (English)\nKathianne (English)\nKathlaura (English, German)\nKathlauren (English, German)\nKathlaurie (English, French, German)\nKathleanna (English, German)\nKathleanne (English, French)\nKathleen (English,[1] Hiberno-English[1])\nKathlyn (English)\nKathreena (Malayalam)\nKathrina (German)\nKathrin (German)\nKathru (Malayalam)\nKathryn (English)\nKathy (English)\nKati (Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian)\nKatya, Katia, Katja: Russian: Катя; Ukrainian: Кейт\nKatica (Croatian, Czech, Serbian, Slovene, Hungarian)\nKatie (English)[1]\nKatika (Danish)\nKatina: Greek: Κατίνα\nΚatina, Katinja (Esperanto)\nKatinka (Afrikaans, German, Hungarian, Russian)[1]\nKatixa (Basque)\nKatja (Croatian, Dutch, Finnish, German, Russian, Slovene, Ukrainian)\nKatka (Czech, Russian)\nKáťa (Czech\nKačka (Czech\nKačenka (Czech\nKatlyn (English)\nKätlin (Estonian)\nKato: Georgian: კატო\nKató (Hungarian)\nKatóka (Hungarian)\nKatre (Estonian)\nKatri (Finnish)\nKatrian (Afrikaans, Dutch, Flemish Dutch)\nKatriana (Portuguese, Spanish)\nKatrianna (Danish, Dutch, English, German, Norwegian, Swedish)\nKatrianne (English, French)\nKatrien (Afrikaans, Dutch, Flemish Dutch)\nKatriin (Estonian)\nKatriina (Finnish)\nKatrijn (Dutch, also 'Katryn' in Afrikaans and German)\nKatriona (English)\nKatrin (Estonian, Faroese, German, Swedish)\nKatrina (English)\nKatrīna (Latvian)\nKatrine (Bulgarian: Катрин; Dutch, French, Scottish Gaelic,[1] Scandinavian)\nKatrinka (Dutch, German, Russian)\nKatrusia (Ukrainian)\nKatryn (Afrikaans, German, spelt in Dutch: Katrijn)\nKatushka (Russian)\nKatuška (Czech)\nKaty (English)\nKatya (Russian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian)\nKay (English)[1]\nKaye (English)\nKerry (Hiberno-English)[1]\nKeta: Georgian: ქეთა\nKetevan: Georgian: ქეთევან\nKeti: Georgian: ქეთი\nKetlen\nKetlin (Estonian)\nKeto: ქეთო (Georgian)\nKetrina (Albanian)\nKitty (English)[1]\nKoto (Hungarian)\nKotryna (Lithuanian)\nKyla (English)\nKysa (Finnish)\nNienke (Dutch)\nNynke (Frisian)\nQatherine (French)\nQuatherine (French)\nReina (Japanese, Yiddish)\nRiin (Estonian)\nRiina (Estonian, Finnish)\nRina (Croatian)\nTriin (Estonian)\nTriinu (Estonian)\nTrijn (Dutch)\nTrijntje (Dutch)\nTrina (German)\nTrinchen (German)\nTrine (Danish, German)\nTrīne (Latvian)\nTrinette (French)\nTríona (Irish)","title":"Popularity and variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-18"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-19"},{"link_name":"u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-20"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-21"},{"link_name":"w","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-22"},{"link_name":"x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-23"},{"link_name":"y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-24"},{"link_name":"z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-25"},{"link_name":"aa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-26"},{"link_name":"ab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-27"},{"link_name":"ac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-28"},{"link_name":"ad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-29"},{"link_name":"ae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-30"},{"link_name":"af","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-W_1-31"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85007-059-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85007-059-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Top Names Over the Last 100 Years: 1922-2021\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230413074234/https://www.ssa.gov/OACT/babynames/decades/century.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ssa.gov/OACT/babynames/decades/century.html"},{"link_name":"\"Top Names Over the Last 100 Years 1912−2011\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120516024929/http://ssa.gov/OACT/babynames/decades/century.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ssa.gov/OACT/babynames/decades/century.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Popular Baby Names\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ssa.gov/OACT/babynames/index.html"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katherine&action=edit"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Baby Names, England and Wales, 1904-1994\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/baby-names--england-and-wales/1904-1994/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Baby Names in England and Wales, 2011\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/baby-names--england-and-wales/2011/sb-baby-names-2011.html"},{"link_name":"\"Baby names for girls in England and Wales\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/datasets/babynamesenglandandwalesbabynamesstatisticsgirls"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-de_felice_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-de_felice_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-de_felice_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-de_felice_6-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-de_felice_6-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-de_felice_6-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-de_felice_6-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-de_felice_6-7"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Withycombe, E. G. (1976). The Concise Dictionary of English Christian Names (3rd ed.). London: Omega Books. ISBN 1-85007-059-8.\n\n^ Historical popularity statistics for United States\n\"Top Names Over the Last 100 Years: 1922-2021\". United States Social Security Administration. United States Government. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.\n\"Top Names Over the Last 100 Years 1912−2011\". United States Social Security Administration. United States Government. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2023.\nFor names given to girls 1912–2011, ranking positions were: Kathleen (33rd), Catherine (40th), Katherine (42nd), Kathryn (72nd).\nFor the 100 years 1922–2021, ranking of the same names were: Kathleen (31st), Katherine (42nd), Catherine (48th), Kathryn (76th).\nThe spelling variants Katharine and Catharine (with a middle 'a') did not appear in the top 100 for the time period 1912–2021.\n\n^ Recent (21st century) popularity statistics for United States―name variant with (rank) shown in brackets:\nUnited States Social Security Administration. \"Popular Baby Names\". Retrieved 17 April 2023.\n2001: Katherine (35)Catherine (81)Kathryn (97)Kathleen (237)Kathy (716)Katharine (728)\n2011: Katherine (61)Catherine (161)Kathryn (237)Kathleen (631)\n2021: Katherine (158)Catherine (325)Kathryn (595)Kathleen (984)\nAs of 2021[update], the variant spelling Katharine (with a middle 'a') has not appeared in the top 1000 most popular girls' names since 2006, in which year it ranked 905th most-given girls' name, the count being 293 registrations; while Catharine is not present in the top one-thousand list after 1996, when it ranked 983 with a count of 109 registrations.\n\n^ UK government Office for National Statistics. \"Baby Names, England and Wales, 1904-1994\". Retrieved 3 November 2012.\n\n^ Popularity statistics for England and Wales for years 2001, 2011, and 2021―name variant with (rank) shown in brackets:\nUK government Office for National Statistics. \"Baby Names in England and Wales, 2011\". Retrieved 3 November 2012.\n\"Baby names for girls in England and Wales\". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 17 April 2023.\n2001: Katherine (78)Catherine (98)Kathryn (136)Katelyn (240)Catrin (337)Kathleen (399)Katharine (480)Catriona (540)Katerina (584)Katlyn (962)\n2011: Katherine (169)Catherine (233)Katlyn (615)Kathleen (714)Katerina (841)Catrin (989)\n2021: Catherine (457)Katherine (478)Kathleen (983)\nThe last appearance of Katharine in the top 1000 was in 2008 at a rank of 817th and a count of 410. There is no record of the spelling Catharine appearing in the top 100 girls' names in England and Wales.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h De Felice, Emidio (1995) [1986]. Dizionario dei nomi italiani (in Italian) (3 ed.). Milan: Mondadori.","title":"Notes and references"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"All pages with titles beginning with Catherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Catherine"},{"title":"All pages with titles beginning with Katharine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Katharine"},{"title":"All pages with titles beginning with Katherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Katherine"},{"title":"All pages with titles beginning with Kathrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Kathrine"},{"title":"All pages with titles beginning with Katie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Katie"},{"title":"St. Catherine (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Catherine_(disambiguation)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isparta_Province
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Isparta Province
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["1 Districts","2 Geography","3 Economy","4 Notable people","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 37°57′24″N 30°57′39″E / 37.95667°N 30.96083°E / 37.95667; 30.96083Province of Turkey
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Province in TurkeyIsparta Province
Isparta iliProvinceLake EğirdirLocation of the province within TurkeyCountryTurkeySeatIspartaGovernment • GovernorAydın BaruşArea8,946 km2 (3,454 sq mi)Population (2022)445,325 • Density50/km2 (130/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)Area code0246Websitewww.isparta.gov.tr
Isparta Province (Turkish: Isparta ili) is a province in southwestern Turkey. Its adjacent provinces are Afyon to the northwest, Burdur to the southwest, Antalya to the south, and Konya to the east. Its area is 8,946 km2, and its population is 445,325 (2022). The provincial capital is Isparta.
The province is well known for producing apples, sour cherries, grapes, roses and rose products, and carpets. The best fertile lands are in Uluborlu. The province is situated in the Göller Bölgesi (Lakes Area) of Turkey's Mediterranean Region and has many freshwater lakes.
Districts
Isparta province is divided into 13 districts (capital district in bold):
Aksu
Atabey
Eğirdir
Gelendost
Gönen
Isparta
Keçiborlu
Şarkikaraağaç
Senirkent
Sütçüler
Uluborlu
Yalvaç
Yenişarbademli
Geography
Isparta lies in the northernmost part of the Pamphylian basin, wedged between the continental Bey Dağları and Anatolian blocks.: 134 This area is known as the Isparta Angle.: 134 The Isparta Angle is a result of the Anatolian Plate's rotation from the early Paleocene to the early Pliocene, and is a very seismically active area as a result.
Economy
As of 2012, there are 178,162 hectares of agricultural land in Isparta province, of which 28.8% (37,184 ha) is used for fruit growing.: 5
Isparta province accounts for 23.4% of all apple production in Turkey as of 2012.: 5 The majority of the province's apple production is done in three districts: Eğirdir, Gelendost, and Senirkent.: 5 Together, these three districts account for 73.2% of the province's apple production.: 5
Notable people
Erkan Mumcu
Necmettin Sadak
Süleyman Demirel
Zeki Demirkubuz
Gallery
Köprülü Canyon in Sütçüler district
Ancient Roman inscriptions in Yalvaç
Antioch, Pisidia in Yalvaç district
Lake Eğirdir in Eğirdir district
See also
List of populated places in Isparta Province
References
^ a b "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
^ "ISPARTA GÜLÜ". Kültür Portalı. Retrieved 2024-02-21.
^ Özalp, Ayşegül Parlayan (2015-11-30). "Göller Yöresi; Anadolu'nun Gözleri – Atlas" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2024-02-21.
^ a b Poisson, André; Orszag-Sperber, Fabienne; Kosun, Erdal; Bassetti, Maria-Angella; Müller, Carla; Wernli, Roland; Rouchy, Jean-Marie (May 2011). "The Late Cenozoic evolution of the Aksu basin (Isparta Angle; SW Turkey). New insights". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 182 (2): 133–48. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.182.2.133. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
^ Şahin, Şakir; Abubakar, Ibrahim; Özçelik, Mehmet; Abdelwahed, Mohamed Farouk; Oksum, Erdinç (2019). "Neotectonic structures imaged by seismic velocity along the Isparta Angle". Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 12. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
^ a b c d Yilmaz, Hasan (2014). "Analysis in terms of apple producers of government supported crop insurance policies as a risk management tool in Turkey". Acta Scientiarium Polonorum, Hortorum Cultus. 13 (5): 3–12. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isparta Province.
(in Turkish) Isparta governor's official website
(in Turkish) Isparta municipality's official website
(in English) Isparta weather forecast information
(in Turkish) Isparta city guide
(Turkish) Isparta info website
vteIsparta Province of TurkeyDistricts
Aksu
Atabey
Eğirdir
Gelendost
Gönen
Isparta
Keçiborlu
Şarkikaraağaç
Senirkent
Sütçüler
Uluborlu
Yalvaç
Yenişarbademli
Districts of IspartaList of provinces by regionIstanbul
Istanbul
West Marmara
Balıkesir
Çanakkale
Edirne
Kırklareli
Tekirdağ
Aegean
Afyonkarahisar
Aydın
Denizli
İzmir
Kütahya
Manisa
Muğla
Uşak
East Marmara
Bilecik
Bolu
Bursa
Düzce
Eskişehir
Kocaeli
Sakarya
Yalova
West Anatolia
Ankara
Karaman
Konya
Mediterranean
Adana
Antalya
Burdur
Hatay
Isparta
Kahramanmaraş
Mersin
Osmaniye
Central Anatolia
Aksaray
Kayseri
Kırıkkale
Kırşehir
Nevşehir
Niğde
Sivas
Yozgat
West Black Sea
Amasya
Bartın
Çankırı
Çorum
Karabük
Kastamonu
Samsun
Sinop
Tokat
Zonguldak
East Black Sea
Artvin
Giresun
Gümüşhane
Ordu
Rize
Trabzon
Northeast Anatolia
Ağrı
Ardahan
Bayburt
Erzincan
Erzurum
Iğdır
Kars
Central East Anatolia
Bingöl
Bitlis
Elazığ
Hakkâri
Malatya
Muş
Tunceli
Van
Southeast Anatolia
Adıyaman
Batman
Diyarbakır
Gaziantep
Kilis
Mardin
Siirt
Şanlıurfa
Şırnak
Metropolitan municipalities are bolded.
vteProvinces of Turkey
Adana
Adıyaman
Afyonkarahisar
Ağrı
Aksaray
Amasya
Ankara
Antalya
Ardahan
Artvin
Aydın
Balıkesir
Bartın
Batman
Bayburt
Bilecik
Bingöl
Bitlis
Bolu
Burdur
Bursa
Çanakkale
Çankırı
Çorum
Denizli
Diyarbakır
Düzce
Edirne
Elazığ
Erzincan
Erzurum
Eskişehir
Gaziantep
Giresun
Gümüşhane
Hakkâri
Hatay
Iğdır
Isparta
İstanbul
İzmir
Kahramanmaraş
Karabük
Karaman
Kars
Kastamonu
Kayseri
Kilis
Kırıkkale
Kırklareli
Kırşehir
Kocaeli
Konya
Kütahya
Malatya
Manisa
Mardin
Mersin
Muğla
Muş
Nevşehir
Niğde
Ordu
Osmaniye
Rize
Sakarya
Samsun
Siirt
Sinop
Sivas
Şanlıurfa
Şırnak
Tekirdağ
Tokat
Trabzon
Tunceli
Uşak
Van
Yalova
Yozgat
Zonguldak
Metropolitan municipalities are bolded.
37°57′24″N 30°57′39″E / 37.95667°N 30.96083°E / 37.95667; 30.96083
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
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BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
This article about a Mediterranean Region of Turkey location is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Its adjacent provinces are Afyon to the northwest, Burdur to the southwest, Antalya to the south, and Konya to the east. Its area is 8,946 km2,[2] and its population is 445,325 (2022).[1] The provincial capital is Isparta.The province is well known for producing apples, sour cherries, grapes, roses and rose products,[3] and carpets. The best fertile lands are in Uluborlu. The province is situated in the Göller Bölgesi (Lakes Area) of Turkey's Mediterranean Region and has many freshwater lakes.[4]","title":"Isparta Province"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isparta_location_districts.png"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Aksu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksu_District,_Isparta"},{"link_name":"Atabey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atabey_District"},{"link_name":"Eğirdir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%9Firdir_District"},{"link_name":"Gelendost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelendost_District"},{"link_name":"Gönen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6nen_District,_Isparta"},{"link_name":"Isparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isparta_District"},{"link_name":"Keçiborlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C3%A7iborlu_District"},{"link_name":"Şarkikaraağaç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Earkikaraa%C4%9Fa%C3%A7_District"},{"link_name":"Senirkent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senirkent_District"},{"link_name":"Sütçüler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCt%C3%A7%C3%BCler_District"},{"link_name":"Uluborlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluborlu_District"},{"link_name":"Yalvaç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalva%C3%A7_District"},{"link_name":"Yenişarbademli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni%C5%9Farbademli_District"}],"text":"Isparta province is divided into 13 districts (capital district in bold):Aksu\nAtabey\nEğirdir\nGelendost\nGönen\nIsparta\nKeçiborlu\nŞarkikaraağaç\nSenirkent\nSütçüler\nUluborlu\nYalvaç\nYenişarbademli","title":"Districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pamphylian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphylia"},{"link_name":"Bey Dağları","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bey_Da%C4%9Flar%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anatolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_Plate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poisson_et_al_2011-5"},{"link_name":"Isparta Angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isparta_Angle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poisson_et_al_2011-5"},{"link_name":"Paleocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocene"},{"link_name":"Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C5%9Eahin_et_al_2019-6"}],"text":"Isparta lies in the northernmost part of the Pamphylian basin, wedged between the continental Bey Dağları and Anatolian blocks.[5]: 134 This area is known as the Isparta Angle.[5]: 134 The Isparta Angle is a result of the Anatolian Plate's rotation from the early Paleocene to the early Pliocene, and is a very seismically active area as a result.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hectares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yilmaz_2014-7"},{"link_name":"apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yilmaz_2014-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yilmaz_2014-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yilmaz_2014-7"}],"text":"As of 2012, there are 178,162 hectares of agricultural land in Isparta province, of which 28.8% (37,184 ha) is used for fruit growing.[7]: 5Isparta province accounts for 23.4% of all apple production in Turkey as of 2012.[7]: 5 The majority of the province's apple production is done in three districts: Eğirdir, Gelendost, and Senirkent.[7]: 5 Together, these three districts account for 73.2% of the province's apple production.[7]: 5","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erkan Mumcu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erkan_Mumcu"},{"link_name":"Necmettin Sadak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necmettin_Sadak"},{"link_name":"Süleyman Demirel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel"},{"link_name":"Zeki Demirkubuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeki_Demirkubuz"}],"text":"Erkan Mumcu\nNecmettin Sadak\nSüleyman Demirel\nZeki Demirkubuz","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Kanyon.JPG"},{"link_name":"Köprülü Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Sütçüler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCt%C3%A7%C3%BCler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yalva%C3%A7%27taki_antik_kal%C4%B1nt%C4%B1lar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ancient Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Yalvaç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalva%C3%A7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antiocheia_in_Psidia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antioch, Pisidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch,_Pisidia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LakeEgirdir.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lake Eğirdir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_E%C4%9Firdir"},{"link_name":"Eğirdir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C4%9Firdir"}],"text":"Köprülü Canyon in Sütçüler district\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAncient Roman inscriptions in Yalvaç\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAntioch, Pisidia in Yalvaç district\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLake Eğirdir in Eğirdir district","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Isparta_location_districts.png/320px-Isparta_location_districts.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/100px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png"},{"image_text":"Districts of Isparta","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Isparta_districts.png/100px-Isparta_districts.png"}]
|
[{"title":"List of populated places in Isparta Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Isparta_Province"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 19 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]},{"reference":"\"İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri\". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 19 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx","url_text":"\"İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISPARTA GÜLÜ\". Kültür Portalı. Retrieved 2024-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/isparta/nealinir/isparta-gulu","url_text":"\"ISPARTA GÜLÜ\""}]},{"reference":"Özalp, Ayşegül Parlayan (2015-11-30). \"Göller Yöresi; Anadolu'nun Gözleri – Atlas\" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2024-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlasdergisi.com/dergide-bu-ay/goller-yoresi.html","url_text":"\"Göller Yöresi; Anadolu'nun Gözleri – Atlas\""}]},{"reference":"Poisson, André; Orszag-Sperber, Fabienne; Kosun, Erdal; Bassetti, Maria-Angella; Müller, Carla; Wernli, Roland; Rouchy, Jean-Marie (May 2011). \"The Late Cenozoic evolution of the Aksu basin (Isparta Angle; SW Turkey). New insights\". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 182 (2): 133–48. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.182.2.133. Retrieved 10 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272348697_The_Late_Cenozoic_evolution_of_the_Aksu_basin_Isparta_Angle_SW_Turkey_New_insights","url_text":"\"The Late Cenozoic evolution of the Aksu basin (Isparta Angle; SW Turkey). New insights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgssgfbull.182.2.133","url_text":"10.2113/gssgfbull.182.2.133"}]},{"reference":"Şahin, Şakir; Abubakar, Ibrahim; Özçelik, Mehmet; Abdelwahed, Mohamed Farouk; Oksum, Erdinç (2019). \"Neotectonic structures imaged by seismic velocity along the Isparta Angle\". Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 12. Retrieved 10 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-019-4377-1","url_text":"\"Neotectonic structures imaged by seismic velocity along the Isparta Angle\""}]},{"reference":"Yilmaz, Hasan (2014). \"Analysis in terms of apple producers of government supported crop insurance policies as a risk management tool in Turkey\". Acta Scientiarium Polonorum, Hortorum Cultus. 13 (5): 3–12. Retrieved 10 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279326414_Analysis_in_terms_of_apple_producers_of_government_supported_crop_insurance_policies_as_a_risk_management_tool_in_Turkey","url_text":"\"Analysis in terms of apple producers of government supported crop insurance policies as a risk management tool in Turkey\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_at_the_2015_World_Aquatics_Championships
|
Slovenia at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships
|
["1 Open water swimming","2 Swimming","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Sporting event delegationSlovenia at the2015 World Aquatics ChampionshipsFlag of SloveniaFINA codeSLONational federationPlavalna Zveza SlovenijeWebsitewww.plavalna-zveza.siin Kazan, RussiaCompetitors11 in 2 sportsMedals
Gold
0
Silver
0
Bronze
0
Total
0
World Aquatics Championships appearances199419982001200320052007200920112013201520172019202220232024Other related appearances Yugoslavia (1973–1991)
Slovenia competed at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships in Kazan, Russia from 24 July to 9 August 2015.
Open water swimming
Main article: Open water swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships
Slovenia has qualified one swimmer to compete in the open water marathon.
Athlete
Event
Time
Rank
Špela Perše
Women's 5 km
59:59.7
16
Women's 10 km
1:59:38.3
23
Swimming
Main article: Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships
Slovenian swimmers have achieved qualifying standards in the following events (up to a maximum of 2 swimmers in each event at the A-standard entry time, and 1 at the B-standard):
Men
Athlete
Event
Heat
Semifinal
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Martin Bau
400 m freestyle
3:51.44
28
—
did not advance
800 m freestyle
8:04.11
27
—
did not advance
1500 m freestyle
15:22.80
24
—
did not advance
Damir Dugonjič
50 m breaststroke
26.70
3 Q
26.92
5 Q
27.23
=5
100 m breaststroke
1:00.36
17
did not advance
Peter John Stevens
50 m breaststroke
27.46
12 Q
27.50
=12
did not advance
Robert Žbogar
100 m butterfly
53.10
32
did not advance
200 m butterfly
1:58.55
23
did not advance
400 m individual medley
4:25.10
32
—
did not advance
Women
Athlete
Event
Heat
Semifinal
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Nastja Govejšek
100 m freestyle
56.19
36
did not advance
50 m butterfly
26.54
18
did not advance
100 m butterfly
1:01.15
39
did not advance
Anja Klinar
400 m freestyle
4:08.57
10
—
did not advance
200 m butterfly
2:09.70
15 Q
2:08.52
10
did not advance
400 m individual medley
4:38.39
9
—
did not advance
Gaja Natlačen
200 m freestyle
2:02.32
39
did not advance
1500 m freestyle
16:24.83
11
—
did not advance
Tjaša Oder
800 m freestyle
8:38.85
17
—
did not advance
1500 m freestyle
16:31.22
15
—
did not advance
Tanja Šmid
200 m breaststroke
2:28.64
24
did not advance
Tjaša Vozel
50 m breaststroke
32.00
32
did not advance
100 m breaststroke
1:09.27
31
did not advance
References
^ "Špela Perše štiri sekunde za normo" (in Slovenian). Delo. 9 January 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
^ "Kazan 2015 (Open Water Swimming) – Entry List by Nation – Women". FINA. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
^ "Kazan 2015 (Swimming) – Qualifying Procedures". FINA. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
^ "Dugonjić v Kazan po osebne in državne rekorde" (in Slovenian). Delo. 27 July 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
^ "Kazan 2015 (Swimming) – Entry List by NAT". FINA. pp. 78–132. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
External links
Plavalna Zveza Slovenije (in Slovene)
vteNations at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships in Kazan, RussiaAfrica
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Comoros
Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Americas
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Curaçao
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Virgin Islands
Asia
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Macau
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
North Korea
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Qatar
Singapore
South Korea
Syria
Chinese Taipei
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
Europe
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Faroe Islands
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Oceania
Australia
Cook Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Fiji
Guam
Marshall Islands
New Zealand
Northern Mariana Islands
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Tonga
Others
FINA athletes
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"2015 World Aquatics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_World_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"}],"text":"Slovenia competed at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships in Kazan, Russia from 24 July to 9 August 2015.","title":"Slovenia at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Slovenia has qualified one swimmer to compete in the open water marathon.[1][2]","title":"Open water swimming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Slovenian swimmers have achieved qualifying standards in the following events (up to a maximum of 2 swimmers in each event at the A-standard entry time, and 1 at the B-standard):[3][4][5]MenWomen","title":"Swimming"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Špela Perše štiri sekunde za normo\" [Špela Perše finishes four seconds ahead of norm] (in Slovenian). Delo. 9 January 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.delo.si/sport/drugi-sporti/spela-perse-stiri-sekunde-za-normo.html","url_text":"\"Špela Perše štiri sekunde za normo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delo_(newspaper)","url_text":"Delo"}]},{"reference":"\"Kazan 2015 (Open Water Swimming) – Entry List by Nation – Women\". FINA. pp. 1–3. Retrieved 29 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010F0400FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF01","url_text":"\"Kazan 2015 (Open Water Swimming) – Entry List by Nation – Women\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINA","url_text":"FINA"}]},{"reference":"\"Kazan 2015 (Swimming) – Qualifying Procedures\". FINA. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fina.org/H2O/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4366&Itemid=1616","url_text":"\"Kazan 2015 (Swimming) – Qualifying Procedures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINA","url_text":"FINA"}]},{"reference":"\"Dugonjić v Kazan po osebne in državne rekorde\" [Dugonjić aims to set his personal and national records in Kazan] (in Slovenian). Delo. 27 July 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.delo.si/sport/drugi-sporti/dugonjic-v-kazan-po-osebne-in-drzavne-rekorde.html","url_text":"\"Dugonjić v Kazan po osebne in državne rekorde\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delo_(newspaper)","url_text":"Delo"}]},{"reference":"\"Kazan 2015 (Swimming) – Entry List by NAT\". FINA. pp. 78–132. Retrieved 29 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010F0200FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF04","url_text":"\"Kazan 2015 (Swimming) – Entry List by NAT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINA","url_text":"FINA"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.plavalna-zveza.si/","external_links_name":"www.plavalna-zveza.si"},{"Link":"http://www.delo.si/sport/drugi-sporti/spela-perse-stiri-sekunde-za-normo.html","external_links_name":"\"Špela Perše štiri sekunde za normo\""},{"Link":"http://omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010F0400FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF01","external_links_name":"\"Kazan 2015 (Open Water Swimming) – Entry List by Nation – Women\""},{"Link":"http://www.fina.org/H2O/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4366&Itemid=1616","external_links_name":"\"Kazan 2015 (Swimming) – Qualifying Procedures\""},{"Link":"http://www.delo.si/sport/drugi-sporti/dugonjic-v-kazan-po-osebne-in-drzavne-rekorde.html","external_links_name":"\"Dugonjić v Kazan po osebne in državne rekorde\""},{"Link":"http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010F0200FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF04","external_links_name":"\"Kazan 2015 (Swimming) – Entry List by NAT\""},{"Link":"http://www.plavalna-zveza.si/","external_links_name":"Plavalna Zveza Slovenije"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Tobago_(K585)
|
HMS Tobago (K585)
|
["1 Construction and acquisition","2 Service history","3 Disposal","4 Citations","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Colony-class frigate
For other ships with the same name, see HMS Tobago.
