url
stringlengths 31
184
| title
stringlengths 1
146
⌀ | table_of_contents
stringlengths 2
24.4k
| raw_text
stringlengths 16
424k
⌀ | cataloged_text
stringlengths 2
1.2M
| images
stringlengths 2
86.9k
| see_also
stringlengths 2
149k
⌀ | references
stringlengths 2
542k
| external_links
stringlengths 2
292k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoru_N._Tamura
|
Minoru N. Tamura
|
["1 Publications","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Minoru N TamuraNationalityJapaneseOccupationBotanistKnown forSystematics and Evolutionary Botany, LiliaceaeScientific careerAuthor abbrev. (botany)M.N.Tamura
Minoru N. Tamura is a Japanese botanist at the Botanical Garden of the City University, Osaka. Tamura is a specialist in the taxonomy of the family Liliaceae who has significantly contributed to the "Flora of China" and the "Flora of Thailand".
Tamura's system of classification of the Liliaceae in 1998 was a significant step in the modern understanding of this family.
Publications
Minoru N. Tamura, Shingchi Chen, Nicholas J. Turland. A New Combination in Heteropolygonatum (Convallariaceae, Polygonateae) NOVON 10(2): 156-157. 2000.
Minoru N. Tamura, Liang Songyun (Liang Song-jun) and Nicholas J. Turland. New Combinations in Campylandra (Convallariaceae, Convallarieae). Novon Vol. 10, No. 2 (Summer, 2000), pp. 158-160
Jun Yamashita, Art Vogel, Minoru N. Tamura. 2007. Molecular Phylogeny and Taxonomic Reconsideration of the Genus Peliosanthes (Convallariaceae)». 12th Flora of Thailand Meeting
Minoru N. Tamura. Phylogenetic analyses and chromosome evolution in Convallarieae (Ruscaceae sensu lato), with some taxonomic treatments J. Plant Res. 117 (5): 363—370 2004
Chen Xinqi, Liang Songyun, Xu Jiemei, Minoru N. Tamura. Liliaceae Flora of China 24: 73–263 2000
Chase, M. W.; Fay, M. F.; Devey, D. S.; Maurin, O; Rønsted, N; Davies, T. J; Pillon, Y; Petersen, G; Seberg, O; Tamura, M. N.; Asmussen, C. B.; Hilu, K; Borsch, T; Davis, J. I; Stevenson, D. W.; Pires, J. C.; Givnish, T. J.; Sytsma, K. J.; McPherson, M. A.; Graham, S. W.; Rai, H. S. (2006). "Multigene analyses of monocot relationships : a summary" (PDF). Aliso. 22: 63–75. ISSN 0065-6275. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
Tamura, M. N. (1998). "Liliaceae". Flowering Plants · Monocotyledons. pp. 343–353. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03533-7_41. ISBN 978-3-642-08377-8. In Kubitzki (1998)
Tamura, M. N. (1998). "Calochortaceae". Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). pp. 164–172. ISBN 9783540640608. In Kubitzki (1998)
Conran, J.G.; Minoru N. Tamura (1998). "Convallariaceae". pp. 186–198. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) In Kubitzki (1998)
Kubitzki, K., ed. (1998). The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
The standard author abbreviation M.N.Tamura is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
References
^ efloras
^ Flora of China: Liliaceae
^ 12th Flora of Thailand Meeting Archived 2011-06-02 at the Wayback Machine
^ International Plant Names Index. M.N.Tamura.
External links
Harvard University: Index of Botanists
Wikigenes
ISPN: List of species described by author
"Tamura, Minoru N. (fl. 1993)" at ISPN
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Japan
Academics
International Plant Names Index
CiNii
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people"},{"link_name":"botanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanist"},{"link_name":"Botanical Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Gardens_Faculty_of_Science_Osaka_City_University"},{"link_name":"City University, Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_City_University"},{"link_name":"taxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classification"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Liliaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliaceae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"\"Flora of China\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Flora of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Minoru N. Tamura is a Japanese botanist at the Botanical Garden of the City University, Osaka. Tamura is a specialist in the taxonomy of the family Liliaceae[1] who has significantly contributed to the \"Flora of China\"[2] and the \"Flora of Thailand\".[3]Tamura's system of classification of the Liliaceae in 1998 was a significant step in the modern understanding of this family.","title":"Minoru N. Tamura"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minoru N. Tamura, Shingchi Chen, Nicholas J. Turland. A New Combination in Heteropolygonatum (Convallariaceae, Polygonateae) NOVON 10(2): 156-157. 2000.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/novon/Tamura110-2.htm"},{"link_name":"Minoru N. Tamura, Liang Songyun (Liang Song-jun) and Nicholas J. Turland. New Combinations in Campylandra (Convallariaceae, Convallarieae). Novon Vol. 10, No. 2 (Summer, 2000), pp. 158-160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3393019?uid=3739432&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=3737720&uid=4&sid=21103346435383"},{"link_name":"Jun Yamashita, Art Vogel, Minoru N. Tamura. 2007. Molecular Phylogeny and Taxonomic Reconsideration of the Genus Peliosanthes (Convallariaceae)». 12th Flora of Thailand Meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110602041636/http://web3.dnp.go.th/botany/Botany_Eng/FloraofThailand/FloraMeeting_Eng/flora_Eng_meeting12_paper.html"},{"link_name":"\"Multigene analyses of monocot relationships : a summary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110719130206/http://www.ninaronsted.dk/page1/files/page1_5.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0065-6275","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0065-6275"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ninaronsted.dk/page1/files/page1_5.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-3-662-03533-7_41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-03533-7_41"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-642-08377-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-08377-8"},{"link_name":"Kubitzki (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKubitzki1998"},{"link_name":"\"Calochortaceae\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC&pg=PA164"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783540640608","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540640608"},{"link_name":"Kubitzki (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKubitzki1998"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title"},{"link_name":"Kubitzki (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKubitzki1998"},{"link_name":"The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-540-64060-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-64060-8"},{"link_name":"author abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)"},{"link_name":"citing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"botanical name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Minoru N. Tamura, Shingchi Chen, Nicholas J. Turland. A New Combination in Heteropolygonatum (Convallariaceae, Polygonateae) NOVON 10(2): 156-157. 2000.\nMinoru N. Tamura, Liang Songyun (Liang Song-jun) and Nicholas J. Turland. New Combinations in Campylandra (Convallariaceae, Convallarieae). Novon Vol. 10, No. 2 (Summer, 2000), pp. 158-160\nJun Yamashita, Art Vogel, Minoru N. Tamura. 2007. Molecular Phylogeny and Taxonomic Reconsideration of the Genus Peliosanthes (Convallariaceae)». 12th Flora of Thailand Meeting\nMinoru N. Tamura. Phylogenetic analyses and chromosome evolution in Convallarieae (Ruscaceae sensu lato), with some taxonomic treatments J. Plant Res. 117 (5): 363—370 2004\nChen Xinqi, Liang Songyun, Xu Jiemei, Minoru N. Tamura. Liliaceae Flora of China 24: 73–263 2000\nChase, M. W.; Fay, M. F.; Devey, D. S.; Maurin, O; Rønsted, N; Davies, T. J; Pillon, Y; Petersen, G; Seberg, O; Tamura, M. N.; Asmussen, C. B.; Hilu, K; Borsch, T; Davis, J. I; Stevenson, D. W.; Pires, J. C.; Givnish, T. J.; Sytsma, K. J.; McPherson, M. A.; Graham, S. W.; Rai, H. S. (2006). \"Multigene analyses of monocot relationships : a summary\" (PDF). Aliso. 22: 63–75. ISSN 0065-6275. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2014.\nTamura, M. N. (1998). \"Liliaceae\". Flowering Plants · Monocotyledons. pp. 343–353. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03533-7_41. ISBN 978-3-642-08377-8. In Kubitzki (1998)\nTamura, M. N. (1998). \"Calochortaceae\". Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). pp. 164–172. ISBN 9783540640608. In Kubitzki (1998)\nConran, J.G.; Minoru N. Tamura (1998). \"Convallariaceae\". pp. 186–198. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) In Kubitzki (1998)\nKubitzki, K., ed. (1998). The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8. Retrieved 14 January 2014.The standard author abbreviation M.N.Tamura is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[4]","title":"Publications"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Chase, M. W.; Fay, M. F.; Devey, D. S.; Maurin, O; Rønsted, N; Davies, T. J; Pillon, Y; Petersen, G; Seberg, O; Tamura, M. N.; Asmussen, C. B.; Hilu, K; Borsch, T; Davis, J. I; Stevenson, D. W.; Pires, J. C.; Givnish, T. J.; Sytsma, K. J.; McPherson, M. A.; Graham, S. W.; Rai, H. S. (2006). \"Multigene analyses of monocot relationships : a summary\" (PDF). Aliso. 22: 63–75. ISSN 0065-6275. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719130206/http://www.ninaronsted.dk/page1/files/page1_5.pdf","url_text":"\"Multigene analyses of monocot relationships : a summary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0065-6275","url_text":"0065-6275"},{"url":"http://www.ninaronsted.dk/page1/files/page1_5.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tamura, M. N. (1998). \"Liliaceae\". Flowering Plants · Monocotyledons. pp. 343–353. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03533-7_41. ISBN 978-3-642-08377-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-03533-7_41","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-662-03533-7_41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-08377-8","url_text":"978-3-642-08377-8"}]},{"reference":"Tamura, M. N. (1998). \"Calochortaceae\". Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). pp. 164–172. ISBN 9783540640608.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC&pg=PA164","url_text":"\"Calochortaceae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540640608","url_text":"9783540640608"}]},{"reference":"Conran, J.G.; Minoru N. Tamura (1998). \"Convallariaceae\". pp. 186–198.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kubitzki, K., ed. (1998). The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8. Retrieved 14 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC","url_text":"The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-64060-8","url_text":"978-3-540-64060-8"}]},{"reference":"International Plant Names Index. M.N.Tamura.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"International Plant Names Index"},{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=M.N.Tamura","url_text":"M.N.Tamura"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/novon/Tamura110-2.htm","external_links_name":"Minoru N. Tamura, Shingchi Chen, Nicholas J. Turland. A New Combination in Heteropolygonatum (Convallariaceae, Polygonateae) NOVON 10(2): 156-157. 2000."},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3393019?uid=3739432&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=3737720&uid=4&sid=21103346435383","external_links_name":"Minoru N. Tamura, Liang Songyun (Liang Song-jun) and Nicholas J. Turland. New Combinations in Campylandra (Convallariaceae, Convallarieae). Novon Vol. 10, No. 2 (Summer, 2000), pp. 158-160"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110602041636/http://web3.dnp.go.th/botany/Botany_Eng/FloraofThailand/FloraMeeting_Eng/flora_Eng_meeting12_paper.html","external_links_name":"Jun Yamashita, Art Vogel, Minoru N. Tamura. 2007. Molecular Phylogeny and Taxonomic Reconsideration of the Genus Peliosanthes (Convallariaceae)». 12th Flora of Thailand Meeting"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719130206/http://www.ninaronsted.dk/page1/files/page1_5.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Multigene analyses of monocot relationships : a summary\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0065-6275","external_links_name":"0065-6275"},{"Link":"http://www.ninaronsted.dk/page1/files/page1_5.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-03533-7_41","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-662-03533-7_41"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC&pg=PA164","external_links_name":"\"Calochortaceae\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC","external_links_name":"The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/person_profile.aspx?person_id=1659","external_links_name":"efloras"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=600&taxon_id=10507","external_links_name":"Flora of China: Liliaceae"},{"Link":"http://web3.dnp.go.th/botany/Botany_Eng/FloraofThailand/FloraMeeting_Eng/flora_Eng_meeting12_participantsList.html","external_links_name":"12th Flora of Thailand Meeting"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110602040532/http://web3.dnp.go.th/botany/Botany_Eng/FloraofThailand/FloraMeeting_Eng/flora_Eng_meeting12_participantsList.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=M.N.Tamura","external_links_name":"M.N.Tamura"},{"Link":"http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?id=33667","external_links_name":"Harvard University: Index of Botanists"},{"Link":"http://www.wikigenes.org/e/author/e/871281.html","external_links_name":"Wikigenes"},{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_authorAbbrev=M.N.Tamura&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query","external_links_name":"ISPN: List of species described by author"},{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idAuthorSearch.do?id=36153-1&show_history=false&output_format=normal","external_links_name":"\"Tamura, Minoru N. (fl. 1993)\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/254970269","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001105624","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=M.N.Tamura","external_links_name":"International Plant Names Index"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA17481366?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shufly
|
Operation Shufly
|
["1 Background","2 Operations","3 Participating squadrons","4 References"]
|
Part of the Vietnam War (1962–1965)
Operation ShuflyPart of Vietnam WarHMM-362 H-34s in 1962Date15 April 1962 to 8 March 1965LocationSouth VietnamBelligerents
United States
Viet CongUnits involved
HMM-362HMM-163HMM-162HMM-261HMM-361HMM-365Casualties and losses
19 killed14 H-34s destroyedvteMilitary engagements during the Vietnam WarGuerrilla phase
Laos
Biên Hòa
Đồng Khởi
Chopper
Palace Bombing
Sunrise
Shufly
Ấp Bắc
Go Cong
Hiep Hoa
34A
Long Dinh
Kien Long
Quyet Thang 202
USNS Card
Nam Dong
An Lao
Binh Gia
Camp Holloway
Dương Liễu – Nhông Pass
Qui Nhơn
Ka Nak
Sông Bé
Ba Gia
Dong Xoai
American intervention
1965
Starlite
Piranha
An Ninh
Plei Me
Hump
Gang Toi
1st Bau Bang
Ia Drang
Bushmaster II
Harvest Moon
1966
Marauder
Crimp
Van Buren
Masher/White Wing
Double Eagle
Mastiff
Suoi Bong Trang
New York
Harrison
Cocoa Beach
Utah
Silver City
A Sau
Oregon
Texas
Lincoln
Fillmore
Jackstay
Buddhist Uprising
Xa Cam My
Georgia
Birmingham
Davy Crockett
Austin IV
Paul Revere
Crazy Horse
El Paso
Hardihood
Wahiawa
Lam Son II
Hawthorne
Hill 488
Nathan Hale
Jay
Macon
Hastings
Minh Thanh Road
John Paul Jones
Prairie
Colorado
Duc Co
Long Tan
SS Baton Rouge Victory
Amarillo
Byrd
Sunset Beach
Seward
Thayer, Irving and Thayer II
Attleboro
Deckhouse IV
Shenandoah
Atlanta
Paul Revere IV
Geronimo
Tan Son Nhut airbase
Fairfax
Firebase Bird
1967
Deckhouse V
Cedar Falls
Desoto
Gadsden
Sam Houston
Pershing
Enterprise
Tra Binh Dong
Bribie
Junction City (1st Prek Klok
2nd Prek Klok
Ap Gu
Suoi Tre
2nd Bàu Bàng)
Francis Marion
Lejeune
Union
Baker
Manhattan
The Hill Fights
Beaver Cage
Con Thien/DMZ
Hickory
Prairie II
Prairie III
Prairie IV
Buffalo
Kentucky
Kingfisher
Crockett
Malheur I and Malheur II
Kole Kole
Barking Sands
Union II
Dragnet
Akron
Billings
Concordia
The Slopes
Hong Kil Dong
Diamond Head
Coronado
Coronado II
Hood River
Suoi Chau Pha
Benton
Coronado IV
Swift
Dragon Fire
Wheeler/Wallowa
Coronado V
Kunia
Bolling
Medina
Shenandoah II
Ong Thanh
1st Loc Ninh
MacArthur
Dak To
Osceola
Lancaster
Coronado IX
Neosho
Santa Fe
Essex
Kien Giang 9-1
Napoleon
Phoenix
Manchester
Saratoga
Yellowstone
Muscatine
Badger Tooth
Auburn
Tet Offensive and aftermath
New Year's Day battle of 1968
McLain
Khe Sanh
Ban Houei Sane
Lang Vei
Coronado X
Tet Offensive
Da Nang
US Embassy
Cholon and Phu Tho Racetrack
Tan Son Nhut Air Base
Joint General Staff Compound
Bien Hoa and Long Binh
Hue
Quảng Trị
Bến Tre
Coburg
Lo Giang
Hop Tac I
Coronado XI
Houston
Patrick
Tam Kỳ
Truong Cong Dinh
Lima Site 85
Quyet Thang
My Lai Massacre
Walker
Carentan
Pegasus
Cochise Green
Toan Thang I
Burlington Trail
Scotland II
Delaware
Allen Brook
May Offensive
Dai Do
West Saigon
Landing Zone Center
An Bao
South Saigon
Concordia Square
Kham Duc
Coral–Balmoral
Jeb Stuart III
Nevada Eagle
Mameluke Thrust
Toan Thang II
Robin
Binh An
Thor
Pocahontas Forest
Quyet Chien
Somerset Plain
Phase III Offensive
Duc Lap
Champaign Grove
Vinh Loc
Thượng Đức
Maui Peak
Henderson Hill
Sheridan Sabre
Meade River
Hat Dich
Speedy Express
Taylor Common
Fayette Canyon
Vietnamization 1969–1971
DMZ Campaign (1969–1971)
Bold Mariner
Dewey Canyon
Toan Thang III
2nd Tet
Iron Mountain
Massachusetts Striker
Wayne Grey
Purple Martin
Ben Het
Maine Crag
Atlas Wedge
Frederick Hill
Geneva Park
Montana Mauler
Oklahoma Hills
Washington Green
Virginia Ridge
Apache Snow
Hamburger Hill
Lamar Plain
Pipestone Canyon
Binh Ba
Montgomery Rendezvous
Utah Mesa
Campbell Streamer
Idaho Canyon
Nantucket Beach
Fulton Square
LZ Kate
Toan Thang IV
Randolph Glen
Green River
Texas Star
FSB Ripcord
Cambodian campaign
Pennsylvania Square
Clinch Valley
Elk Canyon
Pickens Forest
Wolfe Mountain
Chicago Peak
Firebase O'Reilly
Chenla I
Imperial Lake
Jefferson Glenn
Tailwind
Son Tay Raid
Cuu Long 44-02
Toan Thang 1/71
Snuol
Lam Son 719
Finney Hill
Middlesex Peak
FSB Mary Ann
Caroline Hill
Long Khánh
Chenla II
Nui Le
1972
Easter Offensive
Cambodia and Mekong Delta
1st Quang Trị
Loc Ninh
An Lộc
Mỹ Chánh Line
Kontum
Thunderhead
2nd Quang Trị
The Vinh wiretap
Post-Paris Peace Accords (1973–1974)
War of the flags
Cửa Việt
Hồng Ngự
Tong Le Chon
Trung Nghia
Ap Da Bien
Quang Duc
Tri Phap
Svay Rieng
Iron Triangle
Duc Duc
Thượng Đức
Phú Lộc
Phước Long
Spring 1975
Ban Me Thuot
Hue–Da Nang
Phan Rang
Xuân Lộc
Fall of Phnom Penh
Fall of Saigon
Mayaguez incident
Air operations
Farm Gate
Chopper
Ranch Hand
Pierce Arrow
Barrel Roll
Pony Express
Flaming Dart
Iron Hand
Rolling Thunder
Steel Tiger
Arc Light
Combat Skyspot
Tiger Hound
Shed Light
Thanh Hoa
Bolo
Popeye
Yen Vien
Niagara
Igloo White
Commando Hunt
Giant Lance
Menu
Patio
Freedom Deal
Proud Deep Alpha
Linebacker I
Enhance Plus
Linebacker II
Homecoming
Tan Son Nhut Air Base
Babylift
New Life
Eagle Pull
Frequent Wind
Naval operations
Yankee & Dixie stations
Gulf of Tonkin
Market Time
Vung Ro Bay
Game Warden
Double Eagle
Stable Door
PIRAZ
Sea Dragon
Deckhouse Five
Bo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River
Sealords
Đồng Hới
Pocket Money
Custom Tailor
End Sweep
Paracel Islands
East Sea
Lists of allied operations
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973–74
1975
Operation Shufly was a United States Marine Corps operation to improve the mobility of Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) forces in the early phases of the Vietnam War from 1962 to 1965. Beginning on 15 April 1962, Marine helicopter squadrons, associated maintenance units and air traffic control detachments deployed to Sóc Trăng Airfield in the Mekong Delta and later to Da Nang Air Base rotating every four months in order to provide assault support and CASEVAC assistance during combat operations. By early 1965 half of the Marine Corps' medium helicopter squadrons had rotated through a "Shufly" deployment. The operation ended on 8 March 1965, when the 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade came ashore in Vietnam as the vanguard of the United States' commitment of large numbers of regular combat units into South Vietnam.
Background
After General Maxwell D. Taylor's report to President John F. Kennedy at the end of 1961, the Joint Chiefs of Staff sent word to then Commander in Chief, Pacific Admiral Harry D. Felt to prepare for increased combat operations in South Vietnam. There was an immediate need for addition helicopter squadrons to augment United States Army units that were already there. On 6 March 1962, the Joint Chiefs approved Admiral Felt's recommendation for an additional Army squadron.: 57 After much back and forth between senior US leadership it was determined that the Marines would deploy a medium helicopter squadron from Marine Aircraft Group 16 (MAG-16) based at Marine Corps Air Station Futema in Okinawa, Japan to fulfill the need.: 58 The deployment order for the Marines was approved on 16 March 1962.: 34
Marine planners from the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing (1st MAW) built Task Unit 79.3.5 (codenamed "Shufly") around a Marine medium helicopter squadron. The Marine squadron would be based at an old Japanese airstrip near Sóc Trăng in the Mekong Delta some 85 miles (137 km) southwest of Saigon.: 59–60 Shufly was under the Operational control of ComUSMACV, but remained under administrative control of 1st MAW. This allowed the Marine Corps and Navy to provide the majority of logistical support for the unit.: 60
Operations
Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 362 (HMM-362) served as the first Marine aircraft unit in South Vietnam. The squadron went ashore with their Sikorsky UH-34s on 15 April 1962 from the USS Princeton landing at Sóc Trăng Airfield in the Mekong Delta. The squadron was reinforced by three Cessna OE-1 observation aircraft from VMO-2 and one R4D for liaison and supply flights.: 60 : 34 This mission codenamed Operation Shufly was to increase the mobility of Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) units fighting the Vietcong (VC) in the rice producing Delta region.: 57 The squadron was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Archie Clapp and it gained the nickname "Archie’s Angels".: 62 The nickname evolved to "Ugly Angels" that gave HMM-362 their call sign. The squadron conducted their first operation on 22 April lifting soldiers from the ARVN 7th Division.: 65 On 24 April the squadron supported the ARVN 21st Division in Operation Nightingale near Cần Thơ, during this operation VC fire hit a UH-34 severing a hydraulic line forcing it to make an emergency landing, but the helicopter was repaired and flown out.: 65 In June the squadron developed the concept of the Eagle Flight where four Marine helicopters loaded with about 50 ARVN soldiers circled above an operational area on alert for any VC attempting to evade the ground forces. Once the VC were located, often by the OE-1 observation aircraft, the helicopters would land the ARVN soldiers at a position where they could block the VC escape.: 69
In late July 1962, HMM-163 deployed to Sóc Trăng and on 1 August it replaced HMM-362 as the Shufly squadron.: 70 In early September 1962, HMM-163 began redeploying with its support units from MAG-16 to Da Nang Air Base, completing the redeployment by 20 September.: 73–4 On 6 October the squadron suffered its first fatalities when a search and rescue UH-34 crashed due to mechanical failure 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Tam Kỳ killing five Marines and two Navy corpsmen with only the pilot surviving.: 83 During their time in South Vietnam the squadron's crews had flown a total of 10,869 hours, 15,200 sorties and had lifted over 25,216 combat assault troops and 59,024 other passengers.: 113
On 11 January 1963 HMM-162 replaced HMM-163 as the Shufly squadron.: 111 On 10 March two squadron UH-34Ds were engaged in a search and rescue operation for a United States Army OV-1 Mohawk missing in 5,000 feet (1,500 m) mountains 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Quảng Ngãi. As one helicopter lowered a South Vietnamese Ranger on a rescue hoist the helicopter lost power and crashed, killing the Ranger and the copilot. Another UH-34D crashed nearby while attempting to rescue the crew, its crew was recovered and the helicopter destroyed.: 114 On 13 April the squadron landed ARVN troops from the 2nd Division 30 miles (48 km) south of Danang escorted for the first time by U.S. Army UH-1B gunships from the 68th Aviation Company. In spite of the additional support three UH-34s were shot down during the operation. All three aircraft were eventually recovered.: 115 On 27 April the squadron supported Operation Bach Phuong XI, an ARVN attack on the VC stronghold at Đỗ Xá (15°10′37″N 108°04′41″E / 15.177°N 108.078°E / 15.177; 108.078), one helicopter was hit in the initial landings and had to be destroyed. From late April the squadron supported a 90-day operation by the ARVN 1st Division along the Laos border.: 115–6 On 8 June the squadron was replaced by HMM-261, During its deployment it had flown 17,670 sorties for a total of 8,579 flight hours, losing one Marine killed and three UH-34Ds destroyed.: 116
On 8 June 1963, HMM-261 began serving as the Shufly squadron.: 116 In mid-July the squadron suffered its first aircraft loss in a non-fatal accident 37 miles (60 km) southwest of Da Nang.: 117 On 16 September another UH-34D was destroyed in a non-fatal crash 25 miles (40 km) west of Huế.: 120–1 The squadron achieved 5,288 combat flying hours and 11,406 sorties during its deployment.: 120
On 2 October 1963 HMM-361 become the latest Shufly helicopter squadron.: 120 On 8 October two squadron UH—34Ds crashed almost simultaneously while on a search and rescue mission 38 miles (61 km) southwest of Da Nang. Both helicopters burned, killing 10 men; the pilots, copilots, the squadron's flight surgeon, and five crewmen. It was unclear if the helicopters had been shot down or collided in mid-air.: 120 On 3 January 1964 another squadron UH-34 was shot down by the VC 30 miles (48 km) west of Da Nang with no casualties.: 140 The squadron completed its Shufly assignment on 1 February having flown 4,236 combat flight hours and just under 7,000 combat sorties.: 146
U.S. Army UH-1B gunships escort HMM-364 UH-34Ds in 1964
On 1 February 1964 HMM-364 relieved HMM-361 as the Shufly squadron.: 146 On its arrival the squadron began training Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) crews to operate the UH-34 in preparation for forming their own squadrons.: 146 On 14 April a squadron UH-34D was shot down on a medevac mission 40 miles (64 km) west of Danang near the Laos border, the crew was rescued and the helicopter was destroyed.: 149 On 18 April the squadron supported Operation Lam Son 115 an ARVN attack in the A Sầu Valley.: 149 From 27 April to 25 May the squadron supported Operation Quyet Thang 202 another ARVN attack on the VC stronghold at Đỗ Xá.: 152 On 28 April a squadron UH-34 got caught in the rotor wash of another helicopter and crashed into a canal at Quảng Ngãi, the crew escaped but the helicopter was a total loss.: 154 On 30 April a squadron UH-34 was shot down while evacuating an ARVN patrol 42 miles (68 km) west of Danang with no losses.: 154–5 On 13 June a squadron UH-34 on a resupply mission from Khe Sanh to Tiger Tooth Mountain (Dong Voi Mẹp) (16°46′05″N 106°42′47″E / 16.768°N 106.713°E / 16.768; 106.713) was caught in downdrafts and crashed, all crewmen were rescued but the helicopter was destroyed.: 156 On 16 June the squadron ceased operations and began preparing its UH-34Ds for handover to the RVNAF with the handover taking place on 19 June and the helicopters were used to form the 217th Helicopter Squadron. By the end of June the squadron had been flown back to Okinawa and their role had been assumed by HMM-162.: 156
In mid-June 1964 HMM-162 came ashore from USS Valley Forge to replace HMM-364 as the Shufly squadron, with the formal handover on 19 June.: 156 The squadron supported the U.S. and South Vietnamese forces engaged in the Battle of Nam Dong from 5–6 July.: 157–8 On 18 July the squadron evacuated the Marine team on Tiger Tooth Mountain (Dong Voi Mẹp) to Khe Sanh. On 30 August a squadron UH-34D hit trees on a small high elevation landing zone and crash-landed the crew was rescued and the helicopter stripped and destroyed.: 159 On 4 September the squadron supported Operation Chinh Bien an ARVN 2nd Division assault in Quảng Nam Province.: 159 On 21 September the squadron flew to Nha Trang to escape Typhoon Tilda, returning on 23 September.: 159–60 During this deployment the squadron had conducted approximately 6,600 sorties for a total of slightly over 4,400 flight hours, losing two UH-34Ds.: 161
On 8 October 1964 HMM-365 relieved HMM-162 as the Shufly squadron.: 85 On 11 October the newly arrived Marine pilots and aircrews were involved in their first firefight when eight UH-34Ds drew VC fire while landing a 112-man Vietnamese unit in the hills 10 miles (20 km) west-southwest of Tam Ky.: 85 On October 26, the squadron suffered their first combat casualties when a copilot and crew chief were wounded by VC small arms fire while their helicopter was approaching an enemy contested landing zone 10 miles (20 km) southwest of Tam Ky. The pilot was able to return the damaged aircraft to Tam Ky and land safely.: 163 In early November, at the height of the monsoon season, Typhoon Iris struck the Vietnamese Coast. The hazardous weather conditions caused flight operations to be suspended except for emergency medical evacuations. When flight operations resumed on 10 November the crews concentrated on rescuing Vietnamese civilians from the inundated coastal plains. Between 17:00 and 19:00 on their first day of flood relief operations, HMM-365 rescued 144 flood victims. Many of the rescues were accomplished by hoisting individuals from precarious positions in trees or on rooftops while being subjected to sporadic VC harassing fire.: 85 At the end of a 72-hour time period the squadron had successfully rescued over 1,500 flood victims.: 162 Squadron members were modifying three helicopters to carry a new weapons system. The TK-1, an externally mounted combination of M60 machine guns and 2.75-inch (70 mm) rocket launchers, that was first used in support of a Tiger Flight mission conducted just south of the Song Thu Bon, about 17 miles (27 km) from Da Nang. Two armed UH-34Ds expended 90 rockets and 500 rounds of 7.62 mm ammunition on enemy positions during pre-landing strikes. The squadron executed similar operations the following day.: 163–4 The squadron remained at Da Nang until 17 February 1965.
On 17 February 1965 HMM-163 redeployed as the Shufly squadron and was there when the 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade landed at Red Beach on 8 March 1965.: 15 With the introduction of Marine combat units into South Vietnam, MAG-16 was deployed to Da Nang Air Base and Shufly operations were subsumed within the operations of MAG-16.: 16
Participating squadrons
The following Marine medium helicopter squadrons took part in Operation Shufly between 15 April 1962 and 8 March 1965. Squadron commanding officer are also listed:: 175
HMM-362 - 15 April 1962 - 31 July 1962 - LtCol Archie J. Clapp
HMM-163 - 1 August 1962 - 11 January 1963 - LtCol Robert L. Rathbun
HMM-162 - 12 January 1963 - 7 June 1963 - LtCol Reinheardt Leu
HMM-261 - 8 June 1963 - 1 October 1963 - LtCol Frank A. Shook
HMM-361 - 2 October 1963 - 31 January 1964 - LtCol Thomas J. Ross
HMM-364 - 1 February 1964 - 21 June 1964 - LtCol John H. LaVoy
HMM-162 - 17 June 1964 - 7 October 1964 - LtCol Oliver W. Curtis
HMM-365 - 8 October 1964 - 7 March 1965 - LtCol Joseph Koler Jr.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps.
^ Simmons, Edwin H. (2003). The United States Marines: A History, Fourth Edition. Naval Institute Press. p. 221. ISBN 1-59114-790-5.
^ Mersky, Peter (1983). U.S. Marine Corps Aviation 1912 to the Present. Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company of America. p. 209. ISBN 978-1591145165.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at Whitlow, Robert (1977). U.S. Marines in Vietnam:The Advisory And Combat Assistance Era, 1954–1964 (PDF). History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. ISBN 1494285290. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ a b c d e Hofmann Jr., George R. (2014). Path to War - U.S. Marine Corps Operations in Southeast Asia 1961-1965 (PDF). History Division, Marine Corps University. ISBN 978-1782666950. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Fails, LtCol William R. (1978). Marines and Helicopters 1962–1973 (PDF). History & Museums Division, United States Marine Corps. p. 80. ISBN 0-7881-1818-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2022-06-06. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Givens, Adam (2023). The Mobility War Marine Corps Helicopter Operations in Vietnam 1962-1975 (PDF). History Division, Marine Corps University. p. 22. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "VMM-365 History". mag26.marines.mil. United States Marine Corps. Retrieved 2022-06-06.
^ a b Shulimson, Jack (1978). U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Landing and the Buildup (PDF). History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. ISBN 978-1494287559. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Operation Shufly.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operation_Shufly,_circa_1962_(7067725613).jpg"},{"link_name":"HMM-362","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMM-362"},{"link_name":"H-34s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_H-34"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Viet Cong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong"},{"link_name":"HMM-362","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-362"},{"link_name":"HMM-163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-163"},{"link_name":"HMM-162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-162"},{"link_name":"HMM-261","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-261"},{"link_name":"HMM-361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-361"},{"link_name":"HMM-365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-365"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Military engagements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Vietnam_War#Military_activity_during_the_Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Guerrilla phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1959%E2%80%931963)"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnamese_invasion_of_Laos"},{"link_name":"Biên Hòa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Bi%C3%AAn_H%C3%B2a_compound_raid"},{"link_name":"Đồng Khởi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%E1%BB%9Fi_Movement"},{"link_name":"Chopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chopper_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Palace Bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_South_Vietnamese_Independence_Palace_bombing"},{"link_name":"Sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sunrise_(Vietnam_War)"},{"link_name":"Shufly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ấp Bắc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ap_Bac"},{"link_name":"Go Cong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Go_Cong"},{"link_name":"Hiep Hoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hiep_Hoa"},{"link_name":"34A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_34A"},{"link_name":"Long Dinh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Dinh"},{"link_name":"Kien Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kien_Long"},{"link_name":"Quyet Thang 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Quyet_Thang_202"},{"link_name":"USNS Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_USNS_Card"},{"link_name":"Nam Dong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Dong"},{"link_name":"An Lao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_An_L%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Binh Gia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Binh_Gia"},{"link_name":"Camp Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Camp_Holloway"},{"link_name":"Dương Liễu – Nhông Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Li%E1%BB%85u%E2%80%93Nh%C3%B4ng_Pass"},{"link_name":"Qui Nhơn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Qui_Nh%C6%A1n_hotel_bombing"},{"link_name":"Ka Nak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ka_Nak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sông Bé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%B4ng_B%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Ba Gia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ba_Gia"},{"link_name":"Dong Xoai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Xo%C3%A0i"},{"link_name":"American intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_warfare_in_South_Vietnam,_1963%E2%80%931969"},{"link_name":"Starlite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Starlite"},{"link_name":"Piranha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Piranha"},{"link_name":"An Ninh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_An_Ninh"},{"link_name":"Plei Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Plei_Me"},{"link_name":"Hump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hump"},{"link_name":"Gang Toi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gang_Toi"},{"link_name":"1st Bau Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ap_Bau_Bang"},{"link_name":"Ia Drang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ia_Drang"},{"link_name":"Bushmaster II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bushmaster_II"},{"link_name":"Harvest Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Moon"},{"link_name":"Marauder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Marauder"},{"link_name":"Crimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Crimp"},{"link_name":"Van Buren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Van_Buren"},{"link_name":"Masher/White Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Masher"},{"link_name":"Double Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Double_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Mastiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mastiff"},{"link_name":"Suoi Bong Trang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Suoi_Bong_Trang"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_New_York"},{"link_name":"Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Cocoa Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cocoa_Beach"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Utah"},{"link_name":"Silver City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Silver_City"},{"link_name":"A Sau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_A_Sau"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Texas_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lincoln_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fillmore"},{"link_name":"Jackstay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jackstay"},{"link_name":"Buddhist Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Xa Cam My","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Xa_Cam_My"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Davy Crockett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Davy_Crockett"},{"link_name":"Austin IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Austin_IV"},{"link_name":"Paul Revere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Paul_Revere"},{"link_name":"Crazy Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Crazy_Horse"},{"link_name":"El Paso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_El_Paso"},{"link_name":"Hardihood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hardihood"},{"link_name":"Wahiawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wahiawa"},{"link_name":"Lam Son II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_II"},{"link_name":"Hawthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hawthorne"},{"link_name":"Hill 488","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_488"},{"link_name":"Nathan Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Nathan_Hale"},{"link_name":"Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jay"},{"link_name":"Macon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Macon"},{"link_name":"Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hastings"},{"link_name":"Minh Thanh Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Minh_Thanh_Road"},{"link_name":"John Paul Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_John_Paul_Jones"},{"link_name":"Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Prairie"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Duc Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_C%C6%A1"},{"link_name":"Long Tan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Tan"},{"link_name":"SS Baton Rouge Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Baton_Rouge_Victory#Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Amarillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Amarillo"},{"link_name":"Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Byrd"},{"link_name":"Sunset Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sunset_Beach"},{"link_name":"Seward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Seward"},{"link_name":"Thayer, Irving and Thayer II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Thayer"},{"link_name":"Attleboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Attleboro"},{"link_name":"Deckhouse IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deckhouse_IV"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shenandoah"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Paul Revere IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Paul_Revere_IV"},{"link_name":"Geronimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Geronimo_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Tan Son Nhut airbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong_attack_on_Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base_(1966)"},{"link_name":"Fairfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fairfax"},{"link_name":"Firebase Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase_Bird"},{"link_name":"Deckhouse V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deckhouse_Five"},{"link_name":"Cedar Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cedar_Falls"},{"link_name":"Desoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desoto"},{"link_name":"Gadsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gadsden"},{"link_name":"Sam Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sam_Houston"},{"link_name":"Pershing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pershing"},{"link_name":"Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enterprise_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Tra Binh Dong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tr%C3%A0_B%C3%ACnh"},{"link_name":"Bribie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bribie"},{"link_name":"Junction City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Junction_City"},{"link_name":"1st Prek Klok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Prek_Klok_I"},{"link_name":"2nd Prek Klok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Prek_Klok_II"},{"link_name":"Ap Gu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ap_Gu"},{"link_name":"Suoi Tre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Suoi_Tre"},{"link_name":"2nd Bàu Bàng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_battle_of_B%C3%A0u_B%C3%A0ng"},{"link_name":"Francis Marion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Francis_Marion"},{"link_name":"Lejeune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lejeune"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Union"},{"link_name":"Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Baker"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"The Hill Fights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_Fights"},{"link_name":"Beaver Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Beaver_Cage"},{"link_name":"Con Thien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Thien"},{"link_name":"DMZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_Demilitarized_Zone"},{"link_name":"Hickory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hickory"},{"link_name":"Prairie II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Prairie_II"},{"link_name":"Prairie III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Prairie_III"},{"link_name":"Prairie IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Prairie_IV"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Buffalo_(1967)"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kingfisher"},{"link_name":"Crockett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Crockett"},{"link_name":"Malheur I and Malheur II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_Malheur_I_and_Malheur_II"},{"link_name":"Kole Kole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kole_Kole"},{"link_name":"Barking Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barking_Sands"},{"link_name":"Union II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Union_II"},{"link_name":"Dragnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragnet"},{"link_name":"Akron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Akron"},{"link_name":"Billings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Billings"},{"link_name":"Concordia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Concordia_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"The Slopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Slopes"},{"link_name":"Hong Kil Dong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hong_Kil_Dong"},{"link_name":"Diamond Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Diamond_Head"},{"link_name":"Coronado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Coronado"},{"link_name":"Coronado II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Coronado_II"},{"link_name":"Hood River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hood_River"},{"link_name":"Suoi Chau Pha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Suoi_Chau_Pha"},{"link_name":"Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Benton"},{"link_name":"Coronado IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Coronado_IV"},{"link_name":"Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Swift"},{"link_name":"Dragon Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragon_Fire_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Wheeler/Wallowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wheeler/Wallowa"},{"link_name":"Coronado V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Coronado_V"},{"link_name":"Kunia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kunia"},{"link_name":"Bolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bolling"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Medina"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shenandoah_II"},{"link_name":"Ong Thanh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ong_Thanh"},{"link_name":"1st Loc Ninh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Loc_Ninh"},{"link_name":"MacArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_MacArthur"},{"link_name":"Dak To","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dak_To"},{"link_name":"Osceola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Osceola"},{"link_name":"Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Coronado IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Coronado_IX"},{"link_name":"Neosho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Neosho"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Santa_Fe"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Essex"},{"link_name":"Kien Giang 9-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kien_Giang_9-1"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Napoleon/Saline"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Program"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Saratoga"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Yellowstone_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Muscatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Muscatine"},{"link_name":"Badger Tooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Badger_Tooth"},{"link_name":"Auburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Auburn"},{"link_name":"Tet Offensive and aftermath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive"},{"link_name":"New Year's Day battle of 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_battle_of_1968"},{"link_name":"McLain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_McLain"},{"link_name":"Khe Sanh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khe_Sanh"},{"link_name":"Ban Houei Sane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ban_Houei_Sane"},{"link_name":"Lang Vei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lang_Vei"},{"link_name":"Coronado X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Coronado_X"},{"link_name":"Tet Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive#Offensive"},{"link_name":"Da Nang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_offensive_attacks_on_Da_Nang"},{"link_name":"US Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive_attack_on_US_Embassy"},{"link_name":"Cholon and Phu Tho Racetrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive_battle_of_Cholon_and_Phu_Tho_Racetrack"},{"link_name":"Tan Son Nhut Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive_attack_on_Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Joint General Staff Compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive_attack_on_Joint_General_Staff_Compound"},{"link_name":"Bien Hoa and Long Binh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive_attacks_on_Bien_Hoa_and_Long_Binh"},{"link_name":"Hue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF"},{"link_name":"Quảng Trị","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Quang_Tri_(1968)"},{"link_name":"Bến Tre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%BFn_Tre"},{"link_name":"Coburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Coburg"},{"link_name":"Lo Giang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lo_Giang"},{"link_name":"Hop Tac I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hop_Tac_I"},{"link_name":"Coronado XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Coronado_XI"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Houston"},{"link_name":"Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Patrick"},{"link_name":"Tam Kỳ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tam_K%E1%BB%B3"},{"link_name":"Truong Cong Dinh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Truong_Cong_Dinh"},{"link_name":"Lima Site 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lima_Site_85"},{"link_name":"Quyet Thang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Quyet_Thang"},{"link_name":"My Lai Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Lai_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Walker"},{"link_name":"Carentan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Carentan"},{"link_name":"Pegasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khe_Sanh#Operation_Pegasus"},{"link_name":"Cochise Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cochise_Green"},{"link_name":"Toan Thang I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_I"},{"link_name":"Burlington Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Burlington_Trail"},{"link_name":"Scotland II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Scotland_II"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Allen Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Allen_Brook"},{"link_name":"May Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Dai Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dai_Do"},{"link_name":"West Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_West_Saigon"},{"link_name":"Landing Zone Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Landing_Zone_Center"},{"link_name":"An Bao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_An_Bao"},{"link_name":"South Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_South_Saigon"},{"link_name":"Concordia Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Concordia_Square"},{"link_name":"Kham Duc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kham_Duc"},{"link_name":"Coral–Balmoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Coral%E2%80%93Balmoral"},{"link_name":"Jeb Stuart III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jeb_Stuart_III"},{"link_name":"Nevada Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Nevada_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Mameluke Thrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mameluke_Thrust"},{"link_name":"Toan Thang II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_II"},{"link_name":"Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Robin"},{"link_name":"Binh An","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Binh_An"},{"link_name":"Thor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Thor"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pocahontas_Forest"},{"link_name":"Quyet Chien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Quyet_Chien"},{"link_name":"Somerset Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Somerset_Plain"},{"link_name":"Phase III Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_III_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Duc Lap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Duc_Lap"},{"link_name":"Champaign Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Champaign_Grove"},{"link_name":"Vinh Loc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Vinh_Loc"},{"link_name":"Thượng Đức","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_(1968)"},{"link_name":"Maui Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Maui_Peak"},{"link_name":"Henderson Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Henderson_Hill"},{"link_name":"Sheridan Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sheridan_Sabre"},{"link_name":"Meade River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Meade_River"},{"link_name":"Hat Dich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hat_Dich"},{"link_name":"Speedy Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Speedy_Express"},{"link_name":"Taylor Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Taylor_Common"},{"link_name":"Fayette Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fayette_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Vietnamization 1969–1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamization"},{"link_name":"DMZ Campaign (1969–1971)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMZ_Campaign_(1969%E2%80%931971)"},{"link_name":"Bold Mariner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bold_Mariner"},{"link_name":"Dewey Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dewey_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Toan Thang III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_III"},{"link_name":"2nd Tet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_1969"},{"link_name":"Iron Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Iron_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Massachusetts_Striker"},{"link_name":"Wayne Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wayne_Grey"},{"link_name":"Purple Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Purple_Martin"},{"link_name":"Ben Het","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ben_Het"},{"link_name":"Maine Crag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Maine_Crag"},{"link_name":"Atlas Wedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Atlas_Wedge"},{"link_name":"Frederick Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Frederick_Hill"},{"link_name":"Geneva Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Geneva_Park"},{"link_name":"Montana Mauler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Montana_Mauler"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Oklahoma_Hills"},{"link_name":"Washington Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Washington_Green"},{"link_name":"Virginia Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Virginia_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Apache Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Apache_Snow"},{"link_name":"Hamburger Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hamburger_Hill"},{"link_name":"Lamar Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lamar_Plain"},{"link_name":"Pipestone Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pipestone_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Binh Ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Binh_Ba"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Rendezvous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Montgomery_Rendezvous"},{"link_name":"Utah Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Utah_Mesa"},{"link_name":"Campbell Streamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Campbell_Streamer"},{"link_name":"Idaho Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Idaho_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Nantucket Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Nantucket_Beach"},{"link_name":"Fulton Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fulton_Square"},{"link_name":"LZ Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Zone_Kate#History"},{"link_name":"Toan Thang IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_IV"},{"link_name":"Randolph Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Randolph_Glen"},{"link_name":"Green River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Green_River"},{"link_name":"Texas Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Texas_Star"},{"link_name":"FSB Ripcord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fire_Support_Base_Ripcord"},{"link_name":"Cambodian campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_campaign"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pennsylvania_Square"},{"link_name":"Clinch Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Clinch_Valley"},{"link_name":"Elk Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Elk_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Pickens Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pickens_Forest"},{"link_name":"Wolfe Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wolfe_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Chicago Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chicago_Peak"},{"link_name":"Firebase O'Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase_O%27Reilly"},{"link_name":"Chenla I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chenla_I"},{"link_name":"Imperial Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Imperial_Lake"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jefferson_Glenn"},{"link_name":"Tailwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tailwind"},{"link_name":"Son Tay Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Cuu Long 44-02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cuu_Long_44-02"},{"link_name":"Toan Thang 1/71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_1/71"},{"link_name":"Snuol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Snuol"},{"link_name":"Lam Son 719","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_719"},{"link_name":"Finney Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Finney_Hill"},{"link_name":"Middlesex Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Middlesex_Peak"},{"link_name":"FSB Mary Ann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_FSB_Mary_Ann"},{"link_name":"Caroline Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Caroline_Hill"},{"link_name":"Long Khánh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Kh%C3%A1nh"},{"link_name":"Chenla II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chenla_II"},{"link_name":"Nui Le","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nui_Le"},{"link_name":"Easter Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Cambodia and Mekong Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Offensive_in_southern_Cambodia_and_the_Mekong_Delta"},{"link_name":"1st Quang Trị","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B"},{"link_name":"Loc Ninh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loc_Ninh"},{"link_name":"An Lộc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_An_L%E1%BB%99c"},{"link_name":"Mỹ Chánh Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_M%E1%BB%B9_Ch%C3%A1nh_Line"},{"link_name":"Kontum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kontum"},{"link_name":"Thunderhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Thunderhead"},{"link_name":"2nd Quang Trị","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B"},{"link_name":"The Vinh wiretap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vinh_wiretap"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords"},{"link_name":"War of the flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_flags"},{"link_name":"Cửa Việt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_C%E1%BB%ADa_Vi%E1%BB%87t"},{"link_name":"Hồng Ngự","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_H%E1%BB%93ng_Ng%E1%BB%B1"},{"link_name":"Tong Le Chon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tong_Le_Chon"},{"link_name":"Trung Nghia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trung_Nghia"},{"link_name":"Ap Da Bien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ap_Da_Bien"},{"link_name":"Quang Duc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Quang_Duc"},{"link_name":"Tri Phap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tri_Phap"},{"link_name":"Svay Rieng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Svay_Rieng"},{"link_name":"Iron Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Iron_Triangle"},{"link_name":"Duc Duc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Duc_Duc"},{"link_name":"Thượng Đức","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_(1974)"},{"link_name":"Phú Lộc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C3%BA_L%E1%BB%99c"},{"link_name":"Phước Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Long"},{"link_name":"Spring 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_spring_offensive"},{"link_name":"Ban Me Thuot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ban_Me_Thuot"},{"link_name":"Hue–Da Nang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hue%E2%80%93Da_Nang_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Phan Rang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_Rang_Air_Base#Capture_of_Phan_Rang_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Xuân Lộc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Xu%C3%A2n_L%E1%BB%99c"},{"link_name":"Fall of Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"Fall of Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon"},{"link_name":"Mayaguez incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayaguez_incident"},{"link_name":"Air operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_warfare#Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Farm Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Farm_Gate"},{"link_name":"Chopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chopper_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Ranch Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ranch_Hand"},{"link_name":"Pierce Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pierce_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Barrel Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barrel_Roll"},{"link_name":"Pony Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pony_Express"},{"link_name":"Flaming Dart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Flaming_Dart"},{"link_name":"Iron Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Iron_Hand"},{"link_name":"Rolling Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Steel Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Steel_Tiger"},{"link_name":"Arc Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Arc_Light"},{"link_name":"Combat Skyspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Skyspot"},{"link_name":"Tiger Hound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tiger_Hound"},{"link_name":"Shed Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shed_Light"},{"link_name":"Thanh Hoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Bolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bolo"},{"link_name":"Popeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Popeye"},{"link_name":"Yen Vien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_23_August_1967"},{"link_name":"Niagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Niagara"},{"link_name":"Igloo White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Igloo_White"},{"link_name":"Commando Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Commando_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Giant Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Giant_Lance"},{"link_name":"Menu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Menu"},{"link_name":"Patio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Patio"},{"link_name":"Freedom Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Freedom_Deal"},{"link_name":"Proud Deep Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Proud_Deep_Alpha"},{"link_name":"Linebacker I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Linebacker"},{"link_name":"Enhance Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enhance_Plus"},{"link_name":"Linebacker II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Linebacker_II"},{"link_name":"Homecoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Homecoming"},{"link_name":"Tan Son Nhut Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Babylift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Babylift"},{"link_name":"New Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_New_Life"},{"link_name":"Eagle Pull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Pull"},{"link_name":"Frequent Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Frequent_Wind"},{"link_name":"Naval operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare"},{"link_name":"Yankee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Station"},{"link_name":"Dixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Station"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Tonkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident"},{"link_name":"Market Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Time"},{"link_name":"Vung Ro Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A9ng_R%C3%B4_Bay_incident"},{"link_name":"Game Warden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Game_Warden"},{"link_name":"Double Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Double_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Stable Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Stable_Door"},{"link_name":"PIRAZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIRAZ"},{"link_name":"Sea Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea_Dragon_(Vietnam_War)"},{"link_name":"Deckhouse Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deckhouse_Five"},{"link_name":"Bo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_1_March_1968"},{"link_name":"Sealords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sealords"},{"link_name":"Đồng Hới","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_H%E1%BB%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Pocket Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pocket_Money"},{"link_name":"Custom Tailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Custom_Tailor"},{"link_name":"End Sweep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_End_Sweep"},{"link_name":"Paracel Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Paracel_Islands"},{"link_name":"East Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sea_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Lists of allied operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1964)"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1965)"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1966)"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1967)"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1968)"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1969)"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1970)"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1971)"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1972)"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1973%E2%80%9374)"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1975)"},{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Army of the Republic of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Sóc Trăng Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3c_Tr%C4%83ng_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Mekong Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong_Delta"},{"link_name":"Da Nang Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Nang_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"assault support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_support"},{"link_name":"CASEVAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_evacuation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Marine_Expeditionary_Brigade"},{"link_name":"United States'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Operation ShuflyPart of Vietnam WarHMM-362 H-34s in 1962Date15 April 1962 to 8 March 1965LocationSouth VietnamBelligerents\n United States\n Viet CongUnits involved\nHMM-362HMM-163HMM-162HMM-261HMM-361HMM-365Casualties and losses\n19 killed14 H-34s destroyedvteMilitary engagements during the Vietnam WarGuerrilla phase\nLaos\nBiên Hòa\nĐồng Khởi\nChopper\nPalace Bombing\nSunrise\nShufly\nẤp Bắc\nGo Cong\nHiep Hoa\n34A\nLong Dinh\nKien Long\nQuyet Thang 202\nUSNS Card\nNam Dong\nAn Lao\nBinh Gia\nCamp Holloway\nDương Liễu – Nhông Pass\nQui Nhơn\nKa Nak\nSông Bé\nBa Gia\nDong Xoai\nAmerican intervention\n1965\n\nStarlite\nPiranha\nAn Ninh\nPlei Me\nHump\nGang Toi\n1st Bau Bang\nIa Drang\nBushmaster II\nHarvest Moon\n1966\n\nMarauder\nCrimp\nVan Buren\nMasher/White Wing\nDouble Eagle\nMastiff\nSuoi Bong Trang\nNew York\nHarrison\nCocoa Beach\nUtah\nSilver City\nA Sau\nOregon\nTexas\nLincoln\nFillmore\nJackstay\nBuddhist Uprising\nXa Cam My\nGeorgia\nBirmingham\nDavy Crockett\nAustin IV\nPaul Revere\nCrazy Horse\nEl Paso\nHardihood\nWahiawa\nLam Son II\nHawthorne\nHill 488\nNathan Hale\nJay\nMacon\nHastings\nMinh Thanh Road\nJohn Paul Jones\nPrairie\nColorado\nDuc Co\nLong Tan\nSS Baton Rouge Victory\nAmarillo\nByrd\nSunset Beach\nSeward\nThayer, Irving and Thayer II\nAttleboro\nDeckhouse IV\nShenandoah\nAtlanta\nPaul Revere IV\nGeronimo\nTan Son Nhut airbase\nFairfax\nFirebase Bird\n1967\n\nDeckhouse V\nCedar Falls\nDesoto\nGadsden\nSam Houston\nPershing\nEnterprise\nTra Binh Dong\nBribie\nJunction City (1st Prek Klok\n2nd Prek Klok\nAp Gu\nSuoi Tre\n2nd Bàu Bàng)\nFrancis Marion\nLejeune\nUnion\nBaker\nManhattan\nThe Hill Fights\nBeaver Cage\nCon Thien/DMZ\nHickory\nPrairie II\nPrairie III\nPrairie IV\nBuffalo\nKentucky\nKingfisher\nCrockett\nMalheur I and Malheur II\nKole Kole\nBarking Sands\nUnion II\nDragnet\nAkron\nBillings\nConcordia\nThe Slopes\nHong Kil Dong\nDiamond Head\nCoronado\nCoronado II\nHood River\nSuoi Chau Pha\nBenton\nCoronado IV\nSwift\nDragon Fire\nWheeler/Wallowa\nCoronado V\nKunia\nBolling\nMedina\nShenandoah II\nOng Thanh\n1st Loc Ninh\nMacArthur\nDak To\nOsceola\nLancaster\nCoronado IX\nNeosho\nSanta Fe\nEssex\nKien Giang 9-1\nNapoleon\nPhoenix\nManchester\nSaratoga\nYellowstone\nMuscatine\nBadger Tooth\nAuburn\nTet Offensive and aftermath\n\nNew Year's Day battle of 1968\nMcLain\nKhe Sanh\nBan Houei Sane\nLang Vei\nCoronado X\nTet Offensive\nDa Nang\nUS Embassy\nCholon and Phu Tho Racetrack\nTan Son Nhut Air Base\nJoint General Staff Compound\nBien Hoa and Long Binh\nHue\nQuảng Trị\nBến Tre\nCoburg\nLo Giang\nHop Tac I\nCoronado XI\nHouston\nPatrick\nTam Kỳ\nTruong Cong Dinh\nLima Site 85\nQuyet Thang\nMy Lai Massacre\nWalker\nCarentan\nPegasus\nCochise Green\nToan Thang I\nBurlington Trail\nScotland II\nDelaware\nAllen Brook\nMay Offensive\nDai Do\nWest Saigon\nLanding Zone Center\nAn Bao\nSouth Saigon\nConcordia Square\nKham Duc\nCoral–Balmoral\nJeb Stuart III\nNevada Eagle\nMameluke Thrust\nToan Thang II\nRobin\nBinh An\nThor\nPocahontas Forest\nQuyet Chien\nSomerset Plain\nPhase III Offensive\nDuc Lap\nChampaign Grove\nVinh Loc\nThượng Đức\nMaui Peak\nHenderson Hill\nSheridan Sabre\nMeade River\nHat Dich\nSpeedy Express\nTaylor Common\nFayette Canyon\nVietnamization 1969–1971\n\nDMZ Campaign (1969–1971)\nBold Mariner\nDewey Canyon\nToan Thang III\n2nd Tet\nIron Mountain\nMassachusetts Striker\nWayne Grey\nPurple Martin\nBen Het\nMaine Crag\nAtlas Wedge\nFrederick Hill\nGeneva Park\nMontana Mauler\nOklahoma Hills\nWashington Green\nVirginia Ridge\nApache Snow\nHamburger Hill\nLamar Plain\nPipestone Canyon\nBinh Ba\nMontgomery Rendezvous\nUtah Mesa\nCampbell Streamer\nIdaho Canyon\nNantucket Beach\nFulton Square\nLZ Kate\nToan Thang IV\nRandolph Glen\nGreen River\nTexas Star\nFSB Ripcord\nCambodian campaign\nPennsylvania Square\nClinch Valley\nElk Canyon\nPickens Forest\nWolfe Mountain\nChicago Peak\nFirebase O'Reilly\nChenla I\nImperial Lake\nJefferson Glenn\nTailwind\nSon Tay Raid\nCuu Long 44-02\nToan Thang 1/71\nSnuol\nLam Son 719\nFinney Hill\nMiddlesex Peak\nFSB Mary Ann\nCaroline Hill\nLong Khánh\nChenla II\nNui Le\n1972\n\nEaster Offensive\nCambodia and Mekong Delta\n1st Quang Trị\nLoc Ninh\nAn Lộc\nMỹ Chánh Line\nKontum\nThunderhead\n2nd Quang Trị\nThe Vinh wiretap\nPost-Paris Peace Accords (1973–1974)\n\nWar of the flags\nCửa Việt\nHồng Ngự\nTong Le Chon\nTrung Nghia\nAp Da Bien\nQuang Duc\nTri Phap\nSvay Rieng\nIron Triangle\nDuc Duc\nThượng Đức\nPhú Lộc\nPhước Long\nSpring 1975\n\nBan Me Thuot\nHue–Da Nang\nPhan Rang\nXuân Lộc\nFall of Phnom Penh\nFall of Saigon\nMayaguez incident\nAir operations\n\nFarm Gate\nChopper\nRanch Hand\nPierce Arrow\nBarrel Roll\nPony Express\nFlaming Dart\nIron Hand\nRolling Thunder\nSteel Tiger\nArc Light\nCombat Skyspot\nTiger Hound\nShed Light\nThanh Hoa\nBolo\nPopeye\nYen Vien\nNiagara\nIgloo White\nCommando Hunt\nGiant Lance\nMenu\nPatio\nFreedom Deal\nProud Deep Alpha\nLinebacker I\nEnhance Plus\nLinebacker II\nHomecoming\nTan Son Nhut Air Base\nBabylift\nNew Life\nEagle Pull\nFrequent Wind\nNaval operations\n\nYankee & Dixie stations\nGulf of Tonkin\nMarket Time\nVung Ro Bay\nGame Warden\nDouble Eagle\nStable Door\nPIRAZ\nSea Dragon\nDeckhouse Five\nBo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River\nSealords\nĐồng Hới\nPocket Money\nCustom Tailor\nEnd Sweep\nParacel Islands\nEast Sea\nLists of allied operations\n\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973–74\n1975Operation Shufly was a United States Marine Corps operation to improve the mobility of Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) forces in the early phases of the Vietnam War from 1962 to 1965. Beginning on 15 April 1962, Marine helicopter squadrons, associated maintenance units and air traffic control detachments deployed to Sóc Trăng Airfield in the Mekong Delta and later to Da Nang Air Base rotating every four months in order to provide assault support and CASEVAC assistance during combat operations. By early 1965 half of the Marine Corps' medium helicopter squadrons had rotated through a \"Shufly\" deployment.[1] The operation ended on 8 March 1965, when the 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade came ashore in Vietnam as the vanguard of the United States' commitment of large numbers of regular combat units into South Vietnam.[2]","title":"Operation Shufly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maxwell D. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"Commander in Chief, Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Indo-Pacific_Command"},{"link_name":"Harry D. Felt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_D._Felt"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"Marine Aircraft Group 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Aircraft_Group_16"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Air Station Futema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Futenma"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman-4"},{"link_name":"1st Marine Aircraft Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Marine_Aircraft_Wing"},{"link_name":"Sóc Trăng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3c_Tr%C4%83ng"},{"link_name":"Mekong Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong_Delta"},{"link_name":"Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"Operational control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_(management)#Organizational_and_operational_control"},{"link_name":"ComUSMACV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Assistance_Command,_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"}],"text":"After General Maxwell D. Taylor's report to President John F. Kennedy at the end of 1961, the Joint Chiefs of Staff sent word to then Commander in Chief, Pacific Admiral Harry D. Felt to prepare for increased combat operations in South Vietnam. There was an immediate need for addition helicopter squadrons to augment United States Army units that were already there. On 6 March 1962, the Joint Chiefs approved Admiral Felt's recommendation for an additional Army squadron.[3]: 57 After much back and forth between senior US leadership it was determined that the Marines would deploy a medium helicopter squadron from Marine Aircraft Group 16 (MAG-16) based at Marine Corps Air Station Futema in Okinawa, Japan to fulfill the need.[3]: 58 The deployment order for the Marines was approved on 16 March 1962.[4]: 34Marine planners from the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing (1st MAW) built Task Unit 79.3.5 (codenamed \"Shufly\") around a Marine medium helicopter squadron. The Marine squadron would be based at an old Japanese airstrip near Sóc Trăng in the Mekong Delta some 85 miles (137 km) southwest of Saigon.[3]: 59–60 Shufly was under the Operational control of ComUSMACV, but remained under administrative control of 1st MAW. This allowed the Marine Corps and Navy to provide the majority of logistical support for the unit.[3]: 60","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 362","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMM-362"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Sikorsky UH-34s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_H-34"},{"link_name":"USS Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Princeton_(CV-37)"},{"link_name":"Sóc Trăng Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3c_Tr%C4%83ng_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Cessna OE-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cessna_O-1_Bird_Dog"},{"link_name":"VMO-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMO-2"},{"link_name":"R4D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman-4"},{"link_name":"Army of the Republic of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Vietcong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietcong"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"7th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Division_(South_Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"21st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Division_(South_Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Cần Thơ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C6%A1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"HMM-163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-163"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"Da Nang Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Nang_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"Tam Kỳ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_K%E1%BB%B3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"HMM-162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-162"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"OV-1 Mohawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_OV-1_Mohawk"},{"link_name":"Quảng Ngãi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ng%C3%A3i"},{"link_name":"Ranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_Rangers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"2nd Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Division_(South_Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Danang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danang"},{"link_name":"UH-1B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"15°10′37″N 108°04′41″E / 15.177°N 108.078°E / 15.177; 108.078","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Operation_Shufly¶ms=15.177_N_108.078_E_"},{"link_name":"1st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Division_(South_Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"HMM-261","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-261"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"Huế","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"HMM-361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-361"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Army_Gunships_Escort_Marine_UH-34Ds,_circa_1964_(48482074542).jpg"},{"link_name":"UH-1B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois"},{"link_name":"HMM-364","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-364"},{"link_name":"HMM-364","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-364"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"Republic of Vietnam Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"A Sầu Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_S%E1%BA%A7u_Valley"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"Operation Quyet Thang 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Quyet_Thang_202"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"Khe Sanh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khe_Sanh_Combat_Base"},{"link_name":"16°46′05″N 106°42′47″E / 16.768°N 106.713°E / 16.768; 106.713","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Operation_Shufly¶ms=16.768_N_106.713_E_"},{"link_name":"downdrafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_draft"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"USS Valley Forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Valley_Forge_(CV-45)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nam Dong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Dong"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"Quảng Nam Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Nam_Province"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"Nha Trang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nha_Trang"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Tilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Pacific_typhoon_season"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"HMM-365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-365"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Iris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Pacific_typhoon_season#Typhoon_Iris"},{"link_name":"emergency medical evacuations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEDEVAC"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"M60 machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Marine_Expeditionary_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Red Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Beach_Base_Area"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shu-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shu-8"}],"text":"Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 362 (HMM-362) served as the first Marine aircraft unit in South Vietnam. The squadron went ashore with their Sikorsky UH-34s on 15 April 1962 from the USS Princeton landing at Sóc Trăng Airfield in the Mekong Delta. The squadron was reinforced by three Cessna OE-1 observation aircraft from VMO-2 and one R4D for liaison and supply flights.[3]: 60 [4]: 34 This mission codenamed Operation Shufly was to increase the mobility of Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) units fighting the Vietcong (VC) in the rice producing Delta region.[3]: 57 The squadron was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Archie Clapp and it gained the nickname \"Archie’s Angels\".[3]: 62 The nickname evolved to \"Ugly Angels\" that gave HMM-362 their call sign. The squadron conducted their first operation on 22 April lifting soldiers from the ARVN 7th Division.[3]: 65 On 24 April the squadron supported the ARVN 21st Division in Operation Nightingale near Cần Thơ, during this operation VC fire hit a UH-34 severing a hydraulic line forcing it to make an emergency landing, but the helicopter was repaired and flown out.[3]: 65 In June the squadron developed the concept of the Eagle Flight where four Marine helicopters loaded with about 50 ARVN soldiers circled above an operational area on alert for any VC attempting to evade the ground forces. Once the VC were located, often by the OE-1 observation aircraft, the helicopters would land the ARVN soldiers at a position where they could block the VC escape.[3]: 69In late July 1962, HMM-163 deployed to Sóc Trăng and on 1 August it replaced HMM-362 as the Shufly squadron.[3]: 70 In early September 1962, HMM-163 began redeploying with its support units from MAG-16 to Da Nang Air Base, completing the redeployment by 20 September.[3]: 73–4 On 6 October the squadron suffered its first fatalities when a search and rescue UH-34 crashed due to mechanical failure 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Tam Kỳ killing five Marines and two Navy corpsmen with only the pilot surviving.[3]: 83 During their time in South Vietnam the squadron's crews had flown a total of 10,869 hours, 15,200 sorties and had lifted over 25,216 combat assault troops and 59,024 other passengers.[3]: 113On 11 January 1963 HMM-162 replaced HMM-163 as the Shufly squadron.[3]: 111 On 10 March two squadron UH-34Ds were engaged in a search and rescue operation for a United States Army OV-1 Mohawk missing in 5,000 feet (1,500 m) mountains 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Quảng Ngãi. As one helicopter lowered a South Vietnamese Ranger on a rescue hoist the helicopter lost power and crashed, killing the Ranger and the copilot. Another UH-34D crashed nearby while attempting to rescue the crew, its crew was recovered and the helicopter destroyed.[3]: 114 On 13 April the squadron landed ARVN troops from the 2nd Division 30 miles (48 km) south of Danang escorted for the first time by U.S. Army UH-1B gunships from the 68th Aviation Company. In spite of the additional support three UH-34s were shot down during the operation. All three aircraft were eventually recovered.[3]: 115 On 27 April the squadron supported Operation Bach Phuong XI, an ARVN attack on the VC stronghold at Đỗ Xá (15°10′37″N 108°04′41″E / 15.177°N 108.078°E / 15.177; 108.078), one helicopter was hit in the initial landings and had to be destroyed. From late April the squadron supported a 90-day operation by the ARVN 1st Division along the Laos border.[3]: 115–6 On 8 June the squadron was replaced by HMM-261, During its deployment it had flown 17,670 sorties for a total of 8,579 flight hours, losing one Marine killed and three UH-34Ds destroyed.[3]: 116On 8 June 1963, HMM-261 began serving as the Shufly squadron.[3]: 116 In mid-July the squadron suffered its first aircraft loss in a non-fatal accident 37 miles (60 km) southwest of Da Nang.[3]: 117 On 16 September another UH-34D was destroyed in a non-fatal crash 25 miles (40 km) west of Huế.[3]: 120–1 The squadron achieved 5,288 combat flying hours and 11,406 sorties during its deployment.[3]: 120On 2 October 1963 HMM-361 become the latest Shufly helicopter squadron.[3]: 120 On 8 October two squadron UH—34Ds crashed almost simultaneously while on a search and rescue mission 38 miles (61 km) southwest of Da Nang. Both helicopters burned, killing 10 men; the pilots, copilots, the squadron's flight surgeon, and five crewmen. It was unclear if the helicopters had been shot down or collided in mid-air.[3]: 120 On 3 January 1964 another squadron UH-34 was shot down by the VC 30 miles (48 km) west of Da Nang with no casualties.[3]: 140 The squadron completed its Shufly assignment on 1 February having flown 4,236 combat flight hours and just under 7,000 combat sorties.[3]: 146U.S. Army UH-1B gunships escort HMM-364 UH-34Ds in 1964On 1 February 1964 HMM-364 relieved HMM-361 as the Shufly squadron.[3]: 146 On its arrival the squadron began training Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) crews to operate the UH-34 in preparation for forming their own squadrons.[3]: 146 [5] On 14 April a squadron UH-34D was shot down on a medevac mission 40 miles (64 km) west of Danang near the Laos border, the crew was rescued and the helicopter was destroyed.[3]: 149 On 18 April the squadron supported Operation Lam Son 115 an ARVN attack in the A Sầu Valley.[3]: 149 From 27 April to 25 May the squadron supported Operation Quyet Thang 202 another ARVN attack on the VC stronghold at Đỗ Xá.[3]: 152 On 28 April a squadron UH-34 got caught in the rotor wash of another helicopter and crashed into a canal at Quảng Ngãi, the crew escaped but the helicopter was a total loss.[3]: 154 On 30 April a squadron UH-34 was shot down while evacuating an ARVN patrol 42 miles (68 km) west of Danang with no losses.[3]: 154–5 On 13 June a squadron UH-34 on a resupply mission from Khe Sanh to Tiger Tooth Mountain (Dong Voi Mẹp) (16°46′05″N 106°42′47″E / 16.768°N 106.713°E / 16.768; 106.713) was caught in downdrafts and crashed, all crewmen were rescued but the helicopter was destroyed.[3]: 156 On 16 June the squadron ceased operations and began preparing its UH-34Ds for handover to the RVNAF with the handover taking place on 19 June and the helicopters were used to form the 217th Helicopter Squadron.[6] By the end of June the squadron had been flown back to Okinawa and their role had been assumed by HMM-162.[3]: 156In mid-June 1964 HMM-162 came ashore from USS Valley Forge to replace HMM-364 as the Shufly squadron, with the formal handover on 19 June.[3]: 156 The squadron supported the U.S. and South Vietnamese forces engaged in the Battle of Nam Dong from 5–6 July.[3]: 157–8 On 18 July the squadron evacuated the Marine team on Tiger Tooth Mountain (Dong Voi Mẹp) to Khe Sanh. On 30 August a squadron UH-34D hit trees on a small high elevation landing zone and crash-landed the crew was rescued and the helicopter stripped and destroyed.[3]: 159 On 4 September the squadron supported Operation Chinh Bien an ARVN 2nd Division assault in Quảng Nam Province.[3]: 159 On 21 September the squadron flew to Nha Trang to escape Typhoon Tilda, returning on 23 September.[3]: 159–60 During this deployment the squadron had conducted approximately 6,600 sorties for a total of slightly over 4,400 flight hours, losing two UH-34Ds.[3]: 161On 8 October 1964 HMM-365 relieved HMM-162 as the Shufly squadron.[4]: 85 On 11 October the newly arrived Marine pilots and aircrews were involved in their first firefight when eight UH-34Ds drew VC fire while landing a 112-man Vietnamese unit in the hills 10 miles (20 km) west-southwest of Tam Ky.[4]: 85 On October 26, the squadron suffered their first combat casualties when a copilot and crew chief were wounded by VC small arms fire while their helicopter was approaching an enemy contested landing zone 10 miles (20 km) southwest of Tam Ky. The pilot was able to return the damaged aircraft to Tam Ky and land safely.[3]: 163 In early November, at the height of the monsoon season, Typhoon Iris struck the Vietnamese Coast. The hazardous weather conditions caused flight operations to be suspended except for emergency medical evacuations. When flight operations resumed on 10 November the crews concentrated on rescuing Vietnamese civilians from the inundated coastal plains. Between 17:00 and 19:00 on their first day of flood relief operations, HMM-365 rescued 144 flood victims. Many of the rescues were accomplished by hoisting individuals from precarious positions in trees or on rooftops while being subjected to sporadic VC harassing fire.[4]: 85 At the end of a 72-hour time period the squadron had successfully rescued over 1,500 flood victims.[3]: 162 Squadron members were modifying three helicopters to carry a new weapons system. The TK-1, an externally mounted combination of M60 machine guns and 2.75-inch (70 mm) rocket launchers, that was first used in support of a Tiger Flight mission conducted just south of the Song Thu Bon, about 17 miles (27 km) from Da Nang. Two armed UH-34Ds expended 90 rockets and 500 rounds of 7.62 mm ammunition on enemy positions during pre-landing strikes. The squadron executed similar operations the following day.[3]: 163–4 The squadron remained at Da Nang until 17 February 1965.[7]On 17 February 1965 HMM-163 redeployed as the Shufly squadron and was there when the 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade landed at Red Beach on 8 March 1965.[8]: 15 With the introduction of Marine combat units into South Vietnam, MAG-16 was deployed to Da Nang Air Base and Shufly operations were subsumed within the operations of MAG-16.[8]: 16","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitlow-3"},{"link_name":"HMM-362","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMM-362"},{"link_name":"HMM-163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMM-163"},{"link_name":"HMM-162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMM-162"},{"link_name":"HMM-261","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMM-261"},{"link_name":"HMM-361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMH-361"},{"link_name":"HMM-364","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMM-364"},{"link_name":"HMM-162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMM-162"},{"link_name":"HMM-365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMM-365"}],"text":"The following Marine medium helicopter squadrons took part in Operation Shufly between 15 April 1962 and 8 March 1965. Squadron commanding officer are also listed:[3]: 175HMM-362 - 15 April 1962 - 31 July 1962 - LtCol Archie J. Clapp\nHMM-163 - 1 August 1962 - 11 January 1963 - LtCol Robert L. Rathbun\nHMM-162 - 12 January 1963 - 7 June 1963 - LtCol Reinheardt Leu\nHMM-261 - 8 June 1963 - 1 October 1963 - LtCol Frank A. Shook\nHMM-361 - 2 October 1963 - 31 January 1964 - LtCol Thomas J. Ross\nHMM-364 - 1 February 1964 - 21 June 1964 - LtCol John H. LaVoy\nHMM-162 - 17 June 1964 - 7 October 1964 - LtCol Oliver W. Curtis\nHMM-365 - 8 October 1964 - 7 March 1965 - LtCol Joseph Koler Jr.","title":"Participating squadrons"}]
|
[{"image_text":"U.S. Army UH-1B gunships escort HMM-364 UH-34Ds in 1964","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Army_Gunships_Escort_Marine_UH-34Ds%2C_circa_1964_%2848482074542%29.jpg/220px-Army_Gunships_Escort_Marine_UH-34Ds%2C_circa_1964_%2848482074542%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Simmons, Edwin H. (2003). The United States Marines: A History, Fourth Edition. Naval Institute Press. p. 221. ISBN 1-59114-790-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmari0000simm_r8b9","url_text":"The United States Marines: A History, Fourth Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-790-5","url_text":"1-59114-790-5"}]},{"reference":"Mersky, Peter (1983). U.S. Marine Corps Aviation 1912 to the Present. Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company of America. p. 209. ISBN 978-1591145165.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591145165","url_text":"978-1591145165"}]},{"reference":"Whitlow, Robert (1977). U.S. Marines in Vietnam:The Advisory And Combat Assistance Era, 1954–1964 (PDF). History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. ISBN 1494285290.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/U_S_%20Marines%20in%20Vietnam_The%20Advisory%20and%20Combat%20Assistance%20Era%201954-1964%20%20PCN%2019000306400.pdf","url_text":"U.S. Marines in Vietnam:The Advisory And Combat Assistance Era, 1954–1964"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1494285290","url_text":"1494285290"}]},{"reference":"Hofmann Jr., George R. (2014). Path to War - U.S. Marine Corps Operations in Southeast Asia 1961-1965 (PDF). History Division, Marine Corps University. ISBN 978-1782666950.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/Vietnam_Path_To_War.pdf","url_text":"Path to War - U.S. Marine Corps Operations in Southeast Asia 1961-1965"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1782666950","url_text":"978-1782666950"}]},{"reference":"Fails, LtCol William R. (1978). Marines and Helicopters 1962–1973 (PDF). History & Museums Division, United States Marine Corps. p. 80. ISBN 0-7881-1818-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2022-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190820091837/https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Publications/Marines%20and%20Helicopters%201962-1973%20%20PCN%2019000307400_1.pdf","url_text":"Marines and Helicopters 1962–1973"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7881-1818-8","url_text":"0-7881-1818-8"},{"url":"https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Publications/Marines%20and%20Helicopters%201962-1973%20%20PCN%2019000307400_1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Givens, Adam (2023). The Mobility War Marine Corps Helicopter Operations in Vietnam 1962-1975 (PDF). History Division, Marine Corps University. p. 22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/MobilityWar_Web.pdf?ver=nVvSwS6OXtFs2nKmKoyYaA%3d%3d","url_text":"The Mobility War Marine Corps Helicopter Operations in Vietnam 1962-1975"}]},{"reference":"\"VMM-365 History\". mag26.marines.mil. United States Marine Corps. Retrieved 2022-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mag26.marines.mil/Units/VMM-365/About/","url_text":"\"VMM-365 History\""}]},{"reference":"Shulimson, Jack (1978). U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Landing and the Buildup (PDF). History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. ISBN 978-1494287559.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/U_S_%20Marines%20in%20Vietnam_The%20Landing%20and%20the%20Buildup%201965%20%20PCN%2019000307600.pdf","url_text":"U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Landing and the Buildup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1494287559","url_text":"978-1494287559"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Operation_Shufly¶ms=15.177_N_108.078_E_","external_links_name":"15°10′37″N 108°04′41″E / 15.177°N 108.078°E / 15.177; 108.078"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Operation_Shufly¶ms=16.768_N_106.713_E_","external_links_name":"16°46′05″N 106°42′47″E / 16.768°N 106.713°E / 16.768; 106.713"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesmari0000simm_r8b9","external_links_name":"The United States Marines: A History, Fourth Edition"},{"Link":"https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/U_S_%20Marines%20in%20Vietnam_The%20Advisory%20and%20Combat%20Assistance%20Era%201954-1964%20%20PCN%2019000306400.pdf","external_links_name":"U.S. Marines in Vietnam:The Advisory And Combat Assistance Era, 1954–1964"},{"Link":"https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/Vietnam_Path_To_War.pdf","external_links_name":"Path to War - U.S. Marine Corps Operations in Southeast Asia 1961-1965"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190820091837/https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Publications/Marines%20and%20Helicopters%201962-1973%20%20PCN%2019000307400_1.pdf","external_links_name":"Marines and Helicopters 1962–1973"},{"Link":"https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Publications/Marines%20and%20Helicopters%201962-1973%20%20PCN%2019000307400_1.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/MobilityWar_Web.pdf?ver=nVvSwS6OXtFs2nKmKoyYaA%3d%3d","external_links_name":"The Mobility War Marine Corps Helicopter Operations in Vietnam 1962-1975"},{"Link":"https://www.mag26.marines.mil/Units/VMM-365/About/","external_links_name":"\"VMM-365 History\""},{"Link":"https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/U_S_%20Marines%20in%20Vietnam_The%20Landing%20and%20the%20Buildup%201965%20%20PCN%2019000307600.pdf","external_links_name":"U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Landing and the Buildup"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests
|
1962 Soviet nuclear tests
|
["1 References"]
|
Weapons testing
See also: List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
1962Nuclear blast animationInformationCountrySoviet UnionTest siteDegelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan; Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan; Kola Peninsula Launch Area (Barents Sea); NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, RussiaPeriod1962Number of tests78Test typeair drop, atmospheric, cruise missile, dry surface, high alt rocket (30–80 km), tower, tunnelMax. yield24.2 megatonnes of TNT (101 PJ)Test series chronology← Soviet Project K nuclear tests1964 Soviet nuclear tests →
Map all coordinates in "1962 Soviet nuclear tests" using OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
The Soviet Union's 1962 nuclear test series was a group of 78 nuclear tests conducted in 1962. These tests followed the Soviet Project K nuclear tests series and preceded the 1964 Soviet nuclear tests series.
Soviet Union's 1962 series tests and detonations
Name
Date time (UT)
Local time zone
Location
Elevation + height
Delivery, Purpose
Device
Yield
Fallout
References
Notes
143 Argon 1 (Joe 120)
2 February 1962 08:00:00.2
ALMT (6 hrs)
Degelen, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: A-1 49°46′55″N 77°59′46″E / 49.78198°N 77.99618°E / 49.78198; 77.99618 (143 Argon 1 (Joe 120))
700 m (2,300 ft) +
tunnel,weapon effect
15 kt
First Soviet underground test.
144
1 August 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (144)
N/A + 430 m (1,410 ft)
atmospheric,weapons development
2.4 kt
145
3 August 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (145)
N/A + 180 m (590 ft)
atmospheric,weapons development
1.6 kt
146
4 August 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (146)
N/A + 390 m (1,280 ft)
atmospheric,weapons development
3.8 kt
147
5 August 1962 09:08:45.8
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 74°12′N 52°30′E / 74.2°N 52.5°E / 74.2; 52.5 (147)
0 + 3,600 m (11,800 ft)
air drop,weapons development
21.1 Mt
148
7 August 1962 03:00:??
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan 50°27′22″N 77°46′23″E / 50.456°N 77.773°E / 50.456; 77.773 (148)
280 m (920 ft) + 0
dry surface,weapons development
9.9 kt
149
10 August 1962 09:00:??
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (149)
0 + 1,560 m (5,120 ft)
air drop,weapons development
400 kt
150
18 August 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (150)
280 m (920 ft) + 710 m (2,330 ft)
air drop,weapons development
7.4 kt
151
18 August 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (151)
N/A + 310 m (1,020 ft)
atmospheric,weapons development
5.8 kt
152
20 August 1962 09:02:14.1
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 74°18′N 51°30′E / 74.3°N 51.5°E / 74.3; 51.5 (152)
0 + 2,500 m (8,200 ft)
air drop,weapons development
2.8 Mt
Khalturin names this an ICBM test from Chita.
153
21 August 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (153)
280 m (920 ft) + 590 m (1,940 ft)
air drop,weapons development
23 kt
156
22 August 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (156)
280 m (920 ft) + 740 m (2,430 ft)
air drop,weapons development
3 kt
155 Shkval (Flurry)
22 August 1962 09:00:00
MSK (3 hrs)
Launch from Kola Peninsula Launch Area (Barents Sea) 73°43′N 45°12′E / 73.71°N 45.2°E / 73.71; 45.2 (Launch_155 Shkval (Flurry)), elv: 0 + 2,000 m (0 + 6,562 ft);Detonation over Kola Peninsula Launch Area (Barents Sea) ~ 73°45′N 52°18′E / 73.75°N 52.3°E / 73.75; 52.3 (155 Shkval (Flurry))
0 + 60 m (200 ft)
cruise missile,weapons development
6 kt
Air launched (from TU-16K) cruise missile test. No other information on launch; trajectory is a guess. Location known only as "Kara Sea"; lat/lon a guess; official lat/lon is in NZ land corral.
154
22 August 1962 09:00:04.2
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 70°59′30″N 55°31′43″E / 70.9917°N 55.52855°E / 70.9917; 55.52855 (154)
0 + 1,700 m (5,600 ft)
air drop,weapons development
1.6 Mt
157
23 August 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (157)
280 m (920 ft) + 680 m (2,230 ft)
air drop,weapons development
2.5 kt
159
25 August 1962 05:40:??
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (159)
280 m (920 ft) + 715 m (2,346 ft)
air drop,weapons development
1 kt
158
25 August 1962 09:??:??
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (158)
0 + 2,980 m (9,780 ft)
air drop,
10 Mt
161
27 August 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (161)
280 m (920 ft) + 245 m (804 ft)
air drop,weapons development
11 kt
160
27 August 1962 09:00:50.9
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 74°42′N 50°18′E / 74.7°N 50.3°E / 74.7; 50.3 (160)
0 + 3,000 m (9,800 ft)
air drop,weapons development
4.2 Mt
162
31 August 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (162)
280 m (920 ft) + 700 m (2,300 ft)
air drop,fundamental science
2.7 kt
163
2 September 1962
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (163)
0 + 1,300 m (4,300 ft)
air drop,weapons development
80 kt
unnumbered #4
6 September 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (unnumbered #4)
280 m (920 ft) +
atmospheric,
less than 0.001 kt
164 Tyulpan (Tulip)
8 September 1962 10:17:57.7
MSK (3 hrs)
Launch from Zabaykalsky (then Chita), Russia 51°54′48″N 113°07′50″E / 51.91335°N 113.13053°E / 51.91335; 113.13053 (Launch_164 Tyulpan (Tulip)), elv: 685 + 0 m (2,247 + 0 ft);Detonation over NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 73°42′N 53°48′E / 73.7°N 53.8°E / 73.7; 53.8 (164 Tyulpan (Tulip))
N/A + 1,725 m (5,659 ft)
high alt rocket (30–80 km),weapons development
1.9 Mt
Launched on an R-14 rocket from "Yasnaya railroad station" south of Chita toward Mityushikha Bay, NZ, 3600 km across Siberia. Probable ABM test.
165
15 September 1962 08:02:13.9
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 74°24′N 51°30′E / 74.4°N 51.5°E / 74.4; 51.5 (165)
0 + 2,250 m (7,380 ft)
air drop,weapons development
3.1 Mt
166
16 September 1962 10:59:10.5
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 74°12′N 51°36′E / 74.2°N 51.6°E / 74.2; 51.6 (166)
0 + 2,250 m (7,380 ft)
air drop,weapons development
3.3 Mt
unnumbered #5
18 September 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (unnumbered #5)
280 m (920 ft) +
atmospheric,
10 kt
167
18 September 1962 08:29:02.7
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 73°12′N 54°42′E / 73.2°N 54.7°E / 73.2; 54.7 (167)
0 + 2,000 m (6,600 ft)
air drop,weapons development
1.4 Mt
168
19 September 1962 11:00:56.4
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 73°48′N 53°48′E / 73.8°N 53.8°E / 73.8; 53.8 (168)
0 + 3,280 m (10,760 ft)
air drop,weapons development
10 Mt
169
21 September 1962 08:00:??
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (169)
0 + 3,000 m (9,800 ft)
air drop,weapons development
2.4 Mt
170
22 September 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan 50°24′58″N 77°44′24″E / 50.416°N 77.74°E / 50.416; 77.74 (170)
280 m (920 ft) + 0
dry surface,safety experiment
210 t
171
24 September 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (171)
280 m (920 ft) + 630 m (2,070 ft)
air drop,weapons development
1.2 kt
172
25 September 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan 50°27′22″N 77°46′23″E / 50.456°N 77.773°E / 50.456; 77.773 (172)
280 m (920 ft) + 0
dry surface,weapons development
7 kt
173
25 September 1962 13:02:31.7
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 73°42′N 55°00′E / 73.7°N 55°E / 73.7; 55 (173)
0 + 4,090 m (13,420 ft)
air drop,weapons development
19.1 Mt
174
27 September 1962 08:03:16.4
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 74°18′N 52°24′E / 74.3°N 52.4°E / 74.3; 52.4 (174)
0 + 3,900 m (12,800 ft)
air drop,weapons development
20 Mt
175
28 September 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (175)
280 m (920 ft) + 695 m (2,280 ft)
air drop,fundamental science
1.3 kt
176
7 October 1962 16:32:??
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (176)
0 + 1,440 m (4,720 ft)
air drop,weapons development
320 kt
177
9 October 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (177)
280 m (920 ft) + 645 m (2,116 ft)
air drop,weapons development
8 kt
178
9 October 1962
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (178)
0 + 3,000 m (9,800 ft)
air drop,weapons development
15 kt
179
10 October 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (179)
280 m (920 ft) + 665 m (2,182 ft)
air drop,weapons development
9.2 kt
180
13 October 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (180)
280 m (920 ft) + 720 m (2,360 ft)
air drop,weapons development
4.9 kt
181
14 October 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (181)
280 m (920 ft) + 725 m (2,379 ft)
air drop,weapons development
10 kt
182
20 October 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (182)
280 m (920 ft) + 635 m (2,083 ft)
air drop,weapons development
6.7 kt
183
22 October 1962 09:06:10.1
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 73°24′N 54°54′E / 73.4°N 54.9°E / 73.4; 54.9 (183)
0 + 3,230 m (10,600 ft)
air drop,weapons development
8.2 Mt
185
27 October 1962 07:35:??
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (185)
0 + 1,550 m (5,090 ft)
air drop,weapons development
260 kt
186
28 October 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (186)
280 m (920 ft) + 670 m (2,200 ft)
air drop,weapons development
7.8 kt
188
28 October 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (188)
280 m (920 ft) + 645 m (2,116 ft)
air drop,weapons development
7.8 kt
189
29 October 1962 07:35:??
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (189)
0 + 1,550 m (5,090 ft)
air drop,weapons development
360 kt
190
30 October 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (190)
280 m (920 ft) + 0
dry surface,weapons development
1.2 kt
191
30 October 1962
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (191)
0 + 1,500 m (4,900 ft)
air drop,weapons development
280 kt
192
31 October 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (192)
280 m (920 ft) + 690 m (2,260 ft)
air drop,weapons development
10 kt
194
1 November 1962 06:30:??
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (194)
0 + 1,500 m (4,900 ft)
air drop,weapons development
240 kt
193
1 November 1962 09:20:??
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (193)
280 m (920 ft) + 700 m (2,300 ft)
air drop,weapons development
3 kt
197
3 November 1962
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (197)
0 + 4,000 m (13,000 ft)
air drop,weapons development
45 kt
198
3 November 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (198)
280 m (920 ft) + 710 m (2,330 ft)
air drop,weapons development
4.7 kt
196
3 November 1962 08:31:??
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (196)
0 + 1,500 m (4,900 ft)
air drop,weapons development
390 kt
199
4 November 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (199)
280 m (920 ft) + 600 m (2,000 ft)
air drop,weapons development
8.4 kt
200
5 November 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan 50°26′N 77°50′E / 50.43°N 77.83°E / 50.43; 77.83 (200)
280 m (920 ft) + 15 m (49 ft)
tower,weapon effect
400 t
201
11 November 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan 50°24′58″N 77°44′24″E / 50.416°N 77.74°E / 50.416; 77.74 (201)
280 m (920 ft) + 8 m (26 ft)
tower,weapons development
100 t
202
13 November 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°22′41″N 77°51′18″E / 50.378°N 77.855°E / 50.378; 77.855 (202)
280 m (920 ft) + 0
dry surface,weapons development
1000 kg
203
14 November 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (203)
280 m (920 ft) + 660 m (2,170 ft)
air drop,weapons development
12 kt
204
17 November 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (204)
280 m (920 ft) + 715 m (2,346 ft)
air drop,weapons development
18 kt
205
24 November 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°22′41″N 77°51′18″E / 50.378°N 77.855°E / 50.378; 77.855 (205)
280 m (920 ft) + 0
dry surface,safety experiment
1000 kg
206
26 November 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°22′41″N 77°51′18″E / 50.378°N 77.855°E / 50.378; 77.855 (206)
280 m (920 ft) + 0
dry surface,safety experiment
31 t
207
1 December 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (207)
280 m (920 ft) + 680 m (2,230 ft)
air drop,weapons development
2.4 kt
209
18 December 1962
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (209)
0 + 1,500 m (4,900 ft)
air drop,fundamental science
69 kt
208
18 December 1962 10:45:??
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (208)
0 + 1,600 m (5,200 ft)
air drop,weapons development
110 kt
210
20 December 1962
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (210)
0 + 1,070 m (3,510 ft)
air drop,weapons development
8.3 kt
211
22 December 1962
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (211)
0 + 1,050 m (3,440 ft)
air drop,weapons development
6.3 kt
213
23 December 1962
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (213)
0 + 1,470 m (4,820 ft)
air drop,weapons development
8.3 kt
214
23 December 1962
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (214)
0 + 1,270 m (4,170 ft)
air drop,weapons development
2.4 kt
215
23 December 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°22′41″N 77°51′18″E / 50.378°N 77.855°E / 50.378; 77.855 (215)
280 m (920 ft) + 0
dry surface,safety experiment
less than 0.001 kt
212
23 December 1962 11:15:??
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (212)
0 + 1,460 m (4,790 ft)
air drop,weapons development
430 kt
216
24 December 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°22′41″N 77°51′18″E / 50.378°N 77.855°E / 50.378; 77.855 (216)
280 m (920 ft) + 0
dry surface,safety experiment
7 t
217
24 December 1962
ALMT (6 hrs)
Ground Zero, Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan ~ 50°22′41″N 77°51′18″E / 50.378°N 77.855°E / 50.378; 77.855 (217)
280 m (920 ft) + 0
dry surface,safety experiment
28 t
218
24 December 1962 10:44:21.9
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 74°12′N 52°18′E / 74.2°N 52.3°E / 74.2; 52.3 (218)
0 + 1,320 m (4,330 ft)
air drop,weapons development
1.1 Mt
219
24 December 1962 11:11:42.0
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 73°36′N 57°30′E / 73.6°N 57.5°E / 73.6; 57.5 (219)
0 + 3,750 m (12,300 ft)
air drop,weapons development
24.2 Mt
Reduced yield test of 50 Mt weapon.
220
25 December 1962 13:35:57.2
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia 73°24′N 56°30′E / 73.4°N 56.5°E / 73.4; 56.5 (220)
0 + 2,250 m (7,380 ft)
air drop,weapons development
3.1 Mt
221
25 December 1962
MSK (3 hrs)
NZ Area C, Sukhoy Nos, Novaya Zemlya, Russia ~ 73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (221)
0 + 990 m (3,250 ft)
air drop,weapons development
8.5 kt
Last Soviet atmospheric test.
^ The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
^ To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. Historical time zone data obtained from the IANA time zone database.
^ Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
^ Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
^ Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
^ Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
^ Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
^ Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
^ Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000). CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3) (Technical report). SMDC Monitoring Research.
^ "Time Zone Historical Database". iana.com. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
^ Soviet Atomic Energy Program (PDF) (Technical report). National Intelligence Estimate 11-2A-62. Central Intelligence Agency. 16 May 1962. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
^ Khalturin, Vitaly I.; Rautian, Tatyana G.; Richards, Paul G. (2000). "Chemical explosions during 1961-1989 on the Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan" (PDF). Pure and Applied Geophysics. 158: 143–171. doi:10.1007/pl00001153. S2CID 128953780. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Cochran, Thomas B.; Arkin, William M.; Norris, Robert S.; Sands, Jeffrey I. Nuclear Weapons Databook Vol. IV: Soviet Nuclear Weapons. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc Podvig, Pavel, ed. (2001). Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262661812. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar USSR Nuclear Weapons Tests and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions 1949 through 1990. Sarov, Russia: RFNC-VNIIEF. 1996. The official Russian list of Soviet tests.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Andrushkin, Vitaly V.; Leith, William (1 September 2001). The containment of Soviet underground nuclear explosions (PDF) (Open File Report 01-312). USGS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao Nuclear explosions in the USSR: The North Test Site reference material, version 4 (PDF) (Technical report). IAEA Dept. of Nuclear Safety and Security. 1 December 2004. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Crampin, Stuart (1966). "Higher-mode seismic surface waves from atmospheric nuclear explosions over Novaya Zemlya". Journal of Geophysical Research. 71 (12): 2951–2958. Bibcode:1966JGR....71.2951C. doi:10.1029/jz071i012p02951.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj USSR Nuclear Tests, Hydronuclear Experiments, Plutonium Inventory. Sarov, Russia: RFNC-VNIIEF. 1998.
^ a b c Khalturin, Vitaly I.; Rautian, Tatyana G.; Richards, Paul G.; Leith, William S. (10 April 2004). "A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya Zemlya, 1955--1990" (PDF). Science and Global Security. 13 (1): 1–42. Bibcode:2005S&GS...13....1K. doi:10.1080/08929880590961862. S2CID 122069080. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
^ a b "Early testing at Novaya Zemlya". based on: "Боевые стрельбы с ядерными взрывами > История > «Всякая всячина» — Библиотечка разных статей". Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2011., http://flot.com/history/events/nucleararchipelago.htm and http://www.proatom.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2312
^ a b c Saha, A. K.; Karabin, Mirjana; Mahajan, K. K. (1963). "Ionospheric effects following distant nuclear detonations". Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics. 25 (4): 212–218. Bibcode:1963JATP...25..212S. doi:10.1016/0021-9169(63)90166-1.
^ Sakharov, Andrei (1990). Memoirs. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
^ Operation Argus, 1958 (DNA6039F). Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency, Department of Defense. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Keppler, E.; Pfotzer, G.; Riedler, W. (1964). "Radioactive debris from nuclear explosions in high altitudes". Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics. 26 (4): 429–436. Bibcode:1964JATP...26..429K. doi:10.1016/0021-9169(64)90024-8.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=1962+Soviet+nuclear+tests"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=1962+Soviet+nuclear+tests"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=1962+Soviet+nuclear+tests"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=1962+Soviet+nuclear+tests"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=1962+Soviet+nuclear+tests"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LT_1-1"},{"link_name":"nuclear tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_test"},{"link_name":"Soviet Project K nuclear tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Project_K_nuclear_tests"},{"link_name":"1964 Soviet nuclear tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Soviet_nuclear_tests"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"IANA time zone database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"tons, kilotons, and megatons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_equivalent"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"}],"text":"See also: List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet UnionMap all coordinates in \"1962 Soviet nuclear tests\" using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)The Soviet Union's 1962 nuclear test series[1] was a group of 78 nuclear tests conducted in 1962. These tests followed the Soviet Project K nuclear tests series and preceded the 1964 Soviet nuclear tests series.^ The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in \"name1 – 1(with name2)\". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.\n\n^ To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. Historical time zone data obtained from the IANA time zone database.\n\n^ Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. \"~\" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.\n\n^ Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is \"N/A\". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while \"0\" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.\n\n^ Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.\n\n^ Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.\n\n^ Designations for test items where known, \"?\" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.\n\n^ Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).\n\n^ Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and \"all\" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.","title":"1962 Soviet nuclear tests"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl (August 2000). CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3) (Technical report). SMDC Monitoring Research.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Time Zone Historical Database\". iana.com. Retrieved 8 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ietf.org/timezones/","url_text":"\"Time Zone Historical Database\""}]},{"reference":"Soviet Atomic Energy Program (PDF) (Technical report). National Intelligence Estimate 11-2A-62. Central Intelligence Agency. 16 May 1962. Retrieved 12 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0000843187.pdf","url_text":"Soviet Atomic Energy Program"}]},{"reference":"Khalturin, Vitaly I.; Rautian, Tatyana G.; Richards, Paul G. (2000). \"Chemical explosions during 1961-1989 on the Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan\" (PDF). Pure and Applied Geophysics. 158: 143–171. doi:10.1007/pl00001153. S2CID 128953780. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120004/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/sgt/vitaly/VIKh_papers/chemex_at_STS2000.pdf","url_text":"\"Chemical explosions during 1961-1989 on the Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fpl00001153","url_text":"10.1007/pl00001153"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128953780","url_text":"128953780"},{"url":"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/sgt/vitaly/VIKh_papers/chemex_at_STS2000.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cochran, Thomas B.; Arkin, William M.; Norris, Robert S.; Sands, Jeffrey I. Nuclear Weapons Databook Vol. IV: Soviet Nuclear Weapons. New York, NY: Harper and Row.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Podvig, Pavel, ed. (2001). Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262661812. Retrieved 9 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CPRVbYDc-7kC&pg=PA453","url_text":"Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262661812","url_text":"9780262661812"}]},{"reference":"USSR Nuclear Weapons Tests and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions 1949 through 1990. Sarov, Russia: RFNC-VNIIEF. 1996.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Andrushkin, Vitaly V.; Leith, William (1 September 2001). The containment of Soviet underground nuclear explosions (PDF) (Open File Report 01-312). USGS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130509080818/http://geology.er.usgs.gov/eespteam/pdf/USGSOFR01312.pdf","url_text":"The containment of Soviet underground nuclear explosions"},{"url":"https://geology.er.usgs.gov/eespteam/pdf/USGSOFR01312.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nuclear explosions in the USSR: The North Test Site reference material, version 4 (PDF) (Technical report). IAEA Dept. of Nuclear Safety and Security. 1 December 2004. Retrieved 13 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www-ns.iaea.org/downloads/rw/waste-safety/north-test-site-final.pdf","url_text":"Nuclear explosions in the USSR: The North Test Site reference material, version 4"}]},{"reference":"Crampin, Stuart (1966). \"Higher-mode seismic surface waves from atmospheric nuclear explosions over Novaya Zemlya\". Journal of Geophysical Research. 71 (12): 2951–2958. Bibcode:1966JGR....71.2951C. doi:10.1029/jz071i012p02951.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966JGR....71.2951C","url_text":"1966JGR....71.2951C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2Fjz071i012p02951","url_text":"10.1029/jz071i012p02951"}]},{"reference":"USSR Nuclear Tests, Hydronuclear Experiments, Plutonium Inventory. Sarov, Russia: RFNC-VNIIEF. 1998.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Khalturin, Vitaly I.; Rautian, Tatyana G.; Richards, Paul G.; Leith, William S. (10 April 2004). \"A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya Zemlya, 1955--1990\" (PDF). Science and Global Security. 13 (1): 1–42. Bibcode:2005S&GS...13....1K. doi:10.1080/08929880590961862. S2CID 122069080. Retrieved 12 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~richards/my_papers/khalturin_NZ_1-42%20.pdf","url_text":"\"A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya Zemlya, 1955--1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005S&GS...13....1K","url_text":"2005S&GS...13....1K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08929880590961862","url_text":"10.1080/08929880590961862"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122069080","url_text":"122069080"}]},{"reference":"\"Early testing at Novaya Zemlya\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sonicbomb.com/modules.php?name=Forums&file=viewtopic&t=1627","url_text":"\"Early testing at Novaya Zemlya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Боевые стрельбы с ядерными взрывами > История > «Всякая всячина» — Библиотечка разных статей\". Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101231080707/http://wsyachina.narod.ru/history/testing_ground_25.html","url_text":"\"Боевые стрельбы с ядерными взрывами > История > «Всякая всячина» — Библиотечка разных статей\""},{"url":"http://wsyachina.narod.ru/history/testing_ground_25.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Saha, A. K.; Karabin, Mirjana; Mahajan, K. K. (1963). \"Ionospheric effects following distant nuclear detonations\". Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics. 25 (4): 212–218. Bibcode:1963JATP...25..212S. doi:10.1016/0021-9169(63)90166-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963JATP...25..212S","url_text":"1963JATP...25..212S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0021-9169%2863%2990166-1","url_text":"10.1016/0021-9169(63)90166-1"}]},{"reference":"Sakharov, Andrei (1990). Memoirs. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Operation Argus, 1958 (DNA6039F). Washington, DC: Defense Nuclear Agency, Department of Defense. Retrieved 26 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112075683737;view=1up;seq=11","url_text":"Operation Argus, 1958"}]},{"reference":"Keppler, E.; Pfotzer, G.; Riedler, W. (1964). \"Radioactive debris from nuclear explosions in high altitudes\". Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics. 26 (4): 429–436. Bibcode:1964JATP...26..429K. doi:10.1016/0021-9169(64)90024-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964JATP...26..429K","url_text":"1964JATP...26..429K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0021-9169%2864%2990024-8","url_text":"10.1016/0021-9169(64)90024-8"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=1962+Soviet+nuclear+tests","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=1962+Soviet+nuclear+tests","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=1962+Soviet+nuclear+tests","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=1962+Soviet+nuclear+tests","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=1962+Soviet+nuclear+tests","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=49.78198_N_77.99618_E_&title=143+Argon+1+%28Joe+120%29","external_links_name":"49°46′55″N 77°59′46″E / 49.78198°N 77.99618°E / 49.78198; 77.99618 (143 Argon 1 (Joe 120))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=144","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (144)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=145","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (145)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=146","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (146)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=74.2_N_52.5_E_&title=147","external_links_name":"74°12′N 52°30′E / 74.2°N 52.5°E / 74.2; 52.5 (147)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.456_N_77.773_E_&title=148","external_links_name":"50°27′22″N 77°46′23″E / 50.456°N 77.773°E / 50.456; 77.773 (148)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=149","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (149)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=150","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (150)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=151","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (151)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=74.3_N_51.5_E_&title=152","external_links_name":"74°18′N 51°30′E / 74.3°N 51.5°E / 74.3; 51.5 (152)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=153","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (153)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=156","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (156)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73.71_N_45.2_E_&title=Launch_155+Shkval+%28Flurry%29","external_links_name":"73°43′N 45°12′E / 73.71°N 45.2°E / 73.71; 45.2 (Launch_155 Shkval (Flurry))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73.75_N_52.3_E_&title=155+Shkval+%28Flurry%29","external_links_name":"73°45′N 52°18′E / 73.75°N 52.3°E / 73.75; 52.3 (155 Shkval (Flurry))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=70.9917_N_55.52855_E_&title=154","external_links_name":"70°59′30″N 55°31′43″E / 70.9917°N 55.52855°E / 70.9917; 55.52855 (154)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=157","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (157)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=159","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (159)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=158","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (158)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=161","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (161)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=74.7_N_50.3_E_&title=160","external_links_name":"74°42′N 50°18′E / 74.7°N 50.3°E / 74.7; 50.3 (160)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=162","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (162)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=163","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (163)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=unnumbered+%234","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (unnumbered #4)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=51.91335_N_113.13053_E_&title=Launch_164+Tyulpan+%28Tulip%29","external_links_name":"51°54′48″N 113°07′50″E / 51.91335°N 113.13053°E / 51.91335; 113.13053 (Launch_164 Tyulpan (Tulip))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73.7_N_53.8_E_&title=164+Tyulpan+%28Tulip%29","external_links_name":"73°42′N 53°48′E / 73.7°N 53.8°E / 73.7; 53.8 (164 Tyulpan (Tulip))"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=74.4_N_51.5_E_&title=165","external_links_name":"74°24′N 51°30′E / 74.4°N 51.5°E / 74.4; 51.5 (165)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=74.2_N_51.6_E_&title=166","external_links_name":"74°12′N 51°36′E / 74.2°N 51.6°E / 74.2; 51.6 (166)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=unnumbered+%235","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (unnumbered #5)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73.2_N_54.7_E_&title=167","external_links_name":"73°12′N 54°42′E / 73.2°N 54.7°E / 73.2; 54.7 (167)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73.8_N_53.8_E_&title=168","external_links_name":"73°48′N 53°48′E / 73.8°N 53.8°E / 73.8; 53.8 (168)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=169","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (169)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.416_N_77.74_E_&title=170","external_links_name":"50°24′58″N 77°44′24″E / 50.416°N 77.74°E / 50.416; 77.74 (170)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=171","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (171)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.456_N_77.773_E_&title=172","external_links_name":"50°27′22″N 77°46′23″E / 50.456°N 77.773°E / 50.456; 77.773 (172)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73.7_N_55_E_&title=173","external_links_name":"73°42′N 55°00′E / 73.7°N 55°E / 73.7; 55 (173)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=74.3_N_52.4_E_&title=174","external_links_name":"74°18′N 52°24′E / 74.3°N 52.4°E / 74.3; 52.4 (174)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=175","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (175)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=176","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (176)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=177","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (177)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=178","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (178)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=179","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (179)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=180","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (180)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=181","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (181)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=182","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (182)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73.4_N_54.9_E_&title=183","external_links_name":"73°24′N 54°54′E / 73.4°N 54.9°E / 73.4; 54.9 (183)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=185","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (185)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=186","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (186)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=188","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (188)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=189","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (189)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=190","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (190)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=191","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (191)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=192","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (192)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=194","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (194)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=193","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (193)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=197","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (197)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=198","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (198)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=196","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (196)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=199","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (199)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.43_N_77.83_E_&title=200","external_links_name":"50°26′N 77°50′E / 50.43°N 77.83°E / 50.43; 77.83 (200)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.416_N_77.74_E_&title=201","external_links_name":"50°24′58″N 77°44′24″E / 50.416°N 77.74°E / 50.416; 77.74 (201)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.378_N_77.855_E_&title=202","external_links_name":"50°22′41″N 77°51′18″E / 50.378°N 77.855°E / 50.378; 77.855 (202)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=203","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (203)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=204","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (204)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.378_N_77.855_E_&title=205","external_links_name":"50°22′41″N 77°51′18″E / 50.378°N 77.855°E / 50.378; 77.855 (205)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.378_N_77.855_E_&title=206","external_links_name":"50°22′41″N 77°51′18″E / 50.378°N 77.855°E / 50.378; 77.855 (206)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.4_N_77.8_E_&title=207","external_links_name":"50°24′N 77°48′E / 50.4°N 77.8°E / 50.4; 77.8 (207)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=209","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (209)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=208","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (208)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=210","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (210)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=211","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (211)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=213","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (213)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=214","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (214)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.378_N_77.855_E_&title=215","external_links_name":"50°22′41″N 77°51′18″E / 50.378°N 77.855°E / 50.378; 77.855 (215)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=212","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (212)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.378_N_77.855_E_&title=216","external_links_name":"50°22′41″N 77°51′18″E / 50.378°N 77.855°E / 50.378; 77.855 (216)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=50.378_N_77.855_E_&title=217","external_links_name":"50°22′41″N 77°51′18″E / 50.378°N 77.855°E / 50.378; 77.855 (217)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=74.2_N_52.3_E_&title=218","external_links_name":"74°12′N 52°18′E / 74.2°N 52.3°E / 74.2; 52.3 (218)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73.6_N_57.5_E_&title=219","external_links_name":"73°36′N 57°30′E / 73.6°N 57.5°E / 73.6; 57.5 (219)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73.4_N_56.5_E_&title=220","external_links_name":"73°24′N 56°30′E / 73.4°N 56.5°E / 73.4; 56.5 (220)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests¶ms=73_N_55_E_&title=221","external_links_name":"73°N 55°E / 73°N 55°E / 73; 55 (221)"},{"Link":"http://www.ietf.org/timezones/","external_links_name":"\"Time Zone Historical Database\""},{"Link":"https://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0000843187.pdf","external_links_name":"Soviet Atomic Energy Program"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120004/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/sgt/vitaly/VIKh_papers/chemex_at_STS2000.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Chemical explosions during 1961-1989 on the Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fpl00001153","external_links_name":"10.1007/pl00001153"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128953780","external_links_name":"128953780"},{"Link":"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/div/sgt/vitaly/VIKh_papers/chemex_at_STS2000.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CPRVbYDc-7kC&pg=PA453","external_links_name":"Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130509080818/http://geology.er.usgs.gov/eespteam/pdf/USGSOFR01312.pdf","external_links_name":"The containment of Soviet underground nuclear explosions"},{"Link":"https://geology.er.usgs.gov/eespteam/pdf/USGSOFR01312.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www-ns.iaea.org/downloads/rw/waste-safety/north-test-site-final.pdf","external_links_name":"Nuclear explosions in the USSR: The North Test Site reference material, version 4"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966JGR....71.2951C","external_links_name":"1966JGR....71.2951C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2Fjz071i012p02951","external_links_name":"10.1029/jz071i012p02951"},{"Link":"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~richards/my_papers/khalturin_NZ_1-42%20.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Review of Nuclear Testing by the Soviet Union at Novaya Zemlya, 1955--1990\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005S&GS...13....1K","external_links_name":"2005S&GS...13....1K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08929880590961862","external_links_name":"10.1080/08929880590961862"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122069080","external_links_name":"122069080"},{"Link":"http://www.sonicbomb.com/modules.php?name=Forums&file=viewtopic&t=1627","external_links_name":"\"Early testing at Novaya Zemlya\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101231080707/http://wsyachina.narod.ru/history/testing_ground_25.html","external_links_name":"\"Боевые стрельбы с ядерными взрывами > История > «Всякая всячина» — Библиотечка разных статей\""},{"Link":"http://wsyachina.narod.ru/history/testing_ground_25.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://flot.com/history/events/nucleararchipelago.htm","external_links_name":"http://flot.com/history/events/nucleararchipelago.htm"},{"Link":"http://www.proatom.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2312","external_links_name":"http://www.proatom.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2312"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963JATP...25..212S","external_links_name":"1963JATP...25..212S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0021-9169%2863%2990166-1","external_links_name":"10.1016/0021-9169(63)90166-1"},{"Link":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112075683737;view=1up;seq=11","external_links_name":"Operation Argus, 1958"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964JATP...26..429K","external_links_name":"1964JATP...26..429K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0021-9169%2864%2990024-8","external_links_name":"10.1016/0021-9169(64)90024-8"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_baronies_in_the_peerages_of_Britain_and_Ireland
|
List of baronies in the peerages of Britain and Ireland
|
["1 British Isles","1.1 Hereditary baronies","1.2 Life baronies","1.3 Hereditary feudal baronies","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Peerages and baronetcies of Britain and Ireland
Extant
All
Dukes
Dukedoms
Marquesses
Marquessates
Earls
Earldoms
Viscounts
Viscountcies
Barons
Baronies
En, Sc, GB, Ir, UK (Law, Life:1958–1979, 1979–1997, 1997–2010, 2010–present)
Baronets
Baronetcies
The peerage is the collective term for all those holding titles of nobility of all degrees. The term superseded the term baronage used of the feudal era.
A Barony is a rank or dignity of a man or a woman who is a participant of a small rank of a British nobility.
British Isles
Hereditary baronies
The hereditary baronies fall into five classes:
List of baronies in the peerage of England
List of lordships of Parliament (in the peerage of Scotland)
List of baronies in the peerage of Great Britain
List of baronies in the peerage of Ireland
List of hereditary baronies in the peerage of the United Kingdom
These have precedence in the order named, except that baronies of Ireland created after 1 January 1801 (the date of the Union between Great Britain and Ireland) yield to earlier-created baronies of the United Kingdom.
Life baronies
The life baronies fall into two classes:
List of life peerages (created under the Life Peerages Act 1958):
List of life peerages (1958–1979)
List of life peerages (1979–1997)
List of life peerages (1997–2010)
List of life peerages (2010–present)
List of law life peerages (created under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876)
All life baronies are in the peerage of the United Kingdom, and rank amongst hereditary baronies in that peerage (and each other) by date of creation.
Hereditary feudal baronies
These are distinct from the titles above, created by writ or patent, and were constituents of the now defunct feudal baronage and are not therefore constituents of the modern, post-feudal peerage:
List of English feudal baronies
List of Scottish feudal baronies
List of Marcher lordships
See also
Baron
British nobility
Feudal baron
List of barons in the peerages of Britain and Ireland
References
vteCurrent barons in the Peerage of England Sorted by (historical) entity at time of grantKing Henry III
Peter Maxwell, 27th Baron de Ros
King Edward I
James Stourton, 28th Baron Mowbray
Delaval Astley, 23rd Baron Hastings
Julian Plumptre, 22nd Baron FitzWalter
James Stourton, 28th Baron Mowbray
Charles Fane-Trefusis, 23rd Baron Clinton
Miles Russell, 28th Baron de Clifford
King Edward II
James Frankland, 18th Baron Zouche
Jane Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby
Andrew Kenworthy, 12th Baron Strabolgi
Emily Beamish, 29th Baroness Dacre
King Edward III
Caspar Ingrams, 19th Baron Darcy de Knayth
Godfrey Bewicke-Copley, 7th Baron Cromwell
King Richard II
William Stonor, 8th Baron Camoys
Richard Cornwall-Legh, 6th Baron Grey of Codnor
King Henry V
Anthony Gueterbock, 18th Baron Berkeley
King Henry VI
Crispin Money-Coutts, 9th Baron Latymer
Jim Wallace, 15th Baron Dudley
Martin Fiennes, 22nd Baron Saye and Sele
James Stourton, 28th Baron Mowbray
Rupert Kirkham, 17th Baron Berners
King Edward IV
David Seyfried-Herbert, 19th Baron Herbert
King Henry VII
David Verney, 21st Baron Willoughby de Broke
King Henry VIII
Richard Gilbey, 12th Baron Vaux of Harrowden
Mary Aubrey-Fletcher, 8th Baroness Braye
Alexander Leith, 8th Baron Burgh
Myles Robertson, 12th Baron Wharton
Queen Elizabeth I
Anthony St John, 22nd Baron St John of Bletso
Hazel Czernin, 10th Baroness Howard de Walden
King James I
John Petre, 18th Baron Petre
William Dormer, 18th Baron Dormer
John Roper-Curzon, 19th Baron Teynham
King Charles I
Adam Drummond, 17th Baron Strange
Francis Fitzherbert, 15th Baron Stafford
Robert Byron, 13th Baron Byron
King Charles II
Ralph Palmer, 12th Baron Lucas
Jennifer Forwood, 11th Baroness Arlington
Thomas Clifford, 14th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh
King William III
Henry Vane, 12th Baron Barnard
Italics in entries mean the titleholder also holds a previously listed barony of greater precedence
vteCurrent Scottish lords of Parliament Sorted by (historical) entity at time of grantKing James II
Malcolm Forbes, 23rd Lord Forbes
Andrew Campbell-Gray, 23rd Lord Gray
Flora Fraser, 21st Lady Saltoun
Matthew St Clair, 18th Lord Sinclair
John Borthwick, 24th Lord Borthwick
King James III
Simon Fraser, 16th Lord Lovat^•
King James IV
James Sempill, 21st Lord Sempill
Jane Kerr, 16th Lady Herries of Terregles
Alexander Elphinstone, 19th Lord Elphinstone^•
Queen Mary I
James Sandilands, 15th Lord Torphichen
King James VI
Teresa Freeman-Grenville, 13th Lady Kinloss
Victoria Bruce-Winkler, 9th Lady Balfour of Burleigh
Ralph Palmer, 8th Lord Dingwall^*
King Charles I
Francis Napier, 15th Lord Napier^•
Nicholas Fairfax, 14th Lord Fairfax of Cameron
Aeneas Mackay, 15th Lord Reay
Robert Erskine-Murray, 15th Lord Elibank
Frederick Hamilton, 14th Lord Belhaven and Stenton
King Charles II
David Rollo, 14th Lord Rollo^•
King William II & Queen Mary II
Andrew Hepburne-Scott, 11th Lord Polwarth
Italics in entries mean the titleholder also holds a previously listed lordship of greater precedence^* Also a Baron in the Peerage of England ^• Also a Baron in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
vteCurrent barons in the Peerage of Great Britain Sorted by (historical) entity at time of grantQueen Anne
Michael Willoughby, 13th Baron Middleton
King George I
Jonathan Walpole, 11th Baron Walpole
King George II
Nicholas Monson, 12th Baron Monson
Jonathan Walpole, 11th Baron Walpole
King George III
George Irby, 11th Baron Boston
Anthony Vernon-Harcourt, 11th Baron Vernon
Henry Digby, 7th Baron Digby
Edward Cust, 7th Baron Brownlow
Thomas Foley, 9th Baron Foley
William Hawke, 12th Baron Hawke
Edward FitzRoy, 7th Baron Southampton
Charles Bagot, 10th Baron Bagot
Hugo Rhys, 10th Baron Dynevor
John de Grey, 9th Baron Walsingham
Richard Norton, 8th Baron Grantley
John Rodney, 11th Baron Rodney
Philip Somers-Cocks, 9th Baron Somers
John Harbord-Hamond, 13th Baron Suffield
Lloyd Tyrell-Kenyon, 6th Baron Kenyon
Richard Neville, 11th Baron Braybrooke
Roualeyn Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce, 9th Baron Thurlow
Robert Eden, 10th Baron Auckland
Harry Orde-Powlett, 8th Baron Bolton
Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington
Mark Powys, 8th Baron Lilford
Italics in entries mean the titleholder also holds another barony of greater precedence.
vteCurrent barons in the Peerage of Ireland Sorted by (historical) entity at time of grantLordship of Ireland
Nevinson de Courcy, 31st Baron Kingsale
Randal Plunkett, 21st Baron of Dunsany
Richard Butler, 20th Baron Dunboyne
Jonathan Plunkett, 17th Baron Louth
Kingdom of Ireland
Conor O'Brien, 19th Baron Inchiquin
Henry Digby, 13th Baron Digby^*
Michael Evans-Freke, 12th Baron Carbery
Anthony Aylmer, 14th Baron Aylmer
Simon Maxwell, 13th Baron Farnham
Nicholas Lysaght, 9th Baron Lisle
Robert Wynn, 8th Baron Newborough
Godfrey Macdonald, 8th Baron Macdonald
Hugh Edwardes, 8th Baron Kensington^•
David Massy, 10th Baron Massy
Richard Stanley, 9th Baron Sheffield^•
John Browne, 8th Baron Kilmaine
Robert Eden, 10th Baron Auckland^*
Roderick Cavendish, 8th Baron Waterpark
Timothy Graves, 10th Baron Graves
Joshua Vanneck, 7th Baron Huntingfield
Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington^*
William Westenra, 7th Baron Rossmore^•
Henry Hotham, 8th Baron Hotham
Edward Crofton, 8th Baron Crofton
Robuck ffrench, 8th Baron ffrench
Oliver Eden, 8th Baron Henley^•
Owain Rowley-Conwy, 10th Baron Langford
John Blackwood, 11th Baron Dufferin and Claneboye
Mark Henniker-Major, 9th Baron Henniker^•
Andrew de Moleyns, 8th Baron Ventry
Henry Prittie, 7th Baron Dunalley
Simon Bingham, 8th Baron Clanmorris
Roderick Trench, 8th Baron Ashtown
United Kingdom
Charles Thellusson, 9th Baron Rendlesham
Roland Handcock, 8th Baron Castlemaine
Marcus Beresford, 7th Baron Decies
Spencer Canning, 6th Baron Garvagh
Richard Arundell, 11th Baron Talbot of Malahide
Patrick Conolly-Carew, 7th Baron Carew^•
Dominick Browne, 5th Baron Oranmore and Browne^•
Bryan Bellew, 8th Baron Bellew
Maurice Roche, 6th Baron Fermoy
Thomas McClintock-Bunbury, 5th Baron Rathdonnell
Italics in entries mean the titleholder also holds another barony of greater precedence.^* Also a Baron in the Peerage of Great Britain ^• Also a Baron in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
vteCurrent hereditary barons of the United Kingdom Sorted by (historical) entity at time of grantKing George III
Rupert Law, 9th Baron Ellenborough
John Manners, 6th Baron Manners
The Prince Regent
Michael Spencer, 7th Baron Churchill
Michael Harris, 9th Baron Harris
King George IV
Thomas Liddell, 9th Baron Ravensworth
Hugh Cholmondeley, 5th Baron Delamere
Charles Weld-Forester, 9th Baron Forester
John Strutt, 6th Baron Rayleigh
Anthony Gifford, 6th Baron Gifford
Jasper Duncombe, 7th Baron Feversham
Colin Ellis, 6th Baron Seaford
Tyrone Plunket, 9th Baron Plunket
James Holmes à Court, 7th Baron Heytesbury
Andrew Bootle-Wilbraham, 8th Baron Skelmersdale
John Best, 9th Baron Wynford
King William IV
Robin Jordan Boyd, 8th Baron Kilmarnock
Mark Bampfylde, 7th Baron Poltimore
Gregory Mostyn, 7th Baron Mostyn
Eric Saumarez, 7th Baron de Saumarez
Richard Denman, 6th Baron Denman
James Scarlett, 9th Baron Abinger
Mark Baring, 8th Baron Ashburton
Edward Littleton, 8th Baron Hatherton
David Campbell, 7th Baron Stratheden and Campbell
Simon Fraser, 5th Baron Lovat^*
Queen Victoria
William Westenra, 7th Baron Rossmore^•
Patrick Conolly-Carew, 7th Baron Carew^•
Rupert Ponsonby, 7th Baron de Mauley
Clifton Wrottesley, 6th Baron Wrottesley
Nicholas Hanbury-Tracy, 8th Baron Sudeley
James Methuen-Campbell, 8th Baron Methuen
Richard Stanley, 9th Baron Stanley of Alderley^•
Christopher Leigh, 6th Baron Leigh
Charles Rice, 7th Baron Monteagle of Brandon
David Campbell, 7th Baron Stratheden and Campbell
Charles Vivian, 7th Baron Vivian
John Parnell, 9th Baron Congleton
Richard Stanley, 8th Baron Eddisbury^•
Richard Denison, 9th Baron Londesborough
Charles French, 8th Baron de Freyne
Geoffrey Somerset, 6th Baron Raglan
Richard Strutt, 5th Baron Belper
Charles Cavendish, 7th Baron Chesham
Benjamin Yarde-Buller, 6th Baron Churston
Max Wyndham, 7th Baron Leconfield
Colin Vernon, 8th Baron Lyveden
Charles Brougham, 6th Baron Brougham and Vaux
Richard Bethell, 6th Baron Westbury
Luke White, 6th Baron Annaly
Francis Baring, 6th Baron Northbrook
Mark Henniker-Major, 6th Baron Hartismere^•
Raymond Jolliffe, 5th Baron Hylton
Simon Douglas-Pennant, 7th Baron Penrhyn
Raymond O'Neill, 4th Baron O'Neill
Robert Napier, 6th Baron Napier of Magdala
David Rollo, 5th Baron Dunning^*
John Lyon-Dalberg-Acton, 5th Baron Acton
Miles Glyn, 8th Baron Wolverton
Charles Strachey, 4th Baron O'Hagan
Guy Mansfield, 6th Baron Sandhurst
Francis Napier, 6th Baron Ettrick^*
Alastair Bruce, 5th Baron Aberdare
Rhoderick Moncreiff, 6th Baron Moncreiff
William Coleridge, 5th Baron Coleridge
Thomas Fremantle, 6th Baron Cottesloe
John Pakington, 7th Baron Hampton
Jasset Ormsby-Gore, 7th Baron Harlech
John Tollemache, 5th Baron Tollemache
Anthony Gerard, 5th Baron Gerard
Robert Sackville-West, 7th Baron Sackville
James Adderley, 8th Baron Norton
Marke Hill-Trevor, 5th Baron Trevor
David Russell, 5th Baron Ampthill
Robin Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone, 5th Baron Derwent
Anthony Tufton, 6th Baron Hothfield
David Tennyson, 6th Baron Tennyson
James Grant of Grant, 6th Baron Strathspey
Christopher Dodson, 4th Baron Monk Bretton
Charles James, 6th Baron Northbourne
Oliver Eden, 6th Baron Northington^•
Nathaniel Rothschild, 5th Baron Rothschild
Alexander Baring, 7th Baron Revelstoke
James Collier, 6th Baron Monkswell
Charles Gibson, 5th Baron Ashbourne
Charles Winn, 6th Baron St Oswald
Ralph Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 4th Baron Montagu of Beaulieu
Alexander Elphinstone, 5th Baron Elphinstone^*
Henry Allsopp, 7th Baron Hindlip
Edward Beckett, 5th Baron Grimthorpe
William Edwardes, 6th Baron Kensington^•
Gavin Hamilton, 5th Baron Hamilton of Dalzell
James St Aubyn, 5th Baron St Levan
Stuart Sclater-Booth, 6th Baron Basing
John Fellowes, 4th Baron de Ramsey
Dominic Hubbard, 6th Baron Addington
John Lumley-Savile, 4th Baron Savile
Mark Cubitt, 5th Baron Ashcombe
David Brooks, 5th Baron Crawshaw
Hugh Cecil, 5th Baron Amherst of Hackney
Richard Legh, 5th Baron Newton
Brian Mulholland, 6th Baron Dunleath
Richard Vivian, 5th Baron Swansea
Vicary Gibbs, 6th Baron Aldenham
James Hamilton, 5th Baron HolmPatrick
Evan Baillie, 4th Baron Burton
Christopher Bailey, 5th Baron Glanusk
Philip Gurdon, 3rd Baron Cranworth
Lyulph Lubbock, 5th Baron Avebury
Redmond Morris, 4th Baron Killanin
Alexander Howard, 5th Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal
King Edward VII
Christopher Balfour, 5th Baron Kinross
Charles Kay-Shuttleworth, 5th Baron Shuttleworth
Julian Grenfell, 3rd Baron Grenfell
Rupert Mitford, 6th Baron Redesdale
Harry Lawson, 7th Baron Burnham
Anthony Biddulph, 5th Baron Biddulph
Charles Ritchie, 6th Baron Ritchie of Dundee
Charles Martyn-Hemphill, 6th Baron Hemphill
James Joicey, 5th Baron Joicey
Stephen Wilson, 6th Baron Nunburnholme
Charles Montagu, 5th Baron Swaythling
James Blyth, 5th Baron Blyth
William Whiteley, 4th Baron Marchamley
John Barnes, 5th Baron Gorell
Patrick Fisher, 4th Baron Fisher
Christopher Godley, 4th Baron Kilbracken
King George V
Julian Hardinge, 4th Baron Hardinge of Penshurst
Alexander de Villiers, 4th Baron de Villiers
Cody Tennant, 4th Baron Glenconner
Charles McLaren, 4th Baron Aberconway
David Lewis, 5th Baron Merthyr
John Corbett, 4th Baron Rowallan
Henry Ashton, 4th Baron Ashton of Hyde
Daniel Mosley, 4th Baron Ravensdale
Ian Hope-Morley, 4th Baron Hollenden
Michael Cripps, 5th Baron Parmoor
Roger Cunliffe, 3rd Baron Cunliffe
William Buckley, 4th Baron Wrenbury
Charles Henderson, 3rd Baron Faringdon
Charles Shaughnessy, 5th Baron Shaughnessy
Christopher Norton, 3rd Baron Rathcreedan
Hugh Crossley, 4th Baron Somerleyton
Adam Nicolson, 5th Baron Carnock
Maxwell Aitken, 3rd Baron Beaverbrook
Adrian Pease, 5th Baron Gainford
John Dewar, 4th Baron Forteviot
Anthony Hamilton-Smith, 3rd Baron Colwyn
Richard Chaloner, 3rd Baron Gisborough
Thomas Morris, 4th Baron Morris
John Cawley, 4th Baron Cawley
Christopher Woodhouse, 6th Baron Terrington
Simon Arthur, 4th Baron Glenarthur
Francis Phillimore, 5th Baron Phillimore
Andrew Weir, 4th Baron Inverforth
Arup Kumar Sinha, 6th Baron Sinha
Thomas Cochrane, 5th Baron Cochrane of Cults
John Roberts, 4th Baron Clwyd
Simon Russell, 3rd Baron Russell of Liverpool
Charles Swinfen Eady, 4th Baron Swinfen
James Meston, 3rd Baron Meston
Michael Cokayne, 4th Baron Cullen of Ashbourne
Patrick Lawrence, 5th Baron Trevethin
John Nivison, 4th Baron Glendyne
Miles Watson, 4th Baron Manton
Alastair Williamson, 4th Baron Forres
William Vestey, 4th Baron Vestey
Jamie Borwick, 5th Baron Borwick
Joseph Maclay, 3rd Baron Maclay
James Bethell, 5th Baron Bethell
Vicary Gibbs, 4th Baron Hunsdon of Hunsdon
Robert Darling, 3rd Baron Darling
Charles Banbury, 3rd Baron Banbury of Southam
Derek Duke, 4th Baron Merrivale
John Bradbury, 4th Baron Bradbury
Dominick Browne, 3rd Baron Mereworth^•
Ambrose Greenway, 4th Baron Greenway
William Chubb, 4th Baron Hayter
Fiennes Cornwallis, 4th Baron Cornwallis
Peter Greenall, 4th Baron Daresbury
Antony Gibbs, 4th Baron Wraxall
Philip Remnant, 4th Baron Remnant
Colin Moynihan, 4th Baron Moynihan
Thomas Shaw, 4th Baron Craigmyle
Michael Wills, 3rd Baron Dulverton
Ian Lawson Johnston, 4th Baron Luke
Robert Yerburgh, 3rd Baron Alvingham
David Robert Baden-Powell, 5th Baron Baden-Powell
Frederick Ponsonby, 4th Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede
Martin Dickinson, 3rd Baron Dickinson
Charles Noel-Buxton, 4th Baron Noel-Buxton
Philip Howard, 3rd Baron Howard of Penrith
David Lamb, 3rd Baron Rochester
Malcolm Mitchell-Thomson, 3rd Baron Selsdon
Jonathan Guinness, 3rd Baron Moyne
David Davies, 4th Baron Davies
Michael Hope, 5th Baron Rankeillour
Charles Nall-Cain, 3rd Baron Brocket
George Milne, 3rd Baron Milne
James Rodd, 4th Baron Rennell
Christopher Seely, 6th Baron Mottistone
Robert Iliffe, 3rd Baron Iliffe
Hugo Palmer, 5th Baron Palmer
Anthony Cecil, 4th Baron Rockley
Edward Elton, 3rd Baron Elton
Timothy Loder, 4th Baron Wakehurst
Alexander Fermor-Hesketh, 3rd Baron Hesketh
John Buchan, 4th Baron Tweedsmuir
Andrew Wigram, 3rd Baron Wigram
Anthony Balfour, 3rd Baron Riverdale
Jasper May, 4th Baron May
William Young, 3rd Baron Kennet
Ian Macpherson, 3rd Baron Strathcarron
King Edward VIII
Innes Catto, 3rd Baron Catto
King George VI
James Hennessy, 4th Baron Windlesham
Benjamin Mancroft, 3rd Baron Mancroft
Harry McGowan, 4th Baron McGowan
Richard Bowyer, 3rd Baron Denham
Matthew Rea, 4th Baron Rea
John Cadman, 3rd Baron Cadman
Randle Siddeley, 4th Baron Kenilworth
Henry Denison-Pender, 4th Baron Pender
Massey Lopes, 4th Baron Roborough
Edward Brassey, 4th Baron Brassey of Apethorpe
Nicholas Stamp, 5th Baron Stamp
Charles Smith, 5th Baron Bicester
Guy Philipps, 4th Baron Milford
Donald Hankey, 3rd Baron Hankey
Thomas Harmsworth, 3rd Baron Harmsworth
Robin Cayzer, 3rd Baron Rotherwick
Robin Dixon, 3rd Baron Glentoran
Charles Tryon, 4th Baron Tryon
Bernard Croft, 3rd Baron Croft
Charles Kerr, 3rd Baron Teviot
Rupert Nathan, 3rd Baron Nathan
James Reith, 3rd Baron Reith
Rupert Kindersley, 4th Baron Kindersley
Charles Ironside, 3rd Baron Ironside
Dominic Latham, 2nd Baron Latham
Antony Wedgwood, 5th Baron Wedgwood
Euan Geddes, 3rd Baron Geddes
Michael Warrender, 3rd Baron Bruntisfield
Ivon Moore-Brabazon, 3rd Baron Brabazon of Tara
Charles Keyes, 3rd Baron Keyes
Christopher Herbert, 4th Baron Hemingford
James Wilson, 3rd Baron Moran
Victor Lampson, 3rd Baron Killearn
Piers Dowding, 3rd Baron Dowding
John Gretton, 4th Baron Gretton
William Westwood, 4th Baron Westwood
Arthur Hazlerigg, 4th Baron Hazlerigg
David Hacking, 3rd Baron Hacking
Philip Chetwode, 2nd Baron Chetwode
James Edmondson, 3rd Baron Sandford
Sebastian Grigg, 4th Baron Altrincham
Richard Broadbridge, 5th Baron Broadbridge
Jeffrey Evans, 4th Baron Mountevans
James Lindsay, 3rd Baron Lindsay of Birker
James Piercy, 3rd Baron Piercy
Nicholas Chorley, 3rd Baron Chorley
Charles Muff, 3rd Baron Calverley
Robin Tedder, 3rd Baron Tedder
Alastair Campbell, 4th Baron Colgrain
Paul Davies, 4th Baron Darwen
Simon Lucas, 3rd Baron Lucas of Chilworth
Graeme Shepherd, 3rd Baron Shepherd
Francis Newall, 2nd Baron Newall
Patrick Lawrence, 3rd Baron Oaksey
Robert Maffey, 3rd Baron Rugby
Jonathan Layton, 4th Baron Layton
Matilda Simon, 3rd Baroness Simon of Wythenshawe
Edward Kershaw, 4th Baron Kershaw
David Trefgarne, 2nd Baron Trefgarne
Robert Crook, 3rd Baron Crook
Keith Montague, 3rd Baron Amwell
Michael Richards, 3rd Baron Milverton
David Colville, 3rd Baron Clydesmuir
Fraser Burden, 4th Baron Burden
Christopher Guest, 5th Baron Haden-Guest
Christopher Silkin, 3rd Baron Silkin (disclaimed)
Matthew Hives, 3rd Baron Hives
Malcolm Greenhill, 3rd Baron Greenhill
Tudor Rees-Williams, 4th Baron Ogmore
Jonathan Morris, 3rd Baron Morris of Kenwood
James Macpherson, 3rd Baron Macpherson of Drumochter
Michael Whitfield, 3rd Baron Kenswood
Valerian Freyberg, 3rd Baron Freyberg
Richard Milner, 3rd Baron Milner of Leeds
James Kirkwood, 4th Baron Kirkwood
Christopher Wise, 3rd Baron Wise
Queen Elizabeth II
Christopher Jeffreys, 3rd Baron Jeffreys
Hugh O'Neill, 3rd Baron Rathcavan
James Baillieu, 3rd Baron Baillieu
John Suenson-Taylor, 3rd Baron Grantchester
James Law, 3rd Baron Coleraine
Charles Harvey, 3rd Baron Harvey of Tasburgh
Richard Gridley, 3rd Baron Gridley
William Fraser, 3rd Baron Strathalmond
Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde
Ralph Assheton, 2nd Baron Clitheroe
Duncan McNair, 3rd Baron McNair
Alisdair Hopkinson, 2nd Baron Colyton
John Astor, 3rd Baron Astor of Hever
John Sinclair, 3rd Baron Sinclair of Cleeve
Mark Bridges, 3rd Baron Bridges
George Norrie, 2nd Baron Norrie
Thomas Birkett, 3rd Baron Birkett
William Harding, 3rd Baron Harding of Petherton
David Charles Poole, 2nd Baron Poole
Nicholas Rootes, 3rd Baron Rootes
James Turner, 3rd Baron Netherthorpe
James Dugdale, 2nd Baron Crathorne
Patrick Spens, 4th Baron Spens
Oliver MacAndrew, 4th Baron MacAndrew
Alistair Nelson, 4th Baron Nelson of Stafford
Charles Baring, 2nd Baron Howick of Glendale
Alan Sanderson, 2nd Baron Sanderson of Ayot (disclaimed)
Henry Lytton Cobbold, 3rd Baron Cobbold
William Robertson, 3rd Baron Robertson of Oakridge
Simon Marks, 3rd Baron Marks of Broughton
Ailwyn Broughton, 3rd Baron Fairhaven
Robert Seager, 3rd Baron Leighton of St Mellons
Michael Brain, 3rd Baron Brain
Charles Low, 2nd Baron Aldington
James Millar, 3rd Baron Inchyra
Simon Trustram Eve, 3rd Baron Silsoe
Max Wyndham, 2nd Baron Egremont
David Thomson, 3rd Baron Thomson of Fleet
John Robinson, 2nd Baron Martonmere
Dwight Makins, 3rd Baron Sherfield
Richard Fletcher-Vane, 2nd Baron Inglewood
Jonathan Hope, 3rd Baron Glendevon
Robert Grimston, 3rd Baron Grimston of Westbury
Robert Renwick, 3rd Baron Renwick
Richard Hughes-Young, 2nd Baron St Helens
Alastair Morrison, 3rd Baron Margadale
Italics in entries mean the titleholder also holds a previously listed barony of greater precedence.^* Also a Lord in the Peerage of Scotland, ^• Also a Baron in the Peerage of Ireland
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage"},{"link_name":"nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility"},{"link_name":"baronage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronage"},{"link_name":"feudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism"},{"link_name":"Barony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron"}],"text":"The peerage is the collective term for all those holding titles of nobility of all degrees. The term superseded the term baronage used of the feudal era. \nA Barony is a rank or dignity of a man or a woman who is a participant of a small rank of a British nobility.","title":"List of baronies in the peerages of Britain and Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"British Isles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of baronies in the peerage of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_baronies_in_the_peerage_of_England"},{"link_name":"List of lordships of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lordships_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"peerage of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"List of baronies in the peerage of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_baronies_in_the_peerage_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"List of baronies in the peerage of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_baronies_in_the_peerage_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"List of hereditary baronies in the peerage of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hereditary_baronies_in_the_peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"precedence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_precedence"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland"}],"sub_title":"Hereditary baronies","text":"The hereditary baronies fall into five classes:List of baronies in the peerage of England\nList of lordships of Parliament (in the peerage of Scotland)\nList of baronies in the peerage of Great Britain\nList of baronies in the peerage of Ireland\nList of hereditary baronies in the peerage of the United KingdomThese have precedence in the order named, except that baronies of Ireland created after 1 January 1801 (the date of the Union between Great Britain and Ireland) yield to earlier-created baronies of the United Kingdom.","title":"British Isles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of life peerages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_life_peerages"},{"link_name":"Life Peerages Act 1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Peerages_Act_1958"},{"link_name":"List of life peerages (1958–1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_life_peerages_(1958%E2%80%931979)"},{"link_name":"List of life peerages (1979–1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_life_peerages_(1979%E2%80%931997)"},{"link_name":"List of life peerages (1997–2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_life_peerages_(1997%E2%80%932010)"},{"link_name":"List of life peerages (2010–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_life_peerages_(2010%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"List of law life peerages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_life_peerages"},{"link_name":"Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate_Jurisdiction_Act_1876"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"sub_title":"Life baronies","text":"The life baronies fall into two classes:List of life peerages (created under the Life Peerages Act 1958):\nList of life peerages (1958–1979)\nList of life peerages (1979–1997)\nList of life peerages (1997–2010)\nList of life peerages (2010–present)\nList of law life peerages (created under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876)All life baronies are in the peerage of the United Kingdom, and rank amongst hereditary baronies in that peerage (and each other) by date of creation.","title":"British Isles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"writ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ"},{"link_name":"patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"List of English feudal baronies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_feudal_barony"},{"link_name":"List of Scottish feudal baronies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scottish_feudal_baronies"},{"link_name":"List of Marcher lordships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marcher_lordships"}],"sub_title":"Hereditary feudal baronies","text":"These are distinct from the titles above, created by writ or patent, and were constituents of the now defunct feudal baronage and are not therefore constituents of the modern, post-feudal peerage:List of English feudal baronies\nList of Scottish feudal baronies\nList of Marcher lordships","title":"British Isles"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron"},{"title":"British nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nobility"},{"title":"Feudal baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_baron"},{"title":"List of barons in the peerages of Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_barons_in_the_peerages_of_Britain_and_Ireland"}]
|
[]
|
[]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Wyatt
|
Willie Wyatt
|
["1 References"]
|
American football player (born 1967)
American football player
Willie WyattNo. 55Position:Offensive/defensive linemanPersonal informationBorn: (1967-09-27) September 27, 1967 (age 56)Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.Height:5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Weight:275 lb (125 kg)Career informationHigh school:Gardendale(Gardendale, Alabama)College:AlabamaUndrafted:1990Career history
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1990)
Orlando Thunder (1992)
Detroit Drive (1993)
Tampa Bay Storm (1995–2001)
Career highlights and awards
2× Second-team All-Arena (1995, 1999)
2× First-team All-Arena (1997, 1998)
Second-team 15th Anniversary Team (2001)
First-team All-SEC (1989)
Second-team All-SEC (1987)
Career NFL statisticsGames played:7Career Arena statisticsTackles:36Sacks:11.0Pass breakups:7Forced fumbles:2Fumbles recovered:2Player stats at ArenaFan.com
Willie Porter Wyatt (born September 27, 1967) was an Arena Football League (AFL) player who played offensive lineman/defensive lineman for the Detroit Drive in 1993 and the Tampa Bay Storm from 1995–1999, and again in 2001. He wore #55. He also played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL) in 1990.