History
United States
NameHolmes
NamesakeA British name assigned in anticipation of delivery of the ship to the United Kingdom
ReclassifiedPatrol frigate, PF-81, 15 April 1943
BuilderWalsh-Kaiser Company, Providence, Rhode Island
Laid down17 August 1943
RenamedHong Kong, 1943
NamesakeHong Kong
RenamedTobago, 1943
NamesakeTobago
Launched27 September 1943
Sponsored byMrs. D. W. Ambridge
Commissionednever
IdentificationPG-189
FateTransferred to the United Kingdom, 12 August 1944
AcquiredReturned by United Kingdom 13 May 1946
Fate
Sold for scrapping
Scrapping canceled
Resold 1950 for use as civilian passenger ship
Sunk as block ship 1956
United Kingdom
NameHMS Tobago
NamesakeTobago
Acquired12 August 1944
Commissioned12 August 1944
Decommissioned1945
IdentificationK585
FateReturned to United States, 13 May 1946
General characteristics
Class and typeColony/Tacoma-class patrol frigate
Displacement1,264 long tons (1,284 t)
Length303 ft 11 in (92.63 m)
Beam37 ft 6 in (11.43 m)
Draft13 ft 8 in (4.17 m)
Propulsion
3 × boilers
2 × turbines, 5,500 shp (4,100 kW) each
2 shafts
Speed20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph)
Complement190
Armament
3 × single 3-inch/50 cal. AA guns
2 × twin 40 mm guns
9 × single 20 mm
1 × Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar
8 × Y-gun depth charge projectors
2 × depth charge racks
The fourth HMS Tobago (K585), ex-Hong Kong, was a Colony-class frigate of the United Kingdom which served in the Royal Navy during World War II. She originally was ordered by the United States Navy as the Tacoma-class patrol frigate USS Holmes (PF-81) and was transferred to the Royal Navy prior to completion.
Construction and acquisition
The ship, originally designated a "patrol gunboat," PG-189, was ordered by the United States Maritime Commission under a United States Navy contract as the first USS Holmes. She was reclassified as a "patrol frigate," PF-81, on 15 April 1943 and laid down by the Walsh-Kaiser Company at Providence, Rhode Island, on 17 August 1943. Intended for transfer to the United Kingdom, the ship was first renamed Hong Kong and then Tobago by the British prior to launching and was launched on 27 September 1943, sponsored by Mrs. D. W. Ambridge of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Service history
Transferred to the United Kingdom under Lend-Lease on 12 August 1944, the ship served in the Royal Navy as HMS Tobago (K585) on patrol and escort duty until 1945.
Disposal
The United Kingdom returned Tobago to the U.S. Navy on 13 May 1946. She subsequently was sold to the Boston Metals Company of Baltimore, Maryland, for scrapping, but her scrapping was cancelled and in 1950 she was resold to Khedivial Mail Lines of Alexandria, Egypt, for use as a civilian passenger vessel. She was sunk as a blockship in the Suez Canal in 1956.
Citations
^ a b uboat.net HMS Tobago (K 585)
^ a b According to uboat.net HMS Tobago (K 585), Tobago is not listed as an active unit on the October 1945 Navy List, strongly implying that the Royal Navy decommissioned her sometime earlier that year.
References
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
NavSource Online: Frigate Photo Archive: HMS Tobago (K 585) ex-Hong Kong ex-Holmes ex-PF-81 ex-PG-189
External links
Photo gallery of USS Holmes and HMS Tobago
United Kingdom portal
vteTacoma-class frigates United States NavyCompleted
Tacoma
Sausalito
Hoquiam
Pasco
Albuquerque
Everett
Pocatello
Brownsville
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Casper
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Knoxville
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New Bedford
Hallowell / Machias (PF-72)
Hamond
Hargood
Hotham
Halstead
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Harland
Harman
Harvey
Holmes
Hornby
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Howett
Pilford
Pasley / St. Helena
Patton
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Popham
Peyton
Prowse
Roanoke / Lorain (PF-93)
Sitka / Milledgeville (PF-94)
Orlando
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Canceled
Stamford
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Vallejo / Lorain (PF-97)
Milledgeville (PF-98)
Royal NavyColony class
Anguilla (ex-Machias (PF-72))
Antigua (ex-Hamond)
Ascension (ex-Hargood)
Bahamas (ex-Hotham)
Barbados (ex-Halstead)
Caicos (ex-Hannam)
Cayman (ex-Harland)
Dominica (ex-Harman)
Gold Coast / Labuan (ex-Harvey)
Hong Kong / Tobago (ex-Holmes)
Montserrat (ex-Hornby)
Nyasaland (ex-Hoste)
Papua (ex-Howett)
Pitcairn (ex-Pilford)
St. Helena (ex-Pasley)
Sarawak (ex-Patton)
Seychelles (ex-Pearl)
Sierra Leone / Perim (ex-Phillimore)
Somaliland (ex-Popham)
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Zanzibar (ex-Prowse)
Soviet Navy
EK-1 (ex-Charlottesville)
EK-2 (ex-Long Beach)
EK-3 (ex-Belfast)
EK-4 (ex-Machias (PF-53))
EK-5 (ex-San Pedro)
EK-6 (ex-Glendale)
EK-7 (ex-Sandusky)
EK-8 (ex-Coronado)
EK-9 (ex-Allentown)
EK-10 (ex-Ogden)
EK-11 (ex-Tacoma)
EK-12 (ex-Pasco)
EK-13 (ex-Hoquiam)
EK-14 (ex-Albuquerque)
EK-15 (ex-Everett)
EK-16 (ex-Sausalito)
EK-17 (ex-Bisbee)
EK-18 (ex-Rockford)
EK-19 (ex-Muskogee)
EK-20 (ex-Carson City)
EK-21 (ex-Burlington)
EK-22 (ex-Gallup)
EK-25 (ex-Bayonne)
EK-26 (ex-Gloucester)
EK-27 (ex-Poughkeepsie)
EK-28 (ex-Newport)
EK-29 (ex-Bath)
EK-30 (ex-Evansville)
Post-World War II operators United States Coast Guard
Brownsville
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Woonsocket
Corpus Christi
Covington
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Beaufort
Manitowoc
Forsyth
Argentine Navy
Heroína (ex-Reading)
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Trinidad / Santísima Trinidad / Comodoro Augusto Lasserre (ex-Caicos)
Belgian Navy
Lieutenant ter zee Victor Billet (ex-Sheboygan)
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Almirante Padilla (ex-Groton)
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Cuban Revolutionary Navy
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Dominican Navy
Presidente Troncoso / Gregorio Luperón (ex-Pueblo)
Presidente Peynado / Capitán General Pedro Santana (ex-Knoxville)
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Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
Kusu / YAC-22 (ex-Ogden)
Nara / YTE-8 (ex-Machias (PF-53))
Kashi / YAC-12 (ex-Pasco)
Momi / YAC-13 (ex-Poughkeepsie)
Sugi (ex-Coronado)
Matsu / YAS-36 (ex-Charlottesville)
Nire / YAC-19 (ex-Sandusky)
Kaya / YAC-23 (ex-San Pedro)
Ume / YAC-14 (ex-Allentown)
Sakura / YAC-16 (ex-Carson City)
Kiri / YAC-20 (ex-Everett)
Tsuge (ex-Gloucester)
Kaede / YAC-17 (ex-Newport)
Buna / YAC-11 (ex-Bayonne)
Keyaki / YAC-21 (ex-Evansville)
Tochi / YAC-15 (ex-Albuquerque)
Shii / YAS-44 (ex-Long Beach)
Maki / YTE-9 (ex-Bath)
Republic of Korea Navy
Duman (ex-Muskogee)
Apnok (ex-Rockford)
Taedong (ex-Tacoma)
Nae Tong (ex-Hoquiam)
Imchin (ex-Sausalito)
Mexican Navy
California (ex-Hutchinson)
General José María Morelos / Golfo de Tehuantepec (ex-Bangor)
General Vicente Guerrero / Río Usumacinta (ex-Annapolis)
Papaloapan (ex-Gladwyne)
Netherlands Government
Cirrus (ex-Abilene)
Cumulus (ex-Forsyth)
Peruvian Navy
Teniente Gálvez / Gálvez (ex-Woonsocket)
Royal Thai Navy
Tachin (ex-Glendale)
Prasae (ex-Gallup)
Preceded by: Asheville class (USN) / River class (RN)
Followed by: None
List of patrol vessels of the United States Navy
List of patrol vessels of the Royal Navy
List of Project Hula ships
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Colony-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Tacoma-class patrol frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma-class_frigate"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see HMS Tobago.The fourth HMS Tobago (K585), ex-Hong Kong, was a Colony-class frigate of the United Kingdom which served in the Royal Navy during World War II. She originally was ordered by the United States Navy as the Tacoma-class patrol frigate USS Holmes (PF-81) and was transferred to the Royal Navy prior to completion.","title":"HMS Tobago (K585)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gunboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat"},{"link_name":"United States Maritime Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Maritime_Commission"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"patrol frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrol_frigate"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"Walsh-Kaiser Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsh-Kaiser_Company"},{"link_name":"Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uboatnet-1"},{"link_name":"launching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching"},{"link_name":"D. W. Ambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_White_Ambridge"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"}],"text":"The ship, originally designated a \"patrol gunboat,\" PG-189, was ordered by the United States Maritime Commission under a United States Navy contract as the first USS Holmes. She was reclassified as a \"patrol frigate,\" PF-81, on 15 April 1943 and laid down by the Walsh-Kaiser Company at Providence, Rhode Island, on 17 August 1943.[1] Intended for transfer to the United Kingdom, the ship was first renamed Hong Kong and then Tobago by the British prior to launching and was launched on 27 September 1943, sponsored by Mrs. D. W. Ambridge of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.","title":"Construction and acquisition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lend-Lease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decommissioning-2"}],"text":"Transferred to the United Kingdom under Lend-Lease on 12 August 1944, the ship served in the Royal Navy as HMS Tobago (K585) on patrol and escort duty until 1945.[2]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Metals Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Metals_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Khedivial Mail Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khedivial_Mail_Lines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"blockship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockship"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"}],"text":"The United Kingdom returned Tobago to the U.S. Navy on 13 May 1946. She subsequently was sold to the Boston Metals Company of Baltimore, Maryland, for scrapping, but her scrapping was cancelled and in 1950 she was resold to Khedivial Mail Lines of Alexandria, Egypt, for use as a civilian passenger vessel. She was sunk as a blockship in the Suez Canal in 1956.","title":"Disposal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-uboatnet_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-uboatnet_1-1"},{"link_name":"uboat.net HMS Tobago (K 585)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/283.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-decommissioning_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-decommissioning_2-1"},{"link_name":"uboat.net HMS Tobago (K 585)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/283.html"}],"text":"^ a b uboat.net HMS Tobago (K 585)\n\n^ a b According to uboat.net HMS Tobago (K 585), Tobago is not listed as an active unit on the October 1945 Navy List, strongly implying that the Royal Navy decommissioned her sometime earlier that year.","title":"Citations"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/283.html","external_links_name":"uboat.net HMS Tobago (K 585)"},{"Link":"http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/283.html","external_links_name":"uboat.net HMS Tobago (K 585)"},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/h7/holmes-i.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/08081.htm","external_links_name":"NavSource Online: Frigate Photo Archive: HMS Tobago (K 585) ex-Hong Kong ex-Holmes ex-PF-81 ex-PG-189"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/08081.htm","external_links_name":"Photo gallery of USS Holmes and HMS Tobago"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Fire
|
Border Fire
|
["1 Progression","2 Effects","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 32°35′56″N 116°35′49″W / 32.599°N 116.597°W / 32.599; -116.5972016 wildfire in Southern California
Border FireDate(s)June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19) –June 30, 2016 (2016-06-30)LocationPotrero, San Diego County, CaliforniaCoordinates32°35′56″N 116°35′49″W / 32.599°N 116.597°W / 32.599; -116.597StatisticsBurned area7,609 acres (31 km2)ImpactsDeaths2 civiliansStructures destroyed5 homes11 outbuildingsMapLocation in Southern California
The Border Fire was a large wildfire that burned in Potrero, San Diego County, California, as part of the 2016 California wildfire season. The fire was so named due to its proximity to the United States-Mexican border.
Progression
The fire, which was first reported around 11:30 a.m. on Sunday, June 19, started along the United States-Mexican border between Highway 188 and Highway 94. Reported at 5 acres, the fire burned at a moderate rate of spread before rapidly exploding into 1,500 acres (610 ha) within a matter of hours due to gushy winds within the fire area. The fire then quickly jumped Highway 94 and moved northwest threatening multiple structures and prompting evacuations for the community of Potrero. Homes along Highway 94 between Emory Road and Plaskon Road were evacuated, along with residents in the community of Potrero. Initial reports detailed that 4 outbuilding has been destroyed. That evening, the fire was reported to be burning eastward with 5 percent containment.
By Monday morning, June 20, the fire was estimated to be 1,900 acres large and temperatures were expected to reach 107 degrees in the area that day, elevating the fires activity. By midday, authorities had issued additional mandatory evacuation orders for the nearby communities of Forest Gate, Star Ranch, Cowboy Ranch, Dog Patch and Canyon City because of "extreme fire behavior and activity." Evacuation advisory were also issued for areas near Campo and Buckman Springs." An American Red Cross shelter was set up at Los Coches Creek Middle School for evacuees displaced by the fire." As the day went on, the fire rapidly expanded to an estimated 7,500 acres with only a reported 10 percent containment. The fire is also believed to have been the cause of a power outage that affected several hundred people near the communities of Potrero, Dulzura and Campo, according to authorities.
During the early morning hours of Tuesday, June 21, the fire was downgraded to a more accurate 6,020 acres (2,440 ha) due to better mapping. Upwards of 1,550 firefighters from across Southern California were on scene battling the now three-day-old wildfire with more being requested. Reports suggested the fire was moving north and northeast, threatening parts of the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail as well as its surrounding communities, Tuesday. The fire grew a mere 480 acres that day, expanding the burn area to 6,500 acres (2,600 ha).
A spot fire 1.2 miles northeast of the main fire had burned 40 acres as of early Wednesday morning, June 22. Five homes and eight other buildings were reported destroyed as the incident continued to grow to 6,700 acres (2,700 ha). However, as the fire reached 20 percent containment Wednesday evening, officials began lifting evacuation ordersfor the greater Potrero community.
Officials set backfires on Thursday, June 23, burning out much of the brush ahead of the Border Fire to keep it from spreading further. By 6 p.m. Thursday, all evacuation orders and warnings for residents in the affected areas had been lifted.
By Friday morning, June 24, the fire had been at 45 percent containment and was 7,609 acres (3,079 ha). As of 6 p.m. that Friday, Cal Fire officials reported that containment on the blaze had grown to 60 percent. Reports stated that the fire has destroyed a total of five homes and 11 other buildings over its six-day span. On Friday morning, Cal Fire officials said firefighters had been able to build stronger containment lines along the perimeter of the Border Fire, increasing the control.
On Sunday June 26, all evacuation orders were lifted as the fire reached 80% containment.
On Thursday June 30, the fire was deemed 100% contained with a total of 7,609 acres (3,079 ha) burned.
Effects
Along with widespread evacuations the fire also caused power outages that affected more than 1,000 homes and businesses in Potrero as well as the communities of Campo and Dulzura, according to San Diego Gas & Electric.
On June 29 authorities announced that the bodies of two missing individuals had been located in the burn area. The two were believed to have been killed by the inferno.
References
^ a b "Border Fire Updates". CAL FIRE Incident Information. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
^ a b "Border Fire burns 6,723 acres, 20% containment, 5 destroyed homes". KUSI-TV. 19 June 2016. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
^ a b c Stimson, Brie; Tatro, Samantha (19 June 2016). "In First Day, Border Fire Jumps Highway As It Quickly Grows to 1,500 Acres". KNSD. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
^ a b c d e f Winkley, Lyndsay (20 June 2016). "Border Fire near Potrero spreads to 7,500 acres". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
^ Tatro, Samantha (20 June 2016). "Fast-Moving Border Fire Jumps From 1,900 Acres to 7,500 Acres in Second Day Burning Through SD Border Community". KNSD. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
^ a b c Tatro, Samantha (21 June 2016). "New Evacuations Issued as Border Fire Burns 6,020 Acres in Third Day". KNSD. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
^ a b Gabbert, Bill (20 June 2016). "California: Border Fire forces evacuation of additional areas, including Lake Morena Village". Wildfire Today. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
^ McVicker, Laura; Jaspreet, Kaur (22 June 2016). "5 Homes Destroyed as Border Fire Burns More Than 6,700 Acres on Fourth Day". KNSD. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
^ a b c d e Garske, Monica; Tatro, Samantha (23 June 2016). "Evacuations Lifted for 7,609-Acre Border Fire, 60 Percent Contained". KNSD. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
^ Handy, Shannon; Lewis, Brandon; Alford, Abbie (26 June 2016). "Border Fire: All evacuation orders lifted, 80 percent contained". KFMB-TV. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
^ Tatro, Samantha; Garske, Monica (30 June 2016). "7,609-Acre Border Fire Now 100 Percent Contained". Retrieved 1 July 2016.