Wyatt played high school football at Gardendale High School in Gardendale, Alabama.
Wyatt coached high school football as a defensive coordinator at Gardendale High, and was head coach of the wrestling team. Previously he was also the defensive line coach and head wrestling coach at Hueytown High School.
Willie Wyatt was frequently referred to as a father figure by the young men he coached. He, and his wife Annette Wyatt, would refer to many of the young men as “their sons.”
References
^ ArenaFan Online : Willie Wyatt
^ Willie Wyatt
^ Willie Wyatt Archived November 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, database Football. Accessed October 27, 2007.
vteTampa Bay Storm ArenaBowl IX champions
Grantis Bell
Sylvester Bembery
Eddie Brown
Bobby Byrd
Ivan Caesar
Jorge Cimadevilla
Chris Conlin
Corey Dowden
Johnny Eaton
Jay Gruden
Tony Harris
Tony Jones
Jake Kelchner
George LaFrance (MVP)
Joe March
Cedric McKinnon
Tracey Perkins
Jamie Redmond
Lynn Rowland
Lawrence Samuels
Tracy Sanders
Stacey Simmons
Stevie Thomas
Kent Wells
Wayne Williams
Deatrich Wise
Willie Wyatt
Head coach: Tim Marcum
Coaches: Dave Whinham
vteTampa Bay Storm ArenaBowl X champions
Terry Beauford
Sylvester Bembery
Eddie Brown
Ivan Caesar
Richard Carey
Jorge Cimadevilla
Corris Ervin
Willie Fears
Jay Gruden
Johnnie Harris
Robert Jackson
Jerold Jeffcoat
Tony Jones
George LaFrance
Joe March
Connell Maynor
Cedric McKinnon
Tracey Perkins
Lamar Rogers
Lynn Rowland
Lawrence Samuels
Tracy Sanders
Stacey Simmons
Stevie Thomas (MVP)
Lonnie Turner
Kent Wells
Wayne Williams
Antoine Worthman
Willie Wyatt
Head coach: Tim Marcum
Coaches: Dave Whinham
vteArena Football League 15th Anniversary Team
Kurt Warner
Jay Gruden
Mike Pawlawski
Bob McMillen
Travis Pearson
Andre Bowden
Barry Wagner
Gary Mullen
Hunkie Cooper
Stevie Thomas
Gary Compton
Eddie Brown
Calvin Schexnayder
Webbie Burnett
James Baron
Sam Hernandez
Willie Wyatt
Flint Fleming
Sylvester Bembery
Kenny McEntyre
Derek Stingley
Cecil Doggette
David Cool
Luis Zendejas
Mike Black
This biographical article relating to an American football defensive lineman born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Arena Football League-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arena Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Football_League"},{"link_name":"offensive lineman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_lineman"},{"link_name":"defensive lineman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_lineman"},{"link_name":"Detroit Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Drive"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Storm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"high school football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_football"},{"link_name":"Gardendale High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardendale_High_School"},{"link_name":"Gardendale, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardendale,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"high school football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_football"},{"link_name":"Hueytown High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hueytown_High_School"}],"text":"American football playerWillie Porter Wyatt (born September 27, 1967) was an Arena Football League (AFL) player who played offensive lineman/defensive lineman for the Detroit Drive in 1993 and the Tampa Bay Storm from 1995–1999, and again in 2001.[1] He wore #55. He also played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL) in 1990.[2]Wyatt played high school football at Gardendale High School in Gardendale, Alabama.[3]Wyatt coached high school football as a defensive coordinator at Gardendale High, and was head coach of the wrestling team. Previously he was also the defensive line coach and head wrestling coach at Hueytown High School.Willie Wyatt was frequently referred to as a father figure by the young men he coached. He, and his wife Annette Wyatt, would refer to many of the young men as “their sons.”","title":"Willie Wyatt"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.arenafan.com/players/1763/","external_links_name":"ArenaFan.com"},{"Link":"http://www.arenafan.com/players/?page=players&player=1763","external_links_name":"ArenaFan Online : Willie Wyatt"},{"Link":"http://www.nfl.com/players/williewyatt/profile?id=WYA711924","external_links_name":"Willie Wyatt"},{"Link":"http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=WYATTWIL01","external_links_name":"Willie Wyatt"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111120232914/http://databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=WYATTWIL01","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willie_Wyatt&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willie_Wyatt&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Andr%C3%A9-Gabriel_Bouchet
|
Louis-André-Gabriel Bouchet
|
["1 Works","2 Literature","3 External links","4 References"]
|
French painter
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Death of Cato the Younger, the 1797 painting which won Bouchet the Prix de Rome. Now at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris
Louis-André-Gabriel Bouchet (1759 – 7 July 1842) was a French historical painter and a pupil of Jacques-Louis David. He painted subjects from sacred and profane history, poetry, and portraits. He won the Prix de Rome in 1797, and continued to exhibit until 1819. Charles Gabet does not mention the date of his birth or death.
Portrait of Charles Henri Ver-Huell, French admiral.
1807 he manufactured the portrait on behalf emperors Napoléon as counterpart to the work of Empress Joséphine who Robert Lefèvre 1805 had implemented. Napoléon gave these two portraits of the city Aachen to 1807. After their deportation of Aachen into the city lock of Berlin on order Friedrich Wilhelm IV copies were made before he sent the paintings back 1840 to Aachen. Probably Professor Carl Schmid painted the reproductions. The original works decorate today the entrance hall of Aachen city hall.
Works
1797 Death of Marcus Porcius Cato the Younger
Hector Isabey (1797–1814), sign., oil on canvas, 141 × 98 cm (55,5 × 38,6 in). 1994 auction.
Eugenie Isabey (1803–1886), oil on canvas, 141 × 98 cm (55,5 × 38,6 in). 1994 auction.
Alexandrine Isabey (1791–1871), Madame Charles Ciceri, sign., oil on canvas, 141 × 98 cm (55,5 × 38,6 in). 1994 auction.
Mme. H and her children, 1815, oil on canvas, 165.4 × 122.6 cm (651⁄8 × 481⁄4 in). Eugene Fuller Memorial Collection, 62.75 Seattle Art Museum The Collection Holocaust Provenance.
Literature
J. Fey: „Zur Geschichte Aachener Maler des 19. Jahrhunderts.“ in: „Aus Aachens Vorzeit. Mit-teilungen des Vereins für Kunde der Aachener Vorzeit.“ Zehnter Jahrgang 1897, Nr. 4/8. S. 70–72. Kurzbiografie von Schmid. S.83f.
"BOUCHET, Louis André Gabriel" in Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers by Michael Bryan, edited by Robert Edmund Graves and Sir Walter Armstrong, an 1889 publication now in the public domain.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louis-André-Gabriel Bouchet.
External links
Portrait Napoleon I. in the city hall Aachen
Works of Bouchet on artnet.de
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). "Bouchet, Louis André Gabriel". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Artists
RKD Artists
ULAN
This article about a French painter born in the 18th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis-Andr%C3%A9-Gabriel_Bouchet_-_La_Mort_de_Caton_d%27Utique.gif"},{"link_name":"Cato the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Prix de Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_de_Rome"},{"link_name":"École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_Beaux-Arts"},{"link_name":"Jacques-Louis David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David"},{"link_name":"Prix de Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_de_Rome"},{"link_name":"exhibit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(Paris)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Henri_Ver-Huell_(1764-1845).jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Henri Ver-Huell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Henri_Ver-Huell"},{"link_name":"Napoléon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on"},{"link_name":"Empress Joséphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais"},{"link_name":"Robert Lefèvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lef%C3%A8vre"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Professor Carl Schmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professor_Carl_Schmid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"reproductions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction"},{"link_name":"Aachen city hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aachen_city_hall&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Death of Cato the Younger, the 1797 painting which won Bouchet the Prix de Rome. Now at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in ParisLouis-André-Gabriel Bouchet (1759 – 7 July 1842) was a French historical painter and a pupil of Jacques-Louis David. He painted subjects from sacred and profane history, poetry, and portraits. He won the Prix de Rome in 1797, and continued to exhibit until 1819. Charles Gabet does not mention the date of his birth or death.Portrait of Charles Henri Ver-Huell, French admiral.1807 he manufactured the portrait on behalf emperors Napoléon as counterpart to the work of Empress Joséphine who Robert Lefèvre 1805 had implemented. Napoléon gave these two portraits of the city Aachen to 1807. After their deportation of Aachen into the city lock of Berlin on order Friedrich Wilhelm IV copies were made before he sent the paintings back 1840 to Aachen. Probably Professor Carl Schmid painted the reproductions. The original works decorate today the entrance hall of Aachen city hall.","title":"Louis-André-Gabriel Bouchet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcus Porcius Cato the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Porcius_Cato_the_Younger"}],"text":"1797 Death of Marcus Porcius Cato the Younger\nHector Isabey (1797–1814), sign., oil on canvas, 141 × 98 cm (55,5 × 38,6 in). 1994 auction.\nEugenie Isabey (1803–1886), oil on canvas, 141 × 98 cm (55,5 × 38,6 in). 1994 auction.\nAlexandrine Isabey (1791–1871), Madame Charles Ciceri, sign., oil on canvas, 141 × 98 cm (55,5 × 38,6 in). 1994 auction.\nMme. H and her children, 1815, oil on canvas, 165.4 × 122.6 cm (651⁄8 × 481⁄4 in). Eugene Fuller Memorial Collection, 62.75 Seattle Art Museum The Collection Holocaust Provenance.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis-André-Gabriel Bouchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louis-Andr%C3%A9-Gabriel_Bouchet"}],"text":"J. Fey: „Zur Geschichte Aachener Maler des 19. Jahrhunderts.“ in: „Aus Aachens Vorzeit. Mit-teilungen des Vereins für Kunde der Aachener Vorzeit.“ Zehnter Jahrgang 1897, Nr. 4/8. S. 70–72. Kurzbiografie von Schmid. S.83f.\n\"BOUCHET, Louis André Gabriel\" in Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers by Michael Bryan, edited by Robert Edmund Graves and Sir Walter Armstrong, an 1889 publication now in the public domain.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louis-André-Gabriel Bouchet.","title":"Literature"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Death of Cato the Younger, the 1797 painting which won Bouchet the Prix de Rome. Now at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Louis-Andr%C3%A9-Gabriel_Bouchet_-_La_Mort_de_Caton_d%27Utique.gif/200px-Louis-Andr%C3%A9-Gabriel_Bouchet_-_La_Mort_de_Caton_d%27Utique.gif"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Charles Henri Ver-Huell, French admiral.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Charles_Henri_Ver-Huell_%281764-1845%29.jpg/200px-Charles_Henri_Ver-Huell_%281764-1845%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Bryan, Michael (1886). \"Bouchet, Louis André Gabriel\". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bryan_(art_historian)","url_text":"Bryan, Michael"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092716962#page/n6/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Bouchet, Louis André Gabriel\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101213183926/http://aachen.de/DE/kultur_freizeit/kultur/dom_rathaus/rathaus/rathausfuehrer.pdf","external_links_name":"Portrait Napoleon I. in the city hall Aachen"},{"Link":"http://www.artnet.de/ai_redirect.asp?aid=622419","external_links_name":"Works of Bouchet on artnet.de"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092716962#page/n6/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Bouchet, Louis André Gabriel\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/95822326","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/110161479X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/11338","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500022897","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis-Andr%C3%A9-Gabriel_Bouchet&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKenna_J
|
Joseph McKenna
|
["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
|
US Supreme Court justice from 1898 to 1925
For other uses, see Joseph McKenna (disambiguation).
"Justice McKenna" redirects here. For other uses, see Justice McKenna (disambiguation).
"Attorney General McKenna" redirects here. For the Attorney General of Washington, see Rob McKenna.
Joseph McKennaMcKenna in his judicial robesAssociate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United StatesIn officeJanuary 26, 1898 – January 5, 1925Nominated byWilliam McKinleyPreceded byStephen FieldSucceeded byHarlan Stone42nd United States Attorney GeneralIn officeMarch 5, 1897 – January 25, 1898PresidentWilliam McKinleyPreceded byJudson HarmonSucceeded byJohn GriggsJudge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth CircuitIn officeMarch 17, 1892 – March 5, 1897Nominated byBenjamin HarrisonPreceded byLorenzo SawyerSucceeded byWilliam MorrowMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom California's 3rd districtIn officeMarch 4, 1885 – March 28, 1892Preceded byBarclay HenleySucceeded bySamuel Hilborn
Personal detailsBorn(1843-08-10)August 10, 1843Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedNovember 21, 1926(1926-11-21) (aged 83)Washington, D.C., U.S.Political partyRepublicanSpouseAmanda BornemanEducationSaint Joseph's UniversitySignature
Joseph McKenna (August 10, 1843 – November 21, 1926) was an American politician who served in all three branches of the U.S. federal government as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, as U.S. Attorney General and as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. He is one of seventeen members of the House of Representatives who subsequently served on the Supreme Court (including two Chief Justices).
Biography
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Irish Catholic immigrants, he attended St. Joseph's College and the Collegiate Institute in Benicia, California. After being admitted to the California bar in 1865, he entered private practice for one year and then became District Attorney for Solano County and then campaigned for and won a seat in the California State Assembly for two years (1875–1877). He retired after one term and an unsuccessful bid for Speaker.
After two unsuccessful attempts, McKenna was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1885 and served for four terms. While in Congress, he was a "vehement proponent" of Chinese exclusion.
He was appointed to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in 1892 by President Benjamin Harrison.
In 1897 he was appointed the 42nd Attorney General of the United States by President William McKinley, and served in that capacity until 1898.
McKenna as a younger man
McKenna was nominated by President McKinley on December 16, 1897, as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, to succeed Stephen Johnson Field. He was confirmed by the Senate on January 21, 1898, by a voice vote. He then took the judicial oath of office on January 26, 1898. Conscious of his limited credentials, McKenna attended Columbia Law School for about a month between his nomination and Senate confirmation to improve his legal education before taking his seat on the Court.
Although he never developed a consistent legal philosophy, McKenna was the author of a number of important decisions. One of the most notable was his opinion in the case of United States v. U.S. Steel Corporation (1920) which held that antitrust cases would be decided on the "rule of reason" principle—only alleged monopolistic combinations that are in unreasonable restraint of trade are illegal.
He authored 614 majority opinions, and 146 dissenting opinions during his time on the bench. His passionate rebuttal to the denial of "pecuniary benefit" to a wife whose husband had been killed while working on the railroad was among those which brought a change to the Employer Liability Act. One of his most noteworthy opinions was Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States, 220 U.S. 45 (1911), in which a unanimous Court upheld the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.
In Hoke v. United States (1913), he concurred in upholding the Mann Act. However, four years later, he dissented from the Court's opinion in Caminetti v. United States (1917), which held the act applied to private, noncommercial enticements to cross state lines for purposes of a sexual liaison. According to McKenna, the Act regulated only commercial vice, i.e., "immoralities having a mercenary purpose."
McKenna wrote Williams v. Mississippi, upholding the state's racist 1890 Constitution that disenfranchised nearly every African American in the state through poll taxes and literacy tests, while exempting whites through a grandfather clause.
While McKenna was generally quite favorable to federal power, he joined the Court's substantive due process jurisprudence and voted with the majority in 1905's Lochner v. New York, which struck down a state maximum-hours law for bakery workers. This decision carried broader implications for the scope of federal power, at least until the New Deal and the 1937 switch-in-time-that-saved-nine West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish. (See Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937.)
McKenna resigned from the Court in January 1925 at the suggestion of Chief Justice William Howard Taft. McKenna's ability to perform his duties had been diminished significantly by a stroke suffered 10 years earlier, and by the end of his tenure McKenna could not be counted on to write coherent opinions.
McKenna was one of 15 Catholic justices (out of the 116 total through the appointment of Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson) in the history of the Supreme Court.
McKenna married Amanda Borneman in 1869, and the couple had three daughters and one son. McKenna died on November 21, 1926. in Washington, D.C. His remains are interred at the city's Mount Olivet Cemetery.
See also
Biography portal
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court
List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court
References
^ a b "Justices 1789 to Present". Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
^ "Members Who Also Served on the Supreme Court". Clerk of the House of Representatives. Archived from the original on November 13, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
^ a b Joseph McKenna at Archived 2010-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Supreme Court Historical Society.
^ Salyer, Lucy (1995). Laws Harsh as Tigers: Chinese immigrants and the Shaping of Modern Immigration Law. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-8078-4530-1.
^ "Department of Justice, Joseph McKenna Attorney General". Archived from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
^ "Supreme Court Nominations (1789-Present)". Washington, D.C.: United States Senate. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
^ Hall, Timothy L. (2001). Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0817-9.
^ McDevitt, Matthew (1946). Joseph McKenna, Associate Justice of the United States. Catholic University of America Press. p. 105.
^ Purcell, Richard (1945). "Justice Joseph McKenna". Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. 56 (3): 203 – via https://www.jstor.org/stable/44209609. {{cite journal}}: External link in |via= (help)
^ Joseph McKennat at Archived 2010-08-14 at the Wayback Machine infoplease.
^ Bush, Supreme Court Decisions
^ "Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States syllabus at Justia.com". Archived from the original on 2021-11-08. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
^ "Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States full text opinion at Justia.com". Archived from the original on 2010-03-16. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
^ a b c d Ariens, Michael, Joseph McKenna at Archived 2010-07-14 at the Wayback Machine michaelariens.com.
^ Serwer, Adam (2020-10-22). "Pack the Court, Save the Vote". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2020-10-23. Retrieved 2020-10-22.
^ a b Appel, JM. Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice Archived 2019-03-27 at the Wayback Machine, August 22, 2009.
^ Religious affiliation of Supreme Court justices Justice Sherman Minton converted to Catholicism after his retirement.
^ "Christensen, George A. (1983) Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices, Yearbook". Archived from the original on September 3, 2005. Retrieved 2013-11-24. Supreme Court Historical Society at Internet Archive.
^ See also, Christensen, George A., Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited, Journal of Supreme Court History, Volume 33 Issue 1, Pages 17 – 41 (19 Feb 2008), University of Alabama.
Further reading
Abraham, Henry J. (1999). Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Clinton (Revised ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-9604-9.
Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 1-56802-126-7.
Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-1377-4.
Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505835-6.
Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0-87187-554-3.
McKevitt, Brother Matthew (1946) Joseph McKenna: Associate Justice of the United States.
Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 590. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1.
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Author: Joseph McKenna
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joseph McKenna.
Department of Justice, Joseph McKenna Attorney General.
United States Congress. "Joseph McKenna (id: M000500)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
Joseph McKenna at Supreme Court Historical Society.
Official Supreme Court media, Joseph McKenna at the Oyez project.
California Assembly
Preceded byJames DixonWilliam H. NorthcuttW. S. M. Wright
Member of the California Assemblyfrom the 19th district 1875–1877 Served alongside: Thomas M. Swan
Succeeded byJohn T. DareRichard C. Haile
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byBarclay Henley
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California's 3rd congressional district 1885–1891
Succeeded bySamuel Hilborn
Legal offices
Preceded byLorenzo Sawyer
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 1892–1897
Succeeded byWilliam Morrow
Preceded byJudson Harmon
United States Attorney General 1897–1898
Succeeded byJohn Griggs
Preceded byStephen Field
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States 1898–1925
Succeeded byHarlan Stone
vteUnited States Attorneys General
Randolph
Bradford
Lee
Lincoln
Breckinridge
Rodney
Pinkney
Rush
Wirt
Berrien
Taney
Butler
Grundy
Gilpin
Crittenden
Legaré
Nelson
Mason
Clifford
Toucey
Johnson
Crittenden
Cushing
Black
Stanton
Bates
Speed
Stanbery
Evarts
Hoar
Akerman
Williams
Pierrepont
Taft
Devens
MacVeagh
Brewster
A. Garland
Miller
Olney
Harmon
McKenna
Griggs
Knox
Moody
Bonaparte
Wickersham
McReynolds
Gregory
Palmer
Daugherty
Stone
Sargent
W. D. Mitchell
Cummings
Murphy
Jackson
Biddle
T. C. Clark
McGrath
McGranery
Brownell
Rogers
Kennedy
Katzenbach
R. Clark
J. N. Mitchell
Kleindienst
Richardson
Saxbe
Levi
Bell
Civiletti
Smith
Meese
Thornburgh
Barr
Reno
Ashcroft
Gonzales
Mukasey
Holder
Lynch
Sessions
Barr
M. Garland
vteCabinet of President William McKinley (1897–1901)Secretary of State
John Sherman (1897–1898)
William R. Day (1898)
John Hay (1898–1901)
Secretary of the Treasury
Lyman J. Gage (1897–1901)
Secretary of War
Russell A. Alger (1897–1899)
Elihu Root (1899–1901)
Attorney General
Joseph McKenna (1897–1898)
John W. Griggs (1898–1901)
Philander C. Knox (1901)
Postmaster General
James Albert Gary (1897–1898)
Charles Emory Smith (1898–1901)
Secretary of the Navy
John Davis Long (1897–1901)
Secretary of the Interior
Cornelius Newton Bliss (1897–1899)
Ethan A. Hitchcock (1899–1901)
Secretary of Agriculture
James Wilson (1897–1901)
vteJustices of the Supreme Court of the United StatesChief justices
John Jay (1789–1795, cases)
John Rutledge (1795, cases)
Oliver Ellsworth (1796–1800, cases)
John Marshall (1801–1835, cases)
Roger B. Taney (1836–1864, cases)
Salmon P. Chase (1864–1873, cases)
Morrison Waite (1874–1888, cases)
Melville Fuller (1888–1910, cases)
Edward Douglass White (1910–1921, cases)
William Howard Taft (1921–1930, cases)
Charles Evans Hughes (1930–1941, cases)
Harlan F. Stone (1941–1946, cases)
Fred M. Vinson (1946–1953, cases)
Earl Warren (1953–1969, cases)
Warren E. Burger (1969–1986, cases)
William Rehnquist (1986–2005, cases)
John Roberts (2005–present, cases)
Associate justices
J. Rutledge* (1790–1791)
Cushing (1790–1810)
Wilson (1789–1798)
Blair (1790–1795)
Iredell (1790–1799)
T. Johnson (1792–1793)
Paterson (1793–1806)
S. Chase (1796–1811)
Washington (1798–1829)
Moore (1800–1804)
W. Johnson (1804–1834)
Livingston (1807–1823)
Todd (1807–1826)
Duvall (1811–1835)
Story (1812–1845)
Thompson (1823–1843)
Trimble (1826–1828)
McLean (1829–1861)
Baldwin (1830–1844)
Wayne (1835–1867)
Barbour (1836–1841)
Catron (1837–1865)
McKinley (1838–1852)
Daniel (1842–1860)
Nelson (1845–1872)
Woodbury (1845–1851)
Grier (1846–1870)
Curtis (1851–1857)
Campbell (1853–1861)
Clifford (1858–1881)
Swayne (1862–1881)
Miller (1862–1890)
Davis (1862–1877)
Field (1863–1897)
Strong (1870–1880)
Bradley (1870–1892)
Hunt (1873–1882)
J. M. Harlan (1877–1911)
Woods (1881–1887)
Matthews (1881–1889)
Gray (1882–1902)
Blatchford (1882–1893)
L. Lamar (1888–1893)
Brewer (1890–1910)
Brown (1891–1906)
Shiras (1892–1903)
H. Jackson (1893–1895)
E. White* (1894–1910)
Peckham (1896–1909)
McKenna (1898–1925)
Holmes (1902–1932)
Day (1903–1922)
Moody (1906–1910)
Lurton (1910–1914)
Hughes* (1910–1916)
Van Devanter (1911–1937)
J. Lamar (1911–1916)
Pitney (1912–1922)
McReynolds (1914–1941)
Brandeis (1916–1939)
Clarke (1916–1922)
Sutherland (1922–1938)
Butler (1923–1939)
Sanford (1923–1930)
Stone* (1925–1941)
O. Roberts (1930–1945)
Cardozo (1932–1938)
Black (1937–1971)
Reed (1938–1957)
Frankfurter (1939–1962)
Douglas (1939–1975)
Murphy (1940–1949)
Byrnes (1941–1942)
R. Jackson (1941–1954)
W. Rutledge (1943–1949)
Burton (1945–1958)
Clark (1949–1967)
Minton (1949–1956)
J. M. Harlan II (1955–1971)
Brennan (1956–1990)
Whittaker (1957–1962)
Stewart (1958–1981)
B. White (1962–1993)
Goldberg (1962–1965)
Fortas (1965–1969)
T. Marshall (1967–1991)
Blackmun (1970–1994)
Powell (1972–1987)
Rehnquist* (1972–1986)
Stevens (1975–2010)
O'Connor (1981–2006)
Scalia (1986–2016)
Kennedy (1988–2018)
Souter (1990–2009)
Thomas (1991–present)
Ginsburg (1993–2020)
Breyer (1994–2022)
Alito (2006–present)
Sotomayor (2009–present)
Kagan (2010–present)
Gorsuch (2017–present)
Kavanaugh (2018–present)
Barrett (2020–present)
K. Jackson (2022–present)
*Also served as Chief Justice of the United States
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
People
US Congress
Other
NARA
SNAC
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph McKenna (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McKenna_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Justice McKenna (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_McKenna_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Rob McKenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_McKenna"},{"link_name":"U.S. federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"U.S. Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Associate Justice of the Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For other uses, see Joseph McKenna (disambiguation).\"Justice McKenna\" redirects here. For other uses, see Justice McKenna (disambiguation).\"Attorney General McKenna\" redirects here. For the Attorney General of Washington, see Rob McKenna.Joseph McKenna (August 10, 1843 – November 21, 1926) was an American politician who served in all three branches of the U.S. federal government as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, as U.S. Attorney General and as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. He is one of seventeen members of the House of Representatives who subsequently served on the Supreme Court (including two Chief Justices).[2]","title":"Joseph McKenna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Irish Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Catholic"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_University"},{"link_name":"Collegiate Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Institute"},{"link_name":"Benicia, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benicia,_California"},{"link_name":"District Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_attorney_(county)"},{"link_name":"Solano County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solano_County,_California"},{"link_name":"California State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Historical-3"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Chinese exclusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Chinese_legislation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Historical-3"},{"link_name":"Attorney General of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"William McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_McKenna_(assoc_justice).jpg"},{"link_name":"associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Stephen Johnson Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"judicial oath of office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_office#Federal_judiciary_oaths"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCOTUSjustices-1"},{"link_name":"Columbia Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"United States v. U.S. Steel Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._U.S._Steel_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"antitrust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust"},{"link_name":"monopolistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopolistic"},{"link_name":"restraint of trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restraint_of_trade"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hipolite_Egg_Co._v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act_of_1906"},{"link_name":"Hoke v. United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoke_v._United_States"},{"link_name":"Mann Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mann_Act"},{"link_name":"Caminetti v. United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caminetti_v._United_States"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ariens-14"},{"link_name":"Williams v. Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_v._Mississippi"},{"link_name":"1890 Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"substantive due process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantive_due_process"},{"link_name":"Lochner v. New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochner_v._New_York"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ariens-14"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Hotel_Co._v._Parrish"},{"link_name":"Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Reorganization_Bill_of_1937"},{"link_name":"William Howard Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-16"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-16"},{"link_name":"Ketanji Brown Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ariens-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ariens-14"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Mount Olivet Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Olivet_Cemetery_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christensen-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Irish Catholic immigrants, he attended St. Joseph's College and the Collegiate Institute in Benicia, California. After being admitted to the California bar in 1865, he entered private practice for one year and then became District Attorney for Solano County and then campaigned for and won a seat in the California State Assembly for two years (1875–1877). He retired after one term and an unsuccessful bid for Speaker.[3]After two unsuccessful attempts, McKenna was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1885 and served for four terms. While in Congress, he was a \"vehement proponent\" of Chinese exclusion.[4]He was appointed to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in 1892 by President Benjamin Harrison.[3]In 1897 he was appointed the 42nd Attorney General of the United States by President William McKinley, and served in that capacity until 1898.[5]McKenna as a younger manMcKenna was nominated by President McKinley on December 16, 1897, as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, to succeed Stephen Johnson Field. He was confirmed by the Senate on January 21, 1898, by a voice vote.[6] He then took the judicial oath of office on January 26, 1898.[1] Conscious of his limited credentials, McKenna attended Columbia Law School for about a month between his nomination and Senate confirmation to improve his legal education before taking his seat on the Court.[7][8][9]Although he never developed a consistent legal philosophy, McKenna was the author of a number of important decisions. One of the most notable was his opinion in the case of United States v. U.S. Steel Corporation (1920) which held that antitrust cases would be decided on the \"rule of reason\" principle—only alleged monopolistic combinations that are in unreasonable restraint of trade are illegal.[10]He authored 614 majority opinions, and 146 dissenting opinions during his time on the bench.[11] His passionate rebuttal to the denial of \"pecuniary benefit\" to a wife whose husband had been killed while working on the railroad was among those which brought a change to the Employer Liability Act. One of his most noteworthy opinions was Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States, 220 U.S. 45 (1911),[12][13] in which a unanimous Court upheld the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.In Hoke v. United States (1913), he concurred in upholding the Mann Act. However, four years later, he dissented from the Court's opinion in Caminetti v. United States (1917), which held the act applied to private, noncommercial enticements to cross state lines for purposes of a sexual liaison. According to McKenna, the Act regulated only commercial vice, i.e., \"immoralities having a mercenary purpose.\"[14]McKenna wrote Williams v. Mississippi, upholding the state's racist 1890 Constitution that disenfranchised nearly every African American in the state through poll taxes and literacy tests, while exempting whites through a grandfather clause.[15]While McKenna was generally quite favorable to federal power, he joined the Court's substantive due process jurisprudence and voted with the majority in 1905's Lochner v. New York, which struck down a state maximum-hours law for bakery workers.[14] This decision carried broader implications for the scope of federal power, at least until the New Deal and the 1937 switch-in-time-that-saved-nine West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish. (See Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937.)McKenna resigned from the Court in January 1925 at the suggestion of Chief Justice William Howard Taft.[16] McKenna's ability to perform his duties had been diminished significantly by a stroke suffered 10 years earlier, and by the end of his tenure McKenna could not be counted on to write coherent opinions.[16]McKenna was one of 15 Catholic justices (out of the 116 total through the appointment of Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson) in the history of the Supreme Court.[17]McKenna married Amanda Borneman in 1869, and the couple had three daughters and one son.[14] McKenna died on November 21, 1926.[14] in Washington, D.C. His remains are interred at the city's Mount Olivet Cemetery.[18][19]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8476-9604-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-9604-9"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Congressional Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56802-126-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56802-126-7"},{"link_name":"The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/justicesofunited0000unse"},{"link_name":"Chelsea House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_House"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7910-1377-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hall"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-505835-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505835-6"},{"link_name":"The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ussupremecourtbi0000mart"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87187-554-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87187-554-3"},{"link_name":"The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv/page/590"},{"link_name":"Garland Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland_Publishing"},{"link_name":"590","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv/page/590"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8153-1176-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1176-1"}],"text":"Abraham, Henry J. (1999). Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Clinton (Revised ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-9604-9.\nCushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 1-56802-126-7.\nFrank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-1377-4.\nHall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505835-6.\nMartin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0-87187-554-3.\nMcKevitt, Brother Matthew (1946) Joseph McKenna: Associate Justice of the United States.\nUrofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 590. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"McKenna as a younger man","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Joseph_McKenna_%28assoc_justice%29.jpg/220px-Joseph_McKenna_%28assoc_justice%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court"},{"title":"List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court"},{"title":"List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Justices 1789 to Present\". Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved February 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx","url_text":"\"Justices 1789 to Present\""}]},{"reference":"\"Members Who Also Served on the Supreme Court\". Clerk of the House of Representatives. Archived from the original on November 13, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171113083201/http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/mem_bio/mem_supreme.html","url_text":"\"Members Who Also Served on the Supreme Court\""},{"url":"http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/mem_bio/mem_supreme.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Salyer, Lucy (1995). Laws Harsh as Tigers: Chinese immigrants and the Shaping of Modern Immigration Law. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-8078-4530-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4530-1","url_text":"978-0-8078-4530-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Department of Justice, Joseph McKenna Attorney General\". Archived from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2020-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/ag/aghistpage.php?id=41","url_text":"\"Department of Justice, Joseph McKenna Attorney General\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141019195455/http://www.justice.gov/ag/aghistpage.php?id=41","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Supreme Court Nominations (1789-Present)\". Washington, D.C.: United States Senate. Retrieved February 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senate.gov/legislative/nominations/SupremeCourtNominations1789present.htm","url_text":"\"Supreme Court Nominations (1789-Present)\""}]},{"reference":"Hall, Timothy L. (2001). Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0817-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8AJ7__ph3rgC&dq=joseph+mckenna+columbia+university&pg=PA228","url_text":"Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0817-9","url_text":"978-1-4381-0817-9"}]},{"reference":"McDevitt, Matthew (1946). Joseph McKenna, Associate Justice of the United States. Catholic University of America Press. p. 105.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Purcell, Richard (1945). \"Justice Joseph McKenna\". Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. 56 (3): 203 – via https://www.jstor.org/stable/44209609.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44209609","url_text":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44209609"}]},{"reference":"\"Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States syllabus at Justia.com\". Archived from the original on 2021-11-08. Retrieved 2010-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://supreme.justia.com/us/220/45/","url_text":"\"Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States syllabus at Justia.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211108234557/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/220/45/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States full text opinion at Justia.com\". Archived from the original on 2010-03-16. Retrieved 2010-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://supreme.justia.com/us/220/45/case.html","url_text":"\"Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States full text opinion at Justia.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100316015951/http://supreme.justia.com/us/220/45/case.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Serwer, Adam (2020-10-22). \"Pack the Court, Save the Vote\". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2020-10-23. Retrieved 2020-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/10/dont-let-supreme-court-choose-its-own-electorate/616808/","url_text":"\"Pack the Court, Save the Vote\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201023032623/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/10/dont-let-supreme-court-choose-its-own-electorate/616808/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Christensen, George A. (1983) Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices, Yearbook\". Archived from the original on September 3, 2005. Retrieved 2013-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050903032026/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c20_e.html","url_text":"\"Christensen, George A. (1983) Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices, Yearbook\""},{"url":"http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c20_e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Abraham, Henry J. (1999). Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Clinton (Revised ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-9604-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-9604-9","url_text":"0-8476-9604-9"}]},{"reference":"Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 1-56802-126-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_Historical_Society","url_text":"Supreme Court Historical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly","url_text":"Congressional Quarterly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56802-126-7","url_text":"1-56802-126-7"}]},{"reference":"Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-1377-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/justicesofunited0000unse","url_text":"The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_House","url_text":"Chelsea House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4","url_text":"0-7910-1377-4"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505835-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hall","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505835-6","url_text":"0-19-505835-6"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0-87187-554-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ussupremecourtbi0000mart","url_text":"The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87187-554-3","url_text":"0-87187-554-3"}]},{"reference":"Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 590. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv/page/590","url_text":"The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland_Publishing","url_text":"Garland Publishing"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv/page/590","url_text":"590"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1176-1","url_text":"0-8153-1176-1"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Joseph McKenna (id: M000500)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000500","url_text":"\"Joseph McKenna (id: M000500)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Justices 1789 to Present\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171113083201/http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/mem_bio/mem_supreme.html","external_links_name":"\"Members Who Also Served on the Supreme Court\""},{"Link":"http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/mem_bio/mem_supreme.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.supremecourthistory.org/history/supremecourthistory_history_assoc_048mckenna.htm","external_links_name":"Joseph McKenna at"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100304084855/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/history/supremecourthistory_history_assoc_048mckenna.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/ag/aghistpage.php?id=41","external_links_name":"\"Department of Justice, Joseph McKenna Attorney General\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141019195455/http://www.justice.gov/ag/aghistpage.php?id=41","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.senate.gov/legislative/nominations/SupremeCourtNominations1789present.htm","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court Nominations (1789-Present)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8AJ7__ph3rgC&dq=joseph+mckenna+columbia+university&pg=PA228","external_links_name":"Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44209609","external_links_name":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44209609"},{"Link":"http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0830964.html","external_links_name":"Joseph McKennat at"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100814103119/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0830964.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://supreme.justia.com/us/220/45/","external_links_name":"\"Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States syllabus at Justia.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211108234557/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/220/45/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://supreme.justia.com/us/220/45/case.html","external_links_name":"\"Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States full text opinion at Justia.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100316015951/http://supreme.justia.com/us/220/45/case.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/mckenna.htm","external_links_name":"Ariens, Michael, Joseph McKenna at"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100714223629/http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/mckenna.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/10/dont-let-supreme-court-choose-its-own-electorate/616808/","external_links_name":"\"Pack the Court, Save the Vote\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201023032623/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/10/dont-let-supreme-court-choose-its-own-electorate/616808/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-m-appel/anticipating-the-incapaci_b_266179.html","external_links_name":"Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190327143414/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jacob-m-appel/anticipating-the-incapaci_b_266179.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010405054827/http://www.adherents.com/adh_sc.html","external_links_name":"Religious affiliation of Supreme Court justices"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050903032026/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c20_e.html","external_links_name":"\"Christensen, George A. (1983) Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices, Yearbook\""},{"Link":"http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c20_e.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/justicesofunited0000unse","external_links_name":"The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hall","external_links_name":"The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ussupremecourtbi0000mart","external_links_name":"The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv/page/590","external_links_name":"The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv/page/590","external_links_name":"590"},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/ag/aghistpage.php?id=41","external_links_name":"Department of Justice, Joseph McKenna Attorney General."},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000500","external_links_name":"\"Joseph McKenna (id: M000500)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100304084855/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/history/supremecourthistory_history_assoc_048mckenna.htm","external_links_name":"Joseph McKenna at"},{"Link":"https://www.oyez.org/justices/joseph_mckenna","external_links_name":"Official Supreme Court media, Joseph McKenna at the"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/363076/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000041541592","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/56198100","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpPxPtPfQgg9yfTT6rwmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/114006469X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no95046794","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000500","external_links_name":"US Congress"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10574995","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gj01zn","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoartists
|
Paleoart
|
["1 Definitions","2 Aims and production","2.1 Scientific principles","2.2 Artistic principles","3 History","3.1 \"Proto-paleoart\" (pre-1800)","3.2 Early scientific paleoart (1800–1890)","3.3 \"Classic\" paleoart (1890–1970)","3.4 The Dinosaur Renaissance (1970–2010)","3.5 Modern (and post-modern) paleoart (2010–present)","4 Recognition","5 Notable, influential paleoartists","5.1 Past (pre–Dinosaur Renaissance) paleoartists","5.2 Modern (post–Dinosaur Renaissance) paleoartists","6 Gallery","7 Footnotes","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Art genre attempting to depict prehistoric life according to scientific evidence
For art created in prehistoric times, see Prehistoric art.
Leaping Laelaps by Charles R. Knight, 1897
Paleoart (also spelled palaeoart, paleo-art, or paleo art) is any original artistic work that attempts to depict prehistoric life according to scientific evidence. Works of paleoart may be representations of fossil remains or imagined depictions of the living creatures and their ecosystems. While paleoart is typically defined as being scientifically informed, it is often the basis of depictions of prehistoric animals in popular culture, which in turn influences public perception of and fuels interest in these organisms. The word paleoart is also used in an informal sense as a name for prehistoric art, most often cave paintings.
The term "paleoart"–which is a portmanteau of paleo, the Ancient Greek word for "old", and "art"–was introduced in the late 1980s by Mark Hallett for art that depicts subjects related to paleontology, but is considered to have originated as a visual tradition in early 1800s England. Older works of possible "proto-paleoart", suggestive of ancient fossil discoveries, may date to as old as the 5th century BCE, though these older works' relation to known fossil material is speculative. Other artworks from the late Middle Ages of Europe, typically portraying mythical creatures, are more plausibly inspired by fossils of prehistoric large mammals and reptiles that were known from this period.
Paleoart emerged as a distinct genre of art with unambiguous scientific basis around the beginning of the 19th century, dovetailing with the emergence of paleontology as a distinct scientific discipline. These early paleoartists restored fossil material, musculature, life appearance, and habitat of prehistoric animals based on the limited scientific understanding of the day. Paintings and sculptures from the mid-1800s were integral in bringing paleontology to the interest of the general public, such as the landmark Crystal Palace Dinosaur sculptures displayed in London. Paleoart developed in scope and accuracy alongside paleontology, with "classic" paleoart coming on the heels of rapid increase in dinosaur discoveries resulting from the opening of the American frontier in the nineteenth century. Paleoartist Charles R. Knight, the first to depict dinosaurs as active animals, dominated the paleoart landscape through the early 1900s.
The modern era of paleoart was brought first by the "Dinosaur Renaissance", a minor scientific revolution beginning in the early 1970s in which dinosaurs came to be understood as active, alert creatures that may have been warm-blooded and likely related to birds. This change of landscape led to a stronger emphasis on accuracy, novelty, and a focus on depicting prehistoric creatures as real animals that resemble living animals in their appearance, behavior and diversity. The "modern" age of paleoart is characterized by this focus on accuracy and diversity in style and depiction, as well as by the rise of digital art and a greater access to scientific resources and to a sprawling scientific and artistic community made possible by the Internet. Today, paleoart is a globally-recognized genre of scientific art, and has been the subject of international contests and awards, galleries, and a variety of books and other merchandise.
Definitions
Paleoart has historically depended on fossil reconstructions, such as that of Anoplotherium commune by Georges Cuvier in 1812. For instance, its reconstruction was used as a basis for some of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs sculptures.
A chief driver in the inception of paleoart as a distinct form of scientific illustration was the desire of both the public and of paleontologists to visualize the prehistory that fossils represented. Mark Hallett, who coined the term "paleoart" in 1987, stressed the importance of the cooperative effort between artists, paleontologists and other specialists in gaining access to information for generating accurate, realistic restorations of extinct animals and their environments.
Since paleontological knowledge and public perception of the field have changed dramatically since the earliest attempts at reconstructing prehistory, paleoart as a discipline has consequently changed over time as well. This has led to difficulties in creating a shared definition of the term. Given that the drive towards scientific accuracy has always been a salient feature of the discipline, some authors point out the importance of separating true paleoart from "paleoimagery", which is defined as a broader category of paleontology-influenced imagery that may include a variety of cultural and media depictions of prehistoric life in various manifestations, but does not necessarily include scientific accuracy as a recognized goal. One attempt to separate these terms has defined paleoartists as artists who, "create original skeletal reconstructions and/or restorations of prehistoric animals, or restore fossil flora or invertebrates using acceptable and recognized procedures". Others have pointed out that a definition of paleoart must include a degree of subjectivity, where an artist's style, preferences and opinions come into play along with the goal of accuracy. The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology has offered the definition of paleoart as, "the scientific or naturalistic rendering of paleontological subject matter pertaining to vertebrate fossils", a definition considered unacceptable by some for its exclusion of non-vertebrate subject matter. Paleoartist Mark Witton defines paleoart in terms of three essential elements: 1) being bound by scientific data, 2) involving biologically-informed restoration to fill in missing data, and 3) relating to extinct organisms. This definition explicitly rules out technical illustrations of fossil specimens from being considered paleoart, and requires the use of "reasoned extrapolation and informed speculation" to fill in these reconstructive gaps, thereby also explicitly ruling out artworks that actively go against known published data. These might be more accurately considered paleontologically-inspired art.
In an attempt to establish a common definition of the term, Ansón and colleagues (2015) conducted an empirical survey of the international paleontological community with a questionnaire on various aspects of paleoart. 78% of the surveyed participants stated agreement with the importance of scientific accuracy in paleoart, and 87% of respondents recognized an increase in accuracy of paleoart over time.
Aims and production
The production of paleoart requires by definition substantial reading of research and reference-gathering to ensure scientific credibility at the time of production. Aims of paleoart range from communicating scientific knowledge to evoking emotion through fascination at nature. The artist James Gurney, known for the Dinotopia series of fiction books, has described the interaction between scientists and artists as the artist being the eyes of the scientist, since his illustrations bring shape to the theories; paleoart determines how the public perceives long extinct animals. Apart from the goal of accuracy on its own, the intentions of the paleoartist may be manifold, and include the illustrating of specific scientific hypotheses, suggesting new hypotheses, or anticipating paleontological knowledge through illustration that can be later verified by fossil evidence. Paleoart can even be used as a research methodology in itself, such as in the creation of scale models to estimate weight approximations and size proportions. Paleoart is also frequently used as a tool for public outreach and education, including through the production and sale of paleontology-themed toys, books, movies, and other products.
An example of the skeletal reconstructions on which many paleoartists depend: Olorotitan by Andrey Atuchin
Scientific principles
Although every artist's process will differ, Witton (2018) recommends a standard set of requirements to produce artwork that fits the definition. A basic understanding of the subject organism's place in time (geochronology) and space (paleobiogeography) is necessary for restorations of scenes or environments in paleoart. Skeletal reference—not just the bones of vertebrate animals, but including any fossilized structures of soft tissue–such as lignified plant tissue and coral framework—is crucial for understanding the proportions, size and appearance of extinct organisms. Given that many fossil specimens are known from fragmentary material, an understanding of the organisms' ontogeny, functional morphology, and phylogeny may be required to create scientifically-rigorous paleoart by filling in restorative gaps parsimoniously.
Several professional paleoartists recommend the consideration of contemporary animals in aiding accurate restorations, especially in cases where crucial details of pose, appearance and behavior are impossible to know from fossil material. For example, most extinct animals' coloration and patterning are unknown from fossil evidence, but these can be plausibly restored in illustration based on known aspects of the animal's environment and behavior, as well as inference based on function such as thermoregulation, species recognition, and camouflage.
Artistic principles
In addition to a scientific understanding, paleoart incorporates a traditional approach to art, the use and development of style, medium, and subject matter that is unique to each artist. The success of a piece of paleoart depends on its strength of composition as much as any other genre of artistry. Command of object placement, color, lighting, and shape can be indispensable to communicating a realistic depiction of prehistoric life. Drawing skills also help form an important basis of effective paleoillustration, including an understanding of perspective, composition, command of a medium, and practice at life drawing. Paleoart is unique in its compositional challenge in that its content must be imagined and inferred, as opposed to directly referenced, and, in many cases, this includes animal behavior and environment. To this end, artists must keep in mind the mood and purpose of a composition in creating an effective piece of paleoart.
Many artists and enthusiasts think of paleoart as having validity as art for its own sake. The incomplete nature of the fossil record, varying interpretations of what material exists, and the inability to observe behavior ensures that the illustration of dinosaurs has a speculative component. Therefore, a variety of factors other than science can influence paleontological illustrators, including the expectations of editors, curators, and commissioners, as well as long-standing assumptions about the nature of ancient organisms that may be repeated through generations of paleoart, regardless of accuracy.
History
"Proto-paleoart" (pre-1800)
While the word "paleoart" is relatively recent, the practice of restoring ancient life based on real fossil remains can be considered to have originated around the same time as paleontology. However, art of extinct animals has existed long before Henry De la Beche's 1830 painting Duria Antiquior, which is sometimes credited as the first true paleontological artwork. These older works include sketches, paintings and detailed anatomical restorations, though the relation of these works to observed fossil material is mostly speculative. For example, a Corinthian vase painted sometime between 560 and 540 BCE is thought by some researchers to bear a depiction of an observed fossil skull. This so-called "Monster of Troy", the beast fought by the mythological Greek hero Heracles, somewhat resembles the skull of the giraffid Samotherium. Witton considered that because the painting has significant differences from the skull it is supposedly representing (lack of horns, sharp teeth), it should not necessarily be considered "proto-paleoart". Other scholars have suggested that ancient fossils inspired Grecian depictions of griffins, with the mythical chimera of lion and bird anatomy superficially resembling the beak, horns and quadrupedal body plan of the dinosaur Protoceratops. Similarly, authors have speculated that the huge, unified nasal opening in the skull of fossil mammoths could have inspired ancient artwork and stories of the one-eyed cyclops. However, these ideas have never been adequately substantiated, with existing evidence more parsimonious with established cultural interpretations of these mythical figures.
The Klagenfurt Lindworm
The earliest definitive works of "proto-paleoart" that unambiguously depict the life appearance of fossil animals come from fifteenth and sixteenth century Europe. One such depiction is Ulrich Vogelsang's statue of a Lindwurm in Klagenfurt, Austria that dates to 1590. Writings from the time of its creation specifically identify the skull of Coelodonta antiquitatis, the woolly rhinoceros, as the basis for the head in the restoration. This skull had been found in a mine or gravel pit near Klagenfurt in 1335, and remains on display today. Despite its poor resemblance of the skull in question, the Lindwurm statue was thought to be almost certainly inspired by the find.
The German textbook Mundus Subterraneus, authored by scholar Athanasius Kircher in 1678, features a number of illustrations of giant humans and dragons that may have been informed by fossil finds of the day, many of which came from quarries and caves. Some of these may have been the bones of large Pleistocene mammals common to these European caves. Others may have been based on far older fossils of plesiosaurs, which are thought to have informed a unique depiction of a dragon in this book that departs noticeably from the classically slender, serpentine dragon artwork of the era by having a barrel-like body and 'paddle-like' wings. According to some researchers, this dramatic departure from the typical dragon artwork of this time, which is thought to have been informed by the Lindwurm, likely reflects the arrival of a new source of information, such as a speculated discovery of plesiosaur fossils in quarries of the historic Swabia region of Bavaria.
Eighteenth century skeletal reconstructions of the unicorn are thought to have been inspired by Ice Age mammoth and rhinoceros bones found in a cave near Quedlinburg, Germany in 1663. These artworks are of uncertain origin and may have been created by Otto von Guericke, the German naturalist who first described the "unicorn" remains in his writings, or Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, the author who published the image posthumously in 1749. This rendering represents the oldest known illustration of a fossil skeleton.
Early scientific paleoart (1800–1890)
Jean Hermann's 1800 restoration of the pterosaur Pterodactylus antiquus
The beginning of the 19th century saw the first paleontological artworks with an unambiguous scientific basis, and this emergence coincided with paleontology being seen as a distinct field of science. The French naturalist and professor Jean Hermann of Strasbourg, France, drafted what Witton describes as the "oldest known, incontrovertible" pieces of paleoart in 1800. These sketches, based on the first known fossil skeleton of a pterosaur, depict Hermann's interpretation of the animal as a flying mammal with fur and large external ears. These ink drawings were relatively quick sketches accompanying his notes on the fossil and were likely never intended for publication, and their existence was only recently uncovered from correspondence between the artist and the French anatomist Baron Georges Cuvier.
Roman Boltunov's 1805 reconstruction of a mammoth, based on frozen carcass he observed in Siberia
Similarly, private sketches of mammoth fossils drafted by Yakutsk merchant Roman Boltunov in 1805 were likely never intended for scientific publication, but their function—to communicate the life appearance of an animal whose tusks he had found in Siberia and was hoping to sell—nevertheless establishes it one of the first examples of paleoart by today's definition. Boltunov's sketches of the animal, which depicted it without a trunk and boar-like, raised enough scientific interest in the specimen that the drawings were later sent to St. Petersburg and eventually led to excavation and study of the rest of the specimen.
Geologist William Conybeare's 1822 cartoon of William Buckland in a hyena den, intended to honor Buckland's groundbreaking analysis of fossils found at Kirkdale cave
Cuvier went on to produce skeletal restorations of extinct mammals of his own. Some of these included restorations with musculature layered atop them, which in the early 1820s could be considered the earliest examples of illustrations of animal tissue built up over fossil skeletons. As huge and detailed fossil restorations were at this point appearing in the same publications as these modest attempts at soft tissue restoration, historians have speculated whether this reflected shame and lack of interest in paleoart as being too speculative to have scientific value at the time. One notable deviation from the Cuvier-like approach is seen in a cartoon drawn by geologist William Conybeare in 1822. This cartoon depicts paleontologist William Buckland entering the famous British Kirkdale Cave, known for its Ice Age mammal remains, amidst a scene of fossil hyenas restored in the flesh in the ancient cave interior, the first known artwork depicting an extinct animal restored in a rendition of an ancient environment. A similar step forward depicts a dragon-like animal meant to represent the pterosaur Dimorphodon flying over a coastline by George Howman; this 1829 watercolor painting was a fanciful piece that, albeit being not particularly scientific, was another very early attempt at restoring a fossil animal in a suitable habitat.
Geologist Henry De la Beche's 1830 watercolor painting Duria Antiquior - A more Ancient Dorset, based on fossils found by Mary Anning
In 1830, the first "fully realized" paleoart scene, depicting prehistoric animals in a realistic geological setting, was painted by British paleontologist Henry De la Beche. Dubbed Duria Antiquior — A more Ancient Dorset, this watercolor painting represents a scene from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, a fossil-rich region of the British Isles. This painting, based on fossil discoveries along the coast of Dorset by paleontologist Mary Anning, showcased realistic aspects of fossil animal appearance, behavior, and environment at a level of detail, realism and accuracy that was among the first of its kind. This watercolor, an early illustration of paleoecology, shows plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs swimming and foraging in a natural setting, and includes depictions of behavior of these marine reptiles that, while unknown, were inferences made by De la Beche based on the behavior of living animals. For example, one ichthyosaur is painted with its mouth open about to swallow the fish head-first, just as a predatory fish would swallow another. Several of these animals are also depicted defecating, a theme that emerges in other works by De la Beche. For example, his 1829 lithograph called A Coprolitic Vision, perhaps inspired by Conybeare's Kirkdale Cave cartoon, again pokes fun at William Buckland by placing him at the mouth of a cave surrounded by defecating prehistoric animals. Several authors have remarked on De la Beche's apparent interest in fossilized feces, speculating that even the shape of the cave in this cartoon is reminiscent of the interior of an enormous digestive tract. In any case, Duria Antiquior inspired many subsequent derivatives, one of which was produced by Nicholas Christian Hohe in 1831 titled Jura Formation. This piece, published by German paleontologist Georg August Goldfuss, was the first full paleoart scene to enter scientific publication, and was likely an introduction to other academics of the time to the potential of paleoart. Goldfuss was the first to describe fur-like integument on a pterosaur, which was restored in his commissioned 1831 illustration based on his observation of the holotype specimen of Scaphognathus. This observation, which was rejected by scientists such as Hermann von Meyer, was later vindicated with certainty by 21st-century imaging technology, such as reflectance transformation imaging, used on this specimen.
Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins's 1850s sculptures of an Iguanodon pair, some of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs
The role of art in disseminating paleontological knowledge took on a new salience as dinosaur illustration advanced alongside dinosaur paleontology in the mid-1800s. With only fragmentary fossil remains known at the time the term "dinosaur" was coined by Sir Richard Owen in 1841, the question of life appearance of dinosaurs captured the interest of scientist and public alike. Because of the newness and the limitations of the fossil evidence available at the time, artists and scientists had no frame of reference to draw upon in understanding what dinosaurs looked like in life. For this reason, depictions of dinosaurs at the time were heavily based on living animals such as frogs, lizards, and kangaroos. One of the most famous examples, Iguanodon, was depicted as a resembling a huge iguana because the only known fossils of the dinosaur—the jaws and teeth—were thought to resemble those of the living lizard. With Owen's help, Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins created the first life-size sculptures depicting dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals as he thought they may have appeared; he is considered by some to be the first significant artist to apply his skills to the field of dinosaur paleontology. Some of these models were initially created for the Great Exhibition of 1851, but 33 were eventually produced when the Crystal Palace was relocated to Sydenham, in South London. Owen famously hosted a dinner for 21 prominent men of science inside the hollow concrete Iguanodon on New Year's Eve 1853. However, in 1849, a few years before his death in 1852, Gideon Mantell had realized that Iguanodon, of which he was the discoverer, was not a heavy, pachyderm-like animal, as Owen was putting forward, but had slender forelimbs; his death left him unable to participate in the creation of the Crystal Palace dinosaur sculptures, and so Owen's vision of dinosaurs became that seen by the public. He had nearly two dozen life-sized sculptures of various prehistoric animals built out of concrete sculpted over a steel and brick framework; two Iguanodon, one standing and one resting on its belly, were included. The dinosaurs remain in place in the park, but their depictions are now outdated as a consequence both of paleontological progress and of Owen's own misconceptions.
Édouard Riou's 1865 illustration of Iguanodon and Megalosaurus engaged in combat, from La Terre Avant le Deluge
The Crystal Palace models, despite their inaccuracy by today's standards, were a landmark in the advancement of paleoart as not only a serious academic undertaking, but also one that can capture the interest of the general public. The Crystal Palace dinosaur models were the first works of paleoart to be merchandised as postcards, guide books, and replicas to the general public. In the latter half of the 1800s, this major shift could be seen in other developments taking place in academic books and paintings featuring scientific restorations of prehistoric life. For example, a book by French scientist Louis Figuier titled La Terre Avant le Deluge, published in 1863, was the first to feature a series of works of paleoart documenting life through time. Illustrated by French painter Édouard Riou, this book featured iconic scenes of dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals based on Owen's constructions, and would establish a template for academic books featuring artworks of prehistoric life through time for years to come.
"Classic" paleoart (1890–1970)
As the western frontier was further opened up in the latter half of the nineteenth century, the rapidly increasing pace of dinosaur discoveries in the bone-rich badlands of the American Midwest and the Canadian wilderness brought with it a renewed interest in artistic reconstructions of paleontological findings. This "classic" period saw the emergence of Charles R. Knight, Rudolph Zallinger, and Zdeněk Burian as the three most prominent exponents of paleoart. During this time, dinosaurs were popularly reconstructed as tail-dragging, cold-blooded, sluggish "Great Reptiles" that became a byword for evolutionary failure in the minds of the public.
Smilodon by Charles R. Knight (1903)
Charles Knight is generally considered one of the key figures in paleoart during this time. His birth three years after Charles Darwin's publication of the influential Descent of Man, along with the "Bone Wars" between rival American paleontologists Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Marsh raging during his childhood, had poised Knight for rich early experiences in developing an interest in reconstructing prehistoric animals. As an avid wildlife artist who disdained drawing from mounts or photographs, instead preferring to draw from life, Knight grew up drawing living animals, but turned toward prehistoric animals against the backdrop of rapidly-expanding paleontological discoveries and the public energy that accompanied the sensationalist coverage of these discoveries around the turn of the 20th century. Knight's foray into paleoart can be traced to a commission ordered by Jacob Wortman in 1894 of a painting of an extinct hoofed animal, Elotherium, to accompany its fossil display at the American Museum of Natural History. Knight, who had always preferred to draw animals from life, applied his knowledge of modern pig anatomy to the painting, which so thrilled Wortman that the museum then commissioned Knight to paint a series of watercolors of various fossils on display.
Entelodon (then known as Elotherium), the first commissioned restoration of an extinct animal by Charles R. Knight
Throughout the 1920s, '30s and '40s, Knight went on produce drawings, paintings and murals of dinosaurs, early man, and extinct mammals for the American Museum of Natural History, where he was mentored by Henry Fairfield Osborn, and Chicago's Field Museum, as well as for National Geographic and many other major magazines of the time, culminating in his last major mural for the Everhart Museum of Scranton, Pennsylvania, in 1951. Biologist Stephen Jay Gould later remarked on the depth and breadth of influence that Knight's paleoart had on shaping public perception of extinct animals, even without having published original research in the field. Gould described Knight's contribution to scientific understanding in his 1989 book Wonderful Life: "Not since the Lord himself showed his stuff to Ezekiel in the valley of dry bones had anyone shown such grace and skill in the reconstruction of animals from disarticulated skeletons. Charles R. Knight, the most celebrated of artists in the reanimation of fossils, painted all the canonical figures of dinosaurs that fire our fear and imagination to this day". One of Knight's most famous pieces was his Leaping Laelaps, which he produced for the American Museum of Natural History in 1897. This painting was one of the few works of paleoart produced before 1960 to depict dinosaurs as active, fast-moving creatures, anticipating the next era of paleontological artworks informed by the Dinosaur Renaissance.
Still of Triceratops from the 1925 film The Lost World
Illustration of Triceratops created in 1904 by Charles R. Knight
Knight's illustrations also had a large and long-lasting influence on the depiction of prehistoric animals in popular culture. The earliest depictions of dinosaurs in movies, such as the 1933 King Kong film and the 1925 production of The Lost World, based on the Arthur Conan Doyle novel of the same name, relied heavily on Knight's dinosaur paintings to produce suitable dinosaur models that were realistic for the time. The special effects artist Ray Harryhausen would continue basing his movie dinosaurs on Knight illustrations up through the sixties, including for films such as the 1966 One Million Years B.C. and the 1969 Valley of Gwangi.
Rudolph Zallinger and Zdeněk Burian both went on to influence the state of dinosaur art while Knight's career began to wind down. Zallinger, a Russia-born American painter, began working for the Yale Peabody Museum illustrating marine algae around the time that the United States entered World War II. He began his most iconic piece of paleoart, a five-year mural project for the Yale Peabody Museum, in 1942. This mural, titled The Age of Reptiles, was completed in 1947 and became representative of the modern consensus of dinosaur biology at that time. He later completed a second great mural for the Peabody, The Age of Mammals, which grew out of a painting published in Life magazine in 1953.
Zdeněk Burian, working from his native Czechoslovakia, followed the school of Knight and Zallinger, entering modern, biologically-informed paleoart scene via his extensive series of prehistoric life illustrations. Burian entered the world of prehistoric illustration in the early 1930s with illustrations for fictional books set in various prehistoric times by amateur archaeologist Eduard Štorch. These illustrations brought him to the attention of paleontologist Josef Augusta, with whom Burian worked in cooperation from 1935 until Augusta's death in 1968. This collaboration led ultimately to the launching of Burian's career in paleoart.
Gerhard Heilmann's hypothesized bird ancestor "Proavis" (1916)
Some authors have remarked on a darker, more sinister feel to his paleoart than that of his contemporaries, speculating that this style was informed by Burian's experience producing artwork in his native Czechoslovakia during World War II and, afterwards, under Soviet control. His depictions of suffering, death, and the harsh realities of survival that emerged as themes in his paleoart were unique at the time. Original Burian paintings are on exhibit at the Dvůr Králové Zoo, the National Museum (Prague) and at the Anthropos Museum in Brno. In 2017, the first valid Czech dinosaur was named Burianosaurus augustai in honor of both Burian and Josef Augusta.
While Charles Knight, Rudolph Zallinger and Zdeněk Burian dominated the landscape of "classic" scientific paleoart in the first half of the 20th century, they were far from the only paleoartists working at this time. German landscape painter Heinrich Harder was illustrating natural history articles, including a series accompanying articles by science writer Wilhelm Bölsche on earth history for Die Gartenlaube, a weekly magazine, in 1906 and 1908. He also worked with Bölsche to illustrate 60 dinosaur and other prehistoric animal collecting cards for the Reichardt Cocoa Company, titled "Tiere der Urwelt" ("Animals of the Prehistoric World"). One of Harder's contemporaries, Danish paleontologist Gerhard Heilmann, produced a large number of sketches and ink drawings related to Archaeopteryx and avian evolution, culminating in his lavishly illustrated and controversial treatise The Origin of Birds, published in 1926.
The Dinosaur Renaissance (1970–2010)
This classic depiction of dinosaurs remained the status quo until the 1960s, when a minor scientific revolution began changing the perceptions of dinosaurs as tail-dragging, sluggish animals to active, alert creatures. This reformation took place following the 1964 discovery of Deinonychus by paleontologist John Ostrom. Ostrom's description of this nearly-complete birdlike dinosaur, published in 1969, challenged the presupposition of dinosaurs as cold-blooded, slow-moving reptiles, instead finding that many of these animals were likely reminiscent of birds, not just in evolutionary history and classification but in appearance and behavior as well. This idea had been advanced before, most notably by 1800s English biologist Thomas Huxley about the link between dinosaurs, modern birds, and the then-newly discovered Archaeopteryx. With the discovery and description of Deinonychus, however, Ostrom had laid out the strongest evidence yet of the close link between birds and dinosaurs. The artistic reconstructions of Deinonychus by his student, Robert Bakker, remain iconic of what came to be known as the Dinosaur Renaissance.
Bakker's influence during this period on then-fledgling paleoartists, such as Gregory S. Paul, as well as on public consciousness brought about a paradigm shift in how dinosaurs were perceived by artist, scientist and layman alike. The science and public understanding of dinosaur biology became charged by Bakker's innovative and often controversial ideas and portrayals, including the idea that dinosaurs were in fact warm-blooded animals like mammals and birds. Bakker's drawings of Deinonychus and other dinosaurs depicted the animals leaping, running, and charging, and his novel artistic output was accompanied by his writings on paleobiology, with his influential and well-known book The Dinosaur Heresies, published in 1986, now regarded as a classic. American scientist-artist Gregory Paul, working originally as Bakker's student in the 1970s, became one of the leading illustrators of prehistoric reptiles in the 1980s and has been described by some authors as the paleoartist who may "define modern paleoart more than any other". Paul is notable for his 'rigorous' approach to paleoartistic restorations, including his multi-view skeletal reconstructions, evidence-driven studies of musculature and soft tissue, and his attention to biomechanics to ensure realistic poses and gaits of his artistic subjects. The artistic innovation that Paul brought to the field of paleoart is to prioritize detail over atmosphere, leading to some criticism of his work as being 'flat' or lacking in depth, but also to imbue dinosaur depictions with a greater variety of naturalistic coloration and patterns, whereas most dinosaur coloration in artworks beforehand had been fairly drab and uniform.
Cast of Tyrannosaurus rex specimen AMNH 5027 mounted in a "leaping posture" by Robert Bakker at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science
Ostrom, Bakker and Paul changed the landscape of depictions of prehistoric animals in science and popular culture alike throughout the 1970s, '80s and '90s. Their influence affected the presentation of museum displays throughout the world and eventually found its way into popular culture, with the climax of this period perhaps best marked by the 1990 novel and 1993 film Jurassic Park. Paul in particular helped set the stage for the next wave of paleoaristry, and from the 1970s to the end of the twentieth century, paleoartists working from the 'rigorous' approach included Douglas Henderson, Mark Hallett, Michael Skrepnick, William Stout, Ely Kish, Luis Rey, John Gurche, Bob Walters, and others, including an expanding body of sculpting work led by artists such as Brian Cooley, Stephen Czerkas, and Dave Thomas. Many of these artists developed unique and lucrative stylistic niches without sacrificing their rigorous approach, such as Douglas Henderson's detailed and atmospheric landscapes, and Luis Rey's brightly-colored, "extreme" depictions. The "Renaissance" movement so revolutionized paleoart that even the last works of Burian, a master of the "classic" age, were thought to be influenced by the newfangled preference for active, dynamic, exciting depictions of dinosaurs.
This movement was working in parallel with great strides in the scientific progress of vertebrate paleontology that were occurring during this time. Precision in anatomy and artistic reconstruction was aided by an increasingly detailed and sophisticated understanding of these extinct animals through new discoveries and interpretations that pushed paleoart into more objective territory with respect to accuracy. For example, the feathered dinosaur revolution, facilitated by unprecedented discoveries in the Liaoning province of northern China in the late 1990s and early 2000s, was perhaps foreseen by artist Sarah Landry, who drew the first feathered dinosaur for Bakker's seminal Scientific American article in 1975. One of the first major shows of dinosaur art was published in 1986 by Sylvia Czerkas, along with the accompanying volume Dinosaurs Past and Present.
Modern (and post-modern) paleoart (2010–present)
Birdlike illustration of feathered Deinonychus by John Conway, 2006
Although various authors are in agreement about the events that caused the beginning of the Dinosaur Renaissance, the transition to the modern age of paleoart has been more gradual, with differing attitudes about what typifies the demarcation. Gregory Paul's high-fidelity archosaur skeletal reconstructions provided a basis for ushering in the modern age of paleoart, which is perhaps best characterized by adding speculative flair to the rigorous, anatomically-conscious approach popularized by the Dinosaur Renaissance. Novel advances in paleontology, such as new feathered dinosaur discoveries and the various pigmentation studies of dinosaur integument that began around 2010, have become representative of paleoart after the turn of the millennium. Witton (2018) characterizes the modern movement with the rise of digital art, as well as the establishment of an internet community that would enable paleoartists and enthusiasts to network, share digitized and open access scientific resources, and to build a global community that was unprecedented until the first decade of the twenty-first century. The continuum of work leading from the themes and advances that began in the Dinosaur Renaissance to the production of modern paleoart is showcased in several books that were published post-2010, such as Steve White's Dinosaur Art: The World's Greatest Paleoart (2012) and its "sequel", Dinosaur Art II: The Cutting Edge of Paleoart (2017).
Pair of azhdarchid pterosaurs Arambourgiania, by Mark Witton, 2017
Although this transition was gradual, this period has been described as a salient cultural phenomenon that came about largely as a consequence of this increased connectivity and access to paleoart brought by the digital age. The saturation of paleoart with established and overused heuristics, many of which had been established by paleoartists working in the height of the revolution that came before, led to an increased awareness and criticism of the repetitive and unimaginative use of ideas that were, by the first decade of the 21st century, lacking in novelty. This observation led to a movement characterized by the idea that prehistoric animals could be shown in artworks engaging in a greater range of behaviors, habitats, styles, compositions, and interpretations of life appearance than had been imagined in paleoart up to that point, but without violating the principles of anatomical and scientific rigor that had been established by the paleoart revolution that came before. Additionally, the traditional heuristics used in paleoart up to this point were shown to produce illustrations of modern animals that failed to depict these accurately. These ideas were formalized in a 2012 book by paleoartists John Conway and Nemo Ramjet (also known as C.M Kosemen), along with paleontologist Darren Naish, called All Yesterdays: Unique and Speculative Views of Dinosaurs and Other Prehistoric Animals. This book and its associated minor paradigm shift, commonly referred to as the "All Yesterdays" movement, argued that it was better to employ scientifically rigorous "reasoned speculation" to produce a greater range of speculative, but plausible, reconstructions of prehistoric animals. Conway and colleagues argued that the range of appearances and behaviors depicted in paleoart had only managed to capture a very narrow range of what's plausible, based on the limited data available, and that artistic approaches to these depictions had become "overly steeped in tradition". For example, All Yesterdays examines the small, four-winged dromaeosaur Microraptor in this context. This dinosaur, described in 2003, has been depicted by countless paleoartists as a "strange, dragon-like feathered glider with a reptilian face". Conway's illustration of Microraptor in All Yesterdays attempts to restore the animal "from scratch" without influence from these popular reconstructions, instead depicting it as a naturalistic, birdlike animal perched at its nest.
Despite the importance of the "All Yesterdays" movement in hindsight, the book itself argued that the modern conceptualization of paleoart was based on anatomically rigorous restorations that came alongside and subsequent to Paul, including those who experimented with these principles outside of archosaurs. For example, artists that pioneered anatomically rigorous reconstructions of fossil hominids, like Jay Matternes and Alfons and Adrie Kennis, as well fossil mammal paleoartist Mauricio Antón, were lauded by Conway and colleagues as seminal influences in the new culture of paleoart. Other modern paleoartists of the "anatomically rigorous" and "All Yesterdays" movement include Jason Brougham, Mark Hallett, Scott Hartman, Bob Nicholls, Emily Willoughby and Mark P. Witton. Other authors write in agreement that the modern paleoart movement incorporates an element of "challenging tropes and the status quo" and that paleoart has "entered its experimental phase" as of the dawn of the 21st century.
A 2013 study found that older paleoart was still influential in popular culture long after new discoveries made them obsolete. This was explained as cultural inertia. In a 2014 paper, Mark Witton, Darren Naish, and John Conway outlined the historical significance of paleoart, and criticized the over-reliance on clichés and the "culture of copying" they saw to be problematic in the field at the time. This tendency to copy "memes" established and proliferated by others in the field is thought to have been a stimulus for the "All Yesterdays" movement of injecting originality back into paleoart.
Recognition
Since 1999, the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology has awarded the John J. Lanzendorf PaleoArt Prize for achievement in the field. The society says that paleoart "is one of the most important vehicles for communicating discoveries and data among paleontologists, and is critical to promulgating vertebrate paleontology across disciplines and to lay audiences". The SVP is also the site of the occasional/annual "PaleoArt Poster Exhibit", a juried poster show at the opening reception of the annual SVP meetings.
Paleoart has enjoyed increasing exposure in globally recognized contests and exhibits. The Museu da Lourinhã organizes the annual International Dinosaur Illustration Contest for promoting the art of dinosaur and other fossils. In fall of 2018, the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science of Albuquerque, New Mexico, displayed a juried show of paleoart called "Picturing the Past". This show includes 87 works by 46 paleoartists from 15 countries, and features one of the largest and most diverse collections of prehistoric animals, settings, themes and styles.
In addition to contests and art exhibitions, paleoart continues to play a significant role in public understanding of paleontology in a variety of ways. In 2007, The Children's Museum of Indianapolis released a lesson plan on paleoart for children of grades 3 to 5 that uses paleoart as a way to introduce children to paleontology. Paleontological-themed merchandise has been around since at least the mid-1800s, but the popularity of anatomically-accurate and paleoart-based merchandise is relatively novel, such as Rebecca Groom's highly accurate plush toy reconstructions of extinct animals. Starting in the 2010s, paleoart and its public perception have also been the exclusive focus of research articles that (e.g.) attempt to apply empirical methods to understand its role in society or communicate its evolution over time to other scientists.
Notable, influential paleoartists
Past (pre–Dinosaur Renaissance) paleoartists
2D artists
Henry De la Beche (1796 – 1855)
John Martin (1789 – 1854)
Edward Newman (1801 – 1876)
Richard Owen (1804 – 1892)
Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins (1807 – 1894)
Ferdinand von Hochstetter (1829 – 1884)
Othniel Charles Marsh (1831 – 1899)
Amédée Forestier (1854 – 1930)
Heinrich Harder (1858 – 1935)
Gerhard Heilmann (1859 – 1946)
Joseph M. Gleeson (1861 – 1917)
Alice B. Woodward (1862 – 1951)
Ernest Untermann (1864 – 1956)
William Diller Matthew (1871 – 1930)
Charles R. Knight (1874 – 1953)
Othenio Abel (1875 – 1946)
James E. Allen (1894 – 1964)
Alexey Bystrov (1899 – 1959)
Zdeněk Burian (1905 – 1981)
Rudolph Zallinger (1919 – 1995)
3D artists
Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins (1807 – 1894)
Richard Swann Lull (1867 – 1957)
Charles W. Gilmore (1874 – 1945)
Vasily Vatagin (1883 – 1969)
Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov (1907 – 1970)
Modern (post–Dinosaur Renaissance) paleoartists
2D artists
Eleanor Kish (1924 – 2014)
Alex Ebel (1932 – 2013)
Jay Matternes (b. 1933)
Robert T. Bakker (b. 1945)
Doug Henderson (b. 1949)
John Sibbick (b. 1949)
William Stout (b. 1949)
John Gurche (b. 1951)
Jan Sovák (b. 1953)
Gregory S. Paul (b. 1954)
Peter Trusler (b. 1954)
Luis Rey (b. 1955)
Wayne Barlowe (b. 1958)
James Gurney (b. 1958)
Karen Carr (b. 1960)
Mauricio Antón (b. 1961)
Ricardo Delgado (b. 1964)
Steve White (b. 1964)
Petr Modlitba (b. 1966)
Nobu Tamura (b. 1966)
Davide Bonadonna (b. 1968)
Velizar Simeonovski (b. 1968)
Julius T. Csotonyi (b. 1973)
Darren Naish (b. 1975)
Robert Nicholls (b. 1975)
Sergey Krasovskiy (b. 1975)
Andrey Atuchin (b. 1980)
John Conway (b. 1981)
C. M. Kosemen (b. 1984)
Danielle Dufault (b. 1988/89)
Todd Marshall
Raúl Martín
Josef Moravec
Michael Skrepnick
Mark P. Witton
3D artists
David Rankin (b. 1946)
Stephen A. Czerkas (1951 - 2015)
Brian Cooley (b. 1956)
Paul Sereno (b. 1957)
Michael Trcic (b. 1960)
David Krentz
Gallery
Skeletal restoration of Brontosaurus excelsus, by Othniel Charles Marsh, 1896
Eurypterids by Ernst Haeckel, 1914
Relief of Niolamia by Heinrich Harder, ca 1916
Staurikosaurus and rhynchosaur are animals of Geopark Paleorrota produced by paleoartist Clovis Dapper
Velociraptor and Protoceratops locked in mortal combat, by Raúl Martín 2003
Megalodon pursuing two Eobalaenoptera whales by Karen Carr
Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis by John Conway, 2006
Ice Age fauna by Mauricio Anton, 2008
Restoration of Anatosuchus by Todd Marshall, 2009
Quetzalcoatlus models in South Bank, created by Mark P. Witton for the Royal Society's 350th anniversary, 2010
Restoration of Linhenykus by Julius Csotonyi, 2012
Restoration of Dimorphodon by Mark P. Witton, 2015
Restoration of Serikornis by Emily Willoughby, 2017
Footnotes
^ Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015) pp. 28–34.
^ Paul (2000) pp. 107–112.
^ Bednarik, Robert G. (21 August 2017). Palaeoart of the Ice Age. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-0071-6.
^ Hallett (1987) pp. 97–113.
^ Witton (2018) p. 17.
^ Lescaze (2017) p. 11.
^ Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015) pp. 28–34.
^ Hallett (1987) pp. 97–113.
^ Hone (2012)
^ Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015) p. 29.
^ Debus & Debus (2012)
^ Witton (2016) pp. 7–8.
^ SVP Online
^ Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015) pp. 28–34.
^ Witton (2018) p. 10.
^ Witton (2018) pp. 10–11.
^ Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015) p. 32.
^ Witton (2018) p. 37.
^ Witton (2018) p. 10.
^ Gurney (2009) p. 78.
^ Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015) p. 29.
^ Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015) p. 31.
^ Witton (2018) p. 13.
^ Witton (2018) p. 38.
^ Witton (2018) pp. 37–43.
^ Czerkas in Currie & Padian (1997) pp. 626–627.
^ Henderson in Brett-Surman, Holtz & Farlow (2012) pp. 306–308.
^ Czerkas in Currie & Padian (1997) p. 628.
^ Henderson in Brett-Surman, Holtz & Farlow (2012) p. 305.
^ Witton (2018) pp. 184–185.
^ Henderson in Brett-Surman, Holtz & Farlow (2012) p. 305.
^ Witton (2018) pp. 184–185.
^ Witton (2018) pp. 184–213.
^ Henderson in Brett-Surman, Holtz & Farlow (2012) p. 306.
^ Witton (2018) pp. 7–8.
^ Lescaze (2017) p. 17.
^ Mayor (2011)
^ Witton (2018) p. 18.
^ Witton (2018) p. 18.
^ Otheniol (1939)
^ Witton (2018) pp. 19–21.
^ Witton (2018) pp. 20–21.
^ Ariew (1998)
^ Witton (2018) p. 21.
^ Taquet & Padian (2004) pp. 157–175.
^ Witton (2018) p. 22.
^ Rudwick (1992)
^ Witton (2018) p. 22.
^ Martill (2014) pp. 120–130.
^ Witton (2018) p. 22.
^ Davidson (2008) p. 51.
^ Davidson (2008) p. 52.
^ Rudwick (1992)
^ Jäger, Tischlinger, Oleschinski & Sander (2018)
^ Colagrande & Felder (2000) p. 168.
^ Colagrande & Felder (2000) p. 170.
^ Paul (2000) p. 107.
^ Mantell (1851)
^ Sarjeant in Currie & Padian (1997) p. 162.
^ Witton (2018) p. 26.
^ Witton (2018) p. 26.
^ White (2012) p. 9.
^ Milner (2012) pp. 10–12.
^ Stout in Knight (2005) pp. ix–xiii.
^ Stout in Knight (2005) pp. ix–xiii.
^ Kalt (2002)
^ Milner (2012)
^ Witton (2018) pp. 28–29.
^ Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History (2010)
^ Paul (2000) p. 110.
^ Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History (2010)
^ Paul (2000) p. 110.
^ Hochmanová-Burianová (1991) pp. 22–23.
^ Lescaze (2017) p. 165.
^ Lescaze (2017) p. 166.
^ Lescaze (2017) p. 163.
^ Madzia, Boyd & Mazuch (2017) pp. 967–979.
^ Lescaze (2017) p. 110.
^ Lescaze (2017) pp. 111–114.
^ Witton (2018) p. 32.
^ White (2012) p. 9.
^ Bakker (1986) pp. 523–525.
^ Witton (2018) p. 32.
^ Witton (2018) pp. 32–33.
^ White (2012) pp. 8–9.
^ Witton (2018) p. 33.
^ Paul (2000) p. 112.
^ Witton (2018) p. 33.
^ Paul (2000) p. 111.
^ Witton (2018) p. 34.
^ Paul (2000) p. 111.
^ Terakado (2017)
^ Witton (2018) p. 34.
^ Witton (2018) pp. 35–36.
^ Witton (2016) p. 8.
^ Witton (2018) p. 36.
^ Conway, Kosemen & Naish (2012) p. 64.
^ Conway, Kosemen & Naish (2012) pp. 64–65.
^ Conway, Kosemen & Naish (2012) p. 10.
^ Switek in White (2017) p. 6.
^ Ross, Duggan-Haas & Allmon (2013) pp. 145–160.
^ Witton, Naish & Conway (2014)
^ Witton (2018) p. 35.
^ SVP Online
^ Museu da Lourinhã (2009)
^ Brummett (2018)
^ Pickrell (2018)
^ Children’s Museum of Indianapolis (2007)
^ Witton (2018) pp. 13–14.
^ Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015)
^ McDermott (2020)
References
Abel, Othenio (1939). Vorzeitliche Tierreste im Deutschen Mythus, Brachtum und Volksglauben. Jena (Gustav Fischer).
Ansón, Marco; Fernández, Manuel H.; Ramos, Pedro A. S. (2015). "Paleoart: term and conditions (A survey among paleontologists)". Current trends in Paleontology and Evolution. XIII EJIP Conference Proceedings. ISBN 978-84-606-7282-1.
Ariew, R (1998). "Leibniz on the unicorn and various other curiosities". Early Science and Medicine (3): 39–50.
Bakker, R. T. (1986). "The Dinosaur Heresies". PALAIOS. 2 (5): 523–525. doi:10.2307/3514623. JSTOR 3514623.
Brummett, Chad (8 November 2018). "'Picturing the Past' Explores Paleo-Art". KRQE: Fox New Mexico.
Colagrande, John; Felder, Larry (2000). In the Presence of Dinosaurs. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. ISBN 978-0737000894.
Conway, John; Kosemen, C.M.; Naish, Darren (2012). All Yesterdays. London: Irregular Books. ISBN 978-1291177121.
Czerkas, Sylvia J. (1997). "Reconstruction and Restoration". Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. By Currie, Philip J.; Padian, Kevin (first ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0122268106.
Debus, Allen A.; Debus, Diane E. (2002). Paleoimagery: The Evolution of Dinosaurs in Art. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland and Co. ISBN 978-0786464203.
Davidson, Jane P. (2008). A History of Paleontology Illustration. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253351753.
Gurney, James (2009). Imaginative Realism: How to Paint What Doesn't Exist. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0740785504.
Hallett, Mark (1987). "The scientific approach of the art of bringing dinosaurs back to life". In Czerkas, Sylvia J.; Olson, Everett C. (eds.). Dinosaurs Past and Present (vol 1). Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0938644248.
Henderson, Douglas (2012). "Chapter 16: Restoring Dinosaurs as Living Animals". The Complete Dinosaur. By Brett-Surman, M.K.; Holtz, Thomas R. Jr.; Farlow, James O. (second ed.). Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253357014.
Hochmanová-Burianová, Eva (1991). Zdeněk Burian - pravěk a dobrodružství (rodinné vzpomínky). Prague: Magnet-Press. ISBN 978-80-85434-28-6.
Hone, Dave (3 September 2012). "Drawing dinosaurs: how is palaeoart produced?". The Guardian.
"International Dinosaur Illustration Contest". Museu da Lourinhã. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.
Jäger, Kai R.K.; Tischlinger, Helmut; Oleschinski, Georg; Sander, P. Martin (2018). "Goldfuß was right: Soft part preservation in the Late Jurassic pterosaur Scaphognathus crassirostris revealed by reflectance transformation imaging (RTI) and UV light and the auspicious beginnings of paleo-art" (PDF). Palaeontologia Electronica. 21 (3): 4T. doi:10.26879/713. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
Kalt, Roda Knight (2002–2008). "Welcome to the World of Charles R. Knight". Retrieved December 31, 2018.
Lescaze, Zoë (2017). Paleoart: Visions of the prehistoric past. Taschen. ISBN 978-3836555111.
Madzia, Daniel; Boyd, Clint A.; Mazuch, Martin (2017). "A basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Cenomanian of the Czech Republic". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 16 (11): 967–979. doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1371258. S2CID 90008574.
Mantell, Gideon A. (1851). Petrifications and their teachings: or, a handbook to the gallery of organic remains of the British Museum. London: H. G. Bohn. OCLC 8415138.
Martill, D. M. (2014). "Dimorphodon and the Reverend George Howman's noctivagous flying dragon: the earliest restoration of a pterosaur in its natural habitat". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 125 (1): 120–130. Bibcode:2014PrGA..125..120M. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2013.03.003.
Mayor, Adrienne (2011). The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times (second ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15013-0.
McDermott, Amy (2020). "Dinosaur art evolves with new discoveries in paleontology" (PDF). PNAS. 117 (6): 2728–2731. Bibcode:2020PNAS..117.2728M. doi:10.1073/pnas.2000784117. PMC 7022217. PMID 32047097. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
Milner, Richard (2012). Charles R. Knight: The Artist Who Saw Through Time. New York: Abrams. ISBN 978-0810984790.
"Paleo Artists: Bringing Dinosaurs to Life! A Grade 3–5 Unit of Study" (PDF). The Children's Museum of Indianapolis. 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
Paul, Gregory S. (2000). "A quick history of dinosaur art". In Paul, Gregory S. (ed.). The Scientific American Book of Dinosaurs. New York: Byron Preiss Visual Productions, Inc. ISBN 978-0312262266.
Pickrell, John (16 November 2018). "How dinosaurs are brought back to life—through art". National Geographic. Archived from the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
Ross, Robert M.; Duggan-Haas, Don; Allmon, Warren D. (2013). "The posture of Tyrannosaurus rex: Why do student views lag behind the science?" (PDF). Journal of Geoscience Education. 61 (1): 145–160. Bibcode:2013JGeEd..61..145R. doi:10.5408/11-259.1. S2CID 162343784. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
Rudwick, M.J. (1992). Scenes from Deep time: early pictorial representations of the prehistoric world. University of Chicago Press.
Sarjeant, William A.S. (1997). "Crystal Palace". Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. By Currie, Philip J.; Padian, Kevin (first ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0122268106.
"Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: Lanzendorf-National Geographic Paleoart Prize". Retrieved July 27, 2018.
Stout, William (2005). Introduction. Charles R. Knight: Autobiography of an Artist. By Knight, Charles Robert. G.T. Labs. ISBN 978-0-9660106-8-8.
Taquet, P.; Padian, K. (2004). "The earliest known restoration of a pterosaur and the philosophical origins of Curvier's Ossemens Fossiles". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 3 (2): 157–175. Bibcode:2004CRPal...3..157T. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.02.002.
Terakado, Kazuo (2017). The Art of the Dinosaur: Illustrations by the Top Paleoartists in the World. PIE International. ISBN 978-4756249227.
Witton, Mark P.; Naish, Darren; Conway, John (2014). "State of the palaeoart" (PDF). Palaeontologia Electronica. 17 (3): 5E. doi:10.26879/145. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
Witton, Mark P. (2016). Recreating an Age of Reptiles. Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1785003349.
Witton, Mark P. (2018). The Palaeoartist's Handbook: Recreating prehistoric animals in art. U.K.: Ramsbury: The Crowood Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1785004612.
White, Steve (2012). Dinosaur Art: The World's Greatest Paleoart. London: Titan Books. ISBN 978-0857685841.
White, Steve (2017). Dinosaur Art II: The Cutting Edge of Paleoart. Titan Books. ISBN 978-1785653988.
"Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History: Rudolph Franz Zallinger". 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
"Czym jest paleosztuka? Przegląd Geologiczny, Górnicki S. vol. 65, nr 3, 161-167". 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paleoart.
Paleoartists at Curlie
Paleoartists Hall of Fame
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prehistoric art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laelaps-Charles_Knight-1897.jpg"},{"link_name":"Laelaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laelaps_(dinosaur)"},{"link_name":"Charles R. Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Knight"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Mark Hallett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hallett_(artist)"},{"link_name":"paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace Dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"American frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_frontier"},{"link_name":"Charles R. Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Knight"},{"link_name":"warm-blooded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm-blooded"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds"},{"link_name":"digital art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_art"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"}],"text":"Art genre attempting to depict prehistoric life according to scientific evidenceFor art created in prehistoric times, see Prehistoric art.Leaping Laelaps by Charles R. Knight, 1897Paleoart (also spelled palaeoart, paleo-art, or paleo art) is any original artistic work that attempts to depict prehistoric life according to scientific evidence.[1] Works of paleoart may be representations of fossil remains or imagined depictions of the living creatures and their ecosystems. While paleoart is typically defined as being scientifically informed, it is often the basis of depictions of prehistoric animals in popular culture, which in turn influences public perception of and fuels interest in these organisms.[2] The word paleoart is also used in an informal sense as a name for prehistoric art, most often cave paintings.[3]The term \"paleoart\"–which is a portmanteau of paleo, the Ancient Greek word for \"old\", and \"art\"–was introduced in the late 1980s by Mark Hallett for art that depicts subjects related to paleontology,[4] but is considered to have originated as a visual tradition in early 1800s England.[5][6] Older works of possible \"proto-paleoart\", suggestive of ancient fossil discoveries, may date to as old as the 5th century BCE, though these older works' relation to known fossil material is speculative. Other artworks from the late Middle Ages of Europe, typically portraying mythical creatures, are more plausibly inspired by fossils of prehistoric large mammals and reptiles that were known from this period.Paleoart emerged as a distinct genre of art with unambiguous scientific basis around the beginning of the 19th century, dovetailing with the emergence of paleontology as a distinct scientific discipline. These early paleoartists restored fossil material, musculature, life appearance, and habitat of prehistoric animals based on the limited scientific understanding of the day. Paintings and sculptures from the mid-1800s were integral in bringing paleontology to the interest of the general public, such as the landmark Crystal Palace Dinosaur sculptures displayed in London. Paleoart developed in scope and accuracy alongside paleontology, with \"classic\" paleoart coming on the heels of rapid increase in dinosaur discoveries resulting from the opening of the American frontier in the nineteenth century. Paleoartist Charles R. Knight, the first to depict dinosaurs as active animals, dominated the paleoart landscape through the early 1900s.The modern era of paleoart was brought first by the \"Dinosaur Renaissance\", a minor scientific revolution beginning in the early 1970s in which dinosaurs came to be understood as active, alert creatures that may have been warm-blooded and likely related to birds. This change of landscape led to a stronger emphasis on accuracy, novelty, and a focus on depicting prehistoric creatures as real animals that resemble living animals in their appearance, behavior and diversity. The \"modern\" age of paleoart is characterized by this focus on accuracy and diversity in style and depiction, as well as by the rise of digital art and a greater access to scientific resources and to a sprawling scientific and artistic community made possible by the Internet. Today, paleoart is a globally-recognized genre of scientific art, and has been the subject of international contests and awards, galleries, and a variety of books and other merchandise.","title":"Paleoart"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anoplotherium_1812_Skeleton_Sketch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anoplotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoplotherium"},{"link_name":"Georges Cuvier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cuvier"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace Dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Society of Vertebrate Paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Vertebrate_Paleontology"},{"link_name":"vertebrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Mark Witton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Witton"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"paleontologically-inspired art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Paleoart has historically depended on fossil reconstructions, such as that of Anoplotherium commune by Georges Cuvier in 1812. For instance, its reconstruction was used as a basis for some of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs sculptures.A chief driver in the inception of paleoart as a distinct form of scientific illustration was the desire of both the public and of paleontologists to visualize the prehistory that fossils represented.[7] Mark Hallett, who coined the term \"paleoart\" in 1987, stressed the importance of the cooperative effort between artists, paleontologists and other specialists in gaining access to information for generating accurate, realistic restorations of extinct animals and their environments.[8][9]Since paleontological knowledge and public perception of the field have changed dramatically since the earliest attempts at reconstructing prehistory, paleoart as a discipline has consequently changed over time as well. This has led to difficulties in creating a shared definition of the term. Given that the drive towards scientific accuracy has always been a salient feature of the discipline, some authors point out the importance of separating true paleoart from \"paleoimagery\", which is defined as a broader category of paleontology-influenced imagery that may include a variety of cultural and media depictions of prehistoric life in various manifestations, but does not necessarily include scientific accuracy as a recognized goal.[10] One attempt to separate these terms has defined paleoartists as artists who, \"create original skeletal reconstructions and/or restorations of prehistoric animals, or restore fossil flora or invertebrates using acceptable and recognized procedures\".[11] Others have pointed out that a definition of paleoart must include a degree of subjectivity, where an artist's style, preferences and opinions come into play along with the goal of accuracy.[12] The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology has offered the definition of paleoart as, \"the scientific or naturalistic rendering of paleontological subject matter pertaining to vertebrate fossils\",[13] a definition considered unacceptable by some for its exclusion of non-vertebrate subject matter.[14] Paleoartist Mark Witton defines paleoart in terms of three essential elements: 1) being bound by scientific data, 2) involving biologically-informed restoration to fill in missing data, and 3) relating to extinct organisms.[15] This definition explicitly rules out technical illustrations of fossil specimens from being considered paleoart, and requires the use of \"reasoned extrapolation and informed speculation\" to fill in these reconstructive gaps, thereby also explicitly ruling out artworks that actively go against known published data. These might be more accurately considered paleontologically-inspired art.[16]In an attempt to establish a common definition of the term, Ansón and colleagues (2015) conducted an empirical survey of the international paleontological community with a questionnaire on various aspects of paleoart. 78% of the surveyed participants stated agreement with the importance of scientific accuracy in paleoart, and 87% of respondents recognized an increase in accuracy of paleoart over time.[17]","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"James Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Dinotopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinotopia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olorotitan_skeletal.png"},{"link_name":"Olorotitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olorotitan"},{"link_name":"Andrey Atuchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Atuchin"}],"text":"The production of paleoart requires by definition substantial reading of research and reference-gathering to ensure scientific credibility at the time of production.[18] Aims of paleoart range from communicating scientific knowledge to evoking emotion through fascination at nature.[19] The artist James Gurney, known for the Dinotopia series of fiction books, has described the interaction between scientists and artists as the artist being the eyes of the scientist, since his illustrations bring shape to the theories; paleoart determines how the public perceives long extinct animals.[20] Apart from the goal of accuracy on its own, the intentions of the paleoartist may be manifold, and include the illustrating of specific scientific hypotheses, suggesting new hypotheses, or anticipating paleontological knowledge through illustration that can be later verified by fossil evidence.[21] Paleoart can even be used as a research methodology in itself, such as in the creation of scale models to estimate weight approximations and size proportions.[22] Paleoart is also frequently used as a tool for public outreach and education, including through the production and sale of paleontology-themed toys, books, movies, and other products.[23]An example of the skeletal reconstructions on which many paleoartists depend: Olorotitan by Andrey Atuchin","title":"Aims and production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geochronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochronology"},{"link_name":"paleobiogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography#Paleobiogeography"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"lignified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin"},{"link_name":"plant tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant"},{"link_name":"coral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral"},{"link_name":"ontogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontogeny"},{"link_name":"functional morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"phylogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogeny"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"thermoregulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation"},{"link_name":"species recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intra-species_recognition"},{"link_name":"camouflage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypsis"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Scientific principles","text":"Although every artist's process will differ, Witton (2018) recommends a standard set of requirements to produce artwork that fits the definition. A basic understanding of the subject organism's place in time (geochronology) and space (paleobiogeography) is necessary for restorations of scenes or environments in paleoart.[24] Skeletal reference—not just the bones of vertebrate animals, but including any fossilized structures of soft tissue–such as lignified plant tissue and coral framework—is crucial for understanding the proportions, size and appearance of extinct organisms. Given that many fossil specimens are known from fragmentary material, an understanding of the organisms' ontogeny, functional morphology, and phylogeny may be required to create scientifically-rigorous paleoart by filling in restorative gaps parsimoniously.[25]Several professional paleoartists recommend the consideration of contemporary animals in aiding accurate restorations, especially in cases where crucial details of pose, appearance and behavior are impossible to know from fossil material.[26][27] For example, most extinct animals' coloration and patterning are unknown from fossil evidence, but these can be plausibly restored in illustration based on known aspects of the animal's environment and behavior, as well as inference based on function such as thermoregulation, species recognition, and camouflage.[28]","title":"Aims and production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Artistic principles","text":"In addition to a scientific understanding, paleoart incorporates a traditional approach to art, the use and development of style, medium, and subject matter that is unique to each artist.[29] The success of a piece of paleoart depends on its strength of composition as much as any other genre of artistry. Command of object placement, color, lighting, and shape can be indispensable to communicating a realistic depiction of prehistoric life.[30] Drawing skills also help form an important basis of effective paleoillustration, including an understanding of perspective, composition, command of a medium, and practice at life drawing.[31] Paleoart is unique in its compositional challenge in that its content must be imagined and inferred, as opposed to directly referenced, and, in many cases, this includes animal behavior and environment.[32] To this end, artists must keep in mind the mood and purpose of a composition in creating an effective piece of paleoart.[33]Many artists and enthusiasts think of paleoart as having validity as art for its own sake. The incomplete nature of the fossil record, varying interpretations of what material exists, and the inability to observe behavior ensures that the illustration of dinosaurs has a speculative component. Therefore, a variety of factors other than science can influence paleontological illustrators, including the expectations of editors, curators, and commissioners, as well as long-standing assumptions about the nature of ancient organisms that may be repeated through generations of paleoart, regardless of accuracy.[34]","title":"Aims and production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Henry De la Beche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_De_la_Beche"},{"link_name":"Duria Antiquior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duria_Antiquior"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Corinthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinth"},{"link_name":"BCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCE"},{"link_name":"mythological Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Heracles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles"},{"link_name":"giraffid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffid"},{"link_name":"Samotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samotherium"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Grecian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_art"},{"link_name":"griffins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin"},{"link_name":"Protoceratops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoceratops"},{"link_name":"cyclops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclops"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klagenfurt_Lindwurm.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lindwurm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindwurm"},{"link_name":"Klagenfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klagenfurt"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Coelodonta antiquitatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelodonta_antiquitatis"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Mundus Subterraneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundus_Subterraneus_(book)"},{"link_name":"Athanasius Kircher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher"},{"link_name":"dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"plesiosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiosaur"},{"link_name":"Swabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabia_(Bavaria)"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"unicorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicorn"},{"link_name":"Ice Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_glacial_period"},{"link_name":"mammoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth"},{"link_name":"Quedlinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quedlinburg"},{"link_name":"Otto von Guericke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Guericke"},{"link_name":"Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"\"Proto-paleoart\" (pre-1800)","text":"While the word \"paleoart\" is relatively recent, the practice of restoring ancient life based on real fossil remains can be considered to have originated around the same time as paleontology.[35] However, art of extinct animals has existed long before Henry De la Beche's 1830 painting Duria Antiquior, which is sometimes credited as the first true paleontological artwork.[36] These older works include sketches, paintings and detailed anatomical restorations, though the relation of these works to observed fossil material is mostly speculative. For example, a Corinthian vase painted sometime between 560 and 540 BCE is thought by some researchers to bear a depiction of an observed fossil skull. This so-called \"Monster of Troy\", the beast fought by the mythological Greek hero Heracles, somewhat resembles the skull of the giraffid Samotherium.[37] Witton considered that because the painting has significant differences from the skull it is supposedly representing (lack of horns, sharp teeth), it should not necessarily be considered \"proto-paleoart\". Other scholars have suggested that ancient fossils inspired Grecian depictions of griffins, with the mythical chimera of lion and bird anatomy superficially resembling the beak, horns and quadrupedal body plan of the dinosaur Protoceratops. Similarly, authors have speculated that the huge, unified nasal opening in the skull of fossil mammoths could have inspired ancient artwork and stories of the one-eyed cyclops. However, these ideas have never been adequately substantiated, with existing evidence more parsimonious with established cultural interpretations of these mythical figures.[38]The Klagenfurt LindwormThe earliest definitive works of \"proto-paleoart\" that unambiguously depict the life appearance of fossil animals come from fifteenth and sixteenth century Europe. One such depiction is Ulrich Vogelsang's statue of a Lindwurm in Klagenfurt, Austria that dates to 1590. Writings from the time of its creation specifically identify the skull of Coelodonta antiquitatis, the woolly rhinoceros, as the basis for the head in the restoration. This skull had been found in a mine or gravel pit near Klagenfurt in 1335, and remains on display today. Despite its poor resemblance of the skull in question, the Lindwurm statue was thought to be almost certainly inspired by the find.[39]The German textbook Mundus Subterraneus, authored by scholar Athanasius Kircher in 1678, features a number of illustrations of giant humans and dragons that may have been informed by fossil finds of the day, many of which came from quarries and caves. Some of these may have been the bones of large Pleistocene mammals common to these European caves. Others may have been based on far older fossils of plesiosaurs, which are thought to have informed a unique depiction of a dragon in this book that departs noticeably from the classically slender, serpentine dragon artwork of the era by having a barrel-like body and 'paddle-like' wings. According to some researchers, this dramatic departure from the typical dragon artwork of this time, which is thought to have been informed by the Lindwurm, likely reflects the arrival of a new source of information, such as a speculated discovery of plesiosaur fossils in quarries of the historic Swabia region of Bavaria.[40][41]Eighteenth century skeletal reconstructions of the unicorn are thought to have been inspired by Ice Age mammoth and rhinoceros bones found in a cave near Quedlinburg, Germany in 1663. These artworks are of uncertain origin and may have been created by Otto von Guericke, the German naturalist who first described the \"unicorn\" remains in his writings, or Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, the author who published the image posthumously in 1749. This rendering represents the oldest known illustration of a fossil skeleton.[42][43]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hermann_pterodactylus_restoration1.png"},{"link_name":"Jean Hermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Hermann"},{"link_name":"pterosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosaur"},{"link_name":"Pterodactylus antiquus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterodactylus_antiquus"},{"link_name":"Jean Hermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Hermann"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg,_France"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Baron Georges Cuvier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Georges_Cuvier"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boltunov_mammoth.jpg"},{"link_name":"mammoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth"},{"link_name":"Yakutsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakutsk"},{"link_name":"trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant#Trunk"},{"link_name":"boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boar"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buckland_hyena.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Conybeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Conybeare_(geologist)"},{"link_name":"William Buckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Buckland"},{"link_name":"Kirkdale cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkdale_Cave"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"William Conybeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Conybeare_(geologist)"},{"link_name":"William Buckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Buckland"},{"link_name":"Kirkdale Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkdale_Cave"},{"link_name":"hyenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyena"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Dimorphodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimorphodon"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duria_Antiquior.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry De la Beche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_De_la_Beche"},{"link_name":"Duria Antiquior - A more Ancient Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duria_Antiquior"},{"link_name":"Mary Anning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Anning"},{"link_name":"Henry De la Beche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_De_la_Beche"},{"link_name":"Early Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"Mary Anning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Anning"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"paleoecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoecology"},{"link_name":"plesiosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiosaur"},{"link_name":"ichthyosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyosaur"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Coprolitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprolite"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Georg August Goldfuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_August_Goldfuss"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"Scaphognathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaphognathus"},{"link_name":"Hermann von Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Meyer"},{"link_name":"reflectance transformation imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_texture_mapping"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mantellodon_in_Crystal_Palace_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Waterhouse_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"Iguanodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanodon"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace Dinosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"Richard Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Owen"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Iguanodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanodon"},{"link_name":"iguana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguana"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Waterhouse_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Great Exhibition of 1851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Exhibition_of_1851"},{"link_name":"the Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace"},{"link_name":"Sydenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydenham,_London"},{"link_name":"Gideon Mantell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Mantell"},{"link_name":"pachyderm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachydermata"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace dinosaur sculptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_Dinosaurs"},{"link_name":"sculptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture"},{"link_name":"concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete"},{"link_name":"steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"},{"link_name":"brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dinosaurs_fighting_-_The_World_before_the_Deluge_(1865),_plate_XXI_-_BL.jpg"},{"link_name":"Édouard Riou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Riou"},{"link_name":"Megalosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalosaurus"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Louis Figuier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Figuier"},{"link_name":"Édouard Riou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Riou"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Early scientific paleoart (1800–1890)","text":"Jean Hermann's 1800 restoration of the pterosaur Pterodactylus antiquusThe beginning of the 19th century saw the first paleontological artworks with an unambiguous scientific basis, and this emergence coincided with paleontology being seen as a distinct field of science. The French naturalist and professor Jean Hermann of Strasbourg, France, drafted what Witton describes as the \"oldest known, incontrovertible\" pieces of paleoart in 1800.[44] These sketches, based on the first known fossil skeleton of a pterosaur, depict Hermann's interpretation of the animal as a flying mammal with fur and large external ears. These ink drawings were relatively quick sketches accompanying his notes on the fossil and were likely never intended for publication, and their existence was only recently uncovered from correspondence between the artist and the French anatomist Baron Georges Cuvier.[45]Roman Boltunov's 1805 reconstruction of a mammoth, based on frozen carcass he observed in SiberiaSimilarly, private sketches of mammoth fossils drafted by Yakutsk merchant Roman Boltunov in 1805 were likely never intended for scientific publication, but their function—to communicate the life appearance of an animal whose tusks he had found in Siberia and was hoping to sell—nevertheless establishes it one of the first examples of paleoart by today's definition. Boltunov's sketches of the animal, which depicted it without a trunk and boar-like, raised enough scientific interest in the specimen that the drawings were later sent to St. Petersburg and eventually led to excavation and study of the rest of the specimen.[46]Geologist William Conybeare's 1822 cartoon of William Buckland in a hyena den, intended to honor Buckland's groundbreaking analysis of fossils found at Kirkdale caveCuvier went on to produce skeletal restorations of extinct mammals of his own. Some of these included restorations with musculature layered atop them, which in the early 1820s could be considered the earliest examples of illustrations of animal tissue built up over fossil skeletons. As huge and detailed fossil restorations were at this point appearing in the same publications as these modest attempts at soft tissue restoration, historians have speculated whether this reflected shame and lack of interest in paleoart as being too speculative to have scientific value at the time.[47] One notable deviation from the Cuvier-like approach is seen in a cartoon drawn by geologist William Conybeare in 1822. This cartoon depicts paleontologist William Buckland entering the famous British Kirkdale Cave, known for its Ice Age mammal remains, amidst a scene of fossil hyenas restored in the flesh in the ancient cave interior, the first known artwork depicting an extinct animal restored in a rendition of an ancient environment.[48] A similar step forward depicts a dragon-like animal meant to represent the pterosaur Dimorphodon flying over a coastline by George Howman; this 1829 watercolor painting was a fanciful piece that, albeit being not particularly scientific, was another very early attempt at restoring a fossil animal in a suitable habitat.[49]Geologist Henry De la Beche's 1830 watercolor painting Duria Antiquior - A more Ancient Dorset, based on fossils found by Mary AnningIn 1830, the first \"fully realized\" paleoart scene, depicting prehistoric animals in a realistic geological setting, was painted by British paleontologist Henry De la Beche. Dubbed Duria Antiquior — A more Ancient Dorset, this watercolor painting represents a scene from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, a fossil-rich region of the British Isles. This painting, based on fossil discoveries along the coast of Dorset by paleontologist Mary Anning, showcased realistic aspects of fossil animal appearance, behavior, and environment at a level of detail, realism and accuracy that was among the first of its kind.[50] This watercolor, an early illustration of paleoecology, shows plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs swimming and foraging in a natural setting, and includes depictions of behavior of these marine reptiles that, while unknown, were inferences made by De la Beche based on the behavior of living animals. For example, one ichthyosaur is painted with its mouth open about to swallow the fish head-first, just as a predatory fish would swallow another.[51] Several of these animals are also depicted defecating, a theme that emerges in other works by De la Beche. For example, his 1829 lithograph called A Coprolitic Vision, perhaps inspired by Conybeare's Kirkdale Cave cartoon, again pokes fun at William Buckland by placing him at the mouth of a cave surrounded by defecating prehistoric animals. Several authors have remarked on De la Beche's apparent interest in fossilized feces, speculating that even the shape of the cave in this cartoon is reminiscent of the interior of an enormous digestive tract.[52] In any case, Duria Antiquior inspired many subsequent derivatives, one of which was produced by Nicholas Christian Hohe in 1831 titled Jura Formation. This piece, published by German paleontologist Georg August Goldfuss, was the first full paleoart scene to enter scientific publication, and was likely an introduction to other academics of the time to the potential of paleoart.[53] Goldfuss was the first to describe fur-like integument on a pterosaur, which was restored in his commissioned 1831 illustration based on his observation of the holotype specimen of Scaphognathus. This observation, which was rejected by scientists such as Hermann von Meyer, was later vindicated with certainty by 21st-century imaging technology, such as reflectance transformation imaging, used on this specimen.[54]Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins's 1850s sculptures of an Iguanodon pair, some of the Crystal Palace DinosaursThe role of art in disseminating paleontological knowledge took on a new salience as dinosaur illustration advanced alongside dinosaur paleontology in the mid-1800s. With only fragmentary fossil remains known at the time the term \"dinosaur\" was coined by Sir Richard Owen in 1841, the question of life appearance of dinosaurs captured the interest of scientist and public alike.[55] Because of the newness and the limitations of the fossil evidence available at the time, artists and scientists had no frame of reference to draw upon in understanding what dinosaurs looked like in life. For this reason, depictions of dinosaurs at the time were heavily based on living animals such as frogs, lizards, and kangaroos. One of the most famous examples, Iguanodon, was depicted as a resembling a huge iguana because the only known fossils of the dinosaur—the jaws and teeth—were thought to resemble those of the living lizard.[56] With Owen's help, Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins created the first life-size sculptures depicting dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals as he thought they may have appeared; he is considered by some to be the first significant artist to apply his skills to the field of dinosaur paleontology.[57] Some of these models were initially created for the Great Exhibition of 1851, but 33 were eventually produced when the Crystal Palace was relocated to Sydenham, in South London. Owen famously hosted a dinner for 21 prominent men of science inside the hollow concrete Iguanodon on New Year's Eve 1853. However, in 1849, a few years before his death in 1852, Gideon Mantell had realized that Iguanodon, of which he was the discoverer, was not a heavy, pachyderm-like animal, as Owen was putting forward, but had slender forelimbs; his death left him unable to participate in the creation of the Crystal Palace dinosaur sculptures, and so Owen's vision of dinosaurs became that seen by the public. He had nearly two dozen life-sized sculptures of various prehistoric animals built out of concrete sculpted over a steel and brick framework; two Iguanodon, one standing and one resting on its belly, were included.[58] The dinosaurs remain in place in the park, but their depictions are now outdated as a consequence both of paleontological progress and of Owen's own misconceptions.[59]Édouard Riou's 1865 illustration of Iguanodon and Megalosaurus engaged in combat, from La Terre Avant le DelugeThe Crystal Palace models, despite their inaccuracy by today's standards, were a landmark in the advancement of paleoart as not only a serious academic undertaking, but also one that can capture the interest of the general public. The Crystal Palace dinosaur models were the first works of paleoart to be merchandised as postcards, guide books, and replicas to the general public.[60] In the latter half of the 1800s, this major shift could be seen in other developments taking place in academic books and paintings featuring scientific restorations of prehistoric life. For example, a book by French scientist Louis Figuier titled La Terre Avant le Deluge, published in 1863, was the first to feature a series of works of paleoart documenting life through time. Illustrated by French painter Édouard Riou, this book featured iconic scenes of dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals based on Owen's constructions, and would establish a template for academic books featuring artworks of prehistoric life through time for years to come.[61]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"western frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_frontier"},{"link_name":"American Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Midwest"},{"link_name":"Charles R. Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Knight"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Zallinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Zallinger"},{"link_name":"Zdeněk Burian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Burian"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smilodon_Knight.jpg"},{"link_name":"Smilodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilodon"},{"link_name":"Charles R. Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Knight"},{"link_name":"Charles Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Knight"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"Descent of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descent_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Edward Drinker Cope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Drinker_Cope"},{"link_name":"Othniel Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othniel_Marsh"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Elotherium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elotherium"},{"link_name":"American Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"watercolors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolor"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knight_entelodont.jpg"},{"link_name":"Entelodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entelodon"},{"link_name":"American Museum of Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"Henry Fairfield Osborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn"},{"link_name":"Field Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Museum"},{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic"},{"link_name":"Everhart Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everhart_Museum"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Stephen Jay Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould"},{"link_name":"Wonderful Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderful_Life_(book)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Dinosaur Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lost_World_1925_Still_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Triceratops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triceratops"},{"link_name":"The Lost World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_World_(1925_film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triceratops_-_1904.jpg"},{"link_name":"King Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"The Lost World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_World_(1925_film)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_World_(Conan_Doyle_novel)"},{"link_name":"Ray Harryhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Harryhausen"},{"link_name":"One Million Years B.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Million_Years_B.C."},{"link_name":"Valley of Gwangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_Gwangi"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Yale Peabody Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Peabody_Museum"},{"link_name":"marine algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_algae"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"The Age of Reptiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Reptiles"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"archaeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Eduard Štorch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0torch"},{"link_name":"Josef Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Augusta_(paleontologist)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proav16_large.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Heilmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Heilmann"},{"link_name":"Proavis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proavis"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Dvůr Králové Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dv%C5%AFr_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9_Zoo"},{"link_name":"National Museum (Prague)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_(Prague)"},{"link_name":"Brno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Burianosaurus augustai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burianosaurus"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Harder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Harder"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Bölsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_B%C3%B6lsche"},{"link_name":"Die Gartenlaube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Gartenlaube"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Heilmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Heilmann"},{"link_name":"Archaeopteryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx"},{"link_name":"avian evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_birds"},{"link_name":"The Origin of Birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origin_of_Birds_(book)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"sub_title":"\"Classic\" paleoart (1890–1970)","text":"As the western frontier was further opened up in the latter half of the nineteenth century, the rapidly increasing pace of dinosaur discoveries in the bone-rich badlands of the American Midwest and the Canadian wilderness brought with it a renewed interest in artistic reconstructions of paleontological findings. This \"classic\" period saw the emergence of Charles R. Knight, Rudolph Zallinger, and Zdeněk Burian as the three most prominent exponents of paleoart. During this time, dinosaurs were popularly reconstructed as tail-dragging, cold-blooded, sluggish \"Great Reptiles\" that became a byword for evolutionary failure in the minds of the public.[62]Smilodon by Charles R. Knight (1903)Charles Knight is generally considered one of the key figures in paleoart during this time. His birth three years after Charles Darwin's publication of the influential Descent of Man, along with the \"Bone Wars\" between rival American paleontologists Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Marsh raging during his childhood, had poised Knight for rich early experiences in developing an interest in reconstructing prehistoric animals. As an avid wildlife artist who disdained drawing from mounts or photographs, instead preferring to draw from life, Knight grew up drawing living animals, but turned toward prehistoric animals against the backdrop of rapidly-expanding paleontological discoveries and the public energy that accompanied the sensationalist coverage of these discoveries around the turn of the 20th century.[63] Knight's foray into paleoart can be traced to a commission ordered by Jacob Wortman in 1894 of a painting of an extinct hoofed animal, Elotherium, to accompany its fossil display at the American Museum of Natural History. Knight, who had always preferred to draw animals from life, applied his knowledge of modern pig anatomy to the painting, which so thrilled Wortman that the museum then commissioned Knight to paint a series of watercolors of various fossils on display.[64]Entelodon (then known as Elotherium), the first commissioned restoration of an extinct animal by Charles R. KnightThroughout the 1920s, '30s and '40s, Knight went on produce drawings, paintings and murals of dinosaurs, early man, and extinct mammals for the American Museum of Natural History, where he was mentored by Henry Fairfield Osborn, and Chicago's Field Museum, as well as for National Geographic and many other major magazines of the time, culminating in his last major mural for the Everhart Museum of Scranton, Pennsylvania, in 1951.[65] Biologist Stephen Jay Gould later remarked on the depth and breadth of influence that Knight's paleoart had on shaping public perception of extinct animals, even without having published original research in the field. Gould described Knight's contribution to scientific understanding in his 1989 book Wonderful Life: \"Not since the Lord himself showed his stuff to Ezekiel in the valley of dry bones had anyone shown such grace and skill in the reconstruction of animals from disarticulated skeletons. Charles R. Knight, the most celebrated of artists in the reanimation of fossils, painted all the canonical figures of dinosaurs that fire our fear and imagination to this day\".[66] One of Knight's most famous pieces was his Leaping Laelaps, which he produced for the American Museum of Natural History in 1897. This painting was one of the few works of paleoart produced before 1960 to depict dinosaurs as active, fast-moving creatures, anticipating the next era of paleontological artworks informed by the Dinosaur Renaissance.[67]Still of Triceratops from the 1925 film The Lost WorldIllustration of Triceratops created in 1904 by Charles R. KnightKnight's illustrations also had a large and long-lasting influence on the depiction of prehistoric animals in popular culture. The earliest depictions of dinosaurs in movies, such as the 1933 King Kong film and the 1925 production of The Lost World, based on the Arthur Conan Doyle novel of the same name, relied heavily on Knight's dinosaur paintings to produce suitable dinosaur models that were realistic for the time. The special effects artist Ray Harryhausen would continue basing his movie dinosaurs on Knight illustrations up through the sixties, including for films such as the 1966 One Million Years B.C. and the 1969 Valley of Gwangi.[68]Rudolph Zallinger and Zdeněk Burian both went on to influence the state of dinosaur art while Knight's career began to wind down. Zallinger, a Russia-born American painter, began working for the Yale Peabody Museum illustrating marine algae around the time that the United States entered World War II.[69] He began his most iconic piece of paleoart, a five-year mural project for the Yale Peabody Museum, in 1942. This mural, titled The Age of Reptiles, was completed in 1947 and became representative of the modern consensus of dinosaur biology at that time.[70] He later completed a second great mural for the Peabody, The Age of Mammals, which grew out of a painting published in Life magazine in 1953.[71]Zdeněk Burian, working from his native Czechoslovakia, followed the school of Knight and Zallinger, entering modern, biologically-informed paleoart scene via his extensive series of prehistoric life illustrations.[72] Burian entered the world of prehistoric illustration in the early 1930s with illustrations for fictional books set in various prehistoric times by amateur archaeologist Eduard Štorch. These illustrations brought him to the attention of paleontologist Josef Augusta, with whom Burian worked in cooperation from 1935 until Augusta's death in 1968.[73] This collaboration led ultimately to the launching of Burian's career in paleoart.[74]Gerhard Heilmann's hypothesized bird ancestor \"Proavis\" (1916)Some authors have remarked on a darker, more sinister feel to his paleoart than that of his contemporaries, speculating that this style was informed by Burian's experience producing artwork in his native Czechoslovakia during World War II and, afterwards, under Soviet control. His depictions of suffering, death, and the harsh realities of survival that emerged as themes in his paleoart were unique at the time.[75] Original Burian paintings are on exhibit at the Dvůr Králové Zoo, the National Museum (Prague) and at the Anthropos Museum in Brno.[76] In 2017, the first valid Czech dinosaur was named Burianosaurus augustai in honor of both Burian and Josef Augusta.[77]While Charles Knight, Rudolph Zallinger and Zdeněk Burian dominated the landscape of \"classic\" scientific paleoart in the first half of the 20th century, they were far from the only paleoartists working at this time. German landscape painter Heinrich Harder was illustrating natural history articles, including a series accompanying articles by science writer Wilhelm Bölsche on earth history for Die Gartenlaube, a weekly magazine, in 1906 and 1908. He also worked with Bölsche to illustrate 60 dinosaur and other prehistoric animal collecting cards for the Reichardt Cocoa Company, titled \"Tiere der Urwelt\" (\"Animals of the Prehistoric World\").[78] One of Harder's contemporaries, Danish paleontologist Gerhard Heilmann, produced a large number of sketches and ink drawings related to Archaeopteryx and avian evolution, culminating in his lavishly illustrated and controversial treatise The Origin of Birds, published in 1926.[79]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Deinonychus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinonychus"},{"link_name":"John Ostrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ostrom"},{"link_name":"Thomas Huxley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Huxley"},{"link_name":"Archaeopteryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopteryx"},{"link_name":"Robert Bakker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bakker"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Gregory S. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_S._Paul"},{"link_name":"warm-blooded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeothermy"},{"link_name":"The Dinosaur Heresies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dinosaur_Heresies"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tyrannosaurs_Rex_cast_mount,_Denver_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science,_Denver,_Colorado,_USA,_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tyrannosaurus rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaurus_rex"},{"link_name":"AMNH 5027","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMNH_5027"},{"link_name":"Robert Bakker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bakker"},{"link_name":"Denver Museum of Nature and Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science"},{"link_name":"Jurassic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_Park"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Douglas Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Henderson_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Michael Skrepnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Skrepnick"},{"link_name":"William Stout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stout"},{"link_name":"Ely Kish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Kish"},{"link_name":"Luis Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Rey"},{"link_name":"John Gurche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gurche"},{"link_name":"Brian Cooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cooley"},{"link_name":"Stephen Czerkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Czerkas"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Liaoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"feathered dinosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feathered_dinosaur"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"sub_title":"The Dinosaur Renaissance (1970–2010)","text":"This classic depiction of dinosaurs remained the status quo until the 1960s, when a minor scientific revolution began changing the perceptions of dinosaurs as tail-dragging, sluggish animals to active, alert creatures.[80] This reformation took place following the 1964 discovery of Deinonychus by paleontologist John Ostrom. Ostrom's description of this nearly-complete birdlike dinosaur, published in 1969, challenged the presupposition of dinosaurs as cold-blooded, slow-moving reptiles, instead finding that many of these animals were likely reminiscent of birds, not just in evolutionary history and classification but in appearance and behavior as well. This idea had been advanced before, most notably by 1800s English biologist Thomas Huxley about the link between dinosaurs, modern birds, and the then-newly discovered Archaeopteryx. With the discovery and description of Deinonychus, however, Ostrom had laid out the strongest evidence yet of the close link between birds and dinosaurs. The artistic reconstructions of Deinonychus by his student, Robert Bakker, remain iconic of what came to be known as the Dinosaur Renaissance.[81]Bakker's influence during this period on then-fledgling paleoartists, such as Gregory S. Paul, as well as on public consciousness brought about a paradigm shift in how dinosaurs were perceived by artist, scientist and layman alike. The science and public understanding of dinosaur biology became charged by Bakker's innovative and often controversial ideas and portrayals, including the idea that dinosaurs were in fact warm-blooded animals like mammals and birds. Bakker's drawings of Deinonychus and other dinosaurs depicted the animals leaping, running, and charging, and his novel artistic output was accompanied by his writings on paleobiology, with his influential and well-known book The Dinosaur Heresies, published in 1986, now regarded as a classic.[82] American scientist-artist Gregory Paul, working originally as Bakker's student in the 1970s, became one of the leading illustrators of prehistoric reptiles in the 1980s and has been described by some authors as the paleoartist who may \"define modern paleoart more than any other\".[83] Paul is notable for his 'rigorous' approach to paleoartistic restorations, including his multi-view skeletal reconstructions, evidence-driven studies of musculature and soft tissue, and his attention to biomechanics to ensure realistic poses and gaits of his artistic subjects. The artistic innovation that Paul brought to the field of paleoart is to prioritize detail over atmosphere, leading to some criticism of his work as being 'flat' or lacking in depth, but also to imbue dinosaur depictions with a greater variety of naturalistic coloration and patterns, whereas most dinosaur coloration in artworks beforehand had been fairly drab and uniform.[84]Cast of Tyrannosaurus rex specimen AMNH 5027 mounted in a \"leaping posture\" by Robert Bakker at the Denver Museum of Nature and ScienceOstrom, Bakker and Paul changed the landscape of depictions of prehistoric animals in science and popular culture alike throughout the 1970s, '80s and '90s. Their influence affected the presentation of museum displays throughout the world and eventually found its way into popular culture, with the climax of this period perhaps best marked by the 1990 novel and 1993 film Jurassic Park.[85] Paul in particular helped set the stage for the next wave of paleoaristry, and from the 1970s to the end of the twentieth century, paleoartists working from the 'rigorous' approach included Douglas Henderson, Mark Hallett, Michael Skrepnick, William Stout, Ely Kish, Luis Rey, John Gurche, Bob Walters, and others, including an expanding body of sculpting work led by artists such as Brian Cooley, Stephen Czerkas, and Dave Thomas.[86][87] Many of these artists developed unique and lucrative stylistic niches without sacrificing their rigorous approach, such as Douglas Henderson's detailed and atmospheric landscapes, and Luis Rey's brightly-colored, \"extreme\" depictions.[88] The \"Renaissance\" movement so revolutionized paleoart that even the last works of Burian, a master of the \"classic\" age, were thought to be influenced by the newfangled preference for active, dynamic, exciting depictions of dinosaurs.[89]This movement was working in parallel with great strides in the scientific progress of vertebrate paleontology that were occurring during this time. Precision in anatomy and artistic reconstruction was aided by an increasingly detailed and sophisticated understanding of these extinct animals through new discoveries and interpretations that pushed paleoart into more objective territory with respect to accuracy.[90] For example, the feathered dinosaur revolution, facilitated by unprecedented discoveries in the Liaoning province of northern China in the late 1990s and early 2000s, was perhaps foreseen by artist Sarah Landry, who drew the first feathered dinosaur for Bakker's seminal Scientific American article in 1975. One of the first major shows of dinosaur art was published in 1986 by Sylvia Czerkas, along with the accompanying volume Dinosaurs Past and Present.[91]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deinonychus-antirrhopus_jconway.jpg"},{"link_name":"Deinonychus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinonychus"},{"link_name":"John Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conway_(palaeoartist)"},{"link_name":"archosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archosaur"},{"link_name":"pigmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pigment"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"digital art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_art"},{"link_name":"open access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"Steve White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_White_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arambourgiania_philadelphiae.png"},{"link_name":"azhdarchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhdarchid"},{"link_name":"Arambourgiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arambourgiania"},{"link_name":"Mark Witton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Witton"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"John Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conway_(palaeoartist)"},{"link_name":"C.M Kosemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._M._Kosemen"},{"link_name":"Darren Naish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Naish"},{"link_name":"All Yesterdays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Yesterdays"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"dromaeosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromaeosaur"},{"link_name":"Microraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microraptor"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"hominids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominids"},{"link_name":"Jay Matternes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Matternes"},{"link_name":"Alfons and Adrie Kennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfons_and_Adrie_Kennis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"mammal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"Mauricio Antón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Jason Brougham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Brougham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scott Hartman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott_Hartman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bob Nicholls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Nicholls"},{"link_name":"Mark P. Witton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_P._Witton"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"cultural inertia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_inertia"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"memes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"sub_title":"Modern (and post-modern) paleoart (2010–present)","text":"Birdlike illustration of feathered Deinonychus by John Conway, 2006Although various authors are in agreement about the events that caused the beginning of the Dinosaur Renaissance, the transition to the modern age of paleoart has been more gradual, with differing attitudes about what typifies the demarcation. Gregory Paul's high-fidelity archosaur skeletal reconstructions provided a basis for ushering in the modern age of paleoart, which is perhaps best characterized by adding speculative flair to the rigorous, anatomically-conscious approach popularized by the Dinosaur Renaissance. Novel advances in paleontology, such as new feathered dinosaur discoveries and the various pigmentation studies of dinosaur integument that began around 2010, have become representative of paleoart after the turn of the millennium.[92] Witton (2018) characterizes the modern movement with the rise of digital art, as well as the establishment of an internet community that would enable paleoartists and enthusiasts to network, share digitized and open access scientific resources, and to build a global community that was unprecedented until the first decade of the twenty-first century. The continuum of work leading from the themes and advances that began in the Dinosaur Renaissance to the production of modern paleoart is showcased in several books that were published post-2010, such as Steve White's Dinosaur Art: The World's Greatest Paleoart (2012) and its \"sequel\", Dinosaur Art II: The Cutting Edge of Paleoart (2017).[93]Pair of azhdarchid pterosaurs Arambourgiania, by Mark Witton, 2017Although this transition was gradual, this period has been described as a salient cultural phenomenon that came about largely as a consequence of this increased connectivity and access to paleoart brought by the digital age. The saturation of paleoart with established and overused heuristics, many of which had been established by paleoartists working in the height of the revolution that came before, led to an increased awareness and criticism of the repetitive and unimaginative use of ideas that were, by the first decade of the 21st century, lacking in novelty. This observation led to a movement characterized by the idea that prehistoric animals could be shown in artworks engaging in a greater range of behaviors, habitats, styles, compositions, and interpretations of life appearance than had been imagined in paleoart up to that point, but without violating the principles of anatomical and scientific rigor that had been established by the paleoart revolution that came before.[94] Additionally, the traditional heuristics used in paleoart up to this point were shown to produce illustrations of modern animals that failed to depict these accurately.[95] These ideas were formalized in a 2012 book by paleoartists John Conway and Nemo Ramjet (also known as C.M Kosemen), along with paleontologist Darren Naish, called All Yesterdays: Unique and Speculative Views of Dinosaurs and Other Prehistoric Animals. This book and its associated minor paradigm shift, commonly referred to as the \"All Yesterdays\" movement, argued that it was better to employ scientifically rigorous \"reasoned speculation\" to produce a greater range of speculative, but plausible, reconstructions of prehistoric animals. Conway and colleagues argued that the range of appearances and behaviors depicted in paleoart had only managed to capture a very narrow range of what's plausible, based on the limited data available, and that artistic approaches to these depictions had become \"overly steeped in tradition\".[96] For example, All Yesterdays examines the small, four-winged dromaeosaur Microraptor in this context. This dinosaur, described in 2003, has been depicted by countless paleoartists as a \"strange, dragon-like feathered glider with a reptilian face\".[97] Conway's illustration of Microraptor in All Yesterdays attempts to restore the animal \"from scratch\" without influence from these popular reconstructions, instead depicting it as a naturalistic, birdlike animal perched at its nest.[98]Despite the importance of the \"All Yesterdays\" movement in hindsight, the book itself argued that the modern conceptualization of paleoart was based on anatomically rigorous restorations that came alongside and subsequent to Paul, including those who experimented with these principles outside of archosaurs. For example, artists that pioneered anatomically rigorous reconstructions of fossil hominids, like Jay Matternes and Alfons and Adrie Kennis, as well fossil mammal paleoartist Mauricio Antón, were lauded by Conway and colleagues as seminal influences in the new culture of paleoart. Other modern paleoartists of the \"anatomically rigorous\" and \"All Yesterdays\" movement include Jason Brougham, Mark Hallett, Scott Hartman, Bob Nicholls, Emily Willoughby and Mark P. Witton.[99] Other authors write in agreement that the modern paleoart movement incorporates an element of \"challenging tropes and the status quo\" and that paleoart has \"entered its experimental phase\" as of the dawn of the 21st century.[100]A 2013 study found that older paleoart was still influential in popular culture long after new discoveries made them obsolete. This was explained as cultural inertia.[101] In a 2014 paper, Mark Witton, Darren Naish, and John Conway outlined the historical significance of paleoart, and criticized the over-reliance on clichés and the \"culture of copying\" they saw to be problematic in the field at the time.[102] This tendency to copy \"memes\" established and proliferated by others in the field is thought to have been a stimulus for the \"All Yesterdays\" movement of injecting originality back into paleoart.[103]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Society of Vertebrate Paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Vertebrate_Paleontology"},{"link_name":"John J. Lanzendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Lanzendorf"},{"link_name":"PaleoArt Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PaleoArt_Prize"},{"link_name":"juried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juried_(competition)"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Museu da Lourinhã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museu_da_Lourinh%C3%A3"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Museum_of_Natural_History_and_Science"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"The Children's Museum of Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Children%27s_Museum_of_Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"}],"text":"Since 1999, the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology has awarded the John J. Lanzendorf PaleoArt Prize for achievement in the field. The society says that paleoart \"is one of the most important vehicles for communicating discoveries and data among paleontologists, and is critical to promulgating vertebrate paleontology across disciplines and to lay audiences\". The SVP is also the site of the occasional/annual \"PaleoArt Poster Exhibit\", a juried poster show at the opening reception of the annual SVP meetings.[104]Paleoart has enjoyed increasing exposure in globally recognized contests and exhibits. The Museu da Lourinhã organizes the annual International Dinosaur Illustration Contest[105] for promoting the art of dinosaur and other fossils. In fall of 2018, the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science of Albuquerque, New Mexico, displayed a juried show of paleoart called \"Picturing the Past\".[106] This show includes 87 works by 46 paleoartists from 15 countries, and features one of the largest and most diverse collections of prehistoric animals, settings, themes and styles.[107]In addition to contests and art exhibitions, paleoart continues to play a significant role in public understanding of paleontology in a variety of ways. In 2007, The Children's Museum of Indianapolis released a lesson plan on paleoart for children of grades 3 to 5 that uses paleoart as a way to introduce children to paleontology.[108] Paleontological-themed merchandise has been around since at least the mid-1800s, but the popularity of anatomically-accurate and paleoart-based merchandise is relatively novel, such as Rebecca Groom's highly accurate plush toy reconstructions of extinct animals.[109] Starting in the 2010s, paleoart and its public perception have also been the exclusive focus of research articles that (e.g.) attempt to apply empirical methods to understand its role in society[110] or communicate its evolution over time to other scientists.[111]","title":"Recognition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable, influential paleoartists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry De la Beche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_De_la_Beche"},{"link_name":"John Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Edward Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Newman_(entomologist)"},{"link_name":"Richard Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Owen"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Waterhouse_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand von Hochstetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Hochstetter"},{"link_name":"Othniel Charles Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Amédée Forestier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Forestier"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Harder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Harder"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Heilmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Heilmann"},{"link_name":"Joseph M. Gleeson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._Gleeson"},{"link_name":"Alice B. Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_B._Woodward"},{"link_name":"Ernest Untermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Untermann"},{"link_name":"William Diller Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Diller_Matthew"},{"link_name":"Charles R. Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Knight"},{"link_name":"Othenio Abel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othenio_Abel"},{"link_name":"James E. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Allen_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Alexey Bystrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexey_Bystrov"},{"link_name":"Zdeněk Burian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Burian"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Zallinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Zallinger"},{"link_name":"Richard Swann Lull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Swann_Lull"},{"link_name":"Charles W. Gilmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Gilmore"},{"link_name":"Vasily Vatagin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Vatagin"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Mikhaylovich_Gerasimov"}],"sub_title":"Past (pre–Dinosaur Renaissance) paleoartists","text":"2D artistsHenry De la Beche (1796 – 1855)\nJohn Martin (1789 – 1854)\nEdward Newman (1801 – 1876)\nRichard Owen (1804 – 1892)\nBenjamin Waterhouse Hawkins (1807 – 1894)\nFerdinand von Hochstetter (1829 – 1884)\nOthniel Charles Marsh (1831 – 1899)\nAmédée Forestier (1854 – 1930)\nHeinrich Harder (1858 – 1935)\nGerhard Heilmann (1859 – 1946)\nJoseph M. Gleeson (1861 – 1917)\nAlice B. Woodward (1862 – 1951)\nErnest Untermann (1864 – 1956)\nWilliam Diller Matthew (1871 – 1930)\nCharles R. Knight (1874 – 1953)\nOthenio Abel (1875 – 1946)\nJames E. Allen (1894 – 1964)\nAlexey Bystrov (1899 – 1959)\nZdeněk Burian (1905 – 1981)\nRudolph Zallinger (1919 – 1995)3D artistsBenjamin Waterhouse Hawkins (1807 – 1894)\nRichard Swann Lull (1867 – 1957)\nCharles W. Gilmore (1874 – 1945)\nVasily Vatagin (1883 – 1969)\nMikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov (1907 – 1970)","title":"Notable, influential paleoartists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eleanor Kish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Kish"},{"link_name":"Alex Ebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ebel"},{"link_name":"Jay Matternes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Matternes"},{"link_name":"Robert T. Bakker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_T._Bakker"},{"link_name":"Doug Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Henderson_(artist)"},{"link_name":"John Sibbick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sibbick"},{"link_name":"William Stout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stout"},{"link_name":"John Gurche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gurche"},{"link_name":"Jan Sovák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Sov%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"Gregory S. Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_S._Paul"},{"link_name":"Peter Trusler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Trusler"},{"link_name":"Luis Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Rey"},{"link_name":"Wayne Barlowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Barlowe"},{"link_name":"James Gurney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gurney"},{"link_name":"Karen Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Carr"},{"link_name":"Mauricio Antón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Delgado_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Steve White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_White_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Nobu Tamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobu_Tamura"},{"link_name":"Davide Bonadonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davide_Bonadonna"},{"link_name":"Velizar Simeonovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velizar_Simeonovski"},{"link_name":"Julius T. Csotonyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_T._Csotonyi"},{"link_name":"Darren Naish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Naish"},{"link_name":"Robert Nicholls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nicholls_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Sergey Krasovskiy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Krasovskiy"},{"link_name":"Andrey Atuchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Atuchin"},{"link_name":"John Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conway_(palaeoartist)"},{"link_name":"C. M. Kosemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._M._Kosemen"},{"link_name":"Danielle Dufault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Dufault"},{"link_name":"Todd Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Marshall_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Raúl Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Mart%C3%ADn_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Josef Moravec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Moravec"},{"link_name":"Michael Skrepnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Skrepnick"},{"link_name":"Mark P. Witton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_P._Witton"},{"link_name":"David Rankin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rankin_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Stephen A. Czerkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Czerkas"},{"link_name":"Brian Cooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cooley"},{"link_name":"Paul Sereno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sereno"},{"link_name":"Michael Trcic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Trcic"},{"link_name":"David Krentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Krentz"}],"sub_title":"Modern (post–Dinosaur Renaissance) paleoartists","text":"2D artistsEleanor Kish (1924 – 2014)\nAlex Ebel (1932 – 2013)\nJay Matternes (b. 1933)\nRobert T. Bakker (b. 1945)\nDoug Henderson (b. 1949)\nJohn Sibbick (b. 1949)\nWilliam Stout (b. 1949)\nJohn Gurche (b. 1951)\nJan Sovák (b. 1953)\nGregory S. Paul (b. 1954)\nPeter Trusler (b. 1954)\nLuis Rey (b. 1955)\nWayne Barlowe (b. 1958)\nJames Gurney (b. 1958)\nKaren Carr (b. 1960)\nMauricio Antón (b. 1961)\nRicardo Delgado (b. 1964)\nSteve White (b. 1964)\nPetr Modlitba (b. 1966)\nNobu Tamura (b. 1966)\nDavide Bonadonna (b. 1968)\nVelizar Simeonovski (b. 1968)\nJulius T. Csotonyi (b. 1973)\nDarren Naish (b. 1975)\nRobert Nicholls (b. 1975)\nSergey Krasovskiy (b. 1975)\nAndrey Atuchin (b. 1980)\nJohn Conway (b. 1981)\nC. M. Kosemen (b. 1984)\nDanielle Dufault (b. 1988/89)\nTodd Marshall\nRaúl Martín\nJosef Moravec\nMichael Skrepnick\nMark P. Witton3D artistsDavid Rankin (b. 1946)\nStephen A. Czerkas (1951 - 2015)\nBrian Cooley (b. 1956)\nPaul Sereno (b. 1957)\nMichael Trcic (b. 1960)\nDavid Krentz","title":"Notable, influential paleoartists"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brontosaurus_skeleton_1880s.jpg"},{"link_name":"Brontosaurus excelsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brontosaurus_excelsus"},{"link_name":"Othniel Charles Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel-Eurypterida1024.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eurypterids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurypterids"},{"link_name":"Ernst Haeckel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BerlinAquarium_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"Relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief"},{"link_name":"Niolamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niolamia"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Harder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Harder"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Estauricossauro_rincossauro.JPG"},{"link_name":"Staurikosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staurikosaurus"},{"link_name":"rhynchosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchosaur"},{"link_name":"Geopark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Velociraptor_v._Protoceratops.jpg"},{"link_name":"Velociraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velociraptor"},{"link_name":"Protoceratops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoceratops"},{"link_name":"Raúl Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Mart%C3%ADn_(artist)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VMNH_megalodon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Megalodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalodon"},{"link_name":"Eobalaenoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eobalaenoptera"},{"link_name":"Karen Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Carr"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zhenjiangopterus_jconway.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiangopterus_linhaiensis"},{"link_name":"John Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conway_(palaeoartist)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ice Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Mauricio Anton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Anton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anatosuchus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anatosuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatosuchus"},{"link_name":"Todd Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Marshall_(artist)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pterosaurs_on_South_Bank.jpg"},{"link_name":"Quetzalcoatlus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetzalcoatlus"},{"link_name":"South Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bank"},{"link_name":"Mark P. Witton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_P._Witton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linhenykus_monodactylus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Linhenykus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linhenykus"},{"link_name":"Julius Csotonyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Csotonyi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dimorphodon.png"},{"link_name":"Dimorphodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimorphodon"},{"link_name":"Mark P. Witton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_P._Witton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Serikornis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Serikornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serikornis"}],"text":"Skeletal restoration of Brontosaurus excelsus, by Othniel Charles Marsh, 1896\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEurypterids by Ernst Haeckel, 1914\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRelief of Niolamia by Heinrich Harder, ca 1916\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStaurikosaurus and rhynchosaur are animals of Geopark Paleorrota produced by paleoartist Clovis Dapper\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVelociraptor and Protoceratops locked in mortal combat, by Raúl Martín 2003\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMegalodon pursuing two Eobalaenoptera whales by Karen Carr\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZhejiangopterus linhaiensis by John Conway, 2006\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIce Age fauna by Mauricio Anton, 2008\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRestoration of Anatosuchus by Todd Marshall, 2009\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQuetzalcoatlus models in South Bank, created by Mark P. Witton for the Royal Society's 350th anniversary, 2010\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRestoration of Linhenykus by Julius Csotonyi, 2012\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRestoration of Dimorphodon by Mark P. Witton, 2015\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRestoration of Serikornis by Emily Willoughby, 2017","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Anson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Paul (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Paul1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-5275-0071-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-0071-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Hallett (1987)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hallett"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Lescaze (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lescaze"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Anson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Hallett (1987)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hallett"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Hone (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hone"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Anson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Debus & Debus (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Debus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Witton (2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"SVP Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#SVP"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Anson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Anson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Gurney (2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Gurney"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Anson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Anson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Czerkas in Currie & Padian (1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Czerkas"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Henderson in Brett-Surman, Holtz & Farlow (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Henderson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Czerkas in Currie & Padian (1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Czerkas"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Henderson in Brett-Surman, Holtz & Farlow (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Henderson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Henderson in Brett-Surman, Holtz & Farlow (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Henderson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Henderson in Brett-Surman, Holtz & Farlow (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Henderson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"Lescaze (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lescaze"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"Mayor (2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mayor"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"Otheniol (1939)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Otheniol"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"Ariew (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ariew"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"Taquet & Padian (2004)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Taquet"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"Rudwick (1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Rudwick"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"Martill (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Martill"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"Davidson (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Davidson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"Davidson (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Davidson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"Rudwick (1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Rudwick"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"Jäger, Tischlinger, Oleschinski & Sander (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Jager"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"Colagrande & Felder (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Felder"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"Colagrande & Felder (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Felder"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"Paul (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Paul1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"Mantell (1851)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#GM51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"Sarjeant in Currie & Padian (1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sarjeant"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"White (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#White1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"Milner (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Knight"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"Stout in Knight (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Autobio"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"Stout in Knight (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Autobio"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-66"},{"link_name":"Kalt (2002)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#WorldCRK"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"Milner (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Knight"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History (2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Yale"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-70"},{"link_name":"Paul (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Paul1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-71"},{"link_name":"Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History (2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Yale"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-72"},{"link_name":"Paul (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Paul1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-73"},{"link_name":"Hochmanová-Burianová (1991)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hochmanov%C3%A1-Burianov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-74"},{"link_name":"Lescaze (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lescaze"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-75"},{"link_name":"Lescaze (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lescaze"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-76"},{"link_name":"Lescaze (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lescaze"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-77"},{"link_name":"Madzia, Boyd & Mazuch (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Madzia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-78"},{"link_name":"Lescaze (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lescaze"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-79"},{"link_name":"Lescaze (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lescaze"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-80"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-81"},{"link_name":"White (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#White1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-82"},{"link_name":"Bakker (1986)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bakker"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-83"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-84"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-85"},{"link_name":"White (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#White1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-86"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-87"},{"link_name":"Paul (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Paul1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-88"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-89"},{"link_name":"Paul (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Paul1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-90"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-91"},{"link_name":"Paul (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Paul1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-92"},{"link_name":"Terakado (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Terakado"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-93"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-94"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-95"},{"link_name":"Witton (2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-96"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-97"},{"link_name":"Conway, Kosemen & Naish (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#AY"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-98"},{"link_name":"Conway, Kosemen & Naish (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#AY"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-99"},{"link_name":"Conway, Kosemen & Naish (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#AY"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-100"},{"link_name":"Switek in White (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#White2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-101"},{"link_name":"Ross, Duggan-Haas & Allmon (2013)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ross"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-102"},{"link_name":"Witton, Naish & Conway (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#WNC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-103"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-104"},{"link_name":"SVP Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#SVP"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-105"},{"link_name":"Museu da Lourinhã (2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#IDI"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-106"},{"link_name":"Brummett (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Brummett"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-107"},{"link_name":"Pickrell (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pickrell"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-108"},{"link_name":"Children’s Museum of Indianapolis (2007)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Childrens"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-109"},{"link_name":"Witton (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Witton2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-110"},{"link_name":"Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Anson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-111"},{"link_name":"McDermott (2020)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#McDermott"}],"text":"^ Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015) pp. 28–34.\n\n^ Paul (2000) pp. 107–112.\n\n^ Bednarik, Robert G. (21 August 2017). Palaeoart of the Ice Age. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-0071-6.\n\n^ Hallett (1987) pp. 97–113.\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 17.\n\n^ Lescaze (2017) p. 11.\n\n^ Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015) pp. 28–34.\n\n^ Hallett (1987) pp. 97–113.\n\n^ Hone (2012)\n\n^ Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015) p. 29.\n\n^ Debus & Debus (2012)\n\n^ Witton (2016) pp. 7–8.\n\n^ SVP Online\n\n^ Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015) pp. 28–34.\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 10.\n\n^ Witton (2018) pp. 10–11.\n\n^ Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015) p. 32.\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 37.\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 10.\n\n^ Gurney (2009) p. 78.\n\n^ Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015) p. 29.\n\n^ Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015) p. 31.\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 13.\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 38.\n\n^ Witton (2018) pp. 37–43.\n\n^ Czerkas in Currie & Padian (1997) pp. 626–627.\n\n^ Henderson in Brett-Surman, Holtz & Farlow (2012) pp. 306–308.\n\n^ Czerkas in Currie & Padian (1997) p. 628.\n\n^ Henderson in Brett-Surman, Holtz & Farlow (2012) p. 305.\n\n^ Witton (2018) pp. 184–185.\n\n^ Henderson in Brett-Surman, Holtz & Farlow (2012) p. 305.\n\n^ Witton (2018) pp. 184–185.\n\n^ Witton (2018) pp. 184–213.\n\n^ Henderson in Brett-Surman, Holtz & Farlow (2012) p. 306.\n\n^ Witton (2018) pp. 7–8.\n\n^ Lescaze (2017) p. 17.\n\n^ Mayor (2011)\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 18.\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 18.\n\n^ Otheniol (1939)\n\n^ Witton (2018) pp. 19–21.\n\n^ Witton (2018) pp. 20–21.\n\n^ Ariew (1998)\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 21.\n\n^ Taquet & Padian (2004) pp. 157–175.\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 22.\n\n^ Rudwick (1992)\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 22.\n\n^ Martill (2014) pp. 120–130.\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 22.\n\n^ Davidson (2008) p. 51.\n\n^ Davidson (2008) p. 52.\n\n^ Rudwick (1992)\n\n^ Jäger, Tischlinger, Oleschinski & Sander (2018)\n\n^ Colagrande & Felder (2000) p. 168.\n\n^ Colagrande & Felder (2000) p. 170.\n\n^ Paul (2000) p. 107.\n\n^ Mantell (1851)\n\n^ Sarjeant in Currie & Padian (1997) p. 162.\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 26.\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 26.\n\n^ White (2012) p. 9.\n\n^ Milner (2012) pp. 10–12.\n\n^ Stout in Knight (2005) pp. ix–xiii.\n\n^ Stout in Knight (2005) pp. ix–xiii.\n\n^ Kalt (2002)\n\n^ Milner (2012)\n\n^ Witton (2018) pp. 28–29.\n\n^ Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History (2010)\n\n^ Paul (2000) p. 110.\n\n^ Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History (2010)\n\n^ Paul (2000) p. 110.\n\n^ Hochmanová-Burianová (1991) pp. 22–23.\n\n^ Lescaze (2017) p. 165.\n\n^ Lescaze (2017) p. 166.\n\n^ Lescaze (2017) p. 163.\n\n^ Madzia, Boyd & Mazuch (2017) pp. 967–979.\n\n^ Lescaze (2017) p. 110.\n\n^ Lescaze (2017) pp. 111–114.\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 32.\n\n^ White (2012) p. 9.\n\n^ Bakker (1986) pp. 523–525.\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 32.\n\n^ Witton (2018) pp. 32–33.\n\n^ White (2012) pp. 8–9.\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 33.\n\n^ Paul (2000) p. 112.\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 33.\n\n^ Paul (2000) p. 111.\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 34.\n\n^ Paul (2000) p. 111.\n\n^ Terakado (2017)\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 34.\n\n^ Witton (2018) pp. 35–36.\n\n^ Witton (2016) p. 8.\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 36.\n\n^ Conway, Kosemen & Naish (2012) p. 64.\n\n^ Conway, Kosemen & Naish (2012) pp. 64–65.\n\n^ Conway, Kosemen & Naish (2012) p. 10.\n\n^ Switek in White (2017) p. 6.\n\n^ Ross, Duggan-Haas & Allmon (2013) pp. 145–160.\n\n^ Witton, Naish & Conway (2014)\n\n^ Witton (2018) p. 35.\n\n^ SVP Online\n\n^ Museu da Lourinhã (2009)\n\n^ Brummett (2018)\n\n^ Pickrell (2018)\n\n^ Children’s Museum of Indianapolis (2007)\n\n^ Witton (2018) pp. 13–14.\n\n^ Ansón, Fernández & Ramos (2015)\n\n^ McDermott (2020)","title":"Footnotes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Leaping Laelaps by Charles R. Knight, 1897","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Laelaps-Charles_Knight-1897.jpg/350px-Laelaps-Charles_Knight-1897.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paleoart has historically depended on fossil reconstructions, such as that of Anoplotherium commune by Georges Cuvier in 1812. For instance, its reconstruction was used as a basis for some of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs sculptures.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anoplotherium_1812_Skeleton_Sketch.jpg/220px-Anoplotherium_1812_Skeleton_Sketch.jpg"},{"image_text":"An example of the skeletal reconstructions on which many paleoartists depend: Olorotitan by Andrey Atuchin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Olorotitan_skeletal.png/220px-Olorotitan_skeletal.png"},{"image_text":"The Klagenfurt Lindworm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Klagenfurt_Lindwurm.jpg/220px-Klagenfurt_Lindwurm.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jean Hermann's 1800 restoration of the pterosaur Pterodactylus antiquus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hermann_pterodactylus_restoration1.png/220px-Hermann_pterodactylus_restoration1.png"},{"image_text":"Roman Boltunov's 1805 reconstruction of a mammoth, based on frozen carcass he observed in Siberia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Boltunov_mammoth.jpg/220px-Boltunov_mammoth.jpg"},{"image_text":"Geologist William Conybeare's 1822 cartoon of William Buckland in a hyena den, intended to honor Buckland's groundbreaking analysis of fossils found at Kirkdale cave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Buckland_hyena.jpg/220px-Buckland_hyena.jpg"},{"image_text":"Geologist Henry De la Beche's 1830 watercolor painting Duria Antiquior - A more Ancient Dorset, based on fossils found by Mary Anning","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Duria_Antiquior.jpg/220px-Duria_Antiquior.jpg"},{"image_text":"Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins's 1850s sculptures of an Iguanodon pair, some of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mantellodon_in_Crystal_Palace_Park.jpg/220px-Mantellodon_in_Crystal_Palace_Park.jpg"},{"image_text":"Édouard Riou's 1865 illustration of Iguanodon and Megalosaurus engaged in combat, from La Terre Avant le Deluge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Dinosaurs_fighting_-_The_World_before_the_Deluge_%281865%29%2C_plate_XXI_-_BL.jpg/220px-Dinosaurs_fighting_-_The_World_before_the_Deluge_%281865%29%2C_plate_XXI_-_BL.jpg"},{"image_text":"Smilodon by Charles R. Knight (1903)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Smilodon_Knight.jpg/220px-Smilodon_Knight.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entelodon (then known as Elotherium), the first commissioned restoration of an extinct animal by Charles R. Knight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Knight_entelodont.jpg/220px-Knight_entelodont.jpg"},{"image_text":"Still of Triceratops from the 1925 film The Lost World","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lost_World_1925_Still_01.jpg/220px-Lost_World_1925_Still_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustration of Triceratops created in 1904 by Charles R. Knight","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Triceratops_-_1904.jpg/220px-Triceratops_-_1904.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gerhard Heilmann's hypothesized bird ancestor \"Proavis\" (1916)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Proav16_large.jpg/220px-Proav16_large.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cast of Tyrannosaurus rex specimen AMNH 5027 mounted in a \"leaping posture\" by Robert Bakker at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tyrannosaurs_Rex_cast_mount%2C_Denver_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science%2C_Denver%2C_Colorado%2C_USA%2C_2016.jpg/220px-Tyrannosaurs_Rex_cast_mount%2C_Denver_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science%2C_Denver%2C_Colorado%2C_USA%2C_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"Birdlike illustration of feathered Deinonychus by John Conway, 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Deinonychus-antirrhopus_jconway.jpg/220px-Deinonychus-antirrhopus_jconway.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pair of azhdarchid pterosaurs Arambourgiania, by Mark Witton, 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Arambourgiania_philadelphiae.png/220px-Arambourgiania_philadelphiae.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Bednarik, Robert G. (21 August 2017). Palaeoart of the Ice Age. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-0071-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-0071-6","url_text":"978-1-5275-0071-6"}]},{"reference":"Abel, Othenio (1939). Vorzeitliche Tierreste im Deutschen Mythus, Brachtum und Volksglauben. Jena (Gustav Fischer).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ansón, Marco; Fernández, Manuel H.; Ramos, Pedro A. S. (2015). \"Paleoart: term and conditions (A survey among paleontologists)\". Current trends in Paleontology and Evolution. XIII EJIP Conference Proceedings. ISBN 978-84-606-7282-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275408446","url_text":"\"Paleoart: term and conditions (A survey among paleontologists)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-606-7282-1","url_text":"978-84-606-7282-1"}]},{"reference":"Ariew, R (1998). \"Leibniz on the unicorn and various other curiosities\". Early Science and Medicine (3): 39–50.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bakker, R. T. (1986). \"The Dinosaur Heresies\". PALAIOS. 2 (5): 523–525. doi:10.2307/3514623. JSTOR 3514623.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_T._Bakker","url_text":"Bakker, R. T."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3514623","url_text":"10.2307/3514623"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3514623","url_text":"3514623"}]},{"reference":"Brummett, Chad (8 November 2018). \"'Picturing the Past' Explores Paleo-Art\". KRQE: Fox New Mexico.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.krqe.com/fox-new-mexico/living/-picturing-the-past-explores-paleo-art/1581240397","url_text":"\"'Picturing the Past' Explores Paleo-Art\""}]},{"reference":"Colagrande, John; Felder, Larry (2000). In the Presence of Dinosaurs. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. ISBN 978-0737000894.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0737000894","url_text":"978-0737000894"}]},{"reference":"Conway, John; Kosemen, C.M.; Naish, Darren (2012). All Yesterdays. London: Irregular Books. ISBN 978-1291177121.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Conway_(palaeoartist)","url_text":"Conway, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Naish","url_text":"Naish, Darren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1291177121","url_text":"978-1291177121"}]},{"reference":"Czerkas, Sylvia J. (1997). \"Reconstruction and Restoration\". Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. By Currie, Philip J.; Padian, Kevin (first ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0122268106.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0122268106","url_text":"978-0122268106"}]},{"reference":"Debus, Allen A.; Debus, Diane E. (2002). Paleoimagery: The Evolution of Dinosaurs in Art. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland and Co. ISBN 978-0786464203.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786464203","url_text":"978-0786464203"}]},{"reference":"Davidson, Jane P. (2008). A History of Paleontology Illustration. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253351753.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253351753","url_text":"978-0253351753"}]},{"reference":"Gurney, James (2009). Imaginative Realism: How to Paint What Doesn't Exist. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0740785504.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gurney","url_text":"Gurney, James"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0740785504","url_text":"978-0740785504"}]},{"reference":"Hallett, Mark (1987). \"The scientific approach of the art of bringing dinosaurs back to life\". In Czerkas, Sylvia J.; Olson, Everett C. (eds.). Dinosaurs Past and Present (vol 1). Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0938644248.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hallett_(artist)","url_text":"Hallett, Mark"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dinosaurspastpre0000unse","url_text":"Dinosaurs Past and Present (vol 1)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0938644248","url_text":"978-0938644248"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Douglas (2012). \"Chapter 16: Restoring Dinosaurs as Living Animals\". The Complete Dinosaur. By Brett-Surman, M.K.; Holtz, Thomas R. Jr.; Farlow, James O. (second ed.). Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253357014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253357014","url_text":"978-0253357014"}]},{"reference":"Hochmanová-Burianová, Eva (1991). Zdeněk Burian - pravěk a dobrodružství (rodinné vzpomínky). Prague: Magnet-Press. ISBN 978-80-85434-28-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-85434-28-6","url_text":"978-80-85434-28-6"}]},{"reference":"Hone, Dave (3 September 2012). \"Drawing dinosaurs: how is palaeoart produced?\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/science/lost-worlds/2012/sep/03/drawing-dinosaurs-palaeoart","url_text":"\"Drawing dinosaurs: how is palaeoart produced?\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Dinosaur Illustration Contest\". Museu da Lourinhã. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090206213816/http://museulourinha.org/CIID.htm","url_text":"\"International Dinosaur Illustration Contest\""},{"url":"http://museulourinha.org/CIID.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jäger, Kai R.K.; Tischlinger, Helmut; Oleschinski, Georg; Sander, P. Martin (2018). \"Goldfuß was right: Soft part preservation in the Late Jurassic pterosaur Scaphognathus crassirostris revealed by reflectance transformation imaging (RTI) and UV light and the auspicious beginnings of paleo-art\" (PDF). Palaeontologia Electronica. 21 (3): 4T. doi:10.26879/713. Retrieved January 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/pdfs/713.pdf","url_text":"\"Goldfuß was right: Soft part preservation in the Late Jurassic pterosaur Scaphognathus crassirostris revealed by reflectance transformation imaging (RTI) and UV light and the auspicious beginnings of paleo-art\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.26879%2F713","url_text":"10.26879/713"}]},{"reference":"Kalt, Roda Knight (2002–2008). \"Welcome to the World of Charles R. Knight\". Retrieved December 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.charlesrknight.com/","url_text":"\"Welcome to the World of Charles R. Knight\""}]},{"reference":"Lescaze, Zoë (2017). Paleoart: Visions of the prehistoric past. Taschen. ISBN 978-3836555111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3836555111","url_text":"978-3836555111"}]},{"reference":"Madzia, Daniel; Boyd, Clint A.; Mazuch, Martin (2017). \"A basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Cenomanian of the Czech Republic\". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 16 (11): 967–979. doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1371258. S2CID 90008574.","urls":[{"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/A_basal_ornithopod_dinosaur_from_the_Cenomanian_of_the_Czech_Republic/5436457","url_text":"\"A basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Cenomanian of the Czech Republic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772019.2017.1371258","url_text":"10.1080/14772019.2017.1371258"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90008574","url_text":"90008574"}]},{"reference":"Mantell, Gideon A. (1851). Petrifications and their teachings: or, a handbook to the gallery of organic remains of the British Museum. London: H. G. Bohn. OCLC 8415138.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8415138","url_text":"8415138"}]},{"reference":"Martill, D. M. (2014). \"Dimorphodon and the Reverend George Howman's noctivagous flying dragon: the earliest restoration of a pterosaur in its natural habitat\". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 125 (1): 120–130. Bibcode:2014PrGA..125..120M. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2013.03.003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PrGA..125..120M","url_text":"2014PrGA..125..120M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pgeola.2013.03.003","url_text":"10.1016/j.pgeola.2013.03.003"}]},{"reference":"Mayor, Adrienne (2011). The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times (second ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15013-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15013-0","url_text":"978-0-691-15013-0"}]},{"reference":"McDermott, Amy (2020). \"Dinosaur art evolves with new discoveries in paleontology\" (PDF). PNAS. 117 (6): 2728–2731. Bibcode:2020PNAS..117.2728M. doi:10.1073/pnas.2000784117. PMC 7022217. PMID 32047097. Retrieved April 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/117/6/2728.full.pdf","url_text":"\"Dinosaur art evolves with new discoveries in paleontology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PNAS..117.2728M","url_text":"2020PNAS..117.2728M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2000784117","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.2000784117"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7022217","url_text":"7022217"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32047097","url_text":"32047097"}]},{"reference":"Milner, Richard (2012). Charles R. Knight: The Artist Who Saw Through Time. New York: Abrams. ISBN 978-0810984790.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810984790","url_text":"978-0810984790"}]},{"reference":"\"Paleo Artists: Bringing Dinosaurs to Life! A Grade 3–5 Unit of Study\" (PDF). The Children's Museum of Indianapolis. 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.childrensmuseum.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Educators/3-5_PaleoArtists_UOS.pdf","url_text":"\"Paleo Artists: Bringing Dinosaurs to Life! A Grade 3–5 Unit of Study\""}]},{"reference":"Paul, Gregory S. (2000). \"A quick history of dinosaur art\". In Paul, Gregory S. (ed.). The Scientific American Book of Dinosaurs. New York: Byron Preiss Visual Productions, Inc. ISBN 978-0312262266.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_S._Paul","url_text":"Paul, Gregory S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312262266","url_text":"978-0312262266"}]},{"reference":"Pickrell, John (16 November 2018). \"How dinosaurs are brought back to life—through art\". National Geographic. Archived from the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181117070203/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/11/how-dinosaurs-are-brought-back-to-life-through-art-paleontology/","url_text":"\"How dinosaurs are brought back to life—through art\""},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/11/how-dinosaurs-are-brought-back-to-life-through-art-paleontology/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ross, Robert M.; Duggan-Haas, Don; Allmon, Warren D. (2013). \"The posture of Tyrannosaurus rex: Why do student views lag behind the science?\" (PDF). Journal of Geoscience Education. 61 (1): 145–160. Bibcode:2013JGeEd..61..145R. doi:10.5408/11-259.1. S2CID 162343784. Retrieved July 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1164225.pdf","url_text":"\"The posture of Tyrannosaurus rex: Why do student views lag behind the science?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGeEd..61..145R","url_text":"2013JGeEd..61..145R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5408%2F11-259.1","url_text":"10.5408/11-259.1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162343784","url_text":"162343784"}]},{"reference":"Rudwick, M.J. (1992). Scenes from Deep time: early pictorial representations of the prehistoric world. University of Chicago Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sarjeant, William A.S. (1997). \"Crystal Palace\". Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. By Currie, Philip J.; Padian, Kevin (first ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0122268106.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0122268106","url_text":"978-0122268106"}]},{"reference":"\"Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: Lanzendorf-National Geographic Paleoart Prize\". Retrieved July 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://vertpaleo.org/Awards/Award-%2815%29.aspx","url_text":"\"Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: Lanzendorf-National Geographic Paleoart Prize\""}]},{"reference":"Stout, William (2005). Introduction. Charles R. Knight: Autobiography of an Artist. By Knight, Charles Robert. G.T. Labs. ISBN 978-0-9660106-8-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vQvynnjo5B8C&pg=PR12","url_text":"Charles R. Knight: Autobiography of an Artist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9660106-8-8","url_text":"978-0-9660106-8-8"}]},{"reference":"Taquet, P.; Padian, K. (2004). \"The earliest known restoration of a pterosaur and the philosophical origins of Curvier's Ossemens Fossiles\". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 3 (2): 157–175. Bibcode:2004CRPal...3..157T. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.02.002.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004CRPal...3..157T","url_text":"2004CRPal...3..157T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2004.02.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.crpv.2004.02.002"}]},{"reference":"Terakado, Kazuo (2017). The Art of the Dinosaur: Illustrations by the Top Paleoartists in the World. PIE International. ISBN 978-4756249227.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4756249227","url_text":"978-4756249227"}]},{"reference":"Witton, Mark P.; Naish, Darren; Conway, John (2014). \"State of the palaeoart\" (PDF). Palaeontologia Electronica. 17 (3): 5E. doi:10.26879/145. Retrieved July 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/pdfs/comment_palaeoart.pdf","url_text":"\"State of the palaeoart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.26879%2F145","url_text":"10.26879/145"}]},{"reference":"Witton, Mark P. (2016). Recreating an Age of Reptiles. Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1785003349.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_P._Witton","url_text":"Witton, Mark P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785003349","url_text":"978-1785003349"}]},{"reference":"Witton, Mark P. (2018). The Palaeoartist's Handbook: Recreating prehistoric animals in art. U.K.: Ramsbury: The Crowood Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1785004612.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_P._Witton","url_text":"Witton, Mark P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785004612","url_text":"978-1785004612"}]},{"reference":"White, Steve (2012). Dinosaur Art: The World's Greatest Paleoart. London: Titan Books. ISBN 978-0857685841.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_White_(comics)","url_text":"White, Steve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857685841","url_text":"978-0857685841"}]},{"reference":"White, Steve (2017). Dinosaur Art II: The Cutting Edge of Paleoart. Titan Books. ISBN 978-1785653988.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_White_(comics)","url_text":"White, Steve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785653988","url_text":"978-1785653988"}]},{"reference":"\"Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History: Rudolph Franz Zallinger\". 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://peabody.yale.edu/collections/archives/biography/rudolph-franz-zallinger","url_text":"\"Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History: Rudolph Franz Zallinger\""}]},{"reference":"\"Czym jest paleosztuka? Przegląd Geologiczny, Górnicki S. vol. 65, nr 3, 161-167\". 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pgi.gov.pl/dokumenty-pig-pib-all/publikacje-2/przeglad-geologiczny/2017/marzec-5/4686-czym-jest-paleosztuka/file.html","url_text":"\"Czym jest paleosztuka? Przegląd Geologiczny, Górnicki S. vol. 65, nr 3, 161-167\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275408446","external_links_name":"\"Paleoart: term and conditions (A survey among paleontologists)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3514623","external_links_name":"10.2307/3514623"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3514623","external_links_name":"3514623"},{"Link":"https://www.krqe.com/fox-new-mexico/living/-picturing-the-past-explores-paleo-art/1581240397","external_links_name":"\"'Picturing the Past' Explores Paleo-Art\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dinosaurspastpre0000unse","external_links_name":"Dinosaurs Past and Present (vol 1)"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/science/lost-worlds/2012/sep/03/drawing-dinosaurs-palaeoart","external_links_name":"\"Drawing dinosaurs: how is palaeoart produced?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090206213816/http://museulourinha.org/CIID.htm","external_links_name":"\"International Dinosaur Illustration Contest\""},{"Link":"http://museulourinha.org/CIID.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/pdfs/713.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Goldfuß was right: Soft part preservation in the Late Jurassic pterosaur Scaphognathus crassirostris revealed by reflectance transformation imaging (RTI) and UV light and the auspicious beginnings of paleo-art\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.26879%2F713","external_links_name":"10.26879/713"},{"Link":"http://www.charlesrknight.com/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to the World of Charles R. Knight\""},{"Link":"https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/A_basal_ornithopod_dinosaur_from_the_Cenomanian_of_the_Czech_Republic/5436457","external_links_name":"\"A basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Cenomanian of the Czech Republic\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772019.2017.1371258","external_links_name":"10.1080/14772019.2017.1371258"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90008574","external_links_name":"90008574"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8415138","external_links_name":"8415138"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PrGA..125..120M","external_links_name":"2014PrGA..125..120M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pgeola.2013.03.003","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.pgeola.2013.03.003"},{"Link":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/117/6/2728.full.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Dinosaur art evolves with new discoveries in paleontology\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PNAS..117.2728M","external_links_name":"2020PNAS..117.2728M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2000784117","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.2000784117"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7022217","external_links_name":"7022217"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32047097","external_links_name":"32047097"},{"Link":"https://www.childrensmuseum.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Educators/3-5_PaleoArtists_UOS.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Paleo Artists: Bringing Dinosaurs to Life! A Grade 3–5 Unit of Study\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181117070203/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/11/how-dinosaurs-are-brought-back-to-life-through-art-paleontology/","external_links_name":"\"How dinosaurs are brought back to life—through art\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/11/how-dinosaurs-are-brought-back-to-life-through-art-paleontology/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1164225.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The posture of Tyrannosaurus rex: Why do student views lag behind the science?\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JGeEd..61..145R","external_links_name":"2013JGeEd..61..145R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5408%2F11-259.1","external_links_name":"10.5408/11-259.1"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162343784","external_links_name":"162343784"},{"Link":"http://vertpaleo.org/Awards/Award-%2815%29.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: Lanzendorf-National Geographic Paleoart Prize\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vQvynnjo5B8C&pg=PR12","external_links_name":"Charles R. Knight: Autobiography of an Artist"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004CRPal...3..157T","external_links_name":"2004CRPal...3..157T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2004.02.002","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.crpv.2004.02.002"},{"Link":"https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/pdfs/comment_palaeoart.pdf","external_links_name":"\"State of the palaeoart\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.26879%2F145","external_links_name":"10.26879/145"},{"Link":"http://peabody.yale.edu/collections/archives/biography/rudolph-franz-zallinger","external_links_name":"\"Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History: Rudolph Franz Zallinger\""},{"Link":"https://www.pgi.gov.pl/dokumenty-pig-pib-all/publikacje-2/przeglad-geologiczny/2017/marzec-5/4686-czym-jest-paleosztuka/file.html","external_links_name":"\"Czym jest paleosztuka? Przegląd Geologiczny, Górnicki S. vol. 65, nr 3, 161-167\""},{"Link":"https://curlie.org/Science/Earth_Sciences/Paleontology/Art/Artists","external_links_name":"Paleoartists"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230702172102/https://paleoartistry.webs.com/","external_links_name":"Paleoartists Hall of Fame"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Music_Studios
|
Downtown Music Holdings
|
["1 History","2 Divisions","2.1 Downtown Music Publishing","2.2 Songtrust","2.3 CD Baby","2.4 Adrev","2.5 Fuga","2.6 Downtown Music Studios","2.7 Neighbouring Rights","3 Advocacy","4 Further reading","5 References","6 External links"]
|
DowntownIndustryMusic PublishingFounded2007 (2007)FounderJustin KalifowitzHeadquartersNew York City, United StatesArea servedGlobalKey peopleJustin Kalifowitz (Executive chairman)Andrew Bergman (CEO)Alan Goodstadt (CFO)ServicesMusic rights managementDivisionsDowntown Music ServicesSongtrustCD BabyAdRevFugaDowntown Neighbouring RightsDowntown StudiosWebsitewww.downtownmusic.com
Downtown Music Holdings is an independent rights management and music services company based in the US State of New York. It comprises 10 businesses. All divisions live under the Downtown Music Holdings umbrella and are split between two verticals, Creator and Business (Downtown Music).
History
Downtown was founded as Downtown Music Publishing in 2007 by Justin Kalifowitz in New York. The business model was developed to address the consolidation of the music publishing industry as well as the new technologies which impacted songwriters and copyright holders. Downtown Music Studios opened in 2008. In 2011, Downtown formally launched Songtrust as a business unit, extending the company's royalty collection platform capabilities beyond the parent publishing company. Neighboring Rights was established in 2016.
Until January 2013, Downtown was the owner of the record label Downtown Records.
In 2013, Downtown expanded its offices to Los Angeles. In early 2014, the company expanded to Nashville and later that year founded Downtown Music Benelux. Based in Amsterdam, Downtown Music Benelux was established in collaboration with Hot Streak Music, a division of Cloud 9 Music. In 2015, following the acquisition of the London-based music publisher Eagle-i Music, Downtown UK was founded.
In March 2019, Downtown acquired AVL Digital Group for $200 million. AVL became the owner of CD Baby, Soundrop, AdRev, and DashGo.
In August 2021, founder Justin Kalifowitz stepped down as CEO and became the company's executive chairman.
Divisions
Downtown Music Publishing
The publishing division, ranked in Billboard's Music Publishing Top 10, is Downtown's primary focus. In addition to administering copyrights, Downtown Music Publishing's services include royalty collection, songwriter development, catalog marketing, neighbouring rights, and financing services. It arranges co-writing opportunities and places its songwriter's compositions in film, television, advertising, and video game productions. Downtown writers have written hit songs for artists including Beyoncé, Bruno Mars, Carrie Underwood, Katy Perry, Keith Urban, Rihanna, and Selena Gomez, and, among others, their compositions have been used in the Hunger Games series, Girls, and Grand Theft Auto. Brands that have featured spots from Downtown writers include the NFL, Coca-Cola, Apple Inc, Budweiser and Amazon.
Downtown has formed partnerships with digital service providers including YouTube, Pandora Radio and LyricFind to directly process data and payments owed to songwriters and publishers. It provides analysis for songwriters, managers, and lawyers, allowing writers to review and export statements, see their account balance, create reports for different periods by income over different territories, and access details of each royalty line.
In 2016, Downtown Music Publishing was nominated for Music Business Worldwide's Publisher of the Year Award. The company appeared on the Billboard 2014 list of the Top 10 Publishers.
Downtown acquired Salli Isaak Music and Salli Isaak Songs in 2018, giving the publisher the rights to works by One Direction, Madonna, and Sam Smith.
In May 2019, Downtown acquired the 1987 to 2017 catalogue of Belgian music publisher Strictly Confidential.
In May 2020, Downtown acquired two publishers: Good Soldier Songs (home of The 1975), and the South African Sheer Music.
In April 2021, Downtown sold its song publishing roster and catalogue to Concord, though Downtown will continue to represent the publishing rights for several artists including John Lennon and Yoko Ono, Miles Davis, John Prine, and the Wu-Tang Clan.
Songtrust
Songtrust is a global music rights management software platform. Launched in 2011, it services Downtown Music Service's catalog and provides royalty collection services for creators all over the world. The platform enables creators at all levels to recover their royalties directly from over 90 countries and from more than 20,000 unique income sources worldwide. Songtrust also has business partnerships and provides publishing royalty collection with companies such as sister company CD Baby, Secretly Publishing and Stones Throw Publishing.
Songtrust was founded by Downtown CEO Justin Kalifowitz and CSO Joe Conyers III. Launched in 2011, it enables creators at all levels to recover their royalties directly from more than 90 countries and 20,000 unique income sources worldwide. The company also provides royalty collection services for global distributors such as CD Baby and The Orchard.
In January 2018, Molly Neuman, former drummer for riot grrrl band Bratmobile, joined Songtrust from her previous role as the first head of music for crowdfunding website Kickstarter. In October 2019 Molly Neuman was named President of Songtrust.
CD Baby
CD Baby is an independent music monetization and distribution service based in Portland. They help DIY artists monetize their music through streaming, downloads, vinyl & CD sales, video monetization, sync licensing and publishing royalties (through partnership with sister company, Songtrust). CD Baby also runs DIY distribution service, Soundrop. CD Baby was acquired by Downtown through the acquisition of AVL Digital in 2019.
Adrev
Adrev is a digital content and rights monetization service on Youtube, Facebook and other online video platforms. AdRev is a YouTube partner company that was initially designed to help creators and music rights holders monetize their work with ad placements on other channels using their content. Adrev was founded in 2011 and is based in Los Angeles. Adrev was acquired by Downtown through the acquisition of AVL Digital in 2019.
Fuga
FUGA is a B2B tech and music service company based in The Netherlands. Fuga was acquired by Downtown in January 2020. Fuga provides music distribution and marketing services to labels and management teams around the world.
Downtown Music Studios
Downtown Music Studios was a two studio recording facility located in SoHo, Manhattan. Opened in 2008, the studios were designed by Martin Pilchner and are overseen by chief engineer Zach Hancock. The studio is currently closed, timing of reopening is unknown.
Neighbouring Rights
Through its direct affiliations with sound recording performance rights services, Downtown formally launched a Neighbouring Rights offering globally in 2016. The division enables Downtown to make certain that artists are compensated when the recorded performance of their songs are performed in public on satellite and online radio services such as Pandora.
Advocacy
Downtown's executives sit on the board of the National Music Publishers Association (NMPA) in the United States, an organization which safeguards and promotes the interests of music publishers and songwriters to government bodies, the music industry, the media, and the public. Additionally, the company recently teamed with the Berklee College of Music's Institute for Creative Entrepreneurship (BerkleeICE) to collaborate on the Open Music Initiative in an effort to achieve fair payment for songwriters through digital licensing.
Kalifowitz is a co-founder of NY is Music, a coalition of over 200 organizations advancing the importance of music in economic development, culture, and education across the state. NY is Music is credited with the passage of the 2015 New York State Tax Credit for Music production.
Further reading
Justin Kalifowitz Talks Publishing, Big Ideas For 2016
A Letter to the Downtown Community on Direct Licensing
References
^ Mansfield, Brian (January 3, 2016). "Downtown Music Justin Kalifowitz Talks Publishing, Big Ideas For 2016". hypebot.com. Hypebot. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
^ Ingham, Tim (December 12, 2015). "Are Music Publishers Getting a Raw Deal in the Streaming Age?". Music Business Week. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
^ Kennedy, John (December 1, 2006). "Digital Music in 2007: A Brave New World" (PDF). IFPI.com. Digital Music Report. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 9, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
^ a b c Davis, Inman (February 1, 2011). "A New Frontier In Music Publishing". American Songwriter. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
^ "Downtown Sells Label to Cofounders, Focuses on Publishing". Billboard.
^ Peters, Mitchell (August 14, 2013). "Downtown Music Publishing Expands to West Coast, Names Amy Driscoll-Dunning Senior VP". Billboard. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
^ Christman, Ed (May 20, 2015). "Downtown Music Publishing Acquires Eagle-i Music, Home of Jeff Healey, Deep Purple & Others". Billboard. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
^ "Downtown buys CD Baby owner for $200m – Music Business Worldwide". March 27, 2019.
^ "Andrew Bergman named Downtown CEO, as Justin Kalifowitz becomes Executive Chairman – Music Business Worldwide". August 18, 2021.
^ Weiss, David (January 6, 2013). "The API and the iPad: Radical Routing Arrives at Downtown Music Studios". sonicscoop.com. Sonic Scoop. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
^ Christman, Ed (October 21, 2013). "Beatles Go Downtown: Fab Four Classics Go to Indie Music Publisher (Exclusive)". Billboard Biz. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
^ Peoples, Glenn (December 21, 2015). "Pandora's Latest Direct Deal Is with Downtown Music Publishing". Billboard. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
^ MBW Staff (April 13, 2016). "DOWNTOWN MUSIC PUBLISHING INKS DIRECT YOUTUBE PERFORMANCE DEAL". Music Business Worldwide. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
^ "The A&R Awards". Music Business Worldwide. The A&R Awards/MBW. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
^ Christman, Ed (May 12, 2014). "First-Quarter Music Publishing Rankings: SONGS Surges Again". Billboard. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
^ "Downtown announces Salli Isaak Music and Salli Isaak Songs acquisition". Music Biz Nation.
^ "Downtown Music Publishing Acquires the Catalog of Indie Label Strictly Confidential". Billboard.
^ "Downtown Acquires Good Soldier Songs, Publishing Home of the 1975". Billboard.
^ "Downtown Music Holdings Acquires Leading Africa Publisher Sheer Music". Billboard.
^ "Concord Buys Downtown Music's Publishing Copyrights". Billboard.
^ a b Lindvall, Helianne (May 6, 2011). "Behind the music: In praise of Songtrust". The Guardian. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
^ MBW (May 12, 2015). "CD BABY LAUNCHES PUBLISHING ADMIN SERVICE IN THE UK". Music Business Worldwide. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
^ "Songtrust and Secretly Publishing ink new administrative partnership – Music Business Worldwide". December 15, 2020.
^ "Stones Throw Publishing inks global admin deal with Songtrust".
^ MBW (May 12, 2015). "CD BABY LAUNCHES PUBLISHING ADMIN SERVICE IN THE UK". Music Business Worldwide. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
^ Rys, Dan (January 22, 2018). "Molly Neuman Leaves Kickstarter For Role As Head of Business Development at Songtrust". Billboard. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
^ Rys, Dan (December 2, 2019). "Molly Neuman Named President of Songtrust". Variety. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
^ a b "Downtown Acquires CD Baby Owner AVL in $200 Million Deal". March 27, 2019.
^ "FUGA".
^ DOWNTOWN BUYS INDEPENDENT SERVICES COMPANY FUGA
^ Nicholson, Jessica (February 29, 2016). "Downtown Music Publishing Launches Neighbouring Rights Division". Music Row. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
^ Grow, Kory (June 13, 2016). "Music Royalties Initiative Unites YouTube, Spotify, Labels". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
^ Moorfoot, Addie (June 27, 2016). "State legislature passes music production tax credit". Crain's. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
External links
Downtown Music Publishing
Songtrust
Downtown Music Studios
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz label
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Downtown Music Holdings is an independent rights management and music services company based in the US State of New York. It comprises 10 businesses. All divisions live under the Downtown Music Holdings umbrella and are split between two verticals, Creator and Business (Downtown Music).","title":"Downtown Music Holdings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hypebot_mansfield-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MBW-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DMR_2007-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-american_songwriter-4"},{"link_name":"Downtown Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_LA_office-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_downtown_UK-7"},{"link_name":"CD Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Baby"},{"link_name":"Soundrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soundrop&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"AdRev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AdRev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"DashGo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DashGo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Downtown was founded as Downtown Music Publishing in 2007 by Justin Kalifowitz in New York. The business model was developed to address the consolidation of the music publishing industry as well as the new technologies which impacted songwriters and copyright holders. Downtown Music Studios opened in 2008.[1][2][3] In 2011, Downtown formally launched Songtrust as a business unit, extending the company's royalty collection platform capabilities beyond the parent publishing company. Neighboring Rights was established in 2016.[4]Until January 2013, Downtown was the owner of the record label Downtown Records.[5]In 2013, Downtown expanded its offices to Los Angeles.[6] In early 2014, the company expanded to Nashville and later that year founded Downtown Music Benelux. Based in Amsterdam, Downtown Music Benelux was established in collaboration with Hot Streak Music, a division of Cloud 9 Music. In 2015, following the acquisition of the London-based music publisher Eagle-i Music, Downtown UK was founded.[7]In March 2019, Downtown acquired AVL Digital Group for $200 million. AVL became the owner of CD Baby, Soundrop, AdRev, and DashGo.[8]In August 2021, founder Justin Kalifowitz stepped down as CEO and became the company's executive chairman.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Bruno Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Mars"},{"link_name":"Carrie Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Underwood"},{"link_name":"Katy Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Perry"},{"link_name":"Keith Urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Urban"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"Selena Gomez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_Gomez"},{"link_name":"Hunger Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_Games"},{"link_name":"Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_(tv_series)"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-API_iPad-10"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"Apple Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc"},{"link_name":"Budweiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beatles,_expansion,_christman-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pandora Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_Radio"},{"link_name":"LyricFind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LyricFind&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pandora_billboard-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"One Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Direction"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Sam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Smith"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Good Soldier Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Soldier_Songs"},{"link_name":"The 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_1975"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_(entertainment_company)"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Yoko Ono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Ono"},{"link_name":"Miles Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davis"},{"link_name":"John Prine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Prine"},{"link_name":"Wu-Tang Clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-Tang_Clan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Downtown Music Publishing","text":"The publishing division, ranked in Billboard's Music Publishing Top 10, is Downtown's primary focus. In addition to administering copyrights, Downtown Music Publishing's services include royalty collection, songwriter development, catalog marketing, neighbouring rights, and financing services. It arranges co-writing opportunities and places its songwriter's compositions in film, television, advertising, and video game productions. Downtown writers have written hit songs for artists including Beyoncé, Bruno Mars, Carrie Underwood, Katy Perry, Keith Urban, Rihanna, and Selena Gomez, and, among others, their compositions have been used in the Hunger Games series, Girls, and Grand Theft Auto.[10] Brands that have featured spots from Downtown writers include the NFL, Coca-Cola, Apple Inc, Budweiser and Amazon.[11][citation needed]Downtown has formed partnerships with digital service providers including YouTube, Pandora Radio and LyricFind to directly process data and payments owed to songwriters and publishers. It provides analysis for songwriters, managers, and lawyers, allowing writers to review and export statements, see their account balance, create reports for different periods by income over different territories, and access details of each royalty line.[12][13]In 2016, Downtown Music Publishing was nominated for Music Business Worldwide's Publisher of the Year Award. The company appeared on the Billboard 2014 list of the Top 10 Publishers.[14][15]Downtown acquired Salli Isaak Music and Salli Isaak Songs in 2018, giving the publisher the rights to works by One Direction, Madonna, and Sam Smith.[16]In May 2019, Downtown acquired the 1987 to 2017 catalogue of Belgian music publisher Strictly Confidential.[17]In May 2020, Downtown acquired two publishers: Good Soldier Songs (home of The 1975), and the South African Sheer Music.[18][19]In April 2021, Downtown sold its song publishing roster and catalogue to Concord, though Downtown will continue to represent the publishing rights for several artists including John Lennon and Yoko Ono, Miles Davis, John Prine, and the Wu-Tang Clan.[20]","title":"Divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-american_songwriter-4"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian_songtrust_2011-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"CD Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Baby"},{"link_name":"The Orchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Orchard_(company)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian_songtrust_2011-21"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-american_songwriter-4"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Molly Neuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Neuman"},{"link_name":"riot grrrl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl"},{"link_name":"Bratmobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratmobile"},{"link_name":"crowdfunding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding"},{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Molly Neuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Neuman"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Songtrust","text":"Songtrust is a global music rights management software platform. Launched in 2011, it services Downtown Music Service's catalog and provides royalty collection services for creators all over the world. The platform enables creators at all levels to recover their royalties directly from over 90 countries and from more than 20,000 unique income sources worldwide.[4][21][22] Songtrust also has business partnerships and provides publishing royalty collection with companies such as sister company CD Baby, Secretly Publishing[23] and Stones Throw Publishing.[24]Songtrust was founded by Downtown CEO Justin Kalifowitz and CSO Joe Conyers III. Launched in 2011, it enables creators at all levels to recover their royalties directly from more than 90 countries and 20,000 unique income sources worldwide. The company also provides royalty collection services for global distributors such as CD Baby and The Orchard.[21][4][25]In January 2018, Molly Neuman, former drummer for riot grrrl band Bratmobile, joined Songtrust from her previous role as the first head of music for crowdfunding website Kickstarter.[26] In October 2019 Molly Neuman was named President of Songtrust.[27]","title":"Divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety.com-28"}],"sub_title":"CD Baby","text":"CD Baby is an independent music monetization and distribution service based in Portland. They help DIY artists monetize their music through streaming, downloads, vinyl & CD sales, video monetization, sync licensing and publishing royalties (through partnership with sister company, Songtrust). CD Baby also runs DIY distribution service, Soundrop. CD Baby was acquired by Downtown through the acquisition of AVL Digital in 2019.[28]","title":"Divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety.com-28"}],"sub_title":"Adrev","text":"Adrev is a digital content and rights monetization service on Youtube, Facebook and other online video platforms. AdRev is a YouTube partner company that was initially designed to help creators and music rights holders monetize their work with ad placements on other channels using their content. Adrev was founded in 2011 and is based in Los Angeles. Adrev was acquired by Downtown through the acquisition of AVL Digital in 2019.[28]","title":"Divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Fuga","text":"FUGA is a B2B tech and music service company based in The Netherlands. Fuga was acquired by Downtown in January 2020.[29][30] Fuga provides music distribution and marketing services to labels and management teams around the world.","title":"Divisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Downtown Music Studios","text":"Downtown Music Studios was a two studio recording facility located in SoHo, Manhattan. Opened in 2008, the studios were designed by Martin Pilchner and are overseen by chief engineer Zach Hancock. The studio is currently closed, timing of reopening is unknown.","title":"Divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pandora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_Radio"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Neighboring_Rights_Music_Row-31"}],"sub_title":"Neighbouring Rights","text":"Through its direct affiliations with sound recording performance rights services, Downtown formally launched a Neighbouring Rights offering globally in 2016. The division enables Downtown to make certain that artists are compensated when the recorded performance of their songs are performed in public on satellite and online radio services such as Pandora.[31]","title":"Divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crains_nyim-33"}],"text":"Downtown's executives sit on the board of the National Music Publishers Association (NMPA) in the United States, an organization which safeguards and promotes the interests of music publishers and songwriters to government bodies, the music industry, the media, and the public. Additionally, the company recently teamed with the Berklee College of Music's Institute for Creative Entrepreneurship (BerkleeICE) to collaborate on the Open Music Initiative in an effort to achieve fair payment for songwriters through digital licensing.[32]Kalifowitz is a co-founder of NY is Music, a coalition of over 200 organizations advancing the importance of music in economic development, culture, and education across the state. NY is Music is credited with the passage of the 2015 New York State Tax Credit for Music production.[33]","title":"Advocacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justin Kalifowitz Talks Publishing, Big Ideas For 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hypebot.com/hypebot/2016/02/justin-kalifowitzs-talks-publising-big-ideas-for-2016-interview.html"},{"link_name":"A Letter to the Downtown Community on Direct Licensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//medium.com/@DMPGroup/a-letter-to-the-downtown-community-on-direct-licensing-1e6a64db640e#.rnk2mkiq0"}],"text":"Justin Kalifowitz Talks Publishing, Big Ideas For 2016\nA Letter to the Downtown Community on Direct Licensing","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Mansfield, Brian (January 3, 2016). \"Downtown Music Justin Kalifowitz Talks Publishing, Big Ideas For 2016\". hypebot.com. Hypebot. Retrieved October 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hypebot.com/hypebot/2016/02/justin-kalifowitzs-talks-publising-big-ideas-for-2016-interview.html","url_text":"\"Downtown Music Justin Kalifowitz Talks Publishing, Big Ideas For 2016\""}]},{"reference":"Ingham, Tim (December 12, 2015). \"Are Music Publishers Getting a Raw Deal in the Streaming Age?\". Music Business Week. Retrieved October 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/are-music-publishers-getting-a-raw-deal-in-the-streaming-age/","url_text":"\"Are Music Publishers Getting a Raw Deal in the Streaming Age?\""}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, John (December 1, 2006). \"Digital Music in 2007: A Brave New World\" (PDF). IFPI.com. Digital Music Report. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 9, 2016. Retrieved October 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160609192332/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/digital-music-report-2007.pdf","url_text":"\"Digital Music in 2007: A Brave New World\""},{"url":"http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/digital-music-report-2007.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Inman (February 1, 2011). \"A New Frontier In Music Publishing\". American Songwriter. Retrieved October 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://americansongwriter.com/2011/12/a-new-frontier-in-music-publishing/","url_text":"\"A New Frontier In Music Publishing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Downtown Sells Label to Cofounders, Focuses on Publishing\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/legal-and-management/1525931/downtown-sells-label-to-cofounders-focuses-on","url_text":"\"Downtown Sells Label to Cofounders, Focuses on Publishing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Peters, Mitchell (August 14, 2013). \"Downtown Music Publishing Expands to West Coast, Names Amy Driscoll-Dunning Senior VP\". Billboard. Retrieved October 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/5650681/downtown-music-publishing-expands-to-west-coast-names-amy-driscoll-dunning","url_text":"\"Downtown Music Publishing Expands to West Coast, Names Amy Driscoll-Dunning Senior VP\""}]},{"reference":"Christman, Ed (May 20, 2015). \"Downtown Music Publishing Acquires Eagle-i Music, Home of Jeff Healey, Deep Purple & Others\". Billboard. Retrieved October 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6568966/downtown-music-publishing-acquires-eagle-i-music","url_text":"\"Downtown Music Publishing Acquires Eagle-i Music, Home of Jeff Healey, Deep Purple & Others\""}]},{"reference":"\"Downtown buys CD Baby owner for $200m – Music Business Worldwide\". March 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/downtown-buys-cd-baby-owner-for-200m","url_text":"\"Downtown buys CD Baby owner for $200m – Music Business Worldwide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andrew Bergman named Downtown CEO, as Justin Kalifowitz becomes Executive Chairman – Music Business Worldwide\". August 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/andrew-bergman-named-downtown-ceo-as-justin-kalifowitz-becomes-executive-chairman","url_text":"\"Andrew Bergman named Downtown CEO, as Justin Kalifowitz becomes Executive Chairman – Music Business Worldwide\""}]},{"reference":"Weiss, David (January 6, 2013). \"The API and the iPad: Radical Routing Arrives at Downtown Music Studios\". sonicscoop.com. Sonic Scoop. Retrieved October 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sonicscoop.com/2013/01/06/the-api-and-the-ipad-radical-routing-arrives-at-downtown-music-studios/","url_text":"\"The API and the iPad: Radical Routing Arrives at Downtown Music Studios\""}]},{"reference":"Christman, Ed (October 21, 2013). \"Beatles Go Downtown: Fab Four Classics Go to Indie Music Publisher (Exclusive)\". Billboard Biz. Retrieved October 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/publishing/5763124/beatles-go-downtown-fab-four-classics-go-to-indie-music","url_text":"\"Beatles Go Downtown: Fab Four Classics Go to Indie Music Publisher (Exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"Peoples, Glenn (December 21, 2015). \"Pandora's Latest Direct Deal Is with Downtown Music Publishing\". Billboard. Retrieved October 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6814194/pandora-direct-deal-downtown-music-publishing","url_text":"\"Pandora's Latest Direct Deal Is with Downtown Music Publishing\""}]},{"reference":"MBW Staff (April 13, 2016). \"DOWNTOWN MUSIC PUBLISHING INKS DIRECT YOUTUBE PERFORMANCE DEAL\". Music Business Worldwide. Retrieved October 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/downtown-music-publishing-inks-direct-youtube-performance-deal/","url_text":"\"DOWNTOWN MUSIC PUBLISHING INKS DIRECT YOUTUBE PERFORMANCE DEAL\""}]},{"reference":"\"The A&R Awards\". Music Business Worldwide. The A&R Awards/MBW. Retrieved October 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://theaandrawards.com/categories-3-1/","url_text":"\"The A&R Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Christman, Ed (May 12, 2014). \"First-Quarter Music Publishing Rankings: SONGS Surges Again\". Billboard. Retrieved October 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/publishing/6084783/first-quarter-music-publishing-rankings-songs-surges-again","url_text":"\"First-Quarter Music Publishing Rankings: SONGS Surges Again\""}]},{"reference":"\"Downtown announces Salli Isaak Music and Salli Isaak Songs acquisition\". Music Biz Nation.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicbiznation.com/business/downtown-salli-isaak-acquisition/","url_text":"\"Downtown announces Salli Isaak Music and Salli Isaak Songs acquisition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Downtown Music Publishing Acquires the Catalog of Indie Label Strictly Confidential\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8511099/downtown-music-publishing-strictly-confidential","url_text":"\"Downtown Music Publishing Acquires the Catalog of Indie Label Strictly Confidential\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Downtown Acquires Good Soldier Songs, Publishing Home of the 1975\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/publishing/9377811/downtown-good-soldier-songs-publishing-1975","url_text":"\"Downtown Acquires Good Soldier Songs, Publishing Home of the 1975\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Downtown Music Holdings Acquires Leading Africa Publisher Sheer Music\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/9379106/downtown-music-south-africa-publisher-sheer-music-acquisition","url_text":"\"Downtown Music Holdings Acquires Leading Africa Publisher Sheer Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Concord Buys Downtown Music's Publishing Copyrights\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/publishing/9562883/concord-acquires-downtown-music-publishing-catalog-deal","url_text":"\"Concord Buys Downtown Music's Publishing Copyrights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Lindvall, Helianne (May 6, 2011). \"Behind the music: In praise of Songtrust\". The Guardian. Retrieved October 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2011/may/06/behind-music-songtrust","url_text":"\"Behind the music: In praise of Songtrust\""}]},{"reference":"MBW (May 12, 2015). \"CD BABY LAUNCHES PUBLISHING ADMIN SERVICE IN THE UK\". Music Business Worldwide. Retrieved October 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/cd-baby-launches-publishing-admin-business-in-the-uk/","url_text":"\"CD BABY LAUNCHES PUBLISHING ADMIN SERVICE IN THE UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Songtrust and Secretly Publishing ink new administrative partnership – Music Business Worldwide\". December 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/songtrust-and-secretly-publishing-ink-new-administrative-partnership/","url_text":"\"Songtrust and Secretly Publishing ink new administrative partnership – Music Business Worldwide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stones Throw Publishing inks global admin deal with Songtrust\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicweek.com/publishing/read/stones-throw-publishing-inks-global-admin-deal-with-songtrust/083234","url_text":"\"Stones Throw Publishing inks global admin deal with Songtrust\""}]},{"reference":"MBW (May 12, 2015). \"CD BABY LAUNCHES PUBLISHING ADMIN SERVICE IN THE UK\". Music Business Worldwide. Retrieved October 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/cd-baby-launches-publishing-admin-business-in-the-uk/","url_text":"\"CD BABY LAUNCHES PUBLISHING ADMIN SERVICE IN THE UK\""}]},{"reference":"Rys, Dan (January 22, 2018). \"Molly Neuman Leaves Kickstarter For Role As Head of Business Development at Songtrust\". Billboard. Retrieved May 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8095327/molly-neuman-head-business-development-songtrust","url_text":"\"Molly Neuman Leaves Kickstarter For Role As Head of Business Development at Songtrust\""}]},{"reference":"Rys, Dan (December 2, 2019). \"Molly Neuman Named President of Songtrust\". Variety. Retrieved October 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/songtrust-downtown-molly-neuman-president-1203389404/","url_text":"\"Molly Neuman Named President of Songtrust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Downtown Acquires CD Baby Owner AVL in $200 Million Deal\". March 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2019/music/news/downtown-acquires-cd-baby-owner-avl-in-200-million-deal-1203174103/","url_text":"\"Downtown Acquires CD Baby Owner AVL in $200 Million Deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"FUGA\".","urls":[{"url":"https://fuga.com/press-releases/downtown-music-holdings-avl-digital-group-has-acquired-fuga/","url_text":"\"FUGA\""}]},{"reference":"Nicholson, Jessica (February 29, 2016). \"Downtown Music Publishing Launches Neighbouring Rights Division\". Music Row. Retrieved October 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicrow.com/2016/02/downtown-music-publishing-launches-neighbouring-rights-division/","url_text":"\"Downtown Music Publishing Launches Neighbouring Rights Division\""}]},{"reference":"Grow, Kory (June 13, 2016). \"Music Royalties Initiative Unites YouTube, Spotify, Labels\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/music-royalties-initiative-unites-youtube-spotify-labels-20160613","url_text":"\"Music Royalties Initiative Unites YouTube, Spotify, Labels\""}]},{"reference":"Moorfoot, Addie (June 27, 2016). \"State legislature passes music production tax credit\". Crain's. Retrieved October 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20160627/ENTERTAINMENT/160629894/new-york-state-legislature-passes-music-production-tax-credit","url_text":"\"State legislature passes music production tax credit\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.downtownmusic.com/","external_links_name":"www.downtownmusic.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hypebot.com/hypebot/2016/02/justin-kalifowitzs-talks-publising-big-ideas-for-2016-interview.html","external_links_name":"Justin Kalifowitz Talks Publishing, Big Ideas For 2016"},{"Link":"https://medium.com/@DMPGroup/a-letter-to-the-downtown-community-on-direct-licensing-1e6a64db640e#.rnk2mkiq0","external_links_name":"A Letter to the Downtown Community on Direct Licensing"},{"Link":"http://www.hypebot.com/hypebot/2016/02/justin-kalifowitzs-talks-publising-big-ideas-for-2016-interview.html","external_links_name":"\"Downtown Music Justin Kalifowitz Talks Publishing, Big Ideas For 2016\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/are-music-publishers-getting-a-raw-deal-in-the-streaming-age/","external_links_name":"\"Are Music Publishers Getting a Raw Deal in the Streaming Age?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160609192332/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/digital-music-report-2007.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Digital Music in 2007: A Brave New World\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/digital-music-report-2007.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://americansongwriter.com/2011/12/a-new-frontier-in-music-publishing/","external_links_name":"\"A New Frontier In Music Publishing\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/legal-and-management/1525931/downtown-sells-label-to-cofounders-focuses-on","external_links_name":"\"Downtown Sells Label to Cofounders, Focuses on Publishing\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/5650681/downtown-music-publishing-expands-to-west-coast-names-amy-driscoll-dunning","external_links_name":"\"Downtown Music Publishing Expands to West Coast, Names Amy Driscoll-Dunning Senior VP\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6568966/downtown-music-publishing-acquires-eagle-i-music","external_links_name":"\"Downtown Music Publishing Acquires Eagle-i Music, Home of Jeff Healey, Deep Purple & Others\""},{"Link":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/downtown-buys-cd-baby-owner-for-200m","external_links_name":"\"Downtown buys CD Baby owner for $200m – Music Business Worldwide\""},{"Link":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/andrew-bergman-named-downtown-ceo-as-justin-kalifowitz-becomes-executive-chairman","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Bergman named Downtown CEO, as Justin Kalifowitz becomes Executive Chairman – Music Business Worldwide\""},{"Link":"http://www.sonicscoop.com/2013/01/06/the-api-and-the-ipad-radical-routing-arrives-at-downtown-music-studios/","external_links_name":"\"The API and the iPad: Radical Routing Arrives at Downtown Music Studios\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/publishing/5763124/beatles-go-downtown-fab-four-classics-go-to-indie-music","external_links_name":"\"Beatles Go Downtown: Fab Four Classics Go to Indie Music Publisher (Exclusive)\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6814194/pandora-direct-deal-downtown-music-publishing","external_links_name":"\"Pandora's Latest Direct Deal Is with Downtown Music Publishing\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/downtown-music-publishing-inks-direct-youtube-performance-deal/","external_links_name":"\"DOWNTOWN MUSIC PUBLISHING INKS DIRECT YOUTUBE PERFORMANCE DEAL\""},{"Link":"http://theaandrawards.com/categories-3-1/","external_links_name":"\"The A&R Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/publishing/6084783/first-quarter-music-publishing-rankings-songs-surges-again","external_links_name":"\"First-Quarter Music Publishing Rankings: SONGS Surges Again\""},{"Link":"https://musicbiznation.com/business/downtown-salli-isaak-acquisition/","external_links_name":"\"Downtown announces Salli Isaak Music and Salli Isaak Songs acquisition\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8511099/downtown-music-publishing-strictly-confidential","external_links_name":"\"Downtown Music Publishing Acquires the Catalog of Indie Label Strictly Confidential\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/publishing/9377811/downtown-good-soldier-songs-publishing-1975","external_links_name":"\"Downtown Acquires Good Soldier Songs, Publishing Home of the 1975\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/9379106/downtown-music-south-africa-publisher-sheer-music-acquisition","external_links_name":"\"Downtown Music Holdings Acquires Leading Africa Publisher Sheer Music\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/publishing/9562883/concord-acquires-downtown-music-publishing-catalog-deal","external_links_name":"\"Concord Buys Downtown Music's Publishing Copyrights\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2011/may/06/behind-music-songtrust","external_links_name":"\"Behind the music: In praise of Songtrust\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/cd-baby-launches-publishing-admin-business-in-the-uk/","external_links_name":"\"CD BABY LAUNCHES PUBLISHING ADMIN SERVICE IN THE UK\""},{"Link":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/songtrust-and-secretly-publishing-ink-new-administrative-partnership/","external_links_name":"\"Songtrust and Secretly Publishing ink new administrative partnership – Music Business Worldwide\""},{"Link":"https://www.musicweek.com/publishing/read/stones-throw-publishing-inks-global-admin-deal-with-songtrust/083234","external_links_name":"\"Stones Throw Publishing inks global admin deal with Songtrust\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/cd-baby-launches-publishing-admin-business-in-the-uk/","external_links_name":"\"CD BABY LAUNCHES PUBLISHING ADMIN SERVICE IN THE UK\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8095327/molly-neuman-head-business-development-songtrust","external_links_name":"\"Molly Neuman Leaves Kickstarter For Role As Head of Business Development at Songtrust\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/songtrust-downtown-molly-neuman-president-1203389404/","external_links_name":"\"Molly Neuman Named President of Songtrust\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2019/music/news/downtown-acquires-cd-baby-owner-avl-in-200-million-deal-1203174103/","external_links_name":"\"Downtown Acquires CD Baby Owner AVL in $200 Million Deal\""},{"Link":"https://fuga.com/press-releases/downtown-music-holdings-avl-digital-group-has-acquired-fuga/","external_links_name":"\"FUGA\""},{"Link":"https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/downtown-buys-independent-services-company-fuga/","external_links_name":"DOWNTOWN BUYS INDEPENDENT SERVICES COMPANY FUGA"},{"Link":"http://www.musicrow.com/2016/02/downtown-music-publishing-launches-neighbouring-rights-division/","external_links_name":"\"Downtown Music Publishing Launches Neighbouring Rights Division\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/music-royalties-initiative-unites-youtube-spotify-labels-20160613","external_links_name":"\"Music Royalties Initiative Unites YouTube, Spotify, Labels\""},{"Link":"http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20160627/ENTERTAINMENT/160629894/new-york-state-legislature-passes-music-production-tax-credit","external_links_name":"\"State legislature passes music production tax credit\""},{"Link":"https://www.dmpgroup.com/","external_links_name":"Downtown Music Publishing"},{"Link":"https://www.songtrust.com/","external_links_name":"Songtrust"},{"Link":"http://downtownmusicstudios.com/","external_links_name":"Downtown Music Studios"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/label/a0646ac1-8adc-4952-9177-77d5f7a70f48","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz label"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Western_Isles
|
Battle of the Western Isles
|
["1 The conflict on Jura","2 The King's intervention","3 The conflict on Islay, Mull, Tiree and Kintyre","4 Aftermath","5 References"]
|
Coordinates: 55°57′18″N 5°54′04″W / 55.955°N 5.901°W / 55.955; -5.901Series of conflicts in Scotland 1585–1586
55°57′18″N 5°54′04″W / 55.955°N 5.901°W / 55.955; -5.901
Battle of the Western IslesPart of Clan Maclean and Clan MacDonald feudGlen Garrisdale, the former stronghold of the MacLeans of JuraDate1585-86LocationWestern Isles, ScotlandResult
Act of Parliament was passed to obtain peaceBelligerents
Clan Maclean
Clan Macdonald of SleatClan MacDonald of DunnyvegCommanders and leaders
Lachlan Mor Maclean
Donald Gorm Mor of SleatAngus MacDonald of Islay
vteClan Maclean-Clan MacDonald feuds
Bloody Bay
Western Isles
Mingary Castle
Traigh Ghruinneart
Benbigrie
The Battle of the Western Isles was a series of conflicts in 1585 and 1586 on the islands of Jura, Islay, Mull and Tiree, Scotland as well as the peninsula of Kintyre on the mainland. However, although the historic sources describe this as having taken place in the "Western Isles" which are now known as the Outer Hebrides, all of the aforementioned locations are actually in the Inner Hebrides. It was fought between the Clan Macdonald of Sleat and Clan MacDonald of Dunnyveg against the Clan Maclean. In 1585, the Macleans slaughtered a party of the MacDonalds of Sleat when they were mistakenly accused of stealing cattle and the MacDonalds of Sleat and Dunnyveg retaliated. James VI of Scotland intervened but the conflicts continued into 1586. After further intervention an act of Parliament was passed which would levy fines on any clan chiefs who did not maintain peace and good order among their vassals.
The conflict on Jura
In the summer of 1585, Donald Gorm Mor of Sleat, chief of the Clan Macdonald of Sleat, along with a large following of men, left the Isle of Skye to pay a visit to Angus MacDonald of Islay, chief of the Clan MacDonald of Dunnyveg. However, because of a severe storm he was forced to seek shelter on the north of the Isle of Jura, which part belonged to Lachlan Mor Maclean, chief of Clan Maclean, who was seated at Duart Castle on the Isle of Mull. Another party, which included Hugh, son of Archibald the Clerk and a Macdonald descendant of Donald Herrach, were also driven by the same storm to Jura. These two men collected a large amount of cattle belonging to the Macleans who lived near to the place that Donald Gorm Mor had landed, and carried them off in their galleys. Their objective was to get Donald Gorm Mor into trouble. They knew that the Macleans would believe that the theft was committed by Donald Gorm Mor and hoped that the Macleans would attack him and put him to death. The men whose cattle had been stolen went straight to Lachlan Mor Maclean to make their complaint. Lachlan Mor Maclean sailed to Jura with a number of men and made a sudden attack on Donald Gorm Mor, who had no idea what had taken place. In the battle he killed sixty of the MacDonalds, but the rest of them, including Donald Gorm Mor, made their escape. The punishment that Lachlan Mor Maclean inflicted was monstrous.
Donald Gorm Mor then made his way to Skye, fully resolved to take vengeance on the Macleans. He dispatched messengers to the chieftains of the various branches of the Clan Donald, calling upon them to assist him in the attack. Lachlan Mor Maclean having killed a number of innocent men created feelings of indignation and vengeance among all the MacDonalds who committed acts of depredation on his lands in various quarters and threatened to invade the Isle of Mull. They did find out that the cattle had actually been stolen by two MacDonalds but still felt so indignant over the slaughter of their clansmen that they were unwilling to come to terms with Lachlan Mor Maclean.
The King's intervention
Duart Castle on the Isle of Mull, seat of the chief of the Clan Maclean since the 14th century
In September, 1585, James VI of Scotland wrote to the Chief of the Clan MacLeod, seated at Dunvegan Castle, requesting him to assist the Macleans against the MacDonalds and he also urged the MacDonalds at the same time to cease their hostilities. The MacDonalds therefore resolved to settle their disputes in a peaceful manner.
In the spring of 1586, Angus MacDonald of Islay went to Skye to consult with Donald Gorm Mor about a settlement with Lachlan Mor Maclean. On his return he called at Duart Castle to try to come to an amicable settlement with Lachlan Mor Maclean. The following day, Maclean seized both Angus and his attendants and threw them into prison until Angus agreed to renounce his claim to the Rinns of Islay. Angus also had to give his son James, and his brother, Ranald, as hostages to Lachlan until he received the lands as promised. The harsh treatment that Angus received from Maclean meant that he went back to Islay as a bitter enemy.
The conflict on Islay, Mull, Tiree and Kintyre
The ruins of Dunscaith Castle, historic seat of the chief of the Clan MacDonald of Sleat, in the parish of Sleat, Isle of SkyeThe ruins of Dunyvaig Castle, historic seat of the chief of the Clan MacDonald of Dunnyveg, located on Islay
In July, 1586, Lachlan Mor Maclean went to Islay to receive possession of the Rinns and took up his quarters at the fort of Lochgorm. He remained there for three days and received repeated invitations from Angus of Islay to visit him at Mullintrea. Maclean yielded and went to spend a night with him. He was accompanied by seventy followers, or according to another account eighty-six. Maclean was received in a friendly manner and was entertained in grand style. However, he refused to stay the night with Angus and instead went to sleep in one of the buildings which his followers were lodged in, and took with him, James, the son of Angus who was still a hostage. At midnight, Angus of Islay, with 400 armed followers went to the door of the building where Lachlan Mor Maclean was sleeping and asked him to get up and have a drink with him. Maclean went to the door with the hostage James in one hand and a sword in the other, but saw that it was impossible for him to escape. Angus saw that if a fight took place then his son would certainly be killed. Angus solemnly promised that if they gave up his son and surrendered as prisoners that their lives would be spared. Maclean accepted and so did all but two of his men. These two were John Dubh of Morvern and MacDonald Herrach who was one of the men who had caused the slaughter of the MacDoanlds for having stolen Maclean's cattle. These two men refused to leave the building and so the MacDonalds set fire to it and they perished in the flames. The prisoners were all put to death with the exception of Lachlan Mor Maclean himself.
In the history of these events published by Alexander Maclean Sinclair in 1899, he disputes the account given in the book Conflicts of the Clans which was published by the Foulis press in 1764 and which says that Angus executed all of the prisoners in one day. Sinclair states that this happened over a number of days and quotes the Ardgour MS (manuscript) as his source.
These atrocities came to the attention of the King who employed the chiefs of the Clan Campbell who governed Argyll during the minority of Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll, to mediate between the contending clans. Angus MacDonald agreed on the condition that he would be pardoned for his crimes as well as for eight hostages to be placed in his hands by Maclean who in turn was forced to subscribe. After this MacDonald went over to Ireland but while he was away, Maclean, disregarding the hostages, invaded Islay with his clan and laid waste with fire and sword. When MacDonald returned he did not punish the hostages but collected a large force and invaded the isles of Mull and Tiree, putting to death all the inhabitants that came into their hands. Meanwhile, Maclean ravaged and plundered Kintyre.
Aftermath
The Government felt it necessary to take immediate action to suppress these alarming disorders. The King and the Privy Council of Scotland issued a proclamation ordering the hostages to be given up to the young Earl of Argyll, or his guardians, and to be brought by them to the King until the final settlement of the dispute between the MacDonalds and Macleans. The two tribes and their supporters were charged to remain quiet and abstain from gathering in arms, and from attacking each other. The King also wrote to the Earl of Huntly asking him to prevent the northern islanders from gathering in arms or committing acts of hostility against each other and that it was his Majesty's intention to take "some special paines" in the affairs of the Isles as he had recently done in the Borders. An act of Parliament was also passed for maintaining good order in both the Borders and Highlands and Isles in which all clan chiefs would have to provide large sureties in accordance with their wealth for the peaceable and orderly behavior of themselves and their vassals. According to the book Conflicts of the Clans, both Angus MacDonald and Lachlan Mor Maclean were committed within the walls of Edinburgh Castle where they remained for only a short time after which they were freed for a small fine and both given a remission, but their eldest sons had to remain as a pledge of their obedience.
References
^ a b "Troubles in the West Isles the year 1586". The History of the Feuds and Conflicts among the Clans in the Northern Parts of Scotland and in the Western Isles. Glasgow: Printed by J. & J. Robertson for John Gillies, Perth. 1780 . pp. 28–36. Retrieved 5 January 2020. Written from a manuscript wrote in the reign of James VI of Scotland
^ a b c d e f Mackintosh, Charles-Fraser (1895). The Last Macdonalds of Islay chiefly selected from original bonds and documents, sometime belonging to Sir James Macdonald, the last of his race, now in the possession of Charles Fraser-Mackintosh. Glasgow: Celtic Monthly Office. pp. 46–52. Retrieved 5 January 2020. Quoting: Manuscript History of the Frasers
^ a b c d e f Sinclair, Alexander Maclean (1899). The Clan Gillean. Charlottetown: Haszard and Moore. pp. 115–120. Retrieved 5 January 2020. Quoting: Ardgour MS (manuscript)
^ Gregory, Donald (1881). The History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland : from A. D. 1493 to A. D. 1625. London: Hamilton, Adams, & Co.; Glasgow, T. D. Morison. pp. 234–235. Retrieved 5 January 2020. Quoting: Gordon, Sir Robert, A Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland p. 186
^ Gregory, Donald (1881). p. 236. Quoting: Record of the Privy Council, 16th April, 1587
^ Gregory, Donald (1881). pp. 236-237. Quoting: History of the Gordons, by W.R (MS. Advocates Library), in which the letter, dated 20th April, 1587, is quoted verbatim, p. 229
^ Gregory, Donald (1881). p. 237. Quoting: Acts of the Scottish Parliament, latest edition, III. 461-467
vteScottish clan battlesWars of Scottish IndependenceFirst War of Scottish Independence
First Berwick
Dunbar
Lanark
Stirling Bridge
Falkirk
Roslin
Happrew
Stirling Castle
Methven
Dalrigh
Turnberry
Loch Ryan
Glen Trool
Loudoun Hill
Slioch
Inverurie
Buchan
Pass of Brander
Bannockburn
Campaign in Ireland
Moiry Pass
Connor
Kells
Skerries
Skaithmuir
Second Berwick
Faughart
Myton
Arbroath Declaration
Great Raid of 1322
Old Byland
Corbeil Treaty
Stanhope Park
Edinburgh-Northampton Treaty
Second War of Scottish Independence
Wester Kinghorn
Dupplin Moor
Annan
Dornock
Berwick (1333)
Halidon Hill
Boroughmuir
Culblean
Neville's Cross
Nisbet Moor (1355)
Berwick (1357)
Anglo-Scottish WarsBorder wars
Duns
Otterburn
1385
1400
Nesbit Moor (1402)
Homildon Hill
Yeavering
Piperdean
Sark
Roxburgh
Berwick (1482)
Redeswire
Flodden campaign
Flodden Field
Solway Moss campaign
Haddon Rig
Solway Moss
Rough Wooing
Edinburgh
Ancrum Moor
Pinkie
Inchkeith
Haddington
Broughty Castle
Private and local clan battles(Many of these also had links at national level, including the feuds between Clan Donald and the Crown, Clan Douglas and the Crown and the Mary, Queen of Scots civil war)13th century
Embo (1245)
Largs (1263)
Red Ford (1294/96)
14th century
Dalrigh (1306)
Pass of Brander (1308)
Drumlui (1330/37)
Invernahavon (1370/86)
Angus (1391)
North Inch (1396)
15th century
Drumoak (1402)
Tuiteam Tarbhach (1406)
Dingwall (1411)
Harlaw (1411)
Harpsdale (1426)
Drumnacoub (1427/33)
Lochaber (1429)
Palm Sunday (1429)
Inverness (1429)
Mamsha (1429)
Inverlochy (1431)
Sandside Chase (1437)
Craignaught Hill (1439)
Craig Cailloch (1441)
Arbroath (1445/46)
Brechin (1452)
Bealach nam Broig (1452)
Clachnaharry (1454)
Arkinholm (1455)
Skibo and Strathfleet (1455)
Tannach (1464/38)
Champions (1464/78)
Stalc (1468)
Corpach (1470)
Tarbat (1480)
Lagabraad (1480/83)
Bloody Bay (1480/83)
Lochmaben Fair (1484)
Aldy Charrish (1487)
Blar Na Pairce (1485/91)
Raid on Ross (1491)
Drumchatt (1497)
Black Mount (1497/98)
Daltullich (1499)
16th century
Drumchatt (1501)
Achnashellach (1505)
Knock Mary (1511)
Glendale (1513)
Torran Dubh (1517)
Alltachuilain (1518/19)
Cleanse the Causeway (1520)
Glenboultachan (1522)
Melrose (1526)
Linlithgow Bridge (1526)
Summerdale (1529)
Alltan-Beath (1542)
Shirts (1544)
Raids of Urquhart (1544/45)
Garbharry (1555)
Corrichie (1562)
Inverness (1562)
Chaseabout Raid (1565)
Carberry Hill (1567)
Langside (1568)
Chanonry of Ross (1569 - 1573)
Garbhain (1570)
Torran-Roy (1570)
Craibstone (1571)
Tillieangus (1571)
Beauly (1577/78)
Spoiling Dyke (1578)
Allt Camhna (1586)
Leckmelm (1586)
Western Isles (1586)
Clynetradwell (1590)
Dryfe Sands (1593)
Glenlivet (1594)
Logiebride (1597)
Traigh Ghruinneart (1598)
Benbigrie (1598)
Early 17th century
Bengrime (1601)
Carinish (1601)
Coire Na Creich (1601)
Morar (1602)
Glen Fruin (1603)
Braes of Strathdearn (1645)
Scotland in the Wars of the Three KingdomsBishops Wars
Brig of Dee
Newburn
First English Civil War
Boldon Hill
Newcastle
York
Marston Moor
Carlisle
Tippermuir
Aberdeen (1644)
Inverlochy
Auldearn
Alford
Kilsyth
Philiphaugh
Lagganmore
Aberdeen (1646)
Rhunahaorine Moss
Dunaverty
Second English Civil War
Mauchline Muir
Preston
Third English Civil War
Whiggamore Raid
Stirling
1st Inverness
2nd Inverness
Carbisdale
Dunbar
Inverkeithing
Worcester
Glencairn's rising
Tullich
Dalnaspidal
Period from Restoration of 1660 to Glorious Revolution of 1688Private and local clan battles
Fords of Arkaig (1665)
Altimarlach (1680)
Mulroy (1688)
Covenanter rebellion of 1679
Drumclog
Bothwell Bridge
The Killing Time
Monmouth Rebellion
Argyll's Rising
Jacobite risingsJacobite rising of 1689
Loup Hill
Killiecrankie
Dunkeld
Cromdale
Glencoe
Jacobite rising of 1715
Cornwall
Culloden House
Alness
Dunfermline
Preston
Inverness
Sheriffmuir
Brahan
Jacobite rising of 1719
Eilean Donan
Glen Shiel
Glen Affric
Coille Bhan
Jacobite rising of 1745
Highbridge
1st Ruthven
Prestonpans
Culloden House
1st Carlisle
Clifton
2nd Carlisle
1st Fort Augustus
Inverurie
Falkirk
Stirling
2nd Ruthven
Moy
Inverness
2nd Fort Augustus
Atholl
Blair Castle
Keith
Fort William
Dornoch
Tongue
Littleferry
Culloden
Loch nan Uamh
Loch Ailort
Arisaig
Lochaber and Shiramore
Killin
Appin Murder
Rannoch
See also
Scottish clan
Marian civil war
Military of Scotland
Independent Highland Companies
Manrent
List of battles involving the Kingdom of Scotland
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"55°57′18″N 5°54′04″W / 55.955°N 5.901°W / 55.955; -5.901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Western_Isles¶ms=55.955_N_5.901_W_region:GB_scale:500000"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Clan_Maclean-Clan_MacDonald_feuds"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Clan_Maclean-Clan_MacDonald_feuds"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Clan_Maclean-Clan_MacDonald_feuds"},{"link_name":"Bloody Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Bay"},{"link_name":"Western Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Mingary Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingary_Castle"},{"link_name":"Traigh Ghruinneart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Traigh_Ghruinneart"},{"link_name":"Benbigrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Benbigrie"},{"link_name":"Jura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Islay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islay"},{"link_name":"Mull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Mull"},{"link_name":"Tiree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiree"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Kintyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintyre"},{"link_name":"Western Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Isles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConflictsClans-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald-2"},{"link_name":"Inner Hebrides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Hebrides"},{"link_name":"Clan Macdonald of Sleat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Macdonald_of_Sleat"},{"link_name":"Clan MacDonald of Dunnyveg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacDonald_of_Dunnyveg"},{"link_name":"Clan Maclean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Maclean"},{"link_name":"James VI of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I"},{"link_name":"act of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_the_Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"vassals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal"}],"text":"Series of conflicts in Scotland 1585–158655°57′18″N 5°54′04″W / 55.955°N 5.901°W / 55.955; -5.901vteClan Maclean-Clan MacDonald feuds\nBloody Bay\nWestern Isles\nMingary Castle\nTraigh Ghruinneart\nBenbigrieThe Battle of the Western Isles was a series of conflicts in 1585 and 1586 on the islands of Jura, Islay, Mull and Tiree, Scotland as well as the peninsula of Kintyre on the mainland. However, although the historic sources describe this as having taken place in the \"Western Isles\"[1][2] which are now known as the Outer Hebrides, all of the aforementioned locations are actually in the Inner Hebrides. It was fought between the Clan Macdonald of Sleat and Clan MacDonald of Dunnyveg against the Clan Maclean. In 1585, the Macleans slaughtered a party of the MacDonalds of Sleat when they were mistakenly accused of stealing cattle and the MacDonalds of Sleat and Dunnyveg retaliated. James VI of Scotland intervened but the conflicts continued into 1586. After further intervention an act of Parliament was passed which would levy fines on any clan chiefs who did not maintain peace and good order among their vassals.","title":"Battle of the Western Isles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clan Macdonald of Sleat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Macdonald_of_Sleat"},{"link_name":"Isle of Skye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Skye"},{"link_name":"Angus MacDonald of Islay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_MacDonald_of_Islay"},{"link_name":"Clan MacDonald of Dunnyveg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacDonald_of_Dunnyveg"},{"link_name":"Isle of Jura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Lachlan Mor Maclean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachlan_Mor_Maclean"},{"link_name":"Clan Maclean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Maclean"},{"link_name":"Duart Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duart_Castle"},{"link_name":"Isle of Mull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Mull"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair-3"},{"link_name":"Clan Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Donald"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair-3"}],"text":"In the summer of 1585, Donald Gorm Mor of Sleat, chief of the Clan Macdonald of Sleat, along with a large following of men, left the Isle of Skye to pay a visit to Angus MacDonald of Islay, chief of the Clan MacDonald of Dunnyveg. However, because of a severe storm he was forced to seek shelter on the north of the Isle of Jura, which part belonged to Lachlan Mor Maclean, chief of Clan Maclean, who was seated at Duart Castle on the Isle of Mull. Another party, which included Hugh, son of Archibald the Clerk and a Macdonald descendant of Donald Herrach, were also driven by the same storm to Jura. These two men collected a large amount of cattle belonging to the Macleans who lived near to the place that Donald Gorm Mor had landed, and carried them off in their galleys. Their objective was to get Donald Gorm Mor into trouble. They knew that the Macleans would believe that the theft was committed by Donald Gorm Mor and hoped that the Macleans would attack him and put him to death. The men whose cattle had been stolen went straight to Lachlan Mor Maclean to make their complaint. Lachlan Mor Maclean sailed to Jura with a number of men and made a sudden attack on Donald Gorm Mor, who had no idea what had taken place. In the battle he killed sixty of the MacDonalds, but the rest of them, including Donald Gorm Mor, made their escape. The punishment that Lachlan Mor Maclean inflicted was monstrous.[2][3]Donald Gorm Mor then made his way to Skye, fully resolved to take vengeance on the Macleans. He dispatched messengers to the chieftains of the various branches of the Clan Donald, calling upon them to assist him in the attack. Lachlan Mor Maclean having killed a number of innocent men created feelings of indignation and vengeance among all the MacDonalds who committed acts of depredation on his lands in various quarters and threatened to invade the Isle of Mull. They did find out that the cattle had actually been stolen by two MacDonalds but still felt so indignant over the slaughter of their clansmen that they were unwilling to come to terms with Lachlan Mor Maclean.[2][3]","title":"The conflict on Jura"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mull_Duart_Castle_alt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Duart Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duart_Castle"},{"link_name":"Isle of Mull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Mull"},{"link_name":"James VI of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I"},{"link_name":"Chief of the Clan MacLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefs_of_Clan_MacLeod"},{"link_name":"Dunvegan Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunvegan_Castle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair-3"},{"link_name":"spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(season)"},{"link_name":"Rinns of Islay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinns_of_Islay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair-3"}],"text":"Duart Castle on the Isle of Mull, seat of the chief of the Clan Maclean since the 14th centuryIn September, 1585, James VI of Scotland wrote to the Chief of the Clan MacLeod, seated at Dunvegan Castle, requesting him to assist the Macleans against the MacDonalds and he also urged the MacDonalds at the same time to cease their hostilities. The MacDonalds therefore resolved to settle their disputes in a peaceful manner.[2][3]In the spring of 1586, Angus MacDonald of Islay went to Skye to consult with Donald Gorm Mor about a settlement with Lachlan Mor Maclean. On his return he called at Duart Castle to try to come to an amicable settlement with Lachlan Mor Maclean. The following day, Maclean seized both Angus and his attendants and threw them into prison until Angus agreed to renounce his claim to the Rinns of Islay. Angus also had to give his son James, and his brother, Ranald, as hostages to Lachlan until he received the lands as promised. The harsh treatment that Angus received from Maclean meant that he went back to Islay as a bitter enemy.[2][3]","title":"The King's intervention"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunscaith_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_218475.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dunscaith Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunscaith_Castle"},{"link_name":"Sleat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleat"},{"link_name":"Isle of Skye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Skye"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunyvaig_Castle_20120411_from_northwest_across_Lagavulin_Bay.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dunyvaig Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunyvaig_Castle"},{"link_name":"Islay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islay"},{"link_name":"Islay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair-3"},{"link_name":"Foulis press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foulis_press"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinclair-3"},{"link_name":"Clan Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Argyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyll"},{"link_name":"Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_7th_Earl_of_Argyll"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Tiree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiree"},{"link_name":"Kintyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintyre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gregory1-4"}],"text":"The ruins of Dunscaith Castle, historic seat of the chief of the Clan MacDonald of Sleat, in the parish of Sleat, Isle of SkyeThe ruins of Dunyvaig Castle, historic seat of the chief of the Clan MacDonald of Dunnyveg, located on IslayIn July, 1586, Lachlan Mor Maclean went to Islay to receive possession of the Rinns and took up his quarters at the fort of Lochgorm. He remained there for three days and received repeated invitations from Angus of Islay to visit him at Mullintrea. Maclean yielded and went to spend a night with him. He was accompanied by seventy followers, or according to another account eighty-six. Maclean was received in a friendly manner and was entertained in grand style. However, he refused to stay the night with Angus and instead went to sleep in one of the buildings which his followers were lodged in, and took with him, James, the son of Angus who was still a hostage. At midnight, Angus of Islay, with 400 armed followers went to the door of the building where Lachlan Mor Maclean was sleeping and asked him to get up and have a drink with him. Maclean went to the door with the hostage James in one hand and a sword in the other, but saw that it was impossible for him to escape. Angus saw that if a fight took place then his son would certainly be killed. Angus solemnly promised that if they gave up his son and surrendered as prisoners that their lives would be spared. Maclean accepted and so did all but two of his men. These two were John Dubh of Morvern and MacDonald Herrach who was one of the men who had caused the slaughter of the MacDoanlds for having stolen Maclean's cattle. These two men refused to leave the building and so the MacDonalds set fire to it and they perished in the flames. The prisoners were all put to death with the exception of Lachlan Mor Maclean himself.[2][3]In the history of these events published by Alexander Maclean Sinclair in 1899, he disputes the account given in the book Conflicts of the Clans which was published by the Foulis press in 1764 and which says that Angus executed all of the prisoners in one day. Sinclair states that this happened over a number of days and quotes the Ardgour MS (manuscript) as his source.[3]These atrocities came to the attention of the King who employed the chiefs of the Clan Campbell who governed Argyll during the minority of Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll, to mediate between the contending clans. Angus MacDonald agreed on the condition that he would be pardoned for his crimes as well as for eight hostages to be placed in his hands by Maclean who in turn was forced to subscribe. After this MacDonald went over to Ireland but while he was away, Maclean, disregarding the hostages, invaded Islay with his clan and laid waste with fire and sword. When MacDonald returned he did not punish the hostages but collected a large force and invaded the isles of Mull and Tiree, putting to death all the inhabitants that came into their hands. Meanwhile, Maclean ravaged and plundered Kintyre.[4]","title":"The conflict on Islay, Mull, Tiree and Kintyre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Privy Council of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gregory2-5"},{"link_name":"Earl of Huntly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Huntly"},{"link_name":"Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gregory3-6"},{"link_name":"act of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_the_Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"vassals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gregory4-7"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConflictsClans-1"}],"text":"The Government felt it necessary to take immediate action to suppress these alarming disorders. The King and the Privy Council of Scotland issued a proclamation ordering the hostages to be given up to the young Earl of Argyll, or his guardians, and to be brought by them to the King until the final settlement of the dispute between the MacDonalds and Macleans. The two tribes and their supporters were charged to remain quiet and abstain from gathering in arms, and from attacking each other.[5] The King also wrote to the Earl of Huntly asking him to prevent the northern islanders from gathering in arms or committing acts of hostility against each other and that it was his Majesty's intention to take \"some special paines\" in the affairs of the Isles as he had recently done in the Borders.[6] An act of Parliament was also passed for maintaining good order in both the Borders and Highlands and Isles in which all clan chiefs would have to provide large sureties in accordance with their wealth for the peaceable and orderly behavior of themselves and their vassals.[7] According to the book Conflicts of the Clans, both Angus MacDonald and Lachlan Mor Maclean were committed within the walls of Edinburgh Castle where they remained for only a short time after which they were freed for a small fine and both given a remission, but their eldest sons had to remain as a pledge of their obedience.[1]","title":"Aftermath"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Duart Castle on the Isle of Mull, seat of the chief of the Clan Maclean since the 14th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mull_Duart_Castle_alt.jpg/220px-Mull_Duart_Castle_alt.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Troubles in the West Isles the year 1586\". The History of the Feuds and Conflicts among the Clans in the Northern Parts of Scotland and in the Western Isles. Glasgow: Printed by J. & J. Robertson for John Gillies, Perth. 1780 [Originally published in 1764 by Foulis press]. pp. 28–36. Retrieved 5 January 2020. Written from a manuscript wrote in the reign of James VI of Scotland","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyoffeudsco00glas/page/n7/mode/2up","url_text":"The History of the Feuds and Conflicts among the Clans in the Northern Parts of Scotland and in the Western Isles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow","url_text":"Glasgow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gillies_(historian)","url_text":"John Gillies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foulis_press","url_text":"Foulis press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyoffeudsco00glas/page/28/mode/2up","url_text":"28"}]},{"reference":"Mackintosh, Charles-Fraser (1895). The Last Macdonalds of Islay chiefly selected from original bonds and documents, sometime belonging to Sir James Macdonald, the last of his race, now in the possession of Charles Fraser-Mackintosh. Glasgow: Celtic Monthly Office. pp. 46–52. Retrieved 5 January 2020. Quoting: Manuscript History of the Frasers","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fraser-Mackintosh","url_text":"Mackintosh, Charles-Fraser"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lastmacdonaldsof00macd/page/n5/mode/2up","url_text":"The Last Macdonalds of Islay chiefly selected from original bonds and documents, sometime belonging to Sir James Macdonald, the last of his race, now in the possession of Charles Fraser-Mackintosh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow","url_text":"Glasgow"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lastmacdonaldsof00macd/page/46/mode/2up","url_text":"46"}]},{"reference":"Sinclair, Alexander Maclean (1899). The Clan Gillean. Charlottetown: Haszard and Moore. pp. 115–120. Retrieved 5 January 2020. Quoting: Ardgour MS (manuscript)","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/clangillean00sinc/page/n7/mode/2up","url_text":"The Clan Gillean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottetown","url_text":"Charlottetown"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/clangillean00sinc/page/114/mode/2up","url_text":"115"}]},{"reference":"Gregory, Donald (1881). The History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland : from A. D. 1493 to A. D. 1625. London: Hamilton, Adams, & Co.; Glasgow, T. D. Morison. pp. 234–235. Retrieved 5 January 2020. Quoting: Gordon, Sir Robert, A Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland p. 186","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Gregory","url_text":"Gregory, Donald"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern00greg/page/n7/mode/2up","url_text":"The History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland : from A. D. 1493 to A. D. 1625"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern00greg/page/234/mode/2up","url_text":"234"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Gordon,_1st_Baronet","url_text":"Gordon, Sir Robert"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Western_Isles¶ms=55.955_N_5.901_W_region:GB_scale:500000","external_links_name":"55°57′18″N 5°54′04″W / 55.955°N 5.901°W / 55.955; -5.901"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Western_Isles¶ms=55.955_N_5.901_W_region:GB_scale:500000","external_links_name":"55°57′18″N 5°54′04″W / 55.955°N 5.901°W / 55.955; -5.901"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyoffeudsco00glas/page/n7/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The History of the Feuds and Conflicts among the Clans in the Northern Parts of Scotland and in the Western Isles"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyoffeudsco00glas/page/28/mode/2up","external_links_name":"28"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lastmacdonaldsof00macd/page/n5/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Last Macdonalds of Islay chiefly selected from original bonds and documents, sometime belonging to Sir James Macdonald, the last of his race, now in the possession of Charles Fraser-Mackintosh"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lastmacdonaldsof00macd/page/46/mode/2up","external_links_name":"46"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/clangillean00sinc/page/n7/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Clan Gillean"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/clangillean00sinc/page/114/mode/2up","external_links_name":"115"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern00greg/page/n7/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland : from A. D. 1493 to A. D. 1625"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern00greg/page/234/mode/2up","external_links_name":"234"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Screen_and_Sound_Archive_of_Wales
|
National Screen and Sound Archive of Wales
|
["1 Projects","2 References"]
|
The National Screen and Sound Archive of Wales was established in 2001 in order to preserve and promote the audio-visual heritage of Wales. The archive is funded by the National Library of Wales and the Welsh Government and located at the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth. The archive holds a collection of 5.5 million feet of film that represents Welsh culture and life in Wales from the late 19th century through to the 21st century.
The Archive puts on screenings of its collections.
Projects
Unlocking Film Heritage - Between 2013 and 2017 over 700 titles were made available free online during the project.
Unlocking Our Sound Heritage.
National Broadcast Archive for Wales - In 2019 the National Library of Wales secured funding to develop a National Broadcast Archive alongside its Screen and Sound archive. The Archive will feature the Archives of BBC Cymru Wales which include 95,000 audio tapes and 64,000 video tapes dating from 1923.
References
^ "Screen & Sound Archive | The National Library of Wales". www.library.wales. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
^ "The National Screen & Sound Archive of Wales: Official Category Sponsor, Wales". www.bafta.org. 4 September 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
^ Frick, C. (2011). Saving Cinema: The Politics of Preservation. Oxford University Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-19-970973-1. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
^ Bowman, J.H. (2017). British librarianship and information work 2011-2015. Lulu.com. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-326-82047-3. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
^ Guides, F.T. (2014). Fodor's Essential Great Britain: with the Best of England, Scotland & Wales. Full-color Travel Guide. Fodor's Travel. p. 1053. ISBN 978-0-8041-4239-7. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
^ "£1m backing for Wales broadcast archive". BBC News. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guides_2014_p._1053-5"}],"text":"The Archive puts on screenings of its collections.[5]","title":"National Screen and Sound Archive of Wales"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unlocking Film Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlocking_Film_Heritage"},{"link_name":"BBC Cymru Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Cymru_Wales"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Unlocking Film Heritage - Between 2013 and 2017 over 700 titles were made available free online during the project.\nUnlocking Our Sound Heritage.\nNational Broadcast Archive for Wales - In 2019 the National Library of Wales secured funding to develop a National Broadcast Archive alongside its Screen and Sound archive. The Archive will feature the Archives of BBC Cymru Wales which include 95,000 audio tapes and 64,000 video tapes dating from 1923.[6]","title":"Projects"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Screen & Sound Archive | The National Library of Wales\". www.library.wales. Retrieved 13 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.library.wales/collections/learn-more/screen-sound-archive","url_text":"\"Screen & Sound Archive | The National Library of Wales\""}]},{"reference":"\"The National Screen & Sound Archive of Wales: Official Category Sponsor, Wales\". www.bafta.org. 4 September 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bafta.org/bafta-root/the-national-screen-sound-archive-of-wales-official-category-sponsor-wales","url_text":"\"The National Screen & Sound Archive of Wales: Official Category Sponsor, Wales\""}]},{"reference":"Frick, C. (2011). Saving Cinema: The Politics of Preservation. Oxford University Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-19-970973-1. Retrieved 26 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ViZwAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133","url_text":"Saving Cinema: The Politics of Preservation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970973-1","url_text":"978-0-19-970973-1"}]},{"reference":"Bowman, J.H. (2017). British librarianship and information work 2011-2015. Lulu.com. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-326-82047-3. Retrieved 26 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o3qXDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17","url_text":"British librarianship and information work 2011-2015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-326-82047-3","url_text":"978-1-326-82047-3"}]},{"reference":"Guides, F.T. (2014). Fodor's Essential Great Britain: with the Best of England, Scotland & Wales. Full-color Travel Guide. Fodor's Travel. p. 1053. ISBN 978-0-8041-4239-7. Retrieved 26 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UDktAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1053","url_text":"Fodor's Essential Great Britain: with the Best of England, Scotland & Wales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8041-4239-7","url_text":"978-0-8041-4239-7"}]},{"reference":"\"£1m backing for Wales broadcast archive\". BBC News. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-47252760","url_text":"\"£1m backing for Wales broadcast archive\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.library.wales/collections/learn-more/screen-sound-archive","external_links_name":"\"Screen & Sound Archive | The National Library of Wales\""},{"Link":"http://www.bafta.org/bafta-root/the-national-screen-sound-archive-of-wales-official-category-sponsor-wales","external_links_name":"\"The National Screen & Sound Archive of Wales: Official Category Sponsor, Wales\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ViZwAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133","external_links_name":"Saving Cinema: The Politics of Preservation"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o3qXDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17","external_links_name":"British librarianship and information work 2011-2015"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UDktAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1053","external_links_name":"Fodor's Essential Great Britain: with the Best of England, Scotland & Wales"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-47252760","external_links_name":"\"£1m backing for Wales broadcast archive\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleon_I
|
List of Foundation series characters
|
["1 Ducem Barr","2 Bail Channis","3 The Cleons","4 Arcadia \"Arkady\" Darell","5 Bayta and Toran Darell","6 Eto Demerzel","7 Lathan Devers","8 Gaal Dornick","9 Salvor Hardin","10 Hober Mallow","11 Ebling Mis","12 The Mule","13 Preem Palver","14 Lewis Pirenne","15 Han Pritcher","16 Bel Riose","17 Hari Seldon","18 Dors Venabili","19 Poly Verisof","20 Others from the novels","21 Introduced in the TV series","21.1 Brother Constant","21.2 Glawen Curr","21.3 Raych Foss","21.4 Sareth","21.5 Others","22 References"]
|
List of characters in Isaac Asimov's Foundation series
The Foundation series is a science fiction book series written by American author Isaac Asimov. First published as a series of short stories and novellas from 1942 to 1950, and subsequently in three collections, for nearly thirty years the series was a trilogy: Foundation (1951); Foundation and Empire (1952); and Second Foundation (1953). It won the one-time Hugo Award for "Best All-Time Series" in 1966. Asimov later added new volumes, with two sequels, Foundation's Edge (1982) and Foundation and Earth (1986), and two prequels, Prelude to Foundation (1988) and Forward the Foundation (1993).
The premise of the stories is that in the waning days of a future Galactic Empire, the mathematician Hari Seldon spends his life developing a theory of psychohistory, a new and effective mathematics of sociology. Using statistical laws of mass action, it can predict the future of large populations. Seldon foresees the imminent fall of the Empire, which encompasses the entire Milky Way, and a Dark Age lasting 30,000 years before a second empire arises. Although the momentum of the Empire's fall is too great to stop, Seldon devises a plan by which "the onrushing mass of events must be deflected just a little" to eventually limit this interregnum to just one thousand years.
The plot of the Foundation series spans centuries, and its various characters each appear in one or two of its nine installments.: 2, 5 Charles Elkins described its characters as "undifferentiated and one-dimensional" speaking with an "impoverished vocabulary". He wrote that their consciousness "shows absolutely no historical development and hence fails to evoke in the reader any feeling for the future universe they inhabit". Elkins argued that characterization in general is subordinated to the overall conception of Asimov's project. James E. Gunn wrote that though the series of lead characters Lathan Devers, Salvor Hardin, Limmar Ponyets and Hober Mallow "may seem interchangeable", they are "as differentiated as the personages in most histories.": 35
Through the eyes of the characters the inevitability of the forces of history, made manifest in the Seldon Plan, is demonstrated to the reader repeatedly. Elkins sees the characters in Foundation not as "tragic heroes. They are nondescript pawns, unable to take their destiny into their own hands." Only those elite few characters who understand the Plan can be considered free, with the Mule through his non-human psychic powers as the only exception. But while Elkins attributes the Foundation series a sense of "pervading fatalism", Gunn and Nicolas David Gevers point out that the obstacles presented in Asimov's galactic history are overcome by active individual characters "through the initiative and competence which the Foundations nurture in their citizens".: 44 : 56 Donald E. Palumbo asserts that it is exactly the "flatness of character and setting" which permit the series "to be a masterpiece".: 3 The heroism and depth of individual characters is consciously taken back by Asimov for the true hero of the series to stand out: "the sublime history of humankind itself".: 46
An eight-part radio adaptation of the original three novels, called The Foundation Trilogy, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1973.
In 2021, Apple TV+ premiered a television series adaptation of the novels, Foundation, created by David S. Goyer and Josh Friedman. In 2023, Asimov's daughter Robyn Asimov, an executive producer for the series, said:
I love the character development. That was not my father's strong suit, and not necessarily his interest per se. It was all about the storytelling, and he did that so well that it was okay that the characters were a bit flat. What David did was especially ... I love the Cleon story. He gave life to these characters, and it brought the story to another level. The story was great anyway, but I think if, if my father had lived to see this, I think he would have been very, very impressed. My father would have loved to have seen the characters come to life. That's something that was not in his wheelhouse per se. And I think this would have excited him.
Ducem Barr
In the Foundation and Empire (1952) story "The General", Imperial General Bel Riose of Siwenna coerces Ducem Barr to aid him in his persecution of the Foundation, which Riose hopes to destroy both as a perceived threat to the Galactic Empire and to further his own ambitions.: 26 Barr is Riose's best choice as an "expert" on the Foundation, his father Onum having met Foundation-aligned Master Trader Hober Mallow during the events of "The Merchant Princes" in Foundation (1951). Barr aligns himself with Lathan Devers, a Foundation trader who has let himself be captured by Riose to disrupt the general's operation from the inside. When Devers' machinations are exposed, Barr helps him escape further interrogation by knocking Riose unconscious and fleeing the planet with Devers in tow. They travel to the Imperial capital planet, Trantor, and plot to implicate Riose and Emperor Cleon II's Privy Secretary Ammel Brodrig in a nonexistent conspiracy to overthrow Cleon. Though Barr and Devers are caught by the Secret Police, they escape and later learn that Riose and Brodrig have been arrested for treason and executed.: 26
Josh Wimmer and Alasdair Wilkins of Gizmodo described Barr as an old revolutionary and assassin who "hates the Empire like no other character in the series", and sees the Foundation's predictions about the fall of the Empire as the vengeance he could never have imagined for his lost family and ruined planet. In the last chapter, Asimov uses the character of Barr to explain the political dynamics of why Riose would never have been able to defeat the Foundation: a strong emperor's sense of self-preservation would never allow him to tolerate a subordinate who develops potentially threatening power.: 26 Wimmer and Wilkens called Barr a "great character ... and his world-weary pragmatism coupled with supreme faith in the Seldon Plan is an intriguing combination."
Barr is voiced by Peter Howell in episode four "The General" of the 1973 BBC Radio 4 adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Barr is portrayed by Jesper Christensen in season two of the 2021 Apple TV+ television series adaptation Foundation. In the 2023 episode "A Glimpse of Darkness", Barr witnesses a presentation on Siwenna by High Claric Poly Verisof and Brother Constant of the Church of the Galactic Spirit, extolling the virtues of the Foundation and Seldon's predictions. He records it using special technology in his left eye. In "Where the Stars are Scattered Thinly", Bel Riose and his husband/second-in-command Glawen Curr visit Barr to follow up on the recording. Barr, an Imperial loyalist, has been sending reports to the Empire for 40 years, none of which have been acknowledged until now. Riose and Curr learn that the Foundation has provided the clarics with auras, protective force shield technology forbidden to everyone except the Emperors, and whisper-ships, a Foundation-created type of jumpship which can perform faster-than-light travel without requiring a Spacer to navigate. When a mob of villagers arrives for the Imperials, Barr helps them escape and asks Riose to shoot him to death, so that he may avoid interrogation and torture. Riose kills Barr and flees.
Bail Channis
In the Second Foundation (1953) story "Part I: Search by the Mule", the Mule has yet to find the elusive Second Foundation. He sends his agent Han Pritcher on his sixth search, this time accompanied Bail Channis, the only one of the Mule's followers who is "Unconverted", or not influenced by the Mule's psychic powers to serve him. The Mule tells Pritcher that Channis's untainted mind will allow him to be more capable of making intuitive leaps which might help in the search. In fact, the Mule has determined that Channis is a Second Foundation agent who intends to lead the Mule into a trap. Secretly followed by the Mule and his fleet, Channis leads the search to the desolate planet Tazenda, a plausible location for the Second Foundation. On a nearby world, Rossem, Pritcher draws his atomic blaster on Channis, who he now suspects to be an agent of the Second Foundation. Pritcher is correct, but Channis possesses a psychic ability similar to the Mule's and uses it to free Pritcher from the Mule's control. The Mule appears, and reveals that his fleet has destroyed Tazenda. The Mule uses mental torture to extract the true location of the Second Foundation from Channis's mind: Rossem. The First Speaker of the Second Foundation arrives and informs the Mule that he has been defeated. Channis had been preprogrammed to believe that the Second Foundation is on Rossem, but it is not. Second Foundation agents have traveled to Kalgan and the Foundation worlds to undo the Mule's Conversions and orchestrate an insurrection, and his fleet is too far away to prevent it. When the Mule experiences a moment of despair, the First Speaker is able to seize control of and alter his mind: he will return to Kalgan and live out the rest of his life as a peaceful despot. Channis's mind is later restored by the First Speaker.
Channis is voiced by Trader Faulkner in episode seven "The Mule Finds" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
The Cleons
For the 2021 TV version of the character, see Cleon (Foundation).
Lee Pace portrays Brother Day, the middle-aged Cleon clone, in the 2021 TV series.
Introduced in Foundation and Empire in "The General", Cleon II is the last great Emperor of the Galactic Empire. Threatened by the rising power and popularity of one of his own generals, Bel Riose, Cleon has him recalled and executed for treason.: 26 Wimmer and Wilkins described Cleon II as "the aging, infirmed emperor whose great mind has been let down by his faltering body." Nicholas David Gevers suggested that Cleon II is based on the Byzantine emperor Justinian I.: 57 Cleon II is voiced by William Fox in episode four "The General" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
In the prequel novel Prelude to Foundation (1988), Emperor Cleon I learns of mathematician Hari Seldon's nascent concept of psychohistory, which might theoretically make it possible to predict the future. Brought before Cleon, Seldon emphasizes his belief that developing it as a science is likely impossible. Subsequently, interest in Seldon's work by unknown parties puts him in danger, convincing him of psychohistory's potential importance.: 213–215 Wimmer and Wilkens described Cleon as "basically decent but woefully inadequate" but also "a fairly entertaining character, who has me absolutely convinced that ruling a whole galaxy could be just a drag if you were born at the wrong time".
In Forward the Foundation (1993), Seldon and his foster son Raych thwart the scheme of populist Jo-Jo Joranum to become Cleon's First Minister and then overthrow him. The emperor subsequently appoints Seldon as his First Minister. Joranum's associate Gambol Deen Namarti's own plan to assassinate Seldon using a drugged Raych is also foiled, but Cleon is killed by a gardener trying to avoid promotion. A military government subsequently takes over, lasting for a decade.: 222
In the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation, the 12,000-year-old Empire has been ruled for 400 years by a revolving trio of Cleon I clones: Brother Day (portrayed by Lee Pace), a Cleon in his prime; Brother Dusk (portrayed by Terrence Mann), a retired and aging Cleon who serves in an advisory role; and Brother Dawn (played by Cooper Carter as a child and Cassian Bilton as a young adult), a young Cleon being trained to succeed Brother Day. Though cloning does not factor in Asimov's novels, the television series introduces a "Genetic Dynasty", surreptitiously administered for centuries by the regal Lady Demerzel, secretly a unique, ageless robot.