^ "Nearly 2,000 firefighters continue battling Border Fire". FOX5 San Diego – San Diego News, Weather, Traffic and Sports | KSWB. 23 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
^ "Bodies found after Border Fire believed to be missing couple". Fox 5 San Diego. June 29, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
External links
Largest fires in San Diego County history – ABC 10News
vteCalifornia wildfiresPre-2000
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Matilija (1932)
Griffith Park (1933)
Rattlesnake (1953)
Harlow (1961)
Bel Air (1961)
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Laguna (1970)
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49er (1988)
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Corral
2008
Summit
Indians
Basin Complex
Klamath Theater Complex
Gap
Telegraph
Sesnon
Tea
Sayre
Freeway Complex
2009
Jesusita
La Brea
Lockheed
Station
Guiberson
2010
Bull
West
Crown
2011
Lion
Comanche Complex
2012
Reading
Chips
Barry Point
Rush
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2013
Summit
Springs
Powerhouse
Mountain
Silver
Rim
Clover
2014
Colby
Etiwanda
May 2014 San Diego County wildfires
Tomahawk
Poinsettia
Cocos
Shirley
Butts
Bully
Happy Camp Complex
Meadow
King
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2015
Round
Lake
North
Wragg
Rocky
Mad River Complex
Humboldt Complex
Frog
Rough
Jerusalem
Cuesta
Butte
Valley
Tassajara
2016
Sherpa
Border
San Gabriel Complex
Erskine
Trailhead
Curry
Sand
Soberanes
Cold
Pilot
Chimney
Clayton
Blue Cut
Rey
Bogart
Canyon
Loma
2017
Gate
Holcomb
Schaeffer
Salmon August Complex
Manzanita
Winters
Alamo
Wall
Whittier
Garza
Detwiler
Empire
Parker 2
Young
Pier
Railroad
Ponderosa
Mud
Slinkard
Helena
La Tuna
Palmer
Mission
October 2017 Northern California wildfires
Atlas
Tubbs
Canyon 2
December 2017 Southern California wildfires
Thomas
Creek
Rye
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2018
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Lane
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County
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Georges
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Donnell
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Delta
Camp
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2019
Sand
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Tenaja
Walker
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South
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Saddleridge
Nustar
Kincade
Tick
Getty
Easy
Maria
2020
Quail
Grant
Crews
Soledad
Mineral
2020 Lassen County wildfires
Gold
Loyalton
Red Salmon Complex
Apple
August 2020 lightning wildfires
Lake
Dome
River
CZU Lightning Complex
SCU Lightning Complex
August Complex
LNU Lightning Complex
North Complex
SQF Complex
Dolan
Creek
El Dorado
Bobcat
Slater/Devil
Oak
Glass
Zogg
Silverado
Mountain View
Bond
2021
Palisades
Willow
Lava
Tennant
Salt
Beckwourth Complex
Tamarack
Dixie
McFarland
Monument
River Complex
McCash
Antelope
River
Caldor
French
KNP Complex
Windy
Fawn
2022
Colorado
Electra
Washburn
Oak
McKinney
Red
Route
Border 32
Mill
Fairview
Mosquito
2023
Rabbit
Pika
York
Category
Commons
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wildfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire"},{"link_name":"Potrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potrero,_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"2016 California wildfire season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_California_wildfires"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calfire-1"},{"link_name":"United States-Mexican border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States-Mexican_border"}],"text":"2016 wildfire in Southern CaliforniaThe Border Fire was a large wildfire that burned in Potrero, San Diego County, California, as part of the 2016 California wildfire season.[1] The fire was so named due to its proximity to the United States-Mexican border.","title":"Border Fire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States-Mexican border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States-Mexican_border"},{"link_name":"Highway 188","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_188"},{"link_name":"Highway 94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_94"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kusi-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News7-First_Day-3"},{"link_name":"Potrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potrero,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kusi-2"},{"link_name":"Potrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potrero,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News7-First_Day-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News7-First_Day-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spreads_7,500-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spreads_7,500-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spreads_7,500-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spreads_7,500-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spreads_7,500-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News7_Fast-Moving-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spreads_7,500-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News7_New_Evacuations-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News7_New_Evacuations-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News7_New_Evacuations-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wildfire_Today-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wildfire_Today-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News7_5_Homes_Destroyed-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News7_Evacuations_Lifted-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News7_Evacuations_Lifted-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News7_Evacuations_Lifted-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News7_Evacuations_Lifted-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News7_Evacuations_Lifted-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evacs-lifted-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The fire, which was first reported around 11:30 a.m. on Sunday, June 19, started along the United States-Mexican border between Highway 188 and Highway 94.[2] Reported at 5 acres, the fire burned at a moderate rate of spread before rapidly exploding into 1,500 acres (610 ha) within a matter of hours due to gushy winds within the fire area.[3] The fire then quickly jumped Highway 94 and moved northwest threatening multiple structures and prompting evacuations for the community of Potrero.[2] Homes along Highway 94 between Emory Road and Plaskon Road were evacuated, along with residents in the community of Potrero.[3] Initial reports detailed that 4 outbuilding has been destroyed.[3] That evening, the fire was reported to be burning eastward with 5 percent containment.[4]By Monday morning, June 20, the fire was estimated to be 1,900 acres large and temperatures were expected to reach 107 degrees in the area that day, elevating the fires activity.[4] By midday, authorities had issued additional mandatory evacuation orders for the nearby communities of Forest Gate, Star Ranch, Cowboy Ranch, Dog Patch and Canyon City because of \"extreme fire behavior and activity.\"[4] Evacuation advisory were also issued for areas near Campo and Buckman Springs.\"[4] An American Red Cross shelter was set up at Los Coches Creek Middle School for evacuees displaced by the fire.\"[4] As the day went on, the fire rapidly expanded to an estimated 7,500 acres with only a reported 10 percent containment.[5] The fire is also believed to have been the cause of a power outage that affected several hundred people near the communities of Potrero, Dulzura and Campo, according to authorities.[4]During the early morning hours of Tuesday, June 21, the fire was downgraded to a more accurate 6,020 acres (2,440 ha) due to better mapping.[6] Upwards of 1,550 firefighters from across Southern California were on scene battling the now three-day-old wildfire with more being requested.[6] Reports suggested the fire was moving north and northeast, threatening parts of the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail as well as its surrounding communities, Tuesday.[6] The fire grew a mere 480 acres that day, expanding the burn area to 6,500 acres (2,600 ha).[7]A spot fire 1.2 miles northeast of the main fire had burned 40 acres as of early Wednesday morning, June 22.[7] Five homes and eight other buildings were reported destroyed as the incident continued to grow to 6,700 acres (2,700 ha). However, as the fire reached 20 percent containment Wednesday evening, officials began lifting evacuation ordersfor the greater Potrero community.[8]Officials set backfires on Thursday, June 23, burning out much of the brush ahead of the Border Fire to keep it from spreading further.[9] By 6 p.m. Thursday, all evacuation orders and warnings for residents in the affected areas had been lifted.[9]By Friday morning, June 24, the fire had been at 45 percent containment and was 7,609 acres (3,079 ha). As of 6 p.m. that Friday, Cal Fire officials reported that containment on the blaze had grown to 60 percent.[9] Reports stated that the fire has destroyed a total of five homes and 11 other buildings over its six-day span.[9] On Friday morning, Cal Fire officials said firefighters had been able to build stronger containment lines along the perimeter of the Border Fire, increasing the control.[9]On Sunday June 26, all evacuation orders were lifted as the fire reached 80% containment.[10]On Thursday June 30, the fire was deemed 100% contained with a total of 7,609 acres (3,079 ha) burned.[11]","title":"Progression"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Potrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potrero,_California"},{"link_name":"Campo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo,_California"},{"link_name":"Dulzura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulzura,_California"},{"link_name":"San Diego Gas & Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Gas_%26_Electric"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Along with widespread evacuations the fire also caused power outages that affected more than 1,000 homes and businesses in Potrero as well as the communities of Campo and Dulzura, according to San Diego Gas & Electric.[12]On June 29 authorities announced that the bodies of two missing individuals had been located in the burn area. The two were believed to have been killed by the inferno.[13]","title":"Effects"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Border Fire Updates\". CAL FIRE Incident Information. Retrieved 26 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://calfireinformation.weebly.com/border-fire-updates.html","url_text":"\"Border Fire Updates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAL_FIRE","url_text":"CAL FIRE"}]},{"reference":"\"Border Fire burns 6,723 acres, 20% containment, 5 destroyed homes\". KUSI-TV. 19 June 2016. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624053532/http://www.kusi.com/story/32256626/san-diego-news-tecate-border-fire","url_text":"\"Border Fire burns 6,723 acres, 20% containment, 5 destroyed homes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUSI-TV","url_text":"KUSI-TV"},{"url":"http://www.kusi.com/story/32256626/san-diego-news-tecate-border-fire","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stimson, Brie; Tatro, Samantha (19 June 2016). \"In First Day, Border Fire Jumps Highway As It Quickly Grows to 1,500 Acres\". KNSD. Retrieved 19 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/Firefighters-Battling-Small-Wildland-Fire-Near-US-Mexico-Border-383557671.html","url_text":"\"In First Day, Border Fire Jumps Highway As It Quickly Grows to 1,500 Acres\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNSD","url_text":"KNSD"}]},{"reference":"Winkley, Lyndsay (20 June 2016). \"Border Fire near Potrero spreads to 7,500 acres\". San Diego Union Tribune. Retrieved 20 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-border-fire-5-percent-contained-2016jun20-story.html","url_text":"\"Border Fire near Potrero spreads to 7,500 acres\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune","url_text":"San Diego Union Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Tatro, Samantha (20 June 2016). \"Fast-Moving Border Fire Jumps From 1,900 Acres to 7,500 Acres in Second Day Burning Through SD Border Community\". KNSD. Retrieved 20 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/SD-Border-Fire-Burns-Near-US-Mexico-Border-Day-2-383625161.html","url_text":"\"Fast-Moving Border Fire Jumps From 1,900 Acres to 7,500 Acres in Second Day Burning Through SD Border Community\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNSD","url_text":"KNSD"}]},{"reference":"Tatro, Samantha (21 June 2016). \"New Evacuations Issued as Border Fire Burns 6,020 Acres in Third Day\". KNSD. Retrieved 21 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/Border-Fire-San-Diego-Tuesday-Day-Three-Cal-Fire-383781331.html","url_text":"\"New Evacuations Issued as Border Fire Burns 6,020 Acres in Third Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNSD","url_text":"KNSD"}]},{"reference":"Gabbert, Bill (20 June 2016). \"California: Border Fire forces evacuation of additional areas, including Lake Morena Village\". Wildfire Today. Retrieved 24 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://wildfiretoday.com/2016/06/19/california-border-fire-forces-evacuation-of-potrero/","url_text":"\"California: Border Fire forces evacuation of additional areas, including Lake Morena Village\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wildfire_Today&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Wildfire Today"}]},{"reference":"McVicker, Laura; Jaspreet, Kaur (22 June 2016). \"5 Homes Destroyed as Border Fire Burns More Than 6,700 Acres on Fourth Day\". KNSD. Retrieved 22 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/Border-Fire-burns-6500-acres-fourth-day-383950791.html","url_text":"\"5 Homes Destroyed as Border Fire Burns More Than 6,700 Acres on Fourth Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNSD","url_text":"KNSD"}]},{"reference":"Garske, Monica; Tatro, Samantha (23 June 2016). \"Evacuations Lifted for 7,609-Acre Border Fire, 60 Percent Contained\". KNSD. Retrieved 24 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/Potrero-East-San-Diego-Border-Fire-Day-Five-384109321.html","url_text":"\"Evacuations Lifted for 7,609-Acre Border Fire, 60 Percent Contained\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNSD","url_text":"KNSD"}]},{"reference":"Handy, Shannon; Lewis, Brandon; Alford, Abbie (26 June 2016). \"Border Fire: All evacuation orders lifted, 80 percent contained\". KFMB-TV. Retrieved 26 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbs8.com/story/32260093/border-fire-all-evacuation-orders-lifted-80-percent-contained","url_text":"\"Border Fire: All evacuation orders lifted, 80 percent contained\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFMB-TV","url_text":"KFMB-TV"}]},{"reference":"Tatro, Samantha; Garske, Monica (30 June 2016). \"7,609-Acre Border Fire Now 100 Percent Contained\". Retrieved 1 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/Potrero-Border-Fire-Updates-Containment-Cal-Fire-384385131.html","url_text":"\"7,609-Acre Border Fire Now 100 Percent Contained\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nearly 2,000 firefighters continue battling Border Fire\". FOX5 San Diego – San Diego News, Weather, Traffic and Sports | KSWB. 23 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://fox5sandiego.com/2016/06/23/nearly-2000-firefighters-continue-battling-border-fire/","url_text":"\"Nearly 2,000 firefighters continue battling Border Fire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bodies found after Border Fire believed to be missing couple\". Fox 5 San Diego. June 29, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://fox5sandiego.com/2016/06/29/2-bodies-found-during-border-fire-cleanup/","url_text":"\"Bodies found after Border Fire believed to be missing couple\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_5_San_Diego","url_text":"Fox 5 San Diego"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Biscuits
|
Chuck Biscuits
|
["1 Career","1.1 Musical Influence","1.2 Black Flag & Circle Jerks Era","1.3 Danzig Era","1.4 Social Distortion","1.5 Death Hoax","2 Equipment","3 Discography","3.1 D.O.A. (1978–1982)","3.2 Black Flag (1982)","3.3 Circle Jerks (1983–1984)","3.4 Floorlords (1986)","3.5 Glenn Danzig and the Power and Fury Orchestra","3.6 Danzig (1987–1994)","3.7 Run-D.M.C.","3.8 Samhain","3.9 Social Distortion (1996–1999)","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Canadian drummer
Chuck BiscuitsBirth nameCharles MontgomeryBorn (1965-04-17) April 17, 1965 (age 59)British Columbia, CanadaGenresPunk rock, heavy metalOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)DrumsYears active1977–1999Formerly ofD.O.A., Black Flag, Danzig, Social DistortionMusical artist
Chuck Biscuits (born Charles Montgomery on April 17, 1965) is a Canadian drummer best known for his work in several punk rock bands.
Biscuits was a member of D.O.A. from 1978 to 1982, playing on the band's first two albums before briefly joining Black Flag and later Circle Jerks. He later joined Danzig in 1987, playing on the band's first four albums as well as their first EP before leaving in 1994. Most recently, he played in Social Distortion from 1996 to 1999.
Career
Musical Influence
Biscuits has named his main influences as John Bonham, Rat Scabies of the Damned, Topper Headon of the Clash, Keith Moon and Stewart Copeland.
Black Flag & Circle Jerks Era
Biscuits is the brother of Ken "Dimwit" Montgomery, a fixture on the Vancouver music scene—at different times, both brothers played drums for D.O.A. Biscuits joined Black Flag in 1982 and toured with them for five months. His only studio recordings for the band were the 1982 demos for the My War album, which have been widely bootlegged.
However, Biscuits and Henry Rollins had clashing personalities, and problems with their record label nudged the drummer to jump ship and join original Black Flag singer Keith Morris’s influential band, the Circle Jerks. Biscuits played with the Circle Jerks relatively briefly until he joined Floorlords. Biscuits planned to quit the music business and took art and electrical engineering courses when that band broke up. He briefly filled in on drums for a few shows for the Red Hot Chili Peppers during their Freaky Styley tour in 1986.
Danzig Era
In 1987, producer Rick Rubin invited Biscuits to become the drummer for Danzig. Biscuits had been vocalist/songwriter Glenn Danzig's first choice as drummer for his band.
Biscuits joined Danzig in 1987 and appeared on the band's first four albums and one EP. In 1990 he recorded drums for one track on Glenn Danzig's final album with the band Samhain. In 1994 he became the first member of the original Danzig line-up to leave the band, citing a contract dispute as the reason for his departure.
Social Distortion
Biscuits left Danzig in 1994 over royalty disagreements. He was replaced by a pre–Queens Of The Stone Age Joey Castillo, after Dave Grohl turned down an offer to join. Biscuits tried to rejoin the group but were rejected and forced to find another group to play with.
In 1996 Biscuits hooked up with another big act from the punk scene, joining Social Distortion between the recording and release of the band’s White Light, White Heat, White Trash album. Biscuits is credited on the album’s liner notes, although Deen Castronovo’s playing was featured on the record.
Biscuits participated in a special concert held on December 28, 1994, to honor the lifetime achievements of his brother Ken, who had died earlier in the year of a drug overdose.
Death Hoax
On October 27, 2009, a blogger named James Greene Jr. who claimed to have been in recent contact with Biscuits posted a report on his blog announcing that the drummer had died on October 24 of throat cancer. This report quickly circulated to multiple media sources, but was soon questioned by Biscuits' friends and family as a hoax. That evening, Biscuit's sister-in-law e-mailed Greene to confirm that the musician was still alive. Biscuits himself never released a statement concerning the death hoax, and Greene would later argue that Biscuits was entirely responsible for the false report.
Equipment
Biscuits used Pro-Mark DC-10 marching sticks to drum. His drumkit at the beginning of Danzig was a black Premier Resonator, though he switched to a chrome covered 1970s era Ludwig Classic maple kit for Danzig II, and continued with that kit to record and tour for Danzig III and Danzig IV. Biscuits was usually seen using Zildjian cymbals. His regular ride cymbal sound during his work with Danzig was a Zildjian 22" Earth Ride. Biscuits also favored Paiste Rude cymbals. He used medium and rock ride cymbals as crashes. Biscuits' mainstay snare with Danzig was a Sonor steel model, though he also used a Ludwig piccolo snare.
With D.O.A. and Black Flag, Biscuits used an older blonde maple Slingerland kit and was also photographed using various colored Ludwig drums. For Social Distortion, Biscuits used a Boom Theory kit, including a Bridgedeck snare built by Al Adinolfi.
Discography
D.O.A. (1978–1982)
Disco Sucks
The Prisoner
Triumph of the Ignoroids
World War III
Vancouver Complication
Something Better Change
Hardcore '81
Let Them Eat Jellybeans
Positively D.O.A. (No God, No Country, No Lies)
Rat Music for Rat People Vol. 1
Bloodied But Unbowed
War on 45 (partial)
1978 (2019 2-LP single CD compilation featuring rare Biscuits performances)
Black Flag (1982)
1982: The Complete 1982 Demos Plus More (bootleg album)
2010: Live at the On Broadway 1982 (live album)
Circle Jerks (1983–1984)
Repo Man soundtrack
The Best of Flipside Video
Floorlords (1986)
Black Ice Ride 2-Nite
Glenn Danzig and the Power and Fury Orchestra
1987: Less than Zero soundtrack
Danzig (1987–1994)
1988: Danzig
1990: Danzig II: Lucifuge
1992: Danzig III: How the Gods Kill
1993: Thrall-Demonsweatlive
1994: Danzig 4
2001: Live on the Black Hand Side
2007: The Lost Tracks of Danzig
Run-D.M.C.
1988: Tougher Than Leather (drum tracks only)
Samhain
1990: Final Descent
Social Distortion (1996–1999)
1998: Live at the Roxy
References
^ a b "Chuck Biscuits {!} Biography, Albums, Streaming Links". AllMusic. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
^ Keithley, Joey (2003). I, Shithead : a life in punk. Vancouver : Arsenal Pulp Press. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-1-55152-309-5. OCLC 431546583.
^ "Chuck Biscuits: Punk Journeyman". Modern Drummer Magazine. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
^ "Influences/Interests: Chuck Biscuits". DANZIG Force promo package. 1990. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
^ "Black Flag". Misfits Central. Retrieved September 26, 2009.
^ "Biscuits". Flipside. May–June 1993. Retrieved September 26, 2009.
^ Natanael, Christine (1988). "Danzig with Danzig". Metal Mania. Retrieved September 26, 2009.
^ "Sympathy for the Devil". Entertainment Weekly. October 14, 1994. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved September 26, 2009.
^ "Chuck Biscuits: Punk Journeyman". Modern Drummer. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
^ Original CBC report of death
^ R.I.P. Chuck Biscuits (1965 – 2009); www.inlog.org.
^ "Chuck Biscuits: 1965-2009". JG2Land. October 27, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
^ "The Chuck Biscuits Death Hoaxer: Chuck Biscuits?". Jgtwo.wordpress.com. November 11, 2009. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
^ Chuck Biscuits "Could Not Care Less" You Thought He Was Dead; www.crawdaddyarchive.com.
^ a b c d Young, Jon (August 1994). "Danzig Knows the Power of the Dark Side". Musician. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
^ Von, Eerie. Misery Obscura: The Photography Of Eerie Von (1981-2009). Milwaukie, OR: Dark Horse Books, 2009: p. 140
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"D.O.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.O.A._(band)"},{"link_name":"Black Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Flag_(band)"},{"link_name":"Circle Jerks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Jerks"},{"link_name":"Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_(band)"},{"link_name":"Social Distortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Distortion"}],"text":"Musical artistChuck Biscuits (born Charles Montgomery[2] on April 17, 1965)[1][3] is a Canadian drummer best known for his work in several punk rock bands.Biscuits was a member of D.O.A. from 1978 to 1982, playing on the band's first two albums before briefly joining Black Flag and later Circle Jerks. He later joined Danzig in 1987, playing on the band's first four albums as well as their first EP before leaving in 1994. Most recently, he played in Social Distortion from 1996 to 1999.","title":"Chuck Biscuits"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Bonham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bonham"},{"link_name":"Rat Scabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_Scabies"},{"link_name":"Topper Headon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topper_Headon"},{"link_name":"Keith Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Moon"},{"link_name":"Stewart Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Copeland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Musical Influence","text":"Biscuits has named his main influences as John Bonham, Rat Scabies of the Damned, Topper Headon of the Clash, Keith Moon and Stewart Copeland.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"D.O.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.O.A._(band)"},{"link_name":"Black Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Flag_(band)"},{"link_name":"1982 demos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Demos"},{"link_name":"My War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_War"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misfits_Central_-_Black_Flag-5"},{"link_name":"Henry Rollins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rollins"},{"link_name":"Red Hot Chili Peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers"},{"link_name":"Freaky Styley tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaky_Styley_tour"}],"sub_title":"Black Flag & Circle Jerks Era","text":"Biscuits is the brother of Ken \"Dimwit\" Montgomery, a fixture on the Vancouver music scene—at different times, both brothers played drums for D.O.A. Biscuits joined Black Flag in 1982 and toured with them for five months. His only studio recordings for the band were the 1982 demos for the My War album, which have been widely bootlegged.[5]However, Biscuits and Henry Rollins had clashing personalities, and problems with their record label nudged the drummer to jump ship and join original Black Flag singer Keith Morris’s influential band, the Circle Jerks. Biscuits played with the Circle Jerks relatively briefly until he joined Floorlords. Biscuits planned to quit the music business and took art and electrical engineering courses when that band broke up. He briefly filled in on drums for a few shows for the Red Hot Chili Peppers during their Freaky Styley tour in 1986.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rick Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Rubin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flipside-6"},{"link_name":"Glenn Danzig's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Danzig"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metal_Mania-7"},{"link_name":"Samhain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhain_(band)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entertainment_Weekly-8"}],"sub_title":"Danzig Era","text":"In 1987, producer Rick Rubin invited Biscuits to become the drummer for Danzig.[6] Biscuits had been vocalist/songwriter Glenn Danzig's first choice as drummer for his band.[7]Biscuits joined Danzig in 1987 and appeared on the band's first four albums and one EP. In 1990 he recorded drums for one track on Glenn Danzig's final album with the band Samhain. In 1994 he became the first member of the original Danzig line-up to leave the band, citing a contract dispute as the reason for his departure.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Social Distortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Distortion"},{"link_name":"White Light, White Heat, White Trash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Light,_White_Heat,_White_Trash"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Social Distortion","text":"Biscuits left Danzig in 1994 over royalty disagreements. He was replaced by a pre–Queens Of The Stone Age Joey Castillo, after Dave Grohl turned down an offer to join. Biscuits tried to rejoin the group but were rejected and forced to find another group to play with.\nIn 1996 Biscuits hooked up with another big act from the punk scene, joining Social Distortion between the recording and release of the band’s White Light, White Heat, White Trash album. Biscuits is credited on the album’s liner notes, although Deen Castronovo’s playing was featured on the record. [9]Biscuits participated in a special concert held on December 28, 1994, to honor the lifetime achievements of his brother Ken, who had died earlier in the year of a drug overdose.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"throat cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inlog.org-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JG2Land-14"}],"sub_title":"Death Hoax","text":"On October 27, 2009, a blogger named James Greene Jr. who claimed to have been in recent contact with Biscuits posted a report on his blog announcing that the drummer had died on October 24 of throat cancer. This report quickly circulated to multiple media sources,[10][11] but was soon questioned by Biscuits' friends and family as a hoax. That evening, Biscuit's sister-in-law e-mailed Greene to confirm that the musician was still alive.[12] Biscuits himself never released a statement concerning the death hoax, and Greene would later argue that Biscuits was entirely responsible for the false report.[13][14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pro-Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Mark"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musician-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Percussion"},{"link_name":"Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig-Musser"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musician-15"},{"link_name":"Zildjian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avedis_Zildjian_Company"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musician-15"},{"link_name":"Paiste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiste"},{"link_name":"Sonor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonor"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Musician-15"}],"text":"Biscuits used Pro-Mark[15] DC-10[16] marching sticks to drum. His drumkit at the beginning of Danzig was a black Premier Resonator, though he switched to a chrome covered 1970s era Ludwig[15] Classic maple kit for Danzig II, and continued with that kit to record and tour for Danzig III and Danzig IV. Biscuits was usually seen using Zildjian cymbals. His regular ride cymbal sound during his work with Danzig was a Zildjian 22\" Earth Ride.[15] Biscuits also favored Paiste Rude cymbals. He used medium and rock ride cymbals as crashes. Biscuits' mainstay snare with Danzig was a Sonor steel model, though he also used a Ludwig piccolo snare.[15]With D.O.A. and Black Flag, Biscuits used an older blonde maple Slingerland kit and was also photographed using various colored Ludwig drums. For Social Distortion, Biscuits used a Boom Theory kit, including a Bridgedeck snare built by Al Adinolfi.","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Something Better Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Better_Change"},{"link_name":"Hardcore '81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_%2781"},{"link_name":"Let Them Eat Jellybeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Them_Eat_Jellybeans"},{"link_name":"War on 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_45"}],"sub_title":"D.O.A. (1978–1982)","text":"Disco Sucks\nThe Prisoner\nTriumph of the Ignoroids\nWorld War III\nVancouver Complication\nSomething Better Change\nHardcore '81\nLet Them Eat Jellybeans\nPositively D.O.A. (No God, No Country, No Lies)\nRat Music for Rat People Vol. 1\nBloodied But Unbowed\nWar on 45 (partial)\n1978 (2019 2-LP single CD compilation featuring rare Biscuits performances)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Complete 1982 Demos Plus More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Demos"},{"link_name":"bootleg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootleg_recording"},{"link_name":"Live at the On Broadway 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_On_Broadway_1982"}],"sub_title":"Black Flag (1982)","text":"1982: The Complete 1982 Demos Plus More (bootleg album)\n2010: Live at the On Broadway 1982 (live album)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Repo Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repo_Man_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Circle Jerks (1983–1984)","text":"Repo Man soundtrack\nThe Best of Flipside Video","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Floorlords (1986)","text":"Black Ice Ride 2-Nite","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Less than Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_than_Zero_(soundtrack)"}],"sub_title":"Glenn Danzig and the Power and Fury Orchestra","text":"1987: Less than Zero soundtrack","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_(album)"},{"link_name":"Danzig II: Lucifuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_II:_Lucifuge"},{"link_name":"Danzig III: How the Gods Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_III:_How_the_Gods_Kill"},{"link_name":"Thrall-Demonsweatlive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrall-Demonsweatlive"},{"link_name":"Danzig 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig_4"},{"link_name":"Live on the Black Hand Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_on_the_Black_Hand_Side"},{"link_name":"The Lost Tracks of Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Tracks_of_Danzig"}],"sub_title":"Danzig (1987–1994)","text":"1988: Danzig\n1990: Danzig II: Lucifuge\n1992: Danzig III: How the Gods Kill\n1993: Thrall-Demonsweatlive\n1994: Danzig 4\n2001: Live on the Black Hand Side\n2007: The Lost Tracks of Danzig","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tougher Than Leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tougher_Than_Leather"}],"sub_title":"Run-D.M.C.","text":"1988: Tougher Than Leather (drum tracks only)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Final Descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Descent_(album)"}],"sub_title":"Samhain","text":"1990: Final Descent","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Live at the Roxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Roxy_(Social_Distortion_album)"}],"sub_title":"Social Distortion (1996–1999)","text":"1998: Live at the Roxy","title":"Discography"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Chuck Biscuits {!} Biography, Albums, Streaming Links\". AllMusic. Retrieved January 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/chuck-biscuits-mn0000100946","url_text":"\"Chuck Biscuits {!} Biography, Albums, Streaming Links\""}]},{"reference":"Keithley, Joey (2003). I, Shithead : a life in punk. Vancouver [B.C.]: Arsenal Pulp Press. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-1-55152-309-5. OCLC 431546583.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/431546583","url_text":"I, Shithead : a life in punk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55152-309-5","url_text":"978-1-55152-309-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/431546583","url_text":"431546583"}]},{"reference":"\"Chuck Biscuits: Punk Journeyman\". Modern Drummer Magazine. Retrieved January 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moderndrummer.com/2010/05/chuck-biscuits/","url_text":"\"Chuck Biscuits: Punk Journeyman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Influences/Interests: Chuck Biscuits\". DANZIG Force promo package. 1990. Retrieved January 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.misfitscentral.com/display.php?t=darticle&u=dforce&f=dforce00.txt","url_text":"\"Influences/Interests: Chuck Biscuits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black Flag\". Misfits Central. Retrieved September 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.misfitscentral.com/bands/black-flag.php","url_text":"\"Black Flag\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biscuits\". Flipside. May–June 1993. Retrieved September 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://misfitscentral.com/darticle/flip84.html","url_text":"\"Biscuits\""}]},{"reference":"Natanael, Christine (1988). \"Danzig with Danzig\". Metal Mania. Retrieved September 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://misfitscentral.com/display.php?t=darticle&f=mania.88","url_text":"\"Danzig with Danzig\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sympathy for the Devil\". Entertainment Weekly. October 14, 1994. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved September 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613150029/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,304064,00.html","url_text":"\"Sympathy for the Devil\""},{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,304064,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chuck Biscuits: Punk Journeyman\". Modern Drummer. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230416233635/https://www.moderndrummer.com/2010/05/chuck-biscuits/","url_text":"\"Chuck Biscuits: Punk Journeyman\""},{"url":"https://www.moderndrummer.com/2010/05/chuck-biscuits/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chuck Biscuits: 1965-2009\". JG2Land. October 27, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://jgtwo.wordpress.com/2009/10/27/chuck-biscuits-1965-2009/","url_text":"\"Chuck Biscuits: 1965-2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Chuck Biscuits Death Hoaxer: Chuck Biscuits?\". Jgtwo.wordpress.com. November 11, 2009. Retrieved October 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://jgtwo.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/the-chuck-biscuits-death-hoaxer-chuck-biscuits","url_text":"\"The Chuck Biscuits Death Hoaxer: Chuck Biscuits?\""}]},{"reference":"Young, Jon (August 1994). \"Danzig Knows the Power of the Dark Side\". Musician. Retrieved February 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.misfitscentral.com/display.php?t=darticle&f=musician.894","url_text":"\"Danzig Knows the Power of the Dark Side\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musician_(magazine)","url_text":"Musician"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/chuck-biscuits-mn0000100946","external_links_name":"\"Chuck Biscuits {!} Biography, Albums, Streaming Links\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/431546583","external_links_name":"I, Shithead : a life in punk"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/431546583","external_links_name":"431546583"},{"Link":"https://www.moderndrummer.com/2010/05/chuck-biscuits/","external_links_name":"\"Chuck Biscuits: Punk Journeyman\""},{"Link":"http://www.misfitscentral.com/display.php?t=darticle&u=dforce&f=dforce00.txt","external_links_name":"\"Influences/Interests: Chuck Biscuits\""},{"Link":"http://www.misfitscentral.com/bands/black-flag.php","external_links_name":"\"Black Flag\""},{"Link":"http://misfitscentral.com/darticle/flip84.html","external_links_name":"\"Biscuits\""},{"Link":"http://misfitscentral.com/display.php?t=darticle&f=mania.88","external_links_name":"\"Danzig with Danzig\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613150029/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,304064,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Sympathy for the Devil\""},{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,304064,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230416233635/https://www.moderndrummer.com/2010/05/chuck-biscuits/","external_links_name":"\"Chuck Biscuits: Punk Journeyman\""},{"Link":"https://www.moderndrummer.com/2010/05/chuck-biscuits/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/story/2009/10/29/chuck-biscuits.html","external_links_name":"Original CBC report of death"},{"Link":"http://inlog.org/2009/10/29/r-i-p-chuck-biscuits-1965-2009/","external_links_name":"R.I.P. Chuck Biscuits (1965 – 2009)"},{"Link":"http://jgtwo.wordpress.com/2009/10/27/chuck-biscuits-1965-2009/","external_links_name":"\"Chuck Biscuits: 1965-2009\""},{"Link":"http://jgtwo.wordpress.com/2009/11/11/the-chuck-biscuits-death-hoaxer-chuck-biscuits","external_links_name":"\"The Chuck Biscuits Death Hoaxer: Chuck Biscuits?\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130119183702/http://www.crawdaddyarchive.com/index.php/2010/03/11/chuck-biscuits-could-not-care-less-you-thought-he-was-dead/","external_links_name":"Chuck Biscuits \"Could Not Care Less\" You Thought He Was Dead"},{"Link":"http://www.misfitscentral.com/display.php?t=darticle&f=musician.894","external_links_name":"\"Danzig Knows the Power of the Dark Side\""},{"Link":"http://www.misfitscentral.com/bios/chuck-biscuits.php","external_links_name":"Biography from Misfits Central"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000385936598","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/85878317","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0087016&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2ba59002-1ff3-4f53-87aa-6a085acf15e2","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Sald%C3%ADas
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Adolfo Saldías
|
["1 Writings","2 See also","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
|
Argentinian historian, lawyer, politician, soldier and diplomat
Adolfo SaldíasBorn(1849-09-06)September 6, 1849DiedOctober 17, 1914(1914-10-17) (aged 65)Allegiance ArgentinaBattles/warsRevolution of the Park
Adolfo Saldías (Buenos Aires, 6 September 1849; La Paz, Bolivia 17 October 1914) was an Argentinian historian, lawyer, politician, soldier and diplomat.