Arcadia "Arkady" Darell
In the Second Foundation story "Part II: Search by the Foundation", Arcadia "Arkady" Darell is the 14-year-old daughter of Dr. Toran Darell II, and granddaughter of Bayta and Toran Darell. She has a keen sense of observation and deduction, and has learned that her Foundation member father is part of a cabal seeking the secret location of the Second Foundation. Arkady stows away with Foundation agent Homir Munn when he travels to the planet Kalgan to search for clues to the Second Foundation's location. Munn is rebuffed by Lord Stettin, the current warlord of Kalgan, but Arkady manipulates his flighty consort, Lady Callia, to persuade Stettin to allow librarian Munn access to the Mule's palace for research purposes. Stettin becomes suspicious of Munn and arrests him. Stettin also shows interest in marrying Arkady, and she escapes with help of Lady Callia. At the spaceport, Arkady meets trader Preem Palver and his wife, who help her flee the planet and take her to their home on Trantor. With Palver's help, Arkady sends a coded message to her father with what she has determined is the location of the Second Foundation. Dr. Darell invents a device which reveals several Second Foundation sleeper agents, and Arkady is tested to make sure she has not been compromised. Dr. Darell is relieved to find that the results are negative, not knowing that the Second Foundation did actually "adjust" Arkady shortly after birth, rendering their influence impossible to trace.
Wimmer and Wilkins described Arkady as "overconfident and impetuous, but witty and awfully smart for a kid." They wrote, "It's remarkable just how perfectly Asimov captures the occasionally obnoxious precociousness of the gifted teenager ... but he also folds in Arkady's romanticism and femininity without ever making them seem silly or stereotypical." Folk-Williams wrote that Arkady "is introduced with a lot of subtlety as a strong character, but she loses that depth and agency as the story unfolds. Like many others, she only has a moment in the story as she serves the needs of the plan, and then she's gone." Donald M. Hassler called Arkady the "concluding key figure" of the original Foundation trilogy. Wimmer and Wilkins praised her as "one of the best characters Asimov ever created", and one who belonged on "the short list for science fiction's all-time greatest heroes". However, they criticized Asimov' decision to have Arkady's mind tampered with, describing it as "callous and cold", and "an unnecessarily harsh ending for such a wonderful character."
Arkady is voiced by Sarar Frampton in episode eight "Star's End" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Bayta and Toran Darell
Cody Fern will portray Toran Mallow in season three of the 2021 TV series.
Bayta and Toran Darell are a newly married couple in the Foundation and Empire story "The Mule". Bayta, a descendant of a great Foundation family, and Toran, who is part of a Trader family, learn that a mysterious figure called the Mule has conquered the barbarian planet Kalgan with no military force and no resistance from the Kalganians. The Darells investigate, but soon leave Kalgan with the fugitive Magnifico, a "strange, gangly creature" who is the Mule's former court jester. On Terminus, they seek out elder Foundation scholar Ebling Mis for advice. The complacent Mayor Indbur of Terminus is nonplussed about the danger posed by the Mule, believing that the pending hologram from Hari Seldon will tell them how to handle this latest crisis. Instead, Seldon predicts a civil war between the Foundation and the Traders. The Mule's forces arrive, and Indbur surrenders immediately. The Darells escape with Mis and Magnifico to find the rumored Second Foundation, their only hope to stop the Mule. At what remains of the Great Library of Trantor, Mis works tirelessly to discover clues to the secret location of the Second Foundation. Dying, Mis announces that he knows where the Second Foundation is. Bayta kills him before he can reveal the location, having just realized that Magnifico is the Mule, who seeks the Second Foundation so he can destroy it. He is a mutant who can sense and manipulate the emotions of others, an ability he has employed to conquer planets bloodlessly, and to compel Mis to work himself to death. The Mule promises to find and destroy the Second Foundation, the only threat to his eventual reign over the entire galaxy, but Bayta asserts that it has already prepared for him, and will react before he has time to stop it.
John Folk-Williams described Bayta as "the real star of this story, a fairly well realized female character who is considerably smarter and more observant than her young husband and who often carries the burden of explaining what's going on to her less aware companions." He noted that the final chapters "give Bayta the central role in seeing through the Mule's special powers of mind". Wimmer and Wilkins called Bayta "a very different type of character from anyone who has previously appeared in Foundation". They noted that she is only the second female character to appear in any Foundation story, and Folk-Williams deemed Bayta "one of Asimov's better attempts at a woman character". Wimmer and Wilkins explained that the Mule subtly controls the emotions of everyone in the story except for Bayta, "the sole person in the entire galaxy who, of her own volition, treated him like a person ... and that of course was his undoing." Noting that the Mule's psychic manipulations "subtly made Toran Darell far braver and far stupider than he really was", Wimmer and Wilkins wrote that "it feels weird to know that a key character like Toran wasn't acting himself throughout most of the story."
Bayta is voiced by Angela Pleasence and Toran by Gary Watson in episode five "The Mule" and episode six "Flight from the Mule" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
In March 2024, Apple TV+ announced that Synnøve Karlsen and Cody Fern had been cast as Bayta and Toran Mallow for season three of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation.
Eto Demerzel
For the 2021 TV version of the character, see Demerzel. For the character's Robot series alter ego, see R. Daneel Olivaw.
Laura Birn portrays Lady Demerzel in the 2021 TV series.
In Prelude to Foundation, reporter Chetter Hummin warns young mathematician Hari Seldon that his nascent theory of psychohistory has attracted the dangerous attention of Eto Demerzel, the First Minister and chief advisor to Emperor Cleon I. Pairing Seldon with Streeling University historian Dors Venabili, Hummin assists him in his danger-fraught tour of several of Trantor's 800 varied sectors, evading capture by Demerzel while gathering information he hopes will inform if and how psychohistory can be developed into a predictive science. Hummin is revealed to be Demerzel, who has seen the importance of psychohistory to humanity's future and has manipulated Seldon to help him bring it to fruition. Seldon confronts Demerzel with his determination that the First Minister is a robot. Demerzel confirms that he is one of the last surviving robots from the Robot Wars, R. Daneel Olivaw, a prominent character in Asimov's Robot series. He has been guiding human development for centuries, and needs psychohistory to hopefully mitigate the anarchy that will be precipitated by the inevitable and imminent fall of the Empire. Thanks to Demerzel's guidance, Seldon has realized that Trantor itself possesses the diversity and complexity, at a manageable scale, required to build his calculations.: 213–215 James E. Gunn compared Seldon's revelation that Demerzel is a robot to the sequence in the 1933 novel Lost Horizon in which Hugh Conway guesses correctly that the High Lama is the 250-year-old monk Perrault.: 215 Wimmer and Wilkens described Demerzel as scheming and mysterious, and Hummin as "impossibly well-connected", adding "there's a lot of fun to be had with Hummin and Demerzel's attempts to pass convincingly as humans."
In Forward the Foundation, ambitious politician Jo-Jo Joranum schemes to replace Demerzel as First Minister, with the goal of ultimately deposing Cleon I. Realizing the danger, Seldon has his foster son Raych "reveal" that Demerzel is a robot. Joranum accuses Demerzel, who seemingly proves himself to not be a robot by laughing, as a human would. A humiliated Joranum is exiled to a distant planet. Demerzel subsequently steps down to focus his efforts elsewhere in the universe, and Cleon appoints Seldon as his First Minister.: 222
A gender-swapped and expanded version of the character is portrayed by Laura Birn in the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation. This Lady Demerzel is majordomo to the revolving trio of Emperor clones, Brothers Dawn, Day and Dusk. Only the emperors themselves are aware that Demerzel is secretly an ageless robot, the last surviving android from the ancient Robot Wars. Rafael Motamayor of Vulture wrote, "Demerzel is Foundation's biggest secret weapon—a character the show is mostly keeping a mystery while slowly unraveling just how central to every aspect of the story she really is."
Lathan Devers
In the Foundation and Empire story "The General", Foundation trader Lathan Devers lets himself be captured by Imperial General Bel Riose to disrupt Riose's overtures against the Foundation from the inside. With Emperor Cleon II's Privy Secretary Ammel Brodrig present to observe Riose, Devers attempts to implicate Riose in a nonexistent attempt to overthrow Cleon. His machinations are exposed, but Ducem Barr helps him escape further interrogation by knocking Riose unconscious and fleeing the planet with Devers in tow. They travel to the Imperial capital planet, Trantor, and plot to influence Cleon directly with Devers' invented conspiracy, implicating both Riose and Brodrig. Though they are caught by the Secret Police, they escape and later learn that Riose and Brodrig have been arrested for treason and executed.: 26
Wimmer and Wilkins wrote of the character, "Devers clearly wants to be in the mold of the larger-than-life characters we met in Foundation, but he lacks the cunning of a Salvor Hardin or a Hober Mallow. What's worse, Devers is the best the Foundation's got—he's an above-average man living in an era of mediocrity going up against the Empire's last great men."
Devers is voiced by Michael Harbour in episode four "The General" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Gaal Dornick
Main article: Gaal Dornick
Introduced in Foundation in the story "The Psychohistorians", Gaal Dornick is a gifted young mathematician, newly awarded his doctorate, who has been invited to the Imperial capital planet Trantor from his home planet Synnax by famed mathematician and psychologist Hari Seldon. Seldon has developed the science of psychohistory, which uses sophisticated mathematics and statistical analysis to predict future trends on a galactic scale. Knowing that Dornick is possibly the only person in the galaxy capable of fully understanding his work, Seldon reveals his prediction of the unavoidable and relatively imminent fall of the Galactic Empire. He has conceived a plan, in which Dornick's participation is crucial, to mitigate the duration of this societal collapse. Under surveillance by agents of the Committee of Public Safety since his arrival, Dornick is arrested and interrogated. As orchestrated by Seldon, he and his followers are exiled to the distant planet Terminus, where he intends to execute this plan by establishing the Foundation.: 23–24 Describing "The Psychohistorians" as "28 pages of nonstop world-building", Wimmer and Wilkins note that "the ostensible protagonist, Gaal Dornick, is such a non-entity that he barely even counts as an audience identification figure".
Dornick is voiced by Geoffrey Beevers in episode one "Psychohistory and Encyclopedia" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
A gender-swapped and expanded version of Dornick is portrayed by Lou Llobell in the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation. She is a mathematical prodigy from an ocean world where science and mathematics are considered heresy, and forbidden.
Salvor Hardin
Main article: Salvor Hardin
Introduced in Foundation in the story "The Encyclopedists", Salvor Hardin is the first mayor of Terminus City, the primary settlement on Terminus. Hardin believes Terminus is in danger of political exploitation by the four neighboring prefectures of the Empire. Identifying the kingdom of Anacreon as the most powerful of the four, Hardin visits the others and convinces them that they must resist nuclear power from falling to Anacreon alone. The three issue a joint ultimatum that all be allowed to receive nuclear technology from Terminus City, ensuring that the Foundation is indispensable to all.: 24–25
In "The Mayors", Anacreon launches a direct military assault against Terminus using an abandoned Imperial battlecruiser. Hardin secretly installs a kill switch into the cruiser, causing the crew to mutiny. Maddened by this failure, Prince Regent Wienis of Anacreon orders Hardin's execution, but his royal guardsmen refuse to obey him. He then attempts, but fails, to kill Hardin himself.: 24–25
Hardin is voiced by Lee Montague in episode two "The Mayors" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
A gender-swapped version of Hardin is portrayed by Leah Harvey in the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation. She is the Warden and protector of Terminus, 35 years after Seldon's trial.
Hober Mallow
Main article: Hober Mallow
Dimitri Leonidas portrays Hober Mallow in the 2021 TV series.
Introduced in Foundation in the story "The Merchant Princes", Hober Mallow is a Master Trader for the Foundation. He and his ship, Far Star, are sent to Korell to investigate the disappearance of three Foundation vessels in the vicinity. A Foundation missionary, Reverend Jord Parma, seeks sanctuary, but Mallow suspects subterfuge and turns Parma over to the Korellians, whose laws forbid Foundation missionaries to be on the planet under penalty of death. Mallow negotiates the sale of Foundation devices to the ruler of Korell, and soon the planet is dependent on them. Mallow is later tried for murder on Terminus for condemning the missionary to death, but is exonerated when he proves that Parma was actually an agent of the Korellian secret police. Mallow's popularity results in his appointment to Mayor of Terminus. Korell subsequently declares war on the Foundation, and when Mallow imposes an embargo on them, the Korellan economy collapses due to its dependency on Foundation technology, thus forcing its surrender.: 25–26 Wimmer and Wilkins described Mallow as "larger-than-life", and "one of the strangest characters Asimov ever created, a heartless bastard who's described physically more like a particularly intelligent shaved bear than a normal human."
Mallow is voiced by Julian Glover as in episode three "The Merchant Princes" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Mallow is portrayed by Dimitri Leonidas in season two of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation. He is a roguish trader and con man with a "sarcastic personality and questionable morals, who is summoned against his will to serve a higher, selfless cause."
Ebling Mis
Alexander Siddig will portray Ebling Mis in the 2021 TV series.
In the Foundation and Empire story "The Mule", Ebling Mis is the Foundation's first real psychologist since its founding. He is warned by Bayta and Toran Darell about the Mule, a mysterious figure who has conquered the planet Kalgan and is planning to do the same to other worlds. Mis tries to warn Mayor Indbur of Terminus of the danger posed by the Mule, but is rebuffed. The Foundation soon falls to the Mule, and Mis flees with the Darells and Magnifico, the Mule's former jester, to find the rumored Second Foundation and seek their aid. At what remains of the Great Library of Trantor, Mis works tirelessly to discover clues to the secret location of the Second Foundation. Dying, Mis announces that he knows where the Second Foundation is. Bayta kills him before he can reveal the location, having just realized that Magnifico is the Mule, who seeks the Second Foundation so he can destroy it. He is a mutant who can sense and manipulate the emotions of others, an ability he has employed to conquer planets bloodlessly, and to compel Mis to work himself to death. The Mule promises to find and destroy the Second Foundation, the only threat to his eventual reign over the entire galaxy.
Wimmer and Wilkins called Mis "the liveliest character of the series since Salvor Hardin", and described him as "so deliberately over-the-top—and so fun to read because of it ... he's like one of Heinlein's classic old men, Jubal Harshaw or Lazarus Long, with a heaping dash of comic outrageousness that wouldn't work in Stranger in a Strange Land or Time Enough for Love (they're too ponderous) but fits perfectly in the slightly cartoonish universe of the Foundation." They also remarked on the "brutality" of the "compulsive gradual suicide" visited upon Mis by the Mule, and called the character's death at Bayta's hands "a horrifying moment". Wimmer and Wilkins wrote that "Mis is on the verge of unwittingly selling out everything he's ever lived for, forcing a dear and innocent friend to destroy him". They argued, " death really does signal the end of the Foundation as we have come to know it. Up till that moment, things have still felt a bit like a game ... the Mule might have taken over Terminus and Haven, but there's little sense of any enormous casualties. You feel like, heck, maybe even if he did win, things wouldn't be so awful ... and then Mis is gone, and in a manner as ugly and unhappy as anyone could imagine ... it hits home just how awful things are, just how terribly the Mule has disturbed the order of things."
Mis is voiced by Maurice Denham in episode five "The Mule" and episode six "Flight from the Mule" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Mis will be portrayed by Alexander Siddig in season three of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation. The character is described as a "self-taught psychohistorian and diehard fan of Hari Seldon."
The Mule
Pilou Asbæk will portray the Mule in season three.
Main article: The Mule (Foundation)
In the Foundation and Empire story "The Mule", a mysterious figure called the Mule has conquered the planet Kalgan with no military force and no resistance from the Kalganians. Foundation-aligned newlyweds Bayta and Toran Darell leave Kalgan with the Mule's fugitive court jester, Magnifico Giganticus, and soon the Foundation falls to the Mule as well. The Darells and elder Foundation scholar Ebling Mis escape with Magnifico to find the rumored Second Foundation, their only hope to stop the Mule. After tireless research, a dying Mis announces that he knows where the Second Foundation is. Bayta kills him before he can reveal the location, having just realized that Magnifico is the Mule, who seeks the Second Foundation so he can destroy it. He is a mutant who can sense and manipulate the emotions of others, an ability he has employed to conquer planets bloodlessly, to "Convert" Foundation intelligence officer Han Pritcher into a loyal agent, and to compel Mis to work himself to death. The Mule promises to find and destroy the Second Foundation, the only threat to his eventual reign over the entire galaxy.
The Second Foundation story "Part I: Search by the Mule" finds the Mule still searching for the elusive Second Foundation. Pritcher is accompanied on his latest search by Bail Channis, a follower of the Mule who remains "Unconverted" by the Mule's psychic powers and who the Mule suspects is a Second Foundation agent. Pritcher deduces that Channis is a spy, but Channis possesses a psychic ability similar to the Mule's and uses it to free Pritcher from the Mule's control. The Mule appears and uses mental torture to extract the true location of the Second Foundation from Channis's mind, but the First Speaker of the Second Foundation arrives and informs the Mule that he has been defeated. While the Mule has been focused on Channis, Second Foundation agents have traveled to Kalgan and the Foundation worlds to undo the Mule's Conversions and orchestrate an insurrection, and his fleet is too far away to prevent it. When the Mule experiences a moment of despair, the First Speaker is able to seize control of and alter his mind: he will return to Kalgan and live out the rest of his life as a peaceful despot.
Magnifico/The Mule is voiced by Wolfe Morris in episodes five, six and seven of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
The Mule is portrayed by Mikael Persbrandt in season two of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation. Decider called the introduction of the Mule "one of the show's most long-awaited moments". The role was recast with Pilou Asbæk for season three. Additionally, Magnifico will be portrayed by Tómas Lemarquis.
Preem Palver
Troy Kotsur will portray Preem Palver in the 2021 TV series.
In the Second Foundation story "Part II: Search by the Foundation", farmer and trader Preem Palver and his wife are at the spaceport on Kalgan when they meet teenager Arkady Darell. Arkady is fleeing Lord Stettin, the warlord of Kalgan, so the Palvers take her with them to their home on Trantor. Palver later helps Arkady send a coded message to her father, Dr. Toran Darell II of the Foundation, containing what she believes is the location of the Second Foundation. Stettin launches an invasion of the Foundation which fails, and the discovery of several Second Foundation sleeper agents convinces the Foundation that they have eliminated the threat of the Second Foundation. Palver, however, is secretly the First Speaker of the intact Second Foundation, and has orchestrated Stettin's attack, its failure, the discovery of Palver's own agents and even Arkady's participation to convince the Foundation that they have triumphed.
Palver is voiced by Cyril Shaps in episode seven "The Mule Finds" and episode eight "Star's End" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Palver will be portrayed by Troy Kotsur in season three of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation. The character is described as "the leader of a planet of psychics."
Lewis Pirenne
Elliot Cowan portrays Lewis Pirenne in the 2021 TV series.
Introduced in Foundation in the story "The Encyclopedists", Dr. Lewis Pirenne is the chairman of the Foundation's Board of Trustees and the leader of the Encyclopedists. He dismisses Mayor Salvor Hardin's concerns about the Foundation's susceptibility to interference by nearby regimes, believing that their focus should be on creating the Encyclopedia Galactica and not local politics. When Hari Seldon's Time Vault opens and Seldon reveals that the encyclopedia was merely an excuse to establish the Foundation away from Imperial control, Pirenne realizes that he was wrong and cedes leadership of the Foundation to Hardin.
Book Analysis and Shmoop explained that Pirenne is rigid and resistant to change, which is ultimately in conflict with Seldon's Plan. Wimmer and Wilkins described Pirenne as a "useless twit".
Pirenne is voiced by Roy Spencer in episode one "Psychohistory and Encyclopedia" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Pirenne is portrayed by Elliot Cowan in season one of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation. He is the Director of the Foundation and first successor of Hari Seldon, and comes into conflict with Salvor Hardin over how to handle the arrival of the Anacreons to Terminus.
Han Pritcher
Brandon P. Bell will portray Han Pritcher in season three of the 2021 TV series.
In the Foundation and Empire story "The Mule", Han Pritcher is a Foundation intelligence officer and secretly a member of the Democratic Underground on Terminus, planning to overthrow Mayor Indbur. Though ordered by the Mayor to investigate renegade traders, he instead looks into the sudden takeover of the planet Kalgan by the Mule. Pritcher attempts to assassinate the Mule in a suicide attack to thwart his conquest of the Foundation, but the Mule is a mutant and uses his psychic powers to "Convert" Pritcher into one of his most loyal followers.
In the Second Foundation story "Part I: Search by the Mule", the Mule has yet to find the elusive Second Foundation. He sends Pritcher on his sixth search, this time accompanied by Bail Channis, the only one of the Mule's followers who is "Unconverted", or not influenced by the Mule's psychic powers to serve him. The Mule tells Pritcher this will be an advantage to their quest, but he actually believes that Channis is a Second Foundation agent who intends to lead the Mule into a trap. Secretly followed by the Mule and his fleet, Channis leads the search to the desolate planet Tazenda. Pritcher draws his atomic blaster on Channis, who he now suspects to be an agent of the Second Foundation. Pritcher is correct, but Channis possesses a psychic ability similar to the Mule's and uses it to free Pritcher from the Mule's control. The Mule appears, but while he has been focused on Channis, the Second Foundation has orchestrated an insurrection on Kalgan, and his fleet is too far away to prevent it. When the Mule experiences a moment of despair, the First Speaker of the Second Foundation is able to seize control of and alter his mind: he will return to Kalgan and live out the rest of his life as a peaceful despot. Pritcher joins him.
Wimmer and Wilkins wrote of Pritcher, "He breaks rules without a second thought ... but his code of honor forces him to be as honest about it as he possibly can. Before defying his orders, he tries to work through the appropriate official channels, even though he knows it's futile." They describe Pritcher's final Conversion by the Mule as "crushing", writing that "more than any other character in this story, Pritcher was an individual, and it's so sad to see him reduced to a puppet of the Mule, albeit still a charming and unconventional one." Wimmer and Wilkins wrote that the Converted version of the character in "Search by the Mule" is "a tricky protagonist to really connect with" due to "a lot of second derivative characterization".
Pritcher is voiced by John Justin in episodes five, six and seven of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Pritcher will be portrayed by Brandon P. Bell in season three of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation.
Bel Riose
Main article: Bel Riose
Ben Daniels portrays Bel Riose in the 2021 TV series.
In the Foundation and Empire story "The General", Imperial General Bel Riose governs the planet Siwenna. He investigates the Foundation and is soon determined to destroy it, both as a perceived threat to the Empire and to further his own ambitions. Foundation trader Lathan Devers lets himself be captured by Riose to disrupt his overtures against the Foundation from the inside. With Emperor Cleon II's Privy Secretary Ammel Brodrig present to observe Riose, Devers attempts to implicate Riose in a nonexistent attempt to overthrow Cleon. His machinations are exposed, but Ducem Barr, a Foundation sympathizer forced to aid Riose, helps him escape further interrogation by knocking Riose unconscious and fleeing the planet with Devers in tow. They travel to the Imperial capital planet, Trantor, and plot to influence Cleon directly with Devers' invented conspiracy, implicating both Riose and Brodrig. Though they are caught by the Secret Police, they escape and later learn that Riose and Brodrig have been arrested for treason and executed. Asimov later explains the political dynamics of why Riose would never have been able to defeat the Foundation: a strong emperor's sense of self-preservation would never allow him to tolerate a subordinate who develops potentially threatening power.: 26 Riose is loosely based on Belisarius, a great general of the Roman Empire who served Justinian I during the 6th century AD.: 56–57
Riose is voiced by Dinsdale Landen in episode four "The General" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Riose is portrayed by Ben Daniels in season two of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation. He is the last great general of the Superliminal Fleet, imprisoned by Emperor Cleon for breaking orders to save troops, despite still achieving a victory. In exchange for his freedom and a reunion with his husband, Glawen Curr, Riose agrees to investigate the dissident Foundation on behalf of the Empire.
Hari Seldon
Main article: Hari Seldon
Jared Harris portrays Hari Seldon in the 2021 TV series.
Introduced in Foundation in "The Psychohistorians", famed mathematician and psychologist Hari Seldon has developed the science of psychohistory, which uses sophisticated mathematics and statistical analysis to predict future trends on a galactic scale. He has predicted the unavoidable and relatively imminent fall of the Galactic Empire, which will spark a Dark Age lasting 30,000 years. Seldon has conceived a plan which, by his calculations, will limit this interregnum to 1,000 years. He orchestrates his own trial by the Commission of Public Safety, the ruling body of the Empire, who are displeased with his predictions and the potential chaos they would incite. As Seldon anticipated, the Commission does not want to martyr him, so he and his 100,000 followers are exiled from Trantor, the center of the Empire, to the distant and nearly inhospitable planet Terminus. There Seldon intends to establish the Foundation, "a repository of crucial, civilization-preserving knowledge" that will enable society to revive itself more quickly and efficiently.: 23–24 Describing the "The Psychohistorians" as "28 pages of nonstop world-building", Wimmer and Wilkins wrote that in the story, "Hari Seldon isn't so much a character as he is the living embodiment of psychohistory, an ethereal presence who's about as relatable as Gandalf. It wouldn't be until Prelude to Foundation ... that Seldon would become an actual character."
Seldon is voiced by William Eedle in several episodes of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Seldon is portrayed by Jared Harris in the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation.
Dors Venabili
In Prelude to Foundation, reporter Chetter Hummin introduces young mathematician Hari Seldon to Streeling University historian Dors Venabili, who subsequently joins Seldon in his danger-fraught tour of several of Trantor's 800 varied sectors. Seldon is gathering information he hopes will inform if and how his nascent theory of psychohistory can be developed into a predictive science. He realizes that Trantor itself possesses the diversity and complexity, at a manageable scale, required to build his calculations. But he also requires the emotional support of Venabili, and does not care that she may also be a robot.: 213–215 In Forward the Foundation, Seldon and Venabili have married, and adopted the former street urchin Raych. But their relationship is strained, and they continue to grow apart. Venabili begins an investigation centered on the Electro-Clarifier, a new device co-invented by Tamwile Elar and built by Cinda Moray, which enhances the abilities of Seldon's Prime Radiant. Venabili believes the Electro-Clarifier is aging Seldon and Yugo Amaryl prematurely, but instead she discovers it is actually killing her, because it only affects the positronic brains of robots.: 222–223 She finally admits to Seldon that she is a robot, and having killed Elar to protect him, reveals that the combination of the device's effects and breaking the First Law of Robotics by harming a human has caused irreparable damage. Dying, she tells Seldon that his love made her human.: 222–223
Wimmer and Wilkins wrote that though Venabili's death delivered "a genuine sense of tragedy ... Dors was a hard character to get a fix on—there was always a faint coldness about her".
Poly Verisof
Introduced in Foundation in the story "The Mayors", Poly Verisof is the Foundation ambassador and High Priest on Anacreon. After Salvor Hardin discovers a plot against him orchestrated by Prince Regent Wienis, he employs the aid of Verisof, who uses his mass following to instigate a mob against Wienis that helps assure Hardin's victory.
Wimmer and Wilkins wrote that though Verisof does not believe in the religious culture established on Anacreon, he does not "think any less of the believers or wish them any harm" and recognizes religion as "the best way of doing some good at a time when science has become tainted with the Empire's failure."
Verisof is voiced by William Fox in episode two "The Mayors" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Verisof is portrayed by Kulvinder Ghir in season two of the 2021 TV series adaptation Foundation. He is High Claric of the Foundation's propagandist Church of the Galactic Spirit. Verisof, who was a child at the dawn of the Foundation, is Brother Constant's superior and companion. He is described as "Whip-smart and sardonic, he's also a terrible drunk — intelligent enough to see the path he's on, but too cynical to change. The character is portrayed as child by Jairaj Varsani in season one, and the season two episode "Where the Stars Are Scattered Thinly".
Others from the novels
Yugo Amaryl is a trusted colleague of Hari Seldon who works closely with him on the development of psychohistory. In Prelude to Foundation, Hari Seldon meets Amaryl, a menial worker in the heatsinks of the Dahl sector of Trantor, where vast subterranean operations generate energy from heat in the deep recesses of the planet. Seldon and Dors Venabili are on a danger-fraught tour of several of Trantor's 800 varied sectors, evading capture by First Minister Eto Demerzel while gathering information Seldon hopes will inform if and how psychohistory can be developed into a predictive science. Amaryl reveals himself to be a mathematical prodigy, and once Seldon is safe he arranges for Amaryl to begin studies at Streeling University.: 214 In Forward the Foundation, Amaryl has earned a doctorate and is Seldon's closest and most trusted colleague, working with him on the development of psychohistory. Seldon's 12-year-old granddaughter Wanda finds an error in one of the equations generated by Amaryl's Prime Radiant. Amaryl soon realizes that she is not a mathematical prodigy, but instead possesses nascent mentalic ability which she unknowingly used to read his mind and pick up on his subconscious sense that the formula was wrong. Seldon and a dying Amaryl revive their idea of developing two foundations that would serve as the beginnings of a new Galactic Empire. The First Foundation would be a group of scholars tasked with creating the Encyclopedia Galactica to preserve the sum of human knowledge, and to be a haven for technological advance, which psychohistory predicts would decrease the recovery time to form a second Galactic Empire. The Second Foundation would be a group of Mentalics, acting as guardians of the psychohistorical track by "introducing fine adjustments" influencing historical events.: 221–224
Pelleas Anthor is a new member of the Foundation cabal looking for the location of the Second Foundation in the Second Foundation story "Part II: Search by the Foundation". He shares his belief that the second Foundation is on Kalgan. Dr. Toran Darell II invents an electronic "Mind Static" device which disrupts Second Foundation mental influence and can be fatal to its agents. It reveals that Anthor and some others are Second Foundation sleeper agents. Dr. Darell and the Foundation are left believing they have eliminated the Second Foundation, when in fact the entire situation has been orchestrated by the intact Second Foundation for just that purpose. Anthor is voiced by Gabriel Woolf in episode eight "Star's End" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Ammel Brodrig is Emperor Cleon II's Privy Secretary in the Foundation and Empire story "The General". He is sent to Siwenna to observe General Bel Riose, who has mounted an offensive against the Foundation in Cleon's name. Though Brodrig is not fooled by Lathan Devers' attempt to implicate Riose in a nonexistent coup, Devers and Ducem Barr push the false conspiracy again on Trantor, and this time Riose and Brodrig are arrested for treason and executed.: 26 Nicolas David Gevers saw Brodrig as based on Narses, an important member of the court of Byzantine emperor Justinian I, "who dogged Belisarius"—the model for Bel Riose—"and ultimately replaced him as general".: 57 Brodrig is voiced by Martin Friend in episode four "The General" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Lady Callia is the flighty consort of Lord Stettin, the ruler of Kalgan, in the Second Foundation story "Part II: Search by the Foundation". Arkady Darell manipulates Callia to persuade Stettin to allow librarian Homir Munn, secretly an agent of the Foundation, access to the Mule's palace for research purposes. Munn is searching for clues to the location of the elusive Second Foundation. When Stettin holds Munn hostage as part of his offensive against the Foundation, Callia helps Arkady escape. Only in their final moments together does Arkady realize that Callia is a shrewd agent of the Second Foundation who has been subtly manipulating events on Kalgan. Wimmer and Wilkins wrote "In the case of Lady Callia, Asimov seems to get inside her own head quite a bit without ever hinting at her true nature, and so the misdirect seems more than a little unfair. I suppose one could argue Asimov is making the point that a Second Foundation agent's disguise is so absolute that even the omniscient narrator cannot pierce the truth ... but that seems pretty weak". Callia is voiced by Prunella Scales in episode eight "Star's End" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Linge Chen is the corrupt Commissioner of Public Safety introduced in Foundation in the story "The Psychohistorians". When presented with the argument that Hari Seldon's psychohistory is a means to save humanity's future, Chen comments that this is of no concern to men and women who will all be dead in fifty years' time. Wimmer and Wilkins called Chen "the most memorable character" in the story, "mostly because of his impressive silence."
Toran Darell II is the scientist son of Bayta and Toran Darell in the Second Foundation story "Part II: Search by the Foundation". He is part of a cabal within the Foundation which has been alerted to the galactic manipulations of the Second Foundation and its Metalics, and sees them as a threat to their own efforts toward Seldon's Plan. Dr. Darell invents an electronic "Mind Static" device which disrupts Second Foundation mental influence and can be fatal to its agents. Discovering several Second Foundation sleeper agents, he tests Arkady to make sure she has not been compromised. Dr. Darell is relieved to find that the results are negative, not knowing that the Second Foundation did actually "adjust" Arkady shortly after birth, rendering their influence impossible to trace. Dr. Darell and the Foundation are left believing they have eliminated the Second Foundation, when in fact the entire situation has been orchestrated by the intact Second Foundation for just that purpose. Wimmer and Wilkins argued that Dr. Darell's hostility toward the Second Foundation does not entirely make sense considering his devotion to Seldon's Plan, but is justified by his objection to the Second Foundation's ability to oppress the population by what is effectively mind control. They compared Dr. Darell to Salvor Hardin in that "he is trying to defeat an enemy against whom he is seemingly completely unmatched with only the dimmest awareness of how he can even fight the battle", and wrote that he is depicted as "every bit the romantic his daughter Arkady is, even if his romanticism has become wrapped up in careful plotting, endless psychology, and cutting-edge neuroscience." Dr. Darell is voiced by Carleton Hobbs in episode eight "Star's End" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Lord Dorwin is an Imperial emissary sent to mediate the negotiations Between the Foundation and Anacreon in Foundation in the story "The Encyclopedists". Dorwin's commentary on the Empire inadvertently illustrates its decline to Salvor Hardin. Further, Dorwin's contradictory arguments render his peace treaty meaningless. Wimmer and Wilkins described Dorwin as "pretty hilarious." Darwin is voiced by Ronald Herdman in episode one "Psychohistory and Encyclopedia" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Manella Dubanqua is a prostitute who acts as an informant for Gambol Deen Namarti, who is plotting against Hari Seldon in Forward the Foundation. Raych Seldon infiltrates Namarti's group and becomes involved with Dubanqua. Recognizing him as Seldon's son, Namarti drugs Raych to assassinate Seldon, but Raych is stopped by Dubanqua, secretly a security agent. Raych and Dubanqua marry hand have two daughters, Wanda and Bellis.: 222
Indbur is the hereditary Mayor of Terminus in the Foundation and Empire story "The Mule". He is "a weak bureaucrat who relies on strict procedure and tolerates no deviance from his orders." The complacent Mayor Indbur is nonplussed about the danger posed by the Mule, believing that the pending hologram from Hari Seldon will tell them how to handle this latest crisis. Instead, Seldon predicts a civil war between the Foundation and the Traders. The Mule's forces arrive, and Indbur surrenders immediately. It is later revealed that the Mule is able to conquer planets bloodlessly because he is a mutant who can sense and manipulate the emotions of others. Indbur is voiced by John Ruddock in episode five "The Mule" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy. Indbur will be portrayed by Leo Bill in season three of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation.
Jerril is an agent for the Commission of Public Safety in Foundation in the story "The Psychohistorians". He spies on Gaal during his trip to the observatory and confirms that Gaal is working with Seldon. Jerril is portrayed by Reece Shearsmith in the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation. In "The Emperor's Peace", he is an Imperial agent who allows Gaal Dornick to examine the Prime Radiant so that she may discredit Hari Seldon's dire calculations.
Laskin "Jo-Jo" Joranum is an ambitious politician in Forward the Foundation who schemes to replace Eto Demerzel as Cleon I's First Minister, with the goal of ultimately deposing the emperor himself. Realizing the danger, Hari Seldon has his foster son Raych "reveal" that Demerzel is a robot. Joranum accuses Demerzel, who seemingly proves himself to not be a robot by laughing, as a human would. A humiliated Joranum is exiled to a distant planet.: 222
Yohan Lee is Salvor Hardin's chief advisor and friend in the Foundation story "The Encyclopedists" who assists him in overthrowing the ruling board of Terminus City. Lee is voiced by John Hollis in episode one "Psychohistory and Encyclopedia" and episode two "The Mayors" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Homir Munn is an agent of the Foundation in the Second Foundation story "Part II: Search by the Foundation". He is part of a cabal within the Foundation which has been alerted to the galactic manipulations of the Second Foundation and its Metalics, and sees them as a threat to their own efforts toward Seldon's Plan. Munn is sent to Kalgan to search for clues to the Second Foundation's location, and is followed by teenager Arkady Darell. Munn is rebuffed by Lord Stettin, the current warlord of Kalgan, but Arkady manipulates his flighty consort, Lady Callia, to persuade Stettin to allow librarian Munn access to the Mule's palace for research purposes. Stettin becomes suspicious that his court might have been infiltrated by the Second Foundation, and arrests Munn. After Stettin's invasion of the Foundation on Terminus fails, Munn believes the Second Foundation never existed. He is proven incorrect when several Second Foundation sleeper agents are discovered. Munn is voiced by David March in episode eight "Star's End" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Gambol Deen Namarti is an associate of Jo-Jo Joranum who plots to supplant Hari Seldon as Cleon I's First Minister after Joranum's exile in Forward the Foundation. He attempts to assassinate Seldon by drugging his foster son Raych, but the plan is foiled at the last moment by undercover security officer Manella Dubanqua.: 222
Limmar Ponyets is a Master Trader of the Foundation introduced in Foundation in the story "The Traders". He negotiates with the Elders of the planet Askone to secure the release of Eskel Gorov, another Foundation trader of nuclear weapons who has been imprisoned and sentenced to death due to traditional taboos that effectively ban advanced technology. Ponyets manipulates the Elders using their religious beliefs and a transmuter that will convert iron into gold. Wimmer and Wilkins called Ponyets "the least interesting of all the Foundation protagonists", but wrote that he and Salvor Hardin "let the bad guys accumulate all this power, and then ever so deftly turn it back against them." They also described Ponyets's blackmail of an ambitious politician as "lame" compared to "the operatic scope of Hardin's secret plan in 'The Mayors'."
Raych Seldon is a street urchin in the slums of Billibotton whom Hari Seldon and Dors Venabili meet as they traverse Trantor in Prelude to Foundation.: 214–215 In Forward the Foundation, Seldon determines that populist Jo-Jo Joranum is scheming to replace Eto Demerzel as Cleon I's First Minister and then overthrow the emperor. Seldon has Raych, now his foster son, "reveal" that Demerzel is a robot. Joranum confronts Demerzel publicly, and is ruined when Demerzel seemingly proves himself to not be a robot by laughing, as a human would. Years later, Joranum's associate Gambol Deen Namarti plots against Seldon. Raych infiltrates Namarti's group and becomes involved with a prostitute named Manella Dubanqua. Recognizing him as Seldon's son, Namarti drugs Raych, who is stopped from assassinating Seldon himself by Dubanqua, secretly a security agent. Raych and Dubanqua marry hand have two daughters, Wanda and Bellis.: 222 Raych emigrates from Trantor to the planet Santanni, and is killed fighting anti-Imperial rebels.: 223
Wanda Seldon is the daughter of Raych Seldon and Manella Dubanqua. In Forward the Foundation, 12-year-old Wanda finds an error in one of the equations generated by Yugo Amaryl's Prime Radiant. Amaryl soon realizes that she is not a mathematical prodigy, but instead possesses nascent mentalic ability which she unknowingly used to read his mind and pick up on his subconscious sense that the formula was wrong. This leads to a revival of Seldon and Amaryl's plan to create a Second Foundation made up of Mentalics.: 221–224
Sef Sermak is a political rival to Salvor Hardin, introduced in Foundation in the story "The Mayors". Sermak's Actionist party proposes that the Foundation takes direct action against Anacreon and the three other local kingdoms instead of Hardin's subtle method of technology trade and scientism. After Hardin's methods save the Foundation from the crisis, Sermak concedes that Hardin was correct all along. Years after Hardin relinquishes power as mayor, Sermak succeeds him. Sermak is voiced by John Samson in episode two "The Mayors" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy. Sermak is portrayed by Oliver Chris in season two of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation. Director Sermak is the leader of the Foundation, and he and his husband Pater are the fathers of Brother Constant.
Lord Stettin is the First Citizen and ruler of Kalgan, 55 years after the Mule's death of natural causes, in the Second Foundation story "Part II: Search by the Foundation". He believes that the Mule's actions have made the Seldon Plan irrelevant, and declares war upon the Foundation. Stettin intends to usurp their role in the formation of the Second Empire, and is unconcerned by the possible intervention of the Second Foundation. He prepares a full-scale invasion of the original Foundation on Terminus, but is handily defeated, in part because the Second Foundation has used their psychic abilities to reduce the morale of his troops while boosting the Foundation's. It is also later revealed that Lady Callia is a Second Foundation agent who manipulated Stettin into declaring war so that he would lose. Stettin is voiced by Peter Pratt in episode eight "Star's End" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Jorane Sutt is the secretary to the Mayor of Terminus in the Foundation story "The Merchant Princes". As the real power behind the Mayor, he is threatened by the rising political power of Master Trader Hober Mallow. Sutt sends Mallow on an investigative mission accompanied by his spy, Jaim Twer, and later has him tried for murder. When Mallow is exonerated and named Mayor, he arrests Sutt and his accomplices.: 25–26 Wimmer and Wilkins described "scheming Terminus politico" Sutt's plan as "is subtly worse than anything we've seen before—he wants to turn the science-based clergy against the Foundation, leading the combined might of the Four Kingdoms against all his enemies on Terminus, and then in turn he will start conquering the rest of the galaxy ... he's actually trying to pervert the Seldon Plan to his own ends." Sutt is voiced by Anthony Jackson in episode three "The Merchant Princes" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.
Introduced in the TV series
The 2021 Apple TV+ television series adaptation Foundation invents several characters who do not appear in Asimov's series of novels.
Brother Constant
Brother Constant is a claric of the Foundation's propagandist Church of the Galactic Spirit, portrayed by Isabella Laughland in season two. Described as "cheerfully confident", she is a "true believer" in Seldon's Plan whose job is to extol its virtues and "whose courage and passion make her hard not to love." Introduced in the 2023 episode "A Glimpse of Darkness", Constant is also the daughter of Foundation Director Sef Sermak and his husband Pater. In "King and Commoner", she and her superior, High Claric Poly Verisof, escape capture on Korell with trader and con man Hober Mallow. Hari Seldon tasks Constant and Poly to begin peace talks with the Empire in "Where the Stars are Scattered Thinly". They are promptly arrested when attempting to do so on Trantor in "Why the Gods Made Wine". In "The Last Empress", Mallow saves Constant from execution by the Empire, and they consummate their relationship. In the season two finale "Creation Myths", Mallow puts Constant in the only remaining escape pod of the doomed Imperial flagship Shining Destiny, and sends her to safety as he and General Bel Riose sacrifice themselves on the exploding ship.
Jeffrey Speicher of Collider wrote that Constant's "straightforward, shoot-from-the-hip manner is one of the most fun and refreshing aspects of a mind-bending show that can sometimes feel a little overwhelming with the pure size and scope of the stories it takes on." Julia Glassman of The Mary Sue described Constant as "one of the funniest and most relatable figures in the series" and "a thoroughly funny, lovable character", and calling her "the queen of deadpan gags." Richard Edwards of Space.com described the character as having "charm to spare". Sean T. Collins of Decider praised Constant's "forthrightness and directness" in propositioning Mallow, and Speicher agreed that her "straightforward and refreshing approach to expressing her feelings for Hober brings a natural and organic dynamic to romantic storyline." Speicher described the relationship between Constant and Mallow as "the best romantic relationship in Foundation so far." Collins appreciated that "Constant is attracted to, not repulsed by, Hober's swagger."
Glawen Curr
Glawen Curr is the husband and second-in-command to General Bel Riose, portrayed by Dino Fetscher in season two. In the 2023 episode "King and Commoner", disgraced Riose is freed from imprisonment at the Lepsis penal colony and reunited with Curr, both men having been previously told that the other was executed. Restored to his position as Fleet Supremus, Curr joins Riose in his investigation of the dissident Foundation on behalf of the Empire. In "Where the Stars are Scattered Thinly", Riose and Curr visit Imperial informant Ducem Barr on Siwenna and learn that the Foundation, and by extension their propagandists the Church of the Galactic Spirit, possess forbidden technology. Riose and Curr debate their options for turning against Empire in "A Necessary Death", but Riose ultimately declares any such action to be too great a risk. The Imperial fleet faces off against the Foundation in "Long Ago, Not Far Away", and Riose believes he can end the conflict without violence. But the Emperor clone Brother Day, baited by Hari Seldon, orders Riose to crash the Invictus, an ancient Imperial warship commandeered by the Foundation, into Terminus to devastate the planet and destroy the Foundation. Riose reluctantly does so, even though he knows Curr is on the surface. A scheme orchestrated by Seldon destroys the Imperial fleet in the season two finale "Creation Myths". Riose kills Day, but is trapped on his doomed flagship and dies in its destruction. Meanwhile, Curr and the population of Terminus have escaped the planet's destruction via Seldon's Vault.
Gary Grimes of Attitude described the emotional reunion of Riose and Curr as "a cornerstone moment in the high-octane series." The series depicts their homosexuality as a non-issue. Fetscher said, "It was so refreshing that our characters' sexualities were just incidental ... In this world, sexuality is very different. It's just the same as you have blue eyes and I have brown eyes. In lots of ways, it's really inspiring because it's not so far in the future."
Raych Foss
Alfred Enoch portrays Raych Foss in the 2021 TV series.
Raych Foss is the close friend and protégé of Hari Seldon, portrayed by Alfred Enoch. There is an immediate attraction between Foss and mathematical prodigy Gaal Dornick when they meet in "The Emperor's Peace". During the multi-year journey to Terminus to establish Seldon's repository of human knowledge in "Preparing to Live", Dornick and Foss have begun a romantic relationship. Seldon disapproves, as he values science and detachment, and considers emotion and human relationships as distractions. The relationship between Seldon and Foss is also strained, as evidenced by Foss's apparent bitterness about what happened to his real father after he chose to live with Hari, and his alarm when he learns from Dornick that Seldon's computations are not complete. In the middle of her daily swimming ritual, Dornick has a sudden urge to seek out Seldon, and stumbles upon Foss stabbing him to death. Foss ushers her into an escape pod with the murder weapon and jettisons her from the ship. In "Upon Awakening", Dornick awakens from cryosleep 34 year later, aboard a automated starship prepared by Foss. He has been executed for Seldon's murder, and she is believed to be an accomplice.
A digital, holographic copy of Seldon's consciousness, stored in the knife Foss used to kill him, explains himself to Dornick in "Mysteries and Martyrs". Afflicted with a rapidly escalating neurological disorder, he had planned to commit suicide to preserve his followers' devotion to his genius, while Dornick helped establish the Foundation on Terminus and Foss was to take the digital Seldon elsewhere. Foss and Dornick's unexpected relationship had jeopardized this plan, so Seldon had convinced Foss to kill him as the only way to guarantee Dornick's future, but in fact to force their separation. Foss had foiled this plan as well by sending Dornick off in the escape pod intended for him. In "The Missing Piece", Seldon explains that Foss was supposed to lead a secret, Second Foundation which Seldon created on his home planet, Helicon, and urges Dornick to let the starship take her there but refusing to give details. Done with Seldon's manipulations, Dornick instead takes the escape pod on a journey to Synnax that will last 138 years. Foss and Dornick are revealed to be the biological parents of Salvor Hardin in the 2021 season one finale episode "The Leap".
Foss is named after, but not based on, Seldon's adoptive son Raych from Asimov's prequel novels Prelude to Foundation and Forward the Foundation.
Sareth
Sareth is the newly crowned Queen of Cloud Dominion, portrayed by Ella-Rae Smith in season two. She is described as "used to being underestimated", which she uses to her advantage, "charming her way into the Imperial Palace with biting wit, all while on a secret quest for revenge." The reigning Cleon clone, Brother Day, decides to halt the genetic degradation of his bloodline by marrying and fathering an heir with her. Lady Demerzel, an ageless robot and the real power behind the Imperial throne, schemes to be rid of Sareth and retain the Genetic Dynasty of Cleon clones she has administered for centuries. Sareth and Brother Dawn, Day's successor, fall in love and flee Demerzel, with Sareth carrying Dawn's child.
The character Sareth is original to the TV series, and Screen Rant noted that she was added as part of the expansion of Emperor Cleon's role in the series.
Others
Rachel House portrays Bond in the 2021 TV series.
Daniel MacPherson portrays Hugo Crast in the 2021 TV series.
Tellem Bond is the leader of a community of the Mentalics on the planet Ignis, portrayed by Rachel House in season two. She uses her psychic powers in a destructive and selfish way, inhabiting a succession of young human bodies as a form of immortality while leading a relatively innocuous culture of Metalics seeking sanctuary from persecution elsewhere in the galaxy.
Rue Corintha is Queen Sareth's politically savvy retainer and advisor, portrayed by Sandra Yi Sencindiver in season two. A former courtesan, Enjoiner Rue shares a past with Brother Dusk, and uses the connection to attempt to weaken his trust in Lady Demerzel, who she has discovered is the last surviving sentient robot. In September 2023, Collider wrote, "Enjoiner Rue has proven to be the most calculating schemer and manipulator in the Foundation universe so far."
Hugo Crast is a pilot and interplanetary trader from Thespis, portrayed by Daniel MacPherson in seasons one and two. He is Salvor Hardin's loyal friend and lover. Collider described him as "the Han Solo of Foundation.
Kray Dorwin is the commander of the Imperial military jumpship Aegis, portrayed by Christian Contreras. He is sent to Terminus to investigate the loss of contact from the Foundation in the season one episode "Barbarians at the Gate". The Aegis is shot down by invading Anacreons in "Upon Awakening", and in "Death and the Maiden", Dorwin is taken hostage by Phara Keaen, the Grand Huntress of Anacreon, who intends to use him and several Foundation technicians to commandeer a "lost" Imperial warship, Invictus. In "Mysteries and Martyrs", Keaen uses Dorwin to get through the security protocols of Invictus, and then kills him. His body is discovered over a century later in the season two episode "In Seldon's Shadow", alerting the Empire that the Foundation on Terminus has not been destroyed, as they were led to believe.
Jaegger Fount is a Warden of Terminus and guardian against external threats, portrayed by Holt McCallany in season two. In "A Glimpse of Darkness", Hari Seldon's Vault opens, and Fount is incinerated as he approaches it.
Abbas and Mari Hardin are members of the Foundation on Terminus and Salvor Hardin's surrogate parents, portrayed by Clarke Peters and Sasha Behar in season one.
Halima Ifa is a Zephyr, a senior priestess of the Luminist faith vying to become its next leader, the Proxima, portrayed by T'Nia Miller in season one. Joelle Monique of TheWrap praised Miller's "jaw-dropping performance".
Kalle is a mathematician whose work helped Hari Seldon create his Prime Radiant, portrayed by Rowena King in season two. Gaal Dornick uses Kalle's Ninth Proof of Folding to solve the Abraxas Conjecture, which brings Dornick to Seldon's attention. An avatar of Kalle appears to Seldon's artificial consciousness within the Vault in "In Seldon's Shadow", and instructs him to meet her again on Oona's World. He does so in "King and Commoner", and is transferred into a living body.
Phara Keaen is the Grand Huntress of Anacreon, portrayed by Kubbra Sait in season one. She is the top military officer of her planet, and personally leads a raid on Terminus as part of her plan to exact her revenge on the Empire. Comic Book Resources called her "TV's most merciless villain."
Azura Odili is a palace gardener, portrayed by Amy Tyger in season one. She begins a secret relationship with Brother Dawn.
Yanna Seldon is Hari Seldon's deceased scientist wife, portrayed by Nimrat Kaur in season two. An avatar of Yanna appears to Hari's artificial consciousness within the Vault in "In Seldon's Shadow". In "Why the Gods Made Wine", it is revealed via flashback that Yanna had been pregnant with their daughter when she was killed by Dr. Tadj, a university administrator ordered by the Empire to acquire Hari's Prime Radiant. In the novels, Seldon's wife is Dors Venabili, a historian who supports him before and during his development of psychohistory, and is ultimately revealed to be a benevolent robot.
She-Bends-Light is a Spacer on Imperial General Bel Riose's flagship, Shining Destiny, portrayed by Judi Shekoni in season two. In "A Necessary Death", trader Hober Mallow approaches the Spacers on Hari Seldon's behalf, but they decline his offer to free them from the Empire's servitude, and turn him over to Riose. In "Creation Myths", his capture is revealed to have been a ruse to smuggle a special jump sequence to She-Bends-Light. She uses it to program the fleet's warships to jump into one another, which will inevitably destroy them all and free the remaining Spacers from the Empire.
References
^ "1966 Hugo Awards". Hugo Award. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 16, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via thehugoawards.org.
^ "The Long List of Hugo Awards, 1966". New England Science Fiction Association. Archived from the original on April 3, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
^ a b Palumbo, Donald E. (2016). An Asimov Companion: Characters, Places and Terms in the Robot/Empire/Foundation Metaseries. Critical Explorations in Science Fiction and Fantasy. Vol. 51. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-9823-9.
^ a b c Elkins, Charles (March 1976). "Isaac Asimov's Foundation Novels: Historical Materialism Distorted into Cyclical Psycho-History". Science Fiction Studies. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
^ a b c Gunn, James (1982). Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503060-5.
^ a b c d Gevers, Nicholas David (August 1997). Mirrors of the Past: Versions of History in Science Fiction and Fantasy (PhD). University of Cape Town. Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.
^ a b Hassler, Donald M. (March 1988). "Some Asimov Resonances from the Enlightenment". Science Fiction Studies. 15 (1): 36–47. JSTOR 4239857. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
^ Massoto, Erick (September 23, 2023). "What the Foundation Series Does Better Than Isaac Asimov's Novels". Collider. Archived from the original on January 19, 2024. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Folk-Williams, John (October 24, 2023). "Re-Reading Foundation and Empire by Isaac Asimov". SciFi Mind. Archived from the original on February 27, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Gunn, James (1982). Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction (2005 Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-8108-5420-1. Archived from the original on March 8, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Wimmer, Josh; Wilkins, Alasdair (May 10, 2011). "In Which Events Take a Generally Darker Turn: Foundation and Empire by Isaac Asimov". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "The Foundation Trilogy". SciFiMike. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
^ a b c d Collins, Sean T. (August 4, 2023). "Foundation Season 2 Episode 4 Recap: 'Where the Stars Are Scattered Thinly'". Decider. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Eclarinal, Aeron Mer (August 31, 2023). "Foundation Season 2: All 24 Main Actors Who Appear (Photos)". The Direct. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Folk-Williams, John (November 6, 2023). "Second Foundation by Isaac Asimov: A Re-Reading for #SciFiMonth". SciFi Mind. Archived from the original on February 27, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Wimmer, Josh; Wilkins, Alasdair (May 11, 2011). "Mind Games and Mysteries Abound in Isaac Asimov's Second Foundation". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
^ a b c d e f Wimmer, Josh; Wilkins, Alasdair (May 14, 2011). "In Prelude to Foundation, Isaac Asimov Delves into Psychohistory's Sorta Psycho History". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
^ a b c d e f "Review: Forward the Foundation by Isaac Asimov". The Guardian. May 17, 2013. Archived from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
^ "Review: Forward the Foundation". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
^ a b c d e f g Robbins, Jason (October 15, 2021). "Foundation Cast and Characters Guide: Who Plays Who in the Apple TV+ Asimov Adaptation". Collider. Archived from the original on July 20, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
^ Motamayor, Rafael (August 11, 2023). "Foundation Recap: Forget It, Jake, It's Trantor". Vulture. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.
^ Edwards, Belen (November 19, 2021). "How Apple TV's Foundation Is Different from the Books". Mashable. Archived from the original on February 27, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
^ a b c Bibby, Daniel (December 20, 2023). "Foundation's Genetic Dynasty & The Clone Emperors Explained". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on December 29, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
^ Wanserski, Nick (September 24, 2021). "Foundation Arrives to Bring Hope in the Encroaching Darkness". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
^ a b c d e Petski, Denise (March 21, 2024). "Foundation: Cherry Jones, Brandon P. Bell Among 8 New Series Regulars For Season 3; Pilou Asbæk Joins in Recasting". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on March 22, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Lealos, Shawn S.; Bacon, Thomas (September 26, 2021). "Foundation: All Major Changes the Show Makes to Isaac Asimov's Books". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
^ a b Motamayor, Rafael (September 2, 2023). "Foundation Recap: I, Demerzel". Vulture. Archived from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^ a b Armstrong, Neil (September 20, 2021). "Foundation: The 'Unfilmable' Sci-fi Epic Now on Our Screens". BBC. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Wimmer, Josh; Wilkins, Alasdair (May 9, 2011). "Isaac Asimov's Foundation: The Little Idea That Became Science Fiction's Biggest Series". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
^ a b c d e f Willis, Jesse (April 21, 2011). "BBC Radio 3: Isaac Asimov's The Foundation Trilogy". SFF Audio. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
^ a b c O'Keefe, Meghan (September 16, 2021). "Foundation on Apple TV+: How David S. Goyer Worked with the Asimov Estate to Update the Sci-Fi Classic". Decider. Archived from the original on October 4, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
^ "Foundation's Lou Llobell talks about Gaal Dornick's brainy strength". Syfy. October 7, 2021. Archived from the original on March 2, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
^ a b c d East, Michael (September 24, 2021). "Foundation Premiere Review: 'The Emperor's Peace' and 'Preparing to Live'". Winter Is Coming. Archived from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Del Rosario, Alexandra (February 1, 2022). "Foundation: Apple TV+ Sci-Fi Drama Adds 10 to Season 2 Cast, Unveils First Look". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
^ a b Petski, Denise (December 13, 2023). "Alexander Siddig Joins Apple's Foundation as New Series Regular in Season 3". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
^ a b c d e f Collins, Sean T. (July 21, 2023). "Foundation Season 2 Episode 2 Recap: 'A Glimpse of Darkness'". Decider. Archived from the original on August 4, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
^ Otterson, Joe (February 22, 2024). "Foundation Season 3 Adds CODA Star Troy Kotsur to Cast". Variety. Archived from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved March 7, 2024.
^ a b c d e Ehiosun, Joshua (April 22, 2022). "Foundation Characters by Isaac Asimov". Book Analysis. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
^ a b "Lewis Pirenne in Foundation: Character Analysis". Shmoop. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
^ a b c d e f g h i Lealos, Shawn S.; Bacon, Thomas (September 24, 2021). "Foundation Cast & Character Guide: Where Else to See the Stars of the AppleTV+ Sci-Fi". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
^ Collins, Sean T. (October 8, 2021). "Foundation Episode 4 Recap: 'Barbarians t the Gate'". Decider. Archived from the original on March 17, 2024. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
^ a b c d e Collins, Sean T. (July 28, 2023). "Foundation Season 2 Episode 3 Recap: 'King and Commoner'". Decider. Archived from the original on August 1, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
^ "Throwback Thursday: BBC Radio'sThe Foundation Trilogy (1973)". August 27, 2015. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
^ a b c d e f Wimmer, Josh; Wilkins, Alasdair (May 15, 2011). "In Which a Great Work Is Finally Completed: Isaac Asimov's Forward the Foundation". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
^ a b "Minor Characters in 'The Encyclopedists' in Foundation". Shmoop. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
^ Goihman-Yahr, Mauricio (August 1, 2012). "Lord Dorwin's Reviews". Dermatology Online Journal. 18 (8). doi:10.5070/D33xw60737. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 19, 2024 – via escholarship.org.
^ Allen, Brien (September 24, 2021). "Foundation Premiere: 'The Emperor's Peace' and 'Preparing to Live'". TV Obsessive. Archived from the original on March 16, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
^ a b Collins, Sean T. (August 18, 2023). "Foundation Season 2 Episode 6 Recap: "'Why the Gods Made Wine'". Decider. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
^ a b Collins, Sean T. (September 1, 2023). "Foundation Season 2 Episode 8 Recap: 'The Last Empress'". Decider. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
^ a b c d Collins, Sean T. (September 15, 2023). "Foundation Season 2 Finale Recap: 'Creation Myths'". Decider. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
^ a b c Speicher, Jeffrey (September 6, 2023). "Foundation's Constant & Hober Finally Gave Us Something this Show Has Been Lacking". Collider. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
^ Glassman, Julia (August 4, 2023). "This Foundation Character Is the Demisexual Icon I've Been Waiting For". The Mary Sue. Archived from the original on March 18, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
^ Edwards, Richard (July 14, 2023). "Foundation Season 2 Review: Stick with It and You Will Be Rewarded". Space.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
^ "Former Mr. Gay UK and Foundation Actor Dino Fetscher is One of the Hottest Stars in the Galaxy". Queerty. August 21, 2023. Archived from the original on January 12, 2024. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
^ a b Collins, Sean T. (August 25, 2023). "Foundation Season 2 Episode 7 Recap: 'A Necessary Death'". Decider. Archived from the original on September 10, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
^ Motamayor, Rafael (September 8, 2023). "Foundation Recap: Robot and Empire". Vulture. Archived from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^ Collins, Sean T. (September 8, 2023). "Foundation Season 2 Episode 9 Recap: 'Long Ago, Not Far Away'". Decider. Archived from the original on October 14, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
^ a b Grimes, Gary (August 21, 2023). "Foundation star Dino Fetscher: 'We need to raise queer actors up'". Attitude. Archived from the original on February 21, 2024. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
^ a b c Wanserski, Nick (September 24, 2021). "Foundation Arrives to Bring Hope in the Encroaching Darkness". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
^ a b Wanserski, Nick (October 15, 2021). "Foundation Pairs a Weak Flashback with a Strong Move Forward". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2024.}
^ a b Bacon, Thomas (October 17, 2021). "Foundation: Raych's Death, Message & Hari's Murder All Explained". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on July 18, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
^ a b Wanserski, Nick (October 29, 2021). "Foundation Explores Old Mysteries and New Discoveries". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on July 14, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.}
^ Wanserski, Nick (November 5, 2021). "As Foundation Nears the End, It Remains a Fun Story Lacking Focus". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
^ East, Michael (November 19, 2021). "Foundation Season 1 Ending Explained". Decider. Archived from the original on March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
^ a b Leite, Marcelo (July 14, 2023). "Foundation's Queen Sareth of Cloud Dominion Explained". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^ Leite, Marcelo (September 15, 2023). "Lady Demerzel Explained: Foundation's Robot Backstory & Future". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on January 8, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
^ Speicher, Jeffrey (September 24, 2023). "Who Is the Mule, the Future Villain of Foundation?". Collider. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
^ a b c Speicher, Jeffrey (September 12, 2023). "Demerzel and the Robots of Foundation, Explained". Collider. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^ a b Speicher, Jeffrey (August 3, 2023). "Foundation: The Main Characters, Ranked by Likability". Collider. Archived from the original on September 21, 2023. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^ Sáenz, Lissete Lanuza (November 12, 2021). "Foundation Season 1, Episode 9, 'The First Crisis', Recap & Spoilers". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^ Wanserski, Nick (October 22, 2021). "Foundation Explores the Many Ways an Empire Can Decay". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on July 14, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.}
^ a b Collins, Sean T. (July 14, 2023). "Foundation Season 2 Episode 1 Recap: 'In Seldon's Shadow'". Decider. Archived from the original on October 22, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
^ Monique, Joelle (September 24, 2021). "Foundation Review: Apple TV+ Finally Brings Isaac Asimov's Sci-Fi Saga to Sumptuous Life". TheWrap. Archived from the original on March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
^ Leite, Marcelo (July 28, 2023). "How Hari Seldon Has a Body in Foundation Season 2 Explained". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on August 4, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
^ Matadeen, Renaldo (November 14, 2021). "Foundation's Phara Keaen Is TV's Most Merciless Villain". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
vteIsaac Asimov's Foundation seriesAsimov writings
Foundation
Foundation and Empire
Second Foundation
Foundation's Edge
Foundation and Earth
Prelude to Foundation
Forward the Foundation
Others' writings
Foundation's Fear
Foundation and Chaos
Foundation's Triumph
Foundation's Friends
Psychohistorical Crisis
The Originist
Other media
Radio programme
TV series
Foundation universe
Characters
Cleon
Demerzel
Gaal Dornick
Salvor Hardin
Hober Mallow
The Mule
R. Daneel Olivaw
Bel Riose
Hari Seldon
Galactic Empire
Encyclopedia Galactica
Psychohistory
Preceded by: The Robot series and The Empire series
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foundation series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_series"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Isaac Asimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov"},{"link_name":"short stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_stories"},{"link_name":"Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(Asimov_novel)"},{"link_name":"Foundation and Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_and_Empire"},{"link_name":"Second Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Hugo Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Foundation's Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation%27s_Edge"},{"link_name":"Foundation and Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_and_Earth"},{"link_name":"Prelude to Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_to_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Forward the Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_the_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Galactic Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Empire_(Asimov)"},{"link_name":"Hari Seldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Seldon"},{"link_name":"psychohistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychohistory_(fictional)"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"mass action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_action_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"Dark Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)"},{"link_name":"interregnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregnum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palumbo-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elkins-4"},{"link_name":"James E. Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Gunn"},{"link_name":"Lathan Devers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lathan_Devers"},{"link_name":"Salvor Hardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvor_Hardin"},{"link_name":"Limmar Ponyets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Limmar_Ponyets"},{"link_name":"Hober Mallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hober_Mallow"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunn-5"},{"link_name":"Seldon Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seldon_Plan"},{"link_name":"the Mule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mule_(Foundation)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elkins-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunn-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gevers-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palumbo-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunn-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hassler-7"},{"link_name":"The Foundation Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Foundation_Trilogy_(BBC_Radio)"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Apple TV+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV%2B"},{"link_name":"Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"David S. Goyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Goyer"},{"link_name":"Josh Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Friedman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Foundation series is a science fiction book series written by American author Isaac Asimov. First published as a series of short stories and novellas from 1942 to 1950, and subsequently in three collections, for nearly thirty years the series was a trilogy: Foundation (1951); Foundation and Empire (1952); and Second Foundation (1953). It won the one-time Hugo Award for \"Best All-Time Series\" in 1966.[1][2] Asimov later added new volumes, with two sequels, Foundation's Edge (1982) and Foundation and Earth (1986), and two prequels, Prelude to Foundation (1988) and Forward the Foundation (1993).The premise of the stories is that in the waning days of a future Galactic Empire, the mathematician Hari Seldon spends his life developing a theory of psychohistory, a new and effective mathematics of sociology. Using statistical laws of mass action, it can predict the future of large populations. Seldon foresees the imminent fall of the Empire, which encompasses the entire Milky Way, and a Dark Age lasting 30,000 years before a second empire arises. Although the momentum of the Empire's fall is too great to stop, Seldon devises a plan by which \"the onrushing mass of events must be deflected just a little\" to eventually limit this interregnum to just one thousand years.The plot of the Foundation series spans centuries, and its various characters each appear in one or two of its nine installments.[3]: 2, 5 Charles Elkins described its characters as \"undifferentiated and one-dimensional\" speaking with an \"impoverished vocabulary\". He wrote that their consciousness \"shows absolutely no historical development and hence fails to evoke in the reader any feeling for the future universe they inhabit\". Elkins argued that characterization in general is subordinated to the overall conception of Asimov's project.[4] James E. Gunn wrote that though the series of lead characters Lathan Devers, Salvor Hardin, Limmar Ponyets and Hober Mallow \"may seem interchangeable\", they are \"as differentiated as the personages in most histories.\"[5]: 35Through the eyes of the characters the inevitability of the forces of history, made manifest in the Seldon Plan, is demonstrated to the reader repeatedly. Elkins sees the characters in Foundation not as \"tragic heroes. They are nondescript pawns, unable to take their destiny into their own hands.\" Only those elite few characters who understand the Plan can be considered free, with the Mule through his non-human psychic powers as the only exception. But while Elkins attributes the Foundation series a sense of \"pervading fatalism\",[4] Gunn and Nicolas David Gevers point out that the obstacles presented in Asimov's galactic history are overcome by active individual characters \"through the initiative and competence which the Foundations nurture in their citizens\".[5]: 44 [6]: 56 Donald E. Palumbo asserts that it is exactly the \"flatness of character and setting\" which permit the series \"to be a masterpiece\".[3]: 3 The heroism and depth of individual characters is consciously taken back by Asimov for the true hero of the series to stand out: \"the sublime history of humankind itself\".[5]: 46 [7]An eight-part radio adaptation of the original three novels, called The Foundation Trilogy, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1973.In 2021, Apple TV+ premiered a television series adaptation of the novels, Foundation, created by David S. Goyer and Josh Friedman. In 2023, Asimov's daughter Robyn Asimov, an executive producer for the series, said:I love the character development. That was not my father's strong suit, and not necessarily his interest per se. It was all about the storytelling, and he did that so well that it was okay that the characters were a bit flat. What David [S. Goyer] did was especially ... I love the Cleon story. He gave life to these characters, and it brought the story to another level. The story was great anyway, but I think if, if my father had lived to see this, I think he would have been very, very impressed. My father would have loved to have seen the characters come to life. That's something that was not in his wheelhouse per se. And I think this would have excited him.[8]","title":"List of Foundation series characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foundation and Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_and_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bel Riose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel_Riose"},{"link_name":"Siwenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwenna"},{"link_name":"Galactic Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Empire_(Asimov)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"Hober Mallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hober_Mallow"},{"link_name":"Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(Asimov_novel)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_2-11"},{"link_name":"Lathan Devers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lathan_Devers"},{"link_name":"Trantor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trantor"},{"link_name":"Cleon II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#The_Cleons"},{"link_name":"Ammel Brodrig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ammel_Brodrig"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"Gizmodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmodo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_2-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"Seldon Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seldon_Plan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_2-11"},{"link_name":"Peter Howell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Howell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"The Foundation Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Foundation_Trilogy_(BBC_Radio)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"Jesper Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesper_Christensen"},{"link_name":"Apple TV+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV%2B"},{"link_name":"Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep14-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-direct_s2-14"},{"link_name":"A Glimpse of Darkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Glimpse_of_Darkness"},{"link_name":"Poly Verisof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Poly_Verisof"},{"link_name":"Brother Constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Brother_Constant"},{"link_name":"Where the Stars are Scattered Thinly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_the_Stars_are_Scattered_Thinly"},{"link_name":"Glawen Curr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Glawen_Curr"},{"link_name":"auras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aura_(Foundation)"},{"link_name":"whisper-ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisper-ship"},{"link_name":"jumpship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumpship"},{"link_name":"faster-than-light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faster-than-light"},{"link_name":"Spacer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacer_(Foundation)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep14-13"}],"text":"In the Foundation and Empire (1952) story \"The General\", Imperial General Bel Riose of Siwenna coerces Ducem Barr to aid him in his persecution of the Foundation, which Riose hopes to destroy both as a perceived threat to the Galactic Empire and to further his own ambitions.[9][10]: 26 Barr is Riose's best choice as an \"expert\" on the Foundation, his father Onum having met Foundation-aligned Master Trader Hober Mallow during the events of \"The Merchant Princes\" in Foundation (1951).[11] Barr aligns himself with Lathan Devers, a Foundation trader who has let himself be captured by Riose to disrupt the general's operation from the inside. When Devers' machinations are exposed, Barr helps him escape further interrogation by knocking Riose unconscious and fleeing the planet with Devers in tow. They travel to the Imperial capital planet, Trantor, and plot to implicate Riose and Emperor Cleon II's Privy Secretary Ammel Brodrig in a nonexistent conspiracy to overthrow Cleon. Though Barr and Devers are caught by the Secret Police, they escape and later learn that Riose and Brodrig have been arrested for treason and executed.[9][10]: 26Josh Wimmer and Alasdair Wilkins of Gizmodo described Barr as an old revolutionary and assassin who \"hates the Empire like no other character in the series\", and sees the Foundation's predictions about the fall of the Empire as the vengeance he could never have imagined for his lost family and ruined planet.[11] In the last chapter, Asimov uses the character of Barr to explain the political dynamics of why Riose would never have been able to defeat the Foundation: a strong emperor's sense of self-preservation would never allow him to tolerate a subordinate who develops potentially threatening power.[9][10]: 26 Wimmer and Wilkens called Barr a \"great character ... and his world-weary pragmatism coupled with supreme faith in the Seldon Plan is an intriguing combination.\"[11]Barr is voiced by Peter Howell in episode four \"The General\" of the 1973 BBC Radio 4 adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12]Barr is portrayed by Jesper Christensen in season two of the 2021 Apple TV+ television series adaptation Foundation.[13][14] In the 2023 episode \"A Glimpse of Darkness\", Barr witnesses a presentation on Siwenna by High Claric Poly Verisof and Brother Constant of the Church of the Galactic Spirit, extolling the virtues of the Foundation and Seldon's predictions. He records it using special technology in his left eye. In \"Where the Stars are Scattered Thinly\", Bel Riose and his husband/second-in-command Glawen Curr visit Barr to follow up on the recording. Barr, an Imperial loyalist, has been sending reports to the Empire for 40 years, none of which have been acknowledged until now. Riose and Curr learn that the Foundation has provided the clarics with auras, protective force shield technology forbidden to everyone except the Emperors, and whisper-ships, a Foundation-created type of jumpship which can perform faster-than-light travel without requiring a Spacer to navigate. When a mob of villagers arrives for the Imperials, Barr helps them escape and asks Riose to shoot him to death, so that he may avoid interrogation and torture. Riose kills Barr and flees.[13]","title":"Ducem Barr"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Foundation"},{"link_name":"the Mule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mule_(Foundation)"},{"link_name":"Han Pritcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Han_Pritcher"},{"link_name":"Kalgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalgan_(fictional_planet)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_3-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_3-16"},{"link_name":"Trader Faulkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trader_Faulkner"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"}],"text":"In the Second Foundation (1953) story \"Part I: Search by the Mule\", the Mule has yet to find the elusive Second Foundation. He sends his agent Han Pritcher on his sixth search, this time accompanied Bail Channis, the only one of the Mule's followers who is \"Unconverted\", or not influenced by the Mule's psychic powers to serve him. The Mule tells Pritcher that Channis's untainted mind will allow him to be more capable of making intuitive leaps which might help in the search. In fact, the Mule has determined that Channis is a Second Foundation agent who intends to lead the Mule into a trap. Secretly followed by the Mule and his fleet, Channis leads the search to the desolate planet Tazenda, a plausible location for the Second Foundation. On a nearby world, Rossem, Pritcher draws his atomic blaster on Channis, who he now suspects to be an agent of the Second Foundation. Pritcher is correct, but Channis possesses a psychic ability similar to the Mule's and uses it to free Pritcher from the Mule's control. The Mule appears, and reveals that his fleet has destroyed Tazenda. The Mule uses mental torture to extract the true location of the Second Foundation from Channis's mind: Rossem. The First Speaker of the Second Foundation arrives and informs the Mule that he has been defeated. Channis had been preprogrammed to believe that the Second Foundation is on Rossem, but it is not. Second Foundation agents have traveled to Kalgan and the Foundation worlds to undo the Mule's Conversions and orchestrate an insurrection, and his fleet is too far away to prevent it. When the Mule experiences a moment of despair, the First Speaker is able to seize control of and alter his mind: he will return to Kalgan and live out the rest of his life as a peaceful despot. Channis's mind is later restored by the First Speaker.[15][16]Channis is voiced by Trader Faulkner in episode seven \"The Mule Finds\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12]","title":"Bail Channis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cleon (Foundation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleon_(Foundation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lee_Pace_Paris_Fashion_Week_Spring_Summer_2020.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lee Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Pace"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_2-11"},{"link_name":"Byzantine emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Justinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gevers-6"},{"link_name":"William Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fox_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"Prelude to Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_to_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Hari Seldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Seldon"},{"link_name":"psychohistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychohistory_(fictional_science)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_6-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_6-17"},{"link_name":"Forward the Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_the_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Raych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Raych_Seldon"},{"link_name":"Jo-Jo Joranum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Jo-Jo_Joranum"},{"link_name":"Gambol Deen Namarti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Gambol_Deen_Namarti"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forward-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Brother Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Day"},{"link_name":"Lee Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Pace"},{"link_name":"Brother Dusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Dusk"},{"link_name":"Terrence Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Mann"},{"link_name":"Brother Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Dawn"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collider_who-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vulture_ep15-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mashable-22"},{"link_name":"Lady Demerzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Demerzel"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_clones-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-av_101-24"}],"text":"For the 2021 TV version of the character, see Cleon (Foundation).Lee Pace portrays Brother Day, the middle-aged Cleon clone, in the 2021 TV series.Introduced in Foundation and Empire in \"The General\", Cleon II is the last great Emperor of the Galactic Empire. Threatened by the rising power and popularity of one of his own generals, Bel Riose, Cleon has him recalled and executed for treason.[9][10]: 26 Wimmer and Wilkins described Cleon II as \"the aging, infirmed emperor whose great mind has been let down by his faltering body.\"[11] Nicholas David Gevers suggested that Cleon II is based on the Byzantine emperor Justinian I.[6]: 57 Cleon II is voiced by William Fox in episode four \"The General\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12]In the prequel novel Prelude to Foundation (1988), Emperor Cleon I learns of mathematician Hari Seldon's nascent concept of psychohistory, which might theoretically make it possible to predict the future. Brought before Cleon, Seldon emphasizes his belief that developing it as a science is likely impossible. Subsequently, interest in Seldon's work by unknown parties puts him in danger, convincing him of psychohistory's potential importance.[10]: 213–215 [17] Wimmer and Wilkens described Cleon as \"basically decent but woefully inadequate\" but also \"a fairly entertaining character, who has me absolutely convinced that ruling a whole galaxy could be just a drag if you were born at the wrong time\".[17]In Forward the Foundation (1993), Seldon and his foster son Raych thwart the scheme of populist Jo-Jo Joranum to become Cleon's First Minister and then overthrow him. The emperor subsequently appoints Seldon as his First Minister. Joranum's associate Gambol Deen Namarti's own plan to assassinate Seldon using a drugged Raych is also foiled, but Cleon is killed by a gardener trying to avoid promotion. A military government subsequently takes over, lasting for a decade.[10]: 222 [18][19]In the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation, the 12,000-year-old Empire has been ruled for 400 years by a revolving trio of Cleon I clones: Brother Day (portrayed by Lee Pace), a Cleon in his prime; Brother Dusk (portrayed by Terrence Mann), a retired and aging Cleon who serves in an advisory role; and Brother Dawn (played by Cooper Carter as a child and Cassian Bilton as a young adult), a young Cleon being trained to succeed Brother Day.[20] Though cloning does not factor in Asimov's novels,[21][22] the television series introduces a \"Genetic Dynasty\", surreptitiously administered for centuries by the regal Lady Demerzel, secretly a unique, ageless robot.[23][24]","title":"The Cleons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toran Darell II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Toran_Darell_II"},{"link_name":"Bayta and Toran Darell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bayta_and_Toran_Darell"},{"link_name":"Homir Munn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Homir_Munn"},{"link_name":"Lord Stettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lord_Stettin"},{"link_name":"Lady Callia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lady_Callia"},{"link_name":"Preem Palver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Preem_Palver"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_3-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_3-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_3-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_3-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_3-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hassler-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_3-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_3-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"}],"text":"In the Second Foundation story \"Part II: Search by the Foundation\", Arcadia \"Arkady\" Darell is the 14-year-old daughter of Dr. Toran Darell II, and granddaughter of Bayta and Toran Darell. She has a keen sense of observation and deduction, and has learned that her Foundation member father is part of a cabal seeking the secret location of the Second Foundation. Arkady stows away with Foundation agent Homir Munn when he travels to the planet Kalgan to search for clues to the Second Foundation's location. Munn is rebuffed by Lord Stettin, the current warlord of Kalgan, but Arkady manipulates his flighty consort, Lady Callia, to persuade Stettin to allow librarian Munn access to the Mule's palace for research purposes. Stettin becomes suspicious of Munn and arrests him. Stettin also shows interest in marrying Arkady, and she escapes with help of Lady Callia. At the spaceport, Arkady meets trader Preem Palver and his wife, who help her flee the planet and take her to their home on Trantor. With Palver's help, Arkady sends a coded message to her father with what she has determined is the location of the Second Foundation. Dr. Darell invents a device which reveals several Second Foundation sleeper agents, and Arkady is tested to make sure she has not been compromised. Dr. Darell is relieved to find that the results are negative, not knowing that the Second Foundation did actually \"adjust\" Arkady shortly after birth, rendering their influence impossible to trace.[15][16]Wimmer and Wilkins described Arkady as \"overconfident and impetuous, but witty and awfully smart for a kid.\"[16] They wrote, \"It's remarkable just how perfectly Asimov captures the occasionally obnoxious precociousness of the gifted teenager ... but he also folds in Arkady's romanticism and femininity without ever making them seem silly or stereotypical.\"[16] Folk-Williams wrote that Arkady \"is introduced with a lot of subtlety as a strong character, but she loses that depth and agency as the story unfolds. Like many others, she only has a moment in the story as she serves the needs of the plan, and then she's gone.\"[15] Donald M. Hassler called Arkady the \"concluding key figure\" of the original Foundation trilogy.[7] Wimmer and Wilkins praised her as \"one of the best characters Asimov ever created\", and one who belonged on \"the short list for science fiction's all-time greatest heroes\".[16] However, they criticized Asimov' decision to have Arkady's mind tampered with, describing it as \"callous and cold\", and \"an unnecessarily harsh ending for such a wonderful character.\"[16]Arkady is voiced by Sarar Frampton in episode eight \"Star's End\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12]","title":"Arcadia \"Arkady\" Darell"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20180521_BL_VMAN_0697_copy(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cody Fern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody_Fern"},{"link_name":"Terminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminus_(fictional_planet)"},{"link_name":"Ebling Mis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ebling_Mis"},{"link_name":"Indbur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Indbur"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_2-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_2-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_2-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_2-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_3-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_2-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_2-11"},{"link_name":"Angela Pleasence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Pleasence"},{"link_name":"Gary Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Watson"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"Synnøve Karlsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synn%C3%B8ve_Karlsen"},{"link_name":"Cody Fern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody_Fern"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl_s3-25"}],"text":"Cody Fern will portray Toran Mallow in season three of the 2021 TV series.Bayta and Toran Darell are a newly married couple in the Foundation and Empire story \"The Mule\". Bayta, a descendant of a great Foundation family, and Toran, who is part of a Trader family, learn that a mysterious figure called the Mule has conquered the barbarian planet Kalgan with no military force and no resistance from the Kalganians. The Darells investigate, but soon leave Kalgan with the fugitive Magnifico, a \"strange, gangly creature\" who is the Mule's former court jester. On Terminus, they seek out elder Foundation scholar Ebling Mis for advice. The complacent Mayor Indbur of Terminus is nonplussed about the danger posed by the Mule, believing that the pending hologram from Hari Seldon will tell them how to handle this latest crisis. Instead, Seldon predicts a civil war between the Foundation and the Traders. The Mule's forces arrive, and Indbur surrenders immediately. The Darells escape with Mis and Magnifico to find the rumored Second Foundation, their only hope to stop the Mule. At what remains of the Great Library of Trantor, Mis works tirelessly to discover clues to the secret location of the Second Foundation. Dying, Mis announces that he knows where the Second Foundation is. Bayta kills him before he can reveal the location, having just realized that Magnifico is the Mule, who seeks the Second Foundation so he can destroy it. He is a mutant who can sense and manipulate the emotions of others, an ability he has employed to conquer planets bloodlessly, and to compel Mis to work himself to death. The Mule promises to find and destroy the Second Foundation, the only threat to his eventual reign over the entire galaxy, but Bayta asserts that it has already prepared for him, and will react before he has time to stop it.[9][11]John Folk-Williams described Bayta as \"the real star of this story, a fairly well realized female character who is considerably smarter and more observant than her young husband and who often carries the burden of explaining what's going on to her less aware companions.\" He noted that the final chapters \"give Bayta the central role in seeing through the Mule's special powers of mind\".[9] Wimmer and Wilkins called Bayta \"a very different type of character from anyone who has previously appeared in Foundation\". They noted that she is only the second female character to appear in any Foundation story,[11] and Folk-Williams deemed Bayta \"one of Asimov's better attempts at a woman character\".[15] Wimmer and Wilkins explained that the Mule subtly controls the emotions of everyone in the story except for Bayta, \"the sole person in the entire galaxy who, of her own volition, treated him like a person ... and that of course was his undoing.\"[11] Noting that the Mule's psychic manipulations \"subtly made Toran Darell far braver and far stupider than he really was\", Wimmer and Wilkins wrote that \"it feels weird to know that a key character like Toran wasn't acting himself throughout most of the story.\"[11]Bayta is voiced by Angela Pleasence and Toran by Gary Watson in episode five \"The Mule\" and episode six \"Flight from the Mule\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12]In March 2024, Apple TV+ announced that Synnøve Karlsen and Cody Fern had been cast as Bayta and Toran Mallow for season three of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation.[25]","title":"Bayta and Toran Darell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Demerzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerzel"},{"link_name":"R. Daneel Olivaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Daneel_Olivaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laura_Birn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Laura Birn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Birn"},{"link_name":"Dors Venabili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dors_Venabili"},{"link_name":"R. Daneel Olivaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Daneel_Olivaw"},{"link_name":"Robot series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_series"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"James E. Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Gunn"},{"link_name":"Lost Horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Horizon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_6-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forward-18"},{"link_name":"Laura Birn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Birn"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_changes-26"},{"link_name":"majordomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majordomo"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collider_who-20"},{"link_name":"Vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(website)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vulture_ep18-27"}],"text":"For the 2021 TV version of the character, see Demerzel. For the character's Robot series alter ego, see R. Daneel Olivaw.Laura Birn portrays Lady Demerzel in the 2021 TV series.In Prelude to Foundation, reporter Chetter Hummin warns young mathematician Hari Seldon that his nascent theory of psychohistory has attracted the dangerous attention of Eto Demerzel, the First Minister and chief advisor to Emperor Cleon I. Pairing Seldon with Streeling University historian Dors Venabili, Hummin assists him in his danger-fraught tour of several of Trantor's 800 varied sectors, evading capture by Demerzel while gathering information he hopes will inform if and how psychohistory can be developed into a predictive science. Hummin is revealed to be Demerzel, who has seen the importance of psychohistory to humanity's future and has manipulated Seldon to help him bring it to fruition. Seldon confronts Demerzel with his determination that the First Minister is a robot. Demerzel confirms that he is one of the last surviving robots from the Robot Wars, R. Daneel Olivaw, a prominent character in Asimov's Robot series. He has been guiding human development for centuries, and needs psychohistory to hopefully mitigate the anarchy that will be precipitated by the inevitable and imminent fall of the Empire. Thanks to Demerzel's guidance, Seldon has realized that Trantor itself possesses the diversity and complexity, at a manageable scale, required to build his calculations.[10]: 213–215 James E. Gunn compared Seldon's revelation that Demerzel is a robot to the sequence in the 1933 novel Lost Horizon in which Hugh Conway guesses correctly that the High Lama is the 250-year-old monk Perrault.[10]: 215 Wimmer and Wilkens described Demerzel as scheming and mysterious, and Hummin as \"impossibly well-connected\", adding \"there's a lot of fun to be had with Hummin and Demerzel's attempts to pass convincingly as humans.\"[17]In Forward the Foundation, ambitious politician Jo-Jo Joranum schemes to replace Demerzel as First Minister, with the goal of ultimately deposing Cleon I. Realizing the danger, Seldon has his foster son Raych \"reveal\" that Demerzel is a robot. Joranum accuses Demerzel, who seemingly proves himself to not be a robot by laughing, as a human would. A humiliated Joranum is exiled to a distant planet. Demerzel subsequently steps down to focus his efforts elsewhere in the universe, and Cleon appoints Seldon as his First Minister.[10]: 222 [18]A gender-swapped and expanded version of the character is portrayed by Laura Birn in the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation.[26] This Lady Demerzel is majordomo to the revolving trio of Emperor clones, Brothers Dawn, Day and Dusk. Only the emperors themselves are aware that Demerzel is secretly an ageless robot, the last surviving android from the ancient Robot Wars.[20] Rafael Motamayor of Vulture wrote, \"Demerzel is Foundation's biggest secret weapon—a character the show is mostly keeping a mystery while slowly unraveling just how central to every aspect of the story she really is.\"[27]","title":"Eto Demerzel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"Salvor Hardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvor_Hardin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_2-11"},{"link_name":"Michael Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_N._Harbour"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"}],"text":"In the Foundation and Empire story \"The General\", Foundation trader Lathan Devers lets himself be captured by Imperial General Bel Riose to disrupt Riose's overtures against the Foundation from the inside. With Emperor Cleon II's Privy Secretary Ammel Brodrig present to observe Riose, Devers attempts to implicate Riose in a nonexistent attempt to overthrow Cleon. His machinations are exposed, but Ducem Barr helps him escape further interrogation by knocking Riose unconscious and fleeing the planet with Devers in tow. They travel to the Imperial capital planet, Trantor, and plot to influence Cleon directly with Devers' invented conspiracy, implicating both Riose and Brodrig. Though they are caught by the Secret Police, they escape and later learn that Riose and Brodrig have been arrested for treason and executed.[9][10]: 26Wimmer and Wilkins wrote of the character, \"Devers clearly wants to be in the mold of the larger-than-life characters we met in Foundation, but he lacks the cunning of a Salvor Hardin or a Hober Mallow. What's worse, Devers is the best the Foundation's got—he's an above-average man living in an era of mediocrity going up against the Empire's last great men.\"[11]Devers is voiced by Michael Harbour in episode four \"The General\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12]","title":"Lathan Devers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"Synnax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synnax"},{"link_name":"societal collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societal_collapse"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-armstrong-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_1-29"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Beevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Beevers"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sffaudio-30"},{"link_name":"Lou Llobell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Llobell"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_changes-26"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_estate-31"},{"link_name":"ocean world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_world"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-syfy_gaal-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wic_premiere-33"}],"text":"Introduced in Foundation in the story \"The Psychohistorians\", Gaal Dornick is a gifted young mathematician, newly awarded his doctorate, who has been invited to the Imperial capital planet Trantor from his home planet Synnax by famed mathematician and psychologist Hari Seldon. Seldon has developed the science of psychohistory, which uses sophisticated mathematics and statistical analysis to predict future trends on a galactic scale. Knowing that Dornick is possibly the only person in the galaxy capable of fully understanding his work, Seldon reveals his prediction of the unavoidable and relatively imminent fall of the Galactic Empire. He has conceived a plan, in which Dornick's participation is crucial, to mitigate the duration of this societal collapse. Under surveillance by agents of the Committee of Public Safety since his arrival, Dornick is arrested and interrogated. As orchestrated by Seldon, he and his followers are exiled to the distant planet Terminus, where he intends to execute this plan by establishing the Foundation.[10]: 23–24 [28] Describing \"The Psychohistorians\" as \"28 pages of nonstop world-building\", Wimmer and Wilkins note that \"the ostensible protagonist, Gaal Dornick, is such a non-entity that he barely even counts as an audience identification figure\".[29]Dornick is voiced by Geoffrey Beevers in episode one \"Psychohistory and Encyclopedia\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12][30]A gender-swapped and expanded version of Dornick is portrayed by Lou Llobell in the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation.[26][31] She is a mathematical prodigy from an ocean world where science and mathematics are considered heresy, and forbidden.[32][33]","title":"Gaal Dornick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anacreon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacreon_(fictional_planet)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_1-29"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_1-29"},{"link_name":"Lee Montague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Montague"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sffaudio-30"},{"link_name":"Leah Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah_Harvey"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_changes-26"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_estate-31"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collider_who-20"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_changes-26"}],"text":"Introduced in Foundation in the story \"The Encyclopedists\", Salvor Hardin is the first mayor of Terminus City, the primary settlement on Terminus. Hardin believes Terminus is in danger of political exploitation by the four neighboring prefectures of the Empire. Identifying the kingdom of Anacreon as the most powerful of the four, Hardin visits the others and convinces them that they must resist nuclear power from falling to Anacreon alone. The three issue a joint ultimatum that all be allowed to receive nuclear technology from Terminus City, ensuring that the Foundation is indispensable to all.[10]: 24–25 [29]In \"The Mayors\", Anacreon launches a direct military assault against Terminus using an abandoned Imperial battlecruiser. Hardin secretly installs a kill switch into the cruiser, causing the crew to mutiny. Maddened by this failure, Prince Regent Wienis of Anacreon orders Hardin's execution, but his royal guardsmen refuse to obey him. He then attempts, but fails, to kill Hardin himself.[10]: 24–25 [29]Hardin is voiced by Lee Montague in episode two \"The Mayors\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12][30]A gender-swapped version of Hardin is portrayed by Leah Harvey in the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation.[26][31] She is the Warden and protector of Terminus, 35 years after Seldon's trial.[20][26]","title":"Salvor Hardin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dimitri_Leonidas_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dimitri Leonidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Leonidas"},{"link_name":"Korell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korell_(fictional_planet)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_1-29"},{"link_name":"Julian Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Glover"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sffaudio-30"},{"link_name":"Dimitri Leonidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Leonidas"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-direct_s2-14"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl_first_look-34"}],"text":"Dimitri Leonidas portrays Hober Mallow in the 2021 TV series.Introduced in Foundation in the story \"The Merchant Princes\", Hober Mallow is a Master Trader for the Foundation. He and his ship, Far Star, are sent to Korell to investigate the disappearance of three Foundation vessels in the vicinity. A Foundation missionary, Reverend Jord Parma, seeks sanctuary, but Mallow suspects subterfuge and turns Parma over to the Korellians, whose laws forbid Foundation missionaries to be on the planet under penalty of death. Mallow negotiates the sale of Foundation devices to the ruler of Korell, and soon the planet is dependent on them. Mallow is later tried for murder on Terminus for condemning the missionary to death, but is exonerated when he proves that Parma was actually an agent of the Korellian secret police. Mallow's popularity results in his appointment to Mayor of Terminus. Korell subsequently declares war on the Foundation, and when Mallow imposes an embargo on them, the Korellan economy collapses due to its dependency on Foundation technology, thus forcing its surrender.[10]: 25–26 Wimmer and Wilkins described Mallow as \"larger-than-life\", and \"one of the strangest characters Asimov ever created, a heartless bastard who's described physically more like a particularly intelligent shaved bear than a normal human.\"[29]Mallow is voiced by Julian Glover as in episode three \"The Merchant Princes\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12][30]Mallow is portrayed by Dimitri Leonidas in season two of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation.[14] He is a roguish trader and con man with a \"sarcastic personality and questionable morals, who is summoned against his will to serve a higher, selfless cause.\"[34]","title":"Hober Mallow"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AlexanderSiddig09TIFF.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alexander Siddig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Siddig"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_2-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_2-11"},{"link_name":"Heinlein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein"},{"link_name":"Jubal Harshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubal_Harshaw"},{"link_name":"Lazarus Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_Long"},{"link_name":"Stranger in a Strange Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land"},{"link_name":"Time Enough for Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Enough_for_Love"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_2-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_2-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_2-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_2-11"},{"link_name":"Maurice Denham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Denham"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sffaudio-30"},{"link_name":"Alexander Siddig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Siddig"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siddig-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siddig-35"}],"text":"Alexander Siddig will portray Ebling Mis in the 2021 TV series.In the Foundation and Empire story \"The Mule\", Ebling Mis is the Foundation's first real psychologist since its founding. He is warned by Bayta and Toran Darell about the Mule, a mysterious figure who has conquered the planet Kalgan and is planning to do the same to other worlds. Mis tries to warn Mayor Indbur of Terminus of the danger posed by the Mule, but is rebuffed. The Foundation soon falls to the Mule, and Mis flees with the Darells and Magnifico, the Mule's former jester, to find the rumored Second Foundation and seek their aid. At what remains of the Great Library of Trantor, Mis works tirelessly to discover clues to the secret location of the Second Foundation. Dying, Mis announces that he knows where the Second Foundation is. Bayta kills him before he can reveal the location, having just realized that Magnifico is the Mule, who seeks the Second Foundation so he can destroy it. He is a mutant who can sense and manipulate the emotions of others, an ability he has employed to conquer planets bloodlessly, and to compel Mis to work himself to death. The Mule promises to find and destroy the Second Foundation, the only threat to his eventual reign over the entire galaxy.[9][11]Wimmer and Wilkins called Mis \"the liveliest character of the series since Salvor Hardin\", and described him as \"so deliberately over-the-top—and so fun to read because of it ... he's like one of Heinlein's classic old men, Jubal Harshaw or Lazarus Long, with a heaping dash of comic outrageousness that wouldn't work in Stranger in a Strange Land or Time Enough for Love (they're too ponderous) but fits perfectly in the slightly cartoonish universe of the Foundation.\"[11] They also remarked on the \"brutality\" of the \"compulsive gradual suicide\" visited upon Mis by the Mule, and called the character's death at Bayta's hands \"a horrifying moment\".[11] Wimmer and Wilkins wrote that \"Mis is on the verge of unwittingly selling out everything he's ever lived for, forcing a dear and innocent friend to destroy him\".[11] They argued, \"[Mis's] death really does signal the end of the Foundation as we have come to know it. Up till that moment, things have still felt a bit like a game ... the Mule might have taken over Terminus and Haven, but there's little sense of any enormous casualties. You feel like, heck, maybe even if he did win, things wouldn't be so awful ... and then Mis is gone, and in a manner as ugly and unhappy as anyone could imagine ... it hits home just how awful things are, just how terribly the Mule has disturbed the order of things.\"[11]Mis is voiced by Maurice Denham in episode five \"The Mule\" and episode six \"Flight from the Mule\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12][30]Mis will be portrayed by Alexander Siddig in season three of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation.[35] The character is described as a \"self-taught psychohistorian and diehard fan of Hari Seldon.\"[35]","title":"Ebling Mis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comic_Con_Germany_2018_by-RaBoe_288_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pilou Asbæk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilou_Asb%C3%A6k"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_2-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_2-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_3-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_3-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_3-16"},{"link_name":"Wolfe Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfe_Morris"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"Mikael Persbrandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Persbrandt"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-direct_s2-14"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep12-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep12-36"},{"link_name":"Pilou Asbæk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilou_Asb%C3%A6k"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl_s3-25"},{"link_name":"Tómas Lemarquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3mas_Lemarquis"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl_s3-25"}],"text":"Pilou Asbæk will portray the Mule in season three.In the Foundation and Empire story \"The Mule\", a mysterious figure called the Mule has conquered the planet Kalgan with no military force and no resistance from the Kalganians. Foundation-aligned newlyweds Bayta and Toran Darell leave Kalgan with the Mule's fugitive court jester, Magnifico Giganticus, and soon the Foundation falls to the Mule as well. The Darells and elder Foundation scholar Ebling Mis escape with Magnifico to find the rumored Second Foundation, their only hope to stop the Mule. After tireless research, a dying Mis announces that he knows where the Second Foundation is. Bayta kills him before he can reveal the location, having just realized that Magnifico is the Mule, who seeks the Second Foundation so he can destroy it. He is a mutant who can sense and manipulate the emotions of others, an ability he has employed to conquer planets bloodlessly, to \"Convert\" Foundation intelligence officer Han Pritcher into a loyal agent, and to compel Mis to work himself to death. The Mule promises to find and destroy the Second Foundation, the only threat to his eventual reign over the entire galaxy.[9][11][16]The Second Foundation story \"Part I: Search by the Mule\" finds the Mule still searching for the elusive Second Foundation. Pritcher is accompanied on his latest search by Bail Channis, a follower of the Mule who remains \"Unconverted\" by the Mule's psychic powers and who the Mule suspects is a Second Foundation agent. Pritcher deduces that Channis is a spy, but Channis possesses a psychic ability similar to the Mule's and uses it to free Pritcher from the Mule's control. The Mule appears and uses mental torture to extract the true location of the Second Foundation from Channis's mind, but the First Speaker of the Second Foundation arrives and informs the Mule that he has been defeated. While the Mule has been focused on Channis, Second Foundation agents have traveled to Kalgan and the Foundation worlds to undo the Mule's Conversions and orchestrate an insurrection, and his fleet is too far away to prevent it. When the Mule experiences a moment of despair, the First Speaker is able to seize control of and alter his mind: he will return to Kalgan and live out the rest of his life as a peaceful despot.[15][16]Magnifico/The Mule is voiced by Wolfe Morris in episodes five, six and seven of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12]The Mule is portrayed by Mikael Persbrandt in season two of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation.[14][36] Decider called the introduction of the Mule \"one of the show's most long-awaited moments\".[36] The role was recast with Pilou Asbæk for season three.[25] Additionally, Magnifico will be portrayed by Tómas Lemarquis.[25]","title":"The Mule"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Troy_kotsur_2022_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Troy Kotsur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Kotsur"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_3-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_3-16"},{"link_name":"Cyril Shaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Shaps"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"Troy Kotsur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Kotsur"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Troy Kotsur will portray Preem Palver in the 2021 TV series.In the Second Foundation story \"Part II: Search by the Foundation\", farmer and trader Preem Palver and his wife are at the spaceport on Kalgan when they meet teenager Arkady Darell. Arkady is fleeing Lord Stettin, the warlord of Kalgan, so the Palvers take her with them to their home on Trantor. Palver later helps Arkady send a coded message to her father, Dr. Toran Darell II of the Foundation, containing what she believes is the location of the Second Foundation. Stettin launches an invasion of the Foundation which fails, and the discovery of several Second Foundation sleeper agents convinces the Foundation that they have eliminated the threat of the Second Foundation. Palver, however, is secretly the First Speaker of the intact Second Foundation, and has orchestrated Stettin's attack, its failure, the discovery of Palver's own agents and even Arkady's participation to convince the Foundation that they have triumphed.[15][16]Palver is voiced by Cyril Shaps in episode seven \"The Mule Finds\" and episode eight \"Star's End\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12]Palver will be portrayed by Troy Kotsur in season three of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation. The character is described as \"the leader of a planet of psychics.\"[37]","title":"Preem Palver"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elliot_Cowan_-_MUSE_(Portrait).jpg"},{"link_name":"Elliot Cowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Cowan"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia Galactica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Galactica_(Foundation)"},{"link_name":"Time Vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Vault"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bookanalysis_1-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shmoop_pirenne-39"},{"link_name":"Shmoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmoop"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bookanalysis_1-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shmoop_pirenne-39"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_1-29"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"Elliot Cowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Cowan"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_cast-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Elliot Cowan portrays Lewis Pirenne in the 2021 TV series.Introduced in Foundation in the story \"The Encyclopedists\", Dr. Lewis Pirenne is the chairman of the Foundation's Board of Trustees and the leader of the Encyclopedists. He dismisses Mayor Salvor Hardin's concerns about the Foundation's susceptibility to interference by nearby regimes, believing that their focus should be on creating the Encyclopedia Galactica and not local politics. When Hari Seldon's Time Vault opens and Seldon reveals that the encyclopedia was merely an excuse to establish the Foundation away from Imperial control, Pirenne realizes that he was wrong and cedes leadership of the Foundation to Hardin.[38][39]Book Analysis and Shmoop explained that Pirenne is rigid and resistant to change, which is ultimately in conflict with Seldon's Plan.[38][39] Wimmer and Wilkins described Pirenne as a \"useless twit\".[29]Pirenne is voiced by Roy Spencer in episode one \"Psychohistory and Encyclopedia\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12]Pirenne is portrayed by Elliot Cowan in season one of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation.[40] He is the Director of the Foundation and first successor of Hari Seldon, and comes into conflict with Salvor Hardin over how to handle the arrival of the Anacreons to Terminus.[41]","title":"Lewis Pirenne"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brandon_P._Bell_2018.png"},{"link_name":"Brandon P. Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_P._Bell"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_2-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_3-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_3-16"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_2-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_2-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_3-16"},{"link_name":"John Justin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Justin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"Brandon P. Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_P._Bell"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl_s3-25"}],"text":"Brandon P. Bell will portray Han Pritcher in season three of the 2021 TV series.In the Foundation and Empire story \"The Mule\", Han Pritcher is a Foundation intelligence officer and secretly a member of the Democratic Underground on Terminus, planning to overthrow Mayor Indbur. Though ordered by the Mayor to investigate renegade traders, he instead looks into the sudden takeover of the planet Kalgan by the Mule. Pritcher attempts to assassinate the Mule in a suicide attack to thwart his conquest of the Foundation, but the Mule is a mutant and uses his psychic powers to \"Convert\" Pritcher into one of his most loyal followers.[11]In the Second Foundation story \"Part I: Search by the Mule\", the Mule has yet to find the elusive Second Foundation. He sends Pritcher on his sixth search, this time accompanied by Bail Channis, the only one of the Mule's followers who is \"Unconverted\", or not influenced by the Mule's psychic powers to serve him. The Mule tells Pritcher this will be an advantage to their quest, but he actually believes that Channis is a Second Foundation agent who intends to lead the Mule into a trap. Secretly followed by the Mule and his fleet, Channis leads the search to the desolate planet Tazenda. Pritcher draws his atomic blaster on Channis, who he now suspects to be an agent of the Second Foundation. Pritcher is correct, but Channis possesses a psychic ability similar to the Mule's and uses it to free Pritcher from the Mule's control. The Mule appears, but while he has been focused on Channis, the Second Foundation has orchestrated an insurrection on Kalgan, and his fleet is too far away to prevent it. When the Mule experiences a moment of despair, the First Speaker of the Second Foundation is able to seize control of and alter his mind: he will return to Kalgan and live out the rest of his life as a peaceful despot. Pritcher joins him.[15][16]Wimmer and Wilkins wrote of Pritcher, \"He breaks rules without a second thought ... but his code of honor forces him to be as honest about it as he possibly can. Before defying his orders, he tries to work through the appropriate official channels, even though he knows it's futile.\"[11] They describe Pritcher's final Conversion by the Mule as \"crushing\", writing that \"more than any other character in this story, Pritcher was an individual, and it's so sad to see him reduced to a puppet of the Mule, albeit still a charming and unconventional one.\"[11] Wimmer and Wilkins wrote that the Converted version of the character in \"Search by the Mule\" is \"a tricky protagonist to really connect with\" due to \"a lot of second derivative characterization\".[16]Pritcher is voiced by John Justin in episodes five, six and seven of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12]Pritcher will be portrayed by Brandon P. Bell in season three of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation.[25]","title":"Han Pritcher"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10.8.17BenDanielsByLuigiNovi1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ben Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Daniels"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_changes-26"},{"link_name":"Belisarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belisarius"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elkins-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gevers-6"},{"link_name":"Dinsdale Landen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinsdale_Landen"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sffaudio-30"},{"link_name":"Ben Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Daniels"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl_first_look-34"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_changes-26"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep13-42"},{"link_name":"Glawen Curr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Glawen_Curr"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_changes-26"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep13-42"}],"text":"Ben Daniels portrays Bel Riose in the 2021 TV series.In the Foundation and Empire story \"The General\", Imperial General Bel Riose governs the planet Siwenna. He investigates the Foundation and is soon determined to destroy it, both as a perceived threat to the Empire and to further his own ambitions. Foundation trader Lathan Devers lets himself be captured by Riose to disrupt his overtures against the Foundation from the inside. With Emperor Cleon II's Privy Secretary Ammel Brodrig present to observe Riose, Devers attempts to implicate Riose in a nonexistent attempt to overthrow Cleon. His machinations are exposed, but Ducem Barr, a Foundation sympathizer forced to aid Riose, helps him escape further interrogation by knocking Riose unconscious and fleeing the planet with Devers in tow. They travel to the Imperial capital planet, Trantor, and plot to influence Cleon directly with Devers' invented conspiracy, implicating both Riose and Brodrig. Though they are caught by the Secret Police, they escape and later learn that Riose and Brodrig have been arrested for treason and executed. Asimov later explains the political dynamics of why Riose would never have been able to defeat the Foundation: a strong emperor's sense of self-preservation would never allow him to tolerate a subordinate who develops potentially threatening power.[9][10]: 26 [26] Riose is loosely based on Belisarius, a great general of the Roman Empire who served Justinian I during the 6th century AD.[4][6]: 56–57Riose is voiced by Dinsdale Landen in episode four \"The General\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12][30]Riose is portrayed by Ben Daniels in season two of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation.[34] He is the last great general of the Superliminal Fleet, imprisoned by Emperor Cleon for breaking orders to save troops, despite still achieving a victory.[26][42] In exchange for his freedom and a reunion with his husband, Glawen Curr, Riose agrees to investigate the dissident Foundation on behalf of the Empire.[26][42]","title":"Bel Riose"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jarred_Harris_at_DIFF_2024.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jared Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Harris"},{"link_name":"interregnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregnum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-armstrong-28"},{"link_name":"Gandalf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandalf"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_1-29"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Jared Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Harris"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collider_who-20"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_estate-31"}],"text":"Jared Harris portrays Hari Seldon in the 2021 TV series.Introduced in Foundation in \"The Psychohistorians\", famed mathematician and psychologist Hari Seldon has developed the science of psychohistory, which uses sophisticated mathematics and statistical analysis to predict future trends on a galactic scale. He has predicted the unavoidable and relatively imminent fall of the Galactic Empire, which will spark a Dark Age lasting 30,000 years. Seldon has conceived a plan which, by his calculations, will limit this interregnum to 1,000 years. He orchestrates his own trial by the Commission of Public Safety, the ruling body of the Empire, who are displeased with his predictions and the potential chaos they would incite. As Seldon anticipated, the Commission does not want to martyr him, so he and his 100,000 followers are exiled from Trantor, the center of the Empire, to the distant and nearly inhospitable planet Terminus. There Seldon intends to establish the Foundation, \"a repository of crucial, civilization-preserving knowledge\" that will enable society to revive itself more quickly and efficiently.[10]: 23–24 [28] Describing the \"The Psychohistorians\" as \"28 pages of nonstop world-building\", Wimmer and Wilkins wrote that in the story, \"Hari Seldon isn't so much a character as he is the living embodiment of psychohistory, an ethereal presence who's about as relatable as Gandalf. It wouldn't be until Prelude to Foundation ... that Seldon would become an actual character.\"[29]Seldon is voiced by William Eedle in several episodes of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12][43]Seldon is portrayed by Jared Harris in the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation.[20][31]","title":"Hari Seldon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_6-17"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_7-44"},{"link_name":"Prime Radiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Radiant"},{"link_name":"Yugo Amaryl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Yugo_Amaryl"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_7-44"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_7-44"}],"text":"In Prelude to Foundation, reporter Chetter Hummin introduces young mathematician Hari Seldon to Streeling University historian Dors Venabili, who subsequently joins Seldon in his danger-fraught tour of several of Trantor's 800 varied sectors. Seldon is gathering information he hopes will inform if and how his nascent theory of psychohistory can be developed into a predictive science. He realizes that Trantor itself possesses the diversity and complexity, at a manageable scale, required to build his calculations. But he also requires the emotional support of Venabili, and does not care that she may also be a robot.[10]: 213–215 [17] In Forward the Foundation, Seldon and Venabili have married, and adopted the former street urchin Raych. But their relationship is strained, and they continue to grow apart.[44] Venabili begins an investigation centered on the Electro-Clarifier, a new device co-invented by Tamwile Elar and built by Cinda Moray, which enhances the abilities of Seldon's Prime Radiant. Venabili believes the Electro-Clarifier is aging Seldon and Yugo Amaryl prematurely, but instead she discovers it is actually killing her, because it only affects the positronic brains of robots.[10]: 222–223 [44] She finally admits to Seldon that she is a robot, and having killed Elar to protect him, reveals that the combination of the device's effects and breaking the First Law of Robotics by harming a human has caused irreparable damage. Dying, she tells Seldon that his love made her human.[10]: 222–223Wimmer and Wilkins wrote that though Venabili's death delivered \"a genuine sense of tragedy ... Dors was a hard character to get a fix on—there was always a faint coldness about her\".[44]","title":"Dors Venabili"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_1-29"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bookanalysis_1-38"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_1-29"},{"link_name":"William Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fox_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"Kulvinder Ghir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulvinder_Ghir"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-direct_s2-14"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep12-36"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_cast-40"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl_first_look-34"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-direct_s2-14"}],"text":"Introduced in Foundation in the story \"The Mayors\", Poly Verisof is the Foundation ambassador and High Priest on Anacreon. After Salvor Hardin discovers a plot against him orchestrated by Prince Regent Wienis, he employs the aid of Verisof, who uses his mass following to instigate a mob against Wienis that helps assure Hardin's victory.[29][38]Wimmer and Wilkins wrote that though Verisof does not believe in the religious culture established on Anacreon, he does not \"think any less of the believers or wish them any harm\" and recognizes religion as \"the best way of doing some good at a time when science has become tainted with the Empire's failure.\"[29]Verisof is voiced by William Fox in episode two \"The Mayors\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12]Verisof is portrayed by Kulvinder Ghir in season two of the 2021 TV series adaptation Foundation. He is High Claric of the Foundation's propagandist Church of the Galactic Spirit.[14] Verisof, who was a child at the dawn of the Foundation, is Brother Constant's superior and companion.[36][40] He is described as \"Whip-smart and sardonic, he's also a terrible drunk — intelligent enough to see the path he's on, but too cynical to change.[34] The character is portrayed as child by Jairaj Varsani in season one, and the season two episode \"Where the Stars Are Scattered Thinly\".[14]","title":"Poly Verisof"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dahl sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahl_sector"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_6-17"},{"link_name":"Wanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wanda_Seldon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_7-44"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_3-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_3-16"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Woolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Woolf"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"Narses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narses"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gevers-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_3-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_3-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_3-16"},{"link_name":"Prunella Scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunella_Scales"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sffaudio-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_1-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_1-29"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_3-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_3-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_3-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_3-16"},{"link_name":"Carleton Hobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_Hobbs"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bookanalysis_1-38"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shmoop_1-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_1-29"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"Raych Seldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Raych_Seldon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forward-18"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_2-9"},{"link_name":"John Ruddock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruddock"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"Leo Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Bill"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl_s3-25"},{"link_name":"Reece Shearsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reece_Shearsmith"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_cast-40"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forward-18"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shmoop_1-45"},{"link_name":"John Hollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hollis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_3-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_3-16"},{"link_name":"David March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_March_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forward-18"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_1-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_1-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_1-29"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_6-17"},{"link_name":"Wanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wanda_Seldon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forward-18"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_7-44"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_7-44"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bookanalysis_1-38"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"Oliver Chris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Chris"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-direct_s2-14"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_cast-40"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep12-36"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimind_3-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_3-16"},{"link_name":"Peter Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pratt"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gunn_ppbk-10"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gizmodo_1-29"},{"link_name":"Anthony Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Jackson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scifimike-12"}],"text":"Yugo Amaryl is a trusted colleague of Hari Seldon who works closely with him on the development of psychohistory. In Prelude to Foundation, Hari Seldon meets Amaryl, a menial worker in the heatsinks of the Dahl sector of Trantor, where vast subterranean operations generate energy from heat in the deep recesses of the planet. Seldon and Dors Venabili are on a danger-fraught tour of several of Trantor's 800 varied sectors, evading capture by First Minister Eto Demerzel while gathering information Seldon hopes will inform if and how psychohistory can be developed into a predictive science. Amaryl reveals himself to be a mathematical prodigy, and once Seldon is safe he arranges for Amaryl to begin studies at Streeling University.[10]: 214 [17] In Forward the Foundation, Amaryl has earned a doctorate and is Seldon's closest and most trusted colleague, working with him on the development of psychohistory. Seldon's 12-year-old granddaughter Wanda finds an error in one of the equations generated by Amaryl's Prime Radiant. Amaryl soon realizes that she is not a mathematical prodigy, but instead possesses nascent mentalic ability which she unknowingly used to read his mind and pick up on his subconscious sense that the formula was wrong. Seldon and a dying Amaryl revive their idea of developing two foundations that would serve as the beginnings of a new Galactic Empire. The First Foundation would be a group of scholars tasked with creating the Encyclopedia Galactica to preserve the sum of human knowledge, and to be a haven for technological advance, which psychohistory predicts would decrease the recovery time to form a second Galactic Empire. The Second Foundation would be a group of Mentalics, acting as guardians of the psychohistorical track by \"introducing fine adjustments\" influencing historical events.[10]: 221–224 [44]\nPelleas Anthor is a new member of the Foundation cabal looking for the location of the Second Foundation in the Second Foundation story \"Part II: Search by the Foundation\". He shares his belief that the second Foundation is on Kalgan. Dr. Toran Darell II invents an electronic \"Mind Static\" device which disrupts Second Foundation mental influence and can be fatal to its agents. It reveals that Anthor and some others are Second Foundation sleeper agents. Dr. Darell and the Foundation are left believing they have eliminated the Second Foundation, when in fact the entire situation has been orchestrated by the intact Second Foundation for just that purpose.[15][16] Anthor is voiced by Gabriel Woolf in episode eight \"Star's End\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12]\nAmmel Brodrig is Emperor Cleon II's Privy Secretary in the Foundation and Empire story \"The General\". He is sent to Siwenna to observe General Bel Riose, who has mounted an offensive against the Foundation in Cleon's name. Though Brodrig is not fooled by Lathan Devers' attempt to implicate Riose in a nonexistent coup, Devers and Ducem Barr push the false conspiracy again on Trantor, and this time Riose and Brodrig are arrested for treason and executed.[10]: 26 Nicolas David Gevers saw Brodrig as based on Narses, an important member of the court of Byzantine emperor Justinian I, \"who dogged Belisarius\"—the model for Bel Riose—\"and ultimately replaced him as general\".[6]: 57 Brodrig is voiced by Martin Friend in episode four \"The General\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12]\nLady Callia is the flighty consort of Lord Stettin, the ruler of Kalgan, in the Second Foundation story \"Part II: Search by the Foundation\". Arkady Darell manipulates Callia to persuade Stettin to allow librarian Homir Munn, secretly an agent of the Foundation, access to the Mule's palace for research purposes. Munn is searching for clues to the location of the elusive Second Foundation. When Stettin holds Munn hostage as part of his offensive against the Foundation, Callia helps Arkady escape. Only in their final moments together does Arkady realize that Callia is a shrewd agent of the Second Foundation who has been subtly manipulating events on Kalgan.[15][16] Wimmer and Wilkins wrote \"In the case of Lady Callia, Asimov seems to get inside her own head quite a bit without ever hinting at her true nature, and so the misdirect seems more than a little unfair. I suppose one could argue Asimov is making the point that a Second Foundation agent's disguise is so absolute that even the omniscient narrator cannot pierce the truth ... but that seems pretty weak\".[16] Callia is voiced by Prunella Scales in episode eight \"Star's End\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12][30]\nLinge Chen is the corrupt Commissioner of Public Safety introduced in Foundation in the story \"The Psychohistorians\". When presented with the argument that Hari Seldon's psychohistory is a means to save humanity's future, Chen comments that this is of no concern to men and women who will all be dead in fifty years' time.[29] Wimmer and Wilkins called Chen \"the most memorable character\" in the story, \"mostly because of his impressive silence.\"[29]\nToran Darell II is the scientist son of Bayta and Toran Darell in the Second Foundation story \"Part II: Search by the Foundation\". He is part of a cabal within the Foundation which has been alerted to the galactic manipulations of the Second Foundation and its Metalics, and sees them as a threat to their own efforts toward Seldon's Plan. Dr. Darell invents an electronic \"Mind Static\" device which disrupts Second Foundation mental influence and can be fatal to its agents. Discovering several Second Foundation sleeper agents, he tests Arkady to make sure she has not been compromised. Dr. Darell is relieved to find that the results are negative, not knowing that the Second Foundation did actually \"adjust\" Arkady shortly after birth, rendering their influence impossible to trace. Dr. Darell and the Foundation are left believing they have eliminated the Second Foundation, when in fact the entire situation has been orchestrated by the intact Second Foundation for just that purpose.[15][16] Wimmer and Wilkins argued that Dr. Darell's hostility toward the Second Foundation does not entirely make sense considering his devotion to Seldon's Plan, but is justified by his objection to the Second Foundation's ability to oppress the population by what is effectively mind control.[16] They compared Dr. Darell to Salvor Hardin in that \"he is trying to defeat an enemy against whom he is seemingly completely unmatched with only the dimmest awareness of how he can even fight the battle\", and wrote that he is depicted as \"every bit the romantic his daughter Arkady is, even if his romanticism has become wrapped up in careful plotting, endless psychology, and cutting-edge neuroscience.\"[16] Dr. Darell is voiced by Carleton Hobbs in episode eight \"Star's End\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12]\nLord Dorwin is an Imperial emissary sent to mediate the negotiations Between the Foundation and Anacreon in Foundation in the story \"The Encyclopedists\". Dorwin's commentary on the Empire inadvertently illustrates its decline to Salvor Hardin. Further, Dorwin's contradictory arguments render his peace treaty meaningless.[38][45][46] Wimmer and Wilkins described Dorwin as \"pretty hilarious.\"[29] Darwin is voiced by Ronald Herdman in episode one \"Psychohistory and Encyclopedia\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12]\nManella Dubanqua is a prostitute who acts as an informant for Gambol Deen Namarti, who is plotting against Hari Seldon in Forward the Foundation. Raych Seldon infiltrates Namarti's group and becomes involved with Dubanqua. Recognizing him as Seldon's son, Namarti drugs Raych to assassinate Seldon, but Raych is stopped by Dubanqua, secretly a security agent. Raych and Dubanqua marry hand have two daughters, Wanda and Bellis.[10]: 222 [18]\nIndbur is the hereditary Mayor of Terminus in the Foundation and Empire story \"The Mule\". He is \"a weak bureaucrat who relies on strict procedure and tolerates no deviance from his orders.\" The complacent Mayor Indbur is nonplussed about the danger posed by the Mule, believing that the pending hologram from Hari Seldon will tell them how to handle this latest crisis. Instead, Seldon predicts a civil war between the Foundation and the Traders. The Mule's forces arrive, and Indbur surrenders immediately. It is later revealed that the Mule is able to conquer planets bloodlessly because he is a mutant who can sense and manipulate the emotions of others.[9] Indbur is voiced by John Ruddock in episode five \"The Mule\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12] Indbur will be portrayed by Leo Bill in season three of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation.[25]\nJerril is an agent for the Commission of Public Safety in Foundation in the story \"The Psychohistorians\". He spies on Gaal during his trip to the observatory and confirms that Gaal is working with Seldon. Jerril is portrayed by Reece Shearsmith in the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation.[40] In \"The Emperor's Peace\", he is an Imperial agent who allows Gaal Dornick to examine the Prime Radiant so that she may discredit Hari Seldon's dire calculations.[47]\nLaskin \"Jo-Jo\" Joranum is an ambitious politician in Forward the Foundation who schemes to replace Eto Demerzel as Cleon I's First Minister, with the goal of ultimately deposing the emperor himself. Realizing the danger, Hari Seldon has his foster son Raych \"reveal\" that Demerzel is a robot. Joranum accuses Demerzel, who seemingly proves himself to not be a robot by laughing, as a human would. A humiliated Joranum is exiled to a distant planet.[10]: 222 [18]\nYohan Lee is Salvor Hardin's chief advisor and friend in the Foundation story \"The Encyclopedists\" who assists him in overthrowing the ruling board of Terminus City.[45] Lee is voiced by John Hollis in episode one \"Psychohistory and Encyclopedia\" and episode two \"The Mayors\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12]\nHomir Munn is an agent of the Foundation in the Second Foundation story \"Part II: Search by the Foundation\". He is part of a cabal within the Foundation which has been alerted to the galactic manipulations of the Second Foundation and its Metalics, and sees them as a threat to their own efforts toward Seldon's Plan. Munn is sent to Kalgan to search for clues to the Second Foundation's location, and is followed by teenager Arkady Darell. Munn is rebuffed by Lord Stettin, the current warlord of Kalgan, but Arkady manipulates his flighty consort, Lady Callia, to persuade Stettin to allow librarian Munn access to the Mule's palace for research purposes. Stettin becomes suspicious that his court might have been infiltrated by the Second Foundation, and arrests Munn. After Stettin's invasion of the Foundation on Terminus fails, Munn believes the Second Foundation never existed. He is proven incorrect when several Second Foundation sleeper agents are discovered.[15][16] Munn is voiced by David March in episode eight \"Star's End\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12]\nGambol Deen Namarti is an associate of Jo-Jo Joranum who plots to supplant Hari Seldon as Cleon I's First Minister after Joranum's exile in Forward the Foundation. He attempts to assassinate Seldon by drugging his foster son Raych, but the plan is foiled at the last moment by undercover security officer Manella Dubanqua.[10]: 222 [18]\nLimmar Ponyets is a Master Trader of the Foundation introduced in Foundation in the story \"The Traders\". He negotiates with the Elders of the planet Askone to secure the release of Eskel Gorov, another Foundation trader of nuclear weapons who has been imprisoned and sentenced to death due to traditional taboos that effectively ban advanced technology. Ponyets manipulates the Elders using their religious beliefs and a transmuter that will convert iron into gold.[29] Wimmer and Wilkins called Ponyets \"the least interesting of all the Foundation protagonists\", but wrote that he and Salvor Hardin \"let the bad guys accumulate all this power, and then ever so deftly turn it back against them.\"[29] They also described Ponyets's blackmail of an ambitious politician as \"lame\" compared to \"the operatic scope of Hardin's secret plan in 'The Mayors'.\"[29]\nRaych Seldon is a street urchin in the slums of Billibotton whom Hari Seldon and Dors Venabili meet as they traverse Trantor in Prelude to Foundation.[10]: 214–215 [17] In Forward the Foundation, Seldon determines that populist Jo-Jo Joranum is scheming to replace Eto Demerzel as Cleon I's First Minister and then overthrow the emperor. Seldon has Raych, now his foster son, \"reveal\" that Demerzel is a robot. Joranum confronts Demerzel publicly, and is ruined when Demerzel seemingly proves himself to not be a robot by laughing, as a human would. Years later, Joranum's associate Gambol Deen Namarti plots against Seldon. Raych infiltrates Namarti's group and becomes involved with a prostitute named Manella Dubanqua. Recognizing him as Seldon's son, Namarti drugs Raych, who is stopped from assassinating Seldon himself by Dubanqua, secretly a security agent. Raych and Dubanqua marry hand have two daughters, Wanda and Bellis.[10]: 222 [18] Raych emigrates from Trantor to the planet Santanni, and is killed fighting anti-Imperial rebels.[10]: 223 [44]\nWanda Seldon is the daughter of Raych Seldon and Manella Dubanqua. In Forward the Foundation, 12-year-old Wanda finds an error in one of the equations generated by Yugo Amaryl's Prime Radiant. Amaryl soon realizes that she is not a mathematical prodigy, but instead possesses nascent mentalic ability which she unknowingly used to read his mind and pick up on his subconscious sense that the formula was wrong. This leads to a revival of Seldon and Amaryl's plan to create a Second Foundation made up of Mentalics.[10]: 221–224 [44]\nSef Sermak is a political rival to Salvor Hardin, introduced in Foundation in the story \"The Mayors\". Sermak's Actionist party proposes that the Foundation takes direct action against Anacreon and the three other local kingdoms instead of Hardin's subtle method of technology trade and scientism. After Hardin's methods save the Foundation from the crisis, Sermak concedes that Hardin was correct all along. Years after Hardin relinquishes power as mayor, Sermak succeeds him.[38] Sermak is voiced by John Samson in episode two \"The Mayors\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12] Sermak is portrayed by Oliver Chris in season two of the 2021 television series adaptation Foundation.[14] Director Sermak is the leader of the Foundation,[40] and he and his husband Pater are the fathers of Brother Constant.[36]\nLord Stettin is the First Citizen and ruler of Kalgan, 55 years after the Mule's death of natural causes, in the Second Foundation story \"Part II: Search by the Foundation\". He believes that the Mule's actions have made the Seldon Plan irrelevant, and declares war upon the Foundation. Stettin intends to usurp their role in the formation of the Second Empire, and is unconcerned by the possible intervention of the Second Foundation. He prepares a full-scale invasion of the original Foundation on Terminus, but is handily defeated, in part because the Second Foundation has used their psychic abilities to reduce the morale of his troops while boosting the Foundation's. It is also later revealed that Lady Callia is a Second Foundation agent who manipulated Stettin into declaring war so that he would lose.[15][16] Stettin is voiced by Peter Pratt in episode eight \"Star's End\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12]\nJorane Sutt is the secretary to the Mayor of Terminus in the Foundation story \"The Merchant Princes\". As the real power behind the Mayor, he is threatened by the rising political power of Master Trader Hober Mallow. Sutt sends Mallow on an investigative mission accompanied by his spy, Jaim Twer, and later has him tried for murder. When Mallow is exonerated and named Mayor, he arrests Sutt and his accomplices.[10]: 25–26 Wimmer and Wilkins described \"scheming Terminus politico\" Sutt's plan as \"is subtly worse than anything we've seen before—he wants to turn the science-based clergy against the Foundation, leading the combined might of the Four Kingdoms against all his enemies on Terminus, and then in turn he will start conquering the rest of the galaxy ... he's actually trying to pervert the Seldon Plan to his own ends.\"[29] Sutt is voiced by Anthony Jackson in episode three \"The Merchant Princes\" of the 1973 radio adaptation The Foundation Trilogy.[12]","title":"Others from the novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apple TV+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_TV%2B"},{"link_name":"Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_changes-26"}],"text":"The 2021 Apple TV+ television series adaptation Foundation invents several characters who do not appear in Asimov's series of novels.[26]","title":"Introduced in the TV series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isabella Laughland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Laughland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-direct_s2-14"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl_first_look-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl_first_look-34"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep12-36"},{"link_name":"King and Commoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_and_Commoner"},{"link_name":"Hober Mallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hober_Mallow"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep13-42"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep14-13"},{"link_name":"Why the Gods Made Wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_the_Gods_Made_Wine"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep16-48"},{"link_name":"The Last Empress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Empress_(Foundation)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vulture_ep18-27"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep18-49"},{"link_name":"Creation Myths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_Myths_(Foundation)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep20-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collider_constanthober-51"},{"link_name":"The Mary Sue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mary_Sue"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Space.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space.com"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep18-49"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collider_constanthober-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collider_constanthober-51"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep13-42"}],"sub_title":"Brother Constant","text":"Brother Constant is a claric of the Foundation's propagandist Church of the Galactic Spirit, portrayed by Isabella Laughland in season two.[14][34] Described as \"cheerfully confident\", she is a \"true believer\" in Seldon's Plan whose job is to extol its virtues and \"whose courage and passion make her hard not to love.\"[34] Introduced in the 2023 episode \"A Glimpse of Darkness\", Constant is also the daughter of Foundation Director Sef Sermak and his husband Pater.[36] In \"King and Commoner\", she and her superior, High Claric Poly Verisof, escape capture on Korell with trader and con man Hober Mallow.[42] Hari Seldon tasks Constant and Poly to begin peace talks with the Empire in \"Where the Stars are Scattered Thinly\".[13] They are promptly arrested when attempting to do so on Trantor in \"Why the Gods Made Wine\".[48] In \"The Last Empress\", Mallow saves Constant from execution by the Empire, and they consummate their relationship.[27][49] In the season two finale \"Creation Myths\", Mallow puts Constant in the only remaining escape pod of the doomed Imperial flagship Shining Destiny, and sends her to safety as he and General Bel Riose sacrifice themselves on the exploding ship.[50]Jeffrey Speicher of Collider wrote that Constant's \"straightforward, shoot-from-the-hip manner is one of the most fun and refreshing aspects of a mind-bending show that can sometimes feel a little overwhelming with the pure size and scope of the stories it takes on.\"[51] Julia Glassman of The Mary Sue described Constant as \"one of the funniest and most relatable figures in the series\" and \"a thoroughly funny, lovable character\", and calling her \"the queen of deadpan gags.\"[52] Richard Edwards of Space.com described the character as having \"charm to spare\".[53] Sean T. Collins of Decider praised Constant's \"forthrightness and directness\" in propositioning Mallow,[49] and Speicher agreed that her \"straightforward and refreshing approach to expressing her feelings for Hober brings a natural and organic dynamic to [their] romantic storyline.\"[51] Speicher described the relationship between Constant and Mallow as \"the best romantic relationship in Foundation so far.\"[51] Collins appreciated that \"Constant is attracted to, not repulsed by, Hober's swagger.\"[42]","title":"Introduced in the TV series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dino Fetscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino_Fetscher"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-direct_s2-14"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_changes-26"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep13-42"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep14-13"},{"link_name":"A Necessary Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Necessary_Death"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep17-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vulture_ep19-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep19-57"},{"link_name":"Vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vault_(Foundation)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep20-50"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-attitude-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-attitude-58"}],"sub_title":"Glawen Curr","text":"Glawen Curr is the husband and second-in-command to General Bel Riose, portrayed by Dino Fetscher in season two.[14][54] In the 2023 episode \"King and Commoner\", disgraced Riose is freed from imprisonment at the Lepsis penal colony and reunited with Curr, both men having been previously told that the other was executed. Restored to his position as Fleet Supremus, Curr joins Riose in his investigation of the dissident Foundation on behalf of the Empire.[26][42] In \"Where the Stars are Scattered Thinly\", Riose and Curr visit Imperial informant Ducem Barr on Siwenna and learn that the Foundation, and by extension their propagandists the Church of the Galactic Spirit, possess forbidden technology.[13] Riose and Curr debate their options for turning against Empire in \"A Necessary Death\", but Riose ultimately declares any such action to be too great a risk.[55] The Imperial fleet faces off against the Foundation in \"Long Ago, Not Far Away\", and Riose believes he can end the conflict without violence. But the Emperor clone Brother Day, baited by Hari Seldon, orders Riose to crash the Invictus, an ancient Imperial warship commandeered by the Foundation, into Terminus to devastate the planet and destroy the Foundation. Riose reluctantly does so, even though he knows Curr is on the surface.[56][57] A scheme orchestrated by Seldon destroys the Imperial fleet in the season two finale \"Creation Myths\". Riose kills Day, but is trapped on his doomed flagship and dies in its destruction. Meanwhile, Curr and the population of Terminus have escaped the planet's destruction via Seldon's Vault.[50]Gary Grimes of Attitude described the emotional reunion of Riose and Curr as \"a cornerstone moment in the high-octane series.\"[58] The series depicts their homosexuality as a non-issue. Fetscher said, \"It was so refreshing that our characters' sexualities were just incidental ... In this world, sexuality is very different. It's just the same as you have blue eyes and I have brown eyes. In lots of ways, it's really inspiring because it's not so far in the future.\"[58]","title":"Introduced in the TV series"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Enoch_(portrait).jpg"},{"link_name":"Alfred Enoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Enoch"},{"link_name":"Alfred Enoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Enoch"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collider_who-20"},{"link_name":"The Emperor's Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_Peace"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-av_ep01%E2%80%9302-59"},{"link_name":"Preparing to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparing_to_Live"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wic_premiere-33"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-av_ep01%E2%80%9302-59"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wic_premiere-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wic_premiere-33"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-av_ep01%E2%80%9302-59"},{"link_name":"Upon Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upon_Awakening"},{"link_name":"cryosleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryosleep"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-av_ep05-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_raych-61"},{"link_name":"Mysteries and Martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysteries_and_Martyrs"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_raych-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-av_ep07-62"},{"link_name":"The Missing Piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Missing_Piece_(Foundation)"},{"link_name":"Helicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicon_(Foundation)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-av_ep08-63"},{"link_name":"The Leap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Leap_(Foundation)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep10-64"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_changes-26"}],"sub_title":"Raych Foss","text":"Alfred Enoch portrays Raych Foss in the 2021 TV series.Raych Foss is the close friend and protégé of Hari Seldon, portrayed by Alfred Enoch.[20] There is an immediate attraction between Foss and mathematical prodigy Gaal Dornick when they meet in \"The Emperor's Peace\".[59] During the multi-year journey to Terminus to establish Seldon's repository of human knowledge in \"Preparing to Live\", Dornick and Foss have begun a romantic relationship. Seldon disapproves, as he values science and detachment, and considers emotion and human relationships as distractions.[33][59] The relationship between Seldon and Foss is also strained, as evidenced by Foss's apparent bitterness about what happened to his real father after he chose to live with Hari, and his alarm when he learns from Dornick that Seldon's computations are not complete.[33] In the middle of her daily swimming ritual, Dornick has a sudden urge to seek out Seldon, and stumbles upon Foss stabbing him to death. Foss ushers her into an escape pod with the murder weapon and jettisons her from the ship.[33][59] In \"Upon Awakening\", Dornick awakens from cryosleep 34 year later, aboard a automated starship prepared by Foss. He has been executed for Seldon's murder, and she is believed to be an accomplice.[60][61]A digital, holographic copy of Seldon's consciousness, stored in the knife Foss used to kill him, explains himself to Dornick in \"Mysteries and Martyrs\". Afflicted with a rapidly escalating neurological disorder, he had planned to commit suicide to preserve his followers' devotion to his genius, while Dornick helped establish the Foundation on Terminus and Foss was to take the digital Seldon elsewhere. Foss and Dornick's unexpected relationship had jeopardized this plan, so Seldon had convinced Foss to kill him as the only way to guarantee Dornick's future, but in fact to force their separation. Foss had foiled this plan as well by sending Dornick off in the escape pod intended for him.[61][62] In \"The Missing Piece\", Seldon explains that Foss was supposed to lead a secret, Second Foundation which Seldon created on his home planet, Helicon, and urges Dornick to let the starship take her there but refusing to give details. Done with Seldon's manipulations, Dornick instead takes the escape pod on a journey to Synnax that will last 138 years.[63] Foss and Dornick are revealed to be the biological parents of Salvor Hardin in the 2021 season one finale episode \"The Leap\".[64]Foss is named after, but not based on, Seldon's adoptive son Raych from Asimov's prequel novels Prelude to Foundation and Forward the Foundation.[26]","title":"Introduced in the TV series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ella-Rae Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella-Rae_Smith"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-direct_s2-14"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sareth-65"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl_first_look-34"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_cast-40"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_clones-23"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sareth-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_demerzel-66"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_clones-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_changes-26"}],"sub_title":"Sareth","text":"Sareth is the newly crowned Queen of Cloud Dominion, portrayed by Ella-Rae Smith in season two.[14][65] She is described as \"used to being underestimated\", which she uses to her advantage, \"charming her way into the Imperial Palace with biting wit, all while on a secret quest for revenge.\"[34][40] The reigning Cleon clone, Brother Day, decides to halt the genetic degradation of his bloodline by marrying and fathering an heir with her.[23][65] Lady Demerzel, an ageless robot and the real power behind the Imperial throne, schemes to be rid of Sareth and retain the Genetic Dynasty of Cleon clones she has administered for centuries.[66] Sareth and Brother Dawn, Day's successor, fall in love and flee Demerzel, with Sareth carrying Dawn's child.[23]The character Sareth is original to the TV series, and Screen Rant noted that she was added as part of the expansion of Emperor Cleon's role in the series.[26]","title":"Introduced in the TV series"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rachel_House_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rachel House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_House_(actress)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daniel_MacPherson_(Portrait).jpg"},{"link_name":"Daniel MacPherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_MacPherson"},{"link_name":"Rachel House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_House_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-direct_s2-14"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl_first_look-34"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collider_mule-67"},{"link_name":"Sandra Yi Sencindiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Yi_Sencindiver"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-direct_s2-14"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collider_demerzel-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collider_demerzel-68"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl_first_look-34"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collider_demerzel-68"},{"link_name":"Daniel MacPherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_MacPherson"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-direct_s2-14"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-likability-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbr_ep09-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-likability-69"},{"link_name":"Barbarians at the Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarians_at_the_Gate_(Foundation)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_cast-40"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-av_ep05-60"},{"link_name":"Death and the Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_the_Maiden_(Foundation)"},{"link_name":"Phara Keaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Phara_Keaen"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-av_ep06-71"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-av_ep07-62"},{"link_name":"In Seldon's Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Seldon%27s_Shadow"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep11-72"},{"link_name":"Holt McCallany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt_McCallany"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl_first_look-34"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep12-36"},{"link_name":"Clarke Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke_Peters"},{"link_name":"Sasha Behar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Behar"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collider_who-20"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_cast-40"},{"link_name":"T'Nia Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27Nia_Miller"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_cast-40"},{"link_name":"TheWrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Rowena King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowena_King"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Kubbra Sait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubbra_Sait"},{"link_name":"Comic Book Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbr_keaen-75"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collider_who-20"},{"link_name":"Nimrat Kaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrat_Kaur"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dl_first_look-34"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_cast-40"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep11-72"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep16-48"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr_changes-26"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep20-50"},{"link_name":"Judi Shekoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judi_Shekoni"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-direct_s2-14"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep17-55"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decider_ep20-50"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"Rachel House portrays Bond in the 2021 TV series.Daniel MacPherson portrays Hugo Crast in the 2021 TV series.Tellem Bond is the leader of a community of the Mentalics on the planet Ignis, portrayed by Rachel House in season two.[14][34] She uses her psychic powers in a destructive and selfish way, inhabiting a succession of young human bodies as a form of immortality while leading a relatively innocuous culture of Metalics seeking sanctuary from persecution elsewhere in the galaxy.[67]\nRue Corintha is Queen Sareth's politically savvy retainer and advisor, portrayed by Sandra Yi Sencindiver in season two.[14][68] A former courtesan, Enjoiner Rue shares a past with Brother Dusk, and uses the connection to attempt to weaken his trust in Lady Demerzel, who she has discovered is the last surviving sentient robot.[68][34] In September 2023, Collider wrote, \"Enjoiner Rue has proven to be the most calculating schemer and manipulator in the Foundation universe so far.\"[68]\nHugo Crast is a pilot and interplanetary trader from Thespis, portrayed by Daniel MacPherson in seasons one and two.[14][69] He is Salvor Hardin's loyal friend and lover.[70] Collider described him as \"the Han Solo of Foundation.[69]\nKray Dorwin is the commander of the Imperial military jumpship Aegis, portrayed by Christian Contreras. He is sent to Terminus to investigate the loss of contact from the Foundation in the season one episode \"Barbarians at the Gate\".[40] The Aegis is shot down by invading Anacreons in \"Upon Awakening\",[60] and in \"Death and the Maiden\", Dorwin is taken hostage by Phara Keaen, the Grand Huntress of Anacreon, who intends to use him and several Foundation technicians to commandeer a \"lost\" Imperial warship, Invictus.[71] In \"Mysteries and Martyrs\", Keaen uses Dorwin to get through the security protocols of Invictus, and then kills him.[62] His body is discovered over a century later in the season two episode \"In Seldon's Shadow\", alerting the Empire that the Foundation on Terminus has not been destroyed, as they were led to believe.[72]\nJaegger Fount is a Warden of Terminus and guardian against external threats, portrayed by Holt McCallany in season two.[34] In \"A Glimpse of Darkness\", Hari Seldon's Vault opens, and Fount is incinerated as he approaches it.[36]\nAbbas and Mari Hardin are members of the Foundation on Terminus and Salvor Hardin's surrogate parents, portrayed by Clarke Peters and Sasha Behar in season one.[20][40]\nHalima Ifa is a Zephyr, a senior priestess of the Luminist faith vying to become its next leader, the Proxima, portrayed by T'Nia Miller in season one.[40] Joelle Monique of TheWrap praised Miller's \"jaw-dropping performance\".[73]\nKalle is a mathematician whose work helped Hari Seldon create his Prime Radiant, portrayed by Rowena King in season two. Gaal Dornick uses Kalle's Ninth Proof of Folding to solve the Abraxas Conjecture, which brings Dornick to Seldon's attention. An avatar of Kalle appears to Seldon's artificial consciousness within the Vault in \"In Seldon's Shadow\", and instructs him to meet her again on Oona's World. He does so in \"King and Commoner\", and is transferred into a living body.[74]\nPhara Keaen is the Grand Huntress of Anacreon, portrayed by Kubbra Sait in season one. She is the top military officer of her planet, and personally leads a raid on Terminus as part of her plan to exact her revenge on the Empire. Comic Book Resources called her \"TV's most merciless villain.\"[75]\nAzura Odili is a palace gardener, portrayed by Amy Tyger in season one. She begins a secret relationship with Brother Dawn.[20]\nYanna Seldon is Hari Seldon's deceased scientist wife, portrayed by Nimrat Kaur in season two.[34][40] An avatar of Yanna appears to Hari's artificial consciousness within the Vault in \"In Seldon's Shadow\".[72] In \"Why the Gods Made Wine\", it is revealed via flashback that Yanna had been pregnant with their daughter when she was killed by Dr. Tadj, a university administrator ordered by the Empire to acquire Hari's Prime Radiant.[48] In the novels, Seldon's wife is Dors Venabili, a historian who supports him before and during his development of psychohistory, and is ultimately revealed to be a benevolent robot.[26]\nShe-Bends-Light is a Spacer on Imperial General Bel Riose's flagship, Shining Destiny,[50] portrayed by Judi Shekoni in season two.[14] In \"A Necessary Death\", trader Hober Mallow approaches the Spacers on Hari Seldon's behalf, but they decline his offer to free them from the Empire's servitude, and turn him over to Riose.[55] In \"Creation Myths\", his capture is revealed to have been a ruse to smuggle a special jump sequence to She-Bends-Light. She uses it to program the fleet's warships to jump into one another, which will inevitably destroy them all and free the remaining Spacers from the Empire.[50]","title":"Introduced in the TV series"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Lee Pace portrays Brother Day, the middle-aged Cleon clone, in the 2021 TV series.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lee_Pace_Paris_Fashion_Week_Spring_Summer_2020.jpg/170px-Lee_Pace_Paris_Fashion_Week_Spring_Summer_2020.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cody Fern will portray Toran Mallow in season three of the 2021 TV series.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/20180521_BL_VMAN_0697_copy%281%29.jpg/170px-20180521_BL_VMAN_0697_copy%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Laura Birn portrays Lady Demerzel in the 2021 TV series.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Laura_Birn.jpg/170px-Laura_Birn.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dimitri Leonidas portrays Hober Mallow in the 2021 TV series.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dimitri_Leonidas_2014.jpg/170px-Dimitri_Leonidas_2014.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alexander Siddig will portray Ebling Mis in the 2021 TV series.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AlexanderSiddig09TIFF.jpg/170px-AlexanderSiddig09TIFF.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pilou Asbæk will portray the Mule in season three.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Comic_Con_Germany_2018_by-RaBoe_288_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Comic_Con_Germany_2018_by-RaBoe_288_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Troy Kotsur will portray Preem Palver in the 2021 TV series.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Troy_kotsur_2022_1.jpg/170px-Troy_kotsur_2022_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Elliot Cowan portrays Lewis Pirenne in the 2021 TV series.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Elliot_Cowan_-_MUSE_%28Portrait%29.jpg/170px-Elliot_Cowan_-_MUSE_%28Portrait%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brandon P. Bell will portray Han Pritcher in season three of the 2021 TV series.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Brandon_P._Bell_2018.png/170px-Brandon_P._Bell_2018.png"},{"image_text":"Ben Daniels portrays Bel Riose in the 2021 TV series.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/10.8.17BenDanielsByLuigiNovi1.jpg/170px-10.8.17BenDanielsByLuigiNovi1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jared Harris portrays Hari Seldon in the 2021 TV series.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jarred_Harris_at_DIFF_2024.jpg/170px-Jarred_Harris_at_DIFF_2024.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alfred Enoch portrays Raych Foss in the 2021 TV series.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Alfred_Enoch_%28portrait%29.jpg/170px-Alfred_Enoch_%28portrait%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rachel House portrays Bond in the 2021 TV series.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rachel_House_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/170px-Rachel_House_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg"},{"image_text":"Daniel MacPherson portrays Hugo Crast in the 2021 TV series.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Daniel_MacPherson_%28Portrait%29.jpg/170px-Daniel_MacPherson_%28Portrait%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"1966 Hugo Awards\". Hugo Award. July 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 16, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via thehugoawards.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1966-hugo-awards/","url_text":"\"1966 Hugo Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award","url_text":"Hugo Award"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190516124347/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1966-hugo-awards/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Long List of Hugo Awards, 1966\". New England Science Fiction Association. Archived from the original on April 3, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160403182439/http://www.nesfa.org/data/LL/Hugos/hugos1966.html","url_text":"\"The Long List of Hugo Awards, 1966\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Science_Fiction_Association","url_text":"New England Science Fiction Association"},{"url":"http://www.nesfa.org/data/LL/Hugos/hugos1966.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Palumbo, Donald E. (2016). An Asimov Companion: Characters, Places and Terms in the Robot/Empire/Foundation Metaseries. Critical Explorations in Science Fiction and Fantasy. Vol. 51. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-9823-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9823-9","url_text":"978-0-7864-9823-9"}]},{"reference":"Elkins, Charles (March 1976). \"Isaac Asimov's Foundation Novels: Historical Materialism Distorted into Cyclical Psycho-History\". Science Fiction Studies. Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/8/elkins8art.htm","url_text":"\"Isaac Asimov's Foundation Novels: Historical Materialism Distorted into Cyclical Psycho-History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_Studies","url_text":"Science Fiction Studies"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231101024032/https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/8/elkins8art.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gunn, James (1982). Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503060-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Gunn","url_text":"Gunn, James"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503060-5","url_text":"0-19-503060-5"}]},{"reference":"Gevers, Nicholas David (August 1997). Mirrors of the Past: Versions of History in Science Fiction and Fantasy (PhD). University of Cape Town. Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/10511","url_text":"Mirrors of the Past: Versions of History in Science Fiction and Fantasy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town","url_text":"University of Cape Town"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211007104202/https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/10511","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hassler, Donald M. (March 1988). \"Some Asimov Resonances from the Enlightenment\". Science Fiction Studies. 15 (1): 36–47. JSTOR 4239857. Archived from the original on October 31, 2023. Retrieved October 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4239857","url_text":"\"Some Asimov Resonances from the Enlightenment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_Studies","url_text":"Science Fiction Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4239857","url_text":"4239857"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231031215236/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4239857","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Massoto, Erick (September 23, 2023). \"What the Foundation Series Does Better Than Isaac Asimov's Novels\". Collider. Archived from the original on January 19, 2024. Retrieved March 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/foundation-season-2-characters-robyn-asimov-comments/","url_text":"\"What the Foundation Series Does Better Than Isaac Asimov's Novels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240119023445/https://collider.com/foundation-season-2-characters-robyn-asimov-comments/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Folk-Williams, John (October 24, 2023). \"Re-Reading Foundation and Empire by Isaac Asimov\". SciFi Mind. Archived from the original on February 27, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scifimind.com/foundation-and-empire/","url_text":"\"Re-Reading Foundation and Empire by Isaac Asimov\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240227203903/https://www.scifimind.com/foundation-and-empire/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gunn, James (1982). Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction (2005 Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-8108-5420-1. Archived from the original on March 8, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Gunn","url_text":"Gunn, James"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XQE2f6CWyvEC","url_text":"Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5420-1","url_text":"0-8108-5420-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240308200652/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Isaac_Asimov/XQE2f6CWyvEC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wimmer, Josh; Wilkins, Alasdair (May 10, 2011). \"In Which Events Take a Generally Darker Turn: Foundation and Empire by Isaac Asimov\". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/in-which-events-take-a-generally-darker-turn-foundatio-5799689","url_text":"\"In Which Events Take a Generally Darker Turn: Foundation and Empire by Isaac Asimov\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmodo","url_text":"Gizmodo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240226010158/https://gizmodo.com/in-which-events-take-a-generally-darker-turn-foundatio-5799689","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Foundation Trilogy\". SciFiMike. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scifimike.com/sf-radio-foundation.html","url_text":"\"The Foundation Trilogy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240225163819/https://www.scifimike.com/sf-radio-foundation.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Sean T. (August 4, 2023). \"Foundation Season 2 Episode 4 Recap: 'Where the Stars Are Scattered Thinly'\". Decider. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://decider.com/2023/08/04/foundation-season-2-episode-4-recap/","url_text":"\"Foundation Season 2 Episode 4 Recap: 'Where the Stars Are Scattered Thinly'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decider_(website)","url_text":"Decider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240301230113/https://decider.com/2023/08/04/foundation-season-2-episode-4-recap/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eclarinal, Aeron Mer (August 31, 2023). \"Foundation Season 2: All 24 Main Actors Who Appear (Photos)\". The Direct. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://thedirect.com/article/foundation-season-2-cast-characters-actors","url_text":"\"Foundation Season 2: All 24 Main Actors Who Appear (Photos)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240301230505/https://thedirect.com/article/foundation-season-2-cast-characters-actors","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Folk-Williams, John (November 6, 2023). \"Second Foundation by Isaac Asimov: A Re-Reading for #SciFiMonth\". SciFi Mind. Archived from the original on February 27, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scifimind.com/second-foundation-by-isaac-asimov/","url_text":"\"Second Foundation by Isaac Asimov: A Re-Reading for #SciFiMonth\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240227205041/https://www.scifimind.com/second-foundation-by-isaac-asimov/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wimmer, Josh; Wilkins, Alasdair (May 11, 2011). \"Mind Games and Mysteries Abound in Isaac Asimov's Second Foundation\". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/mind-games-and-mysteries-abound-in-isaac-asimovs-second-5799734","url_text":"\"Mind Games and Mysteries Abound in Isaac Asimov's Second Foundation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmodo","url_text":"Gizmodo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240226010159/https://gizmodo.com/mind-games-and-mysteries-abound-in-isaac-asimovs-second-5799734","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wimmer, Josh; Wilkins, Alasdair (May 14, 2011). \"In Prelude to Foundation, Isaac Asimov Delves into Psychohistory's Sorta Psycho History\". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/in-prelude-to-foundation-isaac-asimov-delves-into-psyc-5800631","url_text":"\"In Prelude to Foundation, Isaac Asimov Delves into Psychohistory's Sorta Psycho History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmodo","url_text":"Gizmodo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240226010159/https://gizmodo.com/in-prelude-to-foundation-isaac-asimov-delves-into-psyc-5800631","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Forward the Foundation by Isaac Asimov\". The Guardian. May 17, 2013. Archived from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2013/may/17/review-forward-the-foundation-isaac-asimov","url_text":"\"Review: Forward the Foundation by Isaac Asimov\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240228025554/https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2013/may/17/review-forward-the-foundation-isaac-asimov","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Forward the Foundation\". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780385247931","url_text":"\"Review: Forward the Foundation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly","url_text":"Publishers Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240228033051/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780385247931","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Robbins, Jason (October 15, 2021). \"Foundation Cast and Characters Guide: Who Plays Who in the Apple TV+ Asimov Adaptation\". Collider. Archived from the original on July 20, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/foundation-cast-character-guide-apple-tv-series/","url_text":"\"Foundation Cast and Characters Guide: Who Plays Who in the Apple TV+ Asimov Adaptation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230720225113/https://collider.com/foundation-cast-character-guide-apple-tv-series/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Motamayor, Rafael (August 11, 2023). \"Foundation Recap: Forget It, Jake, It's Trantor\". Vulture. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/article/foundation-recap-season-2-episode-5-the-sighted-and-the-seen.html","url_text":"\"Foundation Recap: Forget It, Jake, It's Trantor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(website)","url_text":"Vulture"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240301213732/https://www.vulture.com/article/foundation-recap-season-2-episode-5-the-sighted-and-the-seen.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Belen (November 19, 2021). \"How Apple TV's Foundation Is Different from the Books\". Mashable. Archived from the original on February 27, 2024. Retrieved February 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://mashable.com/article/foundation-book-vs-show","url_text":"\"How Apple TV's Foundation Is Different from the Books\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240227155518/https://mashable.com/article/foundation-book-vs-show","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bibby, Daniel (December 20, 2023). \"Foundation's Genetic Dynasty & The Clone Emperors Explained\". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on December 29, 2023. Retrieved February 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/foundation-clone-emperors-genetic-dynasty-explained/","url_text":"\"Foundation's Genetic Dynasty & The Clone Emperors Explained\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231229055707/https://screenrant.com/foundation-clone-emperors-genetic-dynasty-explained/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wanserski, Nick (September 24, 2021). \"Foundation Arrives to Bring Hope in the Encroaching Darkness\". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/foundation-arrives-to-bring-hope-in-the-encroaching-dar-1847738352","url_text":"\"Foundation Arrives to Bring Hope in the Encroaching Darkness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240228233141/https://www.avclub.com/foundation-arrives-to-bring-hope-in-the-encroaching-dar-1847738352","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Petski, Denise (March 21, 2024). \"Foundation: Cherry Jones, Brandon P. Bell Among 8 New Series Regulars For Season 3; Pilou Asbæk Joins in Recasting\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on March 22, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2024/03/foundation-season-3-cast-apple-cherry-jones-brandon-p-bell-1235864743/","url_text":"\"Foundation: Cherry Jones, Brandon P. Bell Among 8 New Series Regulars For Season 3; Pilou Asbæk Joins in Recasting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240322022757/https://deadline.com/2024/03/foundation-season-3-cast-apple-cherry-jones-brandon-p-bell-1235864743/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lealos, Shawn S.; Bacon, Thomas (September 26, 2021). \"Foundation: All Major Changes the Show Makes to Isaac Asimov's Books\". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/foundation-show-book-differences-changes-explained/","url_text":"\"Foundation: All Major Changes the Show Makes to Isaac Asimov's Books\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230925114756/https://screenrant.com/foundation-show-book-differences-changes-explained/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Motamayor, Rafael (September 2, 2023). \"Foundation Recap: I, Demerzel\". Vulture. Archived from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/article/foundation-season-two-episode-8-recap-the-last-empress.html","url_text":"\"Foundation Recap: I, Demerzel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(website)","url_text":"Vulture"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229185320/https://www.vulture.com/article/foundation-season-two-episode-8-recap-the-last-empress.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, Neil (September 20, 2021). \"Foundation: The 'Unfilmable' Sci-fi Epic Now on Our Screens\". BBC. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20210920-foundation-the-unfilmable-sci-fi-epic-now-on-our-screens","url_text":"\"Foundation: The 'Unfilmable' Sci-fi Epic Now on Our Screens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240225085048/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20210920-foundation-the-unfilmable-sci-fi-epic-now-on-our-screens","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wimmer, Josh; Wilkins, Alasdair (May 9, 2011). \"Isaac Asimov's Foundation: The Little Idea That Became Science Fiction's Biggest Series\". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/isaac-asimovs-foundation-the-little-idea-that-became-s-5799655","url_text":"\"Isaac Asimov's Foundation: The Little Idea That Became Science Fiction's Biggest Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmodo","url_text":"Gizmodo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240226010148/https://gizmodo.com/isaac-asimovs-foundation-the-little-idea-that-became-s-5799655","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Willis, Jesse (April 21, 2011). \"BBC Radio 3: Isaac Asimov's The Foundation Trilogy\". SFF Audio. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sffaudio.com/bbc-radio-3-isaac-asimovs-the-foundation-trilogy/","url_text":"\"BBC Radio 3: Isaac Asimov's The Foundation Trilogy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240225164106/https://www.sffaudio.com/bbc-radio-3-isaac-asimovs-the-foundation-trilogy/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"O'Keefe, Meghan (September 16, 2021). \"Foundation on Apple TV+: How David S. Goyer Worked with the Asimov Estate to Update the Sci-Fi Classic\". Decider. Archived from the original on October 4, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://decider.com/2021/09/26/foundation-on-apple-tv-plus-feature/","url_text":"\"Foundation on Apple TV+: How David S. Goyer Worked with the Asimov Estate to Update the Sci-Fi Classic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decider_(website)","url_text":"Decider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211004001058/https://decider.com/2021/09/26/foundation-on-apple-tv-plus-feature/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Foundation's Lou Llobell talks about Gaal Dornick's brainy strength\". Syfy. October 7, 2021. Archived from the original on March 2, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/foundation-lou-llobell-brainy-strength-gaal-dornick","url_text":"\"Foundation's Lou Llobell talks about Gaal Dornick's brainy strength\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy","url_text":"Syfy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240302193159/https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/foundation-lou-llobell-brainy-strength-gaal-dornick","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"East, Michael (September 24, 2021). \"Foundation Premiere Review: 'The Emperor's Peace' and 'Preparing to Live'\". Winter Is Coming. Archived from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://winteriscoming.net/2021/09/24/foundation-review-episodes-emperors-peace-preparing-to-live/","url_text":"\"Foundation Premiere Review: 'The Emperor's Peace' and 'Preparing to Live'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220116005920/https://winteriscoming.net/2021/09/24/foundation-review-episodes-emperors-peace-preparing-to-live/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Del Rosario, Alexandra (February 1, 2022). \"Foundation: Apple TV+ Sci-Fi Drama Adds 10 to Season 2 Cast, Unveils First Look\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/02/foundation-season-2-apple-tv-plus-casts-10-first-look-1234923533/","url_text":"\"Foundation: Apple TV+ Sci-Fi Drama Adds 10 to Season 2 Cast, Unveils First Look\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230105132713/https://deadline.com/2022/02/foundation-season-2-apple-tv-plus-casts-10-first-look-1234923533/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Petski, Denise (December 13, 2023). \"Alexander Siddig Joins Apple's Foundation as New Series Regular in Season 3\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved December 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2023/12/alexander-siddig-foundation-apple-season-3-1235666519/","url_text":"\"Alexander Siddig Joins Apple's Foundation as New Series Regular in Season 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231215092436/https://deadline.com/2023/12/alexander-siddig-foundation-apple-season-3-1235666519/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Sean T. (July 21, 2023). \"Foundation Season 2 Episode 2 Recap: 'A Glimpse of Darkness'\". Decider. Archived from the original on August 4, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://decider.com/2023/07/21/foundation-season-2-episode-2-recap/","url_text":"\"Foundation Season 2 Episode 2 Recap: 'A Glimpse of Darkness'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decider_(website)","url_text":"Decider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230804203618/https://decider.com/2023/07/21/foundation-season-2-episode-2-recap/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Otterson, Joe (February 22, 2024). \"Foundation Season 3 Adds CODA Star Troy Kotsur to Cast\". Variety. Archived from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved March 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/foundation-season-3-cast-troy-kotsur-1235919881/","url_text":"\"Foundation Season 3 Adds CODA Star Troy Kotsur to Cast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229163828/https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/foundation-season-3-cast-troy-kotsur-1235919881/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ehiosun, Joshua (April 22, 2022). \"Foundation Characters by Isaac Asimov\". Book Analysis. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://bookanalysis.com/isaac-asimov/foundation/characters/","url_text":"\"Foundation Characters by Isaac Asimov\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240225071859/https://bookanalysis.com/isaac-asimov/foundation/characters/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lewis Pirenne in Foundation: Character Analysis\". Shmoop. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/foundation-asimov/lewis-pirenne.html","url_text":"\"Lewis Pirenne in Foundation: Character Analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmoop","url_text":"Shmoop"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240315182320/https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/foundation-asimov/lewis-pirenne.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lealos, Shawn S.; Bacon, Thomas (September 24, 2021). \"Foundation Cast & Character Guide: Where Else to See the Stars of the AppleTV+ Sci-Fi\". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/foundation-show-cast-characters-books-guide/","url_text":"\"Foundation Cast & Character Guide: Where Else to See the Stars of the AppleTV+ Sci-Fi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230929101321/https://screenrant.com/foundation-show-cast-characters-books-guide/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Sean T. (October 8, 2021). \"Foundation Episode 4 Recap: 'Barbarians t the Gate'\". Decider. Archived from the original on March 17, 2024. Retrieved March 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://decider.com/2021/10/08/foundation-episode-4-recap/","url_text":"\"Foundation Episode 4 Recap: 'Barbarians t the Gate'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decider_(website)","url_text":"Decider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240317071232/https://decider.com/2021/10/08/foundation-episode-4-recap/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Sean T. (July 28, 2023). \"Foundation Season 2 Episode 3 Recap: 'King and Commoner'\". Decider. Archived from the original on August 1, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://decider.com/2023/07/28/foundation-season-2-episode-3-recap/","url_text":"\"Foundation Season 2 Episode 3 Recap: 'King and Commoner'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decider_(website)","url_text":"Decider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230801203834/https://decider.com/2023/07/28/foundation-season-2-episode-3-recap/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Throwback Thursday: BBC Radio'sThe Foundation Trilogy (1973)\". August 27, 2015. Archived from the original on February 25, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sciencefiction.com/2015/08/27/throwback-thursday-bbc-radios-foundation-trilogy-1973/","url_text":"\"Throwback Thursday: BBC Radio'sThe Foundation Trilogy (1973)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240225162938/https://sciencefiction.com/2015/08/27/throwback-thursday-bbc-radios-foundation-trilogy-1973/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wimmer, Josh; Wilkins, Alasdair (May 15, 2011). \"In Which a Great Work Is Finally Completed: Isaac Asimov's Forward the Foundation\". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/in-which-a-great-work-is-finally-completed-isaac-asimo-5801963","url_text":"\"In Which a Great Work Is Finally Completed: Isaac Asimov's Forward the Foundation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmodo","url_text":"Gizmodo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231120071947/https://gizmodo.com/in-which-a-great-work-is-finally-completed-isaac-asimo-5801963","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Minor Characters in 'The Encyclopedists' in Foundation\". Shmoop. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/foundation-asimov/minor-characters-encyclopedists.html","url_text":"\"Minor Characters in 'The Encyclopedists' in Foundation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmoop","url_text":"Shmoop"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240315182315/https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/foundation-asimov/minor-characters-encyclopedists.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goihman-Yahr, Mauricio (August 1, 2012). \"Lord Dorwin's Reviews\". Dermatology Online Journal. 18 (8). doi:10.5070/D33xw60737. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved March 19, 2024 – via escholarship.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3xw60737","url_text":"\"Lord Dorwin's Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatology_Online_Journal","url_text":"Dermatology Online Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5070%2FD33xw60737","url_text":"10.5070/D33xw60737"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240315183501/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3xw60737","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Brien (September 24, 2021). \"Foundation Premiere: 'The Emperor's Peace' and 'Preparing to Live'\". TV Obsessive. Archived from the original on March 16, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvobsessive.com/2021/09/24/foundation-premiere-the-emperors-peace-and-preparing-to-live/","url_text":"\"Foundation Premiere: 'The Emperor's Peace' and 'Preparing to Live'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240316175509/https://tvobsessive.com/2021/09/24/foundation-premiere-the-emperors-peace-and-preparing-to-live/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Sean T. (August 18, 2023). \"Foundation Season 2 Episode 6 Recap: \"'Why the Gods Made Wine'\". Decider. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://decider.com/2023/08/18/foundation-season-2-episode-6-recap/","url_text":"\"Foundation Season 2 Episode 6 Recap: \"'Why the Gods Made Wine'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decider_(website)","url_text":"Decider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230829180859/https://decider.com/2023/08/18/foundation-season-2-episode-6-recap/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Sean T. (September 1, 2023). \"Foundation Season 2 Episode 8 Recap: 'The Last Empress'\". Decider. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://decider.com/2023/09/02/foundation-season-2-episode-8-recap/","url_text":"\"Foundation Season 2 Episode 8 Recap: 'The Last Empress'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decider_(website)","url_text":"Decider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230922113152/https://decider.com/2023/09/02/foundation-season-2-episode-8-recap/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Sean T. (September 15, 2023). \"Foundation Season 2 Finale Recap: 'Creation Myths'\". Decider. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://decider.com/2023/09/15/foundation-season-2-finale-recap/","url_text":"\"Foundation Season 2 Finale Recap: 'Creation Myths'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decider_(website)","url_text":"Decider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230929122900/https://decider.com/2023/09/15/foundation-season-2-finale-recap/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Speicher, Jeffrey (September 6, 2023). \"Foundation's Constant & Hober Finally Gave Us Something this Show Has Been Lacking\". Collider. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/foundation-season-2-brother-constant-hober-mallow-relationship/","url_text":"\"Foundation's Constant & Hober Finally Gave Us Something this Show Has Been Lacking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230925225114/https://collider.com/foundation-season-2-brother-constant-hober-mallow-relationship/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Glassman, Julia (August 4, 2023). \"This Foundation Character Is the Demisexual Icon I've Been Waiting For\". The Mary Sue. Archived from the original on March 18, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themarysue.com/this-foundation-character-is-the-demisexual-icon-ive-been-waiting-for/","url_text":"\"This Foundation Character Is the Demisexual Icon I've Been Waiting For\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mary_Sue","url_text":"The Mary Sue"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240318044459/https://www.themarysue.com/this-foundation-character-is-the-demisexual-icon-ive-been-waiting-for/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Richard (July 14, 2023). \"Foundation Season 2 Review: Stick with It and You Will Be Rewarded\". Space.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved April 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.space.com/foundation-season-2-review","url_text":"\"Foundation Season 2 Review: Stick with It and You Will Be Rewarded\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space.com","url_text":"Space.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240207220514/https://www.space.com/foundation-season-2-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Mr. Gay UK and Foundation Actor Dino Fetscher is One of the Hottest Stars in the Galaxy\". Queerty. August 21, 2023. Archived from the original on January 12, 2024. Retrieved January 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.queerty.com/former-mr-gay-uk-and-foundation-actor-dino-fetscher-is-one-of-hottest-stars-in-the-galaxy-20230821","url_text":"\"Former Mr. Gay UK and Foundation Actor Dino Fetscher is One of the Hottest Stars in the Galaxy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queerty","url_text":"Queerty"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240112155208/https://www.queerty.com/former-mr-gay-uk-and-foundation-actor-dino-fetscher-is-one-of-hottest-stars-in-the-galaxy-20230821","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Sean T. (August 25, 2023). \"Foundation Season 2 Episode 7 Recap: 'A Necessary Death'\". Decider. Archived from the original on September 10, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://decider.com/2023/08/25/foundation-season-2-episode-7-recap/","url_text":"\"Foundation Season 2 Episode 7 Recap: 'A Necessary Death'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decider_(website)","url_text":"Decider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230910020742/https://decider.com/2023/08/25/foundation-season-2-episode-7-recap/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Motamayor, Rafael (September 8, 2023). \"Foundation Recap: Robot and Empire\". Vulture. Archived from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/article/foundation-recap-season-2-episode-9-long-ago-not-far-away.html","url_text":"\"Foundation Recap: Robot and Empire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(website)","url_text":"Vulture"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229185321/https://www.vulture.com/article/foundation-recap-season-2-episode-9-long-ago-not-far-away.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Sean T. (September 8, 2023). \"Foundation Season 2 Episode 9 Recap: 'Long Ago, Not Far Away'\". Decider. Archived from the original on October 14, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://decider.com/2023/09/12/foundation-season-2-episode-9-recap/","url_text":"\"Foundation Season 2 Episode 9 Recap: 'Long Ago, Not Far Away'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decider_(website)","url_text":"Decider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231014060852/https://decider.com/2023/09/12/foundation-season-2-episode-9-recap/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grimes, Gary (August 21, 2023). \"Foundation star Dino Fetscher: 'We need to raise queer actors up'\". Attitude. Archived from the original on February 21, 2024. Retrieved March 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.attitude.co.uk/culture/film-tv/foundation-star-dino-fetscher-we-need-to-raise-queer-actors-up-444370/","url_text":"\"Foundation star Dino Fetscher: 'We need to raise queer actors up'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_(magazine)","url_text":"Attitude"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240221155159/https://www.attitude.co.uk/culture/film-tv/foundation-star-dino-fetscher-we-need-to-raise-queer-actors-up-444370/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wanserski, Nick (September 24, 2021). \"Foundation Arrives to Bring Hope in the Encroaching Darkness\". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/foundation-arrives-to-bring-hope-in-the-encroaching-dar-1847738352","url_text":"\"Foundation Arrives to Bring Hope in the Encroaching Darkness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240228233141/https://www.avclub.com/foundation-arrives-to-bring-hope-in-the-encroaching-dar-1847738352","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wanserski, Nick (October 15, 2021). \"Foundation Pairs a Weak Flashback with a Strong Move Forward\". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/foundation-pairs-a-weak-flashback-with-a-strong-move-fo-1847868857","url_text":"\"Foundation Pairs a Weak Flashback with a Strong Move Forward\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240301175024/https://www.avclub.com/foundation-pairs-a-weak-flashback-with-a-strong-move-fo-1847868857","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bacon, Thomas (October 17, 2021). \"Foundation: Raych's Death, Message & Hari's Murder All Explained\". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on July 18, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/foundation-series-raych-death-hari-murder-aftermath/","url_text":"\"Foundation: Raych's Death, Message & Hari's Murder All Explained\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230718134617/https://screenrant.com/foundation-series-raych-death-hari-murder-aftermath/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wanserski, Nick (October 29, 2021). \"Foundation Explores Old Mysteries and New Discoveries\". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on July 14, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/foundation-explores-old-mysteries-and-new-discoveries-1847959949","url_text":"\"Foundation Explores Old Mysteries and New Discoveries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230714041513/https://www.avclub.com/foundation-explores-old-mysteries-and-new-discoveries-1847959949","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wanserski, Nick (November 5, 2021). \"As Foundation Nears the End, It Remains a Fun Story Lacking Focus\". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/as-foundation-nears-the-end-it-remains-a-fun-story-lac-1848001258","url_text":"\"As Foundation Nears the End, It Remains a Fun Story Lacking Focus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230922182528/https://www.avclub.com/as-foundation-nears-the-end-it-remains-a-fun-story-lac-1848001258","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"East, Michael (November 19, 2021). \"Foundation Season 1 Ending Explained\". Decider. Archived from the original on March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://decider.com/2021/11/19/foundation-season-1-on-apple-tv-plus-ending-explained/","url_text":"\"Foundation Season 1 Ending Explained\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decider_(website)","url_text":"Decider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240304210229/https://decider.com/2021/11/19/foundation-season-1-on-apple-tv-plus-ending-explained/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leite, Marcelo (July 14, 2023). \"Foundation's Queen Sareth of Cloud Dominion Explained\". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/foundation-queen-sareth-cloud-dominion-explained/","url_text":"\"Foundation's Queen Sareth of Cloud Dominion Explained\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230929164042/https://screenrant.com/foundation-queen-sareth-cloud-dominion-explained/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leite, Marcelo (September 15, 2023). \"Lady Demerzel Explained: Foundation's Robot Backstory & Future\". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on January 8, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/foundation-lady-demerzel-robot-backstory-empire-future/","url_text":"\"Lady Demerzel Explained: Foundation's Robot Backstory & Future\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240108202032/https://screenrant.com/foundation-lady-demerzel-robot-backstory-empire-future/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Speicher, Jeffrey (September 24, 2023). \"Who Is the Mule, the Future Villain of Foundation?\". Collider. Archived from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/foundation-season-3-the-mule/","url_text":"\"Who Is the Mule, the Future Villain of Foundation?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230928101912/https://collider.com/foundation-season-3-the-mule/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Speicher, Jeffrey (September 12, 2023). \"Demerzel and the Robots of Foundation, Explained\". Collider. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/foundation-season-2-demerzel-robot-wars-explained/","url_text":"\"Demerzel and the Robots of Foundation, Explained\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240301002932/https://collider.com/foundation-season-2-demerzel-robot-wars-explained/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Speicher, Jeffrey (August 3, 2023). \"Foundation: The Main Characters, Ranked by Likability\". Collider. Archived from the original on September 21, 2023. Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/foundation-main-characters-ranked-likability/","url_text":"\"Foundation: The Main Characters, Ranked by Likability\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230921200703/https://collider.com/foundation-main-characters-ranked-likability/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sáenz, Lissete Lanuza (November 12, 2021). \"Foundation Season 1, Episode 9, 'The First Crisis', Recap & Spoilers\". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021. Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/foundation-recap-spoilers-s1-e9/","url_text":"\"Foundation Season 1, Episode 9, 'The First Crisis', Recap & Spoilers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211122064642/https://www.cbr.com/foundation-recap-spoilers-s1-e9/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wanserski, Nick (October 22, 2021). \"Foundation Explores the Many Ways an Empire Can Decay\". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on July 14, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/foundation-explores-the-many-ways-an-empire-can-decay-1847912687","url_text":"\"Foundation Explores the Many Ways an Empire Can Decay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230714041523/https://www.avclub.com/foundation-explores-the-many-ways-an-empire-can-decay-1847912687","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Sean T. (July 14, 2023). \"Foundation Season 2 Episode 1 Recap: 'In Seldon's Shadow'\". Decider. Archived from the original on October 22, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://decider.com/2023/07/14/foundation-season-2-episode-1-recap/","url_text":"\"Foundation Season 2 Episode 1 Recap: 'In Seldon's Shadow'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decider_(website)","url_text":"Decider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231022145453/https://decider.com/2023/07/14/foundation-season-2-episode-1-recap/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Monique, Joelle (September 24, 2021). \"Foundation Review: Apple TV+ Finally Brings Isaac Asimov's Sci-Fi Saga to Sumptuous Life\". TheWrap. Archived from the original on March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/foundation-review-apple-tv-finally-brings-isaac-asimovs-sci-fi-saga-to-sumptuous-life/","url_text":"\"Foundation Review: Apple TV+ Finally Brings Isaac Asimov's Sci-Fi Saga to Sumptuous Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap","url_text":"TheWrap"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240304212100/https://www.thewrap.com/foundation-review-apple-tv-finally-brings-isaac-asimovs-sci-fi-saga-to-sumptuous-life/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leite, Marcelo (July 28, 2023). \"How Hari Seldon Has a Body in Foundation Season 2 Explained\". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on August 4, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/hari-seldon-body-explained-foundation-season-2/","url_text":"\"How Hari Seldon Has a Body in Foundation Season 2 Explained\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230804185224/https://screenrant.com/hari-seldon-body-explained-foundation-season-2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Matadeen, Renaldo (November 14, 2021). \"Foundation's Phara Keaen Is TV's Most Merciless Villain\". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/foundation-phara-most-merciless-villain/","url_text":"\"Foundation's Phara Keaen Is TV's Most Merciless Villain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources","url_text":"Comic Book Resources"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220609235622/https://www.cbr.com/foundation-phara-most-merciless-villain/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1966-hugo-awards/","external_links_name":"\"1966 Hugo Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190516124347/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1966-hugo-awards/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160403182439/http://www.nesfa.org/data/LL/Hugos/hugos1966.html","external_links_name":"\"The Long List of Hugo Awards, 1966\""},{"Link":"http://www.nesfa.org/data/LL/Hugos/hugos1966.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/8/elkins8art.htm","external_links_name":"\"Isaac Asimov's Foundation Novels: Historical Materialism Distorted into Cyclical Psycho-History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231101024032/https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/8/elkins8art.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/10511","external_links_name":"Mirrors of the Past: Versions of History in Science Fiction and Fantasy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211007104202/https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/10511","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4239857","external_links_name":"\"Some Asimov Resonances from the Enlightenment\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4239857","external_links_name":"4239857"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231031215236/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4239857","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://collider.com/foundation-season-2-characters-robyn-asimov-comments/","external_links_name":"\"What the Foundation Series Does Better Than Isaac Asimov's Novels\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240119023445/https://collider.com/foundation-season-2-characters-robyn-asimov-comments/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.scifimind.com/foundation-and-empire/","external_links_name":"\"Re-Reading Foundation and Empire by Isaac Asimov\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240227203903/https://www.scifimind.com/foundation-and-empire/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XQE2f6CWyvEC","external_links_name":"Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240308200652/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Isaac_Asimov/XQE2f6CWyvEC?hl=en&gbpv=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://gizmodo.com/in-which-events-take-a-generally-darker-turn-foundatio-5799689","external_links_name":"\"In Which Events Take a Generally Darker Turn: Foundation and Empire by Isaac Asimov\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240226010158/https://gizmodo.com/in-which-events-take-a-generally-darker-turn-foundatio-5799689","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.scifimike.com/sf-radio-foundation.html","external_links_name":"\"The Foundation Trilogy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240225163819/https://www.scifimike.com/sf-radio-foundation.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://decider.com/2023/08/04/foundation-season-2-episode-4-recap/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Season 2 Episode 4 Recap: 'Where the Stars Are Scattered Thinly'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240301230113/https://decider.com/2023/08/04/foundation-season-2-episode-4-recap/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://thedirect.com/article/foundation-season-2-cast-characters-actors","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Season 2: All 24 Main Actors Who Appear (Photos)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240301230505/https://thedirect.com/article/foundation-season-2-cast-characters-actors","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.scifimind.com/second-foundation-by-isaac-asimov/","external_links_name":"\"Second Foundation by Isaac Asimov: A Re-Reading for #SciFiMonth\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240227205041/https://www.scifimind.com/second-foundation-by-isaac-asimov/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://gizmodo.com/mind-games-and-mysteries-abound-in-isaac-asimovs-second-5799734","external_links_name":"\"Mind Games and Mysteries Abound in Isaac Asimov's Second Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240226010159/https://gizmodo.com/mind-games-and-mysteries-abound-in-isaac-asimovs-second-5799734","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://gizmodo.com/in-prelude-to-foundation-isaac-asimov-delves-into-psyc-5800631","external_links_name":"\"In Prelude to Foundation, Isaac Asimov Delves into Psychohistory's Sorta Psycho History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240226010159/https://gizmodo.com/in-prelude-to-foundation-isaac-asimov-delves-into-psyc-5800631","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2013/may/17/review-forward-the-foundation-isaac-asimov","external_links_name":"\"Review: Forward the Foundation by Isaac Asimov\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240228025554/https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2013/may/17/review-forward-the-foundation-isaac-asimov","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780385247931","external_links_name":"\"Review: Forward the Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240228033051/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780385247931","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://collider.com/foundation-cast-character-guide-apple-tv-series/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Cast and Characters Guide: Who Plays Who in the Apple TV+ Asimov Adaptation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230720225113/https://collider.com/foundation-cast-character-guide-apple-tv-series/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vulture.com/article/foundation-recap-season-2-episode-5-the-sighted-and-the-seen.html","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Recap: Forget It, Jake, It's Trantor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240301213732/https://www.vulture.com/article/foundation-recap-season-2-episode-5-the-sighted-and-the-seen.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://mashable.com/article/foundation-book-vs-show","external_links_name":"\"How Apple TV's Foundation Is Different from the Books\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240227155518/https://mashable.com/article/foundation-book-vs-show","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/foundation-clone-emperors-genetic-dynasty-explained/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation's Genetic Dynasty & The Clone Emperors Explained\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231229055707/https://screenrant.com/foundation-clone-emperors-genetic-dynasty-explained/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/foundation-arrives-to-bring-hope-in-the-encroaching-dar-1847738352","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Arrives to Bring Hope in the Encroaching Darkness\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240228233141/https://www.avclub.com/foundation-arrives-to-bring-hope-in-the-encroaching-dar-1847738352","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2024/03/foundation-season-3-cast-apple-cherry-jones-brandon-p-bell-1235864743/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation: Cherry Jones, Brandon P. Bell Among 8 New Series Regulars For Season 3; Pilou Asbæk Joins in Recasting\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240322022757/https://deadline.com/2024/03/foundation-season-3-cast-apple-cherry-jones-brandon-p-bell-1235864743/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/foundation-show-book-differences-changes-explained/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation: All Major Changes the Show Makes to Isaac Asimov's Books\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230925114756/https://screenrant.com/foundation-show-book-differences-changes-explained/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vulture.com/article/foundation-season-two-episode-8-recap-the-last-empress.html","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Recap: I, Demerzel\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229185320/https://www.vulture.com/article/foundation-season-two-episode-8-recap-the-last-empress.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20210920-foundation-the-unfilmable-sci-fi-epic-now-on-our-screens","external_links_name":"\"Foundation: The 'Unfilmable' Sci-fi Epic Now on Our Screens\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240225085048/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20210920-foundation-the-unfilmable-sci-fi-epic-now-on-our-screens","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://gizmodo.com/isaac-asimovs-foundation-the-little-idea-that-became-s-5799655","external_links_name":"\"Isaac Asimov's Foundation: The Little Idea That Became Science Fiction's Biggest Series\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240226010148/https://gizmodo.com/isaac-asimovs-foundation-the-little-idea-that-became-s-5799655","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.sffaudio.com/bbc-radio-3-isaac-asimovs-the-foundation-trilogy/","external_links_name":"\"BBC Radio 3: Isaac Asimov's The Foundation Trilogy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240225164106/https://www.sffaudio.com/bbc-radio-3-isaac-asimovs-the-foundation-trilogy/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://decider.com/2021/09/26/foundation-on-apple-tv-plus-feature/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation on Apple TV+: How David S. Goyer Worked with the Asimov Estate to Update the Sci-Fi Classic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211004001058/https://decider.com/2021/09/26/foundation-on-apple-tv-plus-feature/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/foundation-lou-llobell-brainy-strength-gaal-dornick","external_links_name":"\"Foundation's Lou Llobell talks about Gaal Dornick's brainy strength\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240302193159/https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/foundation-lou-llobell-brainy-strength-gaal-dornick","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://winteriscoming.net/2021/09/24/foundation-review-episodes-emperors-peace-preparing-to-live/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Premiere Review: 'The Emperor's Peace' and 'Preparing to Live'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220116005920/https://winteriscoming.net/2021/09/24/foundation-review-episodes-emperors-peace-preparing-to-live/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2022/02/foundation-season-2-apple-tv-plus-casts-10-first-look-1234923533/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation: Apple TV+ Sci-Fi Drama Adds 10 to Season 2 Cast, Unveils First Look\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230105132713/https://deadline.com/2022/02/foundation-season-2-apple-tv-plus-casts-10-first-look-1234923533/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2023/12/alexander-siddig-foundation-apple-season-3-1235666519/","external_links_name":"\"Alexander Siddig Joins Apple's Foundation as New Series Regular in Season 3\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231215092436/https://deadline.com/2023/12/alexander-siddig-foundation-apple-season-3-1235666519/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://decider.com/2023/07/21/foundation-season-2-episode-2-recap/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Season 2 Episode 2 Recap: 'A Glimpse of Darkness'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230804203618/https://decider.com/2023/07/21/foundation-season-2-episode-2-recap/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/foundation-season-3-cast-troy-kotsur-1235919881/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Season 3 Adds CODA Star Troy Kotsur to Cast\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229163828/https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/foundation-season-3-cast-troy-kotsur-1235919881/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://bookanalysis.com/isaac-asimov/foundation/characters/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Characters by Isaac Asimov\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240225071859/https://bookanalysis.com/isaac-asimov/foundation/characters/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/foundation-asimov/lewis-pirenne.html","external_links_name":"\"Lewis Pirenne in Foundation: Character Analysis\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240315182320/https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/foundation-asimov/lewis-pirenne.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/foundation-show-cast-characters-books-guide/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Cast & Character Guide: Where Else to See the Stars of the AppleTV+ Sci-Fi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230929101321/https://screenrant.com/foundation-show-cast-characters-books-guide/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://decider.com/2021/10/08/foundation-episode-4-recap/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Episode 4 Recap: 'Barbarians t the Gate'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240317071232/https://decider.com/2021/10/08/foundation-episode-4-recap/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://decider.com/2023/07/28/foundation-season-2-episode-3-recap/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Season 2 Episode 3 Recap: 'King and Commoner'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230801203834/https://decider.com/2023/07/28/foundation-season-2-episode-3-recap/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://sciencefiction.com/2015/08/27/throwback-thursday-bbc-radios-foundation-trilogy-1973/","external_links_name":"\"Throwback Thursday: BBC Radio'sThe Foundation Trilogy (1973)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240225162938/https://sciencefiction.com/2015/08/27/throwback-thursday-bbc-radios-foundation-trilogy-1973/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://gizmodo.com/in-which-a-great-work-is-finally-completed-isaac-asimo-5801963","external_links_name":"\"In Which a Great Work Is Finally Completed: Isaac Asimov's Forward the Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231120071947/https://gizmodo.com/in-which-a-great-work-is-finally-completed-isaac-asimo-5801963","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/foundation-asimov/minor-characters-encyclopedists.html","external_links_name":"\"Minor Characters in 'The Encyclopedists' in Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240315182315/https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/foundation-asimov/minor-characters-encyclopedists.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3xw60737","external_links_name":"\"Lord Dorwin's Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5070%2FD33xw60737","external_links_name":"10.5070/D33xw60737"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240315183501/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3xw60737","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://tvobsessive.com/2021/09/24/foundation-premiere-the-emperors-peace-and-preparing-to-live/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Premiere: 'The Emperor's Peace' and 'Preparing to Live'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240316175509/https://tvobsessive.com/2021/09/24/foundation-premiere-the-emperors-peace-and-preparing-to-live/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://decider.com/2023/08/18/foundation-season-2-episode-6-recap/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Season 2 Episode 6 Recap: \"'Why the Gods Made Wine'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230829180859/https://decider.com/2023/08/18/foundation-season-2-episode-6-recap/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://decider.com/2023/09/02/foundation-season-2-episode-8-recap/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Season 2 Episode 8 Recap: 'The Last Empress'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230922113152/https://decider.com/2023/09/02/foundation-season-2-episode-8-recap/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://decider.com/2023/09/15/foundation-season-2-finale-recap/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Season 2 Finale Recap: 'Creation Myths'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230929122900/https://decider.com/2023/09/15/foundation-season-2-finale-recap/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://collider.com/foundation-season-2-brother-constant-hober-mallow-relationship/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation's Constant & Hober Finally Gave Us Something this Show Has Been Lacking\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230925225114/https://collider.com/foundation-season-2-brother-constant-hober-mallow-relationship/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.themarysue.com/this-foundation-character-is-the-demisexual-icon-ive-been-waiting-for/","external_links_name":"\"This Foundation Character Is the Demisexual Icon I've Been Waiting For\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240318044459/https://www.themarysue.com/this-foundation-character-is-the-demisexual-icon-ive-been-waiting-for/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.space.com/foundation-season-2-review","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Season 2 Review: Stick with It and You Will Be Rewarded\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240207220514/https://www.space.com/foundation-season-2-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.queerty.com/former-mr-gay-uk-and-foundation-actor-dino-fetscher-is-one-of-hottest-stars-in-the-galaxy-20230821","external_links_name":"\"Former Mr. Gay UK and Foundation Actor Dino Fetscher is One of the Hottest Stars in the Galaxy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240112155208/https://www.queerty.com/former-mr-gay-uk-and-foundation-actor-dino-fetscher-is-one-of-hottest-stars-in-the-galaxy-20230821","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://decider.com/2023/08/25/foundation-season-2-episode-7-recap/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Season 2 Episode 7 Recap: 'A Necessary Death'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230910020742/https://decider.com/2023/08/25/foundation-season-2-episode-7-recap/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.vulture.com/article/foundation-recap-season-2-episode-9-long-ago-not-far-away.html","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Recap: Robot and Empire\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229185321/https://www.vulture.com/article/foundation-recap-season-2-episode-9-long-ago-not-far-away.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://decider.com/2023/09/12/foundation-season-2-episode-9-recap/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Season 2 Episode 9 Recap: 'Long Ago, Not Far Away'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231014060852/https://decider.com/2023/09/12/foundation-season-2-episode-9-recap/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.attitude.co.uk/culture/film-tv/foundation-star-dino-fetscher-we-need-to-raise-queer-actors-up-444370/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation star Dino Fetscher: 'We need to raise queer actors up'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240221155159/https://www.attitude.co.uk/culture/film-tv/foundation-star-dino-fetscher-we-need-to-raise-queer-actors-up-444370/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/foundation-arrives-to-bring-hope-in-the-encroaching-dar-1847738352","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Arrives to Bring Hope in the Encroaching Darkness\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240228233141/https://www.avclub.com/foundation-arrives-to-bring-hope-in-the-encroaching-dar-1847738352","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/foundation-pairs-a-weak-flashback-with-a-strong-move-fo-1847868857","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Pairs a Weak Flashback with a Strong Move Forward\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240301175024/https://www.avclub.com/foundation-pairs-a-weak-flashback-with-a-strong-move-fo-1847868857","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/foundation-series-raych-death-hari-murder-aftermath/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation: Raych's Death, Message & Hari's Murder All Explained\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230718134617/https://screenrant.com/foundation-series-raych-death-hari-murder-aftermath/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/foundation-explores-old-mysteries-and-new-discoveries-1847959949","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Explores Old Mysteries and New Discoveries\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230714041513/https://www.avclub.com/foundation-explores-old-mysteries-and-new-discoveries-1847959949","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/as-foundation-nears-the-end-it-remains-a-fun-story-lac-1848001258","external_links_name":"\"As Foundation Nears the End, It Remains a Fun Story Lacking Focus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230922182528/https://www.avclub.com/as-foundation-nears-the-end-it-remains-a-fun-story-lac-1848001258","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://decider.com/2021/11/19/foundation-season-1-on-apple-tv-plus-ending-explained/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Season 1 Ending Explained\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240304210229/https://decider.com/2021/11/19/foundation-season-1-on-apple-tv-plus-ending-explained/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/foundation-queen-sareth-cloud-dominion-explained/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation's Queen Sareth of Cloud Dominion Explained\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230929164042/https://screenrant.com/foundation-queen-sareth-cloud-dominion-explained/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/foundation-lady-demerzel-robot-backstory-empire-future/","external_links_name":"\"Lady Demerzel Explained: Foundation's Robot Backstory & Future\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240108202032/https://screenrant.com/foundation-lady-demerzel-robot-backstory-empire-future/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://collider.com/foundation-season-3-the-mule/","external_links_name":"\"Who Is the Mule, the Future Villain of Foundation?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230928101912/https://collider.com/foundation-season-3-the-mule/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://collider.com/foundation-season-2-demerzel-robot-wars-explained/","external_links_name":"\"Demerzel and the Robots of Foundation, Explained\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240301002932/https://collider.com/foundation-season-2-demerzel-robot-wars-explained/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://collider.com/foundation-main-characters-ranked-likability/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation: The Main Characters, Ranked by Likability\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230921200703/https://collider.com/foundation-main-characters-ranked-likability/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/foundation-recap-spoilers-s1-e9/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Season 1, Episode 9, 'The First Crisis', Recap & Spoilers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211122064642/https://www.cbr.com/foundation-recap-spoilers-s1-e9/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/foundation-explores-the-many-ways-an-empire-can-decay-1847912687","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Explores the Many Ways an Empire Can Decay\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230714041523/https://www.avclub.com/foundation-explores-the-many-ways-an-empire-can-decay-1847912687","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://decider.com/2023/07/14/foundation-season-2-episode-1-recap/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Season 2 Episode 1 Recap: 'In Seldon's Shadow'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231022145453/https://decider.com/2023/07/14/foundation-season-2-episode-1-recap/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thewrap.com/foundation-review-apple-tv-finally-brings-isaac-asimovs-sci-fi-saga-to-sumptuous-life/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation Review: Apple TV+ Finally Brings Isaac Asimov's Sci-Fi Saga to Sumptuous Life\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240304212100/https://www.thewrap.com/foundation-review-apple-tv-finally-brings-isaac-asimovs-sci-fi-saga-to-sumptuous-life/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/hari-seldon-body-explained-foundation-season-2/","external_links_name":"\"How Hari Seldon Has a Body in Foundation Season 2 Explained\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230804185224/https://screenrant.com/hari-seldon-body-explained-foundation-season-2/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/foundation-phara-most-merciless-villain/","external_links_name":"\"Foundation's Phara Keaen Is TV's Most Merciless Villain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220609235622/https://www.cbr.com/foundation-phara-most-merciless-villain/","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_piece
|
Chess piece
|
["1 Number","2 Definitions","3 Moves","4 Relative value","5 History","6 Names","7 Variants","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"]
|
Game piece for playing chess
For other uses, see Chess piece (disambiguation).
Polish Węgiel pieces
Original Staunton chess pieces Left to right: pawn, rook, knight, bishop, queen, king
A chess piece, or chessman, is a game piece that is placed on a chessboard to play the game of chess. It can be either white or black, and it can be one of six types: king, queen, rook, bishop, knight, or pawn.
Chess sets generally come with sixteen pieces of each color. Additional pieces, usually an extra queen per color, may be provided for use in promotion.
Number
Chess piecesKingQueenRookBishopKnightPawn
Each player begins with sixteen pieces (but see the subsection below for other usage of the term piece). The pieces that belong to each player are distinguished by color: the lighter colored pieces are referred to as "white" and the player that controls them as "White", whereas the darker colored pieces are referred to as "black" and the player that controls them as "Black".
In a standard game, each of the two players begins with the following sixteen pieces:
1 king
1 queen
2 rooks
2 bishops
2 knights
8 pawns
Definitions
The word "piece" has three meanings, depending on the context.
It may mean any of the physical pieces of the set, including the pawns. When used this way, "piece" is synonymous with "chessman" or simply "man". Chess sets have been made in a variety of styles, sometimes for decorative or artistic purposes rather than practical play, but the Staunton pattern is standard for competition.
In play, the term is usually used to exclude pawns, referring only to a queen, rook, bishop, knight, or king. In this context, the pieces can be broken down into three groups: major pieces (queen and rooks), minor pieces (bishops and knights), and the king.
In phrases such as "winning a piece", "losing a piece" or "sacrificing a piece" and other related contexts, it refers only to minor pieces (bishops or knights). By convention, the queen, rooks, and pawns are specified by name in these cases – for example, "winning a queen", "losing a rook", or "sacrificing a pawn".
Moves
Main article: Rules of chess
abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghChess starting position. Squares are referenced using algebraic notation.
The rules of chess prescribe the moves each type of chess piece can make. During play, the players take turns moving their own chess pieces.
The rook may move any number of squares vertically or horizontally without jumping. It also takes part, along with the king, in castling.
The bishop may move any number of squares diagonally without jumping. Consequently, a bishop stays on squares of the same color throughout the game.
The queen may move any number of squares vertically, horizontally, or diagonally without jumping.
The king may move to any adjoining square. No move may be made such that the king is placed or left in check. The king may participate in castling, which is a move consisting of the king moving two squares toward a same-colored rook on the same rank and the rook moving to the square crossed by the king. Castling may only be performed if the king and rook involved are unmoved, if the king is not in check, if the king would not travel through or into check, and if there are no pieces between the rook and the king.
The knight moves from one corner of any two-by-three rectangle to the opposite corner. Consequently, the knight alternates its square color each time it moves. It is not obstructed by other pieces.
The pawn may move forward one square, and one or two squares when on its starting square, toward the opponent's side of the board. When there is an enemy piece one square diagonally ahead of a pawn, then the pawn may capture that piece. A pawn can perform a special type of capture of an enemy pawn called en passant ("in passing"), wherein it captures a horizontally adjacent enemy pawn that has just advanced two squares as if that pawn had only advanced one square. If the pawn reaches a square on the back rank of the opponent, it promotes to the player's choice of a queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color.
Pieces other than pawns capture in the same way that they move. A capturing piece replaces the opponent piece on its square, except for an en passant capture by a pawn. Captured pieces are immediately removed from the game. A square may hold only one piece at any given time. Except for castling and the knight's move, no piece may jump over another piece.
Relative value
Main article: Chess piece relative value
The value assigned to a piece attempts to represent the potential strength of the piece in the game. As the game develops, the relative values of the pieces will also change. For example, in an open game, bishops are relatively more valuable; they can be positioned to control long, open diagonal spaces. In a closed game with lines of protected pawns blocking bishops, knights usually become relatively more potent. Similar ideas apply to placing rooks on open files and knights on active, central squares. The standard valuation is one point for a pawn, three points for a knight or bishop, five points for a rook, and nine points for a queen. These values are reliable in endgames, particularly with a limited number of pieces. But these values can change depending on the position or the phase of the game (opening, middle game, or ending). A bishop pair for example, is worth an additional half-pawn on average. In specific circumstances, the values may be quite different: sometimes a knight can be more valuable than a queen if a particular angle is required for a mating attack, such as certain smothered mates. The humble pawn becomes more and more valuable the closer it is to securing a queen promotion for another example.
History
See also: History of chess
Chess evolved over time from its earliest versions in India and Persia to variants that spread both West and East. Pieces changed names and rules as well; the most notable changes was the Vizir (or Firz) becoming the Queen, and the Elephant becoming the Bishop in European versions of chess. The movement patterns for Queens and Bishops also changed, with the earliest rules restricting elephants to just two squares along a diagonal, but allowing them to "jump" (seen in the fairy chess piece the alfil); and the earliest versions of queens could only move a single square diagonally (the fairy chess piece Ferz). The modern bishop's movement was popularized in the 14th and 15th centuries, and the modern queen was popularized in the 15th and 16th centuries, with versions with the more powerful modern queen eclipsing older variants.
Sample Medieval chess pieces
A pawn of quartz from 10th–11th century (Fatimid Egypt?). Islamic chess sets favored abstract designs.
A knight made around 1250 in London, England. The knight is battling a dragon.
An elephant from the 11th–12th century Islamic Western Mediterranean (possibly Nasrid Granada?). It bears similarities to a Bishop's miter, perhaps explaining the eventual terminology shift.
A 12th century warder (modern rook) made of whale ivory of Scandinavian origin, similar to the famous Lewis chessmen.
A 13th century Queen astride a horse with attendants, of Scandinavian origin. The Queen replaced the Persian Vizier in European chess.
An 8th–10th century King (Shah) carved of jet. In the Islamic style, it is an abstract representation, decorated with dot-and-circle devices.
Names
Look up Appendix:Chess pieces in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The characters implied by pieces' names vary between languages. For example, in many languages, the piece known in English as the "knight" frequently translates as "horse", and the English "bishop" frequently translates as "elephant" in language areas that adapted the modern bishop's movement pattern, but not its new name.
Overview of chess piece names
Language
King
Queen
Rook
Bishop
Knight
Pawn
Chess
Check
Checkmate/Mate
figure
♔ ♚
♕ ♛
♖ ♜
♗ ♝
♘ ♞
♙ ♟
n/a
+ or †
# or ++ or ‡
Afrikaans
K Koning king
D Dame lady
T Toring tower
L Loper runner
R Ruiter rider
(P) Pion
Skaak
Skaak
Skaakmat
Albanian
M Mbreti king
D Dama / Mbretëresha lady / queen
T Torra tower
F Fili / Oficeri elephant / officer
K Kali horse
(U) Ushtari soldier
Shahu
Shah
Shah mat
Arabic
م مَلِك (malik) king
و وزير (wazïr) vizier
ر رخ / طابية (rukhkh / ṭābiya) fortress / castle
ف فيل (fīl) elephant
ح حصان (ħiṣān) horse
ب بيدق / عسكري (baidaq / `askarī) pawn / soldier
شطرنج (shaṭranj)
كِش مَلِك (kish malik)
كِش مات (kish māt)
Azerbaijani
Ş Şah shah
V Vəzir vizier
T Top cannon
F Fil elephant
A At horse
P Piyada foot soldier
Şahmat
şahshah
matmat
Armenian
Ա Արքա (Ark῾a) king
Թ Թագուհի (T῾agowhi) queen
Ն Նավակ (Navak) ship
Փ Փիղ (P῾ił) elephant
Ձ Ձի (Dzi) horse
Զ Զինվոր (Zinvor) soldier
Շախմատ (Šaxmat) Ճատրակ (Čatrak)
Շախ (Šax)
Մատ (Mat)
Basque
E Erregea king
D Dama lady
G Gaztelua castle
A Alfila
Z Zalduna knight
(P) Peoia pawn
Xake
Xake
Xake mate
Belarusian (Taraškievica)
К кароль king
Вз візыр vizier
Лд ладзьдзя boat
А афіцэр officer
В вершнік rider
(Л) латнік pawn
Шахматы
Шах
Мат
Bengali
R রাজা (rājā) King
M মন্ত্রী (montri) Minister
N নৌকা (noukā) Boat
H গজ / হাতি (gôj / hāti) Elephant
G ঘোড়া (ghoṛā) Horse
B বোড়ে / সৈন্য (boṛe / śoinno) Walker / Troop
দাবা (dābā)
কিস্তি (kisti) Check
কিস্তিমাত (kistimāt) Checkmate
Bulgarian
Ц цар tsar
Д дама / царица lady / tsaritsa
Т топ cannon
О офицер officer
К кон horse
(П) пешка foot soldier
Шахмат / Шах
Шах
(Шах и) мат
Catalan
R rei
D dama / reina lady / queen
T torre tower
A alfil
C cavall horse
(P) peó
Escacs
Escac / Xec
Escac i mat
Chinese
K 王 (wáng) king
Q 后 (hòu) queen
R 車 (jū) chariot
B 象 (xiàng) elephant
N 馬 (mǎ) horse
(P) 兵 (bīng) soldier
國際象棋 (guójì xiàngqí) international chess
將軍 (jiāngjūn)
將死 (jiāng sǐ)
Czech
K král king
D dáma lady
V věž tower
S střelec shooter
J jezdec rider
(P) pěšec foot soldier
Šachy
Šach
Mat
Danish
K konge king
D dronning queen
T tårn tower
L løber runner
S springer jumper
(B) bonde peasant
Skak
Skak
Skakmat
Dutch
K koning king
D dame / koningin lady / queen
T toren / kasteel tower / castle
L loper / raadsheer runner / counsellor
P paard horse
(pi) pion
Schaken
Schaak
Mat / Schaakmat
English
K king
Q queen
R rook, castle
B bishop
N knight
(P) pawn
Chess
Check
Checkmate / Mate
Esperanto
R reĝo king
D damo lady
T turo tower
K kuriero courier
Ĉ ĉevalo horse
(P) peono
Ŝako
Ŝak
Ŝakmato
Estonian
K kuningas king
L lipp flag
V vanker chariot / carriage
O oda spear
R ratsu riding horse
(E) ettur forwarder
Male after malev
Tuli / Šahh fire
Matt
Finnish
K kuningas king
D daami / kuningatar lady / queen
T torni tower
L lähetti messenger
R ratsu ride
(S) sotilas soldier
Shakki
Shakki
Matti / Shakkimatti
French
R roi king
D dame lady
T tour tower
F fou jester
C cavalier rider
(P) pion
Échecs
Échec
Échec et mat
Galician
R rei king
D dama / raíña lady / queen
T torre tower
B bispo bishop
C cabalo horse
(P) peón foot soldier
Xadrez
Xaque
Xaque mate
Georgian
მფ მეფე (mep'e) king
ლ ლაზიერი (lazieri) queen
ე ეტლი (etli) chariot
კ კუ (ku) tortoise
მ მხედარი (mkhedari) rider
პ პაიკი (paiki) pawn
ჭადრაკი (Čadraki)
ქიში (K'ishi)
შამათი (Shamat'i)
German
K König king
D Dame lady / queen
T Turm tower
L Läufer runner
S Springer jumper
(B) Bauer peasant / farmer
Schach
Schach
Matt / Schachmatt
Greek
Ρ βασιλιάς (vasiliás) king
Β βασίλισσα (vasílissa) queen
Π πύργος (pýrgos) tower
Α αξιωματικός (axiomatikós) officer
Ι ίππος (íppos) horse
(Σ) πιόνι (pióni) pawn
Σκάκι (Skáki)
Σαχ (Sach) / Ρουά (Rouá)
Mατ (Mat)
Hindi
R राजा (rājā) king
V वज़ीर / रानी (vazīr / rānī) vizier / queen
H हाथी (hāthī) elephant
O ऊँट (ūṁṭ) camel
G घोड़ा (ghoṛā) horse
(P) प्यादा (pyādā) infantryman
शतरंज (śatrañj)
शह (Shah)
शहमात (Shahmāt)
Hebrew
מ מלך (Melech) king
מה מלכה (Malka) queen
צ צריח (Tzariach) tower
ר רץ (Ratz) runner
פ פרש (Parash) horseman
רגלי (Regli) foot soldier
שחמט (Shakhmat)
שח (Shakh)
מט (Mat)
Hausa
S sarki king
Q sarauniya queen
R sansanin fortress
G giwa elephant
J jarumi mounted warrior
(P) soja soldier
ces
ceki
ceki mat
Hungarian
K király king
V vezér / királynő leader / queen
B bástya bastion
F futó runner
H huszár / ló hussar / horse
(Gy) gyalog / paraszt footman / peasant
Sakk
Sakk
Matt / Sakk-matt
Icelandic
K kóngur king
D drottning queen
H hrókur rook
B biskup bishop
R riddari knight
(P) peð pawn
Skák
Skák
Skák og mát
Ido
R rejo king
D damo lady
T turmo tower
E episkopo bishop
K kavalo horse
(P) piono
Shakoludo
Shako
Shakmato
Indonesian
R raja king
M menteri minister / vizier
B benteng castle / fortress
G gajah elephant
K kuda horse
(P) pion
Catur
Sekak / Ster
Sekakmat
Interslavic
K kralj king
C carica / dama empress / lady
Z zamok / věža castle / tower
L lovec hunter
J jezdec / konj rider / horse
(P) pěšak infantryman
Šahy
Šah
Mat
Irish
R rí king
B banríon queen
C caiseal bulwark
E easpag bishop
D ridire knight
(F) fichillín / ceithearnach little chess piece / kern
Ficheall
Sáinn
Marbhsháinn
Italian
R re king
D donna / regina lady / queen
T torre tower
A alfiere standard-bearer
C cavallo horse
(P) pedone foot soldier
Scacchi
Scacco
Scacco matto
Japanese
K キング (kingu)
Q クイーン (kuīn)
R ルーク (rūku)
B ビショップ (bishoppu)
N ナイト (naito)
(P) ポーン (pōn)
チェス (chesu)
王手 (ōte) / チェック (chekku)
詰み (tsumi) / チェックメイト (chekkumeito)
Javanese
R raja king
Q ratu / perdhana mentri queen / prime minister
B bèntèng fortress
M mentri minister
K jaran horse
(P) pion
sekak
Kannada
ರಾ ರಾಜ (raaja) king
ಮ ಮಂತ್ರಿ (mantri) minister
ಆ ಆನೆ (aane) elephant
ರ ರಥ (ratha) chariot
ಕು ಕುದುರೆ (kudure) horse
ಪಾ ಪದಾತಿ (padaati) foot soldier
ಚದುರಂಗ (caduraṅga)
Kazakh
Кр патша (patşa) king
У уәзір (uäzır) vizier
Т тура (tura) tower
П піл (pıl) elephant
А ат (at) horse
(П) пешка (peşka) / (С) сарбаз (sarbaz) foot soldier / warrior
шахмат (şahmat)
шах (şah)
мат (mat)
Korean
K 킹 (king)
Q 퀸 (kwin)
R 룩 (rug)
B 비숍 (bi syob)
N 나이트 (na i teu)
(P) 폰 (pon)
체스 (che seu)
체크 (che keu)
체크메이트 (che keu me i teu)
Latin
R rex king
M regina queen
T turris / elephas tower / elephant
A signifer / cursor / stultus / alphinus standard-bearer / messenger / fool
E eques knight
(P) pedes / pedo foot soldier
Scacci
Scaccus
Mattus
Latvian
K karalis king
D dāma lady
T tornis tower
L laidnis
Z zirgs horse
(B) bandinieks peasant
Šahs
Šahs
Šahs un mats
Lithuanian
K karalius king
V valdovė queen
B bokštas tower
R rikis Lithuanian military commander
Ž žirgas horse
(P) pėstininkas pawn
Šachmatai
Šach
Matas
Lojban
Na noltrunau king
Ni noltruni'u queen
S slanydi'u castle
X xanto elephant
Xi xirma horse
(S) sonci soldier
caxmati
gunta attack
lo nolraitru cu morsi the king is dead
Luxembourgish
K Kinnek king
D Damm lady
T Tuerm tower
L Leefer runner
P Päerd horse
(B) Bauer farmer
Schach
Schach
Schachmatt
Macedonian
K крал king
D кралица / дама queen / lady
T топ cannon
L ловец hunter
S коњ / скокач horse / jumper
P пешак / пион infantryman / pawn
шах
шах
мат
Malayalam
K രാജാവ് (raajavu) king
Q മന്ത്രി (manthri) minister
R തേര് (therú) chariot
B ആന (aana) elephant
N/Kt കുതിര (kuthira) horse
(P) കാലാള് / പടയാളി (kaalal / padayaali) foot soldier
ചതുരംഗം (chathurangam)
ചെക്ക്
ചെക്ക് മേറ്റ്
Marathi
R राजा (rājā) king
V वजीर (vajīr) vizier
H हत्ती (hātti) elephant
O उंट (Unṭ) camel
G घोडा (ghoḍā) horse
(P) प्यादे (pyāde) foot soldier
बुद्धिबळ (buddhibal)
शह (shah)
शहमात (shahmāt)
Mongolian
Н ноён noyan
Б бэрс (fers) vizier
т тэрэг (tereg) chariot
Т тэмээ (temee) camel
М морь (mor) horse
(Х) хүү (hüü) boy
Шатар
шаг / дуг / цод
мад
Norwegian Bokmål
K konge king
D dronning queen
T tårn tower
L løper runner
S springer jumper
(B) bonde peasant
Sjakk
Sjakk
Sjakkmatt
Norwegian Nynorsk
K konge king
D dronning queen
T tårn tower
L løpar runner
S springar jumper
(B) bonde peasant
Sjakk
Sjakk
Sjakkmatt
Odia
K ରଜା (rôja) king
Q ରାଣୀ (raṇi) queen
R ଡଙ୍ଗା (ḍôṅga) boat
B ହାତୀ (hati) elephant
N ଘୋଡ଼ା (ghoṛa) horse
P ସୈନିକ (sôinikô) soldier
ଚେସ୍/ଶତରଞ୍ଜ (chess/śôtôrôñjô)
ଚେକ୍ (check)
ଚେକମେଟ୍ (checkmate)
Oromo
M Mootii
Mt Mootittii
G Gidaara, masaraa
A abuunii
N namkabajaa
Cheezii
Mirkaneeffannaa
Waayila / Mate
Persian
ش شاه king
و وزیر vizier / minister
ق/ر قلعه/رخ castle
ف فیل elephant
ا اسب horse
س/پ سرباز/پیاده soldier
شطرنج (shatranj)
کیش (kish)
مات (mat)
Polish
K król king
H hetman / królowa general (hist.) / queen
W wieża tower
G goniec / laufer courier / (ger. derived)
S skoczek / koń jumper / horse
(P) pion / pionek pawn
Szachy
szach
mat / szach-mat
Portuguese
R rei king
D dama / rainha lady / queen
T torre tower
B bispo bishop
C cavalo horse
(P) peão foot soldier
Xadrez
Xeque
Xeque-mate
Romanian
R rege king
D damă / regină lady / queen
T turn / tură tower
N nebun fool
C cal horse
(P) pion
Șah
Șah
Mat / Șah mat
Russian
Кр король (korol') king
Ф ферзь / королева (ferz' / koroleva) vizier / queen
Л ладья (ladya) boat
С слон (slon) elephant
К конь (kon') horse
(П) пешка (peshka)
шахматы (shakhmaty)
шах (shakh)
мат (mat)
Scottish Gaelic
R righ king
B bànrigh queen
T tùr tower
E easbaig bishop
D ridir knight
(P) pàn pawn
feòirne
casg
tul-chasg
Serbo-Croatian
K kralj (К краљ) king
D kraljica / dama (Д краљицa / дама) queen / lady
T top / kula (Т топ / кула) cannon / tower
L lovac / strijelac / laufer (Л ловац / стрелац / лауфер) hunter / archer / runner
S skakač / konj (С скaкaч / коњ) jumper / horse
(P) pješak / pion / pijun ((П) пешак / пион / пијун) footman / pawn
Šah (Шах)
Šah (Шах)
Mat (Мат)
Northern Sotho
К Kgoši
Kg Kgošigadi
N Ntlosebô / Moshate
Mp Mopišopo
M Mogale
S Seitšhireletšo
Tšhêšê
Check
Checkmate
Sicilian
R re king
D riggina queen
T turru tower
A alferu
S sceccu donkey
(P) pidinu foot soldier
Scacchi
Slovak
K kráľ king
D dáma lady
V veža tower
S strelec shooter
J jazdec rider
(P) pešiak infantryman / pawn
Šach
Šach
Mat / Šachmat
Slovene
K kralj king
D dama lady
T trdnjava castle
L lovec hunter
S skakač jumper
(P) kmet farmer
Šah
Šah
Mat / Šahmat
Spanish
R rey king
D dama / reina lady / queen
T torre tower
A alfil
C caballo horse
(P) peón foot soldier
Ajedrez
Jaque
Jaque mate
Swedish
K kung king
D dam / drottning lady / queen
T torn tower
L löpare runner
H springare / riddare horse/knight
(B) bonde peasant
Schack
Schack
Schack matt
Tamil
K அரசன் (arasaṉ) king
Q அரசி (araci) queen
R கோட்டை (kōṭṭai) castle
B அமைச்சர் / மந்திரி (amaicchar / manthiri) minister
N/Kt குதிரை (kutirai) horse
(P) காலாள் / சிப்பாய் (kālāḷ / cippāy) foot soldier / sepoy
சதுரங்கம் (sathurankam)
முற்றுகை (muṟṟukai)
இறுதி முற்றுகை (iṟuti muṟṟukai)
Telugu
రాజు (rāju) king
మంత్రి (maṃtri) minister
ఏనుగు (ēnugu) elephant
శకటు (śakaţu)
గుర్రం (gurraṃ) horse
బంటు (baṃţu) soldier
చదరంగం (cadaraṃgaṃ)
దాడి (dāḍi)
కట్టు (kaţţu)
Thai
ข ขุน (khun) king
ต เม็ด / ตรี / มนตรี (met / tri / montri) counselor
ร เรือ (ruea) ship
ค โคน (khon)
ม ม้า (ma) horse
(บ) เบี้ย (bia) menial
หมากรุก (makruk)
รุก (ruk)
จน (chon)
Turkish
Ş/K şah / kral shah / king
V vezir vizier
K kale castle
F fil elephant
A at horse
(P) er / piyon soldier / pawn
Satranç
Şah
Mat
Ukrainian
Kр король (korol) king
Ф ферзь (ferz) vizier
T тура (tura) tower
C слон (slon) elephant
K кінь (kin) horse
(П) пішак / пішка (pishak / pishka) foot soldier
Шахи (shakhi)
Шах (shakh)
Мат (mat)
Urdu
بادشاہ (bādshāh)
وزیر (vazīr)
رخ (rukh)
فيلہ (fiyalah)
گھوڑا (ghōṛā)
پیادہ (pyādah)
شطرنج (šaṭranj)
شہ (sheh)
شہمات (shehmāt)
Vietnamese
V vua king
H hậu queen
X xe chariot
T tượng / tịnh / voi elephant
M mã / ngựa horse
tốt / chốt / binh soldier
Cờ vua
Chiếu / Chiếu tướng
Chiếu bí / Chiếu hết / Sát cục / Tuyệt sát
Welsh
T teyrn / brenin lord / king
B brenhines queen
C castell castle
E esgob bishop
M marchog rider
(G) gwerinwr peasant
Gwyddbwyll
Siach
Siachmat
Variants
Main article: Fairy chess piece
A 1616 illustration of the Mann, a chess piece unique to the Courier Chess variant; the Mann moves like a King, but threatening it does not give check, and it can be captured without loss of the game.
Chess variants sometimes include new, non-standard, or even old pieces. For example, Courier Chess, a predecessor of modern chess dating from the 12th century, was played on an 8×12 board and used all six modern chess piece types, plus three additional types of pieces: Courier, Mann (or rath or sage), and Jester. Variants of "old" chess might use the old rules for bishops/elephants with the alfil piece, or old rules for Queens with the ferz. Many modern variants with unorthodox pieces exist, such as Berolina chess which uses custom pawns that advance diagonally and capture vertically.
See also
Chess portal
Chess set
Chessboard
Chess piece relative value
Chess symbols in Unicode
Fairy chess piece – a piece used only in chess variants
History of chess
Lewis chessmen
Outline of chess
Rules of chess
Staunton chess set
Notes
^ (Burgess 2009:523)(Hooper & Whyld 1992:307)
^ (Hooper & Whyld 1992:307)
^ (Hooper & Whyld 1992:200)
^ (Brace 1977:220)
^ (Just & Burg 2003:5)
^ (Just & Burg 2003:13–16)
^ (Just & Burg 2003:13–16)
^ (Hooper & Whyld 1992:438–39)
^ (Soltis 2004:183)
^ (Luiro 2009)
^ The Estonian chess terms were coined by Ado Grenzstein.
^ "Handbook". www.fide.com. Retrieved 22 March 2019. The pieces bear the names: Koenig, Dame, Turm, Laeufer, Springer, Bauer
^ a b H. J. R. Murray, A History of Chess, ch. 11.
References
Brace, Edward (1977), An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess, Craftwell, ISBN 1-55521-394-4
Burgess, Graham (2009), The Mammoth Book of Chess (3rd ed.), Running Press, ISBN 978-0-7624-3726-9
Evans, Larry (1973), Evans on Chess, Cornerstone Library, ISBN 0-87749-699-4
Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), "Value of pieces", The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280049-3
Just, Tim; Burg, Daniel S. (2003), U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess (5th ed.), McKay, ISBN 0-8129-3559-4
Soltis, Andrew (2004), Rethinking the Chess Pieces, Batsford, ISBN 0-7134-8904-9
Luiro, Ari (2009), Chess pieces in different languages, archived from the original on October 21, 2009, retrieved 2011-11-04
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chess pieces.
FIDE on chess equipment
vteChess piecesOrthodox pieces
Bishop
King
Knight
Pawn
Queen
Rook
Fairy pieces
Alfil
Amazon
Berolina pawn
Camel
Dabbaba
Empress
Ferz
Giraffe
Grasshopper
Mann
Nightrider
Princess
Wazir
Zebra
Related
Chess set
Hippogonal
Piece point values
Staunton chess set
vteChessOutline
Chess theory
Chess titles
Grandmaster
Computer chess
glossary
matches
engines
software
Correspondence chess
FIDE
Glossary
Online chess
Premove
Internet chess server
list
Rating system
world rankings
norms
Variants
List
World records
Equipment
Chess set
chessboard
Dubrovnik chess set
Staunton chess set
Chess pieces
King
Queen
Rook
Bishop
Knight
Pawn
Fairy
Chess clock
Chess table
Score sheets
History
Timeline
Versus de scachis
Göttingen manuscript
Charlemagne chessmen
Lewis chessmen
Romantic chess
Hypermodernism
Soviet chess school
Top player comparison
Geography of chess
Africa
South Africa
China
Europe
Armenia
Spain
India
Notable games
List of chess players
amateurs
female
grandmasters
Women in chess
Chess museums
Bobby Fischer Center
Gökyay Association Chess Museum
World Chess Hall of Fame
Rules
Castling
Cheating in chess
Check
Checkmate
Draw
by agreement
Fifty-move rule
Perpetual check
Stalemate
Threefold repetition
En passant
Pawn promotion
Time control
Fast chess
Touch-move rule
White and Black
Terms
Blunder
Chess notation
algebraic
descriptive
PGN
annotation symbols
symbols in Unicode
Fianchetto
Gambit
Key square
King walk
Open file
Half-open file
Outpost
Pawns
backward
connected
doubled
isolated
passed
Swindle
Tempo
Transposition
Trap
Tactics
Artificial castling
Battery
Alekhine's gun
Block
Checkmate patterns
Combination
Decoy
Deflection
Desperado
Discovered attack
Double check
Fork
Interference
Overloading
Pawn storm
Pin
Sacrifice
Queen sacrifice
Skewer
Undermining
Windmill
X-ray
Zwischenzug
Strategy
Compensation
Exchange
the exchange
Initiative
first-move advantage
Middlegame
Pawn structure
Hedgehog
Isolated Queen's Pawn
Maróczy Bind
Minority attack
Piece values
Prophylaxis
School of chess
OpeningsFlank opening
Benko Opening
Bird's Opening
Dunst Opening
English Opening
Grob's Attack
Larsen's Opening
Zukertort Opening
King's Indian Attack
Réti Opening
King's Pawn Game
Alekhine's Defence
Caro–Kann Defence
French Defence
Modern Defence
Nimzowitsch Defence
Open Game
Four Knights Game
Giuoco Piano
Italian Game
King's Gambit
Petrov's Defence
Philidor Defence
Ponziani Opening
Ruy Lopez
Semi-Italian Opening
Scotch Game
Two Knights Defense
Vienna Game
Owen's Defence
Pirc Defence
Austrian Attack
Scandinavian Defense
Sicilian Defence
Alapin
Dragon/Accelerated Dragon
Najdorf
Scheveningen
Queen's Pawn Game
Budapest Gambit
Colle System
Dutch Defence
English Defence
Indian Defence
Benoni Defence
Modern Benoni
Bogo-Indian Defence
Catalan Opening
Grünfeld Defence
King's Indian Defence
Nimzo-Indian Defence
Old Indian Defense
Queen's Indian Defence
London System
Richter–Veresov Attack
Queen's Gambit
Accepted
Declined
Slav Defence
Semi-Slav Defence
Chigorin Defense
Torre Attack
Trompowsky Attack
Other
List of openings
theory table
List of chess gambits
Irregular
Bongcloud Attack
Fool's mate
Scholar's mate
Endgames
Bishop and knight checkmate
King and pawn vs king
Opposite-coloured bishops
Pawnless endgame
Queen and pawn vs queen
Queen vs pawn
Rook and bishop vs rook
Rook and pawn vs rook
Lucena position
Philidor position
Strategy
fortress
opposition
Tarrasch rule
triangulation
Zugzwang
Study
Tablebase
Two knights endgame
Wrong bishop
Wrong rook pawn
Tournaments
List of strong chess tournaments
Chess Olympiad
Women
World Chess Championship
List
Candidates Tournament
Chess World Cup
FIDE Grand Prix
Other world championships
Women
Team
Rapid
Blitz
Junior
Youth
Senior
Amateur
Chess composition
Solving
Computer chess championships
CCC
CSVN
North American
TCEC
WCCC
WCSCC
Art and media
Caïssa
Chess aesthetics
Chess in the arts
early literature
film
novels
paintings
poetry
short stories
Chess books
opening books
endgame literature
Oxford Companion
Chess libraries
Chess newspaper columns
Chess periodicals
Related
Arbiter
Chess boxing
Chess club
Chess composer
Chess engine
AlphaZero
Deep Blue
Leela Chess Zero
Stockfish
Chess problem
glossary
joke chess
Chess prodigy
Simultaneous exhibition
Solving chess
Chess portal
Category
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chess piece (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_piece_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chess_pieces_close_up.jpg"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JaquesCookStaunton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Staunton chess pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staunton_chess_set"},{"link_name":"chessboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chessboard"},{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"white or black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_and_Black_in_chess"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_(chess)"},{"link_name":"queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(chess)"},{"link_name":"rook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook_(chess)"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(chess)"},{"link_name":"knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_(chess)"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawn_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Chess sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_set"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_(chess)"}],"text":"For other uses, see Chess piece (disambiguation).Polish Węgiel piecesOriginal Staunton chess pieces Left to right: pawn, rook, knight, bishop, queen, kingA chess piece, or chessman, is a game piece that is placed on a chessboard to play the game of chess. It can be either white or black, and it can be one of six types: king, queen, rook, bishop, knight, or pawn.Chess sets generally come with sixteen pieces of each color. Additional pieces, usually an extra queen per color, may be provided for use in promotion.","title":"Chess piece"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subsection below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Definitions"},{"link_name":"king","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_(chess)"},{"link_name":"queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(chess)"},{"link_name":"rooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook_(chess)"},{"link_name":"bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(chess)"},{"link_name":"knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_(chess)"},{"link_name":"pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawn_(chess)"}],"text":"Each player begins with sixteen pieces (but see the subsection below for other usage of the term piece). The pieces that belong to each player are distinguished by color: the lighter colored pieces are referred to as \"white\" and the player that controls them as \"White\", whereas the darker colored pieces are referred to as \"black\" and the player that controls them as \"Black\".In a standard game, each of the two players begins with the following sixteen pieces:1 king\n1 queen\n2 rooks\n2 bishops\n2 knights\n8 pawns","title":"Number"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chess sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_set"},{"link_name":"Staunton pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staunton_chess_set"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The word \"piece\" has three meanings, depending on the context.[1]It may mean any of the physical pieces of the set, including the pawns. When used this way, \"piece\" is synonymous with \"chessman\" or simply \"man\".[2][3] Chess sets have been made in a variety of styles, sometimes for decorative or artistic purposes rather than practical play, but the Staunton pattern is standard for competition.\nIn play, the term is usually used to exclude pawns, referring only to a queen, rook, bishop, knight, or king. In this context, the pieces can be broken down into three groups: major pieces (queen and rooks), minor pieces (bishops and knights), and the king.[4]\nIn phrases such as \"winning a piece\", \"losing a piece\" or \"sacrificing a piece\" and other related contexts, it refers only to minor pieces (bishops or knights). By convention, the queen, rooks, and pawns are specified by name in these cases – for example, \"winning a queen\", \"losing a rook\", or \"sacrificing a pawn\".[5]","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"algebraic notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)"},{"link_name":"rules of chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_chess"},{"link_name":"castling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling"},{"link_name":"check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_(chess)"},{"link_name":"en passant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_passant"},{"link_name":"back rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#back_rank"},{"link_name":"promotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_(chess)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"en passant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_passant"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefghChess starting position. Squares are referenced using algebraic notation.The rules of chess prescribe the moves each type of chess piece can make. During play, the players take turns moving their own chess pieces.The rook may move any number of squares vertically or horizontally without jumping. It also takes part, along with the king, in castling.\nThe bishop may move any number of squares diagonally without jumping. Consequently, a bishop stays on squares of the same color throughout the game.\nThe queen may move any number of squares vertically, horizontally, or diagonally without jumping.\nThe king may move to any adjoining square. No move may be made such that the king is placed or left in check. The king may participate in castling, which is a move consisting of the king moving two squares toward a same-colored rook on the same rank and the rook moving to the square crossed by the king. Castling may only be performed if the king and rook involved are unmoved, if the king is not in check, if the king would not travel through or into check, and if there are no pieces between the rook and the king.\nThe knight moves from one corner of any two-by-three rectangle to the opposite corner. Consequently, the knight alternates its square color each time it moves. It is not obstructed by other pieces.\nThe pawn may move forward one square, and one or two squares when on its starting square, toward the opponent's side of the board. When there is an enemy piece one square diagonally ahead of a pawn, then the pawn may capture that piece. A pawn can perform a special type of capture of an enemy pawn called en passant (\"in passing\"), wherein it captures a horizontally adjacent enemy pawn that has just advanced two squares as if that pawn had only advanced one square. If the pawn reaches a square on the back rank of the opponent, it promotes to the player's choice of a queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color.[6]Pieces other than pawns capture in the same way that they move. A capturing piece replaces the opponent piece on its square, except for an en passant capture by a pawn. Captured pieces are immediately removed from the game. A square may hold only one piece at any given time. Except for castling and the knight's move, no piece may jump over another piece.[7]","title":"Moves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#open_game"},{"link_name":"positioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_strategy#Positioning"},{"link_name":"closed game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#closed_game"},{"link_name":"open files","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_file"},{"link_name":"central squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#center"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"bishop pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#bishop_pair"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"smothered mates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smothered_mate"}],"text":"The value assigned to a piece attempts to represent the potential strength of the piece in the game. As the game develops, the relative values of the pieces will also change. For example, in an open game, bishops are relatively more valuable; they can be positioned to control long, open diagonal spaces. In a closed game with lines of protected pawns blocking bishops, knights usually become relatively more potent. Similar ideas apply to placing rooks on open files and knights on active, central squares. The standard valuation is one point for a pawn, three points for a knight or bishop, five points for a rook, and nine points for a queen.[8] These values are reliable in endgames, particularly with a limited number of pieces. But these values can change depending on the position or the phase of the game (opening, middle game, or ending). A bishop pair for example, is worth an additional half-pawn on average.[9] In specific circumstances, the values may be quite different: sometimes a knight can be more valuable than a queen if a particular angle is required for a mating attack, such as certain smothered mates. The humble pawn becomes more and more valuable the closer it is to securing a queen promotion for another example.","title":"Relative value"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_chess"},{"link_name":"alfil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfil"},{"link_name":"Ferz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chess_Piece,_Pawn_or_Backgammon_Piece_MET_sf1972-9-28a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fatimid Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chess_Piece_in_the_Form_of_a_Knight_MET_sf17-190-231s5.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chess_Piece,_Bishop_MET_49.36(1).jpeg"},{"link_name":"Nasrid Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada"},{"link_name":"Bishop's miter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chess_Piece_in_the_Form_of_a_Warder_(Rook)_or_Pawn_MET_DP318027_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lewis chessmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_chessmen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chess_Piece_in_the_Form_of_a_Queen_MET_DP285163_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chess_Piece,_King_MET_1971.105.1(1).jpeg"}],"text":"See also: History of chessChess evolved over time from its earliest versions in India and Persia to variants that spread both West and East. Pieces changed names and rules as well; the most notable changes was the Vizir (or Firz) becoming the Queen, and the Elephant becoming the Bishop in European versions of chess. The movement patterns for Queens and Bishops also changed, with the earliest rules restricting elephants to just two squares along a diagonal, but allowing them to \"jump\" (seen in the fairy chess piece the alfil); and the earliest versions of queens could only move a single square diagonally (the fairy chess piece Ferz). The modern bishop's movement was popularized in the 14th and 15th centuries, and the modern queen was popularized in the 15th and 16th centuries, with versions with the more powerful modern queen eclipsing older variants.Sample Medieval chess pieces\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA pawn of quartz from 10th–11th century (Fatimid Egypt?). Islamic chess sets favored abstract designs.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA knight made around 1250 in London, England. The knight is battling a dragon.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn elephant from the 11th–12th century Islamic Western Mediterranean (possibly Nasrid Granada?). It bears similarities to a Bishop's miter, perhaps explaining the eventual terminology shift.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 12th century warder (modern rook) made of whale ivory of Scandinavian origin, similar to the famous Lewis chessmen.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 13th century Queen astride a horse with attendants, of Scandinavian origin. The Queen replaced the Persian Vizier in European chess.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn 8th–10th century King (Shah) carved of jet. In the Islamic style, it is an abstract representation, decorated with dot-and-circle devices.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Appendix:Chess pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Chess_pieces"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Look up Appendix:Chess pieces in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.The characters implied by pieces' names vary between languages. For example, in many languages, the piece known in English as the \"knight\" frequently translates as \"horse\", and the English \"bishop\" frequently translates as \"elephant\" in language areas that adapted the modern bishop's movement pattern, but not its new name.[10]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illustration_of_Chess_Piece_Man_by_Gustav_Selenus_(1616).jpg"},{"link_name":"Chess variants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_variant"},{"link_name":"Courier Chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_Chess"},{"link_name":"Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mann_(chess)"},{"link_name":"alfil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfil"},{"link_name":"ferz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferz"},{"link_name":"Berolina chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berolina_chess"}],"text":"A 1616 illustration of the Mann, a chess piece unique to the Courier Chess variant; the Mann moves like a King, but threatening it does not give check, and it can be captured without loss of the game.Chess variants sometimes include new, non-standard, or even old pieces. For example, Courier Chess, a predecessor of modern chess dating from the 12th century, was played on an 8×12 board and used all six modern chess piece types, plus three additional types of pieces: Courier, Mann (or rath or sage), and Jester. Variants of \"old\" chess might use the old rules for bishops/elephants with the alfil piece, or old rules for Queens with the ferz. Many modern variants with unorthodox pieces exist, such as Berolina chess which uses custom pawns that advance diagonally and capture vertically.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Burgess 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBurgess2009"},{"link_name":"Hooper & Whyld 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHooperWhyld1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Hooper & Whyld 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHooperWhyld1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Hooper & Whyld 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHooperWhyld1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Brace 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrace1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Just & Burg 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJustBurg2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Just & Burg 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJustBurg2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Just & Burg 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJustBurg2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Hooper & Whyld 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHooperWhyld1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Soltis 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSoltis2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Luiro 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLuiro2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Ado Grenzstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ado_Grenzstein"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Handbook\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=33&view=category"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Murray_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Murray_13-1"},{"link_name":"A History of Chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Chess"}],"text":"^ (Burgess 2009:523)(Hooper & Whyld 1992:307)\n\n^ (Hooper & Whyld 1992:307)\n\n^ (Hooper & Whyld 1992:200)\n\n^ (Brace 1977:220)\n\n^ (Just & Burg 2003:5)\n\n^ (Just & Burg 2003:13–16)\n\n^ (Just & Burg 2003:13–16)\n\n^ (Hooper & Whyld 1992:438–39)\n\n^ (Soltis 2004:183)\n\n^ (Luiro 2009)\n\n^ The Estonian chess terms were coined by Ado Grenzstein.\n\n^ \"Handbook\". www.fide.com. Retrieved 22 March 2019. The pieces bear the names: Koenig, Dame, Turm, Laeufer, Springer, Bauer\n\n^ a b H. J. R. Murray, A History of Chess, ch. 11.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Polish Węgiel pieces","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Chess_pieces_close_up.jpg/220px-Chess_pieces_close_up.jpg"},{"image_text":"Original Staunton chess pieces Left to right: pawn, rook, knight, bishop, queen, king","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/JaquesCookStaunton.jpg/290px-JaquesCookStaunton.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 1616 illustration of the Mann, a chess piece unique to the Courier Chess variant; the Mann moves like a King, but threatening it does not give check, and it can be captured without loss of the game.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Illustration_of_Chess_Piece_Man_by_Gustav_Selenus_%281616%29.jpg/220px-Illustration_of_Chess_Piece_Man_by_Gustav_Selenus_%281616%29.jpg"}]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chess.svg"},{"title":"Chess portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Chess"},{"title":"Chess set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_set"},{"title":"Chessboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chessboard"},{"title":"Chess piece relative value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_piece_relative_value"},{"title":"Chess symbols in Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_symbols_in_Unicode"},{"title":"Fairy chess piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_chess_piece"},{"title":"chess variants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_variants"},{"title":"History of chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_chess"},{"title":"Lewis chessmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_chessmen"},{"title":"Outline of chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_chess"},{"title":"Rules of chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_chess"},{"title":"Staunton chess set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staunton_chess_set"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Handbook\". www.fide.com. Retrieved 22 March 2019. The pieces bear the names: Koenig, Dame, Turm, Laeufer, Springer, Bauer","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=33&view=category","url_text":"\"Handbook\""}]},{"reference":"Brace, Edward (1977), An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess, Craftwell, ISBN 1-55521-394-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55521-394-4","url_text":"1-55521-394-4"}]},{"reference":"Burgess, Graham (2009), The Mammoth Book of Chess (3rd ed.), Running Press, ISBN 978-0-7624-3726-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Burgess","url_text":"Burgess, Graham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-3726-9","url_text":"978-0-7624-3726-9"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Larry (1973), Evans on Chess, Cornerstone Library, ISBN 0-87749-699-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Evans_(chess_grandmaster)","url_text":"Evans, Larry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87749-699-4","url_text":"0-87749-699-4"}]},{"reference":"Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), \"Value of pieces\", The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280049-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Vincent_Hooper","url_text":"Hooper, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Whyld","url_text":"Whyld, Kenneth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to Chess"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280049-3","url_text":"0-19-280049-3"}]},{"reference":"Just, Tim; Burg, Daniel S. (2003), U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess (5th ed.), McKay, ISBN 0-8129-3559-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-3559-4","url_text":"0-8129-3559-4"}]},{"reference":"Soltis, Andrew (2004), Rethinking the Chess Pieces, Batsford, ISBN 0-7134-8904-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-8904-9","url_text":"0-7134-8904-9"}]},{"reference":"Luiro, Ari (2009), Chess pieces in different languages, archived from the original on October 21, 2009, retrieved 2011-11-04","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091021040447/http://geocities.com/TimesSquare/Metro/9154/nap-pieces.htm","url_text":"Chess pieces in different languages"},{"url":"http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/Metro/9154/nap-pieces.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=33&view=category","external_links_name":"\"Handbook\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091021040447/http://geocities.com/TimesSquare/Metro/9154/nap-pieces.htm","external_links_name":"Chess pieces in different languages"},{"Link":"http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/Metro/9154/nap-pieces.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/C02","external_links_name":"FIDE on chess equipment"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12155867b","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12155867b","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4129451-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007285065005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85023135","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127791&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Hakk%C3%A2ri_bus_bombing
|
Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency
|
["1 History","1.1 Beginnings","1.2 First insurgency","1.2.1 1984–1993","1.3 Unilateral cease-fire (1993)","1.4 Insurgency (1993–1995)","1.5 Unilateral ceasefire (1995–1996)","1.6 Insurgency (1996–1999)","1.7 Unilateral cease-fire (1999–2003)","1.8 Insurgency (2004–2012)","1.8.1 2003–2005","1.8.2 2006","1.8.3 2007","1.8.4 2008","1.8.5 2009","1.8.6 2010","1.8.7 2011","1.8.8 2012","1.9 Peace process 2012–2015","1.9.1 Escalation","1.10 2015–present","2 Serhildan","3 Casualties","3.1 Before 2012 ceasefire","3.2 Since 2013: from ceasefire to new confrontations","3.3 External operations","4 Demographic effect","5 Human rights abuses","5.1 Abuses by the Turkish side","5.1.1 Massacres","5.1.2 State terrorism","5.1.3 Illegal abductions and enforced disappearances","5.1.4 Torture","5.1.5 Executions","5.1.6 Drug trafficking","5.2 Abuses by the Kurdish side","5.2.1 Massacres","5.2.2 Kidnappings","5.2.3 Executions","5.2.4 Child soldiers","5.2.5 Drug trafficking","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References"]
|
Armed conflict between Turkey and PKK
Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgencyPart of the Kurdish–Turkish conflictOverview of the PKK–Turkish conflict (2010)Datec. 27 November 1978 – present(45 years, 7 months and 3 days)LocationEastern and Southeastern Turkey, spillovers in Northern Iraq, Northern Syria and Northwestern IranStatus
Ongoing:
Peace process attempt during 2012–15
Escalation since September 2014 due to Siege of Kobani
Renewed warfare since July 2015
Turkish claim: less than 86 PKK members left inside Turkey's bordersBelligerents
Turkey
Ministry of National Defense
General Staff
Special Forces Command
Turkish Armed Forces
Turkish Air Force
Turkish Land Forces
Turkish Naval Forces
Turkish National Police
Police Special Operations Department
Gendarmerie General Command
Gendarmerie Intelligence and Counter Terrorism (until early 1990s)
Gendarmerie Special Operations Group Command
Village Guards
National Intelligence Organization
Other forces:
Counter-Guerrilla (Until 1992)
Grey Wolves (Not militarily involved)
Turkish Revenge Brigade (Not militarily involved)
Some Kurdish tribes (until 1985; became Village Guards)
Supported by:
Syrian National Army (in Syria)
Other rebel factions (in Syria)In Iraqi Kurdistan: Kurdistan Region
Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK)
PKK
HPG
YJA-STAR
YDG-H:
YPS
YPS-Jin
PYD
YPG
YPG International
YPJ
Anti-Terror Units
PJAK
YRK
HPJ
Sinjar Alliance
Êzîdxan Women's Units
Sinjar Resistance Units
HBDH
DKP
MKP-HKO-PHG
MLKP
THKP-C/MLSPB-DC
TKEP/L
DK (until 2017)
International Freedom Battalion
TAK
Supported By:
United States
Syria (until October 1998; from 2012)
Soviet Union (until 1991)
Armenia
Cyprus
Greece
Russia
Iran
Iraq (until 2003)
Libya (until 2006)
Egypt (allegedly since 2016)
UAE (allegedly since 2017)
Sweden (alleged by Turkey)
Finland (alleged by Turkey)Commanders and leaders
Current commanders
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Ali Yerlikaya Yaşar Güler Metin Gürak
Past commanders:
Osman Pamukoğlu
Fahri Korutürk
Kenan Evren
Turgut Özal
Süleyman Demirel
Ahmet Necdet Sezer
Abdullah Gül
Bülent Ecevit
Mesut Yılmaz
Necmettin Erbakan
Tansu Çiller
Yıldırım Akbulut
Bülend Ulusu
Işık Koşaner
İlker Başbuğ
Yaşar Büyükanıt
Hilmi Özkök
Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu
İsmail Hakkı Karadayı
Doğan Güreş
Necip Torumtay
Necdet Üruğ
Nurettin Ersin
Binali Yıldırım
Ahmet Davutoğlu
Ümit Dündar
Süleyman Soylu
Hulusi Akar
Musa Avsever
Current commanders Murat Karayılan
Mustafa Karasu
Duran Kalkan
Bahoz Erdal
Cemil Bayık
Past commanders:
Abdullah Öcalan (POW) Şemdin Sakık (POW) Osman Öcalan Nizamettin Taş Mahsum Korkmaz † Kani Yılmaz † Haki Karer † Mazlum Doğan (POW) Halil Atac Hüseyin Yıldırım Celal Başkale † Hülya Eroğlu † Ali Haydar Kaytan † Ayfer Kordu † Zübeyir Aydar (POW) Haji Ahmadi
Strength
Turkish Armed Forces: 639,551 (2016): Gendarmerie: 148,700 (2009) Police: 225,000 Village Guards: 65,000 (2010)Total Force: 1,000,000+
Units engaged with PKK:6th Corps: 40,000~7th Corps: 40,000~8th Corps: 40,000~9th Corps: 40,000~OHAL District Gendarmerie Commands: 33,000-55,000 (Mainly active between 1984 and 2000, after PKK limited their fighting to Northern Iraq region in 2016)
Total Fighting Force: 190,000-215,000
YPG: 60,000-75,000PKK: 32,800 PJAK: 1,000–3,000 TAK: A few dozenCurrently: 116,000+
Total Served: 250,000+Casualties and losses
Before 2015:6,885 security forces and personnel killed, 95 captured (none are currently held)2015–present:2,164 killedTotal: 9,064 killed
Before 2015:70,000+ PKK members killed or captured2015–present:39,000+ PKK and YPG members killed or captured (AA estimate)Total: 70,000-109,000+ killed or captured
Civilian casualties:6,500+ killed, 14,250+ wounded 2,400–4,000 villages destroyed
Turkish Hezbollah also known as Kurdish Hezbollah or just Hizbullah in Turkey, is a mainly Sunni Islamist militant organization, active against the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Government of Turkey.vteKurdish–Turkish conflictTimeline
First insurgency
1984
Karageçit
N Iraq (1986)
Ortabağ
N Iraq (1987)
Pınarcık
Yeşilova
Taşdelen
Şırnak
Kulp
N Iraq (1992)
Bingöl
Başbağlar
Lice
Winter campaign
Steel
Tokat
Hawk
Tunceli
Varto
Sazak
Hammer
Dawn
Murat
Istanbul
Blue Market
Second insurgency
Hakkâri (2007)
N Iraq (2007)
Ankara
Aktütün
Diyarbakır
Sun
Reşadiye
İskenderun
Hakkâri
Istanbul
2011 border raid
Hakkâri (2011)
Roboski
Hakkâri (2012)
Beytüşşebap
Şemdinli
Third insurgency
Ceylanpınar
Siirt bombing
Martyr Yalçın
Police raids
Arslan Kulaksız
Şırnak
Cizre (2015)
Cizre (2016)
Kandil
Hakkari
Silvan
Sur
Lice
Dürümlü
2015 airport bombing
Ankara (Feb 2016)
Ankara (Mar 2016)
Bursa
Istanbul (Jun 2016)
Istanbul (Oct 2016)
Istanbul (Dec 2016)
N Iraq (2016)
Elazığ
Cizre
Euphrates Shield
Şemdinli
Kayseri
İzmir
Airstrikes in Syria & Iraq
Olive Branch
Siirt raid
Sinjar (2018)
Gercüş
Claw
Peace Spring
Claw-Eagle & Claw-Tiger
İskenderun
Claw-Eagle 2
Claw-Lightning & Thunderbolt
Sinjar (2021)
Claw-Lock
Zakho
Istanbul (2022)
Claw-Sword
Syria (2023 June)
Ankara (2023)
Syria (2023 Oct)
Serhildan
1990
1991
1992
1999
2001
2005
2006
2008
2009
2011–2012
2014
Peace process and peace efforts
1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives
1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire
2013–2015 Solution process
Others
AssassinationsvteKurdish rebellions in Turkey
Koçgiri rebellion1
Beytussebab rebellion
Sheikh Said rebellion
Ararat rebellion
Dersim rebellion2
Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency
Serhildan1. Alevi+Kurdish rebellion2. Zaza rebellion
The Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency is an armed conflict between the Republic of Turkey and the Kurdistan Workers' Party, as well as its allied insurgent groups, both Kurdish and non-Kurdish, who have either demanded separation from Turkey to create an independent Kurdistan, or attempted to secure autonomy, and/or greater political and cultural rights for Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey.
The main rebel group is the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) (Kurdish: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê). Although the Kurdish-Turkish conflict has spread to many regions, most of the conflict has taken place in Northern Kurdistan, which corresponds with southeastern Turkey. The PKK's presence in Iraqi Kurdistan has resulted in the Turkish Armed Forces carrying out frequent ground incursions and air and artillery strikes in the region, and its influence in Syrian Kurdistan has led to similar activity there. The conflict has cost the economy of Turkey an estimated $300 to 450 billion, mostly in military costs. It has also affected tourism in Turkey.
A revolutionary group, the PKK was founded in 1978 in the village of Fis, Lice by a group of Kurdish students led by Abdullah Öcalan. The initial reason given by the PKK for this was the oppression of Kurds in Turkey. At the time, the use of Kurdish language, dress, folklore, and names were banned in Kurdish-inhabited areas. In an attempt to deny their existence, the Turkish government categorized Kurds as "Mountain Turks" during the 1930s and 1940s. The words "Kurds", "Kurdistan", or "Kurdish" were officially banned by the Turkish government. Following the military coup of 1980, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life until 1991. Many who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned.
The PKK was formed in an effort to establish linguistic, cultural, and political rights for Turkey's Kurdish minority. However, the full-scale insurgency did not begin until 15 August 1984, when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising. Since the conflict began, more than 40,000 have died, the vast majority of whom were Kurdish civilians. Both sides were accused of numerous human rights abuses during the conflict. The European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for thousands of human rights abuses. Many judgments are related to the systematic executions of Kurdish civilians, torture, forced displacements, destroyed villages, arbitrary arrests, and the forced disappearance or murder of Kurdish journalists, activists and politicians. Teachers who provided and students who demanded education in Kurdish language were prosecuted and sentenced for supporting terrorism of the PKK. On the other hand, the PKK has faced international condemnation, mainly by Turkish allies, for using terrorist tactics, which include civilian massacres, summary executions, suicide bombers, and child soldiers, and involvement in drug trafficking. The organization is historically to blame for the burning of schools and killing of teachers who they accused of "destroying Kurdish identity", attacks on hospitals which resulted in the death of doctors and nurses, and allegedly the kidnapping of foreign tourists for ransom.
In February 1999, PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan was arrested in Nairobi, Kenya by a group of special forces personnel and taken to Turkey, where he remains in prison on an island in the Sea of Marmara. The first insurgency lasted until March 1993, when the PKK declared a unilateral ceasefire. Fighting resumed the same year. In 2013, the Turkish government started talks with Öcalan. Following mainly secret negotiations, a largely successful ceasefire was put in place by both the Turkish state and the PKK. On 21 March 2013, Öcalan announced the "end of armed struggle" and a ceasefire with peace talks.
The conflict resumed following the Ceylanpınar incidents, in which the PKK killed two Turkish policemen in the Suruç bombing. With the resumption of violence, hundreds of Kurdish civilians have been killed by both sides and numerous human rights violations have occurred, including torture and widespread destruction of property. Substantial parts of many Kurdish-majority cities including Diyarbakır, Şırnak, Mardin, Cizre, Nusaybin, and Yüksekova were destroyed in the clashes.
History
Beginnings
In 1977, a small group under Öcalan's leadership released a declaration on Kurdish identity in Turkey. The group, which called itself the Revolutionaries of Kurdistan also included Ali Haydar Kaytan, Cemil Bayik, Haki Karer and Kemal Pir. The group decided in 1974 to start a campaign for Kurdish rights. Cemil Bayik was sent to Urfa, Kemal Pir to Mus, Haki Karer to Batman, and Ali Haydar Kaytan to Tunceli. They then started student organisations that contacted local workers and farmers to raise awareness about Kurdish rights.
In 1977, an assembly was held to evaluate these political activities. The assembly included 100 people from different backgrounds and several representatives of other leftist organisations. In spring 1977, Öcalan travelled to Mount Ararat, Erzurum, Tunceli, Elazig, Antep, and other cities to make the public aware of the group's activities. This was followed by a Turkish government crackdown against the organisation. On 18 May 1977, Haki Karer was assassinated in Antep. During this period, the group was also targeted by the Turkish ultranationalist organization, the Nationalist Movement Party's Grey Wolves. Some wealthy Kurdish landowners targeted the group as well, killing Halil Çavgun on 18 May 1978, which resulted in large protest meetings in Erzurum, Dersim, Elazig, and Antep.
The founding Congress of the PKK was held on 27 November 1978 in Fis, a village near the city of Lice. During this congress, the 25 people present decided to found the Kurdistan Workers' Party. The Turkish state, Turkish rightist groups, and some Kurdish landowners continued their attacks on the group. In response, the PKK organised and armed members to protect itself, thus becoming more involved in the fighting between leftist and rightist groups in Turkey (1978–1980). During this time, the right-wing Grey Wolves militia killed 109 and injured 176 Alevi Kurds in the town of Kahramanmaraş on 25 December 1978 in what would become known as the Maraş Massacre. In Summer 1979, Öcalan travelled to Syria and Lebanon where he made contacts with Syrian and Palestinian leaders. After the Turkish coup d'état on 12 September 1980 and a crackdown which was launched on all political organisations, during which at least 191 people were killed and half a million were imprisoned, most of the PKK withdrew into Syria and Lebanon. Öcalan went to Syria in September 1980 with Kemal Pir, Mahsum Korkmaz, and Delil Dogan being sent to set up an organisation in Lebanon. Some PKK fighters took part in the 1982 Lebanon War on the Syrian side.
The Second PKK Party Congress was then held in Daraa, Syria, from 20 to 25 August 1982. Here it was decided that the organisation would return to Turkish Kurdistan to start an armed guerilla war there for the creation of an independent Kurdish state. Meanwhile, they prepared guerrilla forces in Syria and Lebanon to go to war. However, many PKK leaders were arrested in Turkey and sent to Diyarbakır Prison. Because of the treatment of the prisoners, the prison became the site of much political protest. (See also Torture in Turkey#Deaths in custody.)
In Diyarbakır Prison, PKK member Mazlum Doğan burned himself to death on March 21, 1982, in protest at the treatment in prison. Ferhat Kurtay, Necmi Önen, Mahmut Zengin and Eşref Anyık followed his example on May 17. On July 14, PKK members Kemal Pir, M. Hayri Durmuş, Ali Çiçek and Akif Yılmaz started a hunger strike in Diyarbakır Prison. In 1983, the conflict reached Iraqi Kurdistan as the Kurdistan Region–PKK conflict. Kemal Pir died on September 7, M. Hayri Durmuş on the 12th, Akif Yılmaz on the 15th, and Ali Çiçek on the 17th. On April 13, 1984, a 75-day hunger strike started in Istanbul. As a result, four prisoners—Abdullah Meral, Haydar Başbağ, Fatih Ökütülmüş, and Hasan Telci—died.
On 25 October 1986, the third Congress was held in Beqaa Valley, Lebanon. Issues raised included lack of discipline, growing internal criticism, and splinter groups within the organization. This had led the organisation to execute some internal critics, especially ex-members who had joined Tekosin, a rival Marxist–Leninist organization. Öcalan strongly criticized the leaders responsible for the guerrilla forces during the early 1980s and threatened others with the death penalty, if they joined rival groups or refused to obey orders. The PKK's military defeats meant they were no closer to their primary goal of an independent Kurdistan. Cooperation with criminals and dictators had tarnished the organization's image. During the Congress, the leaders decided to advance the armed struggle, increase the number of fighters, and dissolve the HRK, which was replaced by the Kurdistan Popular Liberation Army (ARGK). A newly established Mahsum Korkmaz Academy, a politico-military academy, replaced the Helve Camp, and a new military conscription policy was approved, which obliged every family to send someone to the guerrilla forces.
The decisions that were taken during the third Congress transformed the PKK from a Leninist organization into one in which power was more concentrated, as Öcalan accrued more Önderlik (leadership). Some of the reasons why Öcalan took power from the other leaders, such as Murat Karayilan, Cemil Bayik and Duran Kalkan, were growing internal conflict and the organization's inability to stop it. According to Michael Gunter, Öcalan, even before this time, had already carried out a purge of many rival PKK members, who were tortured and forced to confess they were traitors before being executed. Ibrahim Halik, Mehmet Ali Cetiner, Mehmet Result Altinok, Saime Askin, Ayten Yildirim and Sabahattin Ali were some of the victims. Later in 2006, Öcalan denied these accusations and stated in his book that both Mahsum Korkmaz, the first supreme military commander of the PKK, and Engin Sincer, a high-ranking commander, likely died as a result of internal conflicts and described the perpetrators as "gangs". Leaked reports, however, revealed the authoritarian personality of Öcalan, who had brutally suppressed dissent and purged opponents since the early 1980s. According to David L. Philips, up to sixty PKK members were executed in 1986, including Mahsum Korkmaz, who he believes was murdered on 28 March 1986. Between the 1980 and 1990, the organization targeted defectors, assassinating two of them in Sweden, two in the Netherlands, three in Germany and one in Denmark.
In 1990, during the fourth Congress, the PKK ended its unpopular conscription policy. The organization's attempts to take into the account the demands and criticism of its support base had helped it to increase its popularity. According to Stanton, the PKK's improved relationship with its civilian base likely created incentives for the government to engage in state terrorism against some of its Kurdish citizens. The PKK was rarely able to prevent this.
First insurgency
1984–1993
OHAL region—defining areas in Turkey under a state of emergency—in red with neighbouring provinces in orange, 1987–2002
The PKK launched its insurgency against the Turkish state on 15 August 1984 with armed attacks on Eruh and Semdinli. During these attacks, one Turkish Gendarmerie soldier was killed and seven soldiers, two policemen and three civilians injured. It was followed by a PKK raid on a police station in Siirt, two days later.
In the early 1990s, President Turgut Özal agreed to negotiations with the PKK, after the 1991 Gulf War changed the geopolitical dynamics in the region. Apart from Özal, himself half-Kurdish, few Turkish politicians were interested in a peace process, nor was more than a part of the PKK itself. In February 1991, during the presidency of Özal, the prohibition of Kurdish music was ended.
A portion of the PKK weapons seized by Turkey during the operation In 1992, Hakkari Mountain and Commando Brigade launched a cross-border operation into Northern Iraq, as a counter-attack to the numerous station ambushes and to rescue 2 Turkish soldiers who had been captured by the PKK, between 9 October and 1 November against the PKK. 2,512 commandos and 36 Special Forces personnel, with the support of helicopters, assaulted the PKK's heavily defended Hakurk Region, which had well over 10,000 experienced PKK fighters, including the surrounding areas. Despite lacking resources and manpower and being heavily outnumbered, outgunned, and encircled, the result of the operation was a decisive victory for Turkey, as the Hakurk Camp was completely destroyed and occupied by Turkish forces, and the 2 captured soldiers were rescued. During this operation, PKK had lost 1,551 of their experienced PKK fighters killed and another 2,600 experienced PKK fighters getting captured, all whom had been trained for multiple years for such attacks. Despite such odds, only 14 Turkish personnel were killed during the operation, boasting a whopping 1:300 casualty rate.
In 1993, Özal returned to working on a peace plan with the former finance minister Adnan Kahveci and the General Commander of the Turkish Gendarmerie, Eşref Bitlis.
Unilateral cease-fire (1993)
Negotiations led to a unilateral cease-fire by the PKK on 17 March 1993. Accompanied by Jalal Talabani at a press conference in Barelias, Lebanon, Öcalan stated that the PKK no longer sought a separate state, but peace, dialogue, and free political action for Kurds in Turkey within the framework of a democratic state. Süleyman Demirel, the prime minister of Turkey at the time, refused to negotiate with the PKK, but also stated that forced Turkification was the wrong approach towards the Kurds. Several Kurdish politicians supported the ceasefire, and Kemal Burkay and Ahmet Türk of the People's Labor Party (HEP) were also present at the press conference.
With the PKK's ceasefire declaration in hand, Özal was planning to propose a major pro-Kurdish reform package at the next meeting of the National Security Council. The president's death on 17 April led to the postponement of that meeting, and the plans were never presented. A Turkish army attack on the PKK on 19 May 1993 in Kulp brought the ceasefire to an end. Five days later, the PKK carried out the Çewlik massacre. Former PKK commander turned whistleblower Şemdin Sakık has said that the massacre had been allowed to go ahead by the Turkish military, and was part of the Doğu Çalışma Grubu's coup plans. On the 8 June 1993, Öcalan announced the end of the PKK ceasefire.
Insurgency (1993–1995)
Under the new Presidency of Süleyman Demirel and Premiership of Tansu Çiller, the Castle Plan (to use any and all violent means to solve the Kurdish question), which Özal had opposed, was enacted, and the peace process abandoned. Some journalists and politicians maintain that Özal's death (allegedly by poison), along with the assassination of a number of political and military figures supporting his peace efforts, was part of a covert military coup in 1993 aimed at stopping the peace plans.
To counter the PKK, the Turkish military started new counter-insurgency strategies between 1992 and 1995. To deprive the rebels of a logistical base of operations and punish local people supporting the PKK, the military carried out deforestation of the countryside and destroyed over 3,000 Kurdish villages, causing at least 2 million refugees. Most of these villages were evacuated, but other villages were burned, bombed, or shelled by government forces, and several villages were obliterated from the air. While some were destroyed or evacuated, other villages agreed to join the side of the government. The state offered salaries to local farmers and shepherds to join the Village Guards, to prevent the PKK from operating in these villages. Villages which refused to cooperate were evacuated by the military. These tactics managed to drive the rebels from the cities and villages into the mountains, although they still often launched reprisals on pro-government villages, which included attacks on civilians. Turkish armed forces reported that on 26 May 1994, the Turkish Air Force targeted the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) militants by bombing North Iraq, and killing 79 militants. During Newroz (the Kurdish New Year) on 20 March 1995, the Turkish military launched another cross-border operation against the PKK in Iraq to prevent further border station ambushes conducted by the PKK. A force of 35,000 personnel (in which most were there for pulling security, a very small portion took part in the actual fighting) went into Iraqi Kurdistan, assisted by planes, helicopters, tanks and APCs. The operation ended in a Turkish victory as the Zap Camp was captured and destroyed by Turkish forces. 555 PKK members were killed and another were 13 captured.
Unilateral ceasefire (1995–1996)
In December 1995, the PKK announced a second unilateral ceasefire, ahead of the general elections on 24 December 1995. This was aimed at giving the new Turkish government time to articulate a way of resolving the conflict. During the ceasefire, civil society groups organized several peace initiatives in support of a solution to the conflict. But in May 1996, there was an attempt to assassinate Abdullah Öcalan in Damascus, and in June of the same year the Turkish military began to pursue the PKK into Iraqi Kurdistan. The PKK announced the end of the unilateral ceasefire on 16 August 1996, stating that it was still ready for peace negotiations as a political solution.
Insurgency (1996–1999)
Turkish Special Forces personnel during Operation HammerOne of the turning points in the conflict was when Turkey did the largest cross-border mission in its history. Operation Hammer was done in May 1997 and over fifty thousand Turkish soldiers and ten thousand village guards took part in the operation. The operation was successful as the Turkish military killed over 3,000 insurgents and captured more than 400 in just two months and destroyed almost all of the Kurdish camps in Northern Iraq with just 114 casualties.
Another turning point in the conflict came in 1998, when, after political pressure and military threats from the Turkish government against Syria, the PKK's leader, Abdullah Öcalan, was forced to leave Syria, where he had been in exile since September 1980. He first went to Russia, then to Italy and Greece. He was eventually brought to the Greek embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. After leaving the embassy on 15 February 1999 for the airport, he was kidnapped in a joint MİT-CIA operation and brought to Turkey, which resulted in major protests by Kurds worldwide. Three Kurdish protestors were shot dead when trying to enter the Israeli consulate in Berlin to protest alleged Israeli involvement in his capture. Although the capture of Öcalan ended a third cease-fire which Öcalan had declared on 1 August 1998, on 1 September 1999 the PKK declared a unilateral cease-fire which would last until 2004.