Saldías received his law degree in 1875 and published a thesis on the subject of Civil matrimony. he started to participate in politics through the popular Autonomist Party of Buenos Aires, led by Adolfo Alsina and confronting Bartolomé Mitre, along with Aristóbulo del Valle, Leandro Alem and Bernardo de Irigoyen with whom he would form the future Radical Civic Union party.
He took an active part on the Revolution of the Park and was one of the first to enter the Artillery Park, along with Leandro Alem, being arrested and exiled to Uruguay. A founding member of the Radical Civic Union in 1891, he was again part of an armed insurrection in the Revolution of 1893, being arrested, incarcerated in Ushuaia and again exiled to Uruguay.
In 1898, he was named Minister of Public Works and in 1902, Vicegobernor of Buenos Aires Province, following Bernardo de Irigoyen.
He was an active freemason. José María Rosa and Fermín Chávez recognize in Saldías the precursor of the revisionist school of Argentine politics. He wrote works on the life of Juan Manuel de Rosas and the Argentine Confederation, which earned him intellectual prestige and good sales income, and the favor of being considered as part of the Buenos Aires intellectual elite. In 1881 he published the first version of what in 1888 would be his master work, the Historia de la Confederación Argentina. With ingenuity, he dedicated it to Mitre and sent it to him for consideration. Mitre responded harshly, condemning the work, his conclusions and the author. The press of the day ignored the book, limiting its publication. As author, he was practically condemned to a civil death, as it was not even commented upon in the press, not even to criticize it.
In 1912, he travelled to Bolivia as official envoy and ambassador, a post he maintained until his death.
Saldías station in Buenos Aires is named after him.
Writings
Ensayo sobre la historia de la Constitución Argentina, 1878
Historia de Rosas later retitled Historia de la Confederación Argentina, 1881/1883
Bianchietto, 1896
La Evolución republicana durante la Revolución Argentina, 1906
Papeles de Rozas, two volumes (1906–1907)
La Idea del Simbolismo Masónico
Los Números de línea del ejercito argentino, 1888
See also
Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas
References
^ Masones ilustres argentinos Archived July 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Adolfo Saldias". Retrieved 5 October 2010.
Bibliography
Proyecto Ameghino, Adolfo Saldías: historiador (in Spanish), Buenos Aires: Educ.ar
External links
(in Spanish) Adolfo Saldías: the first revisionist
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Argentina
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"La Paz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paz"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier"},{"link_name":"diplomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Alsina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Alsina"},{"link_name":"Bartolomé Mitre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Mitre"},{"link_name":"Aristóbulo del Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3bulo_del_Valle"},{"link_name":"Leandro Alem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leandro_Alem"},{"link_name":"Bernardo de Irigoyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_de_Irigoyen"},{"link_name":"Radical Civic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Civic_Union"},{"link_name":"Revolution of the Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_the_Park"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Revolution of 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1893,_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Ushuaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushuaia"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province"},{"link_name":"Bernardo de Irigoyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_de_Irigoyen"},{"link_name":"freemason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"José María Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Rosa"},{"link_name":"Fermín Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"revisionist school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_revisionism"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel de Rosas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Saldías station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sald%C3%ADas_station"}],"text":"Adolfo Saldías (Buenos Aires, 6 September 1849; La Paz, Bolivia 17 October 1914) was an Argentinian historian, lawyer, politician, soldier and diplomat.Saldías received his law degree in 1875 and published a thesis on the subject of Civil matrimony. he started to participate in politics through the popular Autonomist Party of Buenos Aires, led by Adolfo Alsina and confronting Bartolomé Mitre, along with Aristóbulo del Valle, Leandro Alem and Bernardo de Irigoyen with whom he would form the future Radical Civic Union party.He took an active part on the Revolution of the Park and was one of the first to enter the Artillery Park, along with Leandro Alem, being arrested and exiled to Uruguay. A founding member of the Radical Civic Union in 1891, he was again part of an armed insurrection in the Revolution of 1893, being arrested, incarcerated in Ushuaia and again exiled to Uruguay.\nIn 1898, he was named Minister of Public Works and in 1902, Vicegobernor of Buenos Aires Province, following Bernardo de Irigoyen.He was an active freemason.[1] José María Rosa and Fermín Chávez recognize in Saldías the precursor of the revisionist school of Argentine politics. He wrote works on the life of Juan Manuel de Rosas and the Argentine Confederation, which earned him intellectual prestige and good sales income, and the favor of being considered as part of the Buenos Aires intellectual elite. In 1881 he published the first version of what in 1888 would be his master work, the Historia de la Confederación Argentina. With ingenuity, he dedicated it to Mitre and sent it to him for consideration. Mitre responded harshly, condemning the work, his conclusions and the author. The press of the day ignored the book, limiting its publication. As author, he was practically condemned to a civil death, as it was not even commented upon in the press, not even to criticize it.In 1912, he travelled to Bolivia as official envoy and ambassador, a post he maintained until his death.[2]Saldías station in Buenos Aires is named after him.","title":"Adolfo Saldías"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ensayo sobre la historia de la Constitución Argentina, 1878\nHistoria de Rosas later retitled Historia de la Confederación Argentina, 1881/1883\nBianchietto, 1896\nLa Evolución republicana durante la Revolución Argentina, 1906\nPapeles de Rozas, two volumes (1906–1907)\nLa Idea del Simbolismo Masónico\nLos Números de línea del ejercito argentino, 1888","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Proyecto Ameghino, Adolfo Saldías: historiador (in Spanish), Buenos Aires: Educ.ar","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas"}]
|
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWA_(band)
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SWA (band)
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["1 History","2 Members","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "SWA" band – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
SWA (pronounced swǒ) was an American band originally started as a concept defined by Chuck Dukowski, former bassist of Black Flag, while he was still a member of that band. The name (which is pronounced like "Swah" and not "S-W-A") was created by assigning an alphabetical value to numbers on a gaming die, then rolling the die three times. Dukowski would later claim that the name was offered up by Joe Carducci and was accepted by the rest of the band, despite Dukowski's own discomfort with it. SWA has had the dubious distinction of being considered the "worst" band to ever record for SST Records by many label aficionados and, in one fanzine article, Steve Albini claimed that among the worst things a person could do was "listen to SWA" and "be SWA". However, others have come to the band's defense. The band existed from the mid 1980s until 1992 and released five albums on SST Records, all of which are currently out of print.
History
Following his departure from Black Flag in 1983, Chuck Dukowski set about reforming his first band, Würm. Despite recording an album, Würm's reunion was short-lived. Chuck soon became acquainted with Greg Cameron, a teenaged-drummer who was hanging out and jamming around SST Records' rehearsal space. The two began playing together and were soon joined by guitarist Ted Falconi (of Flipper), but this line-up was short-lived. The group was soon rounded out by former Overkill vocalist Merrill Ward, Frantic Technoid's guitarist Richard Ford, and Greg Cameron's high school friend, Ray Cooper, also on guitar. In 1985, the band recorded their debut Your Future (If You Have One), which was produced by Chuck's former Black Flag bandmate, Greg Ginn. After the recording, Cooper departed the group to play with the Descendents, with whom he had played with off and on since 1982. Following 1986's Sex Dr. (a reference to Cameron's nickname, "The Nazi Sex Doctor"), Ford also departed, as his responsibilities as SST Record's label manager ended up leaving him with little time for the band. He was replaced by Sylvia Juncosa for 1987's XCIII. Juncosa left the group to pursue a solo career shortly afterwards. Ed Gregor replaced Sylvia, but was only in the band a short time, participating in the songs on the next album, "Winter", but left the band to go to University. Phil Van Duyne played guitar on 1989's Winter. Following Winter, Merrill Ward left SWA to pursue an acting career. The group pressed on as a trio, with Chuck Dukowski handling the bulk of the vocals on 1991's Volume, which proved to be SWA's final release.
Early in SWA's existence, Dukowski and Cameron were also members of October Faction. In the mid 1990s, Dukowski and Van Duyne teamed up in the band Fishcamp.
Members
Chuck Dukowski - Bass, Lead Vocals (on Volume)
Greg Cameron - Drums
Merrill Ward - Lead Vocals on Your Future... through Winter, guest appearance on Volume
Rich Ford - Guitar on Your Future... and Sex Dr.
Ray Cooper - Guitar on Your Future...
Sylvia Juncosa - Guitar on XCIII and "Arroyo" 12"
Ed Gregor - Guitar (Replaced Sylvia Juncosa and participated in song creation for the album "Winter", but did not record)
Phil Van Duyne - Guitar on Winter and Volume
Ted Falconi - Guitar (participated in early jams with Dukowski and Cameron but left before anything was recorded because of his commitment to Flipper).
Discography
Albums
Your Future (If You Have One) LP (SST Records, 1985)
Sex Dr. LP (SST Records, 1986)
XCIII LP (SST Records, 1987)
Winter LP/CD (SST Records, 1989)
Volume LP/CD (SST Records, 1991)
Singles
"Arroyo" b/w "Optimist" 12" (SST Records, 1987)
Compilations
Evolution 85-87 CD (SST Records, 1988) - features tracks from the first 3 LPs
References
^ Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 2426. ISBN 0-85112-939-0.
^ "Perfect Sound Forever: Chuck Dukowski interview". Furious.com.
^ "The SST Records story". Furious.com.
^ "Agony Shorthand". Agonyshorthand.blogspot.com.
^ "Protected Blog › Log in". Mrowster.wordpress.com.
External links
SWA at AllMusic
SWA at Trouser Press
vteBlack Flag
Greg Ginn
Mike Vallely
Harley Duggan
Charles Wiley
Keith Morris
Chuck Dukowski
Ron Reyes
Raymond Pettibon
Spot
Robo
Dez Cadena
Henry Rollins
Chuck Biscuits
Bill Stevenson
Kira Roessler
Dave Klein
Tyler Smith
Isaias Gil
Joseph Noval
Studio albums
Damaged
My War
Family Man
Slip It In
Loose Nut
In My Head
What The...
Live albums
Live '84
Who's Got the 10½?
Live at the On Broadway 1982
Compilation albums
Everything Went Black
The First Four Years
Wasted…Again
EPs
Nervous Breakdown
Jealous Again
Six Pack
TV Party
The Process of Weeding Out
Minuteflag
Annihilate This Week
I Can See You
Singles
"Louie Louie"
Demo album
1982 Demos
Associated acts
Redd Kross
Circle Jerks
State of Alert
Descendents
DC3
SWA
Gone
October Faction
Dos
Rollins Band
Minutemen
Misfits
The Nig-Heist
Off!
The Chuck Dukowski Sextet
Related articles
Discography
Band members
SST Records
Total Access Recording
Rise Above
Joe Cole
Get in the Van
Black on Black: A Tribute to Black Flag
Rise Above: 24 Black Flag Songs to Benefit the West Memphis Three
Gimmie Gimmie Gimmie: Reinterpreting Black Flag
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chuck Dukowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Dukowski"},{"link_name":"Black Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Flag_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinGE-1"},{"link_name":"Joe Carducci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Carducci"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"SST Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SST_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Steve Albini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Albini"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"SST Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SST_Records"}],"text":"SWA (pronounced swǒ) was an American band originally started as a concept defined by Chuck Dukowski, former bassist of Black Flag, while he was still a member of that band.[1] The name (which is pronounced like \"Swah\" and not \"S-W-A\") was created by assigning an alphabetical value to numbers on a gaming die, then rolling the die three times. Dukowski would later claim that the name was offered up by Joe Carducci and was accepted by the rest of the band, despite Dukowski's own discomfort with it.[2] SWA has had the dubious distinction of being considered the \"worst\" band to ever record for SST Records by many label aficionados[3] and, in one fanzine article, Steve Albini claimed that among the worst things a person could do was \"listen to SWA\" and \"be SWA\".[4] However, others have come to the band's defense.[5] The band existed from the mid 1980s until 1992 and released five albums on SST Records, all of which are currently out of print.","title":"SWA (band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Würm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_(band)"},{"link_name":"Flipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipper_(band)"},{"link_name":"Overkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overkill_L.A."},{"link_name":"Greg Ginn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Ginn"},{"link_name":"Descendents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descendents"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Juncosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Juncosa"},{"link_name":"October Faction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Faction_(band)"}],"text":"Following his departure from Black Flag in 1983, Chuck Dukowski set about reforming his first band, Würm. Despite recording an album, Würm's reunion was short-lived. Chuck soon became acquainted with Greg Cameron, a teenaged-drummer who was hanging out and jamming around SST Records' rehearsal space. The two began playing together and were soon joined by guitarist Ted Falconi (of Flipper), but this line-up was short-lived. The group was soon rounded out by former Overkill vocalist Merrill Ward, Frantic Technoid's guitarist Richard Ford, and Greg Cameron's high school friend, Ray Cooper, also on guitar. In 1985, the band recorded their debut Your Future (If You Have One), which was produced by Chuck's former Black Flag bandmate, Greg Ginn. After the recording, Cooper departed the group to play with the Descendents, with whom he had played with off and on since 1982. Following 1986's Sex Dr. (a reference to Cameron's nickname, \"The Nazi Sex Doctor\"), Ford also departed, as his responsibilities as SST Record's label manager ended up leaving him with little time for the band. He was replaced by Sylvia Juncosa for 1987's XCIII. Juncosa left the group to pursue a solo career shortly afterwards. Ed Gregor replaced Sylvia, but was only in the band a short time, participating in the songs on the next album, \"Winter\", but left the band to go to University. Phil Van Duyne played guitar on 1989's Winter. Following Winter, Merrill Ward left SWA to pursue an acting career. The group pressed on as a trio, with Chuck Dukowski handling the bulk of the vocals on 1991's Volume, which proved to be SWA's final release.Early in SWA's existence, Dukowski and Cameron were also members of October Faction. In the mid 1990s, Dukowski and Van Duyne teamed up in the band Fishcamp.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sylvia Juncosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Juncosa"},{"link_name":"Flipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipper_(band)"}],"text":"Chuck Dukowski - Bass, Lead Vocals (on Volume)\nGreg Cameron - Drums\nMerrill Ward - Lead Vocals on Your Future... through Winter, guest appearance on Volume\nRich Ford - Guitar on Your Future... and Sex Dr.\nRay Cooper - Guitar on Your Future...\nSylvia Juncosa - Guitar on XCIII and \"Arroyo\" 12\"\nEd Gregor - Guitar (Replaced Sylvia Juncosa and participated in song creation for the album \"Winter\", but did not record)\nPhil Van Duyne - Guitar on Winter and Volume\nTed Falconi - Guitar (participated in early jams with Dukowski and Cameron but left before anything was recorded because of his commitment to Flipper).","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SST Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SST_Records"},{"link_name":"SST Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SST_Records"},{"link_name":"SST Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SST_Records"},{"link_name":"SST Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SST_Records"},{"link_name":"SST Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SST_Records"},{"link_name":"SST Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SST_Records"},{"link_name":"SST Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SST_Records"}],"text":"Albums\nYour Future (If You Have One) LP (SST Records, 1985)\nSex Dr. LP (SST Records, 1986)\nXCIII LP (SST Records, 1987)\nWinter LP/CD (SST Records, 1989)\nVolume LP/CD (SST Records, 1991)\nSingles\n\"Arroyo\" b/w \"Optimist\" 12\" (SST Records, 1987)\nCompilations\nEvolution 85-87 CD (SST Records, 1988) - features tracks from the first 3 LPs","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 2426. ISBN 0-85112-939-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Publishing","url_text":"Guinness Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-939-0","url_text":"0-85112-939-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Perfect Sound Forever: Chuck Dukowski interview\". Furious.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.furious.com/Perfect/chuckdukowski.html","url_text":"\"Perfect Sound Forever: Chuck Dukowski interview\""}]},{"reference":"\"The SST Records story\". Furious.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.furious.com/Perfect/sst3.html","url_text":"\"The SST Records story\""}]},{"reference":"\"Agony Shorthand\". Agonyshorthand.blogspot.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://agonyshorthand.blogspot.com/2004/03/are-you-swa-or-not-swa.html","url_text":"\"Agony Shorthand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Protected Blog › Log in\". Mrowster.wordpress.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://mrowster.wordpress.com/2007/05/20/33/","url_text":"\"Protected Blog › Log in\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22SWA%22+band","external_links_name":"\"SWA\" band"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22SWA%22+band+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22SWA%22+band&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22SWA%22+band+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22SWA%22+band","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22SWA%22+band&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.furious.com/Perfect/chuckdukowski.html","external_links_name":"\"Perfect Sound Forever: Chuck Dukowski interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.furious.com/Perfect/sst3.html","external_links_name":"\"The SST Records story\""},{"Link":"http://agonyshorthand.blogspot.com/2004/03/are-you-swa-or-not-swa.html","external_links_name":"\"Agony Shorthand\""},{"Link":"https://mrowster.wordpress.com/2007/05/20/33/","external_links_name":"\"Protected Blog › Log in\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p5569","external_links_name":"SWA"},{"Link":"http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=swa","external_links_name":"SWA at Trouser Press"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000010741639X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/135732031","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95075374","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0eab6b3e-f4e4-4a63-8436-cca29c31c22b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%AAn_Y%C3%AAn_District
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Tiên Yên district
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["1 Administrative divisions","2 Climate","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 21°20′N 107°25′E / 21.333°N 107.417°E / 21.333; 107.417You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Vietnamese. (March 2009) Click for important translation instructions.
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District in Northeast, VietnamTiên Yên District
Huyện Tiên YênDistrictTown of Tiên Yên
SealCountry VietnamRegionNortheastProvinceQuảng NinhCapitalTiên YênGovernment • Chairman of the People's CommitteeHà Hải Dương • Chairman of the People's CouncilNguyễn Xuân Long • SecretaryHà Hải DươngArea • Total2,492 sq mi (6,454 km2)Population (2018) • Total54.000 • Density190/sq mi (72/km2) • EthnicitiesKinh Dao Tay San Chi San Diu Nung Hoa Thai...Time zoneUTC+7 (UTC + 7)Websitetienyen.quangninh.gov.vn
Tiên Yên (listenⓘ) is a district of Quảng Ninh province in the northeastern region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 43,227. The district covers an area of 617 km2. The district capital lies at Tiên Yên.
Administrative divisions
Tiên Yên, Đại Dực, Hà Lâu, Phong Dụ, Điền Xá, Yên Than, Hải Lạng, Tiên Lãng, Đông Ngũ, Đông Hải, Đồng Rui.
Climate
Climate data for Tiên Yên
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
31.5(88.7)
33.5(92.3)
36.1(97.0)
37.2(99.0)
37.3(99.1)
37.7(99.9)
38.0(100.4)
38.1(100.6)
37.0(98.6)
34.8(94.6)
32.5(90.5)
30.5(86.9)
38.1(100.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
19.0(66.2)
19.6(67.3)
22.1(71.8)
26.4(79.5)
30.4(86.7)
31.8(89.2)
32.0(89.6)
31.8(89.2)
31.2(88.2)
28.8(83.8)
25.3(77.5)
21.5(70.7)
26.7(80.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)
15.1(59.2)
16.3(61.3)
19.1(66.4)
23.1(73.6)
26.4(79.5)
27.8(82.0)
28.0(82.4)
27.5(81.5)
26.5(79.7)
23.9(75.0)
20.2(68.4)
16.5(61.7)
22.5(72.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
12.4(54.3)
14.0(57.2)
17.0(62.6)
20.7(69.3)
23.5(74.3)
25.0(77.0)
25.2(77.4)
24.8(76.6)
23.5(74.3)
20.7(69.3)
16.9(62.4)
13.3(55.9)
19.8(67.6)
Record low °C (°F)
0.9(33.6)
3.5(38.3)
4.0(39.2)
10.6(51.1)
15.1(59.2)
17.8(64.0)
20.6(69.1)
21.2(70.2)
15.4(59.7)
9.1(48.4)
4.9(40.8)
0.4(32.7)
0.4(32.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
38.0(1.50)
35.9(1.41)
58.9(2.32)
111.4(4.39)
238.0(9.37)
349.6(13.76)
453.4(17.85)
422.0(16.61)
309.2(12.17)
143.6(5.65)
49.7(1.96)
29.7(1.17)
2,239.4(88.16)
Average rainy days
9.3
12.7
16.5
14.5
14.8
18.0
19.1
18.7
13.3
9.2
7.1
6.9
159.9
Average relative humidity (%)
83.5
86.8
88.9
88.0
85.6
86.5
86.6
87.1
84.6
82.1
81.2
81.1
85.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours
70.6
54.6
34.5
72.9
137.1
135.1
143.9
149.5
158.2
179.8
142.4
99.2
1,377.7
Source: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology
References
^ a b "Districts of Vietnam". Statoids. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
^ "Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology" (PDF). Retrieved 16 August 2023.
21°20′N 107°25′E / 21.333°N 107.417°E / 21.333; 107.417
Places adjacent to Tiên Yên district
Bình Liêu district
Ba Chẽ and Đình Lập district, Lạng Sơn province
Tiên Yên
Đầm Hà district
Cẩm Phả City (via Ba Chẽ River), and Vân Đồn district (via Voi Lớn River)
vteDistricts of Northeast region of VietnamBắc Giang province
Bắc Giang city※
Việt Yên town
Hiệp Hòa
Lạng Giang
Lục Nam
Lục Ngạn
Sơn Động
Tân Yên
Yên Dũng
Yên Thế
Bắc Kạn province
Bắc Kạn city※
Ba Bể
Bạch Thông
Chợ Đồn
Chợ Mới
Na Rì
Ngân Sơn
Pác Nặm
Cao Bằng province
Cao Bằng city※
Bảo Lạc
Bảo Lâm
Hạ Lang
Hà Quảng
Hòa An
Nguyên Bình
Quảng Hòa
Thạch An
Trùng Khánh
Hà Giang province
Hà Giang city※
Bắc Mê
Bắc Quang
Đồng Văn
Hoàng Su Phì
Mèo Vạc
Quản Bạ
Quang Bình
Vị Xuyên
Xín Mần
Yên Minh
Lạng Sơn province
Lạng Sơn city※
Bắc Sơn
Bình Gia
Cao Lộc
Chi Lăng
Đình Lập
Hữu Lũng
Lộc Bình
Tràng Định
Văn Lãng
Văn Quan
Phú Thọ province
Việt Trì city
Phú Thọ town※
Cẩm Khê
Đoan Hùng
Hạ Hòa
Lâm Thao
Phù Ninh
Tam Nông
Tân Sơn
Thanh Ba
Thanh Sơn
Thanh Thủy
Yên Lập
Quảng Ninh province
Cẩm Phả city※
Hạ Long city
Móng Cái city
Uông Bí city
Quảng Yên town
Đông Triều town
Ba Chẽ
Bình Liêu
Cô Tô Island
Đầm Hà
Hải Hà
Tiên Yên
Vân Đồn Island
Thái Nguyên province
Sông Công city※
Thái Nguyên city
Phổ Yên city
Đại Từ
Định Hóa
Đồng Hỷ
Phú Bình
Phú Lương
Võ Nhai
Tuyên Quang province
Tuyên Quang city※
Chiêm Hoá
Hàm Yên
Lâm Bình
Na Hang
Sơn Dương
Yên Sơn
※ denotes provincial seat.