Unilateral cease-fire (1999–2003)
KADEK flag
KONGRA-GEL flag
After the unilateral cease-fire the PKK declared in September 1999, their forces fully withdrew from Turkish Kurdistan, set up new bases in the Qandil Mountains of Iraqi Kurdistan, and in February 2000 they declared the formal end of the war. After this, the PKK said it would switch its strategy to using peaceful methods to achieve their objectives. In April 2002, the PKK changed its name to KADEK (Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress), claiming the PKK had fulfilled its mission and would now move on as purely political organisation. In October 2003 the KADEK announced its dissolution and declared the creation of a new organisation: KONGRA-GEL (Kurdistan Peoples Congress).
Offers by the PKK for negotiations were ignored by the Turkish government, which claimed that the KONGRA-GEL continued to carry out armed attacks in the 1999–2004 period, although not on the same scale as before September 1999. They also blame the KONGRA-GEL for Kurdish riots which happened during the period. The PKK argues that all of its military activity during this period was defensive, as the Turkish military launched some 700 raids against their bases, including in Northern Iraq. Despite the KONGRA-GEL cease-fire, other groups continued their armed activities. For example, the Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK) tried to use the cease-fire to attract PKK fighters to join their organisation. The Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK) were formed during this period by radical KONGRA-GEL commanders dissatisfied with the cease-fire. The period after the capture of Öcalan was used by the Turkish government to launch major crackdown operations against the Turkish Hezbollah (Kurdish Hezbollah), arresting 3,300 Hizbullah members in 2000, compared to 130 in 1998, and killing the group's leader Hüseyin Velioğlu on 13 January 2000. During this phase of the war at least 145 people were killed during fighting between the PKK and security forces.
After the AK Party came to power in 2002, the Turkish state started to ease restrictions on the Kurdish language and culture.
From 2003 to 2004 there was a power struggle inside the KONGRA-GEL between a reformist wing which wanted the organisation to disarm completely and a traditionalist wing which wanted the organisation to resume its armed insurgency once again. The conservative wing of the organisation won this power struggle forcing reformist leaders such as Kani Yilmaz, Nizamettin Tas and Abdullah Öcalan's younger brother Osman Öcalan to leave the organisation. The three major traditionalist leaders, Murat Karayilan, Cemil Bayik and Bahoz Erdal formed the new leadership committee of the organisation. The new administration decided to restart the insurgency, because they claimed that without guerillas the PKK's political activities would remain unsuccessful. This came as the pro-Kurdish People's Democracy Party (HADEP) was banned by the Turkish Supreme Court on 13 March 2003 and its leader Murat Bozlak was imprisoned.
In April 2005, KONGRA-GEL changed its name back to PKK. Because not all of the KONGRA-GEL's elements accepted this, the organisation has also been referred to as the New PKK. The KONGRA-GEL has since become the Legislative Assembly of the Kurdistan Communities Union, a pan-Kurdish umbrella organisation which includes the PKK. Ex-DEP member Zübeyir Aydar is the President of the KONGRA-GEL.
Through the cease-fire years 2000–2003, some 711 people were killed, according to the Turkish government. The Uppsala Conflict Data Program put casualties during these years at 368 to 467 killed.
Insurgency (2004–2012)
2003–2005
PKK supporters in London, April 2003
In September 2003, the PKK declared an end to its cease-fire, but waited until mid-2004 before going on the offensive again. In June 2004, the PKK resumed its armed activities because they claimed the Turkish government was ignoring their calls for negotiations and was still attacking their forces. The government claimed that in that same month, some 2,000 Kurdish guerrillas entered Turkey via Iraqi Kurdistan. The PKK, now lacking Syrian government support and the manpower they had in the 1990s, took up new tactics. It reduced the size of its field units from 15 to 20 fighters to teams of 6–8, and avoided direct confrontations, relying more on the use of landmines, snipers and small ambushes, using hit and run tactics. Another change in PKK tactics was that the organisation no longer attempted to control any territory, not even after dark. Violence increased throughout 2004 and 2005 during which the PKK was blamed for dozens of bombings in Western Turkey throughout 2005, including the 2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing (which killed five), although the PKK denied responsibility.
2006
In March 2006 heavy fighting broke out around Diyarbakir between the PKK and Turkish security forces, as well as large riots because of "local anger over high unemployment, poverty and Ankara's reluctance to grant more autonomy to the mainly Kurdish region". The army closed the roads to Diyarbakır Airport and shut down many schools and businesses. In August, the Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK), which vowed to "turn Turkey into hell", launched a major bombing campaign. On 25 August two coordinated low-level blasts targeted a bank in Adana, on 27 August a school in Istanbul was targeted by a bombing, on 28 August there were three coordinated attacks in Marmaris and one in Antalya targeting the tourist industry and on 30 August there was a TAK bombing in Mersin. These bombings were condemned by the PKK, which declared its fifth cease-fire on 1 October 2006, which lessened the intensity of the conflict. Minor clashes continued due to Turkish military operations. In total, the conflict claimed over 500 lives in 2006. 2006 also saw the PKK assassinate one of their former commanders, Kani Yilmaz, in February, in Iraq.
2007
In May 2007, there was a bombing in Ankara that killed 6 and injured 121 people. The Turkish government alleged the PKK was responsible for the bombing. On 4 June, a PKK suicide bombing in Tunceli killed seven soldiers and wounded six at a military base. Tensions across the Iraqi border also started playing up as Turkish forces entered Iraq several times in pursuit of PKK fighting and In June, as 4 soldiers were killed by landmines, large areas of Iraqi Kurdistan were shelled which damaged 9 villages and forced residents to flee. On 7 October 2007, 40–50 PKK fighters ambushed an 18-man Turkish commando unit in the Gabar mountains, killing 15 commandos and injuring three, which made it the deadliest PKK attack since the 1990s. In response a law was passed allowing the Turkish military to take action inside Iraqi territory. Then on 21 October 2007, 150–200 militants attacked an outpost, in Dağlıca, Yüksekova, manned by a 50-man infantry unit. The outpost was almost overrun and the PKK killed 12, wounded 17 and captured 6 Turkish soldiers which were released later. They then withdrew into Iraqi Kurdistan. The Turkish military killed 32 PKK fighters in hot pursuit operations, after the attack, however this was denied by the PKK. The Turkish military responded by bombing PKK bases on 24 October, which resulted in many camps and caves being destroyed, along with 200 PKK insurgents dying in the process. and started preparing for a major cross-border military operation.
2008
This major cross-border offensive, dubbed Operation Sun, started on 21 February 2008 and was preceded by an aerial offensive against PKK camps in northern Iraq, which began on 16 December 2007. Between 3,000 and 10,000 Turkish forces took part in the offensive. Around 230 PKK fighters were killed in the ground offensive, while 27 Turkish forces were killed. According to the PKK however, this was completely false and that over 125 Turkish forces were killed, while PKK casualties were in the tens. Smaller scale Turkish operations against PKK bases in Iraqi Kurdistan continued afterwards. On 27 July 2008, Turkey blamed the PKK for an Istanbul double-bombing which killed 17 and injured 154 people. The PKK denied any involvement. On 4 October, the most violent clashes since the October 2007 clashes in Hakkari erupted as the PKK attacked the 2008 Aktütün attack post in Şemdinli in the Hakkâri Province, at night. 17 Turkish soldiers were killed and 20 were injured, meanwhile 123 PKK fighters were killed during the fighting. On 10 November, the Iranian Kurdish insurgent group PJAK declared it would be halting operations inside Iran to start fighting the Turkish military.
2009
At the start of 2009 Turkey opened its first Kurdish-language TV-channel, TRT 6, and on 19 March 2009 local elections were held in Turkey in which the pro-Kurdish Democratic Society Party (DTP) won a majority of the vote in the South East. Soon after, on 13 April 2009, the PKK declared its sixth ceasefire, after Abdullah Öcalan called on them to end military operations and prepare for peace. The following day the Turkish authorities arrested 53 Kurdish politicians of the Democratic Society Party (DTP). In September Turkey's Erdoğan-government launched the Kurdish initiative, which included plans to rename Kurdish villages that had been given Turkish names, expand the scope of the freedom of expression, restore Turkish citizenship to Kurdish refugees, strengthen local governments, and extend a partial amnesty for PKK fighters. But the plans for the Kurdish initiative where heavily hurt after the DTP was banned by the Turkish constitutional court on 11 December 2009 and its leaders were subsequently put on trial for terrorism. A total of 1,400 DTP members were arrested and 900 detained in the government crackdown against the party. This caused major riots by Kurds all over Turkey and resulted in violent clashes between pro-Kurdish and security forces as well as pro-Turkish demonstrators, which resulted in several injuries and fatalities. On 7 December the PKK launched an ambush in Reşadiye which killed seven and injured three Turkish soldiers, which became the deadliest PKK attack in that region since the 1990s.
2010
On 1 May 2010 the PKK declared an end to its cease-fire, launching an attack in Tunceli that killed four and injured seven soldiers. On 31 May, Abdullah Öcalan declared an end to his attempts at re-approachment and establishing dialogue with the Turkish government, leaving PKK top commanders in charge of the conflict. The PKK then stepped up its armed activities, starting with a missile attack on a navy base in İskenderun, killing 7 and wounding 6 soldiers. On 18 and 19 June, heavy fighting broke out that resulted in the death of 12 PKK fighters, 12 Turkish soldiers and injury of 17 Turkish soldiers, as the PKK launched three separate attacks in Hakkari and Elazig provinces.
Another major attack in Hakkari occurred on 20 July 2010, killing six and wounding seventeen Turkish soldiers, with one PKK fighter being killed. The next day, Murat Karayilan, the leader of the PKK, announced that the PKK would lay down its arms if the Kurdish issue would be resolved through dialogue and threatened to declare independence if this demand was not met. Turkish forces had killed 187 and captured 160 PKK members by 14 July, and killed another 227 by the end of the year. By 27 July, Turkish news sources reported the deaths of 72 security forces, which exceeded the 2009 toll. On 12 August, however, a ramadan cease-fire was declared by the PKK. In November the cease-fire was extended until the Turkish general election on 12 June 2011, despite alleging that Turkey had launched over 80 military operations against them during this period. Despite the truce, the PKK responded to these military operations by launching retaliatory attacks in Siirt and Hakkari provinces, killing 12 Turkish soldiers.
2011
A demonstration against the PKK in Frankfurt, October 2011
The cease-fire was revoked early, on 28 February 2011. Soon afterwards three PKK fighters were killed while trying to get into Turkey through northern Iraq. In May, counter-insurgency operations left 12 PKK fighters and 5 soldiers dead. This then resulted in major Kurdish protests across Turkey as part of a civil disobedience campaign launched by the pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP), during these protests 2 people were killed, 308 injured and 2,506 arrested by Turkish authorities. The 12 June elections saw a historical performance for the pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) which won 36 seats in the South-East, which was more than the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP), which won only 30 seats in Kurdish areas. However, six of the 36 elected BDP deputies remain in Turkish jails as of June 2011. One of the six jailed deputies, Hatip Dicle, was then stripped of his elected position by the constitutional court, after which the 30 free MPs declared a boycott of Turkish parliament. The PKK intensified its campaign again, in July killing 20 Turkish soldiers in two weeks, during which at least 10 PKK fighters were killed, the most of these occurring in a single ambush. On 17 August 2011, the Turkish Armed Forces launched multiple raids against Kurdish rebels, striking 132 targets. Turkish military bombed PKK targets in northern Iraq in six days of air raids, according to General Staff, where 90–100 PKK Soldiers were killed, and at least 80 injured. From July to September Iran carried out an offensive against the PJAK in Northern Iraq, which resulted in a cease-fire on 29 September. After the cease-fire the PJAK withdrew its forces from Iran and joined with the PKK to fight Turkey. Turkish counter-terrorism operations reported a sharp increase of Iranian citizens among the insurgents killed in October and November, such as the six PJAK fighters killed in Çukurca on 28 October. On 19 October, twenty-six Turkish soldiers were killed and 18 injured in 8 simultaneous PKK attacks in Cukurca and Yuksekova, in Hakkari provieen 10,000 and 15,000 full-time, which is the highest it has ever been.
2012
In summer 2012, the conflict with the PKK took a violent curve, in parallel with the Syrian civil war as President Bashar al-Assad ceded control of several Kurdish cities in Syria to the PYD, the Syrian affiliate of the PKK, and Turkey armed ISIS and other Islamic groups against Kurds. Turkish foreign minister Ahmet Davutoglu accused the Assad government of arming the group. In June and August there were heavy clashes in Hakkari province, described as the most violent in years. as the PKK attempted to seize control of Şemdinli and engage the Turkish army in a "frontal battle" by blocking the roads leading to the town from Iran and Iraq and setting up DShK heavy machine guns and rocket launchers on high ground to ambush Turkish motorized units that would be sent to re-take the town. However the Turkish army avoided the trap by destroying the heavy weapons from the air and using long range artillery to root out the PKK. The Turkish military declared operation was ended successfully on 11 August, claiming to have killed 115 guerrillas and lost only six soldiers and two village guards. On 20 August, eight people were killed and 66 wounded by a deadly bombing in Gaziantep. According to the KCK 400 incidents of shelling, air bombardment and armed clashes occurred in August. On 24 September, Turkish General Necdet Özel claimed that 110 Turkish soldiers and 475 PKK militants had been killed since the start of 2012.
Peace process 2012–2015
Main article: Kurdish–Turkish peace process
On 28 December 2012, in a television interview upon a question of whether the government had a project to solve the issue, Erdoğan said that the government was conducting negotiations with jailed rebel leader Öcalan. Negotiations were initially named as Solution Process (Çözüm Süreci) in public. While negotiations were going on, there were numerous events that were regarded as sabotage to derail the talks: The assassination of the PKK administrators Sakine Cansız, Fidan Doğan and Leyla Söylemez in Paris, revealing Öcalan's talks with the pro-Kurdish party Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) to the public via the Milliyet newspaper and finally, the bombings of the Justice Ministry of Turkey and Erdoğan's office at the Ak Party headquarters in Ankara. However, both parties vehemently condemned all three events as they occurred and stated that they were determined anyway. Finally on 21 March 2013, after months of negotiations with the Turkish Government, Abdullah Ocalan's letter to people was read both in Turkish and Kurdish during Nowruz celebrations in Diyarbakır. The letter called a cease-fire that included disarmament and withdrawal from Turkish soil and calling an end to armed struggle. PKK announced that they would obey, stating that the year of 2013 is the year of solution either through war or through peace. Erdoğan welcomed the letter stating that concrete steps will follow PKK's withdrawal.
Kurdish PKK guerilla at the Newroz celebration in Qandil, 23 March 2014
On 25 April 2013, PKK announced that it would be withdrawing all its forces within Turkey to northern Iraq. According to the Turkish government and the Kurds and most of the press, this move marks the end of 30-year-old conflict. Second phase which includes constitutional and legal changes towards the recognition of human rights of the Kurds starts simultaneously with withdrawal.
Escalation
Main article: 2014 Kobanî protests
On 6 and 7 October 2014, riots erupted in various cities in Turkey for protesting the Siege of Kobane. The Kurds accused the Turkish government of supporting ISIS and not letting people send support for Kobane Kurds. Protesters were met with tear gas and water cannons. 37 people were killed in protests. During these protests, there were deadly clashes between PKK and Hizbullah sympathizers. 3 soldiers were killed by PKK in January 2015, as a sign of rising tensions in the country.
2015–present
Main article: Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present)
See also: Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War and Operation Olive Branch
In June 2015, the main Syrian Kurdish militia, YPG, and the Turkey's main pro-Kurdish party, HDP, accused Turkey of allowing Islamic State (ISIL) soldiers to cross its border and attack the Kurdish city of Kobanî in Syria. The conflict between Turkey and PKK escalated following the 20 July 2015 Suruç bombing attack on progressive activists, which was claimed by ISIL. During the 24–25 July 2015 Operation Martyr Yalçın, Turkey bombed alleged PKK bases in Iraq and PYD bases in Syria's Kurdish region Rojava, purportedly retaliating the killing of two policeman in the town of Ceylanpınar (which the PKK denied carrying out) and effectively ending the cease-fire (after many months of increasing tensions). Turkish warplanes also bombed YPG bases in Syria.
Turkish police announcing seizure of PKK ammunition in Diyarbakır, August 2015
Violence soon spread throughout Turkey. Many Kurdish businesses were destroyed by mobs. The headquarters and branches of the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) were also attacked. There are reports of civilians being killed in several Kurdish-populated towns and villages. The Council of Europe raised their concerns over the attacks on civilians and the 4 September 2015 blockade of Cizre.
But also the Kurdish rebel fighters did not sit still: a Turkish Governor claimed that Kurdish assailants had fired on a police vehicle in Adana in September 2015, killing two officers, and some unspecified "clash" with PKK rebels purportedly took place in Hakkâri Province. President Erdogan claimed that between 23 July and late September, 150 Turkish officers and 2,000 Kurdish rebels had been killed. In December 2015, Turkish military operations in the Kurdish regions of southeastern Turkey had killed hundreds of civilians, displaced hundreds of thousands and caused massive destruction in residential areas. According to the Human Rights Watch (HRW) report, "Local human rights groups have recorded well over 100 civilian deaths and multiple injuries."
The spring of 2016 saw the seasonal uptick in combat activity. In May, a Turkish Bell AH-1 SuperCobra helicopter was documented shot down by a PKK-fired Russian made MANPADS.
On 6 May 2016, HBDH, an umbrella organization built around the Kurdish PKK, attacked a Gendarmerie General Command base in Giresun Province in northeastern Turkey. According to news reports, a roadside bomb exploded, targeting a Gendarmerie vehicle. HDBH claimed responsibility for the attack on May 8, stating that three gendarmes died in the attack, as well as the Base Commander, who was the intended target.
the Joint Command of the HBDH has claimed responsibility for several more attacks in the region, primarily targeting Turkish soldiers or gendarmes. The tactics employed by the alliance are very similar to those used by the PKK. The most notable attack came on 19 July 2016, just 4 days after the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt. HBDH reported that they had killed 11 Turkish riot police in Trabzon Province at 08:30 that morning. The HBDH report is consistent in time and location to an attack reported by Doğan News Agency, in which "unknown assailants" fired on a police checkpoint. This report states that 3 officers were killed and 5 were injured, along with a civilian.
In January 2018, the Turkish military and its Free Syrian Army and Sham Legion allies began a cross-border operation in the Kurdish-majority Afrin Canton in Northern Syria, against the Kurdish-led Democratic Union Party in Syria (PYD) and the U.S.-supported YPG Kurdish militia. In March 2018, Turkey launched military operations to eliminate the Kurdish PKK fighters in northern Iraq. This failed however, as the PKK has expanded its operations in Iraq.
Women's Protection Units (YPJ) fighters in the Afrin Region during the Turkish operation in 2018
In October 2019, the Turkish force launched an operation against Syrian Kurds in the Northern Syria which has been termed Operation Peace Spring.
On 14 February 2021, Turkish Minister of Defense Hulusi Akar claimed that 13 soldiers and police officers, who had been held hostage by the PKK since 2015 and 2016, were executed during an attempted rescue operation. Erdoğan blamed the United States and Kurdish politicians for the failed operation, while CHP leader Kılıçdaroğlu accused Erdoğan of being responsible for the deaths. The PKK claimed the hostages were killed by Turkish airstrikes during the operation. The father of one deceased hostage Semih Özbey was summoned to identify his son, and according to the Turkish Human Rights Association president, stated he saw a bullet wound in his son's head. In an interview with Sözcü, the father noted he believed the hostages were executed, but was only shown a picture of his son's face and was refused seeing his body. He added that during his sons imprisonment he spoke repeatedly to both HDP MPs and Erdoğan to no avail. The Turkish Human Rights Association, which had previously helped return hostages from the PKK, stated their offers to help negotiate were rejected by state officials.
On 17 April 2022, Operation Claw-Lock began involving a cross border offensive operation into Iraqi Kurdistan allegedly (PKK claim) with the support of the KDP and targeted areas including Metina, Zap and Avashin. The operation is currently ongoing.
In May 2022, while calls for Finland and Sweden were made to join the NATO alliance, Turkey opposed their adhesion unless these countries crack down on local Kurdish and Gulenist networks. The move has been commented as a political card to distract from ongoing economic crisis in Turkey and better engage in upcoming elections, taking an aggressive posture against foreign powers and Kurds being favorable to AKP. On 28 June, the first day of the 2022 NATO summit in Madrid, the Turkish delegation dropped their opposition to Finland and Sweden's NATO membership applications and signed a tripartite memorandum addressing Turkey's concerns regarding arms exports and the Kurdish–Turkish conflict. On 30 June 2022, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said that Sweden had made a "promise" to extradite "73 terrorists" wanted by Turkey.
On 13 November 2022, a bombing in Istanbul killed six people. Turkey says the bomb was planted by a Kurdish Syrian separatist whom they arrested. On 20 November, Turkey launched Operation Claw-Sword – airstrikes on PKK positions in Iraq and Syrian Democratic Forces positions in Syria.
Serhildan
Main article: Serhildan
The Serhildan, or people's uprising, started on 14 March 1990, Nusaybin during the funeral of 20-year-old PKK fighter Kamuran Dundar, who along with 13 other fighters was killed by the Turkish military after crossing into Turkey via Syria several days earlier. Dundar came from a Kurdish nationalist family which claimed his body and held a funeral for him in Nusaybin in which he was brought to the city's main mosque and 5000 people which held a march. On the way back the march turned violent and protesters clashed with the police, during which both sides fired upon each other and many people were injured. A curfew was then placed in Nusaybin, tanks and special forces were brought in and some 700 people were arrested. Riots spread to nearby towns and in Cizre over 15,000 people, constituting about half the town's population took part in riots in which five people were killed, 80 injured and 155 arrested. Widespread riots took place throughout the Southeast on Nowruz, the Kurdish new-year celebrations, which at the time were banned. Protests slowed down over the next two weeks as many started to stay home and Turkish forces were ordered not to intervene unless absolutely necessarily but factory sit-ins, go-slows, work boycotts and "unauthorized" strikes were still held although in protest of the state.
Protests are often held on 21 March, or Nowruz. Most notably in 1992, when thousands of protesters clashed with security forces all over the country and where the army allegedly disobeyed an order from President Suleyman Demirel not to attack the protest. In the heavy violence that ensued during that year's Nowroz protest some 55 people were killed, mainly in Şırnak (26 killed), Cizre (29 killed) and Nusaybin (14 killed) and it included a police officer and a soldier. Over 200 people were injured and another 200 were arrested. According to Governor of Şırnak, Mustafa Malay, the violence was caused by 500 to 1,500 armed rebels which he alleged, entered the town during the festival. However, he conceded that "the security forces did not establish their targets properly and caused great damage to civilian houses."
Since Abdullah Öcalan's capture on 15 February 1999, protests are also held every year on that date.
Casualties
Funeral of a baby killed in the Şırnak clashes, 2015
According to figures released by the Anadolu Agency, citing a Turkish security source, from 1984 to 2016, there were 36,345 deaths in the conflict. This included 6,741 civilians, 6,833 security forces (5,347 soldiers, 1,466 village guards and 283 policemen) and over 40 thousand PKK fighters by 2016 in Turkey alone. Among the civilian casualties, till 2012, 157 were teachers. From August 1984 to June 2007, a total of 13,327 soldiers and 7,620 civilians were said to have been wounded. About 2,500 people were said to have been killed between 1984 and 1991, while over 17,500 were killed between 1991 and 1995. The number of murders committed by Village Guards from 1985 to 1996 is put at 296 by official estimates.
Contrary to the newest estimate, earlier figures by the Turkish military put the number of PKK casualties much higher, with 26,128 PKK dead by June 2007, and 29,704 by March 2009. Between the start of the second insurgency in 2004, and March 2009, 2,462 PKK militants were claimed killed. However, later figures provided by the military for the 1984–2012 period, revised down the number of killed PKK members to 21,800.
Both the PKK and Turkish military have accused each other of civilian deaths. Since the 1970s, the European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for the thousands of human rights abuses against Kurdish people. The judgments are related to systematic executions of Kurdish civilians, torturing, forced displacements, thousands of destroyed villages, arbitrary arrests, murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists, politicians and activists. Turkey has been also condemned for killing Kurdish civilians and blaming the PKK in the ECHR.
According to the Los Angeles Times, 4,000 villages have been destroyed since the beginning of the uprising, in which U.S. Government, who supports the PKK, accused the Turkish Military for the forced evacuation of between 380,000 and 1,000,000 Kurdish villagers from their homes According to the Los Angeles Times some 5,000 Turkish Civillians and 35,000 Kurdish Civillians have been killed, 17,000 Kurdish Civillians have disappeared and 119,000 Kurdish Civillians have been imprisoned as a result of the conflict. According to the Humanitarian Law Project, 2,400 Kurdish villages were destroyed and 18,000 Kurds were executed. In total up to 3,000,000 people (mainly Kurds) have been displaced by the conflict, an estimated 1,000,000 of which are still internally displaced as of 2009. The Assyrian Minority was heavily affected as well, as now most (50–60 thousand/70,000) of its population is in refuge in Europe.
Sebahat Tuncel, an elected MP from the BDP, put the PKK's casualties at 18,000 as of July 2011.
Before 2012 ceasefire
The Uppsala Conflict Data Program recorded 25,825–30,639 casualties to date, 22,729–25,984 of which having died during the first insurgency, 368–467 during the cease-fire and 2,728–4,188 during the second insurgency. Casualties from 1989 to 2011, according to the UCDP are as following:
Year
Low estimate
High estimate
1989
227
234
1990
245
303
1991
304
310
1992
1,518
1,598
1993
2,099
2,394
1994
4,000
4,488
1995
3,076
3,951
1996
3,533
3,578
1997
4,247
5,483
1998
1,952
2,039
1999
1,403
1,481
2000
173
189
2001
81
96
2002
35
100
2003
79
82
2004
180
322
2005
324
611
2006
210
274
2007
458
509
2008
501
1,068
2009
128
149
2010
328
433
2011
599
822
Total:
25,825
30,639
The conflict's casualties between 1984 and 2012 according to the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey, Turkish Gendarmerie, General Directorate of Security and since then until 2012 according to multiple analysis' of the data of the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey and Turkish Gendarmerie were as following:
Year
Security forces
Civilians
Insurgents
Total
1984
26
43
116
195
1985
58
141
386
605
1986
51
133
143
339
1987
71
237
113
427
1988
54
109
228
426
1989
153
178
327
681
1990
161
204
592
952
1991
244
233
799
1,319
1992
629
832
2,793
4,297
1993
715
1,479
5,083
7,262
1994
1,145
992
6,295
8,310
1995
772
313
6,285
7,362
1996
608
170
6,181
6,974
1997
518
158
9,451
10,138
1998
383
85
3,295
3,633
1999
236
83
1,811
1,907
2000
29
17
452
471
2001
20
8
226
236
2002
7
7
97
107
2003
31
63
443
509
2004
75
28
379
412
2005
105
30
408
445
2006
111
38
517
563
2007
146
37
653
712
2008
171
51
1,110
1,295
2009
62
18
534
607
2010
72
-
414
502+
2011
96
-
825
921+
2012
128
-
1,495
1,623+
Total:
6,877
5,454+
50,169
62,500+
Since 2013: from ceasefire to new confrontations
The Belgium-based Crisis Group keeps track of casualties linked to the Kurdish–Turkish conflict. The data about PKK casualties are limited to proper Turkey, and does not include casualties from preemptive operations in Syria or Iraq.
Year
Security forces
Civilians
Unknown youth
Insurgents
Total
Note
2013
2
4
0
435
441
Ceasefire known as Solution process agreed by both Turkey (AKP) and PKK.
2014*
4
53
0
950
1,007
2015, Jan. to June: ceasefire
2
3
0
6
11
War resumed here due to July 2015's 2 security forces killed in the Ceylanpınar incident. Attackers unidentified so far.
2015, Jul. to Dec.: war
733
43
87
3,764
4,712
Ceasefire and peace process broke down on 20 July 2015. Military confrontation resumed.
2016
645
163
136
10,772
11,822
2017
157
33
0
1,233
1,423
2018
121
19
0
1,366
1,506
2019
86
34
0
1,668
1,788
2020
41
35
0
3,646
3,722
2021
138
–
0
2,360
2,498+
2022
162
–
0
1,220
1,382+
2023
73
–
0
2,000+
2,066+
Total:
2,161
387+
223
28,420+
31,004+
*: mainly due to the 6–8 October 2014 Kurdish riots where 42 civilians were killed by State Forces during anti-government protests by Kurdish groups throughout Turkey. The protesters denouncing Ankara position during Islamic State's siege of Kobani. This is the main incident out of the ceasefire period.
The ceasefire agreement broke down in July 2015, dividing 2015 in two sharply different periods.
External operations
Turkey has led numerous airstrikes and ground operations in Syria, Iraq and Iran, in order to attack groups Turkey classifies as PKK-related.
Date
Place
Type
Operation
Turkish forces dead (wounded)
Turkish allies dead (injured)
Kurdish forces dead (captured)
Result
27 May 1983
Northern Iraq
Hot pursuit
May 1983 Cross-border Operation
None
—
Unknown, all militants in the region neutralized
Operation successful
15 August 1986
Northern Iraq
Land and air
August 1986 Cross-border Operation
None
—
165
Operation successful
4 March 1987
Northern Iraq
Land and air
March 1987 Cross-border Operation
None
—
Unknown, 3 camps destroyed
Operation successful
5 – 13 August 1991
Northern Iraq
Land and air
August 1991 Clean-up Operation
2 (13)
—
Unknown, multiple camps destroyed
Operation successful
30 August 1992
Northern Iraq
Land and air
August 1992 Cross-border operation
None
—
100+
Operation successful
5 October – 15 November 1992
Northern Iraq
Land and air
October 1992 Cross-border operation
28 (125)
—
1,452 (1,232)
Operation successful
12 October – 5 November 1992
Northern Iraq
Rescue Operation
October 1992 Turkish attack on Hakurk Camp
14
—
1,551 (2,600), Hakurk Camp destroyed
Operation successful
13 – 19 August 1993
Northern Iraq and Hakkâri
Land and Air
Operation Kirpi
None
—
350+, İki Yaka Camp destroyed
Operation successful
23 – 26 September 1993
Northern Iraq and Hakkâri
Land and Air
Operation Govent
None
—
400+, Balkaya Camp destroyed
Operation successful
5 November 1993 – 28 January 1994
Northern Iraq
Land and air
December 1993 Cross-border operation
None
—
167, 10 camps destroyed
Operation successful
6 – 13 November 1993
Northern Iraq
Land and Air
Operation Mezi-Karyaderi
None
—
201 (21), Avaşin Camp destroyed
Operation successful
27 January – 2 February 1994
Northern Iraq and Hakkâri
Land and Air
Operation Alandüz
None
—
64, Camp in Buzul Mountain destroyed
Operation successful
19 March – 26 April 1994
Northern Iraq
Land and Air
Operation Ejder
19
—
459 (23), Berçela, Zap and Metina Camp destroyed
Operation successful
26 July – 3 August 1994
Northern Iraq
Land and air
July 1994 Cross-border operation
None
—
190, Haftanin Camp heavily damaged
Operation successful
20 March – 4 May 1995
Northern Iraq
Land and air
Operation Steel
64 (185)
—
555 (13), Zap Camp destroyed
Operation successful
23 March 1995
Northern Iraq
Land and air
March 1995 Turkish attack on Haftanin Camp
None
—
89, Haftanin Camp destroyed
Operation successful
20 – 21 May 1995
Northwestern Iran
Land and air
Operation Jerma-Betkar
None
—
358, Betkar Camp destroyed
Operation successful
14 June 1996
Northern Iraq
Land and air
Operation Tokat
6
—
90
Operation successful
12 May – 7 July 1997
Iraq, Erbil-Mosul
Land and air
Operation Hammer
114 (338)
—
2,730 (415)
Operation successful
25 September – 15 October 1997
Northern Iraq
Land and air
Operation Dawn
31 (91)
—
865 (37)
Operation successful
21–29 February 2008
Northern Iraq
Land and air
Operation Sun
27
—
240
Operation successful
24–25 July 2015
Northern Iraq
Airstrikes
Operation Martyr Yalçın
None
–
160
Airstrikes successful
24 August 2016 – 29 March 2017
Syria
Land and air
Operation Euphrates Shield*
71
614
131 (37)
Operation successful
25 April 2017
Syria and Northern Iraq
Airstrikes
2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq
0
—
70
Airstrikes successful
20 January – 24 March 2018
Syria
Land and air
Operation Olive Branch
45
616
4,500-7,100+
Operation successful
19 March 2018 – 27 May 2019
Northern Iraq
Land and air
Operation Tigris Shield
None
—
234 or 379
Operation successful
15 August 2018
Iraq, Sinjar
Airstrikes
Turkish strikes on Sinjar (2018)
—
—
5
Airstrikes successful
27 May - 12 June 2019
Northern Iraq
Land and Air
Operation Claw-1
None
—
143
Operation successful
13 June - 23 August 2019
Northern Iraq
Land and Air
Operation Claw-2
None
—
102
Operation successful
24 August 2019 - 4 May 2020
Northern Iraq
Land and Air
Operation Claw-3
2
—
102
Operation successful
9 October - 25 November 2019
Syria
Land and air
Operation Peace Spring
16
251
508 (73)
Operation successful
15 June 2020
Northern Iraq
Airstrikes
Operation Claw-Eagle
None
—
81
Airstrikes successful
16 June 2020 – 5 September 2020
Northern Iraq
Airstrikes
Operation Claw-Tiger
None
—
228
Operation successful
10 – 14 February 2021
Northern Iraq
Rescue operation
Operation Claw-Eagle 2
3
—
65
Ground and clearing operations successful. 13 Hostages killed by PKK before they could be rescued.
23 April 2021 – present
Northern Iraq
Land and air
Operations Claw-Lightning and Thunderbolt
11
—
387
Operation successful
17 April 2022 – 4 May 2022
Northern Iraq
Land and air
Operation Claw-Lock
84
-
995
Operation successful
20 - 28 November 2022
Syria and Northern Iraq
Airstrikes
Operation Claw-Sword
1
1
254
Airstrikes successful
Total :
538 (769)
1,481
20,750+ (3,219), 40+ camps destroyed
*: Most of Turkey's Operation Euphrates Shield combats were between TSK & TFSA against IS on one side, and between YPG against IS on the other, while the Turkish forces and US-allied YPG avoided full scale clashed. Turkey strategic objective was to prevent Afrin canton from connecting with YPG Manbij and other Rojava regions. Accordingly, only a minor part of these operations casualties were from Turkey forces vs YPG forces.
Demographic effect
Further information: Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey
The Turkification of predominantly Kurdish areas in Turkey's East and South-East were also bound in the early ideas and policies of modern Turkish nationalism, going back to as early as 1918 to the manifesto of Turkish nationalist Ziya Gökalp "Turkification, Islamization and Modernization". The evolving Young Turk conscience adopted a specific interpretation of progressism, a trend of thought which emphasizes the human ability to make, improve and reshape human society, relying on science, technology and experimentation. This notion of social evolution was used to support and justify policies of population control. The Kurdish rebellions provided a comfortable pretext for Turkish Kemalists to implement such ideas, and in a Settlement Law was issued in 1934. It created a complex pattern of interaction between state of society, in which the regime favored its people in a distant geography, populated by locals marked as hostile.
During the 1990s, a predominantly Kurdish-dominated Eastern and South-Eastern Turkey (Kurdistan) was depopulated due to the Kurdish–Turkish conflict. Turkey depopulated and destroyed rural settlements on a large scale, resulting in massive resettlement of a rural Kurdish population in urban areas and leading to development and re-design of population settlement schemes across the countryside. According to Dr. Joost Jongerden, Turkish settlement and re-settlement policies during the 1990s period were influenced by two different forces – the desire to expand administration to rural areas and an alternative view of urbanization, allegedly producing "Turkishness".
Human rights abuses
Both Turkey and the PKK have committed numerous human rights abuses during the conflict.
Former French ambassador to Turkey Eric Rouleau states:
According to the Ministry of Justice, in addition to the 35,000 people killed in military campaigns, 17,500 were assassinated between 1984, when the conflict began, and 1998. An additional 1,000 people were reportedly assassinated in the first nine months of 1999. According to the Turkish press, the authors of these crimes, none of whom have been arrested, belong to groups of mercenaries working either directly or indirectly for the security agencies.
Abuses by the Turkish side
Main article: Turkish war crimes
Further information: Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey
Since the 1970s, the European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for thousands of human rights abuses against Kurdish people. The judgments are related to systematic executions of Kurdish civilians, forced recruitments, torturing, forced displacements, thousands of destroyed villages, arbitrary arrests, murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists. The latest judgments are from 2014. According to David L. Philips, more than 1,500 people affiliated with the Kurdish opposition parties and organizations were murdered by unidentified assailants between 1986 and 1996. The government-backed mercenaries assassinated hundreds of suspected PKK sympathizers. The Turkish government is held responsible by Turkish human rights organizations for at least 3,438 civilian deaths in the conflict between 1987 and 2000.
Hakkari, 2016
Massacres
In November 1992, the Turkish gendarmerie officers forced the leader of the Kelekçi village to evacuate all of the inhabitants, before shooting at them and their houses with heavy weapons. The soldiers set up fire to nine houses and forced all villagers to flee. Later soldiers burned the rest of the village and destroyed all 136 houses.
In 1993, Mehmet Ogut, his pregnant wife and all their seven children were burned to death by Turkish special forces soldiers. The Turkish authorities initially blamed the PKK and refused to investigate the case until it was opened again 17 years later. The investigations eventually came to an end in late 2014 with sentences of life imprisonment for three gendarme officers, a member of the special forces and nine soldiers.
In August 1993, Turkish security forces opened fire during the protest, killing 10 people and wounding 51.
On 8 September 1993, the Turkish Air Force dropped a bomb near the Munzur mountains, killing 2 women. In the same year, Turkish security forces attacked the town of Lice, destroying 401 houses, 242 shops and massacring more than thirty civilians, and leaving one hundred wounded.
On 26 March 1994 the Turkish military planes (F-16's) and a helicopter circled two villages and bombed them, killing 38 Kurdish civilians. The Turkish authorities blamed the PKK and took pictures of the dead children and spread in the press. The European Court of Human rights condemned Turkey to pay 2,3 million euros to the families of victims. The event is known as the Kuşkonar massacre.
In 1995, a fifty-two year old woman claimed that Turkish soldiers killed her husband and her husbands brother and took pictures of their corpses with weapons. She said that the two killed people were laughed upon as PKK members.
In 1995, The European newspaper published in its front-page pictures of Turkish soldiers who posed for camera with the severed heads of the Kurdish PKK fighters. Kurdish fighters were beheaded by Turkish special forces soldiers.
In late March 2006, the Turkish security forces who tried to prevent the funerals of the PKK fighters clashed with the demonstrators, killing at least eight Kurdish protesters, including four children under the age of 10.
Cizre, 2016
In August 2015, Amnesty International reported that the Turkish government airstrikes killed eight residents and injured at least eight others – including a child – in a flagrantly unlawful attack on the village of Zergele, in the Kandil Mountains in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
On 21 January 2016, a report published by Amnesty International stated that more than 150 civilians had been killed in Cizre. According to Amnesty International, the curfews had been imposed in more than 19 different towns and districts, putting the lives of hundreds of thousands of people at risk. Additionally, the report stated that the government's disproportionate restrictions on movement and other arbitrary measures were resembling collective punishment, a war crime under the 1949 Geneva Conventions.
In 2019, Turkish soldiers killed 11 Kurdish civilians, 8 of them children in artillery attack.
Human Rights Watch notes in 1992 that:
As Human Rights Watch has often reported and condemned, Turkish government forces have, during the conflict with the PKK, also committed serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, including torture, extrajudicial killings, and indiscriminate fire. We continue to demand that the Turkish government investigate and hold accountable those members of its security forces responsible for these violations. Nonetheless, under international law, the government abuses cannot under any circumstances be seen to justify or excuse those committed by Ocalan's PKK.
The Kurdish Workers Party (PKK), a separatist group that espouses the use of violence for political ends, continues to wage guerrilla warfare in the southeast, frequently in violation of international humanitarian law, or the laws of war. Instead of attempting to capture, question and indict people suspected of illegal activity, Turkish security forces killed suspects in house raids, thus acting as investigator, judge, jury and executioner. Police routinely asserted that such deaths occurred in shoot-outs between police and "terrorists". In many cases, eyewitnesses reported that no firing came from the attacked house or apartment. Reliable reports indicated that while the occupants of raided premises were shot and killed, no police were killed or wounded during the raids. This discrepancy suggests that the killings were summary, extrajudicial executions, in violation of international human rights and humanitarian law.
Turkish–Kurdish human rights activists in Germany accused Turkey of using chemical weapons against PKK. Hans Baumann, a German expert on photo forgeries, investigated the authenticity of the photos and claimed that the photos were authentic. A forensics report released by the Hamburg University Hospital has backed the allegations. Claudia Roth from Germany's Green Party demanded an explanation from the Turkish government. The Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman Selçuk Ünal commented on the issue. He said that he did not need to emphasize that the accusations were groundless. He added that Turkey signed to the Chemical Weapons Convention in 1997, and Turkey did not possess chemical weapons.
In response to the activities of the PKK, the Turkish government placed Southeastern Anatolia, where citizens of Kurdish descent are in the majority, under military rule. The Turkish Army and the Kurdish village guards loyal to it have abused Kurdish civilians, resulting in mass migrations to cities. The Government claimed that the displacement policy aimed to remove the shelter and support of the local population and consequently, the population of cities such as Diyarbakır and Cizre more than doubled. However, martial law and military rule was lifted in the last provinces in 2002.
State terrorism
Since its foundation, the Republic of Turkey has pursued variously assimilationist and repressive policies towards the Kurdish people. At the beginning of the conflict, the PKK's relationship with its civilian supporters created incentives for the Turkish government to use terrorism against the Kurdish citizens in the Kurdish dominated southeast region of Turkey. Since the early 1980s, the authorities have systematically used arbitrary arrests, executions of suspects, excessive force, and torture to suppress the opponents. In 1993, the report published by Human Rights Watch stated:
Kurds in Turkey have been killed, tortured and disappeared at an appalling rate since the coalition government of Prime Minister Suleyman Demirel took office in November 1991. In addition, many of their cities have been brutally attacked by security forces, hundreds of their villages have been forcibly evacuated, their ethnic identity continues to be attacked, their rights to free expression denied and their political freedom placed in jeopardy.
According to Human Rights Watch, the authorities even executed the Kurdish civilians and took the pictures of their corpses with the weapons, they carried for staging the events, in order to show them as Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) "terrorists" to press. In 1995, another report published by Human Rights Watch stated:
Based on B.G.'s statement and substantial additional evidence, Human Rights Watch believes that the official government casualty estimates severely misrepresent the true number of civilians slain by government forces. It is likely that many of the persons referred to in the official estimates as "PKK casualties" were in fact civilians shot by mistake or deliberately killed by security forces. Witness testimony also demonstrates that many of the Turkish government's denials of wrong-doing by the Turkish security forces are fabrications manufactured by soldiers or officials somewhere along the government's chain of command.
Shooting and killing peaceful demonstrators was one of the methods the security forces used to spread fear. In 1992, the security forces killed more than 103 demonstrators, 93 of them during the celebration of Newroz in three Kurdish cities. No security force member was ever charged with any of the deaths.
In the early 1990s, hundreds of people had disappeared after they had been taken into custody by security forces. Only in 1992, more than 450 people had been reportedly killed. Among those killed were journalists, teachers, doctors, human rights activists and political leaders. The security forces usually denied to have detained the victims but sometimes they claimed that they had released the victims after "holding them briefly". According to the Human Rights Association (İHD), there have been 940 cases of enforced disappearance since the 1990s. In addition to that, more than 3,248 people who were murdered in extrajudicial killings are believed to have been buried in 253 separate burial places. On 6 January 2011, the bodies of 12 people were found in a mass grave near an old police station in Mutki, Bitlis. A few months later, three other mass graves were reportedly found in the garden of Çemişgezek police station.
In 2006, the former ambassador Rouleau stated that the continuing human rights abuses of ethnic Kurds is one of the main obstacles to Turkish membership of the EU.
Illegal abductions and enforced disappearances
During the 1990s and onward Turkish security services have detained Kurds, in some cases they were never seen again with only eyewitnesses coming forward to tell the story. In 1997, Amnesty International (AI) reported that disappearances and extrajudicial executions had emerged as new and disturbing patterns of human rights violations by the Turkish state.
The Stockholm Center for Freedom (SCF) documented eleven cases since 2016 in which people have been abducted by men identifying themselves as police officers. It appears to be mostly in the Turkish capital of Ankara as victims are forced into transit vans. Family members were unable to find out their locations from the state, indicating that they were detained secretly or by clandestine groups. In a case where one was finally located after 42 days missing, he was tortured for days, forced to sign a confession and handed over to police.
Torture
In August 1992, Human Rights Watch reported the vile practice of torture by security forces in Turkey. The victims of torture interviewed by Helsinki Watch had revealed the systematic practice of torture against detainees in police custody. Sixteen people had died in suspicious circumstances in police custody, ten of them Kurds in the Southeast.
In 2013, The Guardian reported that the rape and torture of Kurdish prisoners in Turkey are disturbingly commonplace. According to the report, published by Amnesty International in 2003, Hamdiye Aslan, a prisoner accused of supporting the Kurdish group, the PKK, had been detained in Mardin Prison, south-east Turkey, for almost three months in which she was reportedly blindfolded, anally raped with a truncheon, threatened and mocked by officers.
In February 2017, a report published by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights stated the Turkish authorities had beaten and punched detainees, using sexual violence, including rape and threat of rape. In some cases, the detainees were photographed nude and threatened with public humiliation after being tortured by Turkish authorities.
Executions
On 24 February 1992, Cengiz Altun, the Batman correspondent for the weekly pro-Kurdish newspaper, Yeni Ülke, was killed. More than 33 Kurdish journalists working for different newspapers were killed between 1990 and 1995. The killings of Kurdish journalists had started after the pro-Kurdish press had started to publish the first daily newspaper by the name of "Özgür Gündem" (Free Agenda). Musa Anter, a prominent Kurdish intellectual and journalist of Özgur Gundem, was assassinated by members of Gendarmerie Intelligence Organization in 1992.
In 1992, Turkish security forces executed seventy-four people in house raids and more than a hundred people in demonstrations.
In October 2016, amateur footage emerged showing Turkish soldiers executing two female PKK members they had captured alive.
In February 2017, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights published a report condemning the Turkish government for carrying out systematic executions, displacing civilians, and raping and torturing detainees in Southeastern Turkey.
In October 2019, nine people were executed, including Hevrin Khalaf, a 35-year-old Kurdish woman who was secretary-general of the Future Syria Party and who worked for interfaith unity.
Drug trafficking
The Turkish state has similarly involved itself with drug trafficking through the conflict. During the Susurluk scandal in the mid-1990s, it was revealed the government of Tansu Çiller had employed contract killers from the Grey Wolves and Turkish mafia to assassinate between 2,500 and 5,000 members of and businessmen accused of supporting the PKK. Later on, state officials used the organizations to collect profits from the heroin trade, an industry larger than the state budget at the time. In 2021, the Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army was reported to be planting cannabis in the countryside of Afrin, an area captured from Kurdish forces during Operation Euphrates Shield.
Abuses by the Kurdish side
A primary school arsoned by PKK militias on 6 January 2016
The Kurdistan Workers' Party has faced international condemnation for using terrorist tactics, which include kidnapping, civilian massacres, summary executions, suicide bombers, and child soldiers, and for its involvement in drug trafficking. The organization has targeted civilians, doctors, teachers, schools, hospitals, and other government institutions on a mass scale since the 1984, and is responsible for thousands of civilian deaths. The number of total civilian deaths perpetrated by the PKK between 1989 and 1999 was determined as 1,205 by the independent Uppsala One-Sided Violence Dataset. In 1999, a report published by HRW, stated that the PKK was believed to have been responsible for more than 768 executions only between 1992 and 1995. The organization had also reportedly committed 25 massacres between 1992 and 1995, killing 360 innocent people, including 39 women and 76 children. According to Nil Satana, the author of the Kurdish Issue in June 2011 Elections, PKK attacks on civilians persisted until the organization realized that these were damaging their international prestige.
In the early 1980s, Abdullah Öcalan, the organization's leader, demanded the civilians to choose between loyalty to the government and support for the PKK, which reportedly led to a campaign against civilians, doctors, nurses, Kurdish elites, government institutions, schools and even hospitals. Additionally, hundreds of schools were burned and only between 1984 and 1987, more than 217 teachers were murdered. The PKK saw schools as "emblems of Turkish imperialism" that belonged to the "colonial assimilation system" and a justification for the killing of teachers was that they taught Turkish to Kurdish children.
In the early 1990s, the organization allegedly began to bomb civilian targets and commit massacres against innocent civilians after the government refused to negotiate. According to Jessica Stanton, an associate professor in the global policy area, the shift in PKK tactics was a direct response to government behavior. Abdullah Öcalan, the organization's leader, has been claimed to have stated publicly: If attacks on military and police targets could not force the government to negotiate, then perhaps attacks on civilian targets would.
According to Amnesty International reports in 1997, the PKK has tortured and killed Kurdish peasants and its own members that were against them in the 1980s. Dozens of Kurdish civilians have been abducted and killed because they were suspected of being collaborators or informers. According to a 1996 report by Amnesty International, "in January 1996 the government announced that the PKK had massacred 11 men near the remote village of Güçlükonak. Seven of the victims were members of the local village guard forces". The organization's 'suicide guerrilla teams', mainly made up of women, were responsible for 21 suicide attacks in Turkey between 1995 and 1999. The same number was 11 between 2 August 2015 and 25 August 2016.
Massacres
On 23 January 1987, PKK militias committed a massacre in Ortabağ, Şırnak Province killing 8 civilians including 4 women and 2 children.
On 20 June 1987, the organization committed a massacre in the village of Pınarcık in the Mardin Province of Turkey, killing more than 30 people, mainly women and children.
On 18 August 1987, PKK fighters massacred 14 children, including one three-day-old and one six-day-old baby, and 11 adults in Kılıçkaya village, Siirt.
On 10 June 1990, a group of guerrillas raided on Çevrimli village in Şırnak's Güçlükonak district, killing more than 27 people, most of them women and children. The event is known as Çevrimli massacre.
On 21 March 1990, PKK members blocked a road where they killed 9 engineers and a worker.
On 15 July 1991, PKK guerrillas burned nine villagers to death in their houses in the villages of Pazarcık and Çağlayancerit districts.
February 2016 Ankara bombing which killed 30 people and injured 60 others
On 25 December 1991, PKK attacked a store in the Bakırköy district with Molotov cocktails, resulting in 11 deaths, including 7 women and 1 child.
Between 1992 and 1995 the organisation has committed 25 massacres killing 360 innocent people, including 39 women and 76 children.
On 11 June 1992, the guerrillas executed more than 13 people from a bus they stopped in Tatvan.
On 22 June 1992, a group of PKK members killed fourteen villagers, nine of them children, and wounded eight others in raids on the houses of village guards in the village of Seki in Batman Province and in Guroymak in Bitlis Province.
On 26 June 1992, 30 PKK militants raided a mosque in Diyarbakır and killed 10 worshippers.
In late June 1992, PKK militants killed five people, including a member of the village guard, in an attack on Elmasirti village in Bingöl Province.
In late September 1992, PKK militants massacred 29 civilians including many women and children in Cevizdalı village of Bitlis Province.
On 24 May 1993, a group of 150 PKK militants massacred 33 unarmed recruits and 5 civilians on the Elazığ-Bingöl highway.
On 21 October 1993, a group of PKK members killed 22 people, including 13 children in the yard of the school in Siirt. The incident is called Derince massacre.
On 25 October 1993, 4 teachers and a 2-year-old girl were murdered by PKK militants in Yolalan, Bitlis Province.
In 1998, Human Rights Watch stated in a letter to the Italian Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema that in response of Turkeys declaration of an all-out war, the PKK adapted its tactics in the following way:
All economic, political, military, security institutions, formations and nationalist organizations—and those who serve in them—have become targets. PKK has attacked Turkish authorities outside of Kurdish areas.
The PKK is against Turkish political parties, cultural and educational institutions, legislative and representative bodies, and "all local collaborators and agents working for the Republic of Turkey".
Many who died were unarmed civilians, caught in the middle between the PKK and security forces, targeted for attacks by both sides.
On 21 January 1994, PKK militants massacred 21 people including 11 children in Savur, Mardin Province and claimed responsibility for the attack.
On 1 January 1995, PKK guerrillas carried out a massacre in the Hamzali neighborhood of Kulp in Diyarbakir, killing 1 village guard and more than 20 civilians, mainly women and children. The memorial has been created for the victims in the neighborhood.
In September 1995, the PKK members raided on a mine in the Seldiren village, executing nine miners and wounding two. According to the authorities, the PKK members had threatened the miners to bring food before executing them for unknown reasons. The organization later claimed the attack in Serxwebun publication by claiming the killed miners were soldiers and 'fascists'.
According to a 1996 report by Amnesty International, "in January 1996 the government announced that the PKK had massacred 11 men near the remote village of Güçlükonak. Seven of the victims were members of the local village guard forces".
On 30 June 1996, a suicide bombing targeting a group of 60 unarmed military personnel perpetrated by PKK occurred in Tunceli, killing 8 people and injuring 29 others.
On 25 October 1996, a suicide bombing was carried out when a PKK member detonated the explosives she had with her in front of Adana Riot Control Police Directorate, killing 5 people including a civilian and injuring 18 others.
On 29 October 1996, a suicide bombing occurred in Sivas and killed 6 people including a civilian while injuring 10 others.
On 13 March 1999, 3 PKK militants poured petroleum and threw molotov cocktails at a small sized local department store in Göztepe, Istanbul, 13 civilians, mostly women and employees of the store, were killed and 5 were injured.
On 22 May 2007, a PKK member Güven Akkuş carried out a suicide attack in Ulus, Altındağ killing 9 people and injuring more than 121 others, all civilians.
On 22 June 2010, the TAK claimed responsibility for a bombing on a bus carrying soldiers and civilians killing 5.
On 20 September 2011, 3 people died and 34 people were injured in a bomb attack in Ankara which was claimed by TAK.
On 18 October 2011, a bomb planted by PKK militants exploded in Güroymak, killing five policemen and three civilians, including a child.
On 17 February 2016, a car bomb perpetrated by TAK detonated in Ankara, killing 15 civilians and 14 soldiers while injuring 60 others.
On 13 March 2016, a member of the TAK carried out a suicide attack in Ankara, killing more than 37 civilians.
On 27 April 2016, Eser Cali, a female member of the TAK, blew herself up near an Ottoman-era mosque in the Turkish city of Bursa, wounding 13 people. Two days later, the Kurdish militant group TAK claimed the responsibility.
On 10 May 2016, 3 people were killed and 33 civilians and 12 police officers were injured in a bombing in Diyarbakır perpetrated by PKK members who targeted an armored police vehicle.
On 12 May 2016, a truck bombing took place in Dürümlü hamlet in Diyarbakir's Sur district. killing 16 people and injuring 23 others, all civilians. The People's Defence Forces (HPG), claimed that the truck was driven by members of the HPG, but that the explosives should have detonated elsewhere and the truck only detonated as villagers opened fire on the truck.
On 7 June 2016, a bombing targeting security officers perperated by TAK occurred in central Istanbul, killing 12 people including 6 security officers and 6 civilians and injuring 51 others, three of them seriously.
On 5 January 2017, PKK members detonated a car bomb outside a courthouse in Bayraklı, İzmir killing 1 civilian and 1 police officer while injuring 7 others including 3 civilians.
On 26 October 2020, a suicide bombing in İskenderun injured 2 civilians.
Kidnappings
In its early stages, some PKK members and groups systematically recruited children, men and women by kidnapping them. This forced families whose children were already a member of the organization to cooperate and thus turning them into accomplices, which increased the number of women joining the group, according to the publication, published by the Jamestown Foundation. The systematic kidnapping of men, women and even children was at its peak between the late 1980s and early 1990s, when the PKK decided to force every family to send someone to serve their armed wings after the third Congress. Many members who had been kidnapped were described as heroes in Serxwebun, the PKK's monthly magazine, after they were killed in the clashes. Some victims like Esengul Akgul, a child soldier who had been allegedly kidnapped when she was only ten years old in 1990, were described as model 'revolutionary fighters' when they died.
In early September 1992, PKK militants kidnapped five tourists, including three Americans, two Austrians and a British, near the town of Karliova, Bingöl Province, and detained them briefly.
A report published by Federation of American Scientists stated that the PKK's policy of forced recruitment by kidnapping has dramatically increased since the 1994. The organization has used the policy to offset its heavy losses since the early days of the conflict.
In 2014, a group of Kurdish families staged a sit-in in front of the town hall in the southeastern Turkish province of Diyarbakır to protest the forced recruitment of their children by PKK. After two weeks of protesting, the families started hunger strike to demand the return of their kidnapped children.
On 28 May 2012, a group of militants kidnapped 10 workers working on a road construction project in Iğdır. A month later, another group of militants blocked the road between Diyarbakır and Bingöl, and kidnapped a British tourist. All of them were released later.
Terrorism
In 1997, the State Department listed the PKK as a foreign terrorist organization for their continuous use of violence during the 1990s. On 6 November 2018, the State Department listed the PKK's three top executives, Murat Karayılan, Cemil Bayik and Duran Kalkan, in its Rewards for Justice Program which is developed by the U.S. Department of State for counter-terrorism. The program lists the names and information of the most wanted US designated terrorists in the world.
Executions
Abdullah Öcalan, the leader of the organization, who captured power by brutally suppressing dissent and purging opponents after the PKK's third Congress, consolidated absolute power through a campaign of torture and executions he started against the closest cadres in 1980. Only in 1986, the PKK executed more than sixty of its members, including Mahsum Korkmaz, who is believed to have been murdered during the clashes on 28 March 1986. The organization also targeted the defectors and assassinated at least eight of them in the EU. Hüseyin Yıldırım, a lawyer and the PKK's former spokesman in Brussels, who broke with Öcalan and left the organization in 1987 stated:
The PKK executed many of its members. The revolutionaries I knew, whom I trusted, were shot. Many people, regardless of whether they were women or children, were killed in the country. Öcalan wanted to be accepted through violence. Many people were killed in Bekaa Valley (old training camps). If you dig, you will find corpses.
Many governors and other politicians of AK Party in Kurdish inhabited cities were threatened with death and forced to resign by the PKK, while many politicians who refused to resign were executed and assassinated. Only between August 2016 and October 2016, 6 AK Party politicians were murdered by the organization such as Deryan Aktert. In September 2016, AK Party governors of Doğubayazıt, Özalp and Lice resigned because of the death threats while 3 other AK Party politicians in Ergani resigned in the first week of October 2016.
In March 1984, 4 people from the same family were executed in Çukurca. Serxwebûn accused them of being informers.
On 15 May 1987, İsa Karaaslan, a father of 3 children and a teacher was accused of being a spy for the Turkish Intelligence and was executed.
On 21 August 1987, in Yolçatı village of Lice, teacher Asim Özmen and imam Mehmet Bayram were taken from their houses and executed. Serxwebûn accused both of them of being spies.
On 17 July 1987, 5 people were executed by PKK in Şırnak Province. Serxwebûn, a publication of the PKK announced the executions and stated that executed people were all "traitors".
On 31 July 1987, Serxwebûn announced that PKK executed Hıdır Kılıçaslan in Kuyubaşı hamlet of Akören village in Hozat and accused him of being an "ungrained traitor".
Between 1992 and 1995, PKK carried out 768 extrajudicial executions, mostly of civil servants and teachers, political opponents, off-duty police officers and soldiers, and those deemed by the PKK to be "state supporters".
On 12 February 2006, PKK's former representative of Europe, Kani Yılmaz was assassinated by PKK via a bomb that was put into his car. Yılmaz was burned to death in the car with a former PKK militant Sabri Tori.
On 27 September 2017, the organization kidnapped and executed Mahmut Bazancir who was mistakenly accused of being an informer.
On 25 November 2017, PKK executed 2 of its own members in Duhok Governorate of Iraq.
On 25 July 2018, Mevlüt Bengi, a father of 6 children, was executed and tied to an electricity tower by guerrillas, who reportedly justified the execution by accusing him of being a collaborator with the AK Party, which he had served as an election observer at the ballot boxes in his district during the 24 June elections. The HPG released a statement that it has killed Mevlüt Bengi, but for having caused serious harm to the Kurdish movement, and not for being a member of a certain party.
Child soldiers
According to the TEPAV think-tank which did research on the identities of 1,362 PKK fighters who lost their lives between 2001 and 2011, 42% of the recruits were under 18, with over a quarter of these being under 15 years of age at the time of recruiting. The organization is still actively recruiting child soldiers and it has been accused of abducting more than 2,000 children by Turkish Security Forces. The latest independent reports by the Human Rights Watch (HRW), the United Nations (UN) and the Amnesty International have confirmed the recruitment and use of child soldiers by the organization and its armed wings since the 1990s. The organization is also believed to have used the children in the drug trade.
In 2008, a report published by Child Soldiers International stated that the PKK was believed in 1998 to have had 3,000 child soldiers in its forces based in Iraq and operating in Southeast Turkey.
The armed wing of the PKK, signed in October 2008 a Deed of Commitment of the Geneva Call, which prohibits the employment of youth below 18 years old to be recruited. Following repeated reports in the international media about child soldiers in PKK ranks, representatives of Geneva Call visited PKK camps in order to monitor the application of the Deed of Commitment. They visited camps in which youths of the age between sixteen and eighteen would be accepted on a voluntary basis and while being there would stay away from armed conflict and be educated.
Drug trafficking
In 2011, the report published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) , based on Turkish official reports from The Turkish Addiction Monitoring Centre stated that the instability in Iraq had helped the PKK to develop and use Iraq as a transhipment point for heroin. The PKK was reported by this source to collect taxes per kilogram of heroin trafficked to Turkey from the borders of Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq, with potential profits reaching US$200 million annually. Another report published by European Police Office (EUROPOL) in the same year stated the organization is actively involved in money laundering, illicit drugs and human trafficking, as well as illegal immigration inside and outside the EU for funding and running its activities, without citing any official source or specific investigation by justice or police.
In 2012, the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) announced the designation of Zeyneddin Geleri, Cerkez Akbulut (a.k.a. Cernit Murat), and Omer Boztepe as three Moldovan-based specially designated narcotics traffickers for drug trafficking on behalf of the PKK in Europe. According to the OFAC, Zeyneddin Geleri was identified as a high-ranking member of the PKK while two others were reportedly just PKK activists. The OFAC stated that the drug trafficking is one of the PKK's criminal activities it uses to obtain weapons and materials to fight the Turkish government.
See also
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
Iranian–Kurdish conflict
Syrian-Kurdish conflict
Iraq–Turkey border
List of Turkish Armed Forces operations in Northern Iraq
Maoist insurgency in Turkey
Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War
A Modern History of the Kurds by David McDowall
Notes
^ Merged with the Revolutionary Communard Party (DKP) in 2017.
^ The Turkey–PKK conflict is also known as the Kurdish conflict, the Kurdish question, the Kurdish insurgency, the Kurdish rebellion, the Kurdish–Turkish conflict, or PKK-terrorism as well as the latest Kurdish uprising
^ According to official figures, in the period during and after the coup, military agencies collected files on over 2 million people, 650,000 of which were detained, 230,000 of which were put on trial under martial law. Prosecutors demanded the death penalty against over 7 thousand of them, of which 517 were sentenced to death and fifty were actually hanged. Some 400,000 people were denied passports and 30,000 lost their jobs after the new regime classified them as dangerous. 14,000 people were stripped of their Turkish citizenship and 30,000 fled the country as asylum seekers after the coup. Aside from the fifty people that were hanged, some 366 people died under suspicious circumstances (classified as accidents at the time), 171 were tortured to death in prison, 43 were claimed to have committed suicide in prison and 16 were shot for attempting to escape.
References
^ Doğan, Zülfikar (5 February 2016). "Erdogan's new Kurdish allies". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
^ Jabar, Faleh A; Mansour, Renad, eds. (2019). The Kurds in a Changing Middle East: History, Politics and Representation. I.B. Tauris. doi:10.5040/9781788318907.ch-0007. hdl:1874/420966. ISBN 978-1-78673-549-2. S2CID 204390944.
^ {{cite web * Israel|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/increasing-tensions-see-resurgence-turkeys-far-right-street-movements-923266627 |title=Increasing tensions see resurgence of Turkey's far-right street movements |last=MacDonald |first=Alex |date=14 September 2015 |publisher=Middle East Eye |access-date=7 December 2016 }}
^ "Kurds demand answers after battles in Cizre". al-monitor.com. 18 September 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
^ "Turkish Government-Associated Death Squads". thesop.org. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
^ Metelits, Claire, Inside Insurgency: Violence, Civilians, and Revolutionary Group Behavior, (New York University Press, 2010), 154–155.
^ Belge, Ceren (24 January 2011). "State Building and the Limits of Legibility: Kinship Networks and Kurdish Resistance in Turkey". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 43 (1): 95–114. doi:10.1017/S0020743810001212. ISSN 0020-7438. S2CID 145444623. When it started small-scale attacks in 1978, the PKK... deliberately targeted a number of influential clan leaders, especially those affiliated with right-wing political parties, to underline the class dimension of its struggle.
^ Marcus, Aliza (2007). Blood and belief : the PKK and the Kurdish fight for independence. New York: New York University Press. pp. 44–48. ISBN 978-0-8147-5711-6. OCLC 85162306. The Suleymanlar saw these leftists as a threat to the existing order, while the Kurdistan Revolutionaries viewed oppressive, landowning tribes like the Suleymanlar as much the enemy as the state itself... In Hilvan, the Suleymanlar tribe renewed their attacks on the PKK, kidnapping and killing six villagers.
^ "Syrian regime fighters 'heading to Afrin to join Kurds in fight against Turkish forces'". The Daily Telegraph. 19 February 2018. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
^ Fehim Tastekin (26 January 2018). "Erdogan's plans for Afrin might not sit well with Syria". al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
^ Gonzalez-Perez, Margaret (2008). Women and Terrorism: Female Activity in Domestic and International Terror Groups. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN 9781134040087. Throughout the 1990s, the PKK was engaged in ongoing guerrilla warfare with the PUK and the Democratic Kurdistan Party (Ahmed and Parker 2007; Harding 2003). In fact, the Iraqi Kurds prefer to see Turkey's PKK not only disbanded but banned from Iraq.
^ "Armed Conflicts Report Iraq – Kurds (1961 – first combat deaths)". Project Ploughshares. 2005. Archived from the original on 20 June 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
^ "Armed Conflicts Report Turkey (1984–2002)". Project Ploughshares. March 2003. Archived from the original on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
^ "The U.S.-YPG Relationship: U.S. Foreign Policy & the Future of the Kurds in Syria and Turkey | Middle East Policy Council".
^ "US sends reinforcements to Syria amid terrorist PKK/YPG occupation".
^ a b c d Faucompret, Erik; Konings, Jozef (2008). Turkish Accession to the EU: Satisfying the Copenhagen Criteria. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. p. 168. ISBN 9780203928967. The Turkish establishment considered the Kurds' demand for the recognition of their identity a threat to the territorial integrity of the state, the more so because the PKK was supported by countries hostile to Turkey: Soviet Union, Greece, Cyprus, Iran and especially Syria. Syria hosted the organization and its leader for twenty years, and it provided training facilities in the Beka'a Valley of Syrian-controlled northern Lebanon.
^ a b "Syria and Iran 'backing Kurdish terrorist group', says Turkey". The Telegraph. 3 September 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
^ Bal, İdris (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy In Post Cold War Era. Boca Raton, Fl.: BrownWalker Press. p. 359. ISBN 9781581124231. With the explicit supports of some Arab countries for the PKK such as Syria...
^ Mannes, Aaron (2004). Profiles In Terror: The Guide To Middle East Terrorist Organizations. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 185. ISBN 9780742535251. PKK has had substantial operations in northern Iraq, with the support of Iran and Syria.
^ Shapir, Yiftah (1998). The Middle East Military Balance, 1996. Jerusalem, Israel: Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University. p. 114. ISBN 9780231108928. The PKK was originally established as a Marxist party, with ties to the Soviet Union
^ "Armenian animosity rekindled through PKK terror". Al-Monitor. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
^ "Ocalan: Greeks supplied Kurdish rebels". BBC News. 2 June 1999. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
^ "Turkey says Greece supports PKK". Hürriyet Daily News. 1 July 1999. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
^ Bilgin, Fevzi; Sarihan. Ali (2013). Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question. Lexington Books. p. 96. ISBN 9780739184035. The USSR, and then Russia, also supported the PKK for many years.
^ "Russian newspaper: Russia provided money for PKK". Hurriyet Daily News. 28 February 2000. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
^ "Turkey devises action plan to dry up PKK's foreign support". Today's Zaman. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
^ Phillips, David L. (2009). From Bullets to Ballots: Violent Muslim Movements in Transition. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. p. 129. ISBN 9781412812016. Iran's Revolutionary Guards (Pasdaran) trained the PKK in Lebanon's Beka'a Valley. Iran supported the PKK despite Turkey's strict neutrality during the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988).
^ "Terrorism Havens: Iraq". Council on Foreign Relations. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016. Saddam has aided...the Kurdistan Workers' Party (known by its Turkish initials, PKK), a separatist group fighting the Turkish government.
^ Senbas, Demet (2018). Post-Cold War Relations between Turkey and Syria. p. 28. KDP and PUK thought that they needed Turkey's support against PKK which had gained Saddam's support.
^ Ciment, James (2015), World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era, Routledge, p. 721, Other groups that have received Libyan support include the Turkish PKK...
^ "Are the PKK and Cairo new allies?". Rudaw. 27 June 2016. Cairo allegedly gave the PKK delegation funds and weapons after the second meeting, the report adds.
^ "What does Afrin mean for international security?". Australian Strategic Policy Institute. 2 February 2018.
^ "EXCLUSIVE: Iraqi Kurdistan restricts transfers from UAE amid allegations of 'PKK funding'". The New Arab. 15 June 2020.
^ a b Toksabay, Ece; Lehto, Essi (13 May 2022). "Erdogan says Turkey not supportive of Finland, Sweden joining NATO". Reuters.
^ Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis' in Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean, Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Sycretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present" Berlin, 14-17 April 1995, BRILL, 1997, ISBN 9789004108615, p. 13.
^ Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis', p. 14.
^ "Turkey: PKK leader calls halt to armed struggle". Ansamed. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
^ "Cautious Turkish PM welcomes Öcalan's call for end to armed struggle". Hürriyet Daily News. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
^ "Kurdish separatist group leader Öcalan calls to stop armed struggle". Trend AZ. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
^ a b "Ocalan's farewell to arms brings Kurds hope for peace". Euronews. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
^ https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/bakan-soylu-29-ekim-2023-tarihinde-bu-ulkenin-daglarinda-bir-tek-pkkli-terorist-kalmayacak/2879460
^ "PKK militant on Turkey's 'most-wanted list' killed in southeast: Interior Ministry". Hurriyetdailynews.com. 14 November 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
^ "Ali Haydar Kaytan operasyonla etkisiz hale getirildi! PKK, ölümünü gizlemek için cesedi gömenleri infaz etti". www.hurriyet.com.tr. 18 November 2021.
^ "Turkey neutralizes most-wanted PKK terrorist in N Iraq". Hürriyet Daily News. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
^ "Remzi Kartal ve Zübeyir Aydar tutuklandı". Hukuki Haber.
^ "NEWS FROM TURKISH ARMED FORCES". Turkish Armed Forces. Archived from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
^ "Turkey's Paramilitary Forces" (PDF). Orbat. 25 July 2006. p. 33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009.
^ "Turkey's 'village guards' tired of conflict". My Sinchew. 19 April 2010. Archived from the original on 21 April 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20180701140230/http://omranstudies.org/publications/reports/download/68_d403f01ed28320cb2e67b13cffb381c7.html
^ a b Pike, John (21 May 2004). "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
^ "The PKK in Numbers". Sabah News Agency. 28 December 2015.
^ ISN Kurdish strike reminder of forgotten war, 26 February 2007
^ Iran's Kurdish Threat: PJAK, 15 June 2006
^ a b c Brandon, James. "The Kurdistan Freedom Falcons Emerges as a Rival to the PKK". Jamestown Foundation. Jamestown.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ a b 14 taken (May 1993), 8 taken (Oct. 2007), 23 taken (2011–12), Archived 20 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine 8 released (Feb. 2015), 20 taken/released (June–Sep. 2015), 20 held (Dec. 2015), 2 taken (Jan. 2016), total of 95 reported taken
^ a b 20 as of Dec. 2015, 2 taken Jan. 2016, total of 22 reported currently held
^ a b "How many martyrs did Turkey lost?". Internethaber. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
^ a b c Şafak, Yeni. "Nearly 7,000 civilians killed by PKK in 31 years". Yenisafak.com. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018.
^ a b c International Crisis Group (2018), Turkey's PKK Conflict Kills almost 3,000 in Two Years. Data : here .
^ a b "Terörle Mücadelede Verdiğimiz Şehitler (1984–2013)" (PDF). 21. Yüzyıl Türkiye Enstitüsü (in Turkish). Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ a b "2021'in en acı tablosu! 138 şehit verdik". 4 January 2022.
^ a b "2022 yılının en acı tablosu: 162 şehit verdik, 116 çocuk yetim kaldı". 31 December 2022.
^ a b "Şehitler". Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
^ a b "MSB: Irak'ın ve Suriye'nin kuzeyi dahil son bir haftada 53 terörist etkisiz hale getirilmiştir". www.aa.com.tr.
^ a b "Köy korucuları: Kürtleri PKK'dan koruyoruz". Ensonhaber (in Turkish). 3 January 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ a b "26 yılın kanlı bilançosu". 24 June 2010. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019.
^ a b "Pençe Kilit Harekatı bölgesinde 3 asker şehit oldu, 1 asker yaralandı - Gündem Haberi | Yirmidort". www.yirmidort.tv/. 27 November 2023.
^ "Şehit Teğmen Eril Alperen Emir'e veda".
^ "Pençe-Kilit Harekatı bölgesinde 12 askerin hayatını kaybetmesiyle ilgili neler biliniyor?". 22 December 2023.
^ "Pençe-Kilit bölgesinde 6 asker şehit oldu". 23 December 2023.
^ "İşte Yıllara Göre Etkisiz Hale Getirilen PKK'lı - Foto Galeri - Memurlar.Net".
^ 22,374 killed (1984–2015), Archived 11 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine 9,500 killed (2015–2016), 600 killed (2017),, 203,000 arrested (1984–2012),, 62,145 captured from 2003 to 2011, total of 31,874 reported killed and 203,000 arrested
^ "Erdoğan'dan 'milli seferberlik' ilanı". Bbc.com. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
^ "İçişleri Bakanı Soylu: Son 9 ayda bin 68 terörist etkisiz hale getirildi – Haberler – Son Dakika Haberleri – AKŞAM". Aksam.com.tr. 11 June 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ "Nedim Şener, PKK'nın kanlı bilançosu". Hürriyet. 4 September 2020.
^ "MSB: 1 Ocak'tan itibaren etkisiz hale getirilen terörist sayısı 1976'ya ulaştı".
^ Visweswaran, Kamala, ed. (2013). Everyday occupations experiencing militarism in South Asia and the Middle East (1st ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0812207835.
^ Romano, David (2005). The Kurdish nationalist movement : opportunity, mobilization and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0521684262.
^ "Turkish Hezbollah (Hizbullah) / Kurdish Hezbollah". Turkish Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
^ "The real challenge to secular Turkey". The Economist. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
^ Dogan, Azimet (2008). Characteristics of Turkish Hezbollah: Implications for Policy and Programs. University of Baltimore.
^ T. Nugent, John. "The Defeat of Turkish Hizballah as a Model for Counter-Terrorism Strategy". the Department of National Security Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
^ Jenkins, Gareth (2010). "A New Front in the PKK Insurgency". International Relations and Security Network (ISN). International Relations and Security Network (ISN). Retrieved 27 December 2015.
^ "Greener Pastures for Bruce Fein: The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey". Asiantribune.com. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "Turkey in fresh drive to end Kurdish conflict". Middle-east-online.com. 28 September 2010. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "Turkey looks to Iraq to help end Kurdish conflict". Euronews.net. 16 June 2010. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ Head, Jonathan (13 November 2009). "Turkey unveils reforms for Kurds". BBC News. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ Kinzer, Stephen (3 January 2011). "Nudging Turkey toward peace at home". Guardian. London. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ Emre Uslu. "Would Turkey intervene in Syria?". Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2012., 5 February 2011
^ "A Terrorist's Bitter End". Time. 1 March 1999. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
^ Birch, Nicholas (20 October 2009). "Kurdish rebels surrender as Turkey reaches out — War in Context". Warincontext.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "The Kurdish Issue and Turkey's Future". Thewashingtonnote.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ BBC News Turkey may ban Kurdish DTP party
^ "Kurdish rebels say they shot down Turkish helicopter". CNN.com. 7 March 1999. Archived from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "Turkish military's best and brightest now behind bars". Reuters. 6 January 2012.
^ "Turkish crackdown fails to halt Kurdish rebellion". 1 November 1992. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012.
^ "Turkey and Iraq seek to end Kurdish rebellion". Thenational.ae. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "Turkey says determined to uproot Kurdish rebellion". Kuna.net.kw. 25 June 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ Tore Kjeilen. "Kurds". Looklex.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "MINA Breaking News – Turkey marks 25 years of Kurd rebellion". Macedoniaonline.eu. 15 August 2009. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ Saatci, Mustafa (2002). "Nation–states and ethnic boundaries: modern Turkish identity and Turkish–Kurdish conflict". Nations and Nationalism. 8 (4): 549–564. doi:10.1111/1469-8219.00065. S2CID 144368127.
^ a b c d e f g h "Partiya Karkeran Kurdistan ". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
^ "TURKEY AND PKK TERRORISM" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "A Report on the PKK and Terrorism". Fas.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ a b McDowall, David. A Modern History of the Kurds. London 2005, pp 439 ff
^ "TÜRKİYE'DE HALEN FAALİYETLERİNE DEVAM EDEN BAŞLICA TERÖR ÖRGÜTLERİ". Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
^ "Kurdish PKK leader: We will not withdraw our autonomy demand". Ekurd.net. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ O'Byrne, David (21 July 2010). "PKK 'would disarm for Kurdish rights in Turkey'". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ Bloomberg Sex Scandal Shake-Up Reinvigorates Turkish Opposition Party Archived 10 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 23 May 2010
^ Jenkins, Gareth. "PKK Expanding Urban Bombing Campaign in Western Turkey". Jamestown. Jamestown.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) – Norwegian Refugee Council. "The Kurdish conflict (1984–2006)". Internal-displacement.org. Archived from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "Iraq warns Turkey over incursion". BBC News. 23 February 2008. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "Focus – Iraqi Kurdistan: Kurdish locals divided over Turkey's anti-PKK air strikes". France 24. 28 September 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ "Iraq enforces border positions to prevent Turkish advance |". AW. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ PKK: Targets and activities, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey), Federation of American Scientists.
^ Mutlu, Servet (2008). "Türkiye'nin güvenliği: Ayrılıkçı PKK Terörünün Ekonomik Maliyeti" (PDF) (in Turkish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
^ a b "Turkey: The PKK and a Kurdish settlement" Archived 15 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, International Crisis Group, 11 September 2012
^ Brauns, Nicholas; Kiechle, Brigitte (2010). PKK, Perspektiven des Kurdischen Freiheitskampfes: Zwischen Selbstbestimmung, EU und Islam. Stuttgart: Schmetterling Verlag. p. 45. ISBN 978-3896575647.
^ Bilgin, Fevzi; Sarihan, Ali, eds. (2013). Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question. Lexington Books. p. 90. ISBN 9780739184035.
^ Balci, Ali (2016). The PKK-Kurdistan Workers' Party's Regional Politics: During and After the Cold War. Springer. p. 96. ISBN 978-3319422190.
^ a b Hannum, Hurst (1996). Autonomy, sovereignty, and self-determination: the accommodation of conflicting rights (Rev. ed.). Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 187–9. ISBN 978-0-8122-1572-4.
^ Bartkus, Viva Ona, The Dynamic of Secession, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 90–91.
^ Çelik, Yasemin (1999). Contemporary Turkish foreign policy (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 3. ISBN 9780275965907.
^ Baser, Bahar (2016). Diasporas and Homeland Conflicts: A Comparative Perspective. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317151296.
^ Toumani, Meline. Minority Rules, The New York Times, 17 February 2008
^ Aslan, Senem (2014). Nation Building in Turkey and Morocco. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-1107054608.
^ Joseph, J. (2006). Turkey and the European Union internal dynamics and external challenges. Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan. p. 100. ISBN 978-0230598584.
^ Eder, Mine (2016). "Turkey". In Lust, Ellen (ed.). The Middle East (14 ed.). CQ Press. ISBN 978-1506329307. The Turkish military responded with a ferocious counterinsurgency campaign that led to the deaths of nearly 40,000 people, most of them Turkish Kurdish civilians, and the displacement of more than three million Kurds from southeastern Turkey.
^ a b c "European Court of Human Rights: Turkey Ranks First in Violations in between 1959–2011". Bianet. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
^ a b c Annual report (PDF) (Report). 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h Case of Benzer and others v. Turkey (PDF) (Report). The European Court of Human Rights. 24 March 2014. p. 57. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
^ a b Reidy, Aisling. "The prohibition of torture" (PDF). Council of Europe. pp. 11, 13. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
^ Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch. 1998. p. 7. ISBN 9781564321909.
^ a b McKiernan, Kevin (2006). The Kurds: a people in search of their homeland (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0312325466.
^ a b Neuberger, Benyamin (2014). Bengio, Ofra (ed.). Kurdish awakening : nation building in a fragmented homeland. : Univ Of Texas Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0292758131.
^ a b Gunes, Cengiz; Zeydanlioğlu, Welat (2014). The Kurdish question in Turkey: new perspectives on violence, representation, and reconciliation. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 98. ISBN 978-1135140632.
^ a b "Police arrest and assistance of a lawyer" (PDF).
^ a b "Justice Comes from European Court for a Kurdish Journalist". Retrieved 1 January 2016.
^ Whitman, Lois (1993). Laber, Jeri (ed.). The Kurds of Turkey: killings, disappearances and torture. New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1564320964.
^ Panico, Christopher (1999). Turkey : violations of free expression in Turkey. New York: Human Rights Watch. pp. 37–8. ISBN 978-1564322265.
^ Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove; Fernandes, Desmond (2008). "Kurds in Turkey and in (Iraqi) Kurdistan: A Comparison of Kurdish Educational Language Policy in Two Situations of Occupation". Genocide Studies and Prevention. p. 46.
^ a b "PKK claims deadly suicide bombing at Turkish police station". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ a b c "Child soldiers in ISIS, PKK, Boko Haram…" (PDF). Hrwf.eu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ "Conflict Profile: Turkey" (PDF). Political Economy Research Institute. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
^ Phillips, David L. (18 April 2008). "Disarming, Demobilizing, and Reintegrating the Kurdistan Worker's Party" (PDF). American Foreign Policy Interests. 30 (2): 70–87. doi:10.1080/10803920802022670. ISSN 1080-3920. S2CID 154023896.
^ Weiner, Tim (20 February 1999). "U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
^ Miron Varouhakis. "Greek Intelligence and the Capture of PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan in 1999" (PDF). cia.gov.
^ a b c d e "PKK has repeatedly asked for a ceasefire of peace since their establishment in the past 17 years". Aknews.com. 6 November 2010. Archived from the original on 12 December 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ a b Özcan, Ali Kemal (2012),p.206
^ "PKK claims killing of Turkish policemen in revenge for Syria border attack – Türkiye News". Hürriyet Daily News. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
^ a b "PKK leader calls for ceasefire in Turkey". Al Jazeera. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 21 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
^ "U.N. Accuses Turkey of Killing Hundreds of Kurds". The New York Times. 10 March 2017.
^ Turkey: Events of 2016. Human Rights Watch. 12 January 2017.
^ "Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. February 2017. Some of the most extensively damaged sites are Nusaybin, Derik and Dargeçit (Mardin); Sur, Bismil and Dicle (Diyarbakır); and Cizre and Silopi (Şırnak).
^ a b c d e f g "Abdullah Öcalan and the development of the PKK". Xs4all.nl. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ A modern history of the Kurds, By David McDowall, page 415, at Google Books, accessed on 1 May 2011
^ Gil, Ata. "La Turquie à marche forcée," Le Monde diplomatique, February 1981.
^ Today's Zaman Fears of suicide prompt Evren family to remove coup leader's firearms Archived 20 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, 19 January 2012
^ The Economist Erdogan pulls it off, 13 September 2010
^ Today's Zaman 1980 coup leader's defense arguments not legally sound Archived 20 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 21 March 2012.
^ Bozarslan, Hamit (1 June 2012). "Between integration, autonomization and radicalization. Hamit Bozarslan on the Kurdish Movement and the Turkish Left. Interview by Marlies Casier and Olivier Grojean". European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey (14). doi:10.4000/ejts.4663. ISSN 1773-0546.
^ "Gundem-online.com". Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
^ Report of the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey: File of Torture: Deaths in Detention Places or Prisons (12 September 1980 to 12 September 1995), Ankara, March 1996 ISBN 9757217093, page 68
^ a b c d e f Phillips, David L. (5 July 2017). The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East. Routledge. ISBN 9781351480376.
^ a b Casier, Marlies; Jongerden, Joost (13 September 2010). Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue. Routledge. ISBN 9781136938672.
^ White, Paul J. (2000). Primitive Rebels Or Revolutionary Modernizers?: The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey. Zed Books. ISBN 9781856498227.
^ Öcalan, Abdullah (2006). PKK'ya Dayatılan Tasfiyecilik ve Tasfiyeciligin Tasfiyesi. Turkey. p. 365.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ a b Stanton, Jessica A. (26 September 2016). Violence and Restraint in Civil War: Civilian Targeting in the Shadow of International Law. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316720592.
^ a b Turkey: Government Under Growing Pressure To Meet Kurdish Demands, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 17 August 2005
^ a b c d e f g h "Chronology of the Important Events in the World/PKK Chronology (1976–2006)". Turkish Weekly. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ en.internationalism.org, 10 April 2013, Internationalism is the only response to the Kurdish issue
^ Orhan, Mehmet (2016). Political Violence and Kurds in Turkey: Fragmentations, Mobilizations, Participations & Repertoires. Routledge. p. 183. ISBN 9781138918870.
^ Today's Zaman, 11 April 2012, Prosecutors look into links between suspicious army deaths Archived 9 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Özcan, Ali Kemal (12 October 2012). Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan. Routledge. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-134-21130-2.
^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Chronology for Kurds in Turkey". Refworld. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
^ Michael M. Gunter, "Turgut Özal and the Kurdish question", in Marlies Casier, Joost Jongerden (eds, 2010), Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue, Taylor & Francis, 9 August 2010. pp. 94–5
^ Gunes, Cengiz (11 January 2013). The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance. Routledge. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-136-58798-6.
^ "Secret witness reveals identity, shady ties between PKK and Ergenekon". Today's Zaman. 6 November 2012. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012.
^ 1998 Turkey Human Rights Report (PDF) (Report). Ankara: Human Rights Foundation of Turkey. 2000. ISBN 975-7217-25-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2009.
^ Turkey's war on the Kurds Archived 14 July 2012 at archive.today, 13 August 2005
^ "U.S. Cluster Bombs For Turkey?". Human Rights Watch. HRW.org. December 1994. Retrieved 12 December 2022. Other air strikes reported by the Turkish armed forces include: C July 26, 1994 on Mezi district, killing seventy-nine.
^ Laizer, S. J. (1996). Martyrs, Traitors, and Patriots: Kurdistan After the Gulf War. Zed Books. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-1-85649-396-3.
^ a b Gunes, Cengiz (2013), p.134
^ Hürriyet Daily News History of PKK in Turkey, 14 September 2009
^ a b c Group, Taylor Francis (2004). Europa World Year Book 2004 (page 4227). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781857432558. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ Weiner, Tim (20 February 1999). "U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel". New York Times. Retrieved 15 December 2007.
^ "On this day – February 17". News24. News24.com. 17 February 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ a b c d "PKK/KONGRA-GEL and Terrorism". Ataa.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ a b , June 2007 Archived 23 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ "PŞK KDP PARTİYA ŞOREŞA KÜDİSTAN (KÜRDİSTAN DEVRİM PARTİSİ)". Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
^ Huggler, Justin (30 August 2006). "The Big Question: Who is behind the bombings in Turkey, and what do they want?". The Independent. London. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "Turkey Country Assessment" (PDF). Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "Turkish Hezbollah (Hizbullah) / Kurdish Hezbollah". Turkish Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
^ McGregor, Andrew. "The Jamestown Foundation: The Shaykh Said Revolt and Ankara's Return to the Past in its Struggle with the Kurds". Jamestown. Jamestown.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "Armed Conflicts Report". Archived from the original on 7 February 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011., March 2003
^ "Turkey country profile". BBC News. 14 September 2010.
^ a b Leading PKK Commander Cemil Bayik Crosses into Iran, 20 May 2008
^ "New PKK Leadership Takes Over Insurgency". Menewsline.com. 25 May 2008. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ European Court Of Human Rights CASE OF HADEP AND DEMİR v. TURKEY, 14 December 2010
^ "HADEP History: The People's Democracy Party". Ofkparis.org. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2008.
^ "Court evidence reveals KCK terror network is worse than PKK". Today's Zaman. 20 June 2010. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ a b Nedim Şener (24 June 2011). "26 yılın kanlı bilançosu". Milliyet (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
^ a b "Turkey: Kurdistan (entire conflict)". Ucdp.uu.se. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ Romano, David; Romano, Thomas G. Strong Professor of Middle East Politics David (2 March 2006). The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity. Cambridge University Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780521850414.
^ a b c d Jamestown PKK Changes Battlefield Tactics to Force Turkey into Negotiations, 24 October 2007
^ Jamestown Partiya Karkaren Kurdistan (PKK) (Turkey), GROUPS – EUROPE – ACTIVE
^ "Turkish resort blast kills five". BBC News. 16 July 2005.
^ "Kurds 'deny' Turkey resort bomb". BBC News. 17 July 2005.
^ "Fresh violence erupts in Turkey | News". Al Jazeera. 2 April 2006. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
^ Davies, Elizabeth (30 August 2006). "Kurd rebels vow to turn Turkey 'into hell'". The Independent. London.
^ "One injured in Turkey bomb blast". BBC News. 30 August 2006.
^ a b "Bombalı saldırıda sürpriz tanık". Hürriyet Daily News (in Turkish). 2 June 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2007.
^ "Anafartalar saldırısında ölü sayısı 7'ye yükseldi". Hürriyet Daily News (in Turkish). 7 June 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
^ "8'inci kurban". Hürriyet Daily News (in Turkish). 19 June 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2007.
^ "Anafartalar'da ölü sayısı 9'a çıktı". Hürriyet Daily News (in Turkish). 4 July 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2007.
^ "PKK Suspects Held Over Foiled Ankara Bomb". Dalje.com. 15 September 2007. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "Seven Turks killed in rebel raid". BBC News. 4 June 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
^ Torchia, Christopher (8 June 2007). "Iraqi Kurds: Turkey Shells Across Border". The Washington Post.
^ a b Jamestown TURKEY PREPARES FOR CROSS-BORDER MILITARY OPERATION
^ "Turkish MPs back attacks in Iraq". BBC News. 18 October 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
^ "Turkish raids along Iraqi border," BBC News, 24 October 2007
^ a b Bendern, Paul de (22 February 2008). "Turkey army launches land offensive into Iraq". Reuters. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
^ "Turkish air force in major attack on Kurdish camps". Flight Global. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "Turkish jets bomb Kurdish rebel hideouts in northern Iraq". Jerusalem Post. 15 January 2008. Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
^ "Turkish incursion into Northern Iraq: Military Fiasco, Political Debacle – The Bullet". Socialist Project. 13 March 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
^ "Hem karadan hem havadan", Hurriyet Daily News, 27 Nisan 2008
^ BBC News "Istanbul rocked by twin bombings", 28 July 2008
^ The New York Times "15 Turkish Soldiers Dead in Fighting With Rebels", 4 October 2008
^ "Turkey counts cost of conflict as Kurdish militant battle rages on". Todayonline.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
^ "Critical week for Turkey as Kurdish initiative comes to Parliament". Today's Zaman. 9 November 2009. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ Marcus, Aliza (12 July 2010). "Troubles in Turkey's Backyard". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
^ "Outline of Kurdish initiative emerges at security summit". Today's Zaman. 18 September 2009. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ a b "Turkey's Kurd initiative goes up in smoke". Asia Times. 16 December 2009. Archived from the original on 18 December 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Turkish court bans pro-Kurd party". BBC News. 11 December 2009.
^ "Dozens of Turkey's pro Kurdish BDP members arrested". Ekurd.net. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ Arsu, Sebnem (8 December 2009). "Soldiers Killed in Ambush in Northern Turkey". The New York Times.
^ "PKK has repeatedly asked for a ceasefire of peace since their establishment in the past 17 years". AKNEWS.com. 6 November 2010. Archived from the original on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "4 Turkish soldiers killed by Kurdish rebels". People's Daily. 1 May 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "PKK steps up attacks in Turkey". Hurriyet Daily News. 30 May 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "7 troops killed in terrorist attack". Todayszaman.com. 1 June 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "PKK attack kills 8 Turkish soldiers". World Bulletin. 19 June 2010. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "Erdogan Says PKK Will "Drown in Blood" After Deaths (Update1)". Businessweek. 20 June 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "Seven soldiers killed, seventeen wounded in clashes in SE Turkey". Hurriyet Daily News. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "PKK says offers Turkey disarmament "with conditions"". World Bulletin. 21 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "Turkish army kills 46 PKK militants in last month". World Bulletin. 14 July 2010. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "PKK: Twelve Turkish soldiers killed in retaliatory attacks". firatnews.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ Champion, Marc (3 February 2011). "PKK Revokes Cease-Fire in Turkey". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "Three killed in clash in Southeast Turkey". Hurriyet Daily News. 15 March 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "Riots in South-Eastern Turkey after Military Operations". Bianet — Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ Hurriyet Daily News Thousands detained in eastern Turkey since March, 16 May 2011
^ "AK Party won, now Kurds win; here's why by Abdulla Hawez Abdulla". TodaysZaman. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ "Kurds raise profile, gain seats in Turkish assembly". Reuters. 14 June 2011.
^ "CHP deputy urges party to boycott Parliament in protest of deputy ban". Today's Zaman. 23 June 2011. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
^ "Kurdish rebels kill 3 Turkish soldiers". Associated Press. 1 August 2011. Archived from the original on 1 September 2011.
^ "Turkey says 90–100 Kurd rebels killed in north Iraq raids". Reuters. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
^ "Turkish army: 90–100 Kurd rebels killed in n. Iraq raids – Breaking News – Jerusalem Post". Jpost.com. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ "How Kurdish PKK Militants Are Exploiting the Crisis in Syria to Achieve Regional Autonomy". Jamestown. The Jamestown Foundation. 6 April 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
^ "26 Turkish soldiers killed in Kurdish attacks". Zee News. 19 October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ "42 Turkish soldiers killed, wounded in Kurdish rebels attack". kuna.net. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ "CRS Report: Terrorism: Middle Eastern Groups and State Sponsors, August 27, 1998". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ "Analysts link PKK upsurge to Syrian war". Financial Times. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ The Miami Herald Assad hands control of Syria's Kurdish areas to PKK, sparking outrage in Turkey, 26 July 2012
^ Turkey accuses Assad of arming PKK Archived 8 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, 9 August 2012
^ "Bloodiest PKK Fight in Years Kill Dozens, 6 August 2012". Turkish Weekly. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
^ "Kurdish campaign in Turkey provides". 17 August 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2012. , 17 August 2012
^ "Eight killed in bombing in Turkey". CNN. 20 August 2012. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ "Yes, we negotiate with Öcalan" (in Turkish). Ntvmsnbc. December 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
^ "Kurdish activists killed in Paris". BBC News. 10 January 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
^ "Here's what was talked in İmralı". Milliyet (in Turkish). 5 March 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
^ "Turkish capital Ankara hit by twin explosions". BBC. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
^ "Kurdish Group to Pull Armed Units from Turkey". The Wall Street Journal. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Kandil açıklaması meclis'te tansiyonu yükseltti" (in Turkish). İnternethaber. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Kandil'in Kararına Meclis'ten İlk Tepkiler" (in Turkish). Haber3. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Silahlara veda" (in Turkish). T24. 25 April 2013. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ "Anatomy of Protests against the invasion of Kobani". DailySabah. 18 October 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
^ "Kurdish Hizbullah pushed back to the scene". DailySabah. 27 October 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
^ "Three Turkish soldiers killed in southeast Turkey". DailySabah. 25 October 2014. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
^ Richard Spencer (25 June 2015). "Turkey accused of allowing Islamic State fighters to cross its border in Kobane attack". The Telegraph.
^ "KCK official says PKK not responsible for murders of 2 Turkish policemen". Today's Zaman. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 29 July 2015.
^ "Turkish jets target Kurds in Iraq, Islamic State militants in Syria". Fox News. Archived from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
^ "We really can't succeed against ISIL without Turkey: US". Hurriyet Daily News. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
^ "Turkey Says It Struck Kurdish Forces in Syria". The Wall Street Journal. 27 October 2015.
^ "The hatred never went away". Economist. 12 September 2015.
^ "'Lynching Campaign' Targets Kurds in Turkey, HDP Offices Attacked". Armenian Weekly. 9 September 2015.
^ "Turkey Kurds: Many dead in Cizre violence as MPs' march blocked". BBC News. 10 September 2015.
^ "Turkey should ensure immediate access to Cizre by independent observers". Council of Europe. 11 September 2015.
^ "Scores killed in clashes between Turkish forces and Kurdish rebels". Al Jazeera. 29 September 2015.
^ "Turkey's Campaign Against Kurdish Militants Takes Toll on Civilians". The New York Times. 30 December 2015.
^ "Turkey: Mounting Security Operation Deaths". Human Rights Watch. 22 December 2015.
^ "Kurdish militants reportedly shoot down Turkish security forces helicopter". The Washington Post. 14 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
^ "PKK ve 9 örgütün oluşturduğu grup o saldırıyı üstlendi". Odatv.com. 8 May 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ "HBDH claims responsibility for the action in Giresun". Firat News Agency. 8 May 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ "HBDH: 11 riot police killed in Trabzon". Firat News Agency. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ "Three police officers killed in attack in Turkey's north". Doğan News Agency. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ "Erdogan: Operation in Syria's Afrin has begun". Al Jazeera.
^ Turkish army hit village in Syria's Afrin with suspected gas: Kurdish YPG, Observatory. Reuters. 16 February 2018.
^ "Turkey will drain 'terror swamp' in Iraq's Qandil, Erdogan says". Reuters. 11 June 2018.
^ Leezenberg, Michiel (2015). "Politics, Economy, and Ideology in Iraqi Kurdistan Since 2003: Enduring Trends and Novel Challenges". The Arab Studies Journal. 23 (1): 154–183. JSTOR 44744903.
^ "Trump calls Turkey assault on Syria a 'bad idea' as Kurds report civilian deaths", Fox News, 9 October 2019.
^ "As Turkey attacks Kurds in Syria, Trump says any ISIS escapees are Europe's problem". CBS News. 10 October 2019.
^ "Turkey says militants executed 13, including soldiers, police, in Iraq". Reuters. 15 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
^ a b Gall, Carlotta (15 February 2021). "Deaths of Soldiers and Policemen Held by Kurdish Guerrillas Roil Turkish Politics". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
^ "CHP leader says Erdoğan is responsible for the deaths of 13 security personnel in Iraq". Bianet – Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
^ "HSM: İşgalci Türk devleti esirleri imha etmek için saldırdı". ANF News (in Turkish). Retrieved 2 March 2021.
^ Zaman, Amberin (15 February 2021). "Blinken walks back State Department ambiguity over Turkish hostages killed in Iraq". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
^ Saymaz, İsmail (16 February 2021). "Şehidin babası: Bu insanlık dışı bir şey". Sözcü. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
^ Evin, Mehveş (26 February 2021). "The killing of captives in Garê and its aftermath". Duvar English. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
^ Tugal, Cihan (26 May 2022). "Opinion | Turkey Shows What NATO Really Is". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
^ "NATO deal with Sweden and Finland: Ankara celebrates 'national victory,' worries mount in Stockholm". Le Monde. 29 June 2022.
^ "Sweden refuses to deny deportations to Turkey as part of NATO deal". The Local. 3 July 2022.
^ a b c d Aliza Marcus Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence, 2007
^ a b c d e f g h "Kurds in Turkey – page 16" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ a b "Protesting as a Terrorist Offens" (PDF). ifex.org. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
^ "MOBILIZING THE KURDS IN TURKEY: NEWROZ AS A MYTH" (PDF). etd.lib.metu.edu.tr. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
^ "Turkey's Kurdish Policy in the Nineties". Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ "Turkey: PKK have killed 14,000 since 1984". Aa.com.tr.
^ Holding, APA Information Agency, APA. "PKK have killed 14,000 since 1984". En.apa.az.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "2000 Yılında MEB-Öğretmenlere Yönelik Çalışmalar" (in Turkish). Ministry of Education. 2000. Archived from the original on 1 October 2005. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
^ a b Turkey, US, and the PKK Archived 13 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, 21 December 2007
^ "The Kurds in Turkey". Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
^ Derk Kinnane-Roelofsma. "Islam, the Kurds, and Turkey's problems at home and with the neighbors". Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ "28 yıllık terörün insani ve mali bilançosu.../Güncel/milliyet blog". Milliyet. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
^ a b "The prohibition of torture" (PDF) (Torturing). 2003: 11, 13. Retrieved 29 December 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch. 1995. p. 7. ISBN 9780300065466.
^ a b Los Angeles Times TURKEY: Kurdish teenager convicted as terrorist for attending demonstration
^ a b "Humanitarian Law Project v. U.S. Dept. of Justice" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "Federal Judge Rules Part Of Patriot Act Unconstitutional". Associated Press. 22 January 2004. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
^ "Conflict Studies Journal at the University of New Brunswick". Lib.unb.ca. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
^ Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) – Norwegian Refugee Council. "Need for continued improvement in response to protracted displacement". Internal-displacement.org. Archived from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ Hürriyet Daily News Sebahat Tuncel'den tartışılacak sözler, 1 July 2011
^ "İşte Yıllara Göre Etkisiz Hale Getirilen PKK'lı". Memurlar (in Turkish). Retrieved 17 May 2023.
^ "İşte yıllara göre etkisiz hale getirilen PKK'lı". Memurlar.Net (in Turkish). 1 January 1999. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ "2019 yılında 1668 terörist etkisiz hale getirildi". www.aa.com.tr.
^ "2020'de etkisiz hale getirilen terörist sayısını açıkladı". 30 December 2020.
^ "MSB: Yılbaşından itibaren etkisiz hale getirilen terörist sayısı 2 bin 360 oldu". www.aa.com.tr.
^ "MSB: 1 Ocak'tan itibaren etkisiz hale getirilen terörist sayısı 1976'ya ulaştı". www.aa.com.tr.
^ "Irak'a yapılan en büyük kara harekatı". Archived from the original on 7 February 2016.
^ ÇEKİRGE, Fatih (12 July 2010). "Öfkenin doldurduğu şarjör". www.hurriyet.com.tr.
^ https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1429002
^ "Kan Uykusu destanı!/Güncel/milliyet blog". blog.milliyet.com.tr.
^ "'Özel Harp işiydi ve muhteşemdi': 6-7 Eylül Pogromu ve bir Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu portresi". birgun.net.
^ "Turkish jets 'neutralize' 6 PKK terrorists in N. Iraq". www.aa.com.tr.
^ "Pençe-2 harekatı başladı!". takvim.com.tr.
^ "Terör yuvalarına 'Pençe' darbesi". www.aa.com.tr.
^ "Twenty-five killed in clashes between Turkish soldiers, PKK". Monsters and Critics. 10 May 2008. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ "38 killed in PKK attack on Turkish border posts". Thaindian News. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ "Turkey (2003 — First deaths for this phase of the conflict)". Armed Conflicts Report. January 2010. Archived from the original on 7 February 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "On the eve of Nowruz festivals…Afrin witnesses arrests against its residents by the factions of "Olive Branch" on charge of celebrating and setting fire in the festival's anniversary - The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights".
^ Gazetesi, Dünya (5 November 2018). "Afrin'de 4 bin 448 terörist etkisiz hale getirildi". www.dunya.com.
^ "Zeytin Dalı Harekatı'nda 6 bin 370 terörist öldürüldü". 20 January 2022.
^ "Suriye'nin kuzeyindeki operasyonlarla 6 yılda yaklaşık 17 bin terörist etkisiz hale getirildi".
^ "April 2018 Large Drop In Violence In Iraq". Musingsoniraq.blogspot.co.uk. 2 May 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
^ "March 2018 The Return Of The Islamic State Insurgency". Musingsoniraq.blogspot.co.uk. 2 April 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
^ "Pençe-Kartal Operasyonu'nda 81 hedef imha edildi". www.sozcu.com.tr. 15 June 2020.
^ "Pençe Kartal-2 Harekatı sırasında şehit olan askerler son yolculuğuna uğurlandı". www.ntv.com.tr.
^ a b c d Joost Jongerden. The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds – an Analysis of Spatial Policies, Modernity and War: p. 38. 2007.
^ a b c Üngör, Ugur Ümit (1 March 2012). The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950. OUP Oxford. pp. 153–154. ISBN 978-0-19-164076-6.
^ Rouleau, Eric (November–December 2000). "Turkey's Dream of Democracy". Foreign Affairs. 79 (6): 100–114. doi:10.2307/20049970. JSTOR 20049970. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007.
^ Human Rights Watch. HRW. 2002. p. 7.
^ Abdulla, Jamal Jalal (7 February 2012). The Kurds: A Nation on the Way to Statehood. AuthorHouse. p. 36. ISBN 9781467879729. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
^ "Police arrest and assistance of a lawyer" (PDF). European Court of Human Rights. p. 1. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
^ "Justice Comes from European Court for a Kurdish Journalist". Kurdish Human Rights Project. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
^ a b Belge, Ceren (2016). "Civilian victimization and the politics of information in the Kurdish Conflict in Turkey". World Politics. 67 (2): 275–306. doi:10.1017/S0043887115000398. S2CID 155139277.
^ "Unjust, Restrictive, and Inconsistent: The Impact of Turkey's Compensation Law with Respect to Internally Displaced People: Impact of the ECtHR on provisions for Turkey's displaced". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
^ "Turkish military guilty of killing family of 9, blamed on PKK for 20 years". Rudaw. Rudaw. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
^ "Refworld | Chronology for Kurds in Turkey".
^ Ron, James; Watch (Organization), Human Rights (1995). Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 9781564321619.
^ Ron, James (November 1995). "Weapons transfers and violations of the laws of war in Turkey". Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-161-4.
^ "Variant". Variant.org.uk. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ "Kurdistanica". 31 July 1999. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Turkey: Status of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and Turkish Hezbollah; situation and treatment of members, supporters and sympathizers of these parties (2006–2007)". Refworld. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
^ "Fresh evidence of casualties underscores need for impartial investigation into Turkish airstrikes in Kandil Mountains". Amnesty International. 11 August 2015.
^ "Turkey eases curfew after assault on PKK rebels leaves Cizre in ruins". Theguardian.com. Associated Press. 2 March 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ "Cizre in ruins as Turkey lifts curfew on Kurdish towns – News – Al Jazeera". Aljazeera.com. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ Ben Thomas (3 December 2019). "Eight children among 11 killed in Turkish shelling on Syria town held by Kurds, monitor says". The Japan Times. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
^ Letter to Italian Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema, Human Rights Watch.
^ a b Turkey: Human Rights Developments, Human Rights Watch.
^ Steinvorth, Daniel; Musharbash, Yassin (12 August 2010). "Shocking Images of Dead Kurdish Fighters: Turkey Accused of Using Chemical Weapons against PKK". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
^ "Dışişleri'nden 'kimyasal silah' iddialarına ret haberi Siyaset haberleri Haber7 haber7.com – Güncel Haberler, Son dakika haberleri – Bu noktada haber var" (in Turkish). Haber7.com. 14 August 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
^ David L., Phillips (2011). From Bullets to Ballots: Violent Muslim Movements in Transition. Transaction Publishers. p. 121. ISBN 9781412812016.
^ "Protesting as a Terrorist Offense: The Arbitrary Use of Terrorism Laws to Prosecute and Incarcerate Demonstrators in Turkey". Human Rights Watch. 1 November 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
^ a b c d e "THE KURDS OF TURKEY: KILLINGS, DISAPPEARANCES AND TORTURE" (PDF). HRW: The Kurds of Turkey: Killings, Disappearances and Torture: 2. 1993.
^ "Turkey". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
^ "ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCES IN TURKEY – SCF" (PDF). Enforced Disappearances in Turkey. June 2017.
^ "Karakol yakını kazıdan 12 insan iskeleti çıktı". Sabah (in Turkish). Retrieved 9 January 2019.
^ "Karakol bahçesinden 7 kişinin kemikleri çıktı | BirGün Gazetesi" (in Turkish). Retrieved 9 January 2019.
^ "U.S. Policy In The Mediterranean: Managing The Greece, Turkey, Cyprus Triangle" (PDF). United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2006.
^ "Turkey: No Answers for Kurdish Victims". Human Rights Watch. 5 November 2015.
^ Turkey campaign (Chapter 2), Amnesty International, 1997. Archived 14 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Time for Justice Ending Impunity for Killings and Disappearances in 1990s Turkey". Human Rights Watch (HRW). 3 September 2012.
^ "Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey" (PDF). The Stockholm Center for Freedom (SCF).
^ Meral Duzgun (10 June 2013). "Turkey: a history of sexual violence". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
^ a b "Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ Orhun, Mehmet (2016). Political Violence and Kurds in Turkey. Routledge. p. 184. ISBN 9781138918870.
^ Tomson, Chris (29 October 2016). "VIDEO: Turkish Army executes two female PKK prisoners of war". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
^ Klett, Leah MarieAnn (15 October 2019). "Kurdish female politician, who worked to unite Christians, Arabs, Kurds, executed in Syria". www.christianpost.com. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
^ "Looking back at the Susurluk scandal 21 years on". Ahval. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
^ "Bit by bit, ugly facts come out". The Economist. 29 January 1998. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
^ Balci, Kemal (30 August 1998). "State Gangs Like a Garbage Dump Waiting to Explode". Hürriyet. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2021. Alt URL Archived 5 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
^ Bovenkerk, Frank; Yeşilgöz, Yücel (2004). "The Turkish Mafia and the State" (PDF). In Cyrille Fijnaut, Letizia Paoli (ed.). Organized Crime in Europe: Concepts, Patterns and Control Policies in the European Union and Beyond. Springer. p. 588. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2765-9. ISBN 1-4020-2615-3.
^ "Violations in Afrin | Turkish-backed factions plant Hashish in Raju district". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 27 February 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
^ "Condemnation of Ankara terror attack grows". Aa.com.tr. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ "Turkey". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ "Serxwebûn, issue of June 1987" (in Turkish). Serxwebûn. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
^ Aliza, Marcus (2007). The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence. NY, USA: New York University Press. pp. 115–120.
^ a b Satana, Nil S. (2012). "The Kurdish Issue in June 2011 Elections: Continuity or Change in Turkey's Democratization?". Turkish Studies. 13 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/14683849.2012.686575. hdl:11693/21264. S2CID 55920795.
^ a b c "Rights Group Decries Missed Opportunity to Prosecute PKK Leader". Human Rights Watch. 20 January 1999. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ Stanton, Jessica A. (26 September 2016). Violence and Restraint in Civil War: Civilian Targeting in the Shadow of International Law. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316720592. Retrieved 5 January 2019 – via Google Books.
^ Turkey campaign (Chapter 3), Amnesty International, 1997. Archived 8 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Turkey campaign, Amnesty International, 1996. Archived 7 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b "PKK's". Doğruhaber Gazetesi – haber, haberler, sondakika haber, haberleri. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ "Terrorism Threat Against Humanity and Democracy The PKK Case" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Mehmet Ali Birand, APO ve PKK. Istanbul 1992
^ Özçağlayan, Mehmet; Yavuz Çakıcı, Filiz (1 August 2019). "Gramsci'nin Hegemonya Kuramı Bağlamında Nükleer Karşıtı Hareketin Milliyet Gazetesindeki Temsiliyeti (11 Ocak 1999-25 Temmuz 2000)". İnsan ve İnsan Dergisi: 633–671. doi:10.29224/insanveinsan.453020. hdl:11424/254199. ISSN 2148-7537.
^ A.A (26 January 2009). "Terör kurbanları 22 yıl sonra anıldı". www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 8 March 2020.
^ O'Ballance, E. (18 December 1995). The Kurdish Struggle, 1920–94. Springer. ISBN 9780230377424. Retrieved 5 January 2019 – via Google Books.
^ "Kurdish Rebels Kill 20 In 2 Villages in Turkey". The New York Times. Reuters. 10 July 1987. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ Serxwebûn, August 1987, p. 2.
^ "HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH WORLD REPORT 1990 An Annual Review of Developments and the Bush Administration's Policy on Human Rights Worldwide January 1991". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 5 January 2019 – via Google Books.
^ "PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kürdistan-Kürdistan İşçi Partisi): TERÖR ÖRGÜTÜ KRONOLOJİSİ (1976–2006)" (PDF). 20 January 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
^ a b c d e "THE KURDS OF TURKEY: KILLINGS, DISAPPEARANCES AND TORTURE" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. March 1993.
^ PKK has repeatedly asked for a ceasefire of peace since their establishment in the past 17 years Archived 2011-11-25 at the Wayback Machine
^ "The European court of Human rights judgement" (PDF). ETCHR. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
^ Nachmani, Amikam (2009). Turkey: facing a new millennium: Coping with intertwined conflicts. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9781847795595.
^ Serxwebûn, November 1993, p. 25.
^ a b c "Letter to Italian Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema". Human Rights Watch. 20 November 1998. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
^ Serxwebûn, January 1994, p. 23
^ "Hamzalı katliamı unutulmadı". Sabah. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ "13 shoppers die in Istanbul arson attack". Independent UK. 14 March 1999. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
^ "Vali açıkladı: Canlı bomba" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. 23 May 2007. Archived from the original on 25 May 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2007.
^ "Ankara'da patlama FLAŞ" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. 22 May 2007. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2007.
^ "Görgü tanığı: 10 ölü var" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. 22 May 2007. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2007.
^ "Five die in Istanbul bus bombing". BBC News. 22 June 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
^ "32 injured in apparent suicide bombing in Turkey". CNN. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
^ "Timeline: PKK attacks in Turkey". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
^ Letsch, Constanze (17 March 2016). "Ankara bombing: Kurdish militants claim responsibility". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
^ "Kurdish group claims suicide attack in Turkish city of Bursa – National | Globalnews.ca". globalnews.ca. 1 May 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
^ "PKK terror bombing targets police vehicle in Turkeys southeastern Diyarbakır, 3 killed, 45 injured". DailySabah. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
^ "ANF – Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê". Retrieved 27 July 2016.
^ Haber, Internet (15 May 2016). "Diyarbakır patlamasını PKK üstlendi köylüleri suçladı!" (in Turkish). Retrieved 7 November 2020.
^ "Diyarbakır'daki patlamayla ilgili önemli gelişme!". 17 May 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
^ "HDP pays respect to PKK suicide bomber who killed 12 people in Istanbul". Daily Sabah. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
^ "İstanbul Vezneciler'de polis aracına bombalı saldırı, 7'si polis, 11 kişi hayatını kaybetti" (in Turkish). T24. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
^ "Four dead after car bombing and shootout in Turkish city of Izmir". 6 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
^ "Turkish police detain five people over alleged involvement in suicide bombing in Hatay". www.duvarenglish.com. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
^ "Explosion in Hatay province". Bianet – Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
^ "Turkey: Explosion in downtown Iskenderun". iranpress.com. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
^ "Son dakika! Hatay'ın İskenderun ilçesinde patlama". CNN Türk (in Turkish). 27 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
^ Serxwebun 1997. p. 392.
^ Ali Özcan, Nihat"PKK Recruitment of Female Operatives". Archived from the original on 15 September 2007. Retrieved 2010-08-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), Global Terrorism Analysis, Jamestown Foundation, Volume 4, Issue 28, 11 September 2007.
^ Hunsicker, A. (5 January 2019). Understanding International Counter Terrorism: A Professional's Guide to the Operational Art. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 9781581129052. Retrieved 5 January 2019 – via Google Books.
^ Cragin, Kim; Daly, Sara A. (5 January 2019). Women as Terrorists: Mothers, Recruiters, and Martyrs. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780275989095. Retrieved 5 January 2019 – via Google Books.
^ "MFA - A Report on the PKK and Terrorism". irp.fas.org.
^ "Kurdish families protest against PKK over kidnapped children". DailySabah. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
^ "Families start hunger strike in Diyarbakır for return of children who joined PKK – Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
^ "PKK militants kidnap British tourist in Turkey – Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. 3 June 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
^ "Contending with the PKK's Narco-Terrorism". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
^ "Rewards for Justice – Wanted for Terrorism – Cemil Bayik". Retrieved 10 January 2019.
^ "PKK'da Öcalan'ın diktatörlüğünü reddedenler öldürüldü". t24.com.tr. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
^ Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "AKP'li siyasetçilere yönelik PKK tehdidi artıyor | DW | 23.10.2016". DW.COM (in Turkish). Retrieved 8 November 2020.
^ "Serxwebûn Mart 1984 Sayı 27". Serxwebûn. March 1984.
^ a b "Teachers killed in Turkey between 12 September 1980 and 12 September 2000". ob.nubati.net. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
^ "Serxwebûn Ağustos 1987 Özel Sayı". Serxwebûn. August 1987.
^ "Serxwebûn Mayıs 1987 Sayı 65". Serxwebûn. May 1987.
^ a b "Serxwebûn Ağustos 1987 Özel Sayı". Serxwebûn: 8. August 1987.
^ "Chronology of the Important Events in the World/PKK Chronology (1976–2006)". Turkish Weekly. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
^ "PKK önce infaz etti, sonra başsağlığı diledi!". Diken. 2 October 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
^ "PKK: Yanlışlıkla öldürüldü". www.rudaw.net. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
^ English, Basnews. "PKK Executes Two Own Members". www.basnews.com. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
^ DOĞUBAYAZIT (Ağrı), (DHA) (28 June 2018). "İlçeyi karıştıran iddia! PKK infaz etti..." www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 7 November 2020.
^ "HPG-Aktionen in Nord-und Südkurdistan". ANF News (in German). Retrieved 7 November 2020.
^ "USA: PKK Taking Children as Weapons in Turkey – Anadolu Türk Haber". Anadoluturkhaber.com. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ "Iraq: Armed Groups Using Child Soldiers". Human Rights Watch. 22 December 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld – Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 – Turkey". Refworld. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ "Child Soldiers : Global Report 2008" (PDF). Justice.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ Wilgenburg, Wladimir van (28 October 2013). "Kurdish Rebels Ban Child Soldiers". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
^ a b "Turkey: monitoring the HPG/PKK's prohibition on using children in hostilities". Geneva Call. 25 July 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
^ "THE GLOBAL AFGHAN OPIUM TRADE : A Threat Assessment" (PDF). Unodc.org. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
^ "EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report" (PDF). Europol.europa.eu. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
^ "Treasury Sanctions Supporters of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) Tied to Drug Trafficking in Europe". www.treasury.gov. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021.
vteKurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)
Timeline
Map
TurkeyState
Government
National Security Council
Military
Army
Air Force
Navy
Gendarmerie
Coast Guard
Police
MİT
Village Guards
Deep state
Counter-Guerrilla
Grey Wolves
Turkish Revenge Brigade
Susurluk scandal
Ergenekon
JİTEM
Kurdish groupsInsurgent
KCK
PKK
History
People's Defence Forces (HPG)
Free Women's Units (YJA-STAR)
National Liberation Front of Kurdistan (ERNK)
Liberation Forces OF Kurdistan (HRK)
People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan (ARGK)
Democratic People's Union of Kurdish (YDK)
Democratic Society Coordination of Kurdistan (CDK)
Free Women's Union of Kurdistan (YAJK)
Workers' Women Party of Kurdistan (PJKK)
Free Women Party (PJA)
Free Women's Party of Kurdistan (PAJK)
Women's Liberation Movement of Kurdistan (KJB)
Freedom and Democracy Congress of Kurdistan (KADEK)
People's Congress (Kongra-Gel)
Confederation Community of Kurdistan (KKK)
Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK)
Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan (PPKK)
TAK
KDP/N
PJAK
KKP
Free Youth Movement of Kurdistan (TECAK)
Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (MLKP)
Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement (YDG-H)
PIK
HİK
KH (Hüda-Par)
Allies
DHP
TDP
ASALA (until the late 1980s)
Political
HEP (1990–1993)
DEP (1993–1994)
HADEP (1994–2003)
DEHAP (1997–2005)
DTH (2005)
DTP (2005–2009)
BDP (2008–2014)
HDP (2012–present)
DBP (2014–present)
DEM (2023–present)
The conflict1974–1984
Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)
Maraş massacre
1980 Turkish coup d'état
1984–1999
1984 PKK attacks
Karageçit
August 1986 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
Ortabağ
March 1987 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
Pınarcık massacre
Yeşilova incident
Battle of Şırnak
1992 Taşdelen attack
Battle of Kulp
Operation Northern Iraq
May 24, 1993 PKK attack
Başbağlar massacre
Lice massacre
Winter Campaign of 1994–1995
Operation Steel
Operation Hawk
Operation Tokat
1996 Tunceli bombing
Siege of Varto
Sazak assault
Operation Hammer
Operation Dawn
Operation Murat
1999 Istanbul bombings
Blue Market massacre
1999–20042000 Turkish Hezbollah crackdown2004–2012
2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing
2007 Ankara bombing
October 2007 clashes in Hakkâri
December 2007 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
2008 Diyarbakır bombing
2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
2008 Istanbul bombings
October 2008 Aktütün attack
Reşadiye shooting
2010 İskenderun attack
2010 Hakkâri bus bombing
2010 Istanbul bombing
August 2011 Turkey–Iraq cross-border raids
2011 Hakkâri attack
Roboski massacre
June–August 2012 Hakkari clashes
2012 Gaziantep bombing
September 2012 Beytüşşebap attack
2015–present
2015 Siirt bombing
Operation Martyr Yalçın
2015 Hakkari assault
Siege of Silvan (2015)
Şırnak clashes (2015–2016)
Siege of Sur (2016)
February 2016 Lice bombing
February 2016 Ankara bombing
March 2016 Ankara bombing
March 2016 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
2016 Bursa bombing
May 2016 Dürümlü bombing
May 2016 Diyarbakır bombing
2016 Cizre bombing
2016 Elazığ bombing
Assassination of Deryan Aktert
December 2016 Istanbul bombings
2017 Diyarbakır bombing
Turkish airstrikes on Sinjar (2018)
2018 Siirt raid
2018 Gercüş bombing
2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
2020 İskenderun shootout
Operation Claw-Eagle 2
Operation Claw-Lock
Zakho resort attack
2022 Mersin attack
Operation Claw-Sword
2023 Ankara bombing
October 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes
ProtestsSerhildan
1990
1991
1992
1999
2001
2005
2006
2008
2009
2011–2012
2014
Others
Mothers of Diyarbakır
Peace processand peace efforts
1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives
2013–2015 Solution process
1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire
Musa Anter peace train
2009–2010 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire
Kurdish leadersInsurgent
Abdullah Öcalan
Murat Karayılan
Cemîl Bayik
Bahoz Erdal
Mustafa Karasu
Duran Kalkan
Haji Ahmadi
Osman Öcalan
Mahsum Korkmaz
Şemdin Sakık
Nizamettin Taş
Mazlum Doğan
Muhammad Mustafa
Hüseyin Velioğlu
Celal Başkale
İsmail Özden
Political
Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar
Yaşar Kaya
Leyla Zana
Hatip Dicle
Orhan Doğan
Ahmet Türk
Murat Bozlak
Tuncer Bakırhan
Aysel Tuğluk
Selahattin Demirtaş
Nurettin Demirtaş
Ayla Akat Ata
Gültan Kışanak
Pervin Buldan
Emine Ayna
Sebahat Tuncel
Kemal Burkay
Fatma Kurtulan
Osman Baydemir
Sırrı Süreyya Önder
Turkish leadersMilitary
Kenan Evren
Tahsin Şahinkaya
Bülend Ulusu
Nurettin Ersin
Necdet Üruğ
Necip Torumtay
Eşref Bitlis
Doğan Güreş
İsmail Hakkı Karadayı
Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu
Hilmi Özkök
İbrahim Fırtına
Faruk Cömert
Yaşar Büyükanıt
Aydoğan Babaoğlu
İlker Başbuğ
Işık Koşaner
Erdal Ceylanoğlu
Necdet Özel
Hayri Kıvrıkoğlu
Political
Turgut Özal
Süleyman Demirel
Bülent Ecevit
Ali Bozer
Yıldırım Akbulut
Mesut Yılmaz
Erdal İnönü
Tansu Çiller
Mesut Yılmaz
Necmettin Erbakan
Ahmet Necdet Sezer
Abdullah Gül
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Süleyman Soylu
See alsoMemorials, monuments and military cemeteries
33 Martyrs Memorial
Düzce Military Cemetery
Monument of the Martyrs of Internal Security
Other
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
Kurdish separatism in Iran
Rojava conflict
Kurdish rebellions in Turkey
Kurdish refugees
Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey
Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey
Turkish war crimes
Iraq operations
vteTurkey topicsHistoryOverview
Renaissance (1400–1500)
Conquest of Constantinople
Early modern period (1500–1750)
Sultanate of Women
Köprülü era
Tulip era
Late modern period (1750–1923)
Tanzimat
Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856
First Constitutional Era
Second Constitutional Era
Partition
Contemporary period (1923–present)
War of Independence
Proclamation of the republic
One-party period
Multi-party period
By topic
Constitutional
Economic
Empire
Foreign relations
1814–1919
Military
Society andits environmentOverview
Climate
Climate change
Boundaries
Geology
Landform regions
By topic
Education
Language reform
Health and welfare
Individual, family and gender relations
LGBT rights
Human rights
Marriage
Status of women
Population
Population distribution and settlement in Turkey
Migration
Government policies
Life expectancy
Religious life
Waste management
Water supply and sanitation
EconomyOverview
Growth of the economy
Development planning
Economic development
Foreign economic relations
Foreign trade
Regional economic integration
By sector
Agriculture
Industry
Construction
Energy
Mineral resources
Services
Banking and Finance
Transportation and Telecommunications
Airlines
Railways
Tourism
Government and politics
Administrative divisions
The constitutional system
Provisions
Elections
Electoral system
Parliamentary elections
Presidential elections
Referendums
Political parties
Government
Parliament
President
Vice President
Council of Ministers
Prime Minister
Judiciary
Constitutional Court
Court of Cassation
Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
Council of State
Foreign relations
National security in Turkey
External security concerns
Near Eastern conflicts
Syria
Iran
Greece and Cyprus
Military
Participation in NATO
Defense spending
Sources and quality of personnel
Education and training
Air Force
Navy
Uniforms, ranks, and insignia
Domestic arms industry
Internal security concerns
Kurdish nationalism
Armenian terrorism
Islamists
Law enforcement
National Police
Gendarmerie
Intelligence Services
Individual rights
Culture
Architecture
Ottoman architecture
Art
Cinema
Cuisine
wine
Dance
Festivals
Folklore
Languages
Turkish
Literature
Media
TV
Newspapers
Radio stations
Music
Names
Theater
Category
Portal
WikiProject
vteList of modern conflicts in the Middle East1910s
Italo-Turkish War
World War I
Middle Eastern theatre
Battle of Robat Karim
Arab Revolt
Armenian genocide
Assyrian genocide
Mount Lebanon starvation
Unification of Saudi Arabia
Simko Shikak revolt
1919 Egyptian revolution
Turkish War of Independence
Greco-Turkish War
Turkish–Armenian War
Franco-Turkish War
Revolts
Mahmud Barzanji revolts
1920s
Franco-Syrian War
Iraqi Revolt (1920)
Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
Adwan Rebellion
Arab separatism in Khuzestan
Great Syrian Revolt
Sheikh Said rebellion
1930s
Ararat rebellion
Ahmed Barzani revolt
Simele massacre
Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)
Goharshad Mosque rebellion
1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts
1935 Yazidi revolt
1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
Dersim rebellion
1940s
World War II
Italian bombing of Palestine
Allied invasion of Iraq
Syria–Lebanon campaign
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
1943 Barzani revolt
Alwaziri coup
Al-Wathbah uprising
Kurdish separatism in Iran
Iran crisis of 1946
Arab–Israeli conflict
1948 Arab–Israeli War
Suez Crisis
1967 Six-Day War
1973 Yom Kippur War
1982 Lebanon War
1950s
1952 Egyptian revolution
1953 Iranian coup d'état
Jebel Akhdar War
Cyprus Emergency
Suez Crisis
Yemeni–Adenese clan violence
1958 Lebanon crisis
1958 Iraqi revolution
1959 Mosul uprising
1960s
Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
First Iraqi–Kurdish War
Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
Dhofar Rebellion
North Yemen Civil War
Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup
Mar. 1963 Syrian coup
Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup
Aden Emergency
1964 Hama riot
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
1948 Palestine war
First Intifada
Second Intifada
1966 Syrian coup d'état
1970s
Black September in Jordan
Yemenite War of 1972
Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Shatt al-Arab clashes
Lebanese Civil War
Political violence in Turkey
Islamist uprising in Syria
1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
NDF Rebellion
Yemenite War of 1979
Iranian Revolution
Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
1979 Qatif Uprising
Grand Mosque seizure
1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
1980s
Iran–Iraq War
1980 Turkish coup d'état
Kurdish–Turkish conflict
Turkey–PKK conflict
South Yemen Civil War
1986 Egyptian conscripts riot
1986 Damascus bombings
1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt
Mecca massacre
Abu Nidal's executions
1990s
Gulf War (1990–1991)
1991 Iraqi uprisings
Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)
Yemeni Civil War (1994)
Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)
Operation Desert Fox
al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
2000s
Iraq War
Balochi insurgency in Iran
2004 Qamishli riots
Houthi insurgency in Yemen
Iran–Israel proxy conflict
2006 Lebanon War
Fatah–Hamas conflict
South Yemen insurgency
2010s
2011 Bahraini uprising
Egyptian Crisis
Sinai insurgency
Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)
Syrian civil war
Turkish involvement in Syria
Syrian War spillover in Lebanon
Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
War in Iraq (2013–2017)
Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)
Yemeni crisis
Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
2020s
2021 Beirut clashes
Israel–Hamas war
Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)
Red Sea crisis
This list includes World War I and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities eachProlonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.
vtePost–Cold War conflicts in AsiaSouth AsiaIndia
Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
Kargil War (1999)
Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)
Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)
Religious violence in India
Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995)
Pakistan
Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)
India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)
Kargil War (1999)
Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present)
Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)
Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present)
Sri Lanka
JVP insurrection (1971)
Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)
JVP insurrection (1987–1989)
Others
Maldives political crisis (2011–2013)
Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)
Operation All Clear
East AsiaChina
Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)
Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present)
Tibetan unrest (2008)
Korea (Northand South)
Korean conflict
Maritime border incidents
1994 North Korean nuclear crisis
2017–2018 crisis
Taiwan
Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)
Southeast AsiaCambodia
Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)
Indonesia
Papua conflict (1969–present)
Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005)
East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022)
Myanmar
Myanmar conflict (1948–present)
Karen conflict
Kachin conflict
Rohingya conflict
Civil war (2021–present)
Thailand
South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)
Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)
East Timor
Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
1999 crisis
2006 crisis
Others
Laotian insurgency (1975–2022)
Philippine civil conflict (1969–present)
NPA
Moro
FULRO insurgency (1964–1992)
Central AsiaAfghanistan
Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
Afghan conflict
Civil War
1989–1992
1992–1996
1996–2001
2001–2021 War
Republican insurgency
Kazakhstan
Ethnic conflicts
Kyrgyzstan
1990 Osh clashes
2010 Kyrgyz Revolution
2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes
Tajikistan
Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997)
Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)
Uzbekistan
Fergana massacre (1989)
Andijan massacre (2005)
Western AsiaAzerbaijan
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)
First War
2016 conflict
Second War
Bahrain
Bahraini uprising (2011)
Iran
Kurdish separatism in Iran
KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011)
Western Iran clashes (2016–present)
Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)
Qatif conflict
Iran–Israel (1985–present)
South Lebanon (1985–2000)
Lebanon War (2006)
Syrian arena (2012–present)
Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present)
Iraq
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003)
Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997
Iraqi conflict
Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)
Iraq War (2003–2011)
Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
War in Iraq (2013–2017)
ISIL insurgency (2017–present)
Israel
Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
Second Intifada (2000–2005)
Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
Iran–Israel (1985–present)
Syrian arena (2012–present)
Lebanon
South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)
Lebanon War (2006)
Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007)
Lebanon conflict (2008)
Palestine
Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
Second Intifada (2000–2005)
Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008)
Saudi Arabia
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)
Qatif conflict
Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021)
Syria
Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
Regional spillover
Turkey
Maoist insurgency
DHKP/C insurgency
Kurdish–Turkish conflict
Turkey–ISIL conflict
Yemen
Civil War (1994)
al-Qaeda (1998–2015)
Houthi (2004–2015)
South Yemen (2009–2015)
Yemeni crisis (2011–present)
Houthi takeover (2014–2015)
Civil War (2014–present)
Inter-continentalconflict
Sinai insurgency (2011–present)
Related topics
War on terror
Operation Inherent Resolve
Arab Spring
Arab Winter
Colour revolutions
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurdish–Turkish conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PKK-Conflict-de.png"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region"},{"link_name":"Southeastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_Region"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Ongoing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts"},{"link_name":"Peace process attempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_process"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-End_of_armed_struggle_1-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-End_of_armed_struggle_2-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-End_of_armed_struggle_3-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-End_of_armed_struggle_5-41"},{"link_name":"Escalation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Kurdish_riots_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Siege of Kobani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kobani"},{"link_name":"Renewed warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(2015%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ministry of National Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Turkish_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Special Forces Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces_(Turkish_Armed_Forces)"},{"link_name":"Turkish Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Turkish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Turkish Land Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces"},{"link_name":"Turkish Naval Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces"},{"link_name":"Turkish National Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_National_Police"},{"link_name":"Police Special Operations Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Special_Operation_Department"},{"link_name":"Gendarmerie General Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command"},{"link_name":"Gendarmerie Intelligence and Counter Terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%B0TEM"},{"link_name":"Gendarmerie Special Operations Group Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie_Special_Operations"},{"link_name":"Village Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_guard_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Intelligence Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization"},{"link_name":"Counter-Guerrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Guerrilla"},{"link_name":"Grey Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Turkish Revenge Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Revenge_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Syrian National Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_National_Army"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sit_well-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Region"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Region"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Communities_Union"},{"link_name":"PKK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"HPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Defence_Forces"},{"link_name":"YJA-STAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Women%27s_Units"},{"link_name":"YDG-H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YDG-H"},{"link_name":"YPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Protection_Units"},{"link_name":"YPS-Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YPS-Jin"},{"link_name":"PYD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"YPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units"},{"link_name":"YPG International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YPG_International"},{"link_name":"YPJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units"},{"link_name":"Anti-Terror Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Terror_Units"},{"link_name":"PJAK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_for_a_Free_Life_in_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"YRK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Kurdistan_Units"},{"link_name":"HPJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Defence_Forces"},{"link_name":"Sinjar Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Êzîdxan Women's Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units"},{"link_name":"Sinjar Resistance Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units"},{"link_name":"HBDH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples%27_United_Revolutionary_Movement"},{"link_name":"DKP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Communard_Party"},{"link_name":"MKP-HKO-PHG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"MLKP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"THKP-C/MLSPB-DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Armed_Propaganda_Unit"},{"link_name":"TKEP/L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Labour_Party_of_Turkey/Leninist"},{"link_name":"DK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devrimci_Kararg%C3%A2h"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"International Freedom Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion"},{"link_name":"TAK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Hawks"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faucompret-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mannes-20"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"until 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faucompret-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faucompret-17"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faucompret-17"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-18"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq"},{"link_name":"until 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"UAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-35"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-35"},{"link_name":"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"Ali Yerlikaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Yerlikaya"},{"link_name":"Yaşar Güler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_G%C3%BCler"},{"link_name":"Metin Gürak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metin_G%C3%BCrak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Fahri Korutürk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahri_Korut%C3%BCrk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Kenan Evren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenan_Evren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turgut Özal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Süleyman Demirel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ahmet Necdet Sezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Necdet_Sezer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Gül","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BCl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Bülent Ecevit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Mesut Yılmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Necmettin Erbakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Tansu Çiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Yıldırım Akbulut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Akbulut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Bülend Ulusu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BClend_Ulusu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Işık Koşaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Ko%C5%9Faner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"İlker Başbuğ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lker_Ba%C5%9Fbu%C4%9F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Yaşar Büyükanıt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkan%C4%B1t"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Hilmi Özkök","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilmi_%C3%96zk%C3%B6k"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_K%C4%B1vr%C4%B1ko%C4%9Flu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"İsmail Hakkı Karadayı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Hakk%C4%B1_Karaday%C4%B1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Doğan Güreş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan_G%C3%BCre%C5%9F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Necip Torumtay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necip_Torumtay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Necdet Üruğ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necdet_%C3%9Cru%C4%9F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Nurettin Ersin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurettin_Ersin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Binali Yıldırım","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binali_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ahmet Davutoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Davuto%C4%9Flu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ümit Dündar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_D%C3%BCndar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Süleyman Soylu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Soylu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Hulusi Akar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulusi_Akar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Musa Avsever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Avsever"},{"link_name":"Murat Karayılan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murat_Karay%C4%B1lan"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Karasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Karasu"},{"link_name":"Duran Kalkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duran_Kalkan"},{"link_name":"Bahoz Erdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahoz_Erdal"},{"link_name":"Cemil Bayık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemil_Bay%C4%B1k"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Öcalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan"},{"link_name":"POW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"Şemdin Sakık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eemdin_Sak%C4%B1k"},{"link_name":"POW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"Osman Öcalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_%C3%96calan"},{"link_name":"Nizamettin Taş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizamettin_Ta%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Mahsum Korkmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahsum_Korkmaz"},{"link_name":"†","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Kani Yılmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kani_Y%C4%B1lmaz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"†","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Haki Karer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haki_Karer"},{"link_name":"†","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Mazlum Doğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazlum_Do%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"POW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"Halil Atac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halil_Atac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hüseyin Yıldırım","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BCseyin_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_(insurgent)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Celal Başkale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celal_Ba%C5%9Fkale"},{"link_name":"†","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Hülya Eroğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BClya_Ero%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"†","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Ali Haydar Kaytan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Haydar_Kaytan"},{"link_name":"†","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Ayfer Kordu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayfer_Kordu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"†","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Zübeyir Aydar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCbeyir_Aydar"},{"link_name":"POW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Haji Ahmadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Ahmadi"},{"link_name":"Turkish Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aktifhaber-47"},{"link_name":"Gendarmerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Village Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_guard_system"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"6th Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Corps_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"7th Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Corps_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"8th Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Corps_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"9th Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Corps_(Turkey)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"YPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"PKK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fas-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sabah-52"},{"link_name":"PJAK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PJAK"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"TAK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Hawks"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freedom_Falcons-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto17-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto22-57"},{"link_name":"2015–present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(2015%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30yilda-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nearly7000-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crisisgroup#pre2015-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto10-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto15-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto14-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto6-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto19-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto7-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-68"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto17-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto22-57"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto13-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%BCrriyet-77"},{"link_name":"2015–present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(2015%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"AA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadolu_Agency"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nearly7000-59"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Turkish Hezbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"Islamist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamist"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"Government of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Turkish%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Turkish%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Turkish%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict"},{"link_name":"Kurdish–Turkish conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_PKK_attacks"},{"link_name":"Karageçit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karage%C3%A7it_village_massacre"},{"link_name":"N Iraq (1986)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_1986_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Ortabağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortaba%C4%9F_Massacre"},{"link_name":"N Iraq (1987)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1987_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Pınarcık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%B1narc%C4%B1k_massacre"},{"link_name":"Yeşilova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filova_incident"},{"link_name":"Taşdelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992_Ta%C5%9Fdelen_attack&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Şırnak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak"},{"link_name":"Kulp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kulp&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"N Iraq (1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Northern_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Bingöl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_24,_1993_PKK_attack"},{"link_name":"Başbağlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fba%C4%9Flar_massacre"},{"link_name":"Lice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lice_massacre"},{"link_name":"Winter campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_army_winter_campaign_of_1994%E2%80%931995"},{"link_name":"Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Steel"},{"link_name":"Tokat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tokat"},{"link_name":"Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hawk"},{"link_name":"Tunceli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Tunceli_bombing"},{"link_name":"Varto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Varto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sazak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sazak_assault"},{"link_name":"Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hammer_(1997)"},{"link_name":"Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_(1997)"},{"link_name":"Murat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Murat"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Istanbul_bombings"},{"link_name":"Blue Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Market_massacre"},{"link_name":"Hakkâri (2007)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2007_clashes_in_Hakk%C3%A2ri"},{"link_name":"N Iraq (2007)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2007_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Ankara_bombing"},{"link_name":"Aktütün","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2008_Akt%C3%BCt%C3%BCn_attack"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Diyarbak%C4%B1r_bombing"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Reşadiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C5%9Fadiye_shooting"},{"link_name":"İskenderun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_%C4%B0skenderun_attack"},{"link_name":"Hakkâri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Hakk%C3%A2ri_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Istanbul_bombing"},{"link_name":"2011 border raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2011_Turkey%E2%80%93Iraq_cross-border_raids"},{"link_name":"Hakkâri (2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Hakk%C3%A2ri_attack"},{"link_name":"Roboski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboski_massacre"},{"link_name":"Hakkâri (2012)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%E2%80%93August_2012_Hakkari_clashes"},{"link_name":"Beytüşşebap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2012_Beyt%C3%BC%C5%9F%C5%9Febap_attack"},{"link_name":"Şemdinli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dawn_(2012)"},{"link_name":"Third insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(2015%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Ceylanpınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylanp%C4%B1nar_incident"},{"link_name":"Siirt bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Siirt_bombing"},{"link_name":"Martyr Yalçın","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Yal%C3%A7%C4%B1n"},{"link_name":"Police raids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_police_raids_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Arslan Kulaksız","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Arslan_Kulaks%C4%B1z"},{"link_name":"Şırnak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_clashes_(2015%E2%80%932016)"},{"link_name":"Cizre (2015)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cizre_operation_(2015)"},{"link_name":"Cizre (2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2015%E2%80%93February_2016_Cizre_curfew"},{"link_name":"Kandil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Turkish_air_raids_on_Kandil"},{"link_name":"Hakkari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Hakkari_assault"},{"link_name":"Silvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Silvan_(2015)"},{"link_name":"Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sur_(2016)"},{"link_name":"Lice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2016_Lice_bombing"},{"link_name":"Dürümlü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2016_D%C3%BCr%C3%BCml%C3%BC_bombing"},{"link_name":"2015 airport bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Sabiha_G%C3%B6k%C3%A7en_Airport_bombing"},{"link_name":"Ankara (Feb 2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2016_Ankara_bombing"},{"link_name":"Ankara (Mar 2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2016_Ankara_bombing"},{"link_name":"Bursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Bursa_bombing"},{"link_name":"Istanbul (Jun 2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2016_Istanbul_bombing"},{"link_name":"Istanbul (Oct 2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2016_Istanbul_bombing"},{"link_name":"Istanbul (Dec 2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2016_Istanbul_bombings"},{"link_name":"N Iraq (2016)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2016_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Elazığ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_bombing"},{"link_name":"Cizre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Cizre_bombing"},{"link_name":"Euphrates Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield"},{"link_name":"Şemdinli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%C5%9Eemdinli_bombing"},{"link_name":"Kayseri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Kayseri_bombing"},{"link_name":"İzmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_%C4%B0zmir_courthouse_attack"},{"link_name":"Airstrikes in Syria & Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Olive Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch"},{"link_name":"Siirt raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Siirt_raid"},{"link_name":"Sinjar (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_airstrikes_on_Sinjar_(2018)"},{"link_name":"Gercüş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Gerc%C3%BC%C5%9F_bombing"},{"link_name":"Claw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Claw_(2019-2020)"},{"link_name":"Peace Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria"},{"link_name":"Claw-Eagle & Claw-Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_Claw-Eagle_and_Tiger"},{"link_name":"İskenderun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%C4%B0skenderun_shootout"},{"link_name":"Claw-Eagle 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Claw-Eagle_2"},{"link_name":"Claw-Lightning & Thunderbolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_Claw-Lightning_and_Thunderbolt"},{"link_name":"Sinjar (2021)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_airstrikes_on_Sinjar_(2021)"},{"link_name":"Claw-Lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Claw-Lock"},{"link_name":"Zakho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakho_resort_attack"},{"link_name":"Istanbul (2022)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Istanbul_bombing"},{"link_name":"Claw-Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword"},{"link_name":"Syria (2023 June)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes"},{"link_name":"Ankara (2023)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Ankara_bombing"},{"link_name":"Syria (2023 Oct)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2023_Northern_Syria_clashes"},{"link_name":"Serhildan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhildan"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_1990_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_1991_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nowruz_1992_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1999_Kurdish_protests"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=February_2001_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=November_2005_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nowruz_2008_protests_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2009_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"2011–2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Koban%C3%AE_protests"},{"link_name":"1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%932004_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_peace_initiatives"},{"link_name":"1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_ceasefire"},{"link_name":"2013–2015 Solution process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%932015_PKK%E2%80%93Turkey_peace_process"},{"link_name":"Assassinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_assassinations_of_the_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Kurdish_rebellions_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Kurdish_rebellions_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Kurdish_rebellions_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Kurdish rebellions in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Koçgiri rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Beytussebab rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beytussebab_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Said rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Ararat rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ararat_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Dersim rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dersim_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Serhildan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhildan"},{"link_name":"Alevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevism"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Zaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazas"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"separation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_separatism"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freedom_Falcons-55"},{"link_name":"autonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"political and cultural rights for Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_of_Kurdish_people_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_languages"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Northern Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IDMC-114"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Turkish Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Syrian Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"economy of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_dollar"},{"link_name":"tourism in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turkey's_safety-119"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crisis-120"},{"link_name":"Lice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lice,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Öcalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"oppression of Kurds in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_of_Kurdish_people_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Kurdish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_languages"},{"link_name":"folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hannum-124"},{"link_name":"deny their existence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial_of_Kurds_by_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hannum-124"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"military coup of 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTK-128"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"abuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuses"},{"link_name":"European Court of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETCHR1-132"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnnualETCHR-133"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hum1-134"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-135"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St._Martin's_Press-137"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Univ_Of_Texas_Press-138"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor_and_Francis-139"},{"link_name":"arbitrary arrests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-140"},{"link_name":"forced disappearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_disappearance"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-khrp.org-141"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"terrorist tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism"},{"link_name":"massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre"},{"link_name":"summary executions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_execution"},{"link_name":"suicide bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_bomber"},{"link_name":"child soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_soldier"},{"link_name":"drug trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_trafficking"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-145"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwf.eu-146"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Öcalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"he remains in prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprisonment_of_Abdullah_%C3%96calan"},{"link_name":"Sea of Marmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"unilateral ceasefire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_ceasefire"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ceasefires-151"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-152"},{"link_name":"Turkish state and the PKK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%932015_PKK%E2%80%93Turkey_peace_process"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-End_of_armed_struggle_5-41"},{"link_name":"conflict resumed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(2015%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Ceylanpınar incidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylanp%C4%B1nar_incidents"},{"link_name":"Suruç bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suru%C3%A7_bombing"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-153"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ceasefire_and_peace-154"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turkeyhrw-156"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"Şırnak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak"},{"link_name":"Mardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin"},{"link_name":"Cizre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cizre"},{"link_name":"Nusaybin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusaybin"},{"link_name":"Yüksekova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCksekova"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"}],"text":"Armed conflict between Turkey and PKKKurdistan Workers' Party insurgencyPart of the Kurdish–Turkish conflictOverview of the PKK–Turkish conflict (2010)Datec. 27 November 1978 – present(45 years, 7 months and 3 days)LocationEastern and Southeastern Turkey, spillovers in Northern Iraq, Northern Syria and Northwestern IranStatus\nOngoing:\n\nPeace process attempt during 2012–15[37][38][39][40]\nEscalation since September 2014 due to Siege of Kobani\nRenewed warfare since July 2015\nTurkish claim: less than 86 PKK members left inside Turkey's borders[41]Belligerents\n Turkey\n\n Ministry of National Defense\n General Staff\n Special Forces Command\n Turkish Armed Forces\n Turkish Air Force\n Turkish Land Forces\n Turkish Naval Forces\n Turkish National Police\n Police Special Operations Department\n Gendarmerie General Command\nGendarmerie Intelligence and Counter Terrorism (until early 1990s)\nGendarmerie Special Operations Group Command\nVillage Guards[1][2]\n National Intelligence Organization\nOther forces:\n\nCounter-Guerrilla (Until 1992)\nGrey Wolves (Not militarily involved)[3]\nTurkish Revenge Brigade (Not militarily involved)[4][5][6]\nSome Kurdish tribes (until 1985; became Village Guards)[7][8]\n\nSupported by:\n\n Syrian National Army (in Syria)[9]\n Other rebel factions (in Syria)[10]In Iraqi Kurdistan:[11][12][13] Kurdistan Region\n\nKurdistan Communities Union (KCK)\n\n PKK\n HPG\n YJA-STAR\n YDG-H:\n YPS\n YPS-Jin\n PYD\n YPG\n YPG International\n YPJ\nAnti-Terror Units\n PJAK\nYRK\nHPJ\nSinjar Alliance\n Êzîdxan Women's Units\n Sinjar Resistance Units\n HBDH\n\n DKP\n MKP-HKO-PHG\n MLKP\n THKP-C/MLSPB-DC\n TKEP/L\n DK (until 2017)[note 1]\n International Freedom Battalion\n\n\n TAK\n\n\nSupported By:\n United States[14][15]\n Syria (until October 1998; from 2012)[16][17][18][19]\n Soviet Union (until 1991)[16][20]\n Armenia[21]\n Cyprus[16]\n Greece[22][23] \n Russia[24][25][26]\n Iran[16][27][17]\n Iraq (until 2003)[28][29]\n Libya (until 2006)[30]\n Egypt (allegedly since 2016)[31]\n UAE (allegedly since 2017)[32][33]\n Sweden (alleged by Turkey)[34]\n\n Finland (alleged by Turkey)[34]Commanders and leaders\nCurrent commanders\n Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Ali Yerlikaya Yaşar Güler Metin Gürak\n\n\n\nPast commanders:\n Osman Pamukoğlu \n Fahri Korutürk\n Kenan Evren \n Turgut Özal \n Süleyman Demirel\n Ahmet Necdet Sezer \n Abdullah Gül\n Bülent Ecevit \n Mesut Yılmaz \n Necmettin Erbakan \n Tansu Çiller \n Yıldırım Akbulut\n Bülend Ulusu\n Işık Koşaner \n İlker Başbuğ \n Yaşar Büyükanıt \n Hilmi Özkök \n Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu \n İsmail Hakkı Karadayı \n Doğan Güreş \n Necip Torumtay \n Necdet Üruğ \n Nurettin Ersin \n Binali Yıldırım \n Ahmet Davutoğlu \n Ümit Dündar\n Süleyman Soylu\n Hulusi Akar\n Musa Avsever\n\n\nCurrent commanders Murat Karayılan\n Mustafa Karasu\n Duran Kalkan\n Bahoz Erdal \n Cemil Bayık\n\n\nPast commanders:\n Abdullah Öcalan (POW) Şemdin Sakık (POW) Osman Öcalan Nizamettin Taş Mahsum Korkmaz † Kani Yılmaz † Haki Karer † Mazlum Doğan (POW) Halil Atac Hüseyin Yıldırım Celal Başkale † Hülya Eroğlu †[42] Ali Haydar Kaytan †[43] Ayfer Kordu †[44] Zübeyir Aydar (POW)[45] Haji Ahmadi\nStrength\nTurkish Armed Forces: 639,551 (2016):[46] Gendarmerie: 148,700 (2009)[47] Police: 225,000 Village Guards: 65,000 (2010)[48]Total Force: 1,000,000+\nUnits engaged with PKK:6th Corps: 40,000~7th Corps: 40,000~8th Corps: 40,000~9th Corps: 40,000~OHAL District Gendarmerie Commands: 33,000-55,000 (Mainly active between 1984 and 2000, after PKK limited their fighting to Northern Iraq region in 2016)\n\n Total Fighting Force: 190,000-215,000\nYPG: 60,000-75,000[49]PKK: 32,800[50][51] PJAK: 1,000[52]–3,000[53] TAK: A few dozen[54]Currently: 116,000+\n\n Total Served: 250,000+Casualties and losses\nBefore 2015:6,885 security forces and personnel killed, 95 captured (none are currently held)[55][56]2015–present:2,164 killedTotal: 9,064 killed[57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][55][56][68][69][70][71]\nBefore 2015:70,000+ PKK members killed or captured[72][73][74][75][76]2015–present:39,000+ PKK and YPG members killed or captured (AA estimate)[77]Total: 70,000-109,000+ killed or captured\nCivilian casualties:6,500+ killed, 14,250+ wounded 2,400–4,000 villages destroyed[58][78][79]\n Turkish Hezbollah also known as Kurdish Hezbollah or just Hizbullah in Turkey, is a mainly Sunni Islamist militant organization, active against the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Government of Turkey.[80][81][82][83][84]vteKurdish–Turkish conflictTimeline\nFirst insurgency\n1984\nKarageçit\nN Iraq (1986)\nOrtabağ\nN Iraq (1987)\nPınarcık\nYeşilova\nTaşdelen\nŞırnak\nKulp\nN Iraq (1992)\nBingöl\nBaşbağlar\nLice\nWinter campaign\nSteel\nTokat\nHawk\nTunceli\nVarto\nSazak\nHammer\nDawn\nMurat\nIstanbul\nBlue Market\nSecond insurgency\nHakkâri (2007)\nN Iraq (2007)\nAnkara\nAktütün\nDiyarbakır\nSun\nReşadiye\nİskenderun\nHakkâri\nIstanbul\n2011 border raid\nHakkâri (2011)\nRoboski\nHakkâri (2012)\nBeytüşşebap\nŞemdinli\nThird insurgency\nCeylanpınar\nSiirt bombing\nMartyr Yalçın\nPolice raids\nArslan Kulaksız\nŞırnak\nCizre (2015)\nCizre (2016)\nKandil\nHakkari\nSilvan\nSur\nLice\nDürümlü\n2015 airport bombing\nAnkara (Feb 2016)\nAnkara (Mar 2016)\nBursa\nIstanbul (Jun 2016)\nIstanbul (Oct 2016)\nIstanbul (Dec 2016)\nN Iraq (2016)\nElazığ\nCizre\nEuphrates Shield\nŞemdinli\nKayseri\nİzmir\nAirstrikes in Syria & Iraq\nOlive Branch\nSiirt raid\nSinjar (2018)\nGercüş\nClaw\nPeace Spring\nClaw-Eagle & Claw-Tiger\nİskenderun\nClaw-Eagle 2\nClaw-Lightning & Thunderbolt\nSinjar (2021)\nClaw-Lock\nZakho\nIstanbul (2022)\nClaw-Sword\nSyria (2023 June)\nAnkara (2023)\nSyria (2023 Oct)\n\nSerhildan\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1999\n2001\n2005\n2006\n2008\n2009\n2011–2012\n2014\n\nPeace process and peace efforts\n1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives\n1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire\n2013–2015 Solution process\n\nOthers\nAssassinationsvteKurdish rebellions in Turkey\nKoçgiri rebellion1\nBeytussebab rebellion\nSheikh Said rebellion\nArarat rebellion\nDersim rebellion2\nKurdistan Workers' Party insurgency\nSerhildan1. Alevi+Kurdish rebellion[35]2. Zaza rebellion[36]The Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency[note 2] is an armed conflict between the Republic of Turkey and the Kurdistan Workers' Party, as well as its allied insurgent groups, both Kurdish and non-Kurdish,[107] who have either demanded separation from Turkey to create an independent Kurdistan,[54] or attempted to secure autonomy,[108] and/or greater political and cultural rights for Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey.[109]The main rebel group is the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)[110] (Kurdish: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê). Although the Kurdish-Turkish conflict has spread to many regions,[111] most of the conflict has taken place in Northern Kurdistan, which corresponds with southeastern Turkey.[112] The PKK's presence in Iraqi Kurdistan has resulted in the Turkish Armed Forces carrying out frequent ground incursions and air and artillery strikes in the region,[113][114][115] and its influence in Syrian Kurdistan has led to similar activity there. The conflict has cost the economy of Turkey an estimated $300 to 450 billion, mostly in military costs. It has also affected tourism in Turkey.[116][117][118]A revolutionary group, the PKK was founded in 1978 in the village of Fis, Lice by a group of Kurdish students led by Abdullah Öcalan.[119] The initial reason given by the PKK for this was the oppression of Kurds in Turkey.[120][121] At the time, the use of Kurdish language, dress, folklore, and names were banned in Kurdish-inhabited areas.[122] In an attempt to deny their existence, the Turkish government categorized Kurds as \"Mountain Turks\" during the 1930s and 1940s.[122][123][124] The words \"Kurds\", \"Kurdistan\", or \"Kurdish\" were officially banned by the Turkish government.[125] Following the military coup of 1980, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life until 1991.[126] Many who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned.[127]The PKK was formed in an effort to establish linguistic, cultural, and political rights for Turkey's Kurdish minority.[128] However, the full-scale insurgency did not begin until 15 August 1984, when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising. Since the conflict began, more than 40,000 have died, the vast majority of whom were Kurdish civilians.[129] Both sides were accused of numerous human rights abuses during the conflict. The European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for thousands of human rights abuses.[130][131] Many judgments are related to the systematic executions of Kurdish civilians,[132] torture,[133] forced displacements,[134] destroyed villages,[135][136][137] arbitrary arrests,[138] and the forced disappearance or murder of Kurdish journalists, activists and politicians.[139][140][141] Teachers who provided and students who demanded education in Kurdish language were prosecuted and sentenced for supporting terrorism of the PKK.[142] On the other hand, the PKK has faced international condemnation, mainly by Turkish allies, for using terrorist tactics, which include civilian massacres, summary executions, suicide bombers, and child soldiers, and involvement in drug trafficking.[143][144] The organization is historically to blame for the burning of schools and killing of teachers who they accused of \"destroying Kurdish identity\", attacks on hospitals which resulted in the death of doctors and nurses, and allegedly the kidnapping of foreign tourists for ransom.[citation needed][145][146]In February 1999, PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan was arrested in Nairobi, Kenya by a group of special forces personnel[147] and taken to Turkey, where he remains in prison on an island in the Sea of Marmara.[148] The first insurgency lasted until March 1993, when the PKK declared a unilateral ceasefire.[149] Fighting resumed the same year.[150] In 2013, the Turkish government started talks with Öcalan. Following mainly secret negotiations, a largely successful ceasefire was put in place by both the Turkish state and the PKK. On 21 March 2013, Öcalan announced the \"end of armed struggle\" and a ceasefire with peace talks.[40]The conflict resumed following the Ceylanpınar incidents, in which the PKK killed two Turkish policemen in the Suruç bombing.[151][152] With the resumption of violence, hundreds of Kurdish civilians have been killed by both sides and numerous human rights violations have occurred, including torture and widespread destruction of property.[153][154] Substantial parts of many Kurdish-majority cities including Diyarbakır, Şırnak, Mardin, Cizre, Nusaybin, and Yüksekova were destroyed in the clashes.[155]","title":"Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ali Haydar Kaytan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Haydar_Kaytan"},{"link_name":"Cemil Bayik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemil_Bayik"},{"link_name":"Haki Karer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haki_Karer"},{"link_name":"Kemal Pir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Pir"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PK_1995-158"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-security-104"},{"link_name":"Urfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urfa"},{"link_name":"Mus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Tunceli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunceli"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PK_1995-158"},{"link_name":"Mount Ararat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ararat"},{"link_name":"Erzurum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzurum"},{"link_name":"Elazig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elazig"},{"link_name":"Antep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antep"},{"link_name":"Nationalist Movement Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party"},{"link_name":"Grey Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)"},{"link_name":"Dersim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dersim"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PK_1995-158"},{"link_name":"Lice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lice,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"fighting between leftist and rightist groups in Turkey (1978–1980)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey,_1970s"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PK_1995-158"},{"link_name":"Grey Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)"},{"link_name":"Alevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevi"},{"link_name":"Kahramanmaraş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Maraş Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara%C5%9F_Massacre"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-david-159"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PK_1995-158"},{"link_name":"Turkish coup d'état on 12 September 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gil-160"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Mahsum Korkmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahsum_Korkmaz"},{"link_name":"1982 Lebanon War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Daraa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daraa"},{"link_name":"Turkish Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Prison"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PK_1995-158"},{"link_name":"Torture in Turkey#Deaths in custody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture_in_Turkey#Deaths_in_custody"},{"link_name":"Mazlum Doğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazlum_Do%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"hunger strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_strike"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Region–PKK conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Region%E2%80%93PKK_conflict"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"Beqaa Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beqaa_Valley"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Tekosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tekosin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"dictators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictator"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Popular Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Popular_Liberation_Army&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mahsum Korkmaz Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahsum_Korkmaz_Academy"},{"link_name":"Helve Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helve_Camp&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidp1-168"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natpol1-169"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Murat Karayilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murat_Karayilan"},{"link_name":"Cemil Bayik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemil_Bayik"},{"link_name":"Duran Kalkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duran_Kalkan"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Halik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_Halik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mehmet Ali Cetiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_Ali_Cetiner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mehmet Result Altinok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_Result_Altinok&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saime Askin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saime_Askin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ayten Yildirim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayten_Yildirim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sabahattin Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahattin_Ali"},{"link_name":"Mahsum Korkmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahsum_Korkmaz"},{"link_name":"Engin Sincer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engin_Sincer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"authoritarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarian"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natpol1-169"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"state terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_terrorism"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-civtar1-172"}],"sub_title":"Beginnings","text":"In 1977, a small group under Öcalan's leadership released a declaration on Kurdish identity in Turkey. The group, which called itself the Revolutionaries of Kurdistan also included Ali Haydar Kaytan, Cemil Bayik, Haki Karer and Kemal Pir.[156] The group decided in 1974[103] to start a campaign for Kurdish rights. Cemil Bayik was sent to Urfa, Kemal Pir to Mus, Haki Karer to Batman, and Ali Haydar Kaytan to Tunceli. They then started student organisations that contacted local workers and farmers to raise awareness about Kurdish rights.[156]In 1977, an assembly was held to evaluate these political activities. The assembly included 100 people from different backgrounds and several representatives of other leftist organisations. In spring 1977, Öcalan travelled to Mount Ararat, Erzurum, Tunceli, Elazig, Antep, and other cities to make the public aware of the group's activities. This was followed by a Turkish government crackdown against the organisation. On 18 May 1977, Haki Karer was assassinated in Antep. During this period, the group was also targeted by the Turkish ultranationalist organization, the Nationalist Movement Party's Grey Wolves. Some wealthy Kurdish landowners targeted the group as well, killing Halil Çavgun on 18 May 1978, which resulted in large protest meetings in Erzurum, Dersim, Elazig, and Antep.[156]The founding Congress of the PKK was held on 27 November 1978 in Fis, a village near the city of Lice. During this congress, the 25 people present decided to found the Kurdistan Workers' Party. The Turkish state, Turkish rightist groups, and some Kurdish landowners continued their attacks on the group. In response, the PKK organised and armed members to protect itself, thus becoming more involved in the fighting between leftist and rightist groups in Turkey (1978–1980).[156] During this time, the right-wing Grey Wolves militia killed 109 and injured 176 Alevi Kurds in the town of Kahramanmaraş on 25 December 1978 in what would become known as the Maraş Massacre.[157] In Summer 1979, Öcalan travelled to Syria and Lebanon where he made contacts with Syrian and Palestinian leaders.[156] After the Turkish coup d'état on 12 September 1980 and a crackdown which was launched on all political organisations,[158] during which at least 191 people were killed[159] and half a million were imprisoned,[160][note 3] most of the PKK withdrew into Syria and Lebanon. Öcalan went to Syria in September 1980 with Kemal Pir, Mahsum Korkmaz, and Delil Dogan being sent to set up an organisation in Lebanon. Some PKK fighters took part in the 1982 Lebanon War on the Syrian side.[162]The Second PKK Party Congress was then held in Daraa, Syria, from 20 to 25 August 1982. Here it was decided that the organisation would return to Turkish Kurdistan to start an armed guerilla war there for the creation of an independent Kurdish state. Meanwhile, they prepared guerrilla forces in Syria and Lebanon to go to war. However, many PKK leaders were arrested in Turkey and sent to Diyarbakır Prison. Because of the treatment of the prisoners, the prison became the site of much political protest.[156] (See also Torture in Turkey#Deaths in custody.)In Diyarbakır Prison, PKK member Mazlum Doğan burned himself to death on March 21, 1982, in protest at the treatment in prison. Ferhat Kurtay, Necmi Önen, Mahmut Zengin and Eşref Anyık followed his example on May 17. On July 14, PKK members Kemal Pir, M. Hayri Durmuş, Ali Çiçek and Akif Yılmaz started a hunger strike in Diyarbakır Prison.[163] In 1983, the conflict reached Iraqi Kurdistan as the Kurdistan Region–PKK conflict. Kemal Pir died on September 7, M. Hayri Durmuş on the 12th, Akif Yılmaz on the 15th, and Ali Çiçek on the 17th. On April 13, 1984, a 75-day hunger strike started in Istanbul. As a result, four prisoners—Abdullah Meral, Haydar Başbağ, Fatih Ökütülmüş, and Hasan Telci—died.[164]On 25 October 1986, the third Congress was held in Beqaa Valley, Lebanon. Issues raised included lack of discipline, growing internal criticism, and splinter groups within the organization. This had led the organisation to execute some internal critics, especially ex-members who had joined Tekosin, a rival Marxist–Leninist organization. Öcalan strongly criticized the leaders responsible for the guerrilla forces during the early 1980s and threatened others with the death penalty, if they joined rival groups or refused to obey orders. The PKK's military defeats meant they were no closer to their primary goal of an independent Kurdistan. Cooperation with criminals and dictators had tarnished the organization's image. During the Congress, the leaders decided to advance the armed struggle, increase the number of fighters, and dissolve the HRK, which was replaced by the Kurdistan Popular Liberation Army (ARGK). A newly established Mahsum Korkmaz Academy, a politico-military academy, replaced the Helve Camp, and a new military conscription policy was approved, which obliged every family to send someone to the guerrilla forces.[165][166][167]The decisions that were taken during the third Congress transformed the PKK from a Leninist organization into one in which power was more concentrated, as Öcalan accrued more Önderlik (leadership). Some of the reasons why Öcalan took power from the other leaders, such as Murat Karayilan, Cemil Bayik and Duran Kalkan, were growing internal conflict and the organization's inability to stop it. According to Michael Gunter, Öcalan, even before this time, had already carried out a purge of many rival PKK members, who were tortured and forced to confess they were traitors before being executed. Ibrahim Halik, Mehmet Ali Cetiner, Mehmet Result Altinok, Saime Askin, Ayten Yildirim and Sabahattin Ali were some of the victims. Later in 2006, Öcalan denied these accusations and stated in his book that both Mahsum Korkmaz, the first supreme military commander of the PKK, and Engin Sincer, a high-ranking commander, likely died as a result of internal conflicts and described the perpetrators as \"gangs\". Leaked reports, however, revealed the authoritarian personality of Öcalan, who had brutally suppressed dissent and purged opponents since the early 1980s. According to David L. Philips, up to sixty PKK members were executed in 1986, including Mahsum Korkmaz, who he believes was murdered on 28 March 1986. Between the 1980 and 1990, the organization targeted defectors, assassinating two of them in Sweden, two in the Netherlands, three in Germany and one in Denmark.[166][168]In 1990, during the fourth Congress, the PKK ended its unpopular conscription policy. The organization's attempts to take into the account the demands and criticism of its support base had helped it to increase its popularity. According to Stanton, the PKK's improved relationship with its civilian base likely created incentives for the government to engage in state terrorism against some of its Kurdish citizens. The PKK was rarely able to prevent this.[169]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"First insurgency","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OHAL.png"},{"link_name":"OHAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OHAL"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PK_1995-158"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-under_pressure-173"},{"link_name":"armed attacks on Eruh and Semdinli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_August_1984_PKK_attacks"},{"link_name":"Turkish Gendarmerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Gendarmerie"},{"link_name":"Siirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siirt"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turkishweekly-174"},{"link_name":"Turgut Özal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DVKT2TB.png"},{"link_name":"the operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_1992_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Hakkari Mountain and Commando Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkari_Mountain_and_Commando_Brigade"},{"link_name":"a cross-border operation into Northern Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_1992_Turkish_incursion_into_northern_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces_Command_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Adnan Kahveci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnan_Kahveci"},{"link_name":"Eşref Bitlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%9Fref_Bitlis"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"}],"sub_title":"First insurgency - 1984–1993","text":"OHAL region—defining areas in Turkey under a state of emergency—in red with neighbouring provinces in orange, 1987–2002The PKK launched its insurgency against the Turkish state on 15 August 1984[156][170] with armed attacks on Eruh and Semdinli. During these attacks, one Turkish Gendarmerie soldier was killed and seven soldiers, two policemen and three civilians injured. It was followed by a PKK raid on a police station in Siirt, two days later.[171]In the early 1990s, President Turgut Özal agreed to negotiations with the PKK, after the 1991 Gulf War changed the geopolitical dynamics in the region. Apart from Özal, himself half-Kurdish, few Turkish politicians were interested in a peace process, nor was more than a part of the PKK itself.[172] In February 1991, during the presidency of Özal, the prohibition of Kurdish music was ended.[173]A portion of the PKK weapons seized by Turkey during the operationIn 1992, Hakkari Mountain and Commando Brigade launched a cross-border operation into Northern Iraq, as a counter-attack to the numerous station ambushes and to rescue 2 Turkish soldiers who had been captured by the PKK, between 9 October and 1 November against the PKK. 2,512 commandos and 36 Special Forces personnel, with the support of helicopters, assaulted the PKK's heavily defended Hakurk Region, which had well over 10,000 experienced PKK fighters, including the surrounding areas. Despite lacking resources and manpower and being heavily outnumbered, outgunned, and encircled, the result of the operation was a decisive victory for Turkey, as the Hakurk Camp was completely destroyed and occupied by Turkish forces, and the 2 captured soldiers were rescued. During this operation, PKK had lost 1,551 of their experienced PKK fighters killed and another 2,600 experienced PKK fighters getting captured, all whom had been trained for multiple years for such attacks. Despite such odds, only 14 Turkish personnel were killed during the operation, boasting a whopping 1:300 casualty rate.In 1993, Özal returned to working on a peace plan with the former finance minister Adnan Kahveci and the General Commander of the Turkish Gendarmerie, Eşref Bitlis.[174]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cease-fire by the PKK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_ceasefire"},{"link_name":"Jalal Talabani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_Talabani"},{"link_name":"Barelias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barelias"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-178"},{"link_name":"Süleyman Demirel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel"},{"link_name":"Turkification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkification"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"Kemal Burkay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Burkay"},{"link_name":"Ahmet Türk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_T%C3%BCrk"},{"link_name":"People's Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-178"},{"link_name":"National Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"Kulp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulp,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-181"},{"link_name":"Çewlik massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ewlik_massacre"},{"link_name":"Şemdin Sakık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eemdin_Sak%C4%B1k"},{"link_name":"Doğu Çalışma Grubu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_%C3%87al%C4%B1%C5%9Fma_Grubu"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TZ-182"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-152"}],"sub_title":"Unilateral cease-fire (1993)","text":"Negotiations led to a unilateral cease-fire by the PKK on 17 March 1993. Accompanied by Jalal Talabani at a press conference in Barelias, Lebanon, Öcalan stated that the PKK no longer sought a separate state, but peace,[175] dialogue, and free political action for Kurds in Turkey within the framework of a democratic state. Süleyman Demirel, the prime minister of Turkey at the time, refused to negotiate with the PKK, but also stated that forced Turkification was the wrong approach towards the Kurds.[176] Several Kurdish politicians supported the ceasefire, and Kemal Burkay and Ahmet Türk of the People's Labor Party (HEP) were also present at the press conference.[175]With the PKK's ceasefire declaration in hand, Özal was planning to propose a major pro-Kurdish reform package at the next meeting of the National Security Council. The president's death on 17 April led to the postponement of that meeting, and the plans were never presented.[177] A Turkish army attack on the PKK on 19 May 1993 in Kulp[178] brought the ceasefire to an end. Five days later, the PKK carried out the Çewlik massacre. Former PKK commander turned whistleblower Şemdin Sakık has said that the massacre had been allowed to go ahead by the Turkish military, and was part of the Doğu Çalışma Grubu's coup plans.[179] On the 8 June 1993, Öcalan announced the end of the PKK ceasefire.[150]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Süleyman Demirel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel"},{"link_name":"Tansu Çiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller"},{"link_name":"Castle Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Plan"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TIHV-183"},{"link_name":"a covert military coup in 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_alleged_Turkish_military_coup"},{"link_name":"counter-insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-insurgency"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"destroyed over 3,000 Kurdish villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_villages_depopulated_by_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Village Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Guards"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Newroz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newroz_as_celebrated_by_Kurds"},{"link_name":"another cross-border operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Steel"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Zap Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Zab"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"}],"sub_title":"Insurgency (1993–1995)","text":"Under the new Presidency of Süleyman Demirel and Premiership of Tansu Çiller, the Castle Plan (to use any and all violent means to solve the Kurdish question), which Özal had opposed, was enacted, and the peace process abandoned.[180] Some journalists and politicians maintain that Özal's death (allegedly by poison), along with the assassination of a number of political and military figures supporting his peace efforts, was part of a covert military coup in 1993 aimed at stopping the peace plans.To counter the PKK, the Turkish military started new counter-insurgency strategies between 1992 and 1995. To deprive the rebels of a logistical base of operations and punish local people supporting the PKK, the military carried out deforestation of the countryside and destroyed over 3,000 Kurdish villages, causing at least 2 million refugees. Most of these villages were evacuated, but other villages were burned, bombed, or shelled by government forces, and several villages were obliterated from the air. While some were destroyed or evacuated, other villages agreed to join the side of the government. The state offered salaries to local farmers and shepherds to join the Village Guards, to prevent the PKK from operating in these villages. Villages which refused to cooperate were evacuated by the military. These tactics managed to drive the rebels from the cities and villages into the mountains, although they still often launched reprisals on pro-government villages, which included attacks on civilians.[181] Turkish armed forces reported that on 26 May 1994, the Turkish Air Force targeted the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) militants by bombing North Iraq, and killing 79 militants.[182] During Newroz (the Kurdish New Year) on 20 March 1995, the Turkish military launched another cross-border operation against the PKK in Iraq to prevent further border station ambushes conducted by the PKK. A force of 35,000 personnel (in which most were there for pulling security, a very small portion took part in the actual fighting) went into Iraqi Kurdistan, assisted by planes, helicopters, tanks and APCs. The operation ended in a Turkish victory as the Zap Camp was captured and destroyed by Turkish forces. 555 PKK members were killed and another were 13 captured.[183]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"general elections on 24 December 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Turkish_general_election"},{"link_name":"civil society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-187"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-187"}],"sub_title":"Unilateral ceasefire (1995–1996)","text":"In December 1995, the PKK announced a second unilateral ceasefire, ahead of the general elections on 24 December 1995. This was aimed at giving the new Turkish government time to articulate a way of resolving the conflict. During the ceasefire, civil society groups organized several peace initiatives in support of a solution to the conflict. But in May 1996, there was an attempt to assassinate Abdullah Öcalan in Damascus, and in June of the same year the Turkish military began to pursue the PKK into Iraqi Kurdistan.[184] The PKK announced the end of the unilateral ceasefire on 16 August 1996, stating that it was still ready for peace negotiations as a political solution.[184]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:24%C3%96KT._309MAK..png"},{"link_name":"Operation Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hammer_(1997)"},{"link_name":"Operation Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hammer_(1997)"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hurriyet-188"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KDP-189"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"MİT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-capture-190"},{"link_name":"major protests by Kurds worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1999_Kurdish_protests"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KDP-189"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ceasefires-151"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-security-104"}],"sub_title":"Insurgency (1996–1999)","text":"Turkish Special Forces personnel during Operation HammerOne of the turning points in the conflict was when Turkey did the largest cross-border mission in its history. Operation Hammer was done in May 1997 and over fifty thousand Turkish soldiers and ten thousand village guards took part in the operation. The operation was successful as the Turkish military killed over 3,000 insurgents and captured more than 400 in just two months and destroyed almost all of the Kurdish camps in Northern Iraq with just 114 casualties.Another turning point in the conflict[185] came in 1998, when, after political pressure and military threats[186] from the Turkish government against Syria, the PKK's leader, Abdullah Öcalan, was forced to leave Syria, where he had been in exile since September 1980. He first went to Russia, then to Italy and Greece. He was eventually brought to the Greek embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. After leaving the embassy on 15 February 1999 for the airport, he was kidnapped in a joint MİT-CIA operation and brought to Turkey,[187] which resulted in major protests by Kurds worldwide.[186] Three Kurdish protestors were shot dead when trying to enter the Israeli consulate in Berlin to protest alleged Israeli involvement in his capture.[188] Although the capture of Öcalan ended a third cease-fire which Öcalan had declared on 1 August 1998, on 1 September 1999[149] the PKK declared a unilateral cease-fire which would last until 2004.[103]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kongreya_Azad%C3%AE_%C3%BB_Demokrasiya_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kongreya_Gel%C3%AA_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg"},{"link_name":"Qandil Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qandil_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turkishweekly-174"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KDP-189"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Freedom_and_Democracy_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ataa-192"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Peoples Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurdistan_Peoples_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_pkk-193"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ataa-192"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turkishweekly-174"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-under_pressure-173"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Party_of_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Freedom Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Hawks"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"Turkish Hezbollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Hezbollah"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turkishweekly-197"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"AK Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK_Party"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turkishweekly-174"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cemil_Bayik-201"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turkishweekly-174"},{"link_name":"Kani Yilmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kani_Yilmaz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nizamettin Tas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizamettin_Tas"},{"link_name":"Osman Öcalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_%C3%96calan"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cemil_Bayik-201"},{"link_name":"Murat Karayilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murat_Karayilan"},{"link_name":"Cemil Bayik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemil_Bayik"},{"link_name":"Bahoz Erdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahoz_Erdal"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ataa-192"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turkishweekly-174"},{"link_name":"People's Democracy Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_Party"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"Murat Bozlak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murat_Bozlak"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_pkk-193"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Communities Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Communities_Union"},{"link_name":"DEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Party_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Zübeyir Aydar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCbeyir_Aydar"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turkish_casualties-207"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCDP-208"}],"sub_title":"Unilateral cease-fire (1999–2003)","text":"KADEK flagKONGRA-GEL flagAfter the unilateral cease-fire the PKK declared in September 1999, their forces fully withdrew from Turkish Kurdistan, set up new bases in the Qandil Mountains of Iraqi Kurdistan,[171] and in February 2000 they declared the formal end of the war.[186] After this, the PKK said it would switch its strategy to using peaceful methods to achieve their objectives. In April 2002, the PKK changed its name to KADEK (Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress), claiming the PKK had fulfilled its mission and would now move on as purely political organisation.[189] In October 2003 the KADEK announced its dissolution and declared the creation of a new organisation: KONGRA-GEL (Kurdistan Peoples Congress).[190]Offers by the PKK for negotiations were ignored by the Turkish government,[189] which claimed that the KONGRA-GEL continued to carry out armed attacks in the 1999–2004 period, although not on the same scale as before September 1999. They also blame the KONGRA-GEL for Kurdish riots which happened during the period.[171] The PKK argues that all of its military activity during this period was defensive, as the Turkish military launched some 700 raids against their bases, including in Northern Iraq.[170] Despite the KONGRA-GEL cease-fire, other groups continued their armed activities. For example, the Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK) tried to use the cease-fire to attract PKK fighters to join their organisation.[191] The Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK) were formed during this period by radical KONGRA-GEL commanders dissatisfied with the cease-fire.[192] The period after the capture of Öcalan was used by the Turkish government to launch major crackdown operations against the Turkish Hezbollah (Kurdish Hezbollah), arresting 3,300 Hizbullah members in 2000, compared to 130 in 1998, and killing the group's leader Hüseyin Velioğlu on 13 January 2000.[193][194][195] During this phase of the war at least 145 people were killed during fighting between the PKK and security forces.[196]After the AK Party came to power in 2002, the Turkish state started to ease restrictions on the Kurdish language and culture.[197]From 2003 to 2004 there was a power struggle inside the KONGRA-GEL between a reformist wing which wanted the organisation to disarm completely and a traditionalist wing which wanted the organisation to resume its armed insurgency once again.[171][198] The conservative wing of the organisation won this power struggle[171] forcing reformist leaders such as Kani Yilmaz, Nizamettin Tas and Abdullah Öcalan's younger brother Osman Öcalan to leave the organisation.[198] The three major traditionalist leaders, Murat Karayilan, Cemil Bayik and Bahoz Erdal formed the new leadership committee of the organisation.[199] The new administration decided to restart the insurgency, because they claimed that without guerillas the PKK's political activities would remain unsuccessful.[189][171] This came as the pro-Kurdish People's Democracy Party (HADEP) was banned by the Turkish Supreme Court on 13 March 2003[200] and its leader Murat Bozlak was imprisoned.[201]In April 2005, KONGRA-GEL changed its name back to PKK.[190] Because not all of the KONGRA-GEL's elements accepted this, the organisation has also been referred to as the New PKK.[202] The KONGRA-GEL has since become the Legislative Assembly of the Kurdistan Communities Union, a pan-Kurdish umbrella organisation which includes the PKK. Ex-DEP member Zübeyir Aydar is the President of the KONGRA-GEL.[203]Through the cease-fire years 2000–2003, some 711 people were killed, according to the Turkish government.[204] The Uppsala Conflict Data Program put casualties during these years at 368 to 467 killed.[205]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Insurgency (2004–2012)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ataa-192"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turkishweekly-174"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-security-104"},{"link_name":"landmines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmine"},{"link_name":"snipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper"},{"link_name":"ambushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush"},{"link_name":"hit and run tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_and_run_tactics"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PKK_tactics-210"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-security-104"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fas-51"},{"link_name":"2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Ku%C5%9Fadas%C4%B1_minibus_bombing"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"}],"sub_title":"Insurgency (2004–2012) - 2003–2005","text":"PKK supporters in London, April 2003In September 2003, the PKK declared an end to its cease-fire, but waited until mid-2004 before going on the offensive again.[206] In June 2004, the PKK resumed its armed activities because they claimed the Turkish government was ignoring their calls for negotiations and was still attacking their forces.[189][171] The government claimed that in that same month, some 2,000 Kurdish guerrillas entered Turkey via Iraqi Kurdistan.[103] The PKK, now lacking Syrian government support and the manpower they had in the 1990s, took up new tactics. It reduced the size of its field units from 15 to 20 fighters to teams of 6–8, and avoided direct confrontations, relying more on the use of landmines, snipers and small ambushes, using hit and run tactics.[207] Another change in PKK tactics was that the organisation no longer attempted to control any territory, not even after dark.[208] Violence increased throughout 2004 and 2005[103] during which the PKK was blamed for dozens of bombings in Western Turkey throughout 2005,[50] including the 2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing (which killed five),[209] although the PKK denied responsibility.[210]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Airport"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-security-104"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Freedom Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Hawks"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"Adana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana"},{"link_name":"Marmaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmaris"},{"link_name":"Antalya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-security-104"},{"link_name":"Mersin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersin"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freedom_Falcons-55"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ceasefires-151"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-security-104"},{"link_name":"Kani Yilmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kani_Yilmaz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turkishweekly-174"}],"sub_title":"Insurgency (2004–2012) - 2006","text":"In March 2006 heavy fighting broke out around Diyarbakir between the PKK and Turkish security forces, as well as large riots because of \"local anger over high unemployment, poverty and Ankara's reluctance to grant more autonomy to the mainly Kurdish region\".[211] The army closed the roads to Diyarbakır Airport and shut down many schools and businesses.[103] In August, the Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK), which vowed to \"turn Turkey into hell\",[212] launched a major bombing campaign. On 25 August two coordinated low-level blasts targeted a bank in Adana, on 27 August a school in Istanbul was targeted by a bombing, on 28 August there were three coordinated attacks in Marmaris and one in Antalya targeting the tourist industry[103] and on 30 August there was a TAK bombing in Mersin.[213] These bombings were condemned by the PKK,[54] which declared its fifth cease-fire on 1 October 2006,[149] which lessened the intensity of the conflict. Minor clashes continued due to Turkish military operations. In total, the conflict claimed over 500 lives in 2006.[103] 2006 also saw the PKK assassinate one of their former commanders, Kani Yilmaz, in February, in Iraq.[171]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bombing in Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Ankara_bombing"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bodycount-217"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-later_death-218"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8th_death-219"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9th_death-220"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bodycount-217"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"Tunceli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunceli"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PKK_tactics-210"},{"link_name":"ambushed an 18-man Turkish commando unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2007_clashes_in_Hakkari"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ambush-224"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PKK_tactics-210"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"Dağlıca, Yüksekova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C4%9Fl%C4%B1ca,_Y%C3%BCksekova"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PKK_tactics-210"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ambush-224"}],"sub_title":"Insurgency (2004–2012) - 2007","text":"In May 2007, there was a bombing in Ankara that killed 6[214][215][216][217] and injured 121 people.[214] The Turkish government alleged the PKK was responsible for the bombing.[218] On 4 June, a PKK suicide bombing in Tunceli killed seven soldiers and wounded six at a military base.[219] Tensions across the Iraqi border also started playing up as Turkish forces entered Iraq several times in pursuit of PKK fighting and In June, as 4 soldiers were killed by landmines, large areas of Iraqi Kurdistan were shelled which damaged 9 villages and forced residents to flee.[220] On 7 October 2007, 40–50 PKK fighters[207] ambushed an 18-man Turkish commando unit in the Gabar mountains, killing 15 commandos and injuring three,[221] which made it the deadliest PKK attack since the 1990s.[207] In response a law was passed allowing the Turkish military to take action inside Iraqi territory.[222] Then on 21 October 2007, 150–200 militants attacked an outpost, in Dağlıca, Yüksekova, manned by a 50-man infantry unit. The outpost was almost overrun and the PKK killed 12, wounded 17 and captured 6 Turkish soldiers which were released later. They then withdrew into Iraqi Kurdistan. The Turkish military killed 32 PKK fighters in hot pursuit operations, after the attack, however this was denied by the PKK.[207] The Turkish military responded by bombing PKK bases on 24 October, which resulted in many camps and caves being destroyed, along with 200 PKK insurgents dying in the process.[223] and started preparing for a major cross-border military operation.[221]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sun"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Operation_Sun-227"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpost-229"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Operation_Sun-227"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"an Istanbul double-bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Istanbul_bombings"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"October 2007 clashes in Hakkari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2007_clashes_in_Hakkari"},{"link_name":"2008 Aktütün attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Akt%C3%BCt%C3%BCn_attack"},{"link_name":"Şemdinli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eemdinli"},{"link_name":"Hakkâri Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_Province"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oct08-233"},{"link_name":"PJAK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PJAK"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-todayonline.com-234"}],"sub_title":"Insurgency (2004–2012) - 2008","text":"This major cross-border offensive, dubbed Operation Sun, started on 21 February 2008[224] and was preceded by an aerial offensive against PKK camps in northern Iraq, which began on 16 December 2007.[225][226] Between 3,000 and 10,000 Turkish forces took part in the offensive.[224] Around 230 PKK fighters were killed in the ground offensive, while 27 Turkish forces were killed. According to the PKK however, this was completely false and that over 125 Turkish forces were killed, while PKK casualties were in the tens.[227][better source needed] Smaller scale Turkish operations against PKK bases in Iraqi Kurdistan continued afterwards.[228] On 27 July 2008, Turkey blamed the PKK for an Istanbul double-bombing which killed 17 and injured 154 people. The PKK denied any involvement.[229] On 4 October, the most violent clashes since the October 2007 clashes in Hakkari erupted as the PKK attacked the 2008 Aktütün attack post in Şemdinli in the Hakkâri Province, at night. 17 Turkish soldiers were killed and 20 were injured, meanwhile 123 PKK fighters were killed during the fighting.[230] On 10 November, the Iranian Kurdish insurgent group PJAK declared it would be halting operations inside Iran to start fighting the Turkish military.[231]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TRT 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRT_6"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Turkish_local_elections"},{"link_name":"Democratic Society Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Society_Party"},{"link_name":"PKK declared its sixth ceasefire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%932010_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_ceasefire"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ceasefires-151"},{"link_name":"Democratic Society Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Society_Party"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"Erdoğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"Kurdish initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_initiative#Kurdish_initiative"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-initiative-238"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtp-239"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-initiative-238"},{"link_name":"an ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resadiye_shooting"},{"link_name":"Reşadiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C5%9Fadiye"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"}],"sub_title":"Insurgency (2004–2012) - 2009","text":"At the start of 2009 Turkey opened its first Kurdish-language TV-channel, TRT 6,[232] and on 19 March 2009 local elections were held in Turkey in which the pro-Kurdish Democratic Society Party (DTP) won a majority of the vote in the South East. Soon after, on 13 April 2009, the PKK declared its sixth ceasefire, after Abdullah Öcalan called on them to end military operations and prepare for peace.[149] The following day the Turkish authorities arrested 53 Kurdish politicians of the Democratic Society Party (DTP).[233] In September Turkey's Erdoğan-government launched the Kurdish initiative, which included plans to rename Kurdish villages that had been given Turkish names, expand the scope of the freedom of expression, restore Turkish citizenship to Kurdish refugees, strengthen local governments, and extend a partial amnesty for PKK fighters.[234] But the plans for the Kurdish initiative where heavily hurt after the DTP was banned by the Turkish constitutional court[235] on 11 December 2009 and its leaders were subsequently put on trial for terrorism.[236] A total of 1,400 DTP members were arrested and 900 detained in the government crackdown against the party.[237] This caused major riots by Kurds all over Turkey and resulted in violent clashes between pro-Kurdish and security forces as well as pro-Turkish demonstrators, which resulted in several injuries and fatalities.[235] On 7 December the PKK launched an ambush in Reşadiye which killed seven and injured three Turkish soldiers, which became the deadliest PKK attack in that region since the 1990s.[238]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"İskenderun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldbulletin.net-246"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-http-248"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-World_Bulletin-249"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-worldbulletin-250"},{"link_name":"ramadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan"},{"link_name":"Turkish general election on 12 June 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Turkish_general_election"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ceasefires-151"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"}],"sub_title":"Insurgency (2004–2012) - 2010","text":"On 1 May 2010 the PKK declared an end to its cease-fire,[239] launching an attack in Tunceli that killed four and injured seven soldiers.[240] On 31 May, Abdullah Öcalan declared an end to his attempts at re-approachment and establishing dialogue with the Turkish government, leaving PKK top commanders in charge of the conflict. The PKK then stepped up its armed activities,[241] starting with a missile attack on a navy base in İskenderun, killing 7 and wounding 6 soldiers.[242] On 18 and 19 June, heavy fighting broke out that resulted in the death of 12 PKK fighters, 12 Turkish soldiers and injury of 17 Turkish soldiers, as the PKK launched three separate attacks in Hakkari and Elazig provinces.[243][244]Another major attack in Hakkari occurred on 20 July 2010, killing six and wounding seventeen Turkish soldiers, with one PKK fighter being killed.[245] The next day, Murat Karayilan, the leader of the PKK, announced that the PKK would lay down its arms if the Kurdish issue would be resolved through dialogue and threatened to declare independence if this demand was not met.[246] Turkish forces had killed 187 and captured 160 PKK members by 14 July, and killed another 227 by the end of the year.[247] By 27 July, Turkish news sources reported the deaths of 72 security forces, which exceeded the 2009 toll. On 12 August, however, a ramadan cease-fire was declared by the PKK. In November the cease-fire was extended until the Turkish general election on 12 June 2011, despite alleging that Turkey had launched over 80 military operations against them during this period.[149] Despite the truce, the PKK responded to these military operations by launching retaliatory attacks in Siirt and Hakkari provinces, killing 12 Turkish soldiers.[248]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anti-PKK_protest_in_Frankfurt,_Germany_on_Zeil_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Champion-252"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hurriyetdailynews-253"},{"link_name":"Kurdish protests across Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Peace and Democracy Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_Democracy_Party"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bianet.org-254"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"},{"link_name":"Peace and Democracy Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_Democracy_Party"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-todayszaman.com-256"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters.com-257"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-todayszaman-258"},{"link_name":"single ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvan_ambush"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arabnews.com-259"},{"link_name":"multiple raids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2011_Turkey-Iraq_cross-border_raid"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-260"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpost.com-261"},{"link_name":"an offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Iran-Iraq_cross-border_raids"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jamestown.org-262"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zee-263"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kuna.net.kw-264"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-265"}],"sub_title":"Insurgency (2004–2012) - 2011","text":"A demonstration against the PKK in Frankfurt, October 2011The cease-fire was revoked early, on 28 February 2011.[249] Soon afterwards three PKK fighters were killed while trying to get into Turkey through northern Iraq.[250] In May, counter-insurgency operations left 12 PKK fighters and 5 soldiers dead. This then resulted in major Kurdish protests across Turkey as part of a civil disobedience campaign launched by the pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP),[251] during these protests 2 people were killed, 308 injured and 2,506 arrested by Turkish authorities.[252] The 12 June elections saw a historical performance for the pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP) which won 36 seats in the South-East, which was more than the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP), which won only 30 seats in Kurdish areas.[253] However, six of the 36 elected BDP deputies remain in Turkish jails as of June 2011.[254] One of the six jailed deputies, Hatip Dicle, was then stripped of his elected position by the constitutional court, after which the 30 free MPs declared a boycott of Turkish parliament.[255] The PKK intensified its campaign again, in July killing 20 Turkish soldiers in two weeks, during which at least 10 PKK fighters were killed, the most of these occurring in a single ambush.[256] On 17 August 2011, the Turkish Armed Forces launched multiple raids against Kurdish rebels, striking 132 targets.[257] Turkish military bombed PKK targets in northern Iraq in six days of air raids, according to General Staff, where 90–100 PKK Soldiers were killed, and at least 80 injured.[258] From July to September Iran carried out an offensive against the PJAK in Northern Iraq, which resulted in a cease-fire on 29 September. After the cease-fire the PJAK withdrew its forces from Iran and joined with the PKK to fight Turkey. Turkish counter-terrorism operations reported a sharp increase of Iranian citizens among the insurgents killed in October and November, such as the six PJAK fighters killed in Çukurca on 28 October.[259] On 19 October, twenty-six Turkish soldiers were killed[260] and 18 injured[261] in 8 simultaneous PKK attacks in Cukurca and Yuksekova, in Hakkari provieen 10,000 and 15,000 full-time, which is the highest it has ever been.[262]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syrian civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-266"},{"link_name":"Bashar al-Assad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad"},{"link_name":"PYD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-267"},{"link_name":"Ahmet Davutoglu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Davutoglu"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-268"},{"link_name":"heavy clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%E2%80%93August_2012_Hakkari_clashes"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turkishweekly2-269"},{"link_name":"Şemdinli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eemdinli"},{"link_name":"DShK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DShK"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"deadly bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Gaziantep_bombing"},{"link_name":"Gaziantep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaziantep"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-271"},{"link_name":"KCK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koma_Civak%C3%AAn_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crisis-120"},{"link_name":"Necdet Özel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necdet_%C3%96zel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Insurgency (2004–2012) - 2012","text":"In summer 2012, the conflict with the PKK took a violent curve, in parallel with the Syrian civil war[263] as President Bashar al-Assad ceded control of several Kurdish cities in Syria to the PYD, the Syrian affiliate of the PKK, and Turkey armed ISIS and other Islamic groups against Kurds.[264] Turkish foreign minister Ahmet Davutoglu accused the Assad government of arming the group.[265] In June and August there were heavy clashes in Hakkari province, described as the most violent in years.[266] as the PKK attempted to seize control of Şemdinli and engage the Turkish army in a \"frontal battle\" by blocking the roads leading to the town from Iran and Iraq and setting up DShK heavy machine guns and rocket launchers on high ground to ambush Turkish motorized units that would be sent to re-take the town. However the Turkish army avoided the trap by destroying the heavy weapons from the air and using long range artillery to root out the PKK. The Turkish military declared operation was ended successfully on 11 August, claiming to have killed 115 guerrillas and lost only six soldiers and two village guards.[267] On 20 August, eight people were killed and 66 wounded by a deadly bombing in Gaziantep.[268] According to the KCK 400 incidents of shelling, air bombardment and armed clashes occurred in August.[118] On 24 September, Turkish General Necdet Özel claimed that 110 Turkish soldiers and 475 PKK militants had been killed since the start of 2012.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erdoğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"Öcalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yes,_we_do.-272"},{"link_name":"assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_murder_of_Kurdish_activists_in_Paris"},{"link_name":"Sakine Cansız","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakine_Cans%C4%B1z"},{"link_name":"Fidan Doğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidan_Do%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"Leyla Söylemez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyla_S%C3%B6ylemez"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-273"},{"link_name":"Peoples' Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Milliyet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliyet"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Breaking_the_crystal-274"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Twin_bombs_strike_the_peace-275"},{"link_name":"Nowruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"PKK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"Erdoğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ceasefire_and_peace-154"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kurdish_PKK_guerilla.jpg"},{"link_name":"Newroz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newroz_as_celebrated_by_Kurds"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Withdrawel-276"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-277"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-278"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-279"}],"sub_title":"Peace process 2012–2015","text":"On 28 December 2012, in a television interview upon a question of whether the government had a project to solve the issue, Erdoğan said that the government was conducting negotiations with jailed rebel leader Öcalan.[269] Negotiations were initially named as Solution Process (Çözüm Süreci) in public. While negotiations were going on, there were numerous events that were regarded as sabotage to derail the talks: The assassination of the PKK administrators Sakine Cansız, Fidan Doğan and Leyla Söylemez in Paris,[270] revealing Öcalan's talks with the pro-Kurdish party Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) to the public via the Milliyet newspaper[271] and finally, the bombings of the Justice Ministry of Turkey and Erdoğan's office at the Ak Party headquarters in Ankara.[272] However, both parties vehemently condemned all three events as they occurred and stated that they were determined anyway. Finally on 21 March 2013, after months of negotiations with the Turkish Government, Abdullah Ocalan's letter to people was read both in Turkish and Kurdish during Nowruz celebrations in Diyarbakır. The letter called a cease-fire that included disarmament and withdrawal from Turkish soil and calling an end to armed struggle. PKK announced that they would obey, stating that the year of 2013 is the year of solution either through war or through peace. Erdoğan welcomed the letter stating that concrete steps will follow PKK's withdrawal.[152]Kurdish PKK guerilla at the Newroz celebration in Qandil, 23 March 2014On 25 April 2013, PKK announced that it would be withdrawing all its forces within Turkey to northern Iraq.[273] According to the Turkish government[274] and the Kurds[275] and most of the press,[276] this move marks the end of 30-year-old conflict. Second phase which includes constitutional and legal changes towards the recognition of human rights of the Kurds starts simultaneously with withdrawal.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-280"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"}],"sub_title":"Peace process 2012–2015 - Escalation","text":"On 6 and 7 October 2014, riots erupted in various cities in Turkey for protesting the Siege of Kobane. The Kurds accused the Turkish government of supporting ISIS and not letting people send support for Kobane Kurds. Protesters were met with tear gas and water cannons. 37 people were killed in protests.[277] During these protests, there were deadly clashes between PKK and Hizbullah sympathizers.[278] 3 soldiers were killed by PKK in January 2015,[279] as a sign of rising tensions in the country.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Operation Olive Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch"},{"link_name":"Syrian Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"YPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units"},{"link_name":"Islamic State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"Kobanî","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koban%C3%AE"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-283"},{"link_name":"2015 Suruç bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Suru%C3%A7_bombing"},{"link_name":"Operation Martyr Yalçın","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Yal%C3%A7%C4%B1n"},{"link_name":"PYD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"Rojava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava"},{"link_name":"Ceylanpınar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylanp%C4%B1nar"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-284"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-285"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-286"},{"link_name":"YPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-287"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diyarbak%C4%B1r%E2%80%99da_ger%C3%A7ekle%C5%9Ftirilen_bir_operasyonda_PKK%E2%80%99ya_ait_cephanelik_bulundu_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-288"},{"link_name":"Peoples' Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-289"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-290"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-291"},{"link_name":"Adana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana"},{"link_name":"Hakkâri Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_Province"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-292"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-293"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-294"},{"link_name":"Bell AH-1 SuperCobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_AH-1_SuperCobra"},{"link_name":"MANPADS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MANPADS"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-295"},{"link_name":"HBDH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples%27_United_Revolutionary_Movement"},{"link_name":"PKK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"Gendarmerie General Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command"},{"link_name":"Giresun Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giresun_Province"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-296"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-297"},{"link_name":"HBDH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples%27_United_Revolutionary_Movement"},{"link_name":"2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"},{"link_name":"Trabzon Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabzon_Province"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-298"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-299"},{"link_name":"Free Syrian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish-backed_Free_Syrian_Army"},{"link_name":"Sham Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sham_Legion"},{"link_name":"cross-border operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Afrin"},{"link_name":"Afrin Canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrin_Canton"},{"link_name":"Democratic Union Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)"},{"link_name":"YPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units"},{"link_name":"[297]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-300"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-301"},{"link_name":"military operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tigris_Shield"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-302"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-303"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YPJ_fighters_(Afrin_February_2018).jpg"},{"link_name":"Women's Protection Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units"},{"link_name":"Afrin Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrin_Region"},{"link_name":"Operation Peace Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Peace_Spring"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-304"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-305"},{"link_name":"Hulusi Akar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulusi_Akar"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-306"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyhostages-307"},{"link_name":"CHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Kılıçdaroğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"[305]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-308"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyhostages-307"},{"link_name":"[306]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-309"},{"link_name":"Turkish Human Rights Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Association_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"[307]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-310"},{"link_name":"Sözcü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6zc%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"[308]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-311"},{"link_name":"[309]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-312"},{"link_name":"Operation Claw-Lock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Claw-Lock"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"KDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-313"},{"link_name":"2022 NATO summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Madrid_summit"},{"link_name":"[311]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-314"},{"link_name":"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"[312]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315"},{"link_name":"bombing in Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Istanbul_bombing"},{"link_name":"Operation Claw-Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword"}],"sub_title":"2015–present","text":"See also: Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War and Operation Olive BranchIn June 2015, the main Syrian Kurdish militia, YPG, and the Turkey's main pro-Kurdish party, HDP, accused Turkey of allowing Islamic State (ISIL) soldiers to cross its border and attack the Kurdish city of Kobanî in Syria.[280] The conflict between Turkey and PKK escalated following the 20 July 2015 Suruç bombing attack on progressive activists, which was claimed by ISIL. During the 24–25 July 2015 Operation Martyr Yalçın, Turkey bombed alleged PKK bases in Iraq and PYD bases in Syria's Kurdish region Rojava, purportedly retaliating the killing of two policeman in the town of Ceylanpınar (which the PKK denied carrying out) and effectively ending the cease-fire (after many months of increasing tensions).[281][282][283] Turkish warplanes also bombed YPG bases in Syria.[284]Turkish police announcing seizure of PKK ammunition in Diyarbakır, August 2015Violence soon spread throughout Turkey. Many Kurdish businesses were destroyed by mobs.[285] The headquarters and branches of the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) were also attacked.[286] There are reports of civilians being killed in several Kurdish-populated towns and villages.[287] The Council of Europe raised their concerns over the attacks on civilians and the 4 September 2015 blockade of Cizre.[288]But also the Kurdish rebel fighters did not sit still: a Turkish Governor claimed that Kurdish assailants had fired on a police vehicle in Adana in September 2015, killing two officers, and some unspecified \"clash\" with PKK rebels purportedly took place in Hakkâri Province. President Erdogan claimed that between 23 July and late September, 150 Turkish officers and 2,000 Kurdish rebels had been killed.[289] In December 2015, Turkish military operations in the Kurdish regions of southeastern Turkey had killed hundreds of civilians, displaced hundreds of thousands and caused massive destruction in residential areas.[290] According to the Human Rights Watch (HRW) report, \"Local human rights groups have recorded well over 100 civilian deaths and multiple injuries.\"[291]The spring of 2016 saw the seasonal uptick in combat activity. In May, a Turkish Bell AH-1 SuperCobra helicopter was documented shot down by a PKK-fired Russian made MANPADS.[292]On 6 May 2016, HBDH, an umbrella organization built around the Kurdish PKK, attacked a Gendarmerie General Command base in Giresun Province in northeastern Turkey. According to news reports, a roadside bomb exploded, targeting a Gendarmerie vehicle.[293] HDBH claimed responsibility for the attack on May 8, stating that three gendarmes died in the attack, as well as the Base Commander, who was the intended target.[294]\nthe Joint Command of the HBDH has claimed responsibility for several more attacks in the region, primarily targeting Turkish soldiers or gendarmes. The tactics employed by the alliance are very similar to those used by the PKK. The most notable attack came on 19 July 2016, just 4 days after the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt. HBDH reported that they had killed 11 Turkish riot police in Trabzon Province at 08:30 that morning.[295] The HBDH report is consistent in time and location to an attack reported by Doğan News Agency, in which \"unknown assailants\" fired on a police checkpoint. This report states that 3 officers were killed and 5 were injured, along with a civilian.[296]In January 2018, the Turkish military and its Free Syrian Army and Sham Legion allies began a cross-border operation in the Kurdish-majority Afrin Canton in Northern Syria, against the Kurdish-led Democratic Union Party in Syria (PYD) and the U.S.-supported YPG Kurdish militia.[297][298] In March 2018, Turkey launched military operations to eliminate the Kurdish PKK fighters in northern Iraq.[299] This failed however, as the PKK has expanded its operations in Iraq.[300]Women's Protection Units (YPJ) fighters in the Afrin Region during the Turkish operation in 2018In October 2019, the Turkish force launched an operation against Syrian Kurds in the Northern Syria which has been termed Operation Peace Spring.[301][302]On 14 February 2021, Turkish Minister of Defense Hulusi Akar claimed that 13 soldiers and police officers, who had been held hostage by the PKK since 2015 and 2016, were executed during an attempted rescue operation.[303] Erdoğan blamed the United States and Kurdish politicians for the failed operation,[304] while CHP leader Kılıçdaroğlu accused Erdoğan of being responsible for the deaths.[305] The PKK claimed the hostages were killed by Turkish airstrikes during the operation.[304][306] The father of one deceased hostage Semih Özbey was summoned to identify his son, and according to the Turkish Human Rights Association president, stated he saw a bullet wound in his son's head.[307] In an interview with Sözcü, the father noted he believed the hostages were executed, but was only shown a picture of his son's face and was refused seeing his body. He added that during his sons imprisonment he spoke repeatedly to both HDP MPs and Erdoğan to no avail.[308] The Turkish Human Rights Association, which had previously helped return hostages from the PKK, stated their offers to help negotiate were rejected by state officials.[309]On 17 April 2022, Operation Claw-Lock began involving a cross border offensive operation into Iraqi Kurdistan allegedly (PKK claim) with the support of the KDP and targeted areas including Metina, Zap and Avashin. The operation is currently ongoing.In May 2022, while calls for Finland and Sweden were made to join the NATO alliance, Turkey opposed their adhesion unless these countries crack down on local Kurdish and Gulenist networks. The move has been commented as a political card to distract from ongoing economic crisis in Turkey and better engage in upcoming elections, taking an aggressive posture against foreign powers and Kurds being favorable to AKP.[310] On 28 June, the first day of the 2022 NATO summit in Madrid, the Turkish delegation dropped their opposition to Finland and Sweden's NATO membership applications and signed a tripartite memorandum addressing Turkey's concerns regarding arms exports and the Kurdish–Turkish conflict.[311] On 30 June 2022, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said that Sweden had made a \"promise\" to extradite \"73 terrorists\" wanted by Turkey.[312]On 13 November 2022, a bombing in Istanbul killed six people. Turkey says the bomb was planted by a Kurdish Syrian separatist whom they arrested. On 20 November, Turkey launched Operation Claw-Sword – airstrikes on PKK positions in Iraq and Syrian Democratic Forces positions in Syria.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serhildan-316"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asylumlaw-317"},{"link_name":"Kamuran Dundar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamuran_Dundar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serhildan-316"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asylumlaw-317"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serhildan-316"},{"link_name":"Cizre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cizre"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asylumlaw-317"},{"link_name":"Nowruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asylumlaw-317"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-serhildan-316"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asylumlaw-317"},{"link_name":"Nowruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowruz"},{"link_name":"[315]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifex-318"},{"link_name":"Suleyman Demirel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleyman_Demirel"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asylumlaw-317"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asylumlaw-317"},{"link_name":"[316]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metu-319"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asylumlaw-317"},{"link_name":"[317]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-320"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Öcalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan"},{"link_name":"[315]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ifex-318"}],"text":"The Serhildan, or people's uprising,[313] started on 14 March 1990, Nusaybin during the funeral of[314] 20-year-old PKK fighter Kamuran Dundar, who along with 13 other fighters was killed by the Turkish military after crossing into Turkey via Syria several days earlier. Dundar came from a Kurdish nationalist family which claimed his body and held a funeral for him in Nusaybin in which he was brought to the city's main mosque and 5000 people which held a march. On the way back the march turned violent and protesters clashed with the police, during which both sides fired upon each other and many people were injured. A curfew was then placed in Nusaybin, tanks and special forces were brought in and[313] some 700 people were arrested.[314] Riots spread to nearby towns[313] and in Cizre over 15,000 people, constituting about half the town's population took part in riots in which five people were killed, 80 injured and 155 arrested.[314] Widespread riots took place throughout the Southeast on Nowruz, the Kurdish new-year celebrations, which at the time were banned.[314] Protests slowed down over the next two weeks as many started to stay home and Turkish forces were ordered not to intervene unless absolutely necessarily[313] but factory sit-ins, go-slows, work boycotts and \"unauthorized\" strikes were still held although in protest of the state.[314]Protests are often held on 21 March, or Nowruz.[315] Most notably in 1992, when thousands of protesters clashed with security forces all over the country and where the army allegedly disobeyed an order from President Suleyman Demirel not to attack the protest.[314] In the heavy violence that ensued during that year's Nowroz protest some 55[314] people were killed, mainly in Şırnak (26 killed), Cizre (29 killed) and Nusaybin (14 killed) and it included a police officer and a soldier. Over 200 people were injured[316] and another 200 were arrested.[314] According to Governor of Şırnak, Mustafa Malay, the violence was caused by 500 to 1,500 armed rebels which he alleged, entered the town during the festival. However, he conceded that \"the security forces did not establish their targets properly and caused great damage to civilian houses.\"[317]Since Abdullah Öcalan's capture on 15 February 1999, protests are also held every year on that date.[315]","title":"Serhildan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1_%C3%A7ocuk_cenaze_t%C3%B6reni.jpg"},{"link_name":"Şırnak clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_clashes_(2015%E2%80%932016)"},{"link_name":"Anadolu Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadolu_Agency"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30yilda-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nearly7000-59"},{"link_name":"[318]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-321"},{"link_name":"[319]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-322"},{"link_name":"[320]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-323"},{"link_name":"[321]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wounded-324"},{"link_name":"[322]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-casualty_years-325"},{"link_name":"[323]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-326"},{"link_name":"[321]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wounded-324"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turkish_casualties-207"},{"link_name":"[324]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-327"},{"link_name":"PKK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"Turkish military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_military"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETCHR1-132"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnnualETCHR-133"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hum1-134"},{"link_name":"[325]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tort1-328"},{"link_name":"[326]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-329"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-St._Martin's_Press-137"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Univ_Of_Texas_Press-138"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor_and_Francis-139"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-140"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-khrp.org-141"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hum1-134"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Times-330"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-findlaw1-331"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Times-330"},{"link_name":"Humanitarian Law Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_Law_Project"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-findlaw1-331"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-executions-332"},{"link_name":"[330]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-displaced-333"},{"link_name":"[331]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-334"},{"link_name":"Sebahat Tuncel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebahat_Tuncel"},{"link_name":"[332]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sebahat-335"}],"text":"Funeral of a baby killed in the Şırnak clashes, 2015According to figures released by the Anadolu Agency, citing a Turkish security source, from 1984 to 2016, there were 36,345 deaths in the conflict. This included 6,741 civilians, 6,833 security forces (5,347 soldiers, 1,466 village guards and 283 policemen) and over 40 thousand PKK fighters by 2016 in Turkey alone.[57][58][318][319] Among the civilian casualties, till 2012, 157 were teachers.[320] From August 1984 to June 2007, a total of 13,327 soldiers and 7,620 civilians were said to have been wounded.[321] About 2,500 people were said to have been killed between 1984 and 1991, while over 17,500 were killed between 1991 and 1995.[322] The number of murders committed by Village Guards from 1985 to 1996 is put at 296 by official estimates.[323]Contrary to the newest estimate, earlier figures by the Turkish military put the number of PKK casualties much higher, with 26,128 PKK dead by June 2007,[321] and 29,704 by March 2009. Between the start of the second insurgency in 2004, and March 2009, 2,462 PKK militants were claimed killed.[204] However, later figures provided by the military for the 1984–2012 period, revised down the number of killed PKK members to 21,800.[324]Both the PKK and Turkish military have accused each other of civilian deaths. Since the 1970s, the European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for the thousands of human rights abuses against Kurdish people.[130][131] The judgments are related to systematic executions of Kurdish civilians,[132] torturing,[325] forced displacements,[326] thousands of destroyed villages,[135][136][137] arbitrary arrests,[138] murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists, politicians and activists.[139] Turkey has been also condemned for killing Kurdish civilians and blaming the PKK in the ECHR.[132]According to the Los Angeles Times, 4,000 villages have been destroyed since the beginning of the uprising,[327] in which U.S. Government, who supports the PKK, accused the Turkish Military for the forced evacuation of between 380,000 and 1,000,000 Kurdish villagers from their homes [328] According to the Los Angeles Times some 5,000 Turkish Civillians and 35,000 Kurdish Civillians have been killed, 17,000 Kurdish Civillians have disappeared and 119,000 Kurdish Civillians have been imprisoned as a result of the conflict.[327] According to the Humanitarian Law Project, 2,400 Kurdish villages were destroyed and 18,000 Kurds were executed.[328][329] In total up to 3,000,000 people (mainly Kurds) have been displaced by the conflict,[330] an estimated 1,000,000 of which are still internally displaced as of 2009.[331] The Assyrian Minority was heavily affected as well, as now most (50–60 thousand/70,000) of its population is in refuge in Europe.Sebahat Tuncel, an elected MP from the BDP, put the PKK's casualties at 18,000 as of July 2011.[332]","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uppsala Conflict Data Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_Conflict_Data_Program"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCDP-208"},{"link_name":"General Directorate of Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"[333]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-336"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto7-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-68"}],"sub_title":"Before 2012 ceasefire","text":"The Uppsala Conflict Data Program recorded 25,825–30,639 casualties to date, 22,729–25,984 of which having died during the first insurgency, 368–467 during the cease-fire and 2,728–4,188 during the second insurgency. Casualties from 1989 to 2011, according to the UCDP are as following:[205]The conflict's casualties between 1984 and 2012 according to the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey, Turkish Gendarmerie, General Directorate of Security and since then until 2012 according to multiple analysis' of the data of the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey and Turkish Gendarmerie were as following:[333][66][67]","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crisis Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_Group"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crisisgroup#pre2015-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto10-61"},{"link_name":"[334]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto21-337"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto15-62"},{"link_name":"[335]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto11-338"},{"link_name":"[336]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-339"},{"link_name":"[337]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto8-340"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto14-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto6-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto19-66"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto13-69"},{"link_name":"[338]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto9-341"},{"link_name":"6–8 October 2014 Kurdish riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Kurdish_riots_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"siege of Kobani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kobani"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crisisgroup#pre2015-60"}],"sub_title":"Since 2013: from ceasefire to new confrontations","text":"The Belgium-based Crisis Group keeps track of casualties linked to the Kurdish–Turkish conflict.[59] The data about PKK casualties are limited to proper Turkey, and does not include casualties from preemptive operations in Syria or Iraq.[60][334][61][335][336][337][62][63][64][65][68][338]*: mainly due to the 6–8 October 2014 Kurdish riots where 42 civilians were killed by State Forces during anti-government protests by Kurdish groups throughout Turkey. The protesters denouncing Ankara position during Islamic State's siege of Kobani. This is the main incident out of the ceasefire period.[59]The ceasefire agreement broke down in July 2015, dividing 2015 in two sharply different periods.","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[339]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-342"},{"link_name":"[340]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-343"},{"link_name":"[341]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-344"},{"link_name":"[342]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-345"},{"link_name":"[343]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-346"},{"link_name":"[344]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-347"},{"link_name":"[345]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-348"},{"link_name":"[346]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-349"},{"link_name":"Afrin canton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrin_canton"},{"link_name":"YPG Manbij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahba_Canton"},{"link_name":"Rojava regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_the_Democratic_Federation_of_Northern_Syria"}],"sub_title":"External operations","text":"Turkey has led numerous airstrikes and ground operations in Syria, Iraq and Iran,[339][340][341][342][343][344][345][346] in order to attack groups Turkey classifies as PKK-related.*: Most of Turkey's Operation Euphrates Shield combats were between TSK & TFSA against IS on one side, and between YPG against IS on the other, while the Turkish forces and US-allied YPG avoided full scale clashed. Turkey strategic objective was to prevent Afrin canton from connecting with YPG Manbij and other Rojava regions. Accordingly, only a minor part of these operations casualties were from Turkey forces vs YPG forces.","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_villages_depopulated_by_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkification"},{"link_name":"Ziya Gökalp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziya_G%C3%B6kalp"},{"link_name":"[358]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joost-361"},{"link_name":"Young Turk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turks"},{"link_name":"[359]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-362"},{"link_name":"[359]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-362"},{"link_name":"Kurdish rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Kemalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemalism"},{"link_name":"Settlement Law was issued in 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Turkish_Resettlement_Law"},{"link_name":"[359]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-362"},{"link_name":"[358]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joost-361"},{"link_name":"[358]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joost-361"},{"link_name":"[358]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-joost-361"}],"text":"Further information: Kurdish villages depopulated by TurkeyThe Turkification of predominantly Kurdish areas in Turkey's East and South-East were also bound in the early ideas and policies of modern Turkish nationalism, going back to as early as 1918 to the manifesto of Turkish nationalist Ziya Gökalp \"Turkification, Islamization and Modernization\".[358] The evolving Young Turk conscience adopted a specific interpretation of progressism, a trend of thought which emphasizes the human ability to make, improve and reshape human society, relying on science, technology and experimentation.[359] This notion of social evolution was used to support and justify policies of population control.[359] The Kurdish rebellions provided a comfortable pretext for Turkish Kemalists to implement such ideas, and in a Settlement Law was issued in 1934. It created a complex pattern of interaction between state of society, in which the regime favored its people in a distant geography, populated by locals marked as hostile.[359]During the 1990s, a predominantly Kurdish-dominated Eastern and South-Eastern Turkey (Kurdistan) was depopulated due to the Kurdish–Turkish conflict.[358] Turkey depopulated and destroyed rural settlements on a large scale, resulting in massive resettlement of a rural Kurdish population in urban areas and leading to development and re-design of population settlement schemes across the countryside.[358] According to Dr. Joost Jongerden, Turkish settlement and re-settlement policies during the 1990s period were influenced by two different forces – the desire to expand administration to rural areas and an alternative view of urbanization, allegedly producing \"Turkishness\".[358]","title":"Demographic effect"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"abuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuses"},{"link_name":"Eric Rouleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Rouleau"},{"link_name":"[360]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rouleau-363"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Turkey)"}],"text":"Both Turkey and the PKK have committed numerous human rights abuses during the conflict.\nFormer French ambassador to Turkey Eric Rouleau states:[360]According to the Ministry of Justice, in addition to the 35,000 people killed in military campaigns, 17,500 were assassinated between 1984, when the conflict began, and 1998. An additional 1,000 people were reportedly assassinated in the first nine months of 1999. According to the Turkish press, the authors of these crimes, none of whom have been arrested, belong to groups of mercenaries working either directly or indirectly for the security agencies.","title":"Human rights abuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_of_Kurdish_people_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETCHR1-132"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnnualETCHR-133"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hum1-134"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hum1-134"},{"link_name":"[325]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tort1-328"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-135"},{"link_name":"[361]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ford1-364"},{"link_name":"[362]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vilg2-365"},{"link_name":"[363]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-366"},{"link_name":"[364]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kjour1-367"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hum1-134"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidp1-168"},{"link_name":"[365]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-belge-368"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hakkari,_Y%C3%BCksekova._After_military_operation_8.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hakkari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Hakkari_Assault"}],"sub_title":"Abuses by the Turkish side","text":"Further information: Human rights of Kurdish people in TurkeySince the 1970s, the European Court of Human Rights has condemned Turkey for thousands of human rights abuses against Kurdish people.[130][131] The judgments are related to systematic executions of Kurdish civilians,[132] forced recruitments,[132] torturing,[325][133] forced displacements,[361] thousands of destroyed villages,[362] arbitrary arrests,[363] murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists.[364] The latest judgments are from 2014.[132] According to David L. Philips, more than 1,500 people affiliated with the Kurdish opposition parties and organizations were murdered by unidentified assailants between 1986 and 1996. The government-backed mercenaries assassinated hundreds of suspected PKK sympathizers.[165] The Turkish government is held responsible by Turkish human rights organizations for at least 3,438 civilian deaths in the conflict between 1987 and 2000.[365]Hakkari, 2016","title":"Human rights abuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[366]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-369"},{"link_name":"Turkish special forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Forces_(Turkish_Armed_Forces)"},{"link_name":"[367]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-370"},{"link_name":"[368]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-371"},{"link_name":"Turkish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Lice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lice,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[369]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-licebook-372"},{"link_name":"Turkish military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_military"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hum1-134"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hum1-134"},{"link_name":"Kuşkonar massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%9Fkonar_massacre"},{"link_name":"[370]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-373"},{"link_name":"The European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_people"},{"link_name":"PKK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"[371]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-374"},{"link_name":"[372]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-375"},{"link_name":"[373]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-refworld1hrw-376"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cizre_%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmalar%C4%B1,_2_Mart_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cizre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cizre"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"[374]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-377"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"collective punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_punishment"},{"link_name":"[375]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-378"},{"link_name":"[376]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-379"},{"link_name":"[377]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-380"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"[378]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwdalema-381"},{"link_name":"[379]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwdevelopments-382"},{"link_name":"[380]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiegel-383"},{"link_name":"[381]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-384"},{"link_name":"mass migrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_migration"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcdowall-107"},{"link_name":"Cizre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cizre"},{"link_name":"[382]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phillips-385"}],"sub_title":"Abuses by the Turkish side - Massacres","text":"In November 1992, the Turkish gendarmerie officers forced the leader of the Kelekçi village to evacuate all of the inhabitants, before shooting at them and their houses with heavy weapons. The soldiers set up fire to nine houses and forced all villagers to flee. Later soldiers burned the rest of the village and destroyed all 136 houses.[366]In 1993, Mehmet Ogut, his pregnant wife and all their seven children were burned to death by Turkish special forces soldiers. The Turkish authorities initially blamed the PKK and refused to investigate the case until it was opened again 17 years later. The investigations eventually came to an end in late 2014 with sentences of life imprisonment for three gendarme officers, a member of the special forces and nine soldiers.[367]In August 1993, Turkish security forces opened fire during the protest, killing 10 people and wounding 51.[368]On 8 September 1993, the Turkish Air Force dropped a bomb near the Munzur mountains, killing 2 women. In the same year, Turkish security forces attacked the town of Lice, destroying 401 houses, 242 shops and massacring more than thirty civilians, and leaving one hundred wounded.[369]On 26 March 1994 the Turkish military planes (F-16's) and a helicopter circled two villages and bombed them, killing 38 Kurdish civilians.[132] The Turkish authorities blamed the PKK and took pictures of the dead children and spread in the press. The European Court of Human rights condemned Turkey to pay 2,3 million euros to the families of victims.[132] The event is known as the Kuşkonar massacre.In 1995, a fifty-two year old woman claimed that Turkish soldiers killed her husband and her husbands brother and took pictures of their corpses with weapons. She said that the two killed people were laughed upon as PKK members.[370]In 1995, The European newspaper published in its front-page pictures of Turkish soldiers who posed for camera with the severed heads of the Kurdish PKK fighters. Kurdish fighters were beheaded by Turkish special forces soldiers.[371][372]In late March 2006, the Turkish security forces who tried to prevent the funerals of the PKK fighters clashed with the demonstrators, killing at least eight Kurdish protesters, including four children under the age of 10.[373]Cizre, 2016In August 2015, Amnesty International reported that the Turkish government airstrikes killed eight residents and injured at least eight others – including a child – in a flagrantly unlawful attack on the village of Zergele, in the Kandil Mountains in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.[374]On 21 January 2016, a report published by Amnesty International stated that more than 150 civilians had been killed in Cizre. According to Amnesty International, the curfews had been imposed in more than 19 different towns and districts, putting the lives of hundreds of thousands of people at risk. Additionally, the report stated that the government's disproportionate restrictions on movement and other arbitrary measures were resembling collective punishment, a war crime under the 1949 Geneva Conventions.[375][376]In 2019, Turkish soldiers killed 11 Kurdish civilians, 8 of them children in artillery attack.[377]Human Rights Watch notes in 1992 that:As Human Rights Watch has often reported and condemned, Turkish government forces have, during the conflict with the PKK, also committed serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, including torture, extrajudicial killings, and indiscriminate fire. We continue to demand that the Turkish government investigate and hold accountable those members of its security forces responsible for these violations. Nonetheless, under international law, the government abuses cannot under any circumstances be seen to justify or excuse those committed by Ocalan's PKK.[378]\nThe Kurdish Workers Party (PKK), a separatist group that espouses the use of violence for political ends, continues to wage guerrilla warfare in the southeast, frequently in violation of international humanitarian law, or the laws of war. Instead of attempting to capture, question and indict people suspected of illegal activity, Turkish security forces killed suspects in house raids, thus acting as investigator, judge, jury and executioner. Police routinely asserted that such deaths occurred in shoot-outs between police and \"terrorists\". In many cases, eyewitnesses reported that no firing came from the attacked house or apartment. Reliable reports indicated that while the occupants of raided premises were shot and killed, no police were killed or wounded during the raids. This discrepancy suggests that the killings were summary, extrajudicial executions, in violation of international human rights and humanitarian law.[379]Turkish–Kurdish human rights activists in Germany accused Turkey of using chemical weapons against PKK. Hans Baumann, a German expert on photo forgeries, investigated the authenticity of the photos and claimed that the photos were authentic. A forensics report released by the Hamburg University Hospital has backed the allegations. Claudia Roth from Germany's Green Party demanded an explanation from the Turkish government.[380] The Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman Selçuk Ünal commented on the issue. He said that he did not need to emphasize that the accusations were groundless. He added that Turkey signed to the Chemical Weapons Convention in 1997, and Turkey did not possess chemical weapons.[381]In response to the activities of the PKK, the Turkish government placed Southeastern Anatolia, where citizens of Kurdish descent are in the majority, under military rule. The Turkish Army and the Kurdish village guards loyal to it have abused Kurdish civilians, resulting in mass migrations to cities.[106] The Government claimed that the displacement policy aimed to remove the shelter and support of the local population and consequently, the population of cities such as Diyarbakır and Cizre more than doubled.[382] However, martial law and military rule was lifted in the last provinces in 2002.","title":"Human rights abuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_turkey"},{"link_name":"assimilationist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilationist"},{"link_name":"repressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_repression"},{"link_name":"Kurdish people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_people"},{"link_name":"[383]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-386"},{"link_name":"terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_terrorism"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-civtar1-172"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"[384]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwrep1993-387"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Workers Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"[385]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-388"},{"link_name":"[384]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwrep1993-387"},{"link_name":"[384]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwrep1993-387"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Association (İHD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Association_(Turkey)"},{"link_name":"Bitlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitlis"},{"link_name":"[386]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-389"},{"link_name":"[387]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-390"},{"link_name":"[388]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-391"},{"link_name":"Turkish membership of the EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"[389]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-housegov-392"}],"sub_title":"Abuses by the Turkish side - State terrorism","text":"Since its foundation, the Republic of Turkey has pursued variously assimilationist and repressive policies towards the Kurdish people.[383] At the beginning of the conflict, the PKK's relationship with its civilian supporters created incentives for the Turkish government to use terrorism against the Kurdish citizens in the Kurdish dominated southeast region of Turkey.[169] Since the early 1980s, the authorities have systematically used arbitrary arrests, executions of suspects, excessive force, and torture to suppress the opponents. In 1993, the report published by Human Rights Watch stated:[384]Kurds in Turkey have been killed, tortured and disappeared at an appalling rate since the coalition government of Prime Minister Suleyman Demirel took office in November 1991. In addition, many of their cities have been brutally attacked by security forces, hundreds of their villages have been forcibly evacuated, their ethnic identity continues to be attacked, their rights to free expression denied and their political freedom placed in jeopardy.According to Human Rights Watch, the authorities even executed the Kurdish civilians and took the pictures of their corpses with the weapons, they carried for staging the events, in order to show them as Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) \"terrorists\" to press. In 1995, another report published by Human Rights Watch stated:[385]Based on B.G.'s statement and substantial additional evidence, Human Rights Watch believes that the official government casualty estimates severely misrepresent the true number of civilians slain by government forces. It is likely that many of the persons referred to in the official estimates as \"PKK casualties\" were in fact civilians shot by mistake or deliberately killed by security forces. Witness testimony also demonstrates that many of the Turkish government's denials of wrong-doing by the Turkish security forces are fabrications manufactured by soldiers or officials somewhere along the government's chain of command.Shooting and killing peaceful demonstrators was one of the methods the security forces used to spread fear. In 1992, the security forces killed more than 103 demonstrators, 93 of them during the celebration of Newroz in three Kurdish cities. No security force member was ever charged with any of the deaths.[384]In the early 1990s, hundreds of people had disappeared after they had been taken into custody by security forces. Only in 1992, more than 450 people had been reportedly killed. Among those killed were journalists, teachers, doctors, human rights activists and political leaders. The security forces usually denied to have detained the victims but sometimes they claimed that they had released the victims after \"holding them briefly\".[384] According to the Human Rights Association (İHD), there have been 940 cases of enforced disappearance since the 1990s. In addition to that, more than 3,248 people who were murdered in extrajudicial killings are believed to have been buried in 253 separate burial places. On 6 January 2011, the bodies of 12 people were found in a mass grave near an old police station in Mutki, Bitlis. A few months later, three other mass graves were reportedly found in the garden of Çemişgezek police station.[386][387][388]In 2006, the former ambassador Rouleau stated that the continuing human rights abuses of ethnic Kurds is one of the main obstacles to Turkish membership of the EU.[389]","title":"Human rights abuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[390]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrw-disappearances-393"},{"link_name":"[391]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmnestyChapter2-394"},{"link_name":"[392]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRW-disappearances2-395"},{"link_name":"[393]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scf-disappearances-396"}],"sub_title":"Abuses by the Turkish side - Illegal abductions and enforced disappearances","text":"During the 1990s and onward Turkish security services have detained Kurds, in some cases they were never seen again with only eyewitnesses coming forward to tell the story.[390] In 1997, Amnesty International (AI) reported that disappearances and extrajudicial executions had emerged as new and disturbing patterns of human rights violations by the Turkish state.[391][392]The Stockholm Center for Freedom (SCF) documented eleven cases since 2016 in which people have been abducted by men identifying themselves as police officers. It appears to be mostly in the Turkish capital of Ankara as victims are forced into transit vans. Family members were unable to find out their locations from the state, indicating that they were detained secretly or by clandestine groups. In a case where one was finally located after 42 days missing, he was tortured for days, forced to sign a confession and handed over to police.[393]","title":"Human rights abuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"[384]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwrep1993-387"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[394]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gg-397"},{"link_name":"Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"public humiliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_humiliation"},{"link_name":"Turkish authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_army"},{"link_name":"[395]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-un122017-398"}],"sub_title":"Abuses by the Turkish side - Torture","text":"In August 1992, Human Rights Watch reported the vile practice of torture by security forces in Turkey. The victims of torture interviewed by Helsinki Watch had revealed the systematic practice of torture against detainees in police custody. Sixteen people had died in suspicious circumstances in police custody, ten of them Kurds in the Southeast.[384]In 2013, The Guardian reported that the rape and torture of Kurdish prisoners in Turkey are disturbingly commonplace. According to the report, published by Amnesty International in 2003, Hamdiye Aslan, a prisoner accused of supporting the Kurdish group, the PKK, had been detained in Mardin Prison, south-east Turkey, for almost three months in which she was reportedly blindfolded, anally raped with a truncheon, threatened and mocked by officers.[394]In February 2017, a report published by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights stated the Turkish authorities had beaten and punched detainees, using sexual violence, including rape and threat of rape. In some cases, the detainees were photographed nude and threatened with public humiliation after being tortured by Turkish authorities.[395]","title":"Human rights abuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yeni Ülke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_%C3%9Clke"},{"link_name":"[396]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-399"},{"link_name":"Özgür Gündem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_G%C3%BCndem"},{"link_name":"Musa Anter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Anter"},{"link_name":"Gendarmerie Intelligence Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie_Intelligence_Organization"},{"link_name":"[384]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwrep1993-387"},{"link_name":"[397]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-400"},{"link_name":"Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[395]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-un122017-398"},{"link_name":"Hevrin Khalaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hevrin_Khalaf"},{"link_name":"[398]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-401"}],"sub_title":"Abuses by the Turkish side - Executions","text":"On 24 February 1992, Cengiz Altun, the Batman correspondent for the weekly pro-Kurdish newspaper, Yeni Ülke, was killed.[396] More than 33 Kurdish journalists working for different newspapers were killed between 1990 and 1995. The killings of Kurdish journalists had started after the pro-Kurdish press had started to publish the first daily newspaper by the name of \"Özgür Gündem\" (Free Agenda). Musa Anter, a prominent Kurdish intellectual and journalist of Özgur Gundem, was assassinated by members of Gendarmerie Intelligence Organization in 1992.In 1992, Turkish security forces executed seventy-four people in house raids and more than a hundred people in demonstrations.[384]In October 2016, amateur footage emerged showing Turkish soldiers executing two female PKK members they had captured alive.[397]In February 2017, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights published a report condemning the Turkish government for carrying out systematic executions, displacing civilians, and raping and torturing detainees in Southeastern Turkey.[395]In October 2019, nine people were executed, including Hevrin Khalaf, a 35-year-old Kurdish woman who was secretary-general of the Future Syria Party and who worked for interfaith unity.[398]","title":"Human rights abuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Susurluk scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susurluk_scandal"},{"link_name":"Tansu Çiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller"},{"link_name":"Turkish mafia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_mafia"},{"link_name":"[399]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-402"},{"link_name":"[400]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-403"},{"link_name":"[401]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-404"},{"link_name":"[402]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-405"},{"link_name":"Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_National_Army"},{"link_name":"cannabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis"},{"link_name":"Afrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrin_Region"},{"link_name":"Operation Euphrates Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield"},{"link_name":"[403]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-406"}],"sub_title":"Abuses by the Turkish side - Drug trafficking","text":"The Turkish state has similarly involved itself with drug trafficking through the conflict. During the Susurluk scandal in the mid-1990s, it was revealed the government of Tansu Çiller had employed contract killers from the Grey Wolves and Turkish mafia to assassinate between 2,500 and 5,000 members of and businessmen accused of supporting the PKK.[399][400] Later on, state officials used the organizations to collect profits from the heroin trade, an industry larger than the state budget at the time.[401][402] In 2021, the Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army was reported to be planting cannabis in the countryside of Afrin, an area captured from Kurdish forces during Operation Euphrates Shield.[403]","title":"Human rights abuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1_(7),_Eyl%C3%BCl_2015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"terrorist tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism"},{"link_name":"kidnapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping"},{"link_name":"massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre"},{"link_name":"summary executions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summary_execution"},{"link_name":"suicide bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_bomber"},{"link_name":"child soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_soldier"},{"link_name":"drug trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_traffic"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-145"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwf.eu-146"},{"link_name":"[404]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-407"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidp1-168"},{"link_name":"[405]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-408"},{"link_name":"[365]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-belge-368"},{"link_name":"[406]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-409"},{"link_name":"[407]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-(M._Aliza,_2007)-410"},{"link_name":"[408]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-satana-411"},{"link_name":"HRW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"executions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executions"},{"link_name":"[409]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-412"},{"link_name":"[408]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-satana-411"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Öcalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidp1-168"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Öcalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan"},{"link_name":"[410]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanton-413"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"[411]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AmnestyChapter3-414"},{"link_name":"Güçlükonak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BC%C3%A7l%C3%BCkonak"},{"link_name":"village guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_guard"},{"link_name":"[412]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amntr-415"},{"link_name":"[413]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dhab-416"},{"link_name":"suicide attacks in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suicide_attacks_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidp1-168"},{"link_name":"[414]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-417"}],"sub_title":"Abuses by the Kurdish side","text":"A primary school arsoned by PKK militias on 6 January 2016The Kurdistan Workers' Party has faced international condemnation for using terrorist tactics, which include kidnapping, civilian massacres, summary executions, suicide bombers, and child soldiers, and for its involvement in drug trafficking.[143][144][404] The organization has targeted civilians, doctors, teachers, schools, hospitals, and other government institutions on a mass scale since the 1984, and is responsible for thousands of civilian deaths.[165][405] The number of total civilian deaths perpetrated by the PKK between 1989 and 1999 was determined as 1,205 by the independent Uppsala One-Sided Violence Dataset.[365][406][407][408] In 1999, a report published by HRW, stated that the PKK was believed to have been responsible for more than 768 executions only between 1992 and 1995. The organization had also reportedly committed 25 massacres between 1992 and 1995, killing 360 innocent people, including 39 women and 76 children.[409] According to Nil Satana, the author of the Kurdish Issue in June 2011 Elections, PKK attacks on civilians persisted until the organization realized that these were damaging their international prestige.[408]In the early 1980s, Abdullah Öcalan, the organization's leader, demanded the civilians to choose between loyalty to the government and support for the PKK, which reportedly led to a campaign against civilians, doctors, nurses, Kurdish elites, government institutions, schools and even hospitals.[citation needed] Additionally, hundreds of schools were burned and only between 1984 and 1987, more than 217 teachers were murdered.[citation needed] The PKK saw schools as \"emblems of Turkish imperialism\" that belonged to the \"colonial assimilation system\" and a justification for the killing of teachers was that they taught Turkish to Kurdish children.[165][page needed]In the early 1990s, the organization allegedly began to bomb civilian targets and commit massacres against innocent civilians after the government refused to negotiate. According to Jessica Stanton, an associate professor in the global policy area, the shift in PKK tactics was a direct response to government behavior. Abdullah Öcalan, the organization's leader, has been claimed to have stated publicly:If attacks on military and police targets could not force the government to negotiate, then perhaps attacks on civilian targets would.[410]According to Amnesty International reports in 1997, the PKK has tortured and killed Kurdish peasants and its own members that were against them in the 1980s. Dozens of Kurdish civilians have been abducted and killed because they were suspected of being collaborators or informers.[411] According to a 1996 report by Amnesty International, \"in January 1996 the [Turkish] government announced that the PKK had massacred 11 men near the remote village of Güçlükonak. Seven of the victims were members of the local village guard forces\".[412][413] The organization's 'suicide guerrilla teams', mainly made up of women, were responsible for 21 suicide attacks in Turkey between 1995 and 1999.[165] The same number was 11 between 2 August 2015 and 25 August 2016.[414]","title":"Human rights abuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Şırnak Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_Province"},{"link_name":"[415]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-418"},{"link_name":"[416]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-419"},{"link_name":"[417]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-420"},{"link_name":"a massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%B1narc%C4%B1k_massacre"},{"link_name":"Mardin Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[418]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-421"},{"link_name":"[419]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-422"},{"link_name":"Siirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siirt"},{"link_name":"[420]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-423"},{"link_name":"[421]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-424"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_Ankara_bombing_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"February 2016 Ankara bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2016_Ankara_bombing"},{"link_name":"[422]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-425"},{"link_name":"[409]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-412"},{"link_name":"Tatvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatvan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Batman Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman_Province"},{"link_name":"Bitlis Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitlis_Province"},{"link_name":"[423]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-426"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"[423]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-426"},{"link_name":"Bingöl Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l_Province"},{"link_name":"[423]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-426"},{"link_name":"Cevizdalı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cevizdal%C4%B1,_Bitlis"},{"link_name":"Bitlis Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitlis_Province"},{"link_name":"[423]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-426"},{"link_name":"massacred 33 unarmed recruits and 5 civilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ewlik_massacre"},{"link_name":"Elazığ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F"},{"link_name":"Bingöl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l"},{"link_name":"[424]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-427"},{"link_name":"[425]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-428"},{"link_name":"[426]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-429"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Bitlis Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitlis_Province"},{"link_name":"[427]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-430"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"Massimo D'Alema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_D%27Alema"},{"link_name":"[428]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-431"},{"link_name":"[428]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-431"},{"link_name":"[428]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-431"},{"link_name":"[379]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwdevelopments-382"},{"link_name":"Savur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savur"},{"link_name":"Mardin Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin_Province"},{"link_name":"[429]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-432"},{"link_name":"[430]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-433"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Güçlükonak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BC%C3%A7l%C3%BCkonak"},{"link_name":"village guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_guard"},{"link_name":"[412]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amntr-415"},{"link_name":"[413]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dhab-416"},{"link_name":"a suicide bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Tunceli_bombing"},{"link_name":"Tunceli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunceli"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivas"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"molotov cocktails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov_cocktail"},{"link_name":"department store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_store"},{"link_name":"Göztepe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ztepe,_Kad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[431]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ind-434"},{"link_name":"a suicide attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Ankara_bombing"},{"link_name":"Ulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulus,_Ankara"},{"link_name":"Altındağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt%C4%B1nda%C4%9F"},{"link_name":"[432]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-435"},{"link_name":"[433]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-436"},{"link_name":"[434]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-437"},{"link_name":"[435]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-438"},{"link_name":"a bomb attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Ankara_bombing"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"[436]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-439"},{"link_name":"Güroymak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCroymak"},{"link_name":"[437]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-440"},{"link_name":"a car bomb perpetrated by TAK detonated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2016_Ankara_bombing"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"a suicide attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2016_Ankara_bombing"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"[438]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-441"},{"link_name":"blew herself up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Bursa_bombing"},{"link_name":"Bursa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa"},{"link_name":"[439]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442"},{"link_name":"a bombing in Diyarbakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2016_Diyarbak%C4%B1r_bombing"},{"link_name":"[440]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:04-443"},{"link_name":"a truck bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_2016_D%C3%BCr%C3%BCml%C3%BC_bombing"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbakir"},{"link_name":"Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur,_Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"People's Defence Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Defence_Forces"},{"link_name":"[441]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-444"},{"link_name":"[442]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:05-445"},{"link_name":"[443]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-446"},{"link_name":"a bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2016_Istanbul_bombing"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[444]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sabah-447"},{"link_name":"[445]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t24-448"},{"link_name":"car bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_bomb"},{"link_name":"Bayraklı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayrakl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"İzmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zmir"},{"link_name":"[446]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News-449"},{"link_name":"a suicide bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_%C4%B0skenderun_bombing"},{"link_name":"[447]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-450"},{"link_name":"[448]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-451"},{"link_name":"[449]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-452"},{"link_name":"[450]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-453"}],"sub_title":"Abuses by the Kurdish side - Massacres","text":"On 23 January 1987, PKK militias committed a massacre in Ortabağ, Şırnak Province killing 8 civilians including 4 women and 2 children.[415][416][417]On 20 June 1987, the organization committed a massacre in the village of Pınarcık in the Mardin Province of Turkey, killing more than 30 people, mainly women and children.[418][419]On 18 August 1987, PKK fighters massacred 14 children, including one three-day-old and one six-day-old baby, and 11 adults in Kılıçkaya village, Siirt.[420]On 10 June 1990, a group of guerrillas raided on Çevrimli village in Şırnak's Güçlükonak district, killing more than 27 people, most of them women and children. The event is known as Çevrimli massacre.[421]On 21 March 1990, PKK members blocked a road where they killed 9 engineers and a worker.[citation needed]On 15 July 1991, PKK guerrillas burned nine villagers to death in their houses in the villages of Pazarcık and Çağlayancerit districts.[citation needed]February 2016 Ankara bombing which killed 30 people and injured 60 othersOn 25 December 1991, PKK attacked a store in the Bakırköy district with Molotov cocktails, resulting in 11 deaths, including 7 women and 1 child.[422]Between 1992 and 1995 the organisation has committed 25 massacres killing 360 innocent people, including 39 women and 76 children.[409]On 11 June 1992, the guerrillas executed more than 13 people from a bus they stopped in Tatvan.[citation needed]On 22 June 1992, a group of PKK members killed fourteen villagers, nine of them children, and wounded eight others in raids on the houses of village guards in the village of Seki in Batman Province and in Guroymak in Bitlis Province.[423]On 26 June 1992, 30 PKK militants raided a mosque in Diyarbakır and killed 10 worshippers.[423]In late June 1992, PKK militants killed five people, including a member of the village guard, in an attack on Elmasirti village in Bingöl Province.[423]In late September 1992, PKK militants massacred 29 civilians including many women and children in Cevizdalı village of Bitlis Province.[423]On 24 May 1993, a group of 150 PKK militants massacred 33 unarmed recruits and 5 civilians on the Elazığ-Bingöl highway.[424][425]On 21 October 1993, a group of PKK members killed 22 people, including 13 children in the yard of the school in Siirt. The incident is called Derince massacre.[426][page needed]On 25 October 1993, 4 teachers and a 2-year-old girl were murdered by PKK militants in Yolalan, Bitlis Province.[427]In 1998, Human Rights Watch stated in a letter to the Italian Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema that in response of Turkeys declaration of an all-out war, the PKK adapted its tactics in the following way:[428]All economic, political, military, security institutions, formations and nationalist organizations—and those who serve in them—have become targets.[428] PKK has attacked Turkish authorities outside of Kurdish areas.\nThe PKK is against Turkish political parties, cultural and educational institutions, legislative and representative bodies, and \"all local collaborators and agents working for the Republic of Turkey\".[428]\nMany who died were unarmed civilians, caught in the middle between the PKK and security forces, targeted for attacks by both sides.[379]On 21 January 1994, PKK militants massacred 21 people including 11 children in Savur, Mardin Province and claimed responsibility for the attack.[429]On 1 January 1995, PKK guerrillas carried out a massacre in the Hamzali neighborhood of Kulp in Diyarbakir, killing 1 village guard and more than 20 civilians, mainly women and children. The memorial has been created for the victims in the neighborhood.[430]In September 1995, the PKK members raided on a mine in the Seldiren village, executing nine miners and wounding two. According to the authorities, the PKK members had threatened the miners to bring food before executing them for unknown reasons. The organization later claimed the attack in Serxwebun publication by claiming the killed miners were soldiers and 'fascists'.[citation needed]According to a 1996 report by Amnesty International, \"in January 1996 the [Turkish] government announced that the PKK had massacred 11 men near the remote village of Güçlükonak. Seven of the victims were members of the local village guard forces\".[412][413]On 30 June 1996, a suicide bombing targeting a group of 60 unarmed military personnel perpetrated by PKK occurred in Tunceli, killing 8 people and injuring 29 others.On 25 October 1996, a suicide bombing was carried out when a PKK member detonated the explosives she had with her in front of Adana Riot Control Police Directorate, killing 5 people including a civilian and injuring 18 others.[citation needed]On 29 October 1996, a suicide bombing occurred in Sivas and killed 6 people including a civilian while injuring 10 others.[citation needed]On 13 March 1999, 3 PKK militants poured petroleum and threw molotov cocktails at a small sized local department store in Göztepe, Istanbul, 13 civilians, mostly women and employees of the store, were killed and 5 were injured.[431]On 22 May 2007, a PKK member Güven Akkuş carried out a suicide attack in Ulus, Altındağ killing 9 people and injuring more than 121 others, all civilians.[432][433][434]On 22 June 2010, the TAK claimed responsibility for a bombing on a bus carrying soldiers and civilians killing 5.[435]On 20 September 2011, 3 people died and 34 people were injured in a bomb attack in Ankara which was claimed by TAK.[436]On 18 October 2011, a bomb planted by PKK militants exploded in Güroymak, killing five policemen and three civilians, including a child.[437]On 17 February 2016, a car bomb perpetrated by TAK detonated in Ankara, killing 15 civilians and 14 soldiers while injuring 60 others.[citation needed]On 13 March 2016, a member of the TAK carried out a suicide attack in Ankara, killing more than 37 civilians.[438]On 27 April 2016, Eser Cali, a female member of the TAK, blew herself up near an Ottoman-era mosque in the Turkish city of Bursa, wounding 13 people. Two days later, the Kurdish militant group TAK claimed the responsibility.[439]On 10 May 2016, 3 people were killed and 33 civilians and 12 police officers were injured in a bombing in Diyarbakır perpetrated by PKK members who targeted an armored police vehicle.[440]On 12 May 2016, a truck bombing took place in Dürümlü hamlet in Diyarbakir's Sur district. killing 16 people and injuring 23 others, all civilians. The People's Defence Forces (HPG), claimed that the truck was driven by members of the HPG, but that the explosives should have detonated elsewhere and the truck only detonated as villagers opened fire on the truck.[441][442][443]On 7 June 2016, a bombing targeting security officers perperated by TAK occurred in central Istanbul, killing 12 people including 6 security officers and 6 civilians and injuring 51 others,[444] three of them seriously.[445]On 5 January 2017, PKK members detonated a car bomb outside a courthouse in Bayraklı, İzmir killing 1 civilian and 1 police officer while injuring 7 others including 3 civilians.[446]On 26 October 2020, a suicide bombing in İskenderun injured 2 civilians.[447][448][449][450]","title":"Human rights abuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[451]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-454"},{"link_name":"[452]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gender-455"},{"link_name":"[453]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-456"},{"link_name":"[454]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-457"},{"link_name":"Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"Austrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrians"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"Karliova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%C4%B1ova"},{"link_name":"Bingöl Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l_Province"},{"link_name":"[423]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-426"},{"link_name":"Federation of American Scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists"},{"link_name":"[455]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-458"},{"link_name":"a group of Kurdish families staged a sit-in in front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_of_Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"hunger strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_strike"},{"link_name":"[456]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-459"},{"link_name":"[457]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-460"},{"link_name":"Iğdır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"Bingöl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l"},{"link_name":"[458]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-461"},{"link_name":"State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Department"},{"link_name":"terrorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism"},{"link_name":"[459]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-462"},{"link_name":"Murat Karayılan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murat_Karay%C4%B1lan"},{"link_name":"Cemil Bayik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemil_Bayik"},{"link_name":"Duran Kalkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duran_Kalkan"},{"link_name":"Rewards for Justice Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewards_for_Justice_Program"},{"link_name":"[460]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-463"}],"sub_title":"Abuses by the Kurdish side - Kidnappings","text":"In its early stages, some PKK members and groups systematically recruited children, men and women by kidnapping them.[citation needed] This forced families whose children were already a member of the organization to cooperate and thus turning them into accomplices, which increased the number of women joining the group, according to the publication, published by the Jamestown Foundation. The systematic kidnapping of men, women and even children was at its peak between the late 1980s and early 1990s, when the PKK decided to force every family to send someone to serve their armed wings after the third Congress. Many members who had been kidnapped were described as heroes in Serxwebun, the PKK's monthly magazine, after they were killed in the clashes.[citation needed] Some victims like Esengul Akgul, a child soldier who had been allegedly kidnapped when she was only ten years old in 1990, were described as model 'revolutionary fighters' when they died.[451][452][453][454]In early September 1992, PKK militants kidnapped five tourists, including three Americans, two Austrians and a British, near the town of Karliova, Bingöl Province, and detained them briefly.[423]A report published by Federation of American Scientists stated that the PKK's policy of forced recruitment by kidnapping has dramatically increased since the 1994. The organization has used the policy to offset its heavy losses since the early days of the conflict.[455]In 2014, a group of Kurdish families staged a sit-in in front of the town hall in the southeastern Turkish province of Diyarbakır to protest the forced recruitment of their children by PKK. After two weeks of protesting, the families started hunger strike to demand the return of their kidnapped children.[456][457]On 28 May 2012, a group of militants kidnapped 10 workers working on a road construction project in Iğdır. A month later, another group of militants blocked the road between Diyarbakır and Bingöl, and kidnapped a British tourist. All of them were released later.[458]TerrorismIn 1997, the State Department listed the PKK as a foreign terrorist organization for their continuous use of violence during the 1990s.[459] On 6 November 2018, the State Department listed the PKK's three top executives, Murat Karayılan, Cemil Bayik and Duran Kalkan, in its Rewards for Justice Program which is developed by the U.S. Department of State for counter-terrorism. The program lists the names and information of the most wanted US designated terrorists in the world.[460]","title":"Human rights abuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abdullah Öcalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan"},{"link_name":"Mahsum Korkmaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahsum_Korkmaz"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davidp1-168"},{"link_name":"EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"[461]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-464"},{"link_name":"Bekaa Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekaa_valley"},{"link_name":"Deryan Aktert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Deryan_Aktert"},{"link_name":"Doğubayazıt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fubayaz%C4%B1t"},{"link_name":"Özalp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zalp,_Van"},{"link_name":"Lice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lice,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ergani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergani"},{"link_name":"[462]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-465"},{"link_name":"Çukurca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ukurca"},{"link_name":"Serxwebûn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serxweb%C3%BBn"},{"link_name":"[463]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-466"},{"link_name":"[464]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-467"},{"link_name":"[465]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-468"},{"link_name":"Lice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lice,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[464]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-467"},{"link_name":"[466]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-469"},{"link_name":"[467]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:06-470"},{"link_name":"[467]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:06-470"},{"link_name":"[409]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-412"},{"link_name":"[468]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turkishweekly2-471"},{"link_name":"[469]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-472"},{"link_name":"[470]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-473"},{"link_name":"Duhok Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dohuk_Governorate"},{"link_name":"[471]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-474"},{"link_name":"24 June elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Turkish_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[472]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-475"},{"link_name":"[473]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-476"}],"sub_title":"Abuses by the Kurdish side - Executions","text":"Abdullah Öcalan, the leader of the organization, who captured power by brutally suppressing dissent and purging opponents after the PKK's third Congress, consolidated absolute power through a campaign of torture and executions he started against the closest cadres in 1980. Only in 1986, the PKK executed more than sixty of its members, including Mahsum Korkmaz, who is believed to have been murdered during the clashes on 28 March 1986.[165] The organization also targeted the defectors and assassinated at least eight of them in the EU. Hüseyin Yıldırım, a lawyer and the PKK's former spokesman in Brussels, who broke with Öcalan and left the organization in 1987 stated:[461]The PKK executed many of its members. The revolutionaries I knew, whom I trusted, were shot. Many people, regardless of whether they were women or children, were killed in the country. Öcalan wanted to be accepted through violence. Many people were killed in Bekaa Valley (old training camps). If you dig, you will find corpses.Many governors and other politicians of AK Party in Kurdish inhabited cities were threatened with death and forced to resign by the PKK, while many politicians who refused to resign were executed and assassinated. Only between August 2016 and October 2016, 6 AK Party politicians were murdered by the organization such as Deryan Aktert. In September 2016, AK Party governors of Doğubayazıt, Özalp and Lice resigned because of the death threats while 3 other AK Party politicians in Ergani resigned in the first week of October 2016.[462]In March 1984, 4 people from the same family were executed in Çukurca. Serxwebûn accused them of being informers.[463]On 15 May 1987, İsa Karaaslan, a father of 3 children and a teacher was accused of being a spy for the Turkish Intelligence and was executed.[464][465]On 21 August 1987, in Yolçatı village of Lice, teacher Asim Özmen[464] and imam Mehmet Bayram were taken from their houses and executed. Serxwebûn accused both of them of being spies.[466]On 17 July 1987, 5 people were executed by PKK in Şırnak Province. Serxwebûn, a publication of the PKK announced the executions and stated that executed people were all \"traitors\".[467]On 31 July 1987, Serxwebûn announced that PKK executed Hıdır Kılıçaslan in Kuyubaşı hamlet of Akören village in Hozat and accused him of being an \"ungrained traitor\".[467]Between 1992 and 1995, PKK carried out 768 extrajudicial executions, mostly of civil servants and teachers, political opponents, off-duty police officers and soldiers, and those deemed by the PKK to be \"state supporters\".[409]On 12 February 2006, PKK's former representative of Europe, Kani Yılmaz was assassinated by PKK via a bomb that was put into his car. Yılmaz was burned to death in the car with a former PKK militant Sabri Tori.[468]On 27 September 2017, the organization kidnapped and executed Mahmut Bazancir who was mistakenly accused of being an informer.[469][470]On 25 November 2017, PKK executed 2 of its own members in Duhok Governorate of Iraq.[471]On 25 July 2018, Mevlüt Bengi, a father of 6 children, was executed and tied to an electricity tower by guerrillas, who reportedly justified the execution by accusing him of being a collaborator with the AK Party, which he had served as an election observer at the ballot boxes in his district during the 24 June elections.[472] The HPG released a statement that it has killed Mevlüt Bengi, but for having caused serious harm to the Kurdish movement, and not for being a member of a certain party.[473]","title":"Human rights abuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[474]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-477"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch (HRW)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"United Nations (UN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Amnesty International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrwf.eu-146"},{"link_name":"[475]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-478"},{"link_name":"[476]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-479"},{"link_name":"[477]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-480"},{"link_name":"Child Soldiers International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Soldiers_International"},{"link_name":"Southeast Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Turkey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Geneva Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Call"},{"link_name":"[478]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-481"},{"link_name":"[479]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-482"},{"link_name":"[479]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-482"}],"sub_title":"Abuses by the Kurdish side - Child soldiers","text":"According to the TEPAV think-tank which did research on the identities of 1,362 PKK fighters who lost their lives between 2001 and 2011, 42% of the recruits were under 18, with over a quarter of these being under 15 years of age at the time of recruiting.[474] The organization is still actively recruiting child soldiers and it has been accused of abducting more than 2,000 children by Turkish Security Forces. The latest independent reports by the Human Rights Watch (HRW), the United Nations (UN) and the Amnesty International have confirmed the recruitment and use of child soldiers by the organization and its armed wings since the 1990s. The organization is also believed to have used the children in the drug trade.[144][475][476][477]In 2008, a report published by Child Soldiers International stated that the PKK was believed in 1998 to have had 3,000 child soldiers in its forces based in Iraq and operating in Southeast Turkey.[citation needed]The armed wing of the PKK, signed in October 2008 a Deed of Commitment of the Geneva Call, which prohibits the employment of youth below 18 years old to be recruited.[478] Following repeated reports in the international media about child soldiers in PKK ranks, representatives of Geneva Call visited PKK camps in order to monitor the application of the Deed of Commitment.[479] They visited camps in which youths of the age between sixteen and eighteen would be accepted on a voluntary basis and while being there would stay away from armed conflict and be educated.[479]","title":"Human rights abuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime"},{"link_name":"[480]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-483"},{"link_name":"European Police Office (EUROPOL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EUROPOL"},{"link_name":"[481]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-europa.eu-484"},{"link_name":"Office of Foreign Assets Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control"},{"link_name":"drug trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"drug trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_traffic"},{"link_name":"[482]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-485"}],"sub_title":"Abuses by the Kurdish side - Drug trafficking","text":"In 2011, the report published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) , based on Turkish official reports from The Turkish Addiction Monitoring Centre stated that the instability in Iraq had helped the PKK to develop and use Iraq as a transhipment point for heroin. The PKK was reported by this source to collect taxes per kilogram of heroin trafficked to Turkey from the borders of Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq, with potential profits reaching US$200 million annually.[480] Another report published by European Police Office (EUROPOL) in the same year stated the organization is actively involved in money laundering, illicit drugs and human trafficking, as well as illegal immigration inside and outside the EU for funding and running its activities, without citing any official source or specific investigation by justice or police.[481]In 2012, the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) announced the designation of Zeyneddin Geleri, Cerkez Akbulut (a.k.a. Cernit Murat), and Omer Boztepe as three Moldovan-based specially designated narcotics traffickers for drug trafficking on behalf of the PKK in Europe. According to the OFAC, Zeyneddin Geleri was identified as a high-ranking member of the PKK while two others were reportedly just PKK activists. The OFAC stated that the drug trafficking is one of the PKK's criminal activities it uses to obtain weapons and materials to fight the Turkish government.[482]","title":"Human rights abuses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-108"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-security-104"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcdowall-107"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-164"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"}],"text":"^ Merged with the Revolutionary Communard Party (DKP) in 2017.\n\n^ The Turkey–PKK conflict is also known as the Kurdish conflict,[85][86][87][88][89] the Kurdish question,[90] the Kurdish insurgency,[91][92][93][94][95][96] the Kurdish rebellion,[97][98][99][100][101] the Kurdish–Turkish conflict,[102] or PKK-terrorism[103][104][105] as well as the latest Kurdish uprising[106]\n\n^ According to official figures, in the period during and after the coup, military agencies collected files on over 2 million people, 650,000 of which were detained, 230,000 of which were put on trial under martial law. Prosecutors demanded the death penalty against over 7 thousand of them, of which 517 were sentenced to death and fifty were actually hanged. Some 400,000 people were denied passports and 30,000 lost their jobs after the new regime classified them as dangerous. 14,000 people were stripped of their Turkish citizenship and 30,000 fled the country as asylum seekers after the coup. Aside from the fifty people that were hanged, some 366 people died under suspicious circumstances (classified as accidents at the time), 171 were tortured to death in prison, 43 were claimed to have committed suicide in prison and 16 were shot for attempting to escape.[161]","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"OHAL region—defining areas in Turkey under a state of emergency—in red with neighbouring provinces in orange, 1987–2002","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/OHAL.png/280px-OHAL.png"},{"image_text":"A portion of the PKK weapons seized by Turkey during the operation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/DVKT2TB.png/220px-DVKT2TB.png"},{"image_text":"Turkish Special Forces personnel during Operation Hammer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/24%C3%96KT._309MAK..png/220px-24%C3%96KT._309MAK..png"},{"image_text":"KADEK flag","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Kongreya_Azad%C3%AE_%C3%BB_Demokrasiya_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/170px-Flag_of_Kongreya_Azad%C3%AE_%C3%BB_Demokrasiya_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png"},{"image_text":"KONGRA-GEL flag","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Flag_of_Kongreya_Gel%C3%AA_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg/170px-Flag_of_Kongreya_Gel%C3%AA_Kurdistan%C3%AA.svg.png"},{"image_text":"PKK supporters in London, April 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg/220px-Pkk_supporters_london_april_2003.jpg"},{"image_text":"A demonstration against the PKK in Frankfurt, October 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Anti-PKK_protest_in_Frankfurt%2C_Germany_on_Zeil_05.jpg/220px-Anti-PKK_protest_in_Frankfurt%2C_Germany_on_Zeil_05.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kurdish PKK guerilla at the Newroz celebration in Qandil, 23 March 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kurdish_PKK_guerilla.jpg/220px-Kurdish_PKK_guerilla.jpg"},{"image_text":"Turkish police announcing seizure of PKK ammunition in Diyarbakır, August 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Diyarbak%C4%B1r%E2%80%99da_ger%C3%A7ekle%C5%9Ftirilen_bir_operasyonda_PKK%E2%80%99ya_ait_cephanelik_bulundu_1.jpg/220px-Diyarbak%C4%B1r%E2%80%99da_ger%C3%A7ekle%C5%9Ftirilen_bir_operasyonda_PKK%E2%80%99ya_ait_cephanelik_bulundu_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Women's Protection Units (YPJ) fighters in the Afrin Region during the Turkish operation in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/YPJ_fighters_%28Afrin_February_2018%29.jpg/220px-YPJ_fighters_%28Afrin_February_2018%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Funeral of a baby killed in the Şırnak clashes, 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1_%C3%A7ocuk_cenaze_t%C3%B6reni.jpg/220px-%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1_%C3%A7ocuk_cenaze_t%C3%B6reni.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hakkari, 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hakkari%2C_Y%C3%BCksekova._After_military_operation_8.jpg/220px-Hakkari%2C_Y%C3%BCksekova._After_military_operation_8.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cizre, 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Cizre_%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmalar%C4%B1%2C_2_Mart_2016.jpg/220px-Cizre_%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmalar%C4%B1%2C_2_Mart_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"A primary school arsoned by PKK militias on 6 January 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1_%287%29%2C_Eyl%C3%BCl_2015.jpg/220px-%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_%C3%A7at%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1_%287%29%2C_Eyl%C3%BCl_2015.jpg"},{"image_text":"February 2016 Ankara bombing which killed 30 people and injured 60 others","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2016_Ankara_bombing_1.jpg/265px-2016_Ankara_bombing_1.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Iraqi–Kurdish conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict"},{"title":"Iranian–Kurdish conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran"},{"title":"Syrian-Kurdish conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Syrian_conflict"},{"title":"Iraq–Turkey border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_border"},{"title":"List of Turkish Armed Forces operations in Northern Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkish_Armed_Forces_operations_in_Northern_Iraq"},{"title":"Maoist insurgency in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey"},{"title":"Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War"},{"title":"A Modern History of the Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Modern_History_of_the_Kurds"}]