This article about a location in Quảng Ninh Province, Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"listen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/Tien_Yen.ogg/Tien_Yen.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tien_Yen.ogg"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Quảng Ninh province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ninh_province"},{"link_name":"northeastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statoids-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statoids-1"}],"text":"District in Northeast, VietnamTiên Yên (listenⓘ) is a district of Quảng Ninh province in the northeastern region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 43,227.[1] The district covers an area of 617 km2. The district capital lies at Tiên Yên.[1]","title":"Tiên Yên district"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Tiên Yên, Đại Dực, Hà Lâu, Phong Dụ, Điền Xá, Yên Than, Hải Lạng, Tiên Lãng, Đông Ngũ, Đông Hải, Đồng Rui.","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBST-2"}],"text":"Climate data for Tiên Yên\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n31.5(88.7)\n\n33.5(92.3)\n\n36.1(97.0)\n\n37.2(99.0)\n\n37.3(99.1)\n\n37.7(99.9)\n\n38.0(100.4)\n\n38.1(100.6)\n\n37.0(98.6)\n\n34.8(94.6)\n\n32.5(90.5)\n\n30.5(86.9)\n\n38.1(100.6)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n19.6(67.3)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n26.4(79.5)\n\n30.4(86.7)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n32.0(89.6)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n28.8(83.8)\n\n25.3(77.5)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n23.1(73.6)\n\n26.4(79.5)\n\n27.8(82.0)\n\n28.0(82.4)\n\n27.5(81.5)\n\n26.5(79.7)\n\n23.9(75.0)\n\n20.2(68.4)\n\n16.5(61.7)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n12.4(54.3)\n\n14.0(57.2)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n20.7(69.3)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n25.0(77.0)\n\n25.2(77.4)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n20.7(69.3)\n\n16.9(62.4)\n\n13.3(55.9)\n\n19.8(67.6)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n0.9(33.6)\n\n3.5(38.3)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n10.6(51.1)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n20.6(69.1)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n9.1(48.4)\n\n4.9(40.8)\n\n0.4(32.7)\n\n0.4(32.7)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n38.0(1.50)\n\n35.9(1.41)\n\n58.9(2.32)\n\n111.4(4.39)\n\n238.0(9.37)\n\n349.6(13.76)\n\n453.4(17.85)\n\n422.0(16.61)\n\n309.2(12.17)\n\n143.6(5.65)\n\n49.7(1.96)\n\n29.7(1.17)\n\n2,239.4(88.16)\n\n\nAverage rainy days\n\n9.3\n\n12.7\n\n16.5\n\n14.5\n\n14.8\n\n18.0\n\n19.1\n\n18.7\n\n13.3\n\n9.2\n\n7.1\n\n6.9\n\n159.9\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n83.5\n\n86.8\n\n88.9\n\n88.0\n\n85.6\n\n86.5\n\n86.6\n\n87.1\n\n84.6\n\n82.1\n\n81.2\n\n81.1\n\n85.2\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n70.6\n\n54.6\n\n34.5\n\n72.9\n\n137.1\n\n135.1\n\n143.9\n\n149.5\n\n158.2\n\n179.8\n\n142.4\n\n99.2\n\n1,377.7\n\n\nSource: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology[2]","title":"Climate"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdigital
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Postdigital
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["1 Theory","2 Music","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
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Artistic movement
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Postdigital, in artistic practice, is an attitude that is more concerned with being human, than with being digital, similar to the concept of "undigital" introduced in 1995, where technology and society advances beyond digital limitations to achieve a totally fluid multimediated reality that is free from artefacts of digital computation (quantization noise, pixelation, etc.).
Postdigital is concerned with our rapidly changed and changing relationships with digital technologies and art forms. If one examines the textual paradigm of consensus, one is faced with a choice: either the "postdigital" society has intrinsic meaning, or it is contextualised into a paradigm of consensus that includes art as a totality.
Theory
Giorgio Agamben (2002) describes paradigms as things that we think with, rather than things we think about. Like the computer age, the postdigital is also a paradigm, but as with post-humanism for example, an understanding of postdigital does not aim to describe a life after digital, but rather, attempts to describe the present-day opportunity to explore the consequences of the digital and of the computer age. While the computer age has enhanced human capacity with inviting and uncanny prosthetics, the postdigital may provide a paradigm with which it is possible to examine and understand this enhancement.
In The Future of Art in a Postdigital Age, Mel Alexenberg defines "postdigital art" as artworks that address the humanization of digital technologies through interplay between digital, biological, cultural, and spiritual systems, between cyberspace and real space, between embodied media and mixed reality in social and physical communication, between high tech and high touch experiences, between visual, haptic, auditory, and kinesthetic media experiences, between virtual and augmented reality, between roots and globalization, between autoethnography and community narrative, and between web-enabled peer-produced wikiart and artworks created with alternative media through participation, interaction, and collaboration in which the role of the artist is redefined, and between tactile art and NFTs.
Mel Alexenberg proposes that a postdigital age is defined in Wired by MIT Media Center director Nicholas Negroponte: "Like air and drinking water, being digital will be noticed only in its absence, not by its presence. Face it - the Digital Revolution is over"
Music
Kim Cascone uses the term in his article The Aesthetics of Failure: "Post-digital" Tendencies in Contemporary Computer Music. He begins the article with a quotation from MIT Media Lab cyberpundit Nicholas Negroponte: "The digital revolution is over." Cascone goes on to describe what he sees as a 'post-digital' line of flight in the music also commonly known as glitch or microsound music, observing that 'with electronic commerce now a natural part of the business fabric of the Western world and Hollywood cranking out digital fluff by the gigabyte, the medium of digital technology holds less fascination for composers in and of itself.' Japanese theorist, Ryota Matsumoto adapts the postdigital discourse of Kim Cascone to their ingenious culture and construes Japanese social structure as the postdigital after the collapse of capitalist accumulation and the subsequent integration of their tradition with the pharmacology of digital age.
In Art after Technology, Maurice Benayoun lists possible tracks for "postdigital" art considering that the digital flooding has altered the entire social, economical, artistic landscape, and the artist posture will move in ways that try to escape the technological realm without being able to completely discard it. From lowtech to biotech and critical fusion - critical intrusion of fiction inside reality – new forms of art emerge from the digital era.
See also
Circuit bending
Databending
Digital Art
Glitch
New Aesthetic
New media art
References
^ Mann, S., & Picard, R. W. (1995). On being ‘undigital'with digital cameras: extending dynamic range by combining differently exposed pictures. In Proceedings of Information Systems & Technology (IS&T), pages 442-448.
^ Mann, S., Furness, T., Yuan, Y., Iorio, J., & Wang, Z. (2018). All reality: Virtual, augmented, mixed (x), mediated (x, y), and multimediated reality. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.08386.
^ Cascone, Kim. "THE AESTHETICS OF FAILURE 'Post-Digital' Tendencies in Contemporary Computer Music" (PDF). Computer Music Journal, 24:4 Winter 2002 (MIT Press). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
^ "The Art Theory after Digital". Createstyle, Musashino Art University Press. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
Further reading
Alexenberg, Mel, (2019), Through a Bible Lens: Biblical Insights for Smartphone Photography and Social Media. Nashville, Tennessee: HarperCollins; ISBN 978-1-5955-5831-2.
Alexenberg, Mel, (2011), The Future of Art in a Postdigital Age: From Hellenistic to Hebraic Consciousness. Bristol and Chicago: Intellect Books/University of Chicago Press; ISBN 978-1-84150-377-6.
Alexenberg, Mel, ed. (2008), Educating Artists for the Future: Learning at the Intersections of Art, Science, Technology, and Culture. Bristol and Chicago: Intellect Books/University of Chicago Press, 344 pp. ISBN 978-1-84150-191-8. (postdigital chapters by Roy Ascott, Stephen Wilson, Eduardo Kac, and others)
Ascott, R. (2003), Telematic Embrace. (E.Shaken, ed.) Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21803-5
Birnbaum, D and Kuo (2008) More than Real: Art in the Digital Age, 2018 Verbier Art Summit. London: Koenig Books. ISBN 978-3-96098-380-4
Berry, D. M. (2014) Critical Theory and the Digital, New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1441166395
Berry, D. M. and Dieter (2015) Postdigital Aesthetics: Art, Computation and Design, London: Palgrave. ISBN 978-1137437198
Barreto, R. and Perissinotto, P. (2002), The Culture of Immanence, in Internet Art. Ricardo Barreto e Paula Perissinotto (orgs.). São Paulo, IMESP. ISBN 85-7060-038-0.
Benayoun, M. (2008), Art after Technology abstract of the text written by Maurice Benayoun in Technology Review - French edition, N°7 June–July 2008, MIT, ISSN 1957-1380
Full text in English
Toshimo, Saniev. (2019). “Postdigital, Giorgio Agamben, Ryota Matsumoto” Tokyo University Press Media Research Journal Japanese Text.
Benayoun, M., The Dump, 207 Hypotheses for Committing Art, bilingual (English/French), Fyp éditions, France, July 2011, ISBN 978-2-916571-64-5.
Toshiko, Saneoki. (2019). Postigital Theory of Giorgio Agamben, Ryota Matsumoto, Kim Cascone, Japanese Art and Design. Hachimato, Tokyo Institute of Art, Tokyo, Japan.
Bolognini, M. (2008), Postdigitale, Rome: Carocci. ISBN 978-88-430-4739-0
Ferguson, J., & Brown, A. R. (2016). "Fostering a post-digital avant-garde: Research-led teaching of music technology". Organised Sound, 21(2), 127–137.
Pepperell, R. and Punt, M. (2000), The Postdigital Membrane: Imagination, Technology and Desire, Intellect Books, Bristol, UK, 182 pp.
Wilson, S. (2003), Information Arts: Intersections of Art, Science, and Technology. ISBN 0-262-23209-X
External links
Google Books: The Postdigital Membrane
What is a paradigm by Giorgio Agamben
Post-Digital Humanities: Computation and Cultural Critique in the Arts and Humanities
Monoskop: Collection of resources related to Post-Digital Aesthetics
Postdigital Science and Education journal
Postdigital Science and Education book series
Encyclopedia of Postdigital Science and Education
|
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If one examines the textual paradigm of consensus, one is faced with a choice: either the \"postdigital\" society has intrinsic meaning, or it is contextualised into a paradigm of consensus that includes art as a totality.","title":"Postdigital"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giorgio Agamben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben"},{"link_name":"Mel Alexenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Alexenberg"},{"link_name":"high tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tech"},{"link_name":"high touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-touch"},{"link_name":"Mel Alexenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Alexenberg"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Negroponte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Negroponte"}],"text":"Giorgio Agamben (2002) describes paradigms as things that we think with, rather than things we think about. Like the computer age, the postdigital is also a paradigm, but as with post-humanism for example, an understanding of postdigital does not aim to describe a life after digital, but rather, attempts to describe the present-day opportunity to explore the consequences of the digital and of the computer age. While the computer age has enhanced human capacity with inviting and uncanny prosthetics, the postdigital may provide a paradigm with which it is possible to examine and understand this enhancement.In The Future of Art in a Postdigital Age, Mel Alexenberg defines \"postdigital art\" as artworks that address the humanization of digital technologies through interplay between digital, biological, cultural, and spiritual systems, between cyberspace and real space, between embodied media and mixed reality in social and physical communication, between high tech and high touch experiences, between visual, haptic, auditory, and kinesthetic media experiences, between virtual and augmented reality, between roots and globalization, between autoethnography and community narrative, and between web-enabled peer-produced wikiart and artworks created with alternative media through participation, interaction, and collaboration in which the role of the artist is redefined, and between tactile art and NFTs. \nMel Alexenberg proposes that a postdigital age is defined in Wired by MIT Media Center director Nicholas Negroponte: \"Like air and drinking water, being digital will be noticed only in its absence, not by its presence. 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Japanese theorist, Ryota Matsumoto adapts the postdigital discourse of Kim Cascone to their ingenious culture and construes Japanese social structure as the postdigital after the collapse of capitalist accumulation and the subsequent integration of their tradition with the pharmacology of digital age.[4]In Art after Technology, Maurice Benayoun lists possible tracks for \"postdigital\" art considering that the digital flooding has altered the entire social, economical, artistic landscape, and the artist posture will move in ways that try to escape the technological realm without being able to completely discard it. 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M. and Dieter (2015) Postdigital Aesthetics: Art, Computation and Design, London: Palgrave. ISBN 978-1137437198\nBarreto, R. and Perissinotto, P. (2002), The Culture of Immanence, in Internet Art. Ricardo Barreto e Paula Perissinotto (orgs.). São Paulo, IMESP. ISBN 85-7060-038-0.\nBenayoun, M. (2008), Art after Technology abstract of the text written by Maurice Benayoun in Technology Review - French edition, N°7 June–July 2008, MIT, ISSN 1957-1380Full text in EnglishToshimo, Saniev. (2019). “Postdigital, Giorgio Agamben, Ryota Matsumoto” Tokyo University Press Media Research Journal[user-generated source] Japanese Text.\nBenayoun, M., The Dump, 207 Hypotheses for Committing Art, bilingual (English/French), Fyp éditions, France, July 2011, ISBN 978-2-916571-64-5.\nToshiko, Saneoki. (2019). Postigital Theory of Giorgio Agamben, Ryota Matsumoto, Kim Cascone, Japanese Art and Design. Hachimato, Tokyo Institute of Art, Tokyo, Japan.\nBolognini, M. (2008), Postdigitale, Rome: Carocci. ISBN 978-88-430-4739-0\nFerguson, J., & Brown, A. R. (2016). \"Fostering a post-digital avant-garde: Research-led teaching of music technology\". Organised Sound, 21(2), 127–137.\nPepperell, R. and Punt, M. (2000), The Postdigital Membrane: Imagination, Technology and Desire, Intellect Books, Bristol, UK, 182 pp.\nWilson, S. (2003), Information Arts: Intersections of Art, Science, and Technology. ISBN 0-262-23209-X","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Circuit bending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_bending"},{"title":"Databending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databending"},{"title":"Digital Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Art"},{"title":"Glitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitch"},{"title":"New Aesthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Aesthetic"},{"title":"New media art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media_art"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Jensen
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Adam Jensen
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["1 Appearances","1.1 Deus Ex","1.2 Other appearances","2 Creation and design","2.1 Portrayal","3 Reception","4 See also","5 References"]
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Fictional character
Fictional character
Adam JensenDeus Ex characterAdam Jensen in combat gear as he appears in Deus Ex: Mankind Divided (2016)First appearanceDeus Ex (2011 comic)First gameDeus Ex: Human Revolution (2011)Created byMary DeMarleDesigned byJim MurrayVoiced byElias ToufexisMotion captureElias ToufexisShawn Baichoo (Human Revolution)
Adam Jensen is a character from Deus Ex, a series of action role-playing video games. He is the main protagonist and playable character of Deus Ex: Human Revolution (2011) and its sequel Mankind Divided (2016), developed by Eidos-Montréal. He also features as a character in associated media. As security chief for leading tech corporation Sarif Industries, he is crippled by a mercenary attack, prompting Sarif Industries to extensively implant him with advanced artificial organ "augmentations" without his consent. Human Revolution follows his investigation into the attack, leading him into conflict with the Illuminati secret society. In Mankind Divided, he works with the anti-terrorism group TF29 while acting as an agent for a group opposing the Illuminati.
Jensen was created by Human Revolution's lead writer Mary DeMarle as a protagonist with a defined personality, needing to balance this with the game's choice-based narrative. His design by artist Jim Murray acted as a homage to classic cyberpunk protagonists. For Mankind Divided, his appearance and personality were modified to reflect the game's themes and tone. His coat was co-designed by German fashion designer Errolson Hugh. Across all his appearances, he is voiced by Elias Toufexis, who also provided full performance capture for Mankind Divided. The character has seen minimal commentary, with journalists commonly noting his lack of distinct personality. Academic commentary has focused on dealing with his forced augmentation.
Appearances
Deus Ex
Human Revolution
Adam Jensen is introduced in Deus Ex: Human Revolution (2011)−set in the year 2027−as the Chief of Security for Detroit-based Sarif Industries, a corporation leading development on controversial artificial organs dubbed "augmentations". A former SWAT team member, Adam resigned after disobeying an order to kill a young augmented boy classified as a threat and being subsequently used as a scapegoat after the ensuing riots. During an attack on Sarif Industries by an augmented mercenary group, researcher and ex-girlfriend Megan Reed is apparently killed and he is left crippled. CEO David Sarif saves Adam's life and equips him with advanced full-body augmentations without his consent. Optional backstory elements reveal Adam to be the only surviving subject of genetic experiments by a secret group dubbing themselves the Illuminati, having been spirited away by sympathetic scientists as a child. Due to his unique genetics, he can use augmentations without requiring Neuropozyne, a scarce and expensive immunosuppressive drug.
Investigating the attack on Sarif Industries, Adam learns that the Illuminati have been orchestrating events to influence the currently-unstable world climate, controlling augmented people through both Neuropozyne and a control chip that can shut down their augmentations. Reed was working on a solution based on his DNA that would negate Neuropozyne usage, which prompted the attack. Reed is also revealed to be alive, and when Adam finds her he learns the truth about her research. Rogue Illuminati ally Hugh Darrow, the creator of augmentations, modifies the biochop to trigger mass violence and hysteria in augmented people, hoping to drive humanity away from his creation. At Darrow's polar base Panchaea, Adam shuts down the signal and is left with a choice of what truth to broadcast to the world from suggestions by different characters, or to destroy Panchaea without revealing anything. In the Human Revolution downloadable content (DLC) expansion The Missing Link, Adam is captured by private military company Belltower en route to finding Megan, ending up investigating a project related to the game's later events.
Mankind Divided
In Deus Ex: Mankind Divided (2016), Darrow's actions−now dubbed the Aug Incident−have led to worldwide discrimination against augmented people by the year 2029. Adam is presumed dead, but was rescued from the collapsing Panchaea and implanted with new advanced augmentations. By 2029, Adam works for TF29, an Interpol anti-terrorism task force based in Prague. In secret, he also works with the hactivist group Juggernaut Collective and their leader Janus against the Illuminati. While investigating a train bombing, Adam uncovers an Illuminati plot to force through the Human Restoration Act, aimed at deporting augmented people in an isolated complex and mitigating the Aug Incident's effects on society so the Illuminati can maintain control. Whether the plan is successful depends on Adam's actions. The post-credits scene reveals that TF29 psychiatrist Delara Auzenne and Illuminati leader Lucius DeBeers are using Adam to find Janus. Further adventures are detailed in the Mankind Divded DLC series "Jensen's Stories"; Adam delves into the bombing in Desperate Measures, becomes involved in a bank heist in System Rift, and tells Auzenne about his first TF29 assignment undercover in an augmented prison in A Criminal Past.
Related media
Adam is the lead in a 2011 limited comic series released prior to Human Revolution, showing his investigation into the kidnapping of Sarif's niece and the criminals' ties to his former SWAT commander. He features in two tie-ins for Mankind Divided; the comic series Children's Crusade depicting a TF29 mission against a pro-augmentation group, and the novel Black Light showing the events after he is rescued from Panchaea. Adam is also the player character in the spin-off game Deus Ex Go (2016), following him on an infiltration mission prior to Mankind Divided.
Other appearances
Square Enix, publisher of Human Revolution, created a figure of Adam for their Play Arts Kai figurine line in Japan. Clothing sets inspired by Adam's appearance in Human Revolution was released as DLC for the 2012 video games Hitman: Absolution and Sleeping Dogs, both published by Square Enix. He was included as an announcer for Dota 2 as part of a pre-order cross-promotion for Mankind Divided. Adam, along with other characters from Mankind Divided, was featured in a limited time crossover with Final Fantasy Brave Exvius in 2018.
Creation and design
Adam Jensen was designed with two looks; a casual trench coat (pictured), and a "commando" style showing his augmentations.
Adam Jensen was created as the lead protagonist of Deus Ex: Human Revolution, developed by Eidos-Montréal as their debut project. Human Revolution acted as both a prequel to the original Deus Ex (2000) and a new entry point for players. Adam was created by Mary DeMarle, lead writer for Human Revolution. DeMarle described him as a medium for the game's theme of transhumanism, being forced to confront the issue through his unwilling augmentation. He was also made a security chief for Sarif Industries to show the outsized power of corporations in the game's world and offer an easy view into the augmentation issue, contrasting him against Deus Ex protagonist JC Denton who works for a military group. While much of the game's narrative was choice-driven and player-directed, Adam had a defined personality which needed to be maintained and balanced with the gameplay design. The writing team used in-game elements, including character dialogue and in-game news, to reflect the approach players took during missions. DeMarle's early script drafts ended with Adam's death, which prompted protests from staff. Explaining this initial plan, DeMarle noted there were no plans for a sequel, and she felt "tragic heroes are always the best." She reconsidered and ended the storyline on a key choice due to positive feedback on his character.
Adam 's character design was a collaborative effort across the game's art team, taking two years to finalize. The team looked at multiple protagonist from cyberpunk fiction for inspiration, from Blade Runner to the original Deus Ex. Their main wishes were to incorporate sunglasses and a trench coat. Developers wanted his design to reflect the transhumanist themes, showing both "the physical and aesthetic results" of his heavy body augmentation. A notable contributing artist to Adam 's design was Jim Murray. His face was unintentionally modelled on art director Jonathan Jacques-Belletete. Needing a model for a piece of art, Murray asked Jacques-Belletete to pose, with Murray incorporating elements of Jacques-Belletete's features into Adam's design. Adam's character model, with a thin face and goatee-styled facial hair, were inspired by the lead character of Don Quixote and acted as a reference to the game's Renaissance aesthetic influence. He was given a slimmer build to avoid being a "big brutish dude" in the vein of characters like Gears of War protagonist Marcus Fenix.
The initial wish to have a single design for the character caused problems, with many of the early designs being described as "extremely bad" by Jacques-Belletete. Among the early designs were a combat-focused one dubbed "douchebag Adam", and a version with flesh-colored arms codenamed "Pinocchio Adam". The initial wish was for his mechanical arms to be exposed, with the amount of visible augmentations varying during the design process. The team ultimately settled on a design that combined cyberpunk elements with the game's Renaissance aesthetics. In the final game, Jensen has two looks: his civilian trench coat, used for "urban exploration" and "social missions", and a commando suit used for infiltration missions. Having two designs was a late decision, both impacting production and solving a number of aesthetic issues with the character. While a short coat was suggested so as to avoid cliches of the cyberpunk genre, a long coat was chosen after a studio-wide vote.
For the sequel Mankind Divided, the staff wanted Adam to return, with producer Olivier Proulx attributing the popularity to the character's "badass" persona. Contrasting against his reactive actions in Human Revolution, DeMarle wanted Jensen to be proactive, though the team needed to work around the character's role as a TF29 agent and the game's mission-based structure. Adam's casual design used the version in Human Revolution as a starting point. After initial in-house drafts, the team decided to collaborate with an external designer. The coat was created in collaboration with Errolson Hugh of German design house Acronym. The coat was intended to be "complex, yet functional" while retaining a distinct aesthetic. Acronym were given design material from Human Revolution to inform their designs, with a real-world model being created to test the coat's real-world functionality, and a Renaissance-style pattern put in the lining to reference the first game's designs. Adam's combat suit was also adjusted while retaining the same basic design. It was intended to have a more military style, reflecting his current profession. Both games contained references to the myth of Icarus, with Adam taking on parts of that symbolism.
Portrayal
Adam Jensen was given a distinct personality by lead writer Mary DeMarle (left, pictured 2012). Canadian actor Elias Toufexis (right, pictured 2019) voices Adam, and has called the role a personal favourite.
DeMarle described Adam as being driven by forms of love and loyalty to his colleagues and friends, with his main drive in Human Revolution being making up for his mistakes rather than revenge. The game's director Jean-François Dugas describe Adam's hostile manner as "not mad or really angry", but unhappy at having augmentations forced on him, working to make sure he is not denied choice again. His views on augmentation in Human Revolution are described as ambivalent, with his uncertainty about the future and his own situation reflecting the player's perspective during the game's opening. DeMarle recalled that a journalist classified Jensen as a potential sociopath based on context clues and available in-game actions in Human Revolution, something she never intended. In Mankind Divided, Adam is portrayed as having embraced his new nature as a living weapon, with his acceptance of this reflected in both his manner and the in-game mechanics. Due to his lack of side-effects from augmentation, he also stands in a unique middle ground between augmented people and the rest of the population.
Across his voiced appearances, Adam is voiced by Canadian actor Elias Toufexis. Principally working in film and television with limited video game credits, Toufexis was surprised and pleased when he got a lead role. When he was auditioning, Adam was described to him as "kind of a Clint Eastwood character". Adam's distinctive voice is close to Toufexis's own, using a lower monotone style to both allow easy player identification and as a homage to Deus Ex protagonist JC Denton. He recalled that using his own voice for Adam was partially responsible for him losing the role of Far Cry 3 protagonist Jason Brody after Human Revolution was released.
A challenge playing Adam was performing lines differently depending on potential player choice. One line where Jensen coldly describes Megan's presumed killing shocked him. DeMarle pushed back against Toufexis during some sessions where he performed based on his interpretation rather than the script directions. While he had to vary Adam's tone for different choices and conversation-based confrontations with other characters, for the main story path he was able to use his own interpretation of the character. Another memorable scene was the late-game confrontation between Jensen and Megan, who was played by Toufexis's wife Michelle Boback. The two had been arguing the day of recording, causing the two characters' argument to sound very realistic. A line he regretted not rerecording was one of his earliest sequences when he was still finding Adam's voice, a confrontation with a former SWAT member. Comparing this early result to a poor "Bronx accent", he was upset that it remained in the final game.
Returning to voice the character for Mankind Divided, Toufexis described it as easy since he knew Adam's character better. His main difficulty was the player-tailored portrayal in-game. Toufexis needed to have several versions of the character in memory, so he could change his voice accordingly. While he had limited contact with staff during Human Revolution, for Mankind Divided he was able to be more involved across the production team so he could refine Jensen's character and movements. The writing team members under DeMarle would come to him and ask his opinion on proposed scenes, allowing Toufexis to portray Adam as a more relaxed character. Speaking in the wake of the cancellation of a third Deus Ex title in 2024, Toufexis stated he had not been asked to reprise his role, and stated that Jensen's story seemed to have finished with Mankind Divided.
While Toufexis did some basic facial motion capture for Human Revolution, he was unable to do full performance capture due to budgetary limitations around adjusting his height to match Adam's. The character's combat takedowns were choreographed and motion captured by Shawn Baichoo. For Mankind Divided, Toufexis was able to portray Jensen through full performance capture, allowing him to better match his voice performance to the cutscenes. Performance capture for Mankind Divided was relatively easy due to his voice and general build matching Adam's. Toufexis has called Adam one of his favorite roles. When Human Revolution and Mankind Divided released in Japan, Adam was dubbed by Hiroki Yasumoto.
Reception
Adam Jensen has seen little journalistic commentary, with reactions to his original appearance being unfavorable. In his review of Human Revolution, Game Informer's Andrew Reiner commented that Adam "radiates boredom", negatively comparing his personality to Neo from The Matrix franchise, and criticised the voice acting for a lack of emotion in average conversation. Reviewing the later Director's Cut version, Danielle Riendeau of Polygon said that "Jensen's guarded persona comes across more wooden than wounded", causing the game to lack a strong protagonist.
Later assessments were more positive. Issy van der Velde of NME, writing in 2021, hailed Adam as one of the best-realised cyborg characters in recent fiction due to the game's focus on his opening disempowerment and struggles with unwilling augmentation. In his review of Mankind Divided, Sam Watcher of RPGamer said that he "became smitten" with Adam and his mission during the events of Human Revolution, and praised Toufexis's continued performance. Electronic Gaming Monthly's Nick Plessas felt that his distinct personally successfully the player-driven narrative of Mankind Divided without him becoming a blank slate, describing him as a "real, sympathetic individual" with his own struggles outside the game's events.
In her 2013 essay "Bodies, augmentation and disability in Dead Space and Deus Ex: Human Revolution", Diane Carr highlighted Jensen's role as a disabled protagonist confronting preconceptions felt by others surrounding augmentation technology. She also noted that the final choice and narrations ending the game took Jensen out of the internal narrative and had him "narrate privileged (i.e. external) insight into four possible futures" directly to the player. Philip Matthew Trad, writing for the 2015 book Apocalyptic Projections: A Study of Past Predictions, Current Trends and Future Intimations as Related to Film and Literature, analysed the game's themes surrounding Jensen's mission and interactions. He saw a recurring theme of Jensen struggling to maintain his humanity given his highly augmented state, with his ability to carry on without succumbing to their psychological side effects showing him as a stronger character than equivalent allied or antagonistic augmented soldiers. While noting Jensen as one of many complex cyberpunk video game protagonists, Pawel Frelik in the 2019 book The Routledge Companion to Cyberpunk Culture felt he continued a trend of lack of diversity in the genre and a continuance of the Caucasian-focused "American hero myth".
See also
Transhumanism in fiction
References
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vteDeus Ex
List of media
Video gamesMain series
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Invisible War
Human Revolution
The Missing Link
Mankind Divided
Spin-offs
The Fall
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Universe
JC Denton
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For Mankind Divided, his appearance and personality were modified to reflect the game's themes and tone. His coat was co-designed by German fashion designer Errolson Hugh. Across all his appearances, he is voiced by Elias Toufexis, who also provided full performance capture for Mankind Divided. The character has seen minimal commentary, with journalists commonly noting his lack of distinct personality. Academic commentary has focused on dealing with his forced augmentation.","title":"Adam Jensen"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deus Ex: Human Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_Ex:_Human_Revolution"},{"link_name":"artificial organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_organ"},{"link_name":"Illuminati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminati"},{"link_name":"immunosuppressive drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug"},{"link_name":"downloadable content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadable_content"},{"link_name":"The Missing Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_Ex:_Human_Revolution_%E2%80%93_The_Missing_Link"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroInterview-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SilDLCtease-2"},{"link_name":"Deus Ex: Mankind Divided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_Ex:_Mankind_Divided"},{"link_name":"hactivist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacktivism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MankindDesperate-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MankindRift-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MankindCriminal-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEHcomicA-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEHcomicB-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeusComic1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeusComic2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEBLpage-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SwallowInterview-11"},{"link_name":"Deus Ex Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_Ex_Go"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZAM-12"}],"sub_title":"Deus Ex","text":"Human RevolutionAdam Jensen is introduced in Deus Ex: Human Revolution (2011)−set in the year 2027−as the Chief of Security for Detroit-based Sarif Industries, a corporation leading development on controversial artificial organs dubbed \"augmentations\". A former SWAT team member, Adam resigned after disobeying an order to kill a young augmented boy classified as a threat and being subsequently used as a scapegoat after the ensuing riots. During an attack on Sarif Industries by an augmented mercenary group, researcher and ex-girlfriend Megan Reed is apparently killed and he is left crippled. CEO David Sarif saves Adam's life and equips him with advanced full-body augmentations without his consent. Optional backstory elements reveal Adam to be the only surviving subject of genetic experiments by a secret group dubbing themselves the Illuminati, having been spirited away by sympathetic scientists as a child. Due to his unique genetics, he can use augmentations without requiring Neuropozyne, a scarce and expensive immunosuppressive drug.Investigating the attack on Sarif Industries, Adam learns that the Illuminati have been orchestrating events to influence the currently-unstable world climate, controlling augmented people through both Neuropozyne and a control chip that can shut down their augmentations. Reed was working on a solution based on his DNA that would negate Neuropozyne usage, which prompted the attack. Reed is also revealed to be alive, and when Adam finds her he learns the truth about her research. Rogue Illuminati ally Hugh Darrow, the creator of augmentations, modifies the biochop to trigger mass violence and hysteria in augmented people, hoping to drive humanity away from his creation. At Darrow's polar base Panchaea, Adam shuts down the signal and is left with a choice of what truth to broadcast to the world from suggestions by different characters, or to destroy Panchaea without revealing anything. In the Human Revolution downloadable content (DLC) expansion The Missing Link, Adam is captured by private military company Belltower en route to finding Megan, ending up investigating a project related to the game's later events.[1][2]Mankind DividedIn Deus Ex: Mankind Divided (2016), Darrow's actions−now dubbed the Aug Incident−have led to worldwide discrimination against augmented people by the year 2029. Adam is presumed dead, but was rescued from the collapsing Panchaea and implanted with new advanced augmentations. By 2029, Adam works for TF29, an Interpol anti-terrorism task force based in Prague. In secret, he also works with the hactivist group Juggernaut Collective and their leader Janus against the Illuminati. While investigating a train bombing, Adam uncovers an Illuminati plot to force through the Human Restoration Act, aimed at deporting augmented people in an isolated complex and mitigating the Aug Incident's effects on society so the Illuminati can maintain control. Whether the plan is successful depends on Adam's actions. The post-credits scene reveals that TF29 psychiatrist Delara Auzenne and Illuminati leader Lucius DeBeers are using Adam to find Janus. Further adventures are detailed in the Mankind Divded DLC series \"Jensen's Stories\"; Adam delves into the bombing in Desperate Measures,[3] becomes involved in a bank heist in System Rift,[4] and tells Auzenne about his first TF29 assignment undercover in an augmented prison in A Criminal Past.[5]Related mediaAdam is the lead in a 2011 limited comic series released prior to Human Revolution, showing his investigation into the kidnapping of Sarif's niece and the criminals' ties to his former SWAT commander.[6][7] He features in two tie-ins for Mankind Divided; the comic series Children's Crusade depicting a TF29 mission against a pro-augmentation group,[8][9] and the novel Black Light showing the events after he is rescued from Panchaea.[10][11] Adam is also the player character in the spin-off game Deus Ex Go (2016), following him on an infiltration mission prior to Mankind Divided.[12]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Square Enix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Enix"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdamPlay-13"},{"link_name":"Hitman: Absolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitman:_Absolution"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Dogs_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdamHitman-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdamSleeping-15"},{"link_name":"Dota 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dota_2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MankindDota-16"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy Brave Exvius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_Brave_Exvius"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdamExvius-17"}],"sub_title":"Other appearances","text":"Square Enix, publisher of Human Revolution, created a figure of Adam for their Play Arts Kai figurine line in Japan.[13] Clothing sets inspired by Adam's appearance in Human Revolution was released as DLC for the 2012 video games Hitman: Absolution and Sleeping Dogs, both published by Square Enix.[14][15] He was included as an announcer for Dota 2 as part of a pre-order cross-promotion for Mankind Divided.[16] Adam, along with other characters from Mankind Divided, was featured in a limited time crossover with Final Fantasy Brave Exvius in 2018.[17]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jensen_-_Deus_Ex_Human_Revolution.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eidos-Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidos-Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"Deus Ex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_Ex_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDMhuman-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroInterview2010-19"},{"link_name":"Mary DeMarle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_DeMarle"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEHshackWriter-20"},{"link_name":"transhumanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DHEventureDM-21"},{"link_name":"JC Denton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JC_Denton"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DHEventureDM-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEHshackWriter-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SilReactions-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCGNinterview-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StevivorDeMarle-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEXHdevelop-25"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroInterview2010-19"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Artbook-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEHconcept-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BelletetePCG-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BelletetePCG-28"},{"link_name":"goatee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goatee"},{"link_name":"lead character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_Quijano"},{"link_name":"Don Quixote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BelletetePCG-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIquixote-29"},{"link_name":"Gears of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gears_of_War"},{"link_name":"Marcus Fenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Fenix"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BelletetePCG-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Artbook-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEXHdevelop-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Artbook-26"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DHEvisuals-30"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Artbook-26"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroInfo-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MankindProulx-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBTinterview-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MankindGIartB-34"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Artbook-26"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MankindGIartB-34"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Artbook-26"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MankindGIartB-34"},{"link_name":"Icarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icarus"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroInterview2010-19"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StevivorDeMarle-24"}],"text":"Adam Jensen was designed with two looks; a casual trench coat (pictured), and a \"commando\" style showing his augmentations.Adam Jensen was created as the lead protagonist of Deus Ex: Human Revolution, developed by Eidos-Montréal as their debut project. Human Revolution acted as both a prequel to the original Deus Ex (2000) and a new entry point for players.[18][19] Adam was created by Mary DeMarle, lead writer for Human Revolution.[20] DeMarle described him as a medium for the game's theme of transhumanism, being forced to confront the issue through his unwilling augmentation.[21] He was also made a security chief for Sarif Industries to show the outsized power of corporations in the game's world and offer an easy view into the augmentation issue, contrasting him against Deus Ex protagonist JC Denton who works for a military group.[21] While much of the game's narrative was choice-driven and player-directed, Adam had a defined personality which needed to be maintained and balanced with the gameplay design.[20] The writing team used in-game elements, including character dialogue and in-game news, to reflect the approach players took during missions.[22] DeMarle's early script drafts ended with Adam's death, which prompted protests from staff.[23] Explaining this initial plan, DeMarle noted there were no plans for a sequel, and she felt \"tragic heroes are always the best.\" She reconsidered and ended the storyline on a key choice due to positive feedback on his character.[24]Adam 's character design was a collaborative effort across the game's art team, taking two years to finalize.[25] The team looked at multiple protagonist from cyberpunk fiction for inspiration, from Blade Runner to the original Deus Ex. Their main wishes were to incorporate sunglasses and a trench coat.[19] Developers wanted his design to reflect the transhumanist themes, showing both \"the physical and aesthetic results\" of his heavy body augmentation.[26] A notable contributing artist to Adam 's design was Jim Murray.[27][28] His face was unintentionally modelled on art director Jonathan Jacques-Belletete. Needing a model for a piece of art, Murray asked Jacques-Belletete to pose, with Murray incorporating elements of Jacques-Belletete's features into Adam's design.[28] Adam's character model, with a thin face and goatee-styled facial hair, were inspired by the lead character of Don Quixote and acted as a reference to the game's Renaissance aesthetic influence.[28][29] He was given a slimmer build to avoid being a \"big brutish dude\" in the vein of characters like Gears of War protagonist Marcus Fenix.[28]The initial wish to have a single design for the character caused problems, with many of the early designs being described as \"extremely bad\" by Jacques-Belletete.[26][25] Among the early designs were a combat-focused one dubbed \"douchebag Adam\", and a version with flesh-colored arms codenamed \"Pinocchio Adam\". The initial wish was for his mechanical arms to be exposed, with the amount of visible augmentations varying during the design process.[26] The team ultimately settled on a design that combined cyberpunk elements with the game's Renaissance aesthetics.[30] In the final game, Jensen has two looks: his civilian trench coat, used for \"urban exploration\" and \"social missions\", and a commando suit used for infiltration missions. Having two designs was a late decision, both impacting production and solving a number of aesthetic issues with the character. While a short coat was suggested so as to avoid cliches of the cyberpunk genre, a long coat was chosen after a studio-wide vote.[26]For the sequel Mankind Divided, the staff wanted Adam to return, with producer Olivier Proulx attributing the popularity to the character's \"badass\" persona.[31][32] Contrasting against his reactive actions in Human Revolution, DeMarle wanted Jensen to be proactive, though the team needed to work around the character's role as a TF29 agent and the game's mission-based structure.[33] Adam's casual design used the version in Human Revolution as a starting point. After initial in-house drafts, the team decided to collaborate with an external designer. The coat was created in collaboration with Errolson Hugh of German design house Acronym.[34] The coat was intended to be \"complex, yet functional\" while retaining a distinct aesthetic.[26] Acronym were given design material from Human Revolution to inform their designs, with a real-world model being created to test the coat's real-world functionality, and a Renaissance-style pattern put in the lining to reference the first game's designs.[34] Adam's combat suit was also adjusted while retaining the same basic design.[26] It was intended to have a more military style, reflecting his current profession.[34] Both games contained references to the myth of Icarus, with Adam taking on parts of that symbolism.[19][24]","title":"Creation and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_DeMarle,_GDC_Online_2012.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elias_Toufexis_BW_headshot.png"},{"link_name":"Mary DeMarle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_DeMarle"},{"link_name":"Elias Toufexis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Toufexis"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeMarleRevolution-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPGcomment-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPSinterview-37"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DEHshackWriter-20"},{"link_name":"sociopath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociopath"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StevivorDeMarle-24"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPSinterview-37"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EuroInfo-31"},{"link_name":"Elias Toufexis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Toufexis"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toufexis2019-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DevelopToufexis-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toufexis2019-38"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toufexis2019-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DevelopToufexis-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toufexis2019-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DevelopToufexis-39"},{"link_name":"Far Cry 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Cry_3"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EscapistToufexis-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DevelopToufexis-39"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StevivorDeMarle-24"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DevelopToufexis-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toufexis2019-38"},{"link_name":"Bronx accent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_accent"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EscapistToufexis-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MankindToufexis-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DevelopToufexis-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toufexis2019-38"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JensenEnd-42"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DevelopToufexis-39"},{"link_name":"full performance capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion-capture_acting"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toufexis2019-38"},{"link_name":"Shawn Baichoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Baichoo"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baichoo-43"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DevelopToufexis-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toufexis2019-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DevelopToufexis-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toufexis2019-38"},{"link_name":"Hiroki Yasumoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroki_Yasumoto"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DXjp-44"}],"sub_title":"Portrayal","text":"Adam Jensen was given a distinct personality by lead writer Mary DeMarle (left, pictured 2012). Canadian actor Elias Toufexis (right, pictured 2019) voices Adam, and has called the role a personal favourite.DeMarle described Adam as being driven by forms of love and loyalty to his colleagues and friends, with his main drive in Human Revolution being making up for his mistakes rather than revenge.[35] The game's director Jean-François Dugas describe Adam's hostile manner as \"not mad or really angry\", but unhappy at having augmentations forced on him, working to make sure he is not denied choice again.[36] His views on augmentation in Human Revolution are described as ambivalent,[37] with his uncertainty about the future and his own situation reflecting the player's perspective during the game's opening.[20] DeMarle recalled that a journalist classified Jensen as a potential sociopath based on context clues and available in-game actions in Human Revolution, something she never intended.[24] In Mankind Divided, Adam is portrayed as having embraced his new nature as a living weapon, with his acceptance of this reflected in both his manner and the in-game mechanics.[37] Due to his lack of side-effects from augmentation, he also stands in a unique middle ground between augmented people and the rest of the population.[31]Across his voiced appearances, Adam is voiced by Canadian actor Elias Toufexis.[38] Principally working in film and television with limited video game credits, Toufexis was surprised and pleased when he got a lead role.[39][38] When he was auditioning, Adam was described to him as \"kind of a Clint Eastwood character\".[38] Adam's distinctive voice is close to Toufexis's own,[39][38] using a lower monotone style to both allow easy player identification and as a homage to Deus Ex protagonist JC Denton.[39] He recalled that using his own voice for Adam was partially responsible for him losing the role of Far Cry 3 protagonist Jason Brody after Human Revolution was released.[40]A challenge playing Adam was performing lines differently depending on potential player choice. One line where Jensen coldly describes Megan's presumed killing shocked him.[39] DeMarle pushed back against Toufexis during some sessions where he performed based on his interpretation rather than the script directions.[24] While he had to vary Adam's tone for different choices and conversation-based confrontations with other characters, for the main story path he was able to use his own interpretation of the character.[39] Another memorable scene was the late-game confrontation between Jensen and Megan, who was played by Toufexis's wife Michelle Boback. The two had been arguing the day of recording, causing the two characters' argument to sound very realistic.[38] A line he regretted not rerecording was one of his earliest sequences when he was still finding Adam's voice, a confrontation with a former SWAT member. Comparing this early result to a poor \"Bronx accent\", he was upset that it remained in the final game.[40]Returning to voice the character for Mankind Divided, Toufexis described it as easy since he knew Adam's character better. His main difficulty was the player-tailored portrayal in-game. Toufexis needed to have several versions of the character in memory, so he could change his voice accordingly.[41] While he had limited contact with staff during Human Revolution,[39] for Mankind Divided he was able to be more involved across the production team so he could refine Jensen's character and movements. The writing team members under DeMarle would come to him and ask his opinion on proposed scenes, allowing Toufexis to portray Adam as a more relaxed character.[38] Speaking in the wake of the cancellation of a third Deus Ex title in 2024, Toufexis stated he had not been asked to reprise his role, and stated that Jensen's story seemed to have finished with Mankind Divided.[42]While Toufexis did some basic facial motion capture for Human Revolution,[39] he was unable to do full performance capture due to budgetary limitations around adjusting his height to match Adam's.[38] The character's combat takedowns were choreographed and motion captured by Shawn Baichoo.[43] For Mankind Divided, Toufexis was able to portray Jensen through full performance capture,[39] allowing him to better match his voice performance to the cutscenes.[38] Performance capture for Mankind Divided was relatively easy due to his voice and general build matching Adam's.[39] Toufexis has called Adam one of his favorite roles.[38] When Human Revolution and Mankind Divided released in Japan, Adam was dubbed by Hiroki Yasumoto.[44]","title":"Creation and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"Neo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_(The_Matrix)"},{"link_name":"The Matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIreviewHR-45"},{"link_name":"Polygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PolyDirectors-46"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPGdivided-48"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGMreviewMD-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trans-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apocalyptic-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Routledge-52"}],"text":"Adam Jensen has seen little journalistic commentary, with reactions to his original appearance being unfavorable. In his review of Human Revolution, Game Informer's Andrew Reiner commented that Adam \"radiates boredom\", negatively comparing his personality to Neo from The Matrix franchise, and criticised the voice acting for a lack of emotion in average conversation.[45] Reviewing the later Director's Cut version, Danielle Riendeau of Polygon said that \"Jensen's guarded persona comes across more wooden than wounded\", causing the game to lack a strong protagonist.[46]Later assessments were more positive. Issy van der Velde of NME, writing in 2021, hailed Adam as one of the best-realised cyborg characters in recent fiction due to the game's focus on his opening disempowerment and struggles with unwilling augmentation.[47] In his review of Mankind Divided, Sam Watcher of RPGamer said that he \"became smitten\" with Adam and his mission during the events of Human Revolution, and praised Toufexis's continued performance.[48] Electronic Gaming Monthly's Nick Plessas felt that his distinct personally successfully the player-driven narrative of Mankind Divided without him becoming a blank slate, describing him as a \"real, sympathetic individual\" with his own struggles outside the game's events.[49]In her 2013 essay \"Bodies, augmentation and disability in Dead Space and Deus Ex: Human Revolution\", Diane Carr highlighted Jensen's role as a disabled protagonist confronting preconceptions felt by others surrounding augmentation technology. She also noted that the final choice and narrations ending the game took Jensen out of the internal narrative and had him \"narrate privileged (i.e. external) insight into four possible futures\" directly to the player.[50] Philip Matthew Trad, writing for the 2015 book Apocalyptic Projections: A Study of Past Predictions, Current Trends and Future Intimations as Related to Film and Literature, analysed the game's themes surrounding Jensen's mission and interactions. He saw a recurring theme of Jensen struggling to maintain his humanity given his highly augmented state, with his ability to carry on without succumbing to their psychological side effects showing him as a stronger character than equivalent allied or antagonistic augmented soldiers.[51] While noting Jensen as one of many complex cyberpunk video game protagonists, Pawel Frelik in the 2019 book The Routledge Companion to Cyberpunk Culture felt he continued a trend of lack of diversity in the genre and a continuance of the Caucasian-focused \"American hero myth\".[52]","title":"Reception"}]
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[{"image_text":"Adam Jensen was designed with two looks; a casual trench coat (pictured), and a \"commando\" style showing his augmentations.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/Jensen_-_Deus_Ex_Human_Revolution.jpg/180px-Jensen_-_Deus_Ex_Human_Revolution.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Transhumanism in fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction"}]
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[{"reference":"Yin-Poole, Wesley; Robinson, Martin (September 29, 2011). \"Deus Ex: The Missing Link Interview\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-09-29-deus-ex-the-missing-link-interview","url_text":"\"Deus Ex: The Missing Link Interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094445/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-09-29-deus-ex-the-missing-link-interview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sahdev, Ishaan (September 2, 2011). \"Deus Ex: Human Revolution \"Missing Link\" DLC Fills In The Gaps In The Game's Story\". Siliconera. Archived from the original on May 25, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.siliconera.com/2011/09/02/deus-ex-human-revolution-missing-link-dlc-fills-in-the-gaps-in-the-games-story/","url_text":"\"Deus Ex: Human Revolution \"Missing Link\" DLC Fills In The Gaps In The Game's Story\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160525041322/http://www.siliconera.com/2011/09/02/deus-ex-human-revolution-missing-link-dlc-fills-in-the-gaps-in-the-games-story/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Alice (January 9, 2017). \"Deus Ex: Mankind Divided's pre-order mission now free\". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. 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Context matters!: Proceedings of the Vienna Games Conference 2013 : exploring and reframing games and play in context. New Academic Press. pp. 36–39.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Trad, Philip Matthew (2015). \"8: God and Machine; What It Means To Be Human in Deus Ex: Human Revolution\". In Magid, Annette M. (ed.). Apocalyptic Projections: A Study of Past Predictions, Current Trends and Future Intimations as Related to Film and Literature. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 147–161. ISBN 978-1-4438-7880-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing","url_text":"Cambridge Scholars Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7880-7","url_text":"978-1-4438-7880-7"}]},{"reference":"Frelik, Pawel (2019). \"Video games\". The Routledge Companion to Cyberpunk Culture. Routledge. p. 187. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_Amor
|
Farewell Amor
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Release","3.1 Home media","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
|
2020 American drama film directed by Ekwa Msangi
Farewell AmorFilm posterDirected byEkwa MsangiWritten byEkwa MsangiProduced byBobby AllenSam BisbeeEkwa MsangiJoe PlummerJosh PennHuriyyah MuhammadStarringNtare MwineZainab JahJayme LawsonJoie LeeNana MensahSanjit De SilvaJoel MichaelySouléymane Sy SavanéCinematographyBruce Francis ColeEdited byJeanne ApplegateJustin ChanMusic byOsei EssedProductioncompaniesMACROLUCKFILMMUBIWavelength ProductionsDepartment of Motion PicturesPark PicturesJhumka FilmsLucky 13 ProductionsOutrageous PicturesDistributed byIFC MidnightMUBIRelease dates
January 25, 2020 (2020-01-25) (Sundance)
December 11, 2020 (2020-12-11)
Running time101 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguagesEnglishPortugueseBox office$4,689
Farewell Amor is a 2020 American drama film written and directed by Ekwa Msangi. It premiered at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival. The film tells the story of a family of Angolan immigrants who reunite in the United States after a years-long separation, and is told from the perspective of the mother, father, and daughter.
Plot
Walter came to the United States from Angola long ago in search of a better life. He has since settled in New York where he works as a cab driver. His wife Esther and daughter Sylvia are just now able to join him in the US after 17 years apart. Both Walter and Esther have found ways to cope with the time and distance apart—with Walter carrying on a new relationship, and Esther finding community in the church. Walter regretfully breaks up with his girlfriend Linda prior to his family’s arrival. In Brooklyn, the family of three must share a one-bedroom apartment. Esther finds herself struggling not only to adjust to a new country and culture, but also to a distant husband and a marriage that has seemingly lost its fire. The teenage Sylvia also struggles with homesickness, but pursues dance against the wishes of her mother.
Cast
Ntare Mwine as Walter
Zainab Jah as Esther
Jayme Lawson as Sylvia
Joie Lee as Nzingha
Marcus Scribner as DJ
Nana Mensah as Linda
Brandon Lamar as Tall Handsome
Felipe Almonte as Loving Boyfriend
Dylan Flashner as MC
Sanjit De Silva as Mr. Uno
Darlene Arrington as Dirty Dozen
Joel Michaely as Aubrey
Souléymane Sy Savané as Pastor Ogunbemi
Release
It was released on December 11, 2020 in the USA. It was released on December 18, 2020 on MUBI. It was screened at 51st International Film Festival of India in January 2021 in World Panorama section.
Home media
On June 14, 2022, Farewell Amor was released on Blu-Ray and DVD by The Criterion Collection.
Reception
Farewell Amor received critical praise, holding a 97% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 71 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "A striking debut feature for writer-director Ekwa Msangi, Farewell Amor movingly captures the fallout from a long-separated family's reunion." Metacritic reports a score of 75 out of 100 based on the opinions of 16 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Farewell Amor was praised for its acting and direction. Writing for the Los Angeles Times, Kevin Crust wrote, "Though the film is shaped by big topics such as immigration, race, identity and religion, its power lies in its universality achieved through the small human details that tell its story of love and family. Its beauty lies in its empathy — something currently in short supply and therefore very welcome in the stories we consume."
References
^ Gheron, Meghan (January 23, 2020). "Sundance 2020 Women Directors: Ekwa Msangi - "Farewell Amor"". Women and Hollywood. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
^ "Farewell Amor (2020)". The Numbers. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
^ a b Allen, Nick (February 2, 2020). "Sundance 2020: The 40-Year-Old Version, Farewell Amor, Sylvie's Love | Festivals & Awards | Roger Ebert". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
^ a b Kiang, Jessica (January 28, 2020). "'Farewell Amor': Film Review". Variety.
^ "IFC Films: Farewell Amor". IFC Films. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
^ "IFFI Unveils List Of Films Under World Panorama Section". Business World. 13 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021 – via ANI.
^ "Farewell Amor". Criterion. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^ Smith, Derek (June 23, 2022). "Blu-ray Review: Ekwa Msangi's Farewell Amor on the Criterion Collection". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^ "Farewell Amor (2020)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved 2021-10-30.
^ "Farewell Amor". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
^ Crust, Kevin (December 11, 2020). "Review: 'Farewell Amor' is a finely acted immigrant tale that will make you want to dance". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
External links
Farewell Amor at IMDb
Farewell Amor: Coming Over an essay by Tiana Reid at the Criterion Collection
|
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It premiered at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival.[3] The film tells the story of a family of Angolan immigrants who reunite in the United States after a years-long separation, and is told from the perspective of the mother, father, and daughter.[4]","title":"Farewell Amor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"}],"text":"Walter came to the United States from Angola long ago in search of a better life. He has since settled in New York where he works as a cab driver. His wife Esther and daughter Sylvia are just now able to join him in the US after 17 years apart. Both Walter and Esther have found ways to cope with the time and distance apart—with Walter carrying on a new relationship, and Esther finding community in the church. Walter regretfully breaks up with his girlfriend Linda prior to his family’s arrival. In Brooklyn, the family of three must share a one-bedroom apartment. Esther finds herself struggling not only to adjust to a new country and culture, but also to a distant husband and a marriage that has seemingly lost its fire. The teenage Sylvia also struggles with homesickness, but pursues dance against the wishes of her mother.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ntare Mwine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntare_Mwine"},{"link_name":"Zainab Jah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zainab_Jah"},{"link_name":"Jayme Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayme_Lawson"},{"link_name":"Joie Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joie_Lee"},{"link_name":"Sanjit De Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjit_De_Silva"},{"link_name":"Joel Michaely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Michaely"},{"link_name":"Souléymane Sy Savané","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%C3%A9ymane_Sy_Savan%C3%A9"}],"text":"Ntare Mwine as Walter\nZainab Jah as Esther\nJayme Lawson as Sylvia\nJoie Lee as Nzingha\nMarcus Scribner as DJ\nNana Mensah as Linda\nBrandon Lamar as Tall Handsome\nFelipe Almonte as Loving Boyfriend\nDylan Flashner as MC\nSanjit De Silva as Mr. Uno\nDarlene Arrington as Dirty Dozen\nJoel Michaely as Aubrey\nSouléymane Sy Savané as Pastor Ogunbemi","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MUBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubi_(streaming_service)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"51st International Film Festival of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_International_Film_Festival_of_India"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"It was released on December 11, 2020 in the USA. It was released on December 18, 2020 on MUBI.[5] It was screened at 51st International Film Festival of India in January 2021 in World Panorama section.[6]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Criterion Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Criterion_Collection"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"On June 14, 2022, Farewell Amor was released on Blu-Ray and DVD by The Criterion Collection.[7][8]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Farewell Amor received critical praise, holding a 97% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 71 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The website's critics consensus reads: \"A striking debut feature for writer-director Ekwa Msangi, Farewell Amor movingly captures the fallout from a long-separated family's reunion.\"[9] Metacritic reports a score of 75 out of 100 based on the opinions of 16 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[10]Farewell Amor was praised for its acting and direction.[3][4] Writing for the Los Angeles Times, Kevin Crust wrote, \"Though the film is shaped by big topics such as immigration, race, identity and religion, its power lies in its universality achieved through the small human details that tell its story of love and family. Its beauty lies in its empathy — something currently in short supply and therefore very welcome in the stories we consume.\"[11]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Balaram_Mandir
|
ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan
|
["1 History","2 Deities","3 Festivals","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 27°34′21″N 77°40′40″E / 27.5724194544°N 77.6777527878°E / 27.5724194544; 77.6777527878Iskcon Vrindavan
ISKCON Temple, VrindavanSri Sri Krishna Balarama TempleReligionAffiliationHinduismDistrictMathura districtDeityRadha KrishnaKrishna BalaramaGaura NitaiFestivalsJanamashtami, Radhashtami, Gaura PurnimaLocationLocationVrindavanStateUttar PradeshCountryIndiaArchitectureTypeHindu architectureCompleted1977Temple(s)3Websiteiskconvrindavan.com
ISKCON Vrindavan, also called Sri Krishna Balaram Mandir, is one of the major ISKCON temples in the world. It is a Gaudiya Vaishnava temple located in the city of Vrindavan, Mathura district, in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The temple is dedicated to the Hindu gods Krishna and Balarama. The other deities of temple are Radha Krishna and Gauranga Nityananda.
History
Radha Shyamsundar at ISKCON Vrindavan
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, founder–acharya of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, inaugurated the Krishna Balaram Mandir and installed deities (murtis) of Krishna–Balaram, Radha–Shyamasundar, the gopis Lalita Devi and Vishakha Devi, and Gaura–Nitai on Ram Navami (April 20) 1975.
Deities
Radha Shyamasundar at the temple on Radhashtami
The presiding deities of the temple are Krishna and Balarama at the central altar. On the right altar are Radha Krishna as Sri Sri Radha Shyamsundar with the gopis Lalita and Vishakha. On the left altar are Chaitanya Mahaprabhu with Nityananda, and ISKCON founder A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada and his guru Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati.
Near the temple, at the entrance to the complex, is the samadhi mandir of Prabhupada, built of white marble.
Festivals
Krishna Janmashtami - Birth anniversary of Krishna
Radhashtami - Birth anniversary of Radha
Balarama Purnima - Birth anniversary of Balarama
Gaura-purnima - Birth anniversary of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
Nityananda trayodashi - Birthday anniversary of Nityananda
Gopashtami - Festival dedicated to pastimes of Krishna with Cows
Holi - Festival of love and colours, Major festival associated with pastimes of Radha Krishna
Sharad Purnima - Festival associated with the maharaas of Radha Krishna and gopis.
Kartik Purnima - Festival associated with raslia of Radha-Krishna and gopis.
Chaturmaas
Kartik Damodar Maas - Kartik month celebration which is believed to be the most auspicious month for the worship of Radha Krishna
Diwali - Major Hindu festival dedicated to Sita Rama (another form of Radha Krishna)
Appearance and disappearance days (birth and death days) of Vaishnava acharyas and saints.
Gallery
ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan
Outer appearance of temple
Entrance of ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan
Alley inside temple
Inside area of temple
24 hours kirtan is performed inside the temple
Deities of temple - Gaura Nitai
Deities of temple - Radha Shyamsundar
Deities of temple- Krishna Balram
Wall art of Radha Krishna inside temple
Wall art of Radha Krishna on swing inside the temple
Samadhi temple of Srila Prabhupada, founder of ISKCON temple, Vrindavan
Idols of Radha Krishna inside temple museum
Idol of goddess Vrinda inside temple museum
Statues of Krishna Balram outside temple museum
See also
Prem Mandir Vrindavan
Banke Bihari Temple
Radha Rani Temple, Barsana
Radha Raman Temple
Nandmahar Dham
Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan
Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan
Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Bhandirvan
References
^ "Janmashtami 2018: From Mathura to Mumbai, How Devotees Are Celebrating Lord Krishna's Birth at Temples Across India". Retrieved 17 July 2020.
^ Anand, D. (1992). Krishna: The Living God of Braj. Abhinav Publications. p. 103. ISBN 978-81-7017-280-2.
^ ISKCON®. "Founder". ISKCON VRINDAVAN. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
^ "Krishna Balarama Mandir- ISKCON". www.radha.name. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan.
Krishna-Balaram Mandir 24-hour Kirtan official web site
Live video Darshan From ISKCON Vrindavan Temples
ISKCON Vrindavan official website
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vteAgra division topicsGeneral
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See also
Agra district topics
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vteHindu temples in Uttar PradeshSaharanpur
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27°34′21″N 77°40′40″E / 27.5724194544°N 77.6777527878°E / 27.5724194544; 77.6777527878
This article about an Indian Hindu place of worship is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISKCON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness"},{"link_name":"Gaudiya Vaishnava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Vrindavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrindavan"},{"link_name":"Mathura district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathura_district"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Balarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama"},{"link_name":"Radha Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha_Krishna"},{"link_name":"Gauranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu"},{"link_name":"Nityananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nityananda"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Iskcon VrindavanISKCON Vrindavan, also called Sri Krishna Balaram Mandir, is one of the major ISKCON temples in the world. It is a Gaudiya Vaishnava temple located in the city of Vrindavan, Mathura district, in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.[1] The temple is dedicated to the Hindu gods Krishna and Balarama. The other deities of temple are Radha Krishna and Gauranga Nityananda.[2]","title":"ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iskcon_Vrindavan.jpg"},{"link_name":"A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada"},{"link_name":"acharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharya"},{"link_name":"International Society for Krishna Consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness"},{"link_name":"murtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murti"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Balaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaram"},{"link_name":"Radha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha"},{"link_name":"Shyamasundar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"gopis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopi"},{"link_name":"Lalita Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalita_(gopi)"},{"link_name":"Gaura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu"},{"link_name":"Nitai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nityananda"},{"link_name":"Ram Navami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Navami"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Radha Shyamsundar at ISKCON VrindavanA. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, founder–acharya of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, inaugurated the Krishna Balaram Mandir and installed deities (murtis) of Krishna–Balaram, Radha–Shyamasundar, the gopis Lalita Devi and Vishakha Devi, and Gaura–Nitai on Ram Navami (April 20) 1975.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radha_Syamasundar_Vrindavan_Radhastami_2004.jpg"},{"link_name":"Radha Shyamasundar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha_Krishna"},{"link_name":"Radhashtami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhashtami"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Balarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama"},{"link_name":"Radha Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha_Krishna"},{"link_name":"Lalita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalita_(gopi)"},{"link_name":"Chaitanya Mahaprabhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu"},{"link_name":"Nityananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nityananda"},{"link_name":"A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada"},{"link_name":"Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"samadhi mandir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samadhi_(shrine)"},{"link_name":"marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble"}],"text":"Radha Shyamasundar at the temple on RadhashtamiThe presiding deities of the temple are Krishna and Balarama at the central altar. On the right altar are Radha Krishna as Sri Sri Radha Shyamsundar with the gopis Lalita and Vishakha. On the left altar are Chaitanya Mahaprabhu with Nityananda, and ISKCON founder A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada and his guru Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati.[4]Near the temple, at the entrance to the complex, is the samadhi mandir of Prabhupada, built of white marble.","title":"Deities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krishna Janmashtami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami"},{"link_name":"Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna"},{"link_name":"Radhashtami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhashtami"},{"link_name":"Radha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha"},{"link_name":"Balarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama"},{"link_name":"Gaura-purnima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaura-purnima"},{"link_name":"Chaitanya Mahaprabhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu"},{"link_name":"Nityananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nityananda"},{"link_name":"Gopashtami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopashtami"},{"link_name":"Holi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi"},{"link_name":"Sharad Purnima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharad_Purnima"},{"link_name":"maharaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raslila"},{"link_name":"Radha Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha_Krishna"},{"link_name":"gopis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopis"},{"link_name":"Kartik Purnima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartik_Purnima"},{"link_name":"Diwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali"},{"link_name":"Sita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita"},{"link_name":"Rama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama"}],"text":"Krishna Janmashtami - Birth anniversary of Krishna\nRadhashtami - Birth anniversary of Radha\nBalarama Purnima - Birth anniversary of Balarama\nGaura-purnima - Birth anniversary of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu\nNityananda trayodashi - Birthday anniversary of Nityananda\nGopashtami - Festival dedicated to pastimes of Krishna with Cows\nHoli - Festival of love and colours, Major festival associated with pastimes of Radha Krishna\nSharad Purnima - Festival associated with the maharaas of Radha Krishna and gopis.\nKartik Purnima - Festival associated with raslia of Radha-Krishna and gopis.\nChaturmaas\nKartik Damodar Maas - Kartik month celebration which is believed to be the most auspicious month for the worship of Radha Krishna\nDiwali - Major Hindu festival dedicated to Sita Rama (another form of Radha Krishna)\nAppearance and disappearance days (birth and death days) of Vaishnava acharyas and saints.","title":"Festivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vrindavan-India0005.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sri_Krishna_Balaram_Temple,_Vrindavan.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krishna_Balaram_Mandir_(2010).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sri_Krishna_Balaram_Mandir_Vrindavan_11.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sri_Krishna_Balaram_Mandir_Vrindavan_38.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:At_Krishna_Balaram_Mandir,_Vrindavan,_India,_2015-03-15.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banke_bihari_(481).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banke_bihari_(489).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krishna_Balarama12.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vrindavan_27_(cropped).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vrindavan_28.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samadhi_Mandir,_Srila_Prabhupad,_ISKCON,_Vrindavan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radha_Krishna_at_Iskcon_Vrindavan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vrinda_Devi.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sri_Krishna_Balaram_Mandir_Vrindavan_09.jpg"}],"text":"ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOuter appearance of temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntrance of ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAlley inside temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside area of temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t24 hours kirtan is performed inside the temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDeities of temple - Gaura Nitai\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDeities of temple - Radha Shyamsundar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDeities of temple- Krishna Balram\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWall art of Radha Krishna inside temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWall art of Radha Krishna on swing inside the temple\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSamadhi temple of Srila Prabhupada, founder of ISKCON temple, Vrindavan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIdols of Radha Krishna inside temple museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIdol of goddess Vrinda inside temple museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStatues of Krishna Balram outside temple museum","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"Radha Shyamsundar at ISKCON Vrindavan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Iskcon_Vrindavan.jpg/220px-Iskcon_Vrindavan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Radha Shyamasundar at the temple on Radhashtami","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Radha_Syamasundar_Vrindavan_Radhastami_2004.jpg/220px-Radha_Syamasundar_Vrindavan_Radhastami_2004.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/100px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Prem Mandir Vrindavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prem_Mandir_Vrindavan"},{"title":"Banke Bihari Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banke_Bihari_Temple"},{"title":"Radha Rani Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha_Rani_Temple"},{"title":"Barsana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barsana"},{"title":"Radha Raman Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha_Raman_Temple"},{"title":"Nandmahar Dham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandmahar_Dham"},{"title":"Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha_Damodar_Temple,_Vrindavan"},{"title":"Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha_Madan_Mohan_Temple,_Vrindavan"},{"title":"Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Bhandirvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha_Krishna_Vivah_Sthali,_Bhandirvan"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Janmashtami 2018: From Mathura to Mumbai, How Devotees Are Celebrating Lord Krishna's Birth at Temples Across India\". Retrieved 17 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/janmashtami-2018-from-mathura-to-mumbai-how-devotees-celebrate-lord-krishnas-birth-at-11-temples-across-india-1862795.html","url_text":"\"Janmashtami 2018: From Mathura to Mumbai, How Devotees Are Celebrating Lord Krishna's Birth at Temples Across India\""}]},{"reference":"Anand, D. (1992). Krishna: The Living God of Braj. Abhinav Publications. p. 103. ISBN 978-81-7017-280-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvSwdUgQYcC&q=radha+purana","url_text":"Krishna: The Living God of Braj"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-280-2","url_text":"978-81-7017-280-2"}]},{"reference":"ISKCON®. \"Founder\". ISKCON VRINDAVAN. Retrieved 13 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://iskconvrindavan.com/home/founder","url_text":"\"Founder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Krishna Balarama Mandir- ISKCON\". www.radha.name. Retrieved 23 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radha.name/images-gallery/india-holy-places/vraja/krishna-balarama-mandir-iskcon","url_text":"\"Krishna Balarama Mandir- ISKCON\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=ISKCON_Temple,_Vrindavan¶ms=27.5724194544_N_77.6777527878_E_source:ruwiki_region:IN_type:landmark","external_links_name":"27°34′21″N 77°40′40″E / 27.5724194544°N 77.6777527878°E / 27.5724194544; 77.6777527878"},{"Link":"https://iskconvrindavan.com/","external_links_name":"iskconvrindavan.com"},{"Link":"https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/janmashtami-2018-from-mathura-to-mumbai-how-devotees-celebrate-lord-krishnas-birth-at-11-temples-across-india-1862795.html","external_links_name":"\"Janmashtami 2018: From Mathura to Mumbai, How Devotees Are Celebrating Lord Krishna's Birth at Temples Across India\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvSwdUgQYcC&q=radha+purana","external_links_name":"Krishna: The Living God of Braj"},{"Link":"https://iskconvrindavan.com/home/founder","external_links_name":"\"Founder\""},{"Link":"http://www.radha.name/images-gallery/india-holy-places/vraja/krishna-balarama-mandir-iskcon","external_links_name":"\"Krishna Balarama Mandir- ISKCON\""},{"Link":"http://www.24hourkirtan.com/","external_links_name":"Krishna-Balaram Mandir 24-hour Kirtan official web site"},{"Link":"http://vrindavan.tv/","external_links_name":"Live video Darshan From ISKCON Vrindavan Temples"},{"Link":"http://www.iskconvrindavan.com/","external_links_name":"ISKCON Vrindavan official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=ISKCON_Temple,_Vrindavan¶ms=27.5724194544_N_77.6777527878_E_source:ruwiki_region:IN_type:landmark","external_links_name":"27°34′21″N 77°40′40″E / 27.5724194544°N 77.6777527878°E / 27.5724194544; 77.6777527878"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISKCON_Temple,_Vrindavan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthie_on_the_Telephone
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Ruthie on the Telephone
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["1 Synopsis","2 Reception","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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American TV series or program
Ruthie on the TelephoneGenreComedyStarringRuth GilbertPhillip ReedCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1ProductionCamera setupSingle-cameraRunning time5 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkCBS TelevisionReleaseAugust 7 (1949-08-07) –November 5, 1949 (1949-11-05)
Ruthie on the Telephone is an American comedy television series that was broadcast on the CBS Television network at 7:55 pm ET from August 7 to November 5, 1949.
The show was written by Goodman Ace and sponsored by Phillip Morris cigarettes. Each episode was only five minutes long. Ruthie on the Telephone was preceded by CBS Television News at 7:30 pm ET, and by The Sonny Kendis Show at 7:45 pm ET.
Synopsis
The series features a young lady, Ruthie (Ruth Gilbert), trying to convince a man, Richard (Phillip Reed) to love her via a telephone call. The series used a split-screen technique to depict the telephone conversation.
Reception
Billboard magazine called the show funny, and complimented the split-screen effect.
See also
1949-50 United States network television schedule
References
^ "Brief and Important: "Ruthie" to Hang Up". Billboard. Vol. 61, no. 43. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 1949-10-22. p. 5. ISSN 0006-2510.
^ "Billboard". 1949-08-20.
External links
Ruthie on the Telephone at IMDb
Ruthie on the Telephone at TV Acres
This article relating to a comedy television series in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_television"},{"link_name":"CBS Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Television"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Goodman Ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodman_Ace"},{"link_name":"Phillip Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Morris_USA"},{"link_name":"CBS Television News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Evening_News"},{"link_name":"The Sonny Kendis Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sonny_Kendis_Show"}],"text":"Ruthie on the Telephone is an American comedy television series that was broadcast on the CBS Television network at 7:55 pm ET from August 7 to November 5, 1949.[1]The show was written by Goodman Ace and sponsored by Phillip Morris cigarettes. Each episode was only five minutes long. Ruthie on the Telephone was preceded by CBS Television News at 7:30 pm ET, and by The Sonny Kendis Show at 7:45 pm ET.","title":"Ruthie on the Telephone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruth Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Gilbert_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Phillip Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Reed"},{"link_name":"split-screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_screen_(filmmaking)"}],"text":"The series features a young lady, Ruthie (Ruth Gilbert), trying to convince a man, Richard (Phillip Reed) to love her via a telephone call. The series used a split-screen technique to depict the telephone conversation.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Billboard magazine called the show funny, and complimented the split-screen effect.[2]","title":"Reception"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"1949-50 United States network television schedule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949-50_United_States_network_television_schedule"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Brief and Important: \"Ruthie\" to Hang Up\". Billboard. Vol. 61, no. 43. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 1949-10-22. p. 5. ISSN 0006-2510.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Lg4EAAAAMBAJ&dq=Ruthie+On+The+Telephone&pg=PT4","url_text":"\"Brief and Important: \"Ruthie\" to Hang Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard\". 1949-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kUUEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22sustaining+via+wpix%22+telephone&pg=PA13","url_text":"\"Billboard\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Lg4EAAAAMBAJ&dq=Ruthie+On+The+Telephone&pg=PT4","external_links_name":"\"Brief and Important: \"Ruthie\" to Hang Up\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","external_links_name":"0006-2510"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kUUEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22sustaining+via+wpix%22+telephone&pg=PA13","external_links_name":"\"Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0793358/","external_links_name":"Ruthie on the Telephone"},{"Link":"http://www.tvacres.com/comm_ruthie.htm","external_links_name":"Ruthie on the Telephone"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruthie_on_the_Telephone&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW_National_Parks_%26_Wildlife_Service
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NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service
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["1 History","2 Scope of activities","3 Organisational structure","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Government agency of New South Wales
National Parks and Wildlife ServiceAgency overviewFormed1967; 57 years ago (1967)JurisdictionNew South WalesHeadquarters12 Darcy Street, Parramatta Square, Sydney NSW, AustraliaMinister responsibleThe Hon Penny Sharpe, MLC, Minister for the EnvironmentAgency executivesNaomi Stephens, Acting Deputy Secretary, National Parks and Wildlife ServiceAnthony Lean, Secretary, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (NSW)Parent departmentNSW Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and WaterWebsitewww.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au
The National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) is a directorate of the New South Wales Department of Planning and Environment and responsible for managing more than 890 national parks and reserves, covering over 7.5 million hectares of land across the state of New South Wales, Australia. Despite its name the NPWS is a state government agency rather than federal government, likewise as other states and territories National Parks agencies around Australia. However the states and territories agencies around Australia do still work closely together.
History
The NPWS was established in 1967 when the Fauna Protection Panel and the Parks and Reserves Branch of the NSW Lands Department were amalgamated under Lands Minister Tom Lewis AO. Lewis also established a charity, the National Parks Foundation, to assist the NPWS in raising funds for conservation. The first Co-ordinator General of the NPWS was Sam P. Weems, a former superintendent in the US National Park Service. Seven years after the founding of the NPWS, various state laws regulating flora and fauna were consolidated together into the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, which remains the enabling legislation for the NPWS to this day. Training of NPWS staff and rangers was conducted at an academy training facility located within the Royal National Park area.
From its establishment in 1967 until 2003 the NPWS was a discrete agency of the NSW Government. Since that time it has been a directorate of various broader state government departments. In September 2003 it joined with the Environment Protection Authority, Resource New South Wales, and the Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust to form the Department of Environment and Conservation. This department, by then renamed as the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, was abolished in 2011, and the NPWS was transferred to the Office of Environment & Heritage under the Department of Premier and Cabinet. In 2014 the Office of Environment & Heritage was transferred to the Department of Planning and Environment before also being abolished in 2019. Today, the NPWS continues to be a part of the Department of Planning and Environment cluster, within the Environment and Heritage Group.
Scope of activities
Nearly 900 protected areas of a variety of types have been declared in New South Wales under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, most of which the NPWS has the responsibility to manage. Covering over 70,000 square kilometres (7,000,000 ha), these range from national parks where the NPWS is tasked with conserving biodiversity and protecting ecological integrity to other less restrictive categories of parks and reserves where more intensive human activity must be balanced against maintaining natural and cultural values. This is controlled through the preparation of plans of management which determine how the NPWS manages conservation, hazard protection, research, education, and sustainable visitation activities in its parks and reserves. The NPWS also administers fire management strategies for the land it manages in order to limit risks from bushfires, such as by conducting hazard reduction burns in collaboration with other state agencies such as the New South Wales Rural Fire Service.
Organisational structure
The NPWS is divided into four branches: Business Delivery, Park Operations (Coastal), Park Operations (Inland), and Conservation and Aboriginal Partnerships. It is led by a Deputy Secretary, who reports to the Coordinator-General of the Environment and Heritage Group, who reports to the Secretary of the Department of Planning and Environment, who in turn reports to the Minister for the Environment, the minister responsible for the NPWS.
Gallery
Park Air (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Ranger and Field Officer Work Ute
Fire vehicle (Cat 7)
Fire vehicle (Cat 9)
See also
Protected areas of New South Wales
National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974
Parks Victoria
Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service
Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service
National Parks and Wildlife Service South Australia
Department of Parks and Wildlife (Western Australia)
Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory
References
^ "Who we are". NSW National Parks. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
^ National Parks and Wildlife Act 1967 (NSW) (PDF) (35). Parliament of New South Wales. 1967.
^ "Former NSW premier Tom Lewis dies". AAP. 27 April 2016. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016.
^ "About the Foundation". Foundation for National Parks and Wildlife.
^ "'Father of Parkway' Weems Dies". The Roanoke Times. Roanoke, Virginia, United States: Landmark Communications, Inc. 7 May 1993.
^ National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (NSW)
^ "Jobs with us". NSW National Parks. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
^ "AGY-17 | National Parks and Wildlife Service ". State Archives and Records Authority. NSW Government.
^ "AGY-3815 | Department of Environment and Conservation (2003-2007) Department of Environment and Climate Change (2007-2009) Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (2009-2011)". State Archives and Records Authority. NSW Government.
^ "AGY-6439 | Office of Environment and Heritage". State Archives and Records Authority. NSW Government.
^ a b "Who we are". Environment and Heritage Group. Department of Planning and Environment. NSW Government. 3 March 2023.
^ "Who we are". NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. NSW Government.
^ "Different parks, different purposes". NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. NSW Government.
^ "What we do". NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. NSW Government.
^ "Fire management strategies". NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. NSW Government. 26 August 2021.
^ "Hazard reduction". Environment and Heritage Group. Department of Planning and Environment. NSW Government. 26 August 2021.
External links
Official site
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Czech Republic
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Weems, a former superintendent in the US National Park Service.[5] Seven years after the founding of the NPWS, various state laws regulating flora and fauna were consolidated together into the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, which remains the enabling legislation for the NPWS to this day.[6] Training of NPWS staff and rangers was conducted at an academy training facility located within the Royal National Park area.[7]From its establishment in 1967 until 2003 the NPWS was a discrete agency of the NSW Government.[8] Since that time it has been a directorate of various broader state government departments. In September 2003 it joined with the Environment Protection Authority, Resource New South Wales, and the Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust to form the Department of Environment and Conservation.[9] This department, by then renamed as the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, was abolished in 2011, and the NPWS was transferred to the Office of Environment & Heritage under the Department of Premier and Cabinet. 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It is led by a Deputy Secretary, who reports to the Coordinator-General of the Environment and Heritage Group, who reports to the Secretary of the Department of Planning and Environment, who in turn reports to the Minister for the Environment, the minister responsible for the NPWS.[11]","title":"Organisational structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NSW_National_Parks_%26_Wildlife_Service_Helicopter_hover_entry_and_exit_re-accreditation_3_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2005-2008_Toyota_Hilux_(KUN16R)_SR_4-door_cab_chassis_(National_Parks_and_Wildlife_Service)_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1999-2002_Mitsubishi_Fuso_Canter_(FG)_4WD_2-door_cab_chassis_(National_Parks_and_Wildlife_Service)_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2004_Toyota_Land_Cruiser_(HDJ79R)_2-door_cab_chassis,_National_Parks_and_Wildlife_Service_(2008-09-21).jpg"}],"text":"Park Air (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRanger and Field Officer Work Ute\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFire vehicle (Cat 7)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFire vehicle (Cat 9)","title":"Gallery"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_Nueva
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Música Nueva
|
["1 History and profile","2 See also","3 External links"]
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Música NewsLogo of the Música News online magazineEditorAlessandro EliaFrequencyOnlineFounded2012; 12 years ago (2012)CompanyMN Editores SLCountrySpainBased inValenciaLanguageSpanishWebsiteCómo hacerlo todo
Música Nueva (Spanish for "New Music") is a Spanish online music magazine published in Valencia. Its complete title is "Música Nueva, Noticias y Novedades" ("New Music, the latest music news").
History and profile
Founded in 2012 by Italian journalist and writer Alessandro Elia, Música Nueva has currently between 100000 and 180000 visitors per week, with pages about music news, song and album reviews, TV, movies and pop culture. Users and readers come mainly from United States (Florida, California, New Mexico), Spain and Mexico, but also from all the Latin American countries (Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Uruguay, Chile). On 5 December 2015 the magazine had 30,592 Alexa Rank in the U.S. and 54,586 in Spain.
See also
List of magazines in Spain
External links
Musica News contacts
Musica News Legal Advice
This music magazine or journal–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about magazines. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia"}],"text":"Música Nueva (Spanish for \"New Music\") is a Spanish online music magazine published in Valencia. Its complete title is \"Música Nueva, Noticias y Novedades\" (\"New Music, the latest music news\").","title":"Música Nueva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alessandro Elia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//alessandroelia.com/"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Alexa Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet"}],"text":"Founded in 2012 by Italian journalist and writer Alessandro Elia, Música Nueva has currently between 100000 and 180000 visitors per week, with pages about music news, song and album reviews, TV, movies and pop culture. Users and readers come mainly from United States (Florida, California, New Mexico), Spain and Mexico, but also from all the Latin American countries (Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Uruguay, Chile). On 5 December 2015 the magazine had 30,592 Alexa Rank in the U.S. and 54,586 in Spain.","title":"History and profile"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of magazines in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Spain"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://alessandroelia.com/","external_links_name":"Alessandro Elia"},{"Link":"https://comohacerlotodo.com/","external_links_name":"Cómo hacerlo todo"},{"Link":"https://alessandroelia.com/","external_links_name":"Alessandro Elia"},{"Link":"https://musica.news/contacto/","external_links_name":"Musica News contacts"},{"Link":"https://musica.news/aviso-legal/","external_links_name":"Musica News Legal Advice"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%BAsica_Nueva&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDB_(band)
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CDB (group)
|
["1 History","1.1 Career beginnings: 1991–1999","1.2 2000–present","2 Solo work","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Compilation albums","3.3 Singles","4 Awards","4.1 ARIA Music Awards","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Australian R&B, dance & vocal harmony quartet
Not to be confused with the Charlie Daniels Band.
CDBOriginMelbourne, Victoria, AustraliaGenresPop, R&B, danceYears active1991 (1991)–1999 (1999)2006 (2006)–present (present)LabelsEpicSonyPast members
Andrew De Silva
Brad Pinto
Gary Pinto
Danny Williams
Jude Nicholas
CDB are an Australian R&B, dance and vocal harmony quartet formed in 1991 with Andrew De Silva, Brad Pinto and his brother Gary Pinto, as well as Danny Williams. CDB is an initialism which stands for Central Dandenong Boys. Their highest charting single was a cover version of Earth, Wind & Fire's "Let's Groove", which peaked at number two on the ARIA Singles Chart and number one on the New Zealand Singles Chart. "Hey Girl (This Is Our Time)" also reached number one in New Zealand. Their debut studio album, Glide with Me was released in November 1995. The group disbanded in 1999.
Musicologist Ian McFarlane said their "sound combined elements of R&B, soul and New Jack Swing tied to dexterous vocal harmonies and arrangements."
History
Career beginnings: 1991–1999
Main articles: Glide with Me and Lifted (CDB album)
CDB were formed in Melbourne in 1991 as a vocal harmony quartet by Andrew De Silva, Brad Pinto and his brother Gary Pinto, and Danny Williams. CDB performed local gigs around Melbourne for three years including providing backing vocals for Peter Andre when supported Madonna on her Australian The Girlie Show World Tour. CDB signed a contract with Sony in 1994. CDB's first single "Hook Me Up" was released in October 1994 and peaked at number 11 on the Australian ARIA Charts. "Hey Girl (This Is Our Time)" was released in March 1995 and peaked at number 14 in Australia followed by a cover version of Earth, Wind & Fire's "Let's Groove" which peaked at number 2 in Australia.
CDB released their debut studio album, Glide with Me in November 1995, which debuted and peaked at number six on the ARIA Albums Chart and number 12 on the New Zealand Albums Chart. "Let's Groove" and "Hey Girl (This is Our Time)" both peaked at number 1 in New Zealand in 1996. "Don't Stop", peaked the top 30 in both Australia and New Zealand. and the album was certified platinum. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1996 "Let's Groove" won the Highest Selling Single category. In New Zealand it was their second number-one hit.
CDB promoted the album across Asia and toured South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, the Philippines and Fiji including a special concert with John Denver, celebrating the South Korean bid to host the 2002 FIFA World Cup.
In 1997, Jude Nicholas joined the group replacing Andrew De Silva, who needed to receive cancer treatment. "Good Times" was released in August 1997 and peaked at number 28 in Australia. CDB's second studio album, Lifted was released in November 1997. The album had a more pop-oriented sound and reached the ARIA top 50. It provided three more singles "Back Then", "Let It Whip" and "So Badd".
CDB then collaborated with Tommy Emmanuel and Renee Geyer before disbanding in 1999.
2000–present
In 2006 CDB were asked to reunite to play some charity shows, after which they reportedly reformed. The band went on to record songs for Myer shopping centre in the 2006 Spirit of Christmas album and for the ABC's Anthems of Australia initiative. In 2008, they released a cover version of Michael Jackson's "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)". The song was due to be the lead single from their third studio album, The Funk Sessions a covers album paying tribute to their heroes. The album was however cancelled prior to release.
The Essential CDB was released in October 2010 and included "P.Y.T.". In April 2017, the band announced they would release a new album titled Tailored for Now.
"This Is How We Do It", a cover of Montell Jordan's 1995 hit was released to radio in April 2017.
In November 2020, the group will release its first Christmas album, titled Christmas Is Here: The CDB Mixtape.
Solo work
Main articles: Gary Pinto and Andrew De Silva
Gary Pinto has worked as a vocal coach on several series of Australian Idol and The X Factor and has worked extensively with Guy Sebastian, co-writing the hit "Taller, Stronger, Better" among other songs. Gary co-wrote the theme for World Youth Day 2008, "Receive the Power" with Guy and penned "Behold the Cross", which features on the WYD08 Official Soundtrack. Gary co-wrote and recorded the song "Saint Mary MacKillop" for the canonisation of Australia's first Saint, Mary MacKillop in 2010. He has toured extensively with Jimmy Barnes who recorded one of Pinto's tunes, originally written for his own album. Gary has recorded two further albums, one for his Music Ministry in schools—As-U-R Volume 1 (2010) and also his solo album Take Back Our World (2010).
Brad Pinto was nominated as a writer for Song of the Year at the 2012 Australian ARIA Awards for the four-times platinum hit "Boys like You", performed by Australian hip hop artist 360, who also performed on the night.
Andrew De Silva reached the top 40 with his solo single "Just Like Good Music" in 2005, but no album release eventuated. In 2012, he competed in the sixth series of Australia's Got Talent, and his audition was seen on Australian TV on 28 April 2012, where he received an enthusiastic "yes" from all three judges. He went all the way to win the grand final on 25 July 2012. De Silva supported Mariah Carey on her 2013 Australian tour and released the songs "Miracle" (2013), "I See the Future" (2015) and an EP Now That I Believe in 2015. De Silva joined Boom Crash Opera in 2016.
Discography
Studio albums
List of studio albums, with selected chart positions
Title
Album details
Peak chart positions
Certifications
AUS
NZL
Glide with Me
Released: November 1995
Label: Sony Music
6
12
ARIA: Platinum
Lifted
Released: November 1997
Label: Sony Music
45
—
Tailored for Now
Released: 28 April 2017
Label: Warner Music Australia
28
—
Christmas Is Here: The CDB Mixtape
Released: 6 November 2020
Label: CDB, Ambition Records
—
—
Compilation albums
Compilation album, with selected details
Title
Details
The Essential CDB
Released: 29 October 2010
Label: Sony Music
Singles
List of singles, with selected chart positions and certifications
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Certification
Album
AUS
NZL
"Hook Me Up"
1994
11
—
ARIA: Gold
Glide with Me
"Hey Girl (This Is Our Time)"
1995
14
1
"Let's Groove"
2
1
ARIA: Platinum
"Don't Stop"
1996
28
25
"Good Times"
1997
28
—
Lifted
"Back Then"
42
—
"Let It Whip"
1998
51
—
"After the Love Has Gone" (Tommy Emmanuel featuring CDB)
74
—
Collaboration (Tommy Emmanuel album)
"So Badd"
1999
—
—
Lifted
"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me" (with Renée Geyer)
92
—
Sweet Life (Renée Geyer album)
"P.Y.T"
2008
—
—
The Essential CDB
"This Is How We Do It"
2017
—
—
Tailored for Now
"—" denotes the single did not chart.
Awards
ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music.
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result
1996
"Let's Groove"
Highest Selling Single
Won
References
^ Sutton, Peter. "CDB Band | Buzz Magazine". Retrieved 21 February 2021.
^ a b Gavin Scott (14 May 2023). "CDB Reveal: 'Our Record Company Made Us Do Cover Versions'". The Music. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
^ a b c d e McFarlane, Ian (1999). "Encyclopedia entry for 'CDB'". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 6 July 2002. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
^ a b c d e "Discography CDB". Australian Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
^ a b c d e f "Discography CDB". New Zealand Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
^ "Winners by Year 1996". Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
^ "CDB **SHOW CANCELLED** Tickets". Mosh Tix. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
^ "CDB". The Harbour Agency. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
^ "The Essential". JBHiFi. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
^ "CDB Recruits Diesel and Guy Sebastian for Christmas Album". noise11. 30 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^ "Dale Ryder Leaves Boom Crash Opera, Andrew De Silva Is The New Singer". Noise 11. 5 March 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
^ "The ARIA Australian Top 100 Albums 1995 (page 2)". imgur.com. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (pdf ed.). Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 144.
^ "1995 ARIA SINGLES CHART". ARIA. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
vteCDB
Andrew De Silva
Gary Pinto
Brad Pinto
Danny Williams
Jude Nicholas
Studio albums
Glide with Me
Lifted
Tailored for Now
Compilation albums
The Essential CDB
Singles
"Hook Me Up"
"Hey Girl (This Is Our Time)"
"Let's Groove"
"Don't Stop"
"Good Times"
"Back Then"
"Let It Whip"
"After the Love Has Gone" (with Tommy Emmanuel)
"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me" (with Renée Geyer)
"P.Y.T."
External links
CDB on Myspace
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Charlie Daniels Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Daniels_Band"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"Andrew De Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_De_Silva"},{"link_name":"Gary Pinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Pinto"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Earth, Wind & Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire"},{"link_name":"Let's Groove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Groove"},{"link_name":"ARIA Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"Hey Girl (This Is Our Time)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Girl_(This_Is_Our_Time)"},{"link_name":"Glide with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glide_with_Me"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheMusicMay2023-2"},{"link_name":"Ian McFarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McFarlane"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the Charlie Daniels Band.CDB are an Australian R&B, dance and vocal harmony quartet formed in 1991 with Andrew De Silva, Brad Pinto and his brother Gary Pinto, as well as Danny Williams. CDB is an initialism which stands for Central Dandenong Boys.[1] Their highest charting single was a cover version of Earth, Wind & Fire's \"Let's Groove\", which peaked at number two on the ARIA Singles Chart and number one on the New Zealand Singles Chart. \"Hey Girl (This Is Our Time)\" also reached number one in New Zealand. Their debut studio album, Glide with Me was released in November 1995. The group disbanded in 1999.[2]Musicologist Ian McFarlane said their \"sound combined elements of R&B, soul and New Jack Swing tied to dexterous vocal harmonies and arrangements.\"[3]","title":"CDB (group)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew De Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_De_Silva"},{"link_name":"Gary Pinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Pinto"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"Peter Andre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Andre"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"The Girlie Show World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girlie_Show_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Australia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"Hook Me Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_Me_Up_(CDB_song)"},{"link_name":"ARIA Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"Hey Girl (This Is Our Time)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Girl_(This_Is_Our_Time)"},{"link_name":"Earth, Wind & Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire"},{"link_name":"Let's Groove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Groove"},{"link_name":"Glide with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glide_with_Me"},{"link_name":"ARIA Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUS_Charts-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZL_Charts-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZL_Charts-5"},{"link_name":"Don't Stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Stop_(CDB_song)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUS_Charts-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZL_Charts-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"ARIA Music Awards of 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_1996"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARIA1996-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZL_Charts-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-3"},{"link_name":"John Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Denver"},{"link_name":"South Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"2002 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Andrew De Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_De_Silva"},{"link_name":"Good Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Times_(CDB_song)"},{"link_name":"Lifted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifted_(CDB_album)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUS_Charts-4"},{"link_name":"Back Then","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_Then_(CDB_song)"},{"link_name":"Let It Whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Whip"},{"link_name":"Tommy Emmanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Emmanuel"},{"link_name":"Renee Geyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renee_Geyer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheMusicMay2023-2"}],"sub_title":"Career beginnings: 1991–1999","text":"CDB were formed in Melbourne in 1991 as a vocal harmony quartet by Andrew De Silva, Brad Pinto and his brother Gary Pinto, and Danny Williams.[3] CDB performed local gigs around Melbourne for three years including providing backing vocals for Peter Andre when supported Madonna on her Australian The Girlie Show World Tour. CDB signed a contract with Sony in 1994.[3] CDB's first single \"Hook Me Up\" was released in October 1994 and peaked at number 11 on the Australian ARIA Charts. \"Hey Girl (This Is Our Time)\" was released in March 1995 and peaked at number 14 in Australia followed by a cover version of Earth, Wind & Fire's \"Let's Groove\" which peaked at number 2 in Australia.CDB released their debut studio album, Glide with Me in November 1995, which debuted and peaked at number six on the ARIA Albums Chart and number 12 on the New Zealand Albums Chart.[4][5] \"Let's Groove\" and \"Hey Girl (This is Our Time)\" both peaked at number 1 in New Zealand in 1996.[5] \"Don't Stop\", peaked the top 30 in both Australia and New Zealand.[4][5] and the album was certified platinum.[3] At the ARIA Music Awards of 1996 \"Let's Groove\" won the Highest Selling Single category.[6] In New Zealand it was their second number-one hit.[5]CDB promoted the album across Asia and toured South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, the Philippines and Fiji[3] including a special concert with John Denver, celebrating the South Korean bid to host the 2002 FIFA World Cup.In 1997, Jude Nicholas joined the group replacing Andrew De Silva, who needed to receive cancer treatment. \"Good Times\" was released in August 1997 and peaked at number 28 in Australia. CDB's second studio album, Lifted was released in November 1997. The album had a more pop-oriented sound and reached the ARIA top 50.[4] It provided three more singles \"Back Then\", \"Let It Whip\" and \"So Badd\".CDB then collaborated with Tommy Emmanuel and Renee Geyer before disbanding in 1999.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.Y.T._(Pretty_Young_Thing)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Essential CDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Essential_CDB"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"2000–present","text":"In 2006 CDB were asked to reunite to play some charity shows, after which they reportedly reformed. The band went on to record songs for Myer shopping centre in the 2006 Spirit of Christmas album and for the ABC's Anthems of Australia initiative. In 2008, they released a cover version of Michael Jackson's \"P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)\". The song was due to be the lead single from their third studio album, The Funk Sessions a covers album paying tribute to their heroes.[7][8] The album was however cancelled prior to release.[9]The Essential CDB was released in October 2010 and included \"P.Y.T.\". In April 2017, the band announced they would release a new album titled Tailored for Now.\"This Is How We Do It\", a cover of Montell Jordan's 1995 hit was released to radio in April 2017.In November 2020, the group will release its first Christmas album, titled Christmas Is Here: The CDB Mixtape.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Pinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Pinto"},{"link_name":"Australian Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Idol"},{"link_name":"The X Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Guy Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Sebastian"},{"link_name":"Taller, Stronger, Better","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taller,_Stronger,_Better"},{"link_name":"World Youth Day 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008"},{"link_name":"Receive the Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receive_the_Power"},{"link_name":"canonisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonization"},{"link_name":"Mary MacKillop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_MacKillop"},{"link_name":"2012 Australian ARIA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards_of_2012"},{"link_name":"Boys like You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_like_You_(360_song)"},{"link_name":"Australian hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_hip_hop"},{"link_name":"360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/360_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Andrew De Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_De_Silva"},{"link_name":"sixth series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%27s_Got_Talent_(series_6)"},{"link_name":"Australia's Got Talent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%27s_Got_Talent"},{"link_name":"Mariah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey"},{"link_name":"Boom Crash Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_Crash_Opera"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Gary Pinto has worked as a vocal coach on several series of Australian Idol and The X Factor and has worked extensively with Guy Sebastian, co-writing the hit \"Taller, Stronger, Better\" among other songs. Gary co-wrote the theme for World Youth Day 2008, \"Receive the Power\" with Guy and penned \"Behold the Cross\", which features on the WYD08 Official Soundtrack. Gary co-wrote and recorded the song \"Saint Mary MacKillop\" for the canonisation of Australia's first Saint, Mary MacKillop in 2010. He has toured extensively with Jimmy Barnes who recorded one of Pinto's tunes, originally written for his own album. Gary has recorded two further albums, one for his Music Ministry in schools—As-U-R Volume 1 (2010) and also his solo album Take Back Our World (2010).\nBrad Pinto was nominated as a writer for Song of the Year at the 2012 Australian ARIA Awards for the four-times platinum hit \"Boys like You\", performed by Australian hip hop artist 360, who also performed on the night.\nAndrew De Silva reached the top 40 with his solo single \"Just Like Good Music\" in 2005, but no album release eventuated. In 2012, he competed in the sixth series of Australia's Got Talent, and his audition was seen on Australian TV on 28 April 2012, where he received an enthusiastic \"yes\" from all three judges. He went all the way to win the grand final on 25 July 2012. De Silva supported Mariah Carey on her 2013 Australian tour and released the songs \"Miracle\" (2013), \"I See the Future\" (2015) and an EP Now That I Believe in 2015. De Silva joined Boom Crash Opera in 2016.[11]","title":"Solo work"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARIA Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Australian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_music"}],"sub_title":"ARIA Music Awards","text":"The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music.","title":"Awards"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Sutton, Peter. \"CDB Band | Buzz Magazine\". Retrieved 21 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://buzzmagazine.com.au/tag/cdb-band/","url_text":"\"CDB Band | Buzz Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"Gavin Scott (14 May 2023). \"CDB Reveal: 'Our Record Company Made Us Do Cover Versions'\". The Music. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://themusic.com.au/news/cdb-reveal-our-record-company-made-us-do-cover-versions/40tZ9_b5-Ps/24-05-23","url_text":"\"CDB Reveal: 'Our Record Company Made Us Do Cover Versions'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Music_(magazine)","url_text":"The Music"}]},{"reference":"McFarlane, Ian (1999). \"Encyclopedia entry for 'CDB'\". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-072-1. Archived from the original on 6 July 2002. Retrieved 1 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McFarlane","url_text":"McFarlane, Ian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020706111922/http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=178","url_text":"\"Encyclopedia entry for 'CDB'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Australian_Rock_and_Pop","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Leonards,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"St Leonards, NSW"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin","url_text":"Allen & Unwin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86508-072-1","url_text":"1-86508-072-1"},{"url":"http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=178","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Discography CDB\". Australian Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=CDB","url_text":"\"Discography CDB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discography CDB\". New Zealand Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved 1 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=CDB","url_text":"\"Discography CDB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winners by Year 1996\". Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071214142950/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-year.php?year=1996","url_text":"\"Winners by Year 1996\""},{"url":"http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/1996","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CDB **SHOW CANCELLED** Tickets\". Mosh Tix. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170312062631/http://www.moshtix.com.au/v2/event/cdb-show-cancelled/25278","url_text":"\"CDB **SHOW CANCELLED** Tickets\""},{"url":"http://www.moshtix.com.au/v2/event/cdb-show-cancelled/25278","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CDB\". The Harbour Agency. Retrieved 11 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://theharbouragency.com/artist/cdb/","url_text":"\"CDB\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Essential\". JBHiFi. Retrieved 11 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jbhifi.com.au/music/browse/pop/essential-the/274795/","url_text":"\"The Essential\""}]},{"reference":"\"CDB Recruits Diesel and Guy Sebastian for Christmas Album\". noise11. 30 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.noise11.com/news/cdb-recruits-diesel-and-guy-sebastian-for-christmas-album-20201030","url_text":"\"CDB Recruits Diesel and Guy Sebastian for Christmas Album\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dale Ryder Leaves Boom Crash Opera, Andrew De Silva Is The New Singer\". Noise 11. 5 March 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.noise11.com/news/dale-ryder-leaves-boom-crash-opera-andrew-de-silva-is-the-new-singer-20160305","url_text":"\"Dale Ryder Leaves Boom Crash Opera, Andrew De Silva Is The New Singer\""}]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Albums 1995 (page 2)\". imgur.com. Retrieved 21 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://i.imgur.com/fUC5EgI.jpg","url_text":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Albums 1995 (page 2)\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (pdf ed.). Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 144.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"1995 ARIA SINGLES CHART\". ARIA. Retrieved 11 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/1995/singles-chart","url_text":"\"1995 ARIA SINGLES CHART\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://buzzmagazine.com.au/tag/cdb-band/","external_links_name":"\"CDB Band | Buzz Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://themusic.com.au/news/cdb-reveal-our-record-company-made-us-do-cover-versions/40tZ9_b5-Ps/24-05-23","external_links_name":"\"CDB Reveal: 'Our Record Company Made Us Do Cover Versions'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020706111922/http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=178","external_links_name":"\"Encyclopedia entry for 'CDB'\""},{"Link":"http://www.whammo.com.au/encyclopedia.asp?articleid=178","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=CDB","external_links_name":"\"Discography CDB\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=CDB","external_links_name":"\"Discography CDB\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071214142950/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history-by-year.php?year=1996","external_links_name":"\"Winners by Year 1996\""},{"Link":"http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/1996","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170312062631/http://www.moshtix.com.au/v2/event/cdb-show-cancelled/25278","external_links_name":"\"CDB **SHOW CANCELLED** Tickets\""},{"Link":"http://www.moshtix.com.au/v2/event/cdb-show-cancelled/25278","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://theharbouragency.com/artist/cdb/","external_links_name":"\"CDB\""},{"Link":"https://www.jbhifi.com.au/music/browse/pop/essential-the/274795/","external_links_name":"\"The Essential\""},{"Link":"https://www.noise11.com/news/cdb-recruits-diesel-and-guy-sebastian-for-christmas-album-20201030","external_links_name":"\"CDB Recruits Diesel and Guy Sebastian for Christmas Album\""},{"Link":"http://www.noise11.com/news/dale-ryder-leaves-boom-crash-opera-andrew-de-silva-is-the-new-singer-20160305","external_links_name":"\"Dale Ryder Leaves Boom Crash Opera, Andrew De Silva Is The New Singer\""},{"Link":"http://i.imgur.com/fUC5EgI.jpg","external_links_name":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Albums 1995 (page 2)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/1995/singles-chart","external_links_name":"\"1995 ARIA SINGLES CHART\""},{"Link":"https://myspace.com/cdbofficial","external_links_name":"CDB"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/155561629","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8b6aecc2-7d0a-4296-84bb-56a1a5b993fb","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
|
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