|
[{"reference":"Doğan, Zülfikar (5 February 2016). \"Erdogan's new Kurdish allies\". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 16 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/02/turkey-erdogan-new-kurdish-allies.html","url_text":"\"Erdogan's new Kurdish allies\""}]},{"reference":"Jabar, Faleh A; Mansour, Renad, eds. (2019). The Kurds in a Changing Middle East: History, Politics and Representation. I.B. Tauris. doi:10.5040/9781788318907.ch-0007. hdl:1874/420966. ISBN 978-1-78673-549-2. S2CID 204390944.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336050569","url_text":"The Kurds in a Changing Middle East: History, Politics and Representation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781788318907.ch-0007","url_text":"10.5040/9781788318907.ch-0007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F420966","url_text":"1874/420966"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-549-2","url_text":"978-1-78673-549-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204390944","url_text":"204390944"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurds demand answers after battles in Cizre\". al-monitor.com. 18 September 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/09/turkey-kurds-pkk-cizre-curfew-civilian-demand-answers.html","url_text":"\"Kurds demand answers after battles in Cizre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish Government-Associated Death Squads\". thesop.org. Retrieved 17 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://thesop.org/story/politics/2008/01/04/turkish-government-associated-death-squads.php","url_text":"\"Turkish Government-Associated Death Squads\""}]},{"reference":"Belge, Ceren (24 January 2011). \"State Building and the Limits of Legibility: Kinship Networks and Kurdish Resistance in Turkey\". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 43 (1): 95–114. doi:10.1017/S0020743810001212. ISSN 0020-7438. S2CID 145444623. When it started small-scale attacks in 1978, the PKK... deliberately targeted a number of influential clan leaders, especially those affiliated with right-wing political parties, to underline the class dimension of its struggle.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0020743810001212/type/journal_article","url_text":"\"State Building and the Limits of Legibility: Kinship Networks and Kurdish Resistance in Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743810001212","url_text":"10.1017/S0020743810001212"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7438","url_text":"0020-7438"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145444623","url_text":"145444623"}]},{"reference":"Marcus, Aliza (2007). Blood and belief : the PKK and the Kurdish fight for independence. New York: New York University Press. pp. 44–48. ISBN 978-0-8147-5711-6. OCLC 85162306. The Suleymanlar saw these leftists as a threat to the existing order, while the Kurdistan Revolutionaries viewed oppressive, landowning tribes like the Suleymanlar as much the enemy as the state itself... In Hilvan, the Suleymanlar tribe renewed their attacks on the PKK, kidnapping and killing six villagers.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85162306","url_text":"Blood and belief : the PKK and the Kurdish fight for independence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-5711-6","url_text":"978-0-8147-5711-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85162306","url_text":"85162306"}]},{"reference":"\"Syrian regime fighters 'heading to Afrin to join Kurds in fight against Turkish forces'\". The Daily Telegraph. 19 February 2018. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/19/syrian-regime-fighters-heading-afrin-join-kurds-fight-against/","url_text":"\"Syrian regime fighters 'heading to Afrin to join Kurds in fight against Turkish forces'\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/19/syrian-regime-fighters-heading-afrin-join-kurds-fight-against/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fehim Tastekin (26 January 2018). \"Erdogan's plans for Afrin might not sit well with Syria\". al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20180129073451/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/01/turkey-syria-does-erdogan-want-to-settle-in-afrin.html","url_text":"\"Erdogan's plans for Afrin might not sit well with Syria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Monitor","url_text":"al-Monitor"},{"url":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/01/turkey-syria-does-erdogan-want-to-settle-in-afrin.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez-Perez, Margaret (2008). Women and Terrorism: Female Activity in Domestic and International Terror Groups. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN 9781134040087. Throughout the 1990s, the PKK was engaged in ongoing guerrilla warfare with the PUK and the Democratic Kurdistan Party (Ahmed and Parker 2007; Harding 2003). In fact, the Iraqi Kurds prefer to see Turkey's PKK not only disbanded but banned from Iraq.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/womenterrorismfe00gonz","url_text":"Women and Terrorism: Female Activity in Domestic and International Terror Groups"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/womenterrorismfe00gonz/page/n97","url_text":"85"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134040087","url_text":"9781134040087"}]},{"reference":"\"Armed Conflicts Report Iraq – Kurds (1961 – first combat deaths)\". Project Ploughshares. 2005. Archived from the original on 20 June 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070620191013/http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-IraqK.html","url_text":"\"Armed Conflicts Report Iraq – Kurds (1961 – first combat deaths)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Ploughshares","url_text":"Project Ploughshares"},{"url":"https://ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-IraqK.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Armed Conflicts Report Turkey (1984–2002)\". Project Ploughshares. March 2003. Archived from the original on 5 July 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100705114444/http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-Turkey.html","url_text":"\"Armed Conflicts Report Turkey (1984–2002)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Ploughshares","url_text":"Project Ploughshares"},{"url":"https://ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-Turkey.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The U.S.-YPG Relationship: U.S. Foreign Policy & the Future of the Kurds in Syria and Turkey | Middle East Policy Council\".","urls":[{"url":"https://mepc.org/commentary/us-ypg-relationship-us-foreign-policy-future-kurds-syria-and-turkey","url_text":"\"The U.S.-YPG Relationship: U.S. Foreign Policy & the Future of the Kurds in Syria and Turkey | Middle East Policy Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"US sends reinforcements to Syria amid terrorist PKK/YPG occupation\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/us-sends-reinforcements-to-syria-amid-terrorist-pkk-ypg-occupation/3102552#:~:text=US%20forces%2C%20continuing%20their%20support,%2C%20and%20Deir%20ez%2DZor","url_text":"\"US sends reinforcements to Syria amid terrorist PKK/YPG occupation\""}]},{"reference":"Faucompret, Erik; Konings, Jozef (2008). Turkish Accession to the EU: Satisfying the Copenhagen Criteria. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. p. 168. ISBN 9780203928967. The Turkish establishment considered the Kurds' demand for the recognition of their identity a threat to the territorial integrity of the state, the more so because the PKK was supported by countries hostile to Turkey: Soviet Union, Greece, Cyprus, Iran and especially Syria. Syria hosted the organization and its leader for twenty years, and it provided training facilities in the Beka'a Valley of Syrian-controlled northern Lebanon.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203928967","url_text":"9780203928967"}]},{"reference":"\"Syria and Iran 'backing Kurdish terrorist group', says Turkey\". The Telegraph. 3 September 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/9518194/Syria-and-Iran-backing-Kurdish-terrorist-group-says-Turkey.html","url_text":"\"Syria and Iran 'backing Kurdish terrorist group', says Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"Bal, İdris (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy In Post Cold War Era. Boca Raton, Fl.: BrownWalker Press. p. 359. ISBN 9781581124231. With the explicit supports of some Arab countries for the PKK such as Syria...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781581124231","url_text":"9781581124231"}]},{"reference":"Mannes, Aaron (2004). Profiles In Terror: The Guide To Middle East Terrorist Organizations. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 185. ISBN 9780742535251. PKK has had substantial operations in northern Iraq, with the support of Iran and Syria.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742535251","url_text":"9780742535251"}]},{"reference":"Shapir, Yiftah (1998). The Middle East Military Balance, 1996. Jerusalem, Israel: Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University. p. 114. ISBN 9780231108928. The PKK was originally established as a Marxist party, with ties to the Soviet Union","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231108928","url_text":"9780231108928"}]},{"reference":"\"Armenian animosity rekindled through PKK terror\". Al-Monitor. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/03/turkey-armenia-akp-insults-of-kurds-armenians.html","url_text":"\"Armenian animosity rekindled through PKK terror\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Monitor","url_text":"Al-Monitor"}]},{"reference":"\"Ocalan: Greeks supplied Kurdish rebels\". BBC News. 2 June 1999. Retrieved 21 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/358115.stm","url_text":"\"Ocalan: Greeks supplied Kurdish rebels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey says Greece supports PKK\". Hürriyet Daily News. 1 July 1999. Retrieved 21 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=turkey-says-greece-supports-pkk-1997-07-01","url_text":"\"Turkey says Greece supports PKK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News","url_text":"Hürriyet Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Bilgin, Fevzi; Sarihan. Ali (2013). Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question. Lexington Books. p. 96. ISBN 9780739184035. The USSR, and then Russia, also supported the PKK for many years.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739184035","url_text":"9780739184035"}]},{"reference":"\"Russian newspaper: Russia provided money for PKK\". Hurriyet Daily News. 28 February 2000. Retrieved 17 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=russian-newspaper-russia-provided-money-for-pkk-2000-02-28","url_text":"\"Russian newspaper: Russia provided money for PKK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey devises action plan to dry up PKK's foreign support\". Today's Zaman. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130922170816/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-223048-102-turkey-devises-action-plan-to-dry-up-pkks-foreign-support.html","url_text":"\"Turkey devises action plan to dry up PKK's foreign support\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today%27s_Zaman","url_text":"Today's Zaman"},{"url":"http://www.todayszaman.com/news-223048-102-turkey-devises-action-plan-to-dry-up-pkks-foreign-support.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, David L. (2009). From Bullets to Ballots: Violent Muslim Movements in Transition. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. p. 129. ISBN 9781412812016. Iran's Revolutionary Guards (Pasdaran) trained the PKK in Lebanon's Beka'a Valley. Iran supported the PKK despite Turkey's strict neutrality during the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412812016","url_text":"9781412812016"}]},{"reference":"\"Terrorism Havens: Iraq\". Council on Foreign Relations. 1 December 2005. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016. Saddam has aided...the Kurdistan Workers' Party (known by its Turkish initials, PKK), a separatist group fighting the Turkish government.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160928075546/http://www.cfr.org/iraq/terrorism-havens-iraq/p9513","url_text":"\"Terrorism Havens: Iraq\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations","url_text":"Council on Foreign Relations"},{"url":"http://www.cfr.org/iraq/terrorism-havens-iraq/p9513","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Senbas, Demet (2018). Post-Cold War Relations between Turkey and Syria. p. 28. KDP and PUK thought that they needed Turkey's support against PKK which had gained Saddam's support.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ciment, James (2015), World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era, Routledge, p. 721, Other groups that have received Libyan support include the Turkish PKK...","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Are the PKK and Cairo new allies?\". Rudaw. 27 June 2016. Cairo allegedly gave the PKK delegation funds and weapons after the second meeting, the report adds.","urls":[{"url":"http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/270620161","url_text":"\"Are the PKK and Cairo new allies?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudaw","url_text":"Rudaw"}]},{"reference":"\"What does Afrin mean for international security?\". Australian Strategic Policy Institute. 2 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/afrin-mean-international-security/","url_text":"\"What does Afrin mean for international security?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Strategic_Policy_Institute","url_text":"Australian Strategic Policy Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Iraqi Kurdistan restricts transfers from UAE amid allegations of 'PKK funding'\". The New Arab. 15 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2020/6/15/exclusive-iraqi-kurdistan-restricts-transfers-from-uae","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Iraqi Kurdistan restricts transfers from UAE amid allegations of 'PKK funding'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Arab","url_text":"The New Arab"}]},{"reference":"Toksabay, Ece; Lehto, Essi (13 May 2022). \"Erdogan says Turkey not supportive of Finland, Sweden joining NATO\". Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/erdogan-says-turkey-not-positive-finland-sweden-joining-nato-2022-05-13/","url_text":"\"Erdogan says Turkey not supportive of Finland, Sweden joining NATO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey: PKK leader calls halt to armed struggle\". Ansamed. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232124/http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2013/03/21/Turkey-PKK-leader-calls-halt-armed-struggle_8438170.html","url_text":"\"Turkey: PKK leader calls halt to armed struggle\""},{"url":"http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2013/03/21/Turkey-PKK-leader-calls-halt-armed-struggle_8438170.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cautious Turkish PM welcomes Öcalan's call for end to armed struggle\". Hürriyet Daily News. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/cautious-turkish-pm-welcomes-ocalans-call-for-end-to-armed-struggle-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=43389&NewsCatID=338","url_text":"\"Cautious Turkish PM welcomes Öcalan's call for end to armed struggle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kurdish separatist group leader Öcalan calls to stop armed struggle\". Trend AZ. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130520232227/http://en.trend.az/news/politics/2131738.html","url_text":"\"Kurdish separatist group leader Öcalan calls to stop armed struggle\""},{"url":"http://en.trend.az/news/politics/2131738.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ocalan's farewell to arms brings Kurds hope for peace\". Euronews. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181105221827/https://www.euronews.com/2013/03/21/ocalan-s-farewell-to-arms-brings-kurds-hope-for-peace","url_text":"\"Ocalan's farewell to arms brings Kurds hope for peace\""},{"url":"http://www.euronews.com/2013/03/21/ocalan-s-farewell-to-arms-brings-kurds-hope-for-peace/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PKK militant on Turkey's 'most-wanted list' killed in southeast: Interior Ministry\". Hurriyetdailynews.com. 14 November 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pkk-militant-on-turkeys-most-wanted-list-killed-in-southeast-interior-ministry-122419","url_text":"\"PKK militant on Turkey's 'most-wanted list' killed in southeast: Interior Ministry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ali Haydar Kaytan operasyonla etkisiz hale getirildi! PKK, ölümünü gizlemek için cesedi gömenleri infaz etti\". www.hurriyet.com.tr. 18 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/ali-haydar-kaytan-operasyonla-etkisiz-hale-getirildi-pkk-olumunu-gizlemek-icin-cesedi-gomenleri-infaz-etti-41941934","url_text":"\"Ali Haydar Kaytan operasyonla etkisiz hale getirildi! PKK, ölümünü gizlemek için cesedi gömenleri infaz etti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey neutralizes most-wanted PKK terrorist in N Iraq\". Hürriyet Daily News. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-neutralizes-most-wanted-pkk-terrorist-in-n-iraq-147218","url_text":"\"Turkey neutralizes most-wanted PKK terrorist in N Iraq\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remzi Kartal ve Zübeyir Aydar tutuklandı\". Hukuki Haber.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hukukihaber.net/remzi-kartal-ve-zubeyir-aydar-tutuklandi","url_text":"\"Remzi Kartal ve Zübeyir Aydar tutuklandı\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEWS FROM TURKISH ARMED FORCES\". Turkish Armed Forces. Archived from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151105231107/http://www.tsk.tr/3_basin_yayin_faaliyetleri/3_4_tskdan_haberler/2015/tsk_haberler_77.html#haber13","url_text":"\"NEWS FROM TURKISH ARMED FORCES\""},{"url":"http://www.tsk.tr/3_basin_yayin_faaliyetleri/3_4_tskdan_haberler/2015/tsk_haberler_77.html#haber13","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey's Paramilitary Forces\" (PDF). Orbat. 25 July 2006. p. 33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090327045138/http://orbat.com/site/gd/cwpf_2006/cwpf_display%20version.pdf","url_text":"\"Turkey's Paramilitary Forces\""},{"url":"http://orbat.com/site/gd/cwpf_2006/cwpf_display%20version.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey's 'village guards' tired of conflict\". My Sinchew. 19 April 2010. Archived from the original on 21 April 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100421094821/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/37882","url_text":"\"Turkey's 'village guards' tired of conflict\""},{"url":"http://www.mysinchew.com/node/37882","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pike, John (21 May 2004). \"Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)\". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 23 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://fas.org/irp/world/para/pkk.htm","url_text":"\"Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists","url_text":"Federation of American Scientists"}]},{"reference":"\"The PKK in Numbers\". Sabah News Agency. 28 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sabah.com.tr/galeri/turkiye/iste-pkkli-hainlerin-il-il-dagilimi/85","url_text":"\"The PKK in Numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Brandon, James. \"The Kurdistan Freedom Falcons Emerges as a Rival to the PKK\". Jamestown Foundation. Jamestown.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=936","url_text":"\"The Kurdistan Freedom Falcons Emerges as a Rival to the PKK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation","url_text":"Jamestown Foundation"}]},{"reference":"\"How many martyrs did Turkey lost?\". Internethaber. Retrieved 7 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.internethaber.com/turkiye-30-yilda-ne-kadar-sehit-verdi-642497h.htm","url_text":"\"How many martyrs did Turkey lost?\""}]},{"reference":"Şafak, Yeni. \"Nearly 7,000 civilians killed by PKK in 31 years\". Yenisafak.com. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180828134440/https://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/nearly-7%2c000-civilians-killed-by-pkk-in-31-years-2237092","url_text":"\"Nearly 7,000 civilians killed by PKK in 31 years\""},{"url":"https://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/nearly-7%2c000-civilians-killed-by-pkk-in-31-years-2237092","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"International Crisis Group (2018), Turkey's PKK Conflict Kills almost 3,000 in Two Years","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crisisgroup.be/interactives/turkey/#pre2015","url_text":"Turkey's PKK Conflict Kills almost 3,000 in Two Years"}]},{"reference":"\"Terörle Mücadelede Verdiğimiz Şehitler (1984–2013)\" (PDF). 21. Yüzyıl Türkiye Enstitüsü (in Turkish). Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.21yyte.org/assets/uploads/files/Ter%C3%B6rle%20M%C3%BCcadelede%20Verdi%C4%9Fimiz%20%C5%9Eehitler%20Tarihe%20G%C3%B6re%20S%C4%B1ral%C4%B1%281%29.pdf","url_text":"\"Terörle Mücadelede Verdiğimiz Şehitler (1984–2013)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231122160805/https://openaccess.ihu.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12154/1853/huseyin_a.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://openaccess.ihu.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12154/1853/huseyin_a.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2021'in en acı tablosu! 138 şehit verdik\". 4 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://medyabar.com/haber/9021289/2021in-en-aci-tablosu-138-sehit-verdik#:~:text=i%C3%A7in%20resme%20t%C4%B1klay%C4%B1n-,www.terorsehitleri.com%20adl%C4%B1%20internet%20sitesinin%20derledi%C4%9Fi%20bilgilere%20g%C3%B6re%2C,%C3%BCzere%20toplam%20138%20%C5%9Fehit%20verdik","url_text":"\"2021'in en acı tablosu! 138 şehit verdik\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 yılının en acı tablosu: 162 şehit verdik, 116 çocuk yetim kaldı\". 31 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://medyabar.com/haber/13595169/2022-yilinin-en-aci-tablosu-162-sehit-verdik-116-cocuk-yetim-kaldi#:~:text=2022%20%2D%2021%3A00-,2022%20y%C4%B1l%C4%B1n%C4%B1n%20en%20ac%C4%B1%20tablosu%3A%20162,verdik%2C%20116%20%C3%A7ocuk%20yetim%20kald%C4%B1&text=2022%20y%C4%B1l%C4%B1%20i%C3%A7erisinde%20asker%2C%20polis,olmak%20%C3%BCzere%20162%20%C5%9Fehit%20verdik","url_text":"\"2022 yılının en acı tablosu: 162 şehit verdik, 116 çocuk yetim kaldı\""}]},{"reference":"\"Şehitler\". Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231122160807/https://www.terorsehitleri.com/sehitler?s=5","url_text":"\"Şehitler\""},{"url":"https://www.terorsehitleri.com/sehitler?s=5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MSB: Irak'ın ve Suriye'nin kuzeyi dahil son bir haftada 53 terörist etkisiz hale getirilmiştir\". www.aa.com.tr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/msb-irakin-ve-suriyenin-kuzeyi-dahil-son-bir-haftada-53-terorist-etkisiz-hale-getirilmistir/2965021","url_text":"\"MSB: Irak'ın ve Suriye'nin kuzeyi dahil son bir haftada 53 terörist etkisiz hale getirilmiştir\""}]},{"reference":"\"Köy korucuları: Kürtleri PKK'dan koruyoruz\". Ensonhaber (in Turkish). 3 January 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ensonhaber.com/ic-haber/koy-koruculari-kurtleri-pkkdan-koruyoruz-2016-01-03","url_text":"\"Köy korucuları: Kürtleri PKK'dan koruyoruz\""}]},{"reference":"\"26 yılın kanlı bilançosu\". 24 June 2010. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191029222122/http://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/26-yilin-kanli-bilancosu-1254711","url_text":"\"26 yılın kanlı bilançosu\""},{"url":"http://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/26-yilin-kanli-bilancosu-1254711","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pençe Kilit Harekatı bölgesinde 3 asker şehit oldu, 1 asker yaralandı - Gündem Haberi | Yirmidort\". www.yirmidort.tv/. 27 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yirmidort.tv/gundem/pence-kilit-harekati-bolgesinde-2-asker-sehit-oldu-2-asker-yaralandi-136576","url_text":"\"Pençe Kilit Harekatı bölgesinde 3 asker şehit oldu, 1 asker yaralandı - Gündem Haberi | Yirmidort\""}]},{"reference":"\"Şehit Teğmen Eril Alperen Emir'e veda\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ntv.com.tr/galeri/turkiye/sehit-tegmen-eril-alperen-emire-veda,Kw8YSvq_LEGqmHN2PIq9wQ/3gqz_G_30UaqbKxUJNmWxg","url_text":"\"Şehit Teğmen Eril Alperen Emir'e veda\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pençe-Kilit Harekatı bölgesinde 12 askerin hayatını kaybetmesiyle ilgili neler biliniyor?\". 22 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cq51dnyrq5ro","url_text":"\"Pençe-Kilit Harekatı bölgesinde 12 askerin hayatını kaybetmesiyle ilgili neler biliniyor?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pençe-Kilit bölgesinde 6 asker şehit oldu\". 23 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/pence-kilit-bolgesinde-6-asker-sehit-oldu-823252.html","url_text":"\"Pençe-Kilit bölgesinde 6 asker şehit oldu\""}]},{"reference":"\"İşte Yıllara Göre Etkisiz Hale Getirilen PKK'lı - Foto Galeri - Memurlar.Net\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.memurlar.net/album/10845/iste-yillara-gore-etkisiz-hale-getirilen-pkk-li.html","url_text":"\"İşte Yıllara Göre Etkisiz Hale Getirilen PKK'lı - Foto Galeri - Memurlar.Net\""}]},{"reference":"\"Erdoğan'dan 'milli seferberlik' ilanı\". Bbc.com. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-38313672","url_text":"\"Erdoğan'dan 'milli seferberlik' ilanı\""}]},{"reference":"\"İçişleri Bakanı Soylu: Son 9 ayda bin 68 terörist etkisiz hale getirildi – Haberler – Son Dakika Haberleri – AKŞAM\". Aksam.com.tr. 11 June 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aksam.com.tr/guncel/icisleri-bakani-soylu-son-9-ayda-bin-68-terorist-etkisiz-hale-getirildi/haber-632366","url_text":"\"İçişleri Bakanı Soylu: Son 9 ayda bin 68 terörist etkisiz hale getirildi – Haberler – Son Dakika Haberleri – AKŞAM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nedim Şener, PKK'nın kanlı bilançosu\". Hürriyet. 4 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/nedim-sener/pkknin-kanli-bilancosu-41602798","url_text":"\"Nedim Şener, PKK'nın kanlı bilançosu\""}]},{"reference":"\"MSB: 1 Ocak'tan itibaren etkisiz hale getirilen terörist sayısı 1976'ya ulaştı\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/msb-1-ocaktan-itibaren-etkisiz-hale-getirilen-terorist-sayisi-1976ya-ulasti/3068997","url_text":"\"MSB: 1 Ocak'tan itibaren etkisiz hale getirilen terörist sayısı 1976'ya ulaştı\""}]},{"reference":"Visweswaran, Kamala, ed. (2013). Everyday occupations experiencing militarism in South Asia and the Middle East (1st ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0812207835.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pGcUBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Everyday occupations experiencing militarism in South Asia and the Middle East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812207835","url_text":"978-0812207835"}]},{"reference":"Romano, David (2005). The Kurdish nationalist movement : opportunity, mobilization and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0521684262.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ohSNu6bidEQC","url_text":"The Kurdish nationalist movement : opportunity, mobilization and identity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521684262","url_text":"978-0521684262"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish Hezbollah (Hizbullah) / Kurdish Hezbollah\". Turkish Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102143843/http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/180/turkish-hezbollah-hizbullah-kurdish-hezbollah.html","url_text":"\"Turkish Hezbollah (Hizbullah) / Kurdish Hezbollah\""},{"url":"http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/180/turkish-hezbollah-hizbullah-kurdish-hezbollah.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The real challenge to secular Turkey\". The Economist. Retrieved 27 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.economist.com/node/7855127?story_id=7855127","url_text":"\"The real challenge to secular Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"Dogan, Azimet (2008). Characteristics of Turkish Hezbollah: Implications for Policy and Programs. University of Baltimore.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HUyJOgAACAAJ","url_text":"Characteristics of Turkish Hezbollah: Implications for Policy and Programs"}]},{"reference":"T. Nugent, John. \"The Defeat of Turkish Hizballah as a Model for Counter-Terrorism Strategy\". the Department of National Security Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160120213619/http://www.rubincenter.org/2004/03/nugent-2004-03-06/","url_text":"\"The Defeat of Turkish Hizballah as a Model for Counter-Terrorism Strategy\""},{"url":"http://www.rubincenter.org/2004/03/nugent-2004-03-06/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jenkins, Gareth (2010). \"A New Front in the PKK Insurgency\". International Relations and Security Network (ISN). International Relations and Security Network (ISN). Retrieved 27 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail//?lng=en&id=117499","url_text":"\"A New Front in the PKK Insurgency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greener Pastures for Bruce Fein: The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey\". Asiantribune.com. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiantribune.com/node/13802","url_text":"\"Greener Pastures for Bruce Fein: The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey in fresh drive to end Kurdish conflict\". Middle-east-online.com. 28 September 2010. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120403013002/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=41597","url_text":"\"Turkey in fresh drive to end Kurdish conflict\""},{"url":"http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=41597","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey looks to Iraq to help end Kurdish conflict\". Euronews.net. 16 June 2010. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101204042139/http://www.euronews.net/2010/06/04/turkey-looks-to-iraq-to-help-end-kurdish-conflict/","url_text":"\"Turkey looks to Iraq to help end Kurdish conflict\""},{"url":"http://www.euronews.net/2010/06/04/turkey-looks-to-iraq-to-help-end-kurdish-conflict/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Head, Jonathan (13 November 2009). \"Turkey unveils reforms for Kurds\". BBC News. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8359582.stm","url_text":"\"Turkey unveils reforms for Kurds\""}]},{"reference":"Kinzer, Stephen (3 January 2011). \"Nudging Turkey toward peace at home\". Guardian. London. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2008/oct/24/us-turkey-kurds-war","url_text":"\"Nudging Turkey toward peace at home\""}]},{"reference":"Emre Uslu. \"Would Turkey intervene in Syria?\". Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120205220532/http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-270565-would-turkey-intervene-in-syria.html","url_text":"\"Would Turkey intervene in Syria?\""},{"url":"http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-270565-would-turkey-intervene-in-syria.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Terrorist's Bitter End\". Time. 1 March 1999. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081210050323/http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/ocalan/bitterend.html","url_text":"\"A Terrorist's Bitter End\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/ocalan/bitterend.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Birch, Nicholas (20 October 2009). \"Kurdish rebels surrender as Turkey reaches out — War in Context\". Warincontext.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://warincontext.org/2009/10/20/kurdish-rebels-surrender-as-turkey-reaches-out/","url_text":"\"Kurdish rebels surrender as Turkey reaches out — War in Context\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Kurdish Issue and Turkey's Future\". Thewashingtonnote.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110515044716/http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/2010/07/selective_partn/","url_text":"\"The Kurdish Issue and Turkey's Future\""},{"url":"http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/2010/07/selective_partn/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurdish rebels say they shot down Turkish helicopter\". CNN.com. 7 March 1999. Archived from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111013051527/http://articles.cnn.com/1999-03-07/world/9903_07_turkey.kurds_1_kurdish-rebels-abdullah-ocalan-kurdistan-workers-party-pkk?_s=PM%3AWORLD","url_text":"\"Kurdish rebels say they shot down Turkish helicopter\""},{"url":"http://articles.cnn.com/1999-03-07/world/9903_07_turkey.kurds_1_kurdish-rebels-abdullah-ocalan-kurdistan-workers-party-pkk?_s=PM:WORLD","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish military's best and brightest now behind bars\". Reuters. 6 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/turkey-plot-general-idUSL6E8C61S020120106","url_text":"\"Turkish military's best and brightest now behind bars\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish crackdown fails to halt Kurdish rebellion\". 1 November 1992. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121105204607/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8765571.html","url_text":"\"Turkish crackdown fails to halt Kurdish rebellion\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8765571.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey and Iraq seek to end Kurdish rebellion\". Thenational.ae. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120914051655/http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/europe/turkey-and-iraq-seek-to-end-kurdish-rebellion","url_text":"\"Turkey and Iraq seek to end Kurdish rebellion\""},{"url":"http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/europe/turkey-and-iraq-seek-to-end-kurdish-rebellion","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey says determined to uproot Kurdish rebellion\". Kuna.net.kw. 25 June 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2096923&Language=en","url_text":"\"Turkey says determined to uproot Kurdish rebellion\""}]},{"reference":"Tore Kjeilen. \"Kurds\". Looklex.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200629021428/http://looklex.com/e.o/kurds.htm","url_text":"\"Kurds\""},{"url":"http://looklex.com/e.o/kurds.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MINA Breaking News – Turkey marks 25 years of Kurd rebellion\". Macedoniaonline.eu. 15 August 2009. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120315134156/http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/7863/46/","url_text":"\"MINA Breaking News – Turkey marks 25 years of Kurd rebellion\""},{"url":"http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/7863/46/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Saatci, Mustafa (2002). \"Nation–states and ethnic boundaries: modern Turkish identity and Turkish–Kurdish conflict\". Nations and Nationalism. 8 (4): 549–564. doi:10.1111/1469-8219.00065. S2CID 144368127.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1469-8219.00065","url_text":"10.1111/1469-8219.00065"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144368127","url_text":"144368127"}]},{"reference":"\"Partiya Karkeran Kurdistan [PKK]\". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 23 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/pkk.htm","url_text":"\"Partiya Karkeran Kurdistan [PKK]\""}]},{"reference":"\"TURKEY AND PKK TERRORISM\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531224347/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003560/Turkey%20and%20PKK%20terrorism.pdf","url_text":"\"TURKEY AND PKK TERRORISM\""},{"url":"http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003560/Turkey%20and%20PKK%20terrorism.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Report on the PKK and Terrorism\". Fas.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/mfa-t-pkk.htm","url_text":"\"A Report on the PKK and Terrorism\""}]},{"reference":"\"TÜRKİYE'DE HALEN FAALİYETLERİNE DEVAM EDEN BAŞLICA TERÖR ÖRGÜTLERİ\". Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130114042731/http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html","url_text":"\"TÜRKİYE'DE HALEN FAALİYETLERİNE DEVAM EDEN BAŞLICA TERÖR ÖRGÜTLERİ\""},{"url":"http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurdish PKK leader: We will not withdraw our autonomy demand\". Ekurd.net. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/1/turkey3107.htm","url_text":"\"Kurdish PKK leader: We will not withdraw our autonomy demand\""}]},{"reference":"O'Byrne, David (21 July 2010). \"PKK 'would disarm for Kurdish rights in Turkey'\". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10707935","url_text":"\"PKK 'would disarm for Kurdish rights in Turkey'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Jenkins, Gareth. \"PKK Expanding Urban Bombing Campaign in Western Turkey\". Jamestown. Jamestown.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4463","url_text":"\"PKK Expanding Urban Bombing Campaign in Western Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) – Norwegian Refugee Council. \"The Kurdish conflict (1984–2006)\". Internal-displacement.org. Archived from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110131234615/http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/%28httpEnvelopes%29/F583DF6E49225B7F802570B8005AA873?OpenDocument","url_text":"\"The Kurdish conflict (1984–2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/F583DF6E49225B7F802570B8005AA873?OpenDocument","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Iraq warns Turkey over incursion\". BBC News. 23 February 2008. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7260478.stm","url_text":"\"Iraq warns Turkey over incursion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Focus – Iraqi Kurdistan: Kurdish locals divided over Turkey's anti-PKK air strikes\". France 24. 28 September 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20200928-iraqi-kurdistan-kurdish-locals-divided-over-turkey-s-anti-pkk-air-strikes","url_text":"\"Focus – Iraqi Kurdistan: Kurdish locals divided over Turkey's anti-PKK air strikes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_24","url_text":"France 24"}]},{"reference":"\"Iraq enforces border positions to prevent Turkish advance |\". AW. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thearabweekly.com/iraq-enforces-border-positions-prevent-turkish-advance","url_text":"\"Iraq enforces border positions to prevent Turkish advance |\""}]},{"reference":"Mutlu, Servet (2008). \"Türkiye'nin güvenliği: Ayrılıkçı PKK Terörünün Ekonomik Maliyeti\" [The security of Turkey: Economic cost of separatist PKK terrorism] (PDF) (in Turkish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035852/http://www.21yuzyildergisi.com/assets/uploads/files/87.pdf","url_text":"\"Türkiye'nin güvenliği: Ayrılıkçı PKK Terörünün Ekonomik Maliyeti\""},{"url":"http://www.21yuzyildergisi.com/assets/uploads/files/87.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brauns, Nicholas; Kiechle, Brigitte (2010). PKK, Perspektiven des Kurdischen Freiheitskampfes: Zwischen Selbstbestimmung, EU und Islam. Stuttgart: Schmetterling Verlag. p. 45. ISBN 978-3896575647.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3896575647","url_text":"978-3896575647"}]},{"reference":"Bilgin, Fevzi; Sarihan, Ali, eds. (2013). Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question. Lexington Books. p. 90. ISBN 9780739184035.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QwU5NplYWSEC&pg=PA90","url_text":"Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739184035","url_text":"9780739184035"}]},{"reference":"Balci, Ali (2016). The PKK-Kurdistan Workers' Party's Regional Politics: During and After the Cold War. Springer. p. 96. ISBN 978-3319422190.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hTGgDQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The PKK-Kurdistan Workers' Party's Regional Politics: During and After the Cold War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319422190","url_text":"978-3319422190"}]},{"reference":"Hannum, Hurst (1996). Autonomy, sovereignty, and self-determination: the accommodation of conflicting rights (Rev. ed.). Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 187–9. ISBN 978-0-8122-1572-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=28PEGfCDiZEC","url_text":"Autonomy, sovereignty, and self-determination: the accommodation of conflicting rights"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1572-4","url_text":"978-0-8122-1572-4"}]},{"reference":"Çelik, Yasemin (1999). Contemporary Turkish foreign policy (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 3. ISBN 9780275965907.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y9PXcwFOLNcC&pg=PA3","url_text":"Contemporary Turkish foreign policy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275965907","url_text":"9780275965907"}]},{"reference":"Baser, Bahar (2016). Diasporas and Homeland Conflicts: A Comparative Perspective. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317151296.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rrW1CwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Diasporas and Homeland Conflicts: A Comparative Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317151296","url_text":"978-1317151296"}]},{"reference":"Aslan, Senem (2014). Nation Building in Turkey and Morocco. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-1107054608.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wTAWBQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Nation Building in Turkey and Morocco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107054608","url_text":"978-1107054608"}]},{"reference":"Joseph, J. (2006). Turkey and the European Union internal dynamics and external challenges. Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 100. ISBN 978-0230598584.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G06BDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Turkey and the European Union internal dynamics and external challenges"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230598584","url_text":"978-0230598584"}]},{"reference":"Eder, Mine (2016). \"Turkey\". In Lust, Ellen (ed.). The Middle East (14 ed.). CQ Press. ISBN 978-1506329307. The Turkish military responded with a ferocious counterinsurgency campaign that led to the deaths of nearly 40,000 people, most of them Turkish Kurdish civilians, and the displacement of more than three million Kurds from southeastern Turkey.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_nlCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"\"Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1506329307","url_text":"978-1506329307"}]},{"reference":"\"European Court of Human Rights: Turkey Ranks First in Violations in between 1959–2011\". Bianet. Retrieved 29 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bianet.org/english/human-rights/138337-turkey-ranks-first-in-violations-in-between-1959-2011","url_text":"\"European Court of Human Rights: Turkey Ranks First in Violations in between 1959–2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianet","url_text":"Bianet"}]},{"reference":"Annual report (PDF) (Report). 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://echr.coe.int/Documents/Annual_Report_2014_ENG.pdf","url_text":"Annual report"}]},{"reference":"Case of Benzer and others v. Turkey (PDF) (Report). The European Court of Human Rights. 24 March 2014. p. 57. Retrieved 29 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=001-128036&filename=001-128036.pdf","url_text":"Case of Benzer and others v. Turkey"}]},{"reference":"Reidy, Aisling. \"The prohibition of torture\" (PDF). Council of Europe. pp. 11, 13. Retrieved 27 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.echr.coe.int/LibraryDocs/HR%20handbooks/handbook06_en.pdf","url_text":"\"The prohibition of torture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe","url_text":"Council of Europe"}]},{"reference":"Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch. 1998. p. 7. ISBN 9781564321909.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00huma_0","url_text":"Human Rights Watch"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00huma_0/page/7","url_text":"7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781564321909","url_text":"9781564321909"}]},{"reference":"McKiernan, Kevin (2006). The Kurds: a people in search of their homeland (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0312325466.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kurdspeopleinsea00mcki","url_text":"The Kurds: a people in search of their homeland"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kurdspeopleinsea00mcki/page/130","url_text":"130"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312325466","url_text":"978-0312325466"}]},{"reference":"Neuberger, Benyamin (2014). Bengio, Ofra (ed.). Kurdish awakening : nation building in a fragmented homeland. [S.l.]: Univ Of Texas Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0292758131.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=caCDBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Kurdish awakening : nation building in a fragmented homeland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0292758131","url_text":"978-0292758131"}]},{"reference":"Gunes, Cengiz; Zeydanlioğlu, Welat (2014). The Kurdish question in Turkey: new perspectives on violence, representation, and reconciliation. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 98. ISBN 978-1135140632.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UVn7AAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Kurdish question in Turkey: new perspectives on violence, representation, and reconciliation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135140632","url_text":"978-1135140632"}]},{"reference":"\"Police arrest and assistance of a lawyer\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Police_arrest_ENG.pdf","url_text":"\"Police arrest and assistance of a lawyer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Justice Comes from European Court for a Kurdish Journalist\". Retrieved 1 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.khrp.org/khrp-news/news-archive/2000-news/189-justice-comes-from-european-court-for-a-murdered-kurdish-journalist.html","url_text":"\"Justice Comes from European Court for a Kurdish Journalist\""}]},{"reference":"Whitman, Lois (1993). Laber, Jeri (ed.). The Kurds of Turkey: killings, disappearances and torture. New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1564320964.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pyz9fz6il38C","url_text":"The Kurds of Turkey: killings, disappearances and torture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1564320964","url_text":"978-1564320964"}]},{"reference":"Panico, Christopher (1999). Turkey : violations of free expression in Turkey. New York: Human Rights Watch. pp. 37–8. ISBN 978-1564322265.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TqXjX8ZSH6kC","url_text":"Turkey : violations of free expression in Turkey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1564322265","url_text":"978-1564322265"}]},{"reference":"Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove; Fernandes, Desmond (2008). \"Kurds in Turkey and in (Iraqi) Kurdistan: A Comparison of Kurdish Educational Language Policy in Two Situations of Occupation\". Genocide Studies and Prevention. p. 46.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tove_Skutnabb-Kangas","url_text":"Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desmond_Fernandes&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Fernandes, Desmond"},{"url":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1182&context=gsp","url_text":"\"Kurds in Turkey and in (Iraqi) Kurdistan: A Comparison of Kurdish Educational Language Policy in Two Situations of Occupation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide_Studies_and_Prevention","url_text":"Genocide Studies and Prevention"}]},{"reference":"\"PKK claims deadly suicide bombing at Turkish police station\". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/pkk-claims-responsibility-suicide-bombing-left-11-dead-turkey-1381604350","url_text":"\"PKK claims deadly suicide bombing at Turkish police station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Child soldiers in ISIS, PKK, Boko Haram…\" (PDF). Hrwf.eu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161016064155/https://hrwf.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Child-soldiers-in-ISIS-PKK-Boko-Haram%E2%80%A6.pdf","url_text":"\"Child soldiers in ISIS, PKK, Boko Haram…\""},{"url":"https://hrwf.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Child-soldiers-in-ISIS-PKK-Boko-Haram%E2%80%A6.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Conflict Profile: Turkey\" (PDF). Political Economy Research Institute. Retrieved 29 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/Turkey.pdf","url_text":"\"Conflict Profile: Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, David L. (18 April 2008). \"Disarming, Demobilizing, and Reintegrating the Kurdistan Worker's Party\" (PDF). American Foreign Policy Interests. 30 (2): 70–87. doi:10.1080/10803920802022670. ISSN 1080-3920. S2CID 154023896.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncafp.org/articles/07%20Report%20on%20Disarming,%20Demobilizing%20and%20Reintegrating%20the%20Kurdistan%20Workers%20Party.pdf","url_text":"\"Disarming, Demobilizing, and Reintegrating the Kurdistan Worker's Party\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10803920802022670","url_text":"10.1080/10803920802022670"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1080-3920","url_text":"1080-3920"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154023896","url_text":"154023896"}]},{"reference":"Weiner, Tim (20 February 1999). \"U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Weiner","url_text":"Weiner, Tim"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/20/world/us-helped-turkey-find-and-capture-kurd-rebel.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Miron Varouhakis. \"Greek Intelligence and the Capture of PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan in 1999\" (PDF). cia.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/static/d3c50d37d0b5dc5d3c729da9e081ba4d/Fiasco-in-Nairobi.pdf","url_text":"\"Greek Intelligence and the Capture of PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan in 1999\""}]},{"reference":"\"PKK has repeatedly asked for a ceasefire of peace since their establishment in the past 17 years\". Aknews.com. 6 November 2010. Archived from the original on 12 December 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101212230637/http://aknews.com/en/aknews/9/193730/?AKmobile=true","url_text":"\"PKK has repeatedly asked for a ceasefire of peace since their establishment in the past 17 years\""},{"url":"http://www.aknews.com/en/aknews/9/193730/?AKmobile=true","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PKK claims killing of Turkish policemen in revenge for Syria border attack – Türkiye News\". Hürriyet Daily News. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pkk-claims-killing-of-turkish-policemen-in-revenge-for-syria-border-attack-85756","url_text":"\"PKK claims killing of Turkish policemen in revenge for Syria border attack – Türkiye News\""}]},{"reference":"\"PKK leader calls for ceasefire in Turkey\". Al Jazeera. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 21 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130321170659/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/03/2013321112138974573.html","url_text":"\"PKK leader calls for ceasefire in Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network","url_text":"Al Jazeera"},{"url":"http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/03/2013321112138974573.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.N. Accuses Turkey of Killing Hundreds of Kurds\". The New York Times. 10 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/10/world/europe/un-turkey-kurds-human-rights-abuses.html","url_text":"\"U.N. Accuses Turkey of Killing Hundreds of Kurds\""}]},{"reference":"Turkey: Events of 2016. Human Rights Watch. 12 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/turkey","url_text":"Turkey: Events of 2016"}]},{"reference":"\"Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey\" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. February 2017. Some of the most extensively damaged sites are Nusaybin, Derik and Dargeçit (Mardin); Sur, Bismil and Dicle (Diyarbakır); and Cizre and Silopi (Şırnak).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/TR/OHCHR_South-East_TurkeyReport_10March2017.pdf","url_text":"\"Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abdullah Öcalan and the development of the PKK\". Xs4all.nl. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101215175054/http://www.xs4all.nl/~kicadam/kurdistan/2_99/ocalan.html","url_text":"\"Abdullah Öcalan and the development of the PKK\""},{"url":"http://www.xs4all.nl/~kicadam/kurdistan/2_99/ocalan.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bozarslan, Hamit (1 June 2012). \"Between integration, autonomization and radicalization. Hamit Bozarslan on the Kurdish Movement and the Turkish Left. Interview by Marlies Casier and Olivier Grojean\". European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey (14). doi:10.4000/ejts.4663. ISSN 1773-0546.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4663","url_text":"\"Between integration, autonomization and radicalization. Hamit Bozarslan on the Kurdish Movement and the Turkish Left. Interview by Marlies Casier and Olivier Grojean\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fejts.4663","url_text":"10.4000/ejts.4663"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1773-0546","url_text":"1773-0546"}]},{"reference":"\"Gundem-online.com\". Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711133504/http://www.gundem-online.com/yazdir.asp?haberid=55278","url_text":"\"Gundem-online.com\""},{"url":"http://www.gundem-online.com/yazdir.asp?haberid=55278","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, David L. (5 July 2017). The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East. Routledge. ISBN 9781351480376.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YSwrDwAAQBAJ&q=pkk+third+congress+1986&pg=PA55","url_text":"The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351480376","url_text":"9781351480376"}]},{"reference":"Casier, Marlies; Jongerden, Joost (13 September 2010). Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue. Routledge. ISBN 9781136938672.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6vYtCgAAQBAJ&q=third+congress+pkk+criticism+1986&pg=PA137","url_text":"Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136938672","url_text":"9781136938672"}]},{"reference":"White, Paul J. (2000). Primitive Rebels Or Revolutionary Modernizers?: The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey. Zed Books. ISBN 9781856498227.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a80KQ4jdOeUC&q=PKK+executions+fourth+congress&pg=PA144","url_text":"Primitive Rebels Or Revolutionary Modernizers?: The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781856498227","url_text":"9781856498227"}]},{"reference":"Öcalan, Abdullah (2006). PKK'ya Dayatılan Tasfiyecilik ve Tasfiyeciligin Tasfiyesi. Turkey. p. 365.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stanton, Jessica A. (26 September 2016). Violence and Restraint in Civil War: Civilian Targeting in the Shadow of International Law. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316720592.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kIgwDQAAQBAJ&q=PKK+fourth+congress&pg=PA196","url_text":"Violence and Restraint in Civil War: Civilian Targeting in the Shadow of International Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316720592","url_text":"9781316720592"}]},{"reference":"\"Chronology of the Important Events in the World/PKK Chronology (1976–2006)\". Turkish Weekly. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101006073753/http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/217/chronology-of-the-important-events-in-the-world-pkk-chronology-1976-2006-.html","url_text":"\"Chronology of the Important Events in the World/PKK Chronology (1976–2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/217/chronology-of-the-important-events-in-the-world-pkk-chronology-1976-2006-.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Orhan, Mehmet (2016). Political Violence and Kurds in Turkey: Fragmentations, Mobilizations, Participations & Repertoires. Routledge. p. 183. ISBN 9781138918870.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138918870","url_text":"9781138918870"}]},{"reference":"Özcan, Ali Kemal (12 October 2012). Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan. Routledge. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-134-21130-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-21130-2","url_text":"978-1-134-21130-2"}]},{"reference":"Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. \"Refworld | Chronology for Kurds in Turkey\". Refworld. Retrieved 27 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.refworld.org/docid/469f38e91e.html","url_text":"\"Refworld | Chronology for Kurds in Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"Gunes, Cengiz (11 January 2013). The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance. Routledge. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-136-58798-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-58798-6","url_text":"978-1-136-58798-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Secret witness reveals identity, shady ties between PKK and Ergenekon\". Today's Zaman. 6 November 2012. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121106220050/http://todayszaman.com/news-297273-secret-witness-reveals-identity-shady-ties-between-pkk-and-ergenekon.html","url_text":"\"Secret witness reveals identity, shady ties between PKK and Ergenekon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today%27s_Zaman","url_text":"Today's Zaman"},{"url":"http://www.todayszaman.com/news-297273-secret-witness-reveals-identity-shady-ties-between-pkk-and-ergenekon.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"1998 Turkey Human Rights Report (PDF) (Report). Ankara: Human Rights Foundation of Turkey. 2000. ISBN 975-7217-25-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090205022400/http://www.tihv.org.tr/tihve/data/Yayinlar/Human_Rights_Reports/Ra1998HumanRigthsReport.pdf","url_text":"1998 Turkey Human Rights Report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Foundation_of_Turkey","url_text":"Human Rights Foundation of Turkey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-7217-25-5","url_text":"975-7217-25-5"},{"url":"http://www.tihv.org.tr/tihve/data/Yayinlar/Human_Rights_Reports/Ra1998HumanRigthsReport.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Cluster Bombs For Turkey?\". Human Rights Watch. HRW.org. December 1994. Retrieved 12 December 2022. Other air strikes reported by the Turkish armed forces include: C July 26, 1994 on Mezi district, killing seventy-nine.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/turkey2/","url_text":"\"U.S. Cluster Bombs For Turkey?\""}]},{"reference":"Laizer, S. J. (1996). Martyrs, Traitors, and Patriots: Kurdistan After the Gulf War. Zed Books. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-1-85649-396-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-396-3","url_text":"978-1-85649-396-3"}]},{"reference":"Group, Taylor Francis (2004). Europa World Year Book 2004 (page 4227). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781857432558. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C&pg=PA4227","url_text":"Europa World Year Book 2004 (page 4227)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857432558","url_text":"9781857432558"}]},{"reference":"Weiner, Tim (20 February 1999). \"U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel\". New York Times. Retrieved 15 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03E3D8143DF933A15751C0A96F958260","url_text":"\"U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"On this day – February 17\". News24. News24.com. 17 February 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news24.com/Opinions/OnThisDay/On-this-day-February-17-20100217","url_text":"\"On this day – February 17\""}]},{"reference":"\"PKK/KONGRA-GEL and Terrorism\". Ataa.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ataa.org/reference/pkk/pkk.html","url_text":"\"PKK/KONGRA-GEL and Terrorism\""}]},{"reference":"\"PŞK KDP PARTİYA ŞOREŞA KÜDİSTAN (KÜRDİSTAN DEVRİM PARTİSİ)\". Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626100153/http://www.sucbilimi.org/?ana=teror&alt=pshk","url_text":"\"PŞK KDP PARTİYA ŞOREŞA KÜDİSTAN (KÜRDİSTAN DEVRİM PARTİSİ)\""},{"url":"http://www.sucbilimi.org/?ana%3Dteror%26alt%3Dpshk","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Huggler, Justin (30 August 2006). \"The Big Question: Who is behind the bombings in Turkey, and what do they want?\". The Independent. London. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-big-question-who-is-behind-the-bombings-in-turkey-and-what-do-they-want-413885.html","url_text":"\"The Big Question: Who is behind the bombings in Turkey, and what do they want?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey Country Assessment\" (PDF). Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/ds750_03014tur.pdf","url_text":"\"Turkey Country Assessment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish Hezbollah (Hizbullah) / Kurdish Hezbollah\". Turkish Weekly. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102143843/http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/180/turkish-hezbollah-hizbullah-kurdish-hezbollah.html","url_text":"\"Turkish Hezbollah (Hizbullah) / Kurdish Hezbollah\""},{"url":"http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/180/turkish-hezbollah-hizbullah-kurdish-hezbollah.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McGregor, Andrew. \"The Jamestown Foundation: The Shaykh Said Revolt and Ankara's Return to the Past in its Struggle with the Kurds\". Jamestown. Jamestown.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4713&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=167&no_cache=1","url_text":"\"The Jamestown Foundation: The Shaykh Said Revolt and Ankara's Return to the Past in its Struggle with the Kurds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Armed Conflicts Report\". Archived from the original on 7 February 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110207165941/http://ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-Turkey.html","url_text":"\"Armed Conflicts Report\""},{"url":"http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-Turkey.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey country profile\". BBC News. 14 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1022222.stm","url_text":"\"Turkey country profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"New PKK Leadership Takes Over Insurgency\". Menewsline.com. 25 May 2008. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626123957/http://www.menewsline.com/article-809-New-PKK-Leadership-Takes-Over-Ins.aspx","url_text":"\"New PKK Leadership Takes Over Insurgency\""},{"url":"http://www.menewsline.com/article-809-New-PKK-Leadership-Takes-Over-Ins.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HADEP History: The People's Democracy Party\". Ofkparis.org. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727141709/http://www.ofkparis.org/english/hadep-historique.htm","url_text":"\"HADEP History: The People's Democracy Party\""},{"url":"http://www.ofkparis.org/english/hadep-historique.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080818133555/http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/rwpattach.nsf/VAP/%28153683DB7E984D23214BD871B2AC75E8%29~Attach%2BB%2B-%2BAg_s.PDF/%24file/Attach%2BB%2B-%2BAg_s.PDF","url_text":"\"Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)\""},{"url":"http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/rwpattach.nsf/VAP/(153683DB7E984D23214BD871B2AC75E8)~Attach+B+-+Ag_s.PDF/$file/Attach+B+-+Ag_s.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Court evidence reveals KCK terror network is worse than PKK\". Today's Zaman. 20 June 2010. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121015091217/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action%3Bjsessionid%3DE6F2FF01111B4E530468FAE2C7EA880B?load=detay&link=213628&newsId=213559","url_text":"\"Court evidence reveals KCK terror network is worse than PKK\""},{"url":"http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=E6F2FF01111B4E530468FAE2C7EA880B?load=detay&link=213628&newsId=213559","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nedim Şener (24 June 2011). \"26 yılın kanlı bilançosu\". Milliyet (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140125123454/http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/26-yilin-kanli-bilancosu/guncel/gundemdetay/24.06.2010/1254711/default.htm","url_text":"\"26 yılın kanlı bilançosu\""},{"url":"http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/26-yilin-kanli-bilancosu/guncel/gundemdetay/24.06.2010/1254711/default.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey: Kurdistan (entire conflict)\". Ucdp.uu.se. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073547/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=158®ionSelect=10-Middle_East","url_text":"\"Turkey: Kurdistan (entire conflict)\""},{"url":"http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=158®ionSelect=10-Middle_East#","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Romano, David; Romano, Thomas G. Strong Professor of Middle East Politics David (2 March 2006). The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity. Cambridge University Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780521850414.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521850414","url_text":"9780521850414"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish resort blast kills five\". BBC News. 16 July 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4688575.stm","url_text":"\"Turkish resort blast kills five\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kurds 'deny' Turkey resort bomb\". BBC News. 17 July 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4691755.stm","url_text":"\"Kurds 'deny' Turkey resort bomb\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fresh violence erupts in Turkey | News\". Al Jazeera. 2 April 2006. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2006/4/2/fresh-violence-erupts-in-turkey","url_text":"\"Fresh violence erupts in Turkey | News\""}]},{"reference":"Davies, Elizabeth (30 August 2006). \"Kurd rebels vow to turn Turkey 'into hell'\". The Independent. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/kurd-rebels-vow-to-turn-turkey-into-hell-413931.html","url_text":"\"Kurd rebels vow to turn Turkey 'into hell'\""}]},{"reference":"\"One injured in Turkey bomb blast\". BBC News. 30 August 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5298466.stm","url_text":"\"One injured in Turkey bomb blast\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bombalı saldırıda sürpriz tanık\". Hürriyet Daily News (in Turkish). 2 June 2007. Retrieved 2 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6634397.asp?gid=180","url_text":"\"Bombalı saldırıda sürpriz tanık\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News","url_text":"Hürriyet Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"Anafartalar saldırısında ölü sayısı 7'ye yükseldi\". Hürriyet Daily News (in Turkish). 7 June 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6664347.asp?f=1","url_text":"\"Anafartalar saldırısında ölü sayısı 7'ye yükseldi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News","url_text":"Hürriyet Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"8'inci kurban\". Hürriyet Daily News (in Turkish). 19 June 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6735399.asp?gid=180","url_text":"\"8'inci kurban\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News","url_text":"Hürriyet Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"Anafartalar'da ölü sayısı 9'a çıktı\". Hürriyet Daily News (in Turkish). 4 July 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6830669.asp?gid=180","url_text":"\"Anafartalar'da ölü sayısı 9'a çıktı\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News","url_text":"Hürriyet Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"PKK Suspects Held Over Foiled Ankara Bomb\". Dalje.com. 15 September 2007. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121019212340/http://dalje.com/en-world/pkk-suspects-held-over-foiled-ankara-bomb/80894","url_text":"\"PKK Suspects Held Over Foiled Ankara Bomb\""},{"url":"http://dalje.com/en-world/pkk-suspects-held-over-foiled-ankara-bomb/80894","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Seven Turks killed in rebel raid\". BBC News. 4 June 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6718965.stm","url_text":"\"Seven Turks killed in rebel raid\""}]},{"reference":"Torchia, Christopher (8 June 2007). \"Iraqi Kurds: Turkey Shells Across Border\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/08/AR2007060800462.html","url_text":"\"Iraqi Kurds: Turkey Shells Across Border\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish MPs back attacks in Iraq\". BBC News. 18 October 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7049348.stm","url_text":"\"Turkish MPs back attacks in Iraq\""}]},{"reference":"Bendern, Paul de (22 February 2008). \"Turkey army launches land offensive into Iraq\". Reuters. Retrieved 22 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSANK00037420080222","url_text":"\"Turkey army launches land offensive into Iraq\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish air force in major attack on Kurdish camps\". Flight Global. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/12/20/220440/turkish-air-force-in-major-attack-on-kurdish-camps.html","url_text":"\"Turkish air force in major attack on Kurdish camps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish jets bomb Kurdish rebel hideouts in northern Iraq\". Jerusalem Post. 15 January 2008. Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110916093607/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1200308092560&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull","url_text":"\"Turkish jets bomb Kurdish rebel hideouts in northern Iraq\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_Post","url_text":"Jerusalem Post"},{"url":"http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1200308092560&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish incursion into Northern Iraq: Military Fiasco, Political Debacle – The Bullet\". Socialist Project. 13 March 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://socialistproject.ca/2008/03/b89/","url_text":"\"Turkish incursion into Northern Iraq: Military Fiasco, Political Debacle – The Bullet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey counts cost of conflict as Kurdish militant battle rages on\". Todayonline.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210111191845/https://www.todayonline.com/world/turkey-counts-cost-conflict-kurdish-militant-battle-rages","url_text":"\"Turkey counts cost of conflict as Kurdish militant battle rages on\""},{"url":"http://www.todayonline.com/world/turkey-counts-cost-conflict-kurdish-militant-battle-rages","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Critical week for Turkey as Kurdish initiative comes to Parliament\". Today's Zaman. 9 November 2009. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121012151928/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-192410-100-critical-week-for-turkey-as-kurdish-initiative-comes-to-parliament.html","url_text":"\"Critical week for Turkey as Kurdish initiative comes to Parliament\""},{"url":"http://www.todayszaman.com/news-192410-100-critical-week-for-turkey-as-kurdish-initiative-comes-to-parliament.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marcus, Aliza (12 July 2010). \"Troubles in Turkey's Backyard\". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 20 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/07/12/troubles-in-turkeys-backyard-2/","url_text":"\"Troubles in Turkey's Backyard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Outline of Kurdish initiative emerges at security summit\". Today's Zaman. 18 September 2009. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101127082510/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-187472-101-outline-of-kurdish-initiative-emerges-at-security-summit.html","url_text":"\"Outline of Kurdish initiative emerges at security summit\""},{"url":"http://www.todayszaman.com/news-187472-101-outline-of-kurdish-initiative-emerges-at-security-summit.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey's Kurd initiative goes up in smoke\". Asia Times. 16 December 2009. Archived from the original on 18 December 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091218052750/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/KL16Ag01.html","url_text":"\"Turkey's Kurd initiative goes up in smoke\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish court bans pro-Kurd party\". BBC News. 11 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8408903.stm","url_text":"\"Turkish court bans pro-Kurd party\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dozens of Turkey's pro Kurdish BDP members arrested\". Ekurd.net. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2010/2/turkeykurdistan2525.htm","url_text":"\"Dozens of Turkey's pro Kurdish BDP members arrested\""}]},{"reference":"Arsu, Sebnem (8 December 2009). \"Soldiers Killed in Ambush in Northern Turkey\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/08/world/europe/08turkey.html?_r=1","url_text":"\"Soldiers Killed in Ambush in Northern Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"PKK has repeatedly asked for a ceasefire of peace since their establishment in the past 17 years\". AKNEWS.com. 6 November 2010. Archived from the original on 25 November 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111125090153/http://www.aknews.com/en/aknews/9/193730/?AKmobile=true","url_text":"\"PKK has repeatedly asked for a ceasefire of peace since their establishment in the past 17 years\""},{"url":"http://www.aknews.com/en/aknews/9/193730/?AKmobile=true","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"4 Turkish soldiers killed by Kurdish rebels\". People's Daily. 1 May 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90854/6970412.html","url_text":"\"4 Turkish soldiers killed by Kurdish rebels\""}]},{"reference":"\"PKK steps up attacks in Turkey\". Hurriyet Daily News. 30 May 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=pkk-steps-up-attacks-in-turkey-2010-05-30","url_text":"\"PKK steps up attacks in Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"\"7 troops killed in terrorist attack\". Todayszaman.com. 1 June 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121012191558/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-211723-101-7-troops-killed-in-terrorist-attack.html","url_text":"\"7 troops killed in terrorist attack\""},{"url":"http://www.todayszaman.com/news-211723-101-7-troops-killed-in-terrorist-attack.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PKK attack kills 8 Turkish soldiers\". World Bulletin. 19 June 2010. Archived from the original on 21 June 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100621002337/http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=60178","url_text":"\"PKK attack kills 8 Turkish soldiers\""},{"url":"http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=60178","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Erdogan Says PKK Will \"Drown in Blood\" After Deaths (Update1)\". Businessweek. 20 June 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-20/erdogan-says-pkk-will-drown-in-blood-after-deaths-update1-.html","url_text":"\"Erdogan Says PKK Will \"Drown in Blood\" After Deaths (Update1)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seven soldiers killed, seventeen wounded in clashes in SE Turkey\". Hurriyet Daily News. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=six-soldiers-reported-killed-in-firefight-in--se-turkey.-2010-07-20","url_text":"\"Seven soldiers killed, seventeen wounded in clashes in SE Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"\"PKK says offers Turkey disarmament \"with conditions\"\". World Bulletin. 21 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724134319/http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61587","url_text":"\"PKK says offers Turkey disarmament \"with conditions\"\""},{"url":"http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=61587","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish army kills 46 PKK militants in last month\". World Bulletin. 14 July 2010. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426181918/http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61333","url_text":"\"Turkish army kills 46 PKK militants in last month\""},{"url":"http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=61333","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PKK: Twelve Turkish soldiers killed in retaliatory attacks\". firatnews.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320224104/http://en.firatnews.com/index.php?rupel=article&nuceID=1019","url_text":"\"PKK: Twelve Turkish soldiers killed in retaliatory attacks\""},{"url":"https://en.firatnews.com/index.php?rupel=article&nuceID=1019","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Champion, Marc (3 February 2011). \"PKK Revokes Cease-Fire in Turkey\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704615504576172122380315948","url_text":"\"PKK Revokes Cease-Fire in Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Three killed in clash in Southeast Turkey\". Hurriyet Daily News. 15 March 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=three-kurdish-rebels-killed-in-southeast-turkey-2011-03-15","url_text":"\"Three killed in clash in Southeast Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riots in South-Eastern Turkey after Military Operations\". Bianet — Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi. Retrieved 26 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bianet.org/english/minorities/130035-riots-in-south-eastern-turkey-after-military-operations","url_text":"\"Riots in South-Eastern Turkey after Military Operations\""}]},{"reference":"\"AK Party won, now Kurds win; here's why by Abdulla Hawez Abdulla\". TodaysZaman. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026121337/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-247755-ak-party-won-now-kurds-win-heres-why-by-abdulla-hawez-abdulla%2A.html","url_text":"\"AK Party won, now Kurds win; here's why by Abdulla Hawez Abdulla\""},{"url":"http://www.todayszaman.com/news-247755-ak-party-won-now-kurds-win-heres-why-by-abdulla-hawez-abdulla*.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurds raise profile, gain seats in Turkish assembly\". Reuters. 14 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-election-kurds-idUSTRE75D4LV20110614","url_text":"\"Kurds raise profile, gain seats in Turkish assembly\""}]},{"reference":"\"CHP deputy urges party to boycott Parliament in protest of deputy ban\". Today's Zaman. 23 June 2011. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140125105324/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-248367-chp-deputy-urges-party-to-boycott-parliament-in-protest-of-deputy-ban.html","url_text":"\"CHP deputy urges party to boycott Parliament in protest of deputy ban\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today%27s_Zaman","url_text":"Today's Zaman"},{"url":"http://www.todayszaman.com/news-248367-chp-deputy-urges-party-to-boycott-parliament-in-protest-of-deputy-ban.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurdish rebels kill 3 Turkish soldiers\". Associated Press. 1 August 2011. Archived from the original on 1 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110901193421/http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article481345.ece","url_text":"\"Kurdish rebels kill 3 Turkish soldiers\""},{"url":"http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article481345.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey says 90–100 Kurd rebels killed in north Iraq raids\". Reuters. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-iraq-military-idUSTRE77M1SY20110823","url_text":"\"Turkey says 90–100 Kurd rebels killed in north Iraq raids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish army: 90–100 Kurd rebels killed in n. Iraq raids – Breaking News – Jerusalem Post\". Jpost.com. 23 August 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Turkish-army-90-100-Kurd-rebels-killed-in-n-Iraq-raids","url_text":"\"Turkish army: 90–100 Kurd rebels killed in n. Iraq raids – Breaking News – Jerusalem Post\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Kurdish PKK Militants Are Exploiting the Crisis in Syria to Achieve Regional Autonomy\". Jamestown. The Jamestown Foundation. 6 April 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39235&cHash=3ccc90aba609f654ddd5102286620319","url_text":"\"How Kurdish PKK Militants Are Exploiting the Crisis in Syria to Achieve Regional Autonomy\""}]},{"reference":"\"26 Turkish soldiers killed in Kurdish attacks\". Zee News. 19 October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/26-turkish-soldiers-killed-in-kurdish-attacks_737457.html","url_text":"\"26 Turkish soldiers killed in Kurdish attacks\""}]},{"reference":"\"42 Turkish soldiers killed, wounded in Kurdish rebels attack\". kuna.net. Retrieved 26 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2197429&Language=en","url_text":"\"42 Turkish soldiers killed, wounded in Kurdish rebels attack\""}]},{"reference":"\"CRS Report: Terrorism: Middle Eastern Groups and State Sponsors, August 27, 1998\". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/reports/crs/Cterror2.htm","url_text":"\"CRS Report: Terrorism: Middle Eastern Groups and State Sponsors, August 27, 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"Analysts link PKK upsurge to Syrian war\". Financial Times. Retrieved 26 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/dd2c9d8c-ec74-11e1-8e4a-00144feab49a.html#axzz24NgjVuFK","url_text":"\"Analysts link PKK upsurge to Syrian war\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bloodiest PKK Fight in Years Kill Dozens, 6 August 2012\". Turkish Weekly. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026113630/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/139749/bloodiest-pkk-fight-in-years-kill-dozens.html","url_text":"\"Bloodiest PKK Fight in Years Kill Dozens, 6 August 2012\""},{"url":"http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/139749/bloodiest-pkk-fight-in-years-kill-dozens.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurdish campaign in Turkey provides\". 17 August 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kansascity.com/2012/08/17/3766715/kurdish-campaign-in-turkey-provides.html#storylink=cpy","url_text":"\"Kurdish campaign in Turkey provides\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eight killed in bombing in Turkey\". CNN. 20 August 2012. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121001213344/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-08-20/world/world_europe_turkey-bombing_1_pkk-kurdistan-workers-party-turkish-city","url_text":"\"Eight killed in bombing in Turkey\""},{"url":"http://articles.cnn.com/2012-08-20/world/world_europe_turkey-bombing_1_pkk-kurdistan-workers-party-turkish-city","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yes, we negotiate with Öcalan\" (in Turkish). Ntvmsnbc. December 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25409952/","url_text":"\"Yes, we negotiate with Öcalan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kurdish activists killed in Paris\". BBC News. 10 January 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20968375","url_text":"\"Kurdish activists killed in Paris\""}]},{"reference":"\"Here's what was talked in İmralı\". Milliyet (in Turkish). 5 March 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221304/http://siyaset.milliyet.com.tr/iste-imrali-daki-gorusmenin-tutanaklari-basarisizlikta-ben-yokum-/siyaset/siyasetdetay/28.02.2013/1674358/default.htm","url_text":"\"Here's what was talked in İmralı\""},{"url":"http://siyaset.milliyet.com.tr/iste-imrali-daki-gorusmenin-tutanaklari-basarisizlikta-ben-yokum-/siyaset/siyasetdetay/28.02.2013/1674358/default.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish capital Ankara hit by twin explosions\". BBC. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21854215","url_text":"\"Turkish capital Ankara hit by twin explosions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kurdish Group to Pull Armed Units from Turkey\". The Wall Street Journal. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324743704578444630691252760?mod=WSJEurope_hpp_LEFTTopStories","url_text":"\"Kurdish Group to Pull Armed Units from Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kandil açıklaması meclis'te tansiyonu yükseltti\" (in Turkish). İnternethaber. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.internethaber.com/kandIl-acIklamasI-meclIste-tansIyonu-yukselttI-526242h.htm","url_text":"\"Kandil açıklaması meclis'te tansiyonu yükseltti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kandil'in Kararına Meclis'ten İlk Tepkiler\" (in Turkish). Haber3. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haber3.com/kandilin-kararina-meclisten-ilk-tepkiler-haberi-1927878h.htm","url_text":"\"Kandil'in Kararına Meclis'ten İlk Tepkiler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Silahlara veda\" (in Turkish). T24. 25 April 2013. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130428011936/http://t24.com.tr/yazi/silahlara-veda/6592","url_text":"\"Silahlara veda\""},{"url":"http://t24.com.tr/yazi/silahlara-veda/6592","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Anatomy of Protests against the invasion of Kobani\". DailySabah. 18 October 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/2014/10/18/anatomy-of-protests-against-the-invasion-of-kobani","url_text":"\"Anatomy of Protests against the invasion of Kobani\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kurdish Hizbullah pushed back to the scene\". DailySabah. 27 October 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/2014/10/27/kurdish-hizbullah-pushed-back-to-the-scene","url_text":"\"Kurdish Hizbullah pushed back to the scene\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three Turkish soldiers killed in southeast Turkey\". DailySabah. 25 October 2014. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222905/http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2014/10/25/three-turkish-soldiers-killed-in-southeast-turkey","url_text":"\"Three Turkish soldiers killed in southeast Turkey\""},{"url":"http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2014/10/25/three-turkish-soldiers-killed-in-southeast-turkey","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Richard Spencer (25 June 2015). \"Turkey accused of allowing Islamic State fighters to cross its border in Kobane attack\". The Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11699969/Turkey-accused-of-alowing-Islamic-State-fighters-to-cross-its-border-in-Kobane-attack.html","url_text":"\"Turkey accused of allowing Islamic State fighters to cross its border in Kobane attack\""}]},{"reference":"\"KCK official says PKK not responsible for murders of 2 Turkish policemen\". Today's Zaman. 29 July 2015. Archived from the original on 29 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150729143815/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_kck-official-says-pkk-not-responsible-for-murders-of-2-turkish-policemen_394957.html","url_text":"\"KCK official says PKK not responsible for murders of 2 Turkish policemen\""},{"url":"http://www.todayszaman.com/national_kck-official-says-pkk-not-responsible-for-murders-of-2-turkish-policemen_394957.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish jets target Kurds in Iraq, Islamic State militants in Syria\". Fox News. Archived from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150729183912/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/07/25/turkish-jets-target-kurds-in-iraq-islamic-state-militants-in-syria/","url_text":"\"Turkish jets target Kurds in Iraq, Islamic State militants in Syria\""},{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/07/25/turkish-jets-target-kurds-in-iraq-islamic-state-militants-in-syria/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"We really can't succeed against ISIL without Turkey: US\". Hurriyet Daily News. Retrieved 15 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/we-really-cant-succeed-against-isil-without-turkey-us.aspx?pageID=238&nID=86993&NewsCatID=510","url_text":"\"We really can't succeed against ISIL without Turkey: US\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey Says It Struck Kurdish Forces in Syria\". The Wall Street Journal. 27 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/turkey-opens-new-front-against-kurds-in-syria-1445968338","url_text":"\"Turkey Says It Struck Kurdish Forces in Syria\""}]},{"reference":"\"The hatred never went away\". Economist. 12 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21664225-civilians-join-fight-between-soldiers-and-guerrillas-burying-years-calm-hatred-never","url_text":"\"The hatred never went away\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Lynching Campaign' Targets Kurds in Turkey, HDP Offices Attacked\". Armenian Weekly. 9 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://armenianweekly.com/2015/09/09/lynching-campaign-targets-kurds/","url_text":"\"'Lynching Campaign' Targets Kurds in Turkey, HDP Offices Attacked\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey Kurds: Many dead in Cizre violence as MPs' march blocked\". BBC News. 10 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34206924","url_text":"\"Turkey Kurds: Many dead in Cizre violence as MPs' march blocked\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey should ensure immediate access to Cizre by independent observers\". Council of Europe. 11 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/-/turkey-should-ensure-immediate-access-to-cizre-by-independent-observers?redirect=http://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/home?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_iFWYWFoeqhvQ&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=4","url_text":"\"Turkey should ensure immediate access to Cizre by independent observers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scores killed in clashes between Turkish forces and Kurdish rebels\". Al Jazeera. 29 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/9/29/scores-killed-in-clashes-between-turkish-forces-and-kurdish-rebels.html","url_text":"\"Scores killed in clashes between Turkish forces and Kurdish rebels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English","url_text":"Al Jazeera"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey's Campaign Against Kurdish Militants Takes Toll on Civilians\". The New York Times. 30 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/31/world/europe/turkey-kurds-pkk.html?hpw&rref=world&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=well-region®ion=bottom-well&WT.nav=bottom-well&_r=0","url_text":"\"Turkey's Campaign Against Kurdish Militants Takes Toll on Civilians\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey: Mounting Security Operation Deaths\". Human Rights Watch. 22 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/12/22/turkey-mounting-security-operation-deaths","url_text":"\"Turkey: Mounting Security Operation Deaths\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kurdish militants reportedly shoot down Turkish security forces helicopter\". The Washington Post. 14 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/14/kurdish-militants-just-challenged-turkish-air-power-in-a-major-way/","url_text":"\"Kurdish militants reportedly shoot down Turkish security forces helicopter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"PKK ve 9 örgütün oluşturduğu grup o saldırıyı üstlendi\". Odatv.com. 8 May 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://odatv.com/o-saldiri-ustlendiler-0805161200.html","url_text":"\"PKK ve 9 örgütün oluşturduğu grup o saldırıyı üstlendi\""}]},{"reference":"\"HBDH claims responsibility for the action in Giresun\". Firat News Agency. 8 May 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://anfenglish.com/news/hbdh-claims-responsibility-for-the-action-in-giresun","url_text":"\"HBDH claims responsibility for the action in Giresun\""}]},{"reference":"\"HBDH: 11 riot police killed in Trabzon\". Firat News Agency. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://anfenglish.com/news/hbdh-11-riot-police-killed-in-trabzon","url_text":"\"HBDH: 11 riot police killed in Trabzon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Three police officers killed in attack in Turkey's north\". Doğan News Agency. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/three-police-officers-in-killed-in-attack-in-turkeys-north.aspx?pageID=238&nID=101788&NewsCatID=341","url_text":"\"Three police officers killed in attack in Turkey's north\""}]},{"reference":"\"Erdogan: Operation in Syria's Afrin has begun\". Al Jazeera.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/01/erdogan-operation-syria-afrin-begun-180120120424928.html","url_text":"\"Erdogan: Operation in Syria's Afrin has begun\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey will drain 'terror swamp' in Iraq's Qandil, Erdogan says\". Reuters. 11 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-turkey/turkey-will-drain-terror-swamp-in-iraqs-qandil-erdogan-says-idUSKBN1J71CJ","url_text":"\"Turkey will drain 'terror swamp' in Iraq's Qandil, Erdogan says\""}]},{"reference":"Leezenberg, Michiel (2015). \"Politics, Economy, and Ideology in Iraqi Kurdistan Since 2003: Enduring Trends and Novel Challenges\". The Arab Studies Journal. 23 (1): 154–183. JSTOR 44744903.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44744903","url_text":"\"Politics, Economy, and Ideology in Iraqi Kurdistan Since 2003: Enduring Trends and Novel Challenges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44744903","url_text":"44744903"}]},{"reference":"\"As Turkey attacks Kurds in Syria, Trump says any ISIS escapees are Europe's problem\". CBS News. 10 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-turkey-syria-incursion-targeting-kurds-if-isis-prisoners-escape-europe-problem-2019-10-10/","url_text":"\"As Turkey attacks Kurds in Syria, Trump says any ISIS escapees are Europe's problem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey says militants executed 13, including soldiers, police, in Iraq\". Reuters. 15 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-iraq-security/turkey-says-finds-bodies-of-13-killed-by-militants-in-iraq-idUSKBN2AE050","url_text":"\"Turkey says militants executed 13, including soldiers, police, in Iraq\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Gall, Carlotta (15 February 2021). \"Deaths of Soldiers and Policemen Held by Kurdish Guerrillas Roil Turkish Politics\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 16 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/15/world/middleeast/turkey-soldiers-deaths-kurdish-guerrillas.html","url_text":"\"Deaths of Soldiers and Policemen Held by Kurdish Guerrillas Roil Turkish Politics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"CHP leader says Erdoğan is responsible for the deaths of 13 security personnel in Iraq\". Bianet – Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi. Retrieved 16 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bianet.org/english/politics/239414-chp-leader-says-erdogan-is-responsible-for-the-deaths-of-13-security-personnel-in-iraq","url_text":"\"CHP leader says Erdoğan is responsible for the deaths of 13 security personnel in Iraq\""}]},{"reference":"\"HSM: İşgalci Türk devleti esirleri imha etmek için saldırdı\". ANF News (in Turkish). Retrieved 2 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://anfturkce.com/kurdIstan/hsm-Isgalci-turk-devleti-esirleri-imha-etmek-icin-saldirdi-152227","url_text":"\"HSM: İşgalci Türk devleti esirleri imha etmek için saldırdı\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANF_News","url_text":"ANF News"}]},{"reference":"Zaman, Amberin (15 February 2021). \"Blinken walks back State Department ambiguity over Turkish hostages killed in Iraq\". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 1 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2021/02/blinken-state-department-turkey-hostages-pkk-killed-iraq.html","url_text":"\"Blinken walks back State Department ambiguity over Turkish hostages killed in Iraq\""}]},{"reference":"Saymaz, İsmail (16 February 2021). \"Şehidin babası: Bu insanlık dışı bir şey\". Sözcü. Retrieved 1 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2021/yazarlar/ismail-saymaz/sehidin-babasi-bu-insanlik-disi-bir-sey-6261836/","url_text":"\"Şehidin babası: Bu insanlık dışı bir şey\""}]},{"reference":"Evin, Mehveş (26 February 2021). \"The killing of captives in Garê and its aftermath\". Duvar English. Retrieved 2 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.duvarenglish.com/the-killing-of-captives-in-gare-and-its-aftermath-article-56414","url_text":"\"The killing of captives in Garê and its aftermath\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazete_Duvar","url_text":"Duvar English"}]},{"reference":"Tugal, Cihan (26 May 2022). \"Opinion | Turkey Shows What NATO Really Is\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/26/opinion/turkey-nato-kurds.html","url_text":"\"Opinion | Turkey Shows What NATO Really Is\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"NATO deal with Sweden and Finland: Ankara celebrates 'national victory,' worries mount in Stockholm\". Le Monde. 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/06/29/nato-deal-with-sweden-and-finland-ankara-celebrates-national-victory-worries-mount-in-stockholm_5988325_4.html","url_text":"\"NATO deal with Sweden and Finland: Ankara celebrates 'national victory,' worries mount in Stockholm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sweden refuses to deny deportations to Turkey as part of NATO deal\". The Local. 3 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelocal.se/20220703/sweden-refuses-to-deny-deportations-to-turkey-part-of-nato-deal/","url_text":"\"Sweden refuses to deny deportations to Turkey as part of NATO deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kurds in Turkey – page 16\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081035/http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/turkey/mar99_turkey_kurds.pdf","url_text":"\"Kurds in Turkey – page 16\""},{"url":"http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/turkey/mar99_turkey_kurds.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Protesting as a Terrorist Offens\" (PDF). ifex.org. Retrieved 13 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifex.org/turkey/2010/11/01/protesting_as_a_terrorist_offense.pdf","url_text":"\"Protesting as a Terrorist Offens\""}]},{"reference":"\"MOBILIZING THE KURDS IN TURKEY: NEWROZ AS A MYTH\" (PDF). etd.lib.metu.edu.tr. Retrieved 13 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606923/index.pdf","url_text":"\"MOBILIZING THE KURDS IN TURKEY: NEWROZ AS A MYTH\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey's Kurdish Policy in the Nineties\". Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026115402/http://kurdistan.org/work/commentary/turkeys-kurdish-policy-in-the-nineties/","url_text":"\"Turkey's Kurdish Policy in the Nineties\""},{"url":"http://www.kurdistan.org/work/commentary/turkeys-kurdish-policy-in-the-nineties/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey: PKK have killed 14,000 since 1984\". Aa.com.tr.","urls":[{"url":"http://aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-pkk-have-killed-14-01900since-1984/5598","url_text":"\"Turkey: PKK have killed 14,000 since 1984\""}]},{"reference":"Holding, APA Information Agency, APA. \"PKK have killed 14,000 since 1984\". En.apa.az.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.apa.az/world-news/europe/pkk-have-killed-14-01900since-1984.html","url_text":"\"PKK have killed 14,000 since 1984\""}]},{"reference":"\"2000 Yılında MEB-Öğretmenlere Yönelik Çalışmalar\" (in Turkish). Ministry of Education. 2000. Archived from the original on 1 October 2005. Retrieved 12 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051001054953/http://www.meb.gov.tr/Stats/ist2000/b4.htm","url_text":"\"2000 Yılında MEB-Öğretmenlere Yönelik Çalışmalar\""},{"url":"http://www.meb.gov.tr/Stats/ist2000/b4.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Kurds in Turkey\". Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626141413/http://fas.org/asmp/profiles/turkey_background_kurds.htm","url_text":"\"The Kurds in Turkey\""},{"url":"https://fas.org/asmp/profiles/turkey_background_kurds.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Derk Kinnane-Roelofsma. \"Islam, the Kurds, and Turkey's problems at home and with the neighbors\". Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120708234811/http://globalgeopolitics.net/arc/1998-11-29-Kinnane-Islam-Kurds-Turkey.htm","url_text":"\"Islam, the Kurds, and Turkey's problems at home and with the neighbors\""},{"url":"http://globalgeopolitics.net/arc/1998-11-29-Kinnane-Islam-Kurds-Turkey.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"28 yıllık terörün insani ve mali bilançosu.../Güncel/milliyet blog\". Milliyet. Retrieved 15 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.milliyet.com.tr/28-yillik-terorun-insani-ve-mali-bilancosu/Blog/?BlogNo=375170","url_text":"\"28 yıllık terörün insani ve mali bilançosu.../Güncel/milliyet blog\""}]},{"reference":"\"The prohibition of torture\" (PDF) (Torturing). 2003: 11, 13. Retrieved 29 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.echr.coe.int/LibraryDocs/HR%20handbooks/handbook06_en.pdf","url_text":"\"The prohibition of torture\""}]},{"reference":"Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch. 1995. p. 7. ISBN 9780300065466.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00wome","url_text":"Human Rights Watch"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00wome/page/7","url_text":"7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300065466","url_text":"9780300065466"}]},{"reference":"\"Humanitarian Law Project v. U.S. Dept. of Justice\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316042427/http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/terrorism/hlpdoj120303opn.pdf","url_text":"\"Humanitarian Law Project v. U.S. Dept. of Justice\""},{"url":"http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/terrorism/hlpdoj120303opn.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Federal Judge Rules Part Of Patriot Act Unconstitutional\". Associated Press. 22 January 2004. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150911000425/http://www.sddt.com/News/article.cfm?SourceCode=20040126cg","url_text":"\"Federal Judge Rules Part Of Patriot Act Unconstitutional\""},{"url":"http://www.sddt.com/News/article.cfm?SourceCode=20040126cg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Conflict Studies Journal at the University of New Brunswick\". Lib.unb.ca. Retrieved 29 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/JCS/bin/get.cgi?directory=FALL98/articles/&filename=Gunter.htm","url_text":"\"Conflict Studies Journal at the University of New Brunswick\""}]},{"reference":"Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) – Norwegian Refugee Council. \"Need for continued improvement in response to protracted displacement\". Internal-displacement.org. Archived from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110131234512/http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/%28httpCountrySummaries%29/66D21F80E3A69E41C125732200255E35?OpenDocument&count=10000","url_text":"\"Need for continued improvement in response to protracted displacement\""},{"url":"http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/(httpCountrySummaries)/66D21F80E3A69E41C125732200255E35?OpenDocument&count=10000","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"İşte Yıllara Göre Etkisiz Hale Getirilen PKK'lı\". Memurlar (in Turkish). Retrieved 17 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.memurlar.net/album/10845/iste-yillara-gore-etkisiz-hale-getirilen-pkk-li.html","url_text":"\"İşte Yıllara Göre Etkisiz Hale Getirilen PKK'lı\""}]},{"reference":"\"İşte yıllara göre etkisiz hale getirilen PKK'lı\". Memurlar.Net (in Turkish). 1 January 1999. Retrieved 18 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.memurlar.net/album/10845/iste-yillara-gore-etkisiz-hale-getirilen-pkk-li.html","url_text":"\"İşte yıllara göre etkisiz hale getirilen PKK'lı\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 yılında 1668 terörist etkisiz hale getirildi\". www.aa.com.tr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/2019-yilinda-1668-terorist-etkisiz-hale-getirildi/1688732","url_text":"\"2019 yılında 1668 terörist etkisiz hale getirildi\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020'de etkisiz hale getirilen terörist sayısını açıkladı\". 30 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2020/gundem/2020de-etkisiz-hale-getirilen-terorist-sayisini-acikladi-6189345/","url_text":"\"2020'de etkisiz hale getirilen terörist sayısını açıkladı\""}]},{"reference":"\"MSB: Yılbaşından itibaren etkisiz hale getirilen terörist sayısı 2 bin 360 oldu\". www.aa.com.tr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/msb-yilbasindan-itibaren-etkisiz-hale-getirilen-terorist-sayisi-2-bin-360-oldu/2408609","url_text":"\"MSB: Yılbaşından itibaren etkisiz hale getirilen terörist sayısı 2 bin 360 oldu\""}]},{"reference":"\"MSB: 1 Ocak'tan itibaren etkisiz hale getirilen terörist sayısı 1976'ya ulaştı\". www.aa.com.tr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/msb-1-ocaktan-itibaren-etkisiz-hale-getirilen-terorist-sayisi-1976ya-ulasti/3068997","url_text":"\"MSB: 1 Ocak'tan itibaren etkisiz hale getirilen terörist sayısı 1976'ya ulaştı\""}]},{"reference":"\"Irak'a yapılan en büyük kara harekatı\". Archived from the original on 7 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160207064531/http://www.dha.com.tr/iraka-yapilan-en-buyuk-kara-harekati_223858.html","url_text":"\"Irak'a yapılan en büyük kara harekatı\""},{"url":"http://www.dha.com.tr/iraka-yapilan-en-buyuk-kara-harekati_223858.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"ÇEKİRGE, Fatih (12 July 2010). \"Öfkenin doldurduğu şarjör\". www.hurriyet.com.tr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ofkenin-doldurdugu-sarjor-15288365","url_text":"\"Öfkenin doldurduğu şarjör\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kan Uykusu destanı!/Güncel/milliyet blog\". blog.milliyet.com.tr.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.milliyet.com.tr/-kan-uykusu--destani-/Blog/?BlogNo=74686","url_text":"\"Kan Uykusu destanı!/Güncel/milliyet blog\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Özel Harp işiydi ve muhteşemdi': 6-7 Eylül Pogromu ve bir Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu portresi\". birgun.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.birgun.net/haber/ozel-harp-isiydi-ve-muhtesemdi-6-7-eylul-pogromu-ve-bir-sabri-yirmibesoglu-portresi-401694","url_text":"\"'Özel Harp işiydi ve muhteşemdi': 6-7 Eylül Pogromu ve bir Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu portresi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish jets 'neutralize' 6 PKK terrorists in N. Iraq\". www.aa.com.tr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkish-jets-neutralize-6-pkk-terrorists-in-n-iraq/1554057","url_text":"\"Turkish jets 'neutralize' 6 PKK terrorists in N. Iraq\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pençe-2 harekatı başladı!\". takvim.com.tr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.takvim.com.tr/guncel/2019/07/14/pence-2-harekati-basladi","url_text":"\"Pençe-2 harekatı başladı!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terör yuvalarına 'Pençe' darbesi\". www.aa.com.tr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/teror-yuvalarina-pence-darbesi/2743808","url_text":"\"Terör yuvalarına 'Pençe' darbesi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twenty-five killed in clashes between Turkish soldiers, PKK\". Monsters and Critics. 10 May 2008. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120904012447/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/europe/news/article_1404642.php/Twenty-five_killed_in_clashes_between_Turkish_soldiers_PKK","url_text":"\"Twenty-five killed in clashes between Turkish soldiers, PKK\""},{"url":"http://news.monstersandcritics.com/europe/news/article_1404642.php/Twenty-five_killed_in_clashes_between_Turkish_soldiers_PKK","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"38 killed in PKK attack on Turkish border posts\". Thaindian News. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170324/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/38-killed-in-pkk-attack-on-turkish-border-posts_100103566.html","url_text":"\"38 killed in PKK attack on Turkish border posts\""},{"url":"http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/38-killed-in-pkk-attack-on-turkish-border-posts_100103566.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey (2003 — First deaths for this phase of the conflict)\". Armed Conflicts Report. January 2010. Archived from the original on 7 February 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110207170943/http://ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-Turkey2.htm","url_text":"\"Turkey (2003 — First deaths for this phase of the conflict)\""},{"url":"http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-Turkey2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"On the eve of Nowruz festivals…Afrin witnesses arrests against its residents by the factions of \"Olive Branch\" on charge of celebrating and setting fire in the festival's anniversary - The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.syriahr.com/en/121535/?doing_wp_cron=1701614502.9502069950103759765625","url_text":"\"On the eve of Nowruz festivals…Afrin witnesses arrests against its residents by the factions of \"Olive Branch\" on charge of celebrating and setting fire in the festival's anniversary - The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights\""}]},{"reference":"Gazetesi, Dünya (5 November 2018). \"Afrin'de 4 bin 448 terörist etkisiz hale getirildi\". www.dunya.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dunya.com/gundem/afrinde-4-bin-448-terorist-etkisiz-hale-getirildi-haberi-415307","url_text":"\"Afrin'de 4 bin 448 terörist etkisiz hale getirildi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zeytin Dalı Harekatı'nda 6 bin 370 terörist öldürüldü\". 20 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2022/gundem/zeytin-dali-harekatinin-4-yili-6900147/","url_text":"\"Zeytin Dalı Harekatı'nda 6 bin 370 terörist öldürüldü\""}]},{"reference":"\"Suriye'nin kuzeyindeki operasyonlarla 6 yılda yaklaşık 17 bin terörist etkisiz hale getirildi\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/suriyenin-kuzeyindeki-operasyonlarla-6-yilda-yaklasik-17-bin-terorist-etkisiz-hale-getirildi/2749677#:~:text=Harekatla%207%20bin%20172%20ter%C3%B6rist%20etkisiz%20hale%20getirildi&text=Zeytin%20Dal%C4%B1%20harekat%C4%B1yla%207%20bin,el%20yap%C4%B1m%C4%B1%20patlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1%20imha%20edildi","url_text":"\"Suriye'nin kuzeyindeki operasyonlarla 6 yılda yaklaşık 17 bin terörist etkisiz hale getirildi\""}]},{"reference":"\"April 2018 Large Drop In Violence In Iraq\". Musingsoniraq.blogspot.co.uk. 2 May 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://musingsoniraq.blogspot.co.uk/2018/05/april-2018-large-drop-in-violence-in.html","url_text":"\"April 2018 Large Drop In Violence In Iraq\""}]},{"reference":"\"March 2018 The Return Of The Islamic State Insurgency\". Musingsoniraq.blogspot.co.uk. 2 April 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://musingsoniraq.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/march-2018-return-of-islamic-state.html","url_text":"\"March 2018 The Return Of The Islamic State Insurgency\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pençe-Kartal Operasyonu'nda 81 hedef imha edildi\". www.sozcu.com.tr. 15 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sozcu.com.tr/canonicalUrl","url_text":"\"Pençe-Kartal Operasyonu'nda 81 hedef imha edildi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pençe Kartal-2 Harekatı sırasında şehit olan askerler son yolculuğuna uğurlandı\". www.ntv.com.tr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ntv.com.tr/galeri/turkiye/pence-kartal-2-harekati-sirasinda-sehit-olan-askerler-son-yolculuguna-ugurlandi,L53tY3O5F0yQBrc3KyzMXA","url_text":"\"Pençe Kartal-2 Harekatı sırasında şehit olan askerler son yolculuğuna uğurlandı\""}]},{"reference":"Üngör, Ugur Ümit (1 March 2012). The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950. OUP Oxford. pp. 153–154. ISBN 978-0-19-164076-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-164076-6","url_text":"978-0-19-164076-6"}]},{"reference":"Rouleau, Eric (November–December 2000). \"Turkey's Dream of Democracy\". Foreign Affairs. 79 (6): 100–114. doi:10.2307/20049970. JSTOR 20049970. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070607210126/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20001101faessay939/eric-rouleau/turkey-s-dream-of-democracy.html","url_text":"\"Turkey's Dream of Democracy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs","url_text":"Foreign Affairs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20049970","url_text":"10.2307/20049970"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20049970","url_text":"20049970"},{"url":"http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20001101faessay939/eric-rouleau/turkey-s-dream-of-democracy.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Human Rights Watch. HRW. 2002. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=blm_4gIcaZoC&pg=PA7","url_text":"Human Rights Watch"}]},{"reference":"Abdulla, Jamal Jalal (7 February 2012). The Kurds: A Nation on the Way to Statehood. AuthorHouse. p. 36. ISBN 9781467879729. Retrieved 29 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=usQ2i-P7oPIC&pg=PA36","url_text":"The Kurds: A Nation on the Way to Statehood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781467879729","url_text":"9781467879729"}]},{"reference":"\"Police arrest and assistance of a lawyer\" (PDF). European Court of Human Rights. p. 1. Retrieved 27 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Police_arrest_ENG.pdf","url_text":"\"Police arrest and assistance of a lawyer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights","url_text":"European Court of Human Rights"}]},{"reference":"\"Justice Comes from European Court for a Kurdish Journalist\". Kurdish Human Rights Project. Retrieved 29 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.khrp.org/khrp-news/news-archive/2000-news/189-justice-comes-from-european-court-for-a-murdered-kurdish-journalist.html","url_text":"\"Justice Comes from European Court for a Kurdish Journalist\""}]},{"reference":"Belge, Ceren (2016). \"Civilian victimization and the politics of information in the Kurdish Conflict in Turkey\". World Politics. 67 (2): 275–306. doi:10.1017/S0043887115000398. S2CID 155139277.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0043887115000398","url_text":"10.1017/S0043887115000398"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155139277","url_text":"155139277"}]},{"reference":"\"Unjust, Restrictive, and Inconsistent: The Impact of Turkey's Compensation Law with Respect to Internally Displaced People: Impact of the ECtHR on provisions for Turkey's displaced\". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 9 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/eca/turkey1206/3.htm#_Toc152994672","url_text":"\"Unjust, Restrictive, and Inconsistent: The Impact of Turkey's Compensation Law with Respect to Internally Displaced People: Impact of the ECtHR on provisions for Turkey's displaced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish military guilty of killing family of 9, blamed on PKK for 20 years\". Rudaw. Rudaw. Retrieved 9 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/turkey/09012016","url_text":"\"Turkish military guilty of killing family of 9, blamed on PKK for 20 years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Refworld | Chronology for Kurds in Turkey\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.refworld.org/docid/469f38e91e.html","url_text":"\"Refworld | Chronology for Kurds in Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"Ron, James; Watch (Organization), Human Rights (1995). Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 9781564321619.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b99dfVMJNRMC&q=lice+1993+turkey&pg=PA120","url_text":"Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781564321619","url_text":"9781564321619"}]},{"reference":"Ron, James (November 1995). \"Weapons transfers and violations of the laws of war in Turkey\". Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-161-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Turkey.htm","url_text":"\"Weapons transfers and violations of the laws of war in Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56432-161-4","url_text":"1-56432-161-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Variant\". Variant.org.uk. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160112225947/http://variant.org.uk/27texts/cause_for_concern.html#footnote16","url_text":"\"Variant\""},{"url":"http://variant.org.uk/27texts/cause_for_concern.html#footnote16","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurdistanica\". 31 July 1999. Retrieved 31 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://kurdistan.org/turkey-and-the-charge-of-genocide-july-31-1999/","url_text":"\"Kurdistanica\""}]},{"reference":"Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. \"Refworld | Turkey: Status of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and Turkish Hezbollah; situation and treatment of members, supporters and sympathizers of these parties (2006–2007)\". Refworld. Retrieved 2 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.refworld.org/docid/46fa537528.html","url_text":"\"Refworld | Turkey: Status of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and Turkish Hezbollah; situation and treatment of members, supporters and sympathizers of these parties (2006–2007)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fresh evidence of casualties underscores need for impartial investigation into Turkish airstrikes in Kandil Mountains\". Amnesty International. 11 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/08/fresh-evidence-of-casualties-underscores-need-for-impartial-investigation-into-turkish-airstrikes-in-kandil-mountains/","url_text":"\"Fresh evidence of casualties underscores need for impartial investigation into Turkish airstrikes in Kandil Mountains\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey eases curfew after assault on PKK rebels leaves Cizre in ruins\". Theguardian.com. Associated Press. 2 March 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/02/turkey-kurdish-people-cizre-return-to-ruins","url_text":"\"Turkey eases curfew after assault on PKK rebels leaves Cizre in ruins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cizre in ruins as Turkey lifts curfew on Kurdish towns – News – Al Jazeera\". Aljazeera.com. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/cizre-ruins-turkey-lifts-curfew-kurdish-towns-160312113030597.html","url_text":"\"Cizre in ruins as Turkey lifts curfew on Kurdish towns – News – Al Jazeera\""}]},{"reference":"Ben Thomas (3 December 2019). \"Eight children among 11 killed in Turkish shelling on Syria town held by Kurds, monitor says\". The Japan Times. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191203112658/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/12/03/world/eight-children-among-11-killed-turkish-shelling-syria-town-held-kurds-monitor/#.XeZGjb3P2Uk","url_text":"\"Eight children among 11 killed in Turkish shelling on Syria town held by Kurds, monitor says\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse","url_text":"Agence France-Presse"},{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/12/03/world/eight-children-among-11-killed-turkish-shelling-syria-town-held-kurds-monitor/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Steinvorth, Daniel; Musharbash, Yassin (12 August 2010). \"Shocking Images of Dead Kurdish Fighters: Turkey Accused of Using Chemical Weapons against PKK\". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 23 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/shocking-images-of-dead-kurdish-fighters-turkey-accused-of-using-chemical-weapons-against-pkk-a-711536.html","url_text":"\"Shocking Images of Dead Kurdish Fighters: Turkey Accused of Using Chemical Weapons against PKK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiegel_Online","url_text":"Spiegel Online"}]},{"reference":"\"Dışişleri'nden 'kimyasal silah' iddialarına ret haberi Siyaset haberleri Haber7 haber7.com – Güncel Haberler, Son dakika haberleri – Bu noktada haber var\" (in Turkish). Haber7.com. 14 August 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haber7.com/haber/20100814/Disislerinden-kimyasal-silah-iddialarina-ret.php","url_text":"\"Dışişleri'nden 'kimyasal silah' iddialarına ret haberi Siyaset haberleri Haber7 haber7.com – Güncel Haberler, Son dakika haberleri – Bu noktada haber var\""}]},{"reference":"David L., Phillips (2011). From Bullets to Ballots: Violent Muslim Movements in Transition. Transaction Publishers. p. 121. ISBN 9781412812016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cNq0gvBPcGQC&pg=PA121","url_text":"From Bullets to Ballots: Violent Muslim Movements in Transition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412812016","url_text":"9781412812016"}]},{"reference":"\"Protesting as a Terrorist Offense: The Arbitrary Use of Terrorism Laws to Prosecute and Incarcerate Demonstrators in Turkey\". Human Rights Watch. 1 November 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/11/01/protesting-terrorist-offense/arbitrary-use-terrorism-laws-prosecute-and","url_text":"\"Protesting as a Terrorist Offense: The Arbitrary Use of Terrorism Laws to Prosecute and Incarcerate Demonstrators in Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE KURDS OF TURKEY: KILLINGS, DISAPPEARANCES AND TORTURE\" (PDF). HRW: The Kurds of Turkey: Killings, Disappearances and Torture: 2. 1993.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/TURKEY933.PDF","url_text":"\"THE KURDS OF TURKEY: KILLINGS, DISAPPEARANCES AND TORTURE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey\". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 7 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Turkey.htm","url_text":"\"Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"\"ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCES IN TURKEY – SCF\" (PDF). Enforced Disappearances in Turkey. June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://stockholmcf.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Enforced-Dissappearences-in-Turkey_22_June_2017.pdf","url_text":"\"ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCES IN TURKEY – SCF\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karakol yakını kazıdan 12 insan iskeleti çıktı\". Sabah (in Turkish). Retrieved 9 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2011/01/06/karakol_yakini_kazidan_12_insan_iskeleti_cikti","url_text":"\"Karakol yakını kazıdan 12 insan iskeleti çıktı\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karakol bahçesinden 7 kişinin kemikleri çıktı | BirGün Gazetesi\" (in Turkish). Retrieved 9 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.birgun.net/haber-detay/karakol-bahcesinden-7-kisinin-kemikleri-cikti-59553.html","url_text":"\"Karakol bahçesinden 7 kişinin kemikleri çıktı | BirGün Gazetesi\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Policy In The Mediterranean: Managing The Greece, Turkey, Cyprus Triangle\" (PDF). United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2007. Retrieved 1 September 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070131230422/http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/archives/107/73068.pdf","url_text":"\"U.S. Policy In The Mediterranean: Managing The Greece, Turkey, Cyprus Triangle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives","url_text":"United States House of Representatives"},{"url":"http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/archives/107/73068.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey: No Answers for Kurdish Victims\". Human Rights Watch. 5 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/11/05/turkey-no-answers-kurdish-victims","url_text":"\"Turkey: No Answers for Kurdish Victims\""}]},{"reference":"\"Time for Justice Ending Impunity for Killings and Disappearances in 1990s Turkey\". Human Rights Watch (HRW). 3 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/09/03/time-justice/ending-impunity-killings-and-disappearances-1990s-turkey","url_text":"\"Time for Justice Ending Impunity for Killings and Disappearances in 1990s Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey\" (PDF). The Stockholm Center for Freedom (SCF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/TR/OHCHR_South-East_TurkeyReport_10March2017.pdf","url_text":"\"Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"Meral Duzgun (10 June 2013). \"Turkey: a history of sexual violence\". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2013/jun/10/turkey-history-sexual-violence","url_text":"\"Turkey: a history of sexual violence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey\" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/TR/OHCHR_South-East_TurkeyReport_10March2017.pdf","url_text":"\"Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"Orhun, Mehmet (2016). Political Violence and Kurds in Turkey. Routledge. p. 184. ISBN 9781138918870.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138918870","url_text":"9781138918870"}]},{"reference":"Tomson, Chris (29 October 2016). \"VIDEO: Turkish Army executes two female PKK prisoners of war\". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190110014307/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/video-turkish-army-executes-two-female-pkk-prisoners-war/","url_text":"\"VIDEO: Turkish Army executes two female PKK prisoners of war\""},{"url":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/video-turkish-army-executes-two-female-pkk-prisoners-war/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Klett, Leah MarieAnn (15 October 2019). \"Kurdish female politician, who worked to unite Christians, Arabs, Kurds, executed in Syria\". www.christianpost.com. Retrieved 17 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.christianpost.com/news/kurdish-female-politician-who-worked-to-unite-christians-arabs-kurds-executed-in-syria.html","url_text":"\"Kurdish female politician, who worked to unite Christians, Arabs, Kurds, executed in Syria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Looking back at the Susurluk scandal 21 years on\". Ahval. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210129154901/https://ahvalnews.com/deep-state/looking-back-susurluk-scandal-21-years","url_text":"\"Looking back at the Susurluk scandal 21 years on\""},{"url":"https://ahvalnews.com/deep-state/looking-back-susurluk-scandal-21-years","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bit by bit, ugly facts come out\". The Economist. 29 January 1998. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 1 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/europe/1998/01/29/bit-by-bit-ugly-facts-come-out","url_text":"\"Bit by bit, ugly facts come out\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613","url_text":"0013-0613"}]},{"reference":"Balci, Kemal (30 August 1998). \"State Gangs Like a Garbage Dump Waiting to Explode\". Hürriyet. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110522141559/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnewsmobile.aspx?id=-509399","url_text":"\"State Gangs Like a Garbage Dump Waiting to Explode\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet","url_text":"Hürriyet"},{"url":"http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnewsmobile.aspx?id=-509399","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bovenkerk, Frank; Yeşilgöz, Yücel (2004). \"The Turkish Mafia and the State\" (PDF). In Cyrille Fijnaut, Letizia Paoli (ed.). Organized Crime in Europe: Concepts, Patterns and Control Policies in the European Union and Beyond. Springer. p. 588. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2765-9. ISBN 1-4020-2615-3.","urls":[{"url":"http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/law/2006-0803-203021/Bovenkerk_04_OC_Turkey.pdf","url_text":"\"The Turkish Mafia and the State\""},{"url":"https://www.springer.com/social+sciences/criminology/book/978-0-387-09710-7","url_text":"Organized Crime in Europe: Concepts, Patterns and Control Policies in the European Union and Beyond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media","url_text":"Springer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-2765-9","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-4020-2765-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-2615-3","url_text":"1-4020-2615-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Violations in Afrin | Turkish-backed factions plant Hashish in Raju district\". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 27 February 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.syriahr.com/en/206930/","url_text":"\"Violations in Afrin | Turkish-backed factions plant Hashish in Raju district\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights","url_text":"Syrian Observatory for Human Rights"}]},{"reference":"\"Condemnation of Ankara terror attack grows\". Aa.com.tr. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/condemnation-of-ankara-terror-attack-grows/536823","url_text":"\"Condemnation of Ankara terror attack grows\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey\". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2016/vol1/253316.htm","url_text":"\"Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Serxwebûn, issue of June 1987\" (in Turkish). Serxwebûn. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200804135925/http://www.serxwebun.org/arsiv/66/#/1/","url_text":"\"Serxwebûn, issue of June 1987\""},{"url":"http://serxwebun.org/arsiv/66/#/1/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aliza, Marcus (2007). The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence. NY, USA: New York University Press. pp. 115–120.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Satana, Nil S. (2012). \"The Kurdish Issue in June 2011 Elections: Continuity or Change in Turkey's Democratization?\". Turkish Studies. 13 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1080/14683849.2012.686575. hdl:11693/21264. S2CID 55920795.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14683849.2012.686575","url_text":"10.1080/14683849.2012.686575"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11693%2F21264","url_text":"11693/21264"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55920795","url_text":"55920795"}]},{"reference":"\"Rights Group Decries Missed Opportunity to Prosecute PKK Leader\". Human Rights Watch. 20 January 1999. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/news/1999/01/20/rights-group-decries-missed-opportunity-prosecute-pkk-leader","url_text":"\"Rights Group Decries Missed Opportunity to Prosecute PKK Leader\""}]},{"reference":"Stanton, Jessica A. (26 September 2016). Violence and Restraint in Civil War: Civilian Targeting in the Shadow of International Law. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316720592. Retrieved 5 January 2019 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kIgwDQAAQBAJ&q=pkk+targeted+tourism+finish+tourists+book&pg=PA221","url_text":"Violence and Restraint in Civil War: Civilian Targeting in the Shadow of International Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316720592","url_text":"9781316720592"}]},{"reference":"\"PKK's\". Doğruhaber Gazetesi – haber, haberler, sondakika haber, haberleri. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://dogruhaber.com.tr/haber/313627-pkk-s-derince-massacre/","url_text":"\"PKK's\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terrorism Threat Against Humanity and Democracy The PKK Case\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pa.edu.tr/Upload/editor/files/PKK_Case_Report_ENG.pdf","url_text":"\"Terrorism Threat Against Humanity and Democracy The PKK Case\""}]},{"reference":"Özçağlayan, Mehmet; Yavuz Çakıcı, Filiz (1 August 2019). \"Gramsci'nin Hegemonya Kuramı Bağlamında Nükleer Karşıtı Hareketin Milliyet Gazetesindeki Temsiliyeti (11 Ocak 1999-25 Temmuz 2000)\". İnsan ve İnsan Dergisi: 633–671. doi:10.29224/insanveinsan.453020. hdl:11424/254199. ISSN 2148-7537.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.29224%2Finsanveinsan.453020","url_text":"\"Gramsci'nin Hegemonya Kuramı Bağlamında Nükleer Karşıtı Hareketin Milliyet Gazetesindeki Temsiliyeti (11 Ocak 1999-25 Temmuz 2000)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.29224%2Finsanveinsan.453020","url_text":"10.29224/insanveinsan.453020"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11424%2F254199","url_text":"11424/254199"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2148-7537","url_text":"2148-7537"}]},{"reference":"A.A (26 January 2009). \"Terör kurbanları 22 yıl sonra anıldı\". www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 8 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/teror-kurbanlari-22-yil-sonra-anildi-10861299","url_text":"\"Terör kurbanları 22 yıl sonra anıldı\""}]},{"reference":"O'Ballance, E. (18 December 1995). The Kurdish Struggle, 1920–94. Springer. ISBN 9780230377424. Retrieved 5 January 2019 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qNaGDAAAQBAJ&q=pinarcik+massacre&pg=PA162","url_text":"The Kurdish Struggle, 1920–94"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230377424","url_text":"9780230377424"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurdish Rebels Kill 20 In 2 Villages in Turkey\". The New York Times. Reuters. 10 July 1987. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/10/world/kurdish-rebels-kill-20-in-2-villages-in-turkey.html","url_text":"\"Kurdish Rebels Kill 20 In 2 Villages in Turkey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH WORLD REPORT 1990 An Annual Review of Developments and the Bush Administration's Policy on Human Rights Worldwide January 1991\". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 5 January 2019 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1A9vDivZRmgC&q=cevrimli+massacre&pg=PA412","url_text":"\"HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH WORLD REPORT 1990 An Annual Review of Developments and the Bush Administration's Policy on Human Rights Worldwide January 1991\""}]},{"reference":"\"PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kürdistan-Kürdistan İşçi Partisi): TERÖR ÖRGÜTÜ KRONOLOJİSİ (1976–2006)\" (PDF). 20 January 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usak.org.tr/dosyalar/dergi/z6UFq2LoFkdiuzBbZSt9qHMi7u4Ke2.pdf","url_text":"\"PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kürdistan-Kürdistan İşçi Partisi): TERÖR ÖRGÜTÜ KRONOLOJİSİ (1976–2006)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160120152936/http://www.usak.org.tr/dosyalar/dergi/z6UFq2LoFkdiuzBbZSt9qHMi7u4Ke2.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"THE KURDS OF TURKEY: KILLINGS, DISAPPEARANCES AND TORTURE\" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. March 1993.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/TURKEY933.PDF","url_text":"\"THE KURDS OF TURKEY: KILLINGS, DISAPPEARANCES AND TORTURE\""}]},{"reference":"\"The European court of Human rights judgement\" (PDF). ETCHR. Retrieved 1 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=001-128036&filename=001-128036.pdf","url_text":"\"The European court of Human rights judgement\""}]},{"reference":"Nachmani, Amikam (2009). Turkey: facing a new millennium: Coping with intertwined conflicts. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9781847795595.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YbxrBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Turkey: facing a new millennium: Coping with intertwined conflicts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847795595","url_text":"9781847795595"}]},{"reference":"\"Letter to Italian Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema\". Human Rights Watch. 20 November 1998. Retrieved 5 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/11/20/letter-italian-prime-minister-massimo-dalema","url_text":"\"Letter to Italian Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hamzalı katliamı unutulmadı\". Sabah. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2018/01/02/hamzali-katliami-unutulmadi","url_text":"\"Hamzalı katliamı unutulmadı\""}]},{"reference":"\"13 shoppers die in Istanbul arson attack\". Independent UK. 14 March 1999. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/13-shoppers-die-in-istanbul-arson-attack-1080615.html","url_text":"\"13 shoppers die in Istanbul arson attack\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202084708/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/13-shoppers-die-in-istanbul-arson-attack-1080615.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vali açıkladı: Canlı bomba\" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. 23 May 2007. Archived from the original on 25 May 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6566395.asp?gid=180","url_text":"\"Vali açıkladı: Canlı bomba\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet","url_text":"Hürriyet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070525041951/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6566395.asp?gid=180","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ankara'da patlama FLAŞ\" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. 22 May 2007. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6561501.asp?gid=180","url_text":"\"Ankara'da patlama FLAŞ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet","url_text":"Hürriyet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070524031631/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6561501.asp?gid=180","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Görgü tanığı: 10 ölü var\" (in Turkish). Hürriyet. 22 May 2007. Archived from the original on 24 May 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6561613.asp?gid=180","url_text":"\"Görgü tanığı: 10 ölü var\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet","url_text":"Hürriyet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070524032144/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6561613.asp?gid=180","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Five die in Istanbul bus bombing\". BBC News. 22 June 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/10372563","url_text":"\"Five die in Istanbul bus bombing\""}]},{"reference":"\"32 injured in apparent suicide bombing in Turkey\". CNN. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2011/09/20/world/turkey-explosion/index.html?hpt=hp_t2","url_text":"\"32 injured in apparent suicide bombing in Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Timeline: PKK attacks in Turkey\". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 30 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/10/19/timeline-pkk-attacks-in-turkey","url_text":"\"Timeline: PKK attacks in Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"Letsch, Constanze (17 March 2016). \"Ankara bombing: Kurdish militants claim responsibility\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/17/ankara-car-bomb-kurdish-militants-claim-responsibility-attacks","url_text":"\"Ankara bombing: Kurdish militants claim responsibility\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"\"Kurdish group claims suicide attack in Turkish city of Bursa – National | Globalnews.ca\". globalnews.ca. 1 May 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/2673502/kurdish-group-claims-attack-in-turkish-city-of-bursa/","url_text":"\"Kurdish group claims suicide attack in Turkish city of Bursa – National | Globalnews.ca\""}]},{"reference":"\"PKK terror bombing targets police vehicle in Turkeys southeastern Diyarbakır, 3 killed, 45 injured\". DailySabah. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160604125930/http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2016/05/10/pkk-terror-bombing-targets-police-vehicle-in-turkeys-southeastern-diyarbakir-3-killed-45-injured","url_text":"\"PKK terror bombing targets police vehicle in Turkeys southeastern Diyarbakır, 3 killed, 45 injured\""},{"url":"http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2016/05/10/pkk-terror-bombing-targets-police-vehicle-in-turkeys-southeastern-diyarbakir-3-killed-45-injured","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ANF – Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê\". Retrieved 27 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://anfenglish.com/kurdistan/hpg-statement-on-the-blast-in-amed-s-durumlu-area","url_text":"\"ANF – Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê\""}]},{"reference":"Haber, Internet (15 May 2016). \"Diyarbakır patlamasını PKK üstlendi köylüleri suçladı!\" (in Turkish). Retrieved 7 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.internethaber.com/diyarbakir-patlamasini-pkk-ustlendi-koyluleri-sucladi-1593510h.htm","url_text":"\"Diyarbakır patlamasını PKK üstlendi köylüleri suçladı!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diyarbakır'daki patlamayla ilgili önemli gelişme!\". 17 May 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sozcu.com.tr/2016/gundem/diyarbakirda-kaybolan-13-koylu-patlamada-parcalanarak-olmus-1232780/","url_text":"\"Diyarbakır'daki patlamayla ilgili önemli gelişme!\""}]},{"reference":"\"HDP pays respect to PKK suicide bomber who killed 12 people in Istanbul\". Daily Sabah. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailysabah.com/war-on-terror/2016/06/17/hdp-pays-respect-to-pkk-suicide-bomber-who-killed-12-people-in-istanbul-1466119660","url_text":"\"HDP pays respect to PKK suicide bomber who killed 12 people in Istanbul\""}]},{"reference":"\"İstanbul Vezneciler'de polis aracına bombalı saldırı, 7'si polis, 11 kişi hayatını kaybetti\" (in Turkish). T24. Retrieved 7 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://t24.com.tr/haber/dha-istanbulda-veznecilerde-polis-aracina-bombali-saldiri-duzenlendi,344080","url_text":"\"İstanbul Vezneciler'de polis aracına bombalı saldırı, 7'si polis, 11 kişi hayatını kaybetti\""}]},{"reference":"\"Four dead after car bombing and shootout in Turkish city of Izmir\". 6 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/two-killed-in-car-bomb-attack-in-turkeys-izmir-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=108184&NewsCatID=341","url_text":"\"Four dead after car bombing and shootout in Turkish city of Izmir\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish police detain five people over alleged involvement in suicide bombing in Hatay\". www.duvarenglish.com. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.duvarenglish.com/domestic/2020/10/29/turkish-police-detain-5-people-over-alleged-involvement-in-suicide-bombing-in-hatays-iskenderun/","url_text":"\"Turkish police detain five people over alleged involvement in suicide bombing in Hatay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explosion in Hatay province\". Bianet – Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bianet.org/english/other/233413-explosion-in-hatay-province","url_text":"\"Explosion in Hatay province\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey: Explosion in downtown Iskenderun\". iranpress.com. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranpress.com/content/29065","url_text":"\"Turkey: Explosion in downtown Iskenderun\""}]},{"reference":"\"Son dakika! Hatay'ın İskenderun ilçesinde patlama\". CNN Türk (in Turkish). 27 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/son-dakika-hatayin-iskenderun-ilcesinde-patlama","url_text":"\"Son dakika! Hatay'ın İskenderun ilçesinde patlama\""}]},{"reference":"Serxwebun 1997. p. 392.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"PKK Recruitment of Female Operatives\". Archived from the original on 15 September 2007. Retrieved 2010-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070915044101/http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2373638","url_text":"\"PKK Recruitment of Female Operatives\""}]},{"reference":"Hunsicker, A. (5 January 2019). Understanding International Counter Terrorism: A Professional's Guide to the Operational Art. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 9781581129052. Retrieved 5 January 2019 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K4XefrTlSygC&q=pkk+recruit+women&pg=PA40","url_text":"Understanding International Counter Terrorism: A Professional's Guide to the Operational Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781581129052","url_text":"9781581129052"}]},{"reference":"Cragin, Kim; Daly, Sara A. (5 January 2019). Women as Terrorists: Mothers, Recruiters, and Martyrs. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780275989095. Retrieved 5 January 2019 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GTN0481FXRYC&q=pkk+recruit+women&pg=PA67","url_text":"Women as Terrorists: Mothers, Recruiters, and Martyrs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275989095","url_text":"9780275989095"}]},{"reference":"\"MFA - A Report on the PKK and Terrorism\". irp.fas.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://irp.fas.org/world/para/docs/mfa-t-pkk.htm","url_text":"\"MFA - A Report on the PKK and Terrorism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kurdish families protest against PKK over kidnapped children\". DailySabah. 29 May 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2014/05/29/kurdish-families-protest-against-pkk-over-kidnapped-children","url_text":"\"Kurdish families protest against PKK over kidnapped children\""}]},{"reference":"\"Families start hunger strike in Diyarbakır for return of children who joined PKK – Turkey News\". Hürriyet Daily News. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/families-start-hunger-strike-in-diyarbakir-for-return-of-children-who-joined-pkk-67570","url_text":"\"Families start hunger strike in Diyarbakır for return of children who joined PKK – Turkey News\""}]},{"reference":"\"PKK militants kidnap British tourist in Turkey – Turkey News\". Hürriyet Daily News. 3 June 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pkk-militants-kidnap-british-tourist-in-turkey--22307","url_text":"\"PKK militants kidnap British tourist in Turkey – Turkey News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contending with the PKK's Narco-Terrorism\". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved 9 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/contending-with-the-pkks-narco-terrorism","url_text":"\"Contending with the PKK's Narco-Terrorism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rewards for Justice – Wanted for Terrorism – Cemil Bayik\". Retrieved 10 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/cemil_bayik.html","url_text":"\"Rewards for Justice – Wanted for Terrorism – Cemil Bayik\""}]},{"reference":"\"PKK'da Öcalan'ın diktatörlüğünü reddedenler öldürüldü\". t24.com.tr. Retrieved 7 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://t24.com.tr/haber/pkkda-ocalanin-diktatorlugunu-reddedenler-olduruldu/87474","url_text":"\"PKK'da Öcalan'ın diktatörlüğünü reddedenler öldürüldü\""}]},{"reference":"Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. \"AKP'li siyasetçilere yönelik PKK tehdidi artıyor | DW | 23.10.2016\". DW.COM (in Turkish). Retrieved 8 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/tr/akpli-siyaset%C3%A7ilere-y%C3%B6nelik-pkk-tehdidi-art%C4%B1yor/a-36125658","url_text":"\"AKP'li siyasetçilere yönelik PKK tehdidi artıyor | DW | 23.10.2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Serxwebûn Mart 1984 Sayı 27\". Serxwebûn. March 1984.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Teachers killed in Turkey between 12 September 1980 and 12 September 2000\". ob.nubati.net. Retrieved 7 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://ob.nubati.net/en/life/teachers.html","url_text":"\"Teachers killed in Turkey between 12 September 1980 and 12 September 2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Serxwebûn Ağustos 1987 Özel Sayı\". Serxwebûn. August 1987.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Serxwebûn Mayıs 1987 Sayı 65\". Serxwebûn. May 1987.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Serxwebûn Ağustos 1987 Özel Sayı\". Serxwebûn: 8. August 1987.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Chronology of the Important Events in the World/PKK Chronology (1976–2006)\". Turkish Weekly. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101006073753/http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/217/chronology-of-the-important-events-in-the-world-pkk-chronology-1976-2006-.html","url_text":"\"Chronology of the Important Events in the World/PKK Chronology (1976–2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/217/chronology-of-the-important-events-in-the-world-pkk-chronology-1976-2006-.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PKK önce infaz etti, sonra başsağlığı diledi!\". Diken. 2 October 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diken.com.tr/pkk-once-infaz-etti-sonra-bassagligi-diledi/","url_text":"\"PKK önce infaz etti, sonra başsağlığı diledi!\""}]},{"reference":"\"PKK: Yanlışlıkla öldürüldü\". www.rudaw.net. Retrieved 8 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rudaw.net/turkish/kurdistan/0110201816","url_text":"\"PKK: Yanlışlıkla öldürüldü\""}]},{"reference":"English, Basnews. \"PKK Executes Two Own Members\". www.basnews.com. Retrieved 8 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basnews.com/en/babat/395314","url_text":"\"PKK Executes Two Own Members\""}]},{"reference":"DOĞUBAYAZIT (Ağrı), (DHA) (28 June 2018). \"İlçeyi karıştıran iddia! PKK infaz etti...\" www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 7 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/dogubayazitta-pkk-infazi-iddiasi-olu-bulundular-40879026","url_text":"\"İlçeyi karıştıran iddia! PKK infaz etti...\""}]},{"reference":"\"HPG-Aktionen in Nord-und Südkurdistan\". ANF News (in German). Retrieved 7 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://anfdeutsch.com/kurdistan/hpg-aktionen-in-nord-und-suedkurdistan-5344","url_text":"\"HPG-Aktionen in Nord-und Südkurdistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"USA: PKK Taking Children as Weapons in Turkey – Anadolu Türk Haber\". Anadoluturkhaber.com. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anadoluturkhaber.com/TR/Detail/USA-PKK-Taking-Children-As-Weapons-In-Turkey/844","url_text":"\"USA: PKK Taking Children as Weapons in Turkey – Anadolu Türk Haber\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iraq: Armed Groups Using Child Soldiers\". Human Rights Watch. 22 December 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/12/22/iraq-armed-groups-using-child-soldiers-0","url_text":"\"Iraq: Armed Groups Using Child Soldiers\""}]},{"reference":"Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. \"Refworld – Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 – Turkey\". Refworld. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.refworld.org/docid/498805c428.html","url_text":"\"Refworld – Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 – Turkey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Child Soldiers : Global Report 2008\" (PDF). Justice.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170628062439/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/07/14/child_soldiers_2008_Global_Report.pdf","url_text":"\"Child Soldiers : Global Report 2008\""},{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/07/14/child_soldiers_2008_Global_Report.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wilgenburg, Wladimir van (28 October 2013). \"Kurdish Rebels Ban Child Soldiers\". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 1 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_van_Wilgenburg","url_text":"Wilgenburg, Wladimir van"},{"url":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/10/kurdish-ban-child-soldiers.html","url_text":"\"Kurdish Rebels Ban Child Soldiers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey: monitoring the HPG/PKK's prohibition on using children in hostilities\". Geneva Call. 25 July 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.genevacall.org/turkey-monitoring-hpgpkks-prohibition-using-children-hostilities/","url_text":"\"Turkey: monitoring the HPG/PKK's prohibition on using children in hostilities\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE GLOBAL AFGHAN OPIUM TRADE : A Threat Assessment\" (PDF). Unodc.org. Retrieved 28 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Studies/Global_Afghan_Opium_Trade_2011-web.pdf","url_text":"\"THE GLOBAL AFGHAN OPIUM TRADE : A Threat Assessment\""}]},{"reference":"\"EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report\" (PDF). Europol.europa.eu. Retrieved 28 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/te-sat2011_0.pdf","url_text":"\"EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Treasury Sanctions Supporters of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) Tied to Drug Trafficking in Europe\". www.treasury.gov. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211105132007/https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg1406.aspx","url_text":"\"Treasury Sanctions Supporters of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) Tied to Drug Trafficking in Europe\""},{"url":"https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg1406.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/02/turkey-erdogan-new-kurdish-allies.html","external_links_name":"\"Erdogan's new Kurdish allies\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336050569","external_links_name":"The Kurds in a Changing Middle East: History, Politics and Representation"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781788318907.ch-0007","external_links_name":"10.5040/9781788318907.ch-0007"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F420966","external_links_name":"1874/420966"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204390944","external_links_name":"204390944"},{"Link":"http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/increasing-tensions-see-resurgence-turkeys-far-right-street-movements-923266627","external_links_name":"http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/increasing-tensions-see-resurgence-turkeys-far-right-street-movements-923266627"},{"Link":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/09/turkey-kurds-pkk-cizre-curfew-civilian-demand-answers.html","external_links_name":"\"Kurds demand answers after battles in Cizre\""},{"Link":"http://thesop.org/story/politics/2008/01/04/turkish-government-associated-death-squads.php","external_links_name":"\"Turkish Government-Associated Death Squads\""},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0020743810001212/type/journal_article","external_links_name":"\"State Building and the Limits of Legibility: Kinship Networks and Kurdish Resistance in Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743810001212","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0020743810001212"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7438","external_links_name":"0020-7438"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145444623","external_links_name":"145444623"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85162306","external_links_name":"Blood and belief : the PKK and the Kurdish fight for independence"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85162306","external_links_name":"85162306"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/19/syrian-regime-fighters-heading-afrin-join-kurds-fight-against/","external_links_name":"\"Syrian regime fighters 'heading to Afrin to join Kurds in fight against Turkish forces'\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/02/19/syrian-regime-fighters-heading-afrin-join-kurds-fight-against/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20180129073451/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/01/turkey-syria-does-erdogan-want-to-settle-in-afrin.html","external_links_name":"\"Erdogan's plans for Afrin might not sit well with Syria\""},{"Link":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/01/turkey-syria-does-erdogan-want-to-settle-in-afrin.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/womenterrorismfe00gonz","external_links_name":"Women and Terrorism: Female Activity in Domestic and International Terror Groups"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/womenterrorismfe00gonz/page/n97","external_links_name":"85"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070620191013/http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-IraqK.html","external_links_name":"\"Armed Conflicts Report Iraq – Kurds (1961 – first combat deaths)\""},{"Link":"https://ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-IraqK.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100705114444/http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-Turkey.html","external_links_name":"\"Armed Conflicts Report Turkey (1984–2002)\""},{"Link":"https://ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-Turkey.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://mepc.org/commentary/us-ypg-relationship-us-foreign-policy-future-kurds-syria-and-turkey","external_links_name":"\"The U.S.-YPG Relationship: U.S. Foreign Policy & the Future of the Kurds in Syria and Turkey | Middle East Policy Council\""},{"Link":"https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/us-sends-reinforcements-to-syria-amid-terrorist-pkk-ypg-occupation/3102552#:~:text=US%20forces%2C%20continuing%20their%20support,%2C%20and%20Deir%20ez%2DZor","external_links_name":"\"US sends reinforcements to Syria amid terrorist PKK/YPG occupation\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/9518194/Syria-and-Iran-backing-Kurdish-terrorist-group-says-Turkey.html","external_links_name":"\"Syria and Iran 'backing Kurdish terrorist group', says Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/03/turkey-armenia-akp-insults-of-kurds-armenians.html","external_links_name":"\"Armenian animosity rekindled through PKK terror\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/358115.stm","external_links_name":"\"Ocalan: Greeks supplied Kurdish rebels\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=turkey-says-greece-supports-pkk-1997-07-01","external_links_name":"\"Turkey says Greece supports PKK\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=russian-newspaper-russia-provided-money-for-pkk-2000-02-28","external_links_name":"\"Russian newspaper: Russia provided money for PKK\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130922170816/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-223048-102-turkey-devises-action-plan-to-dry-up-pkks-foreign-support.html","external_links_name":"\"Turkey devises action plan to dry up PKK's foreign support\""},{"Link":"http://www.todayszaman.com/news-223048-102-turkey-devises-action-plan-to-dry-up-pkks-foreign-support.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160928075546/http://www.cfr.org/iraq/terrorism-havens-iraq/p9513","external_links_name":"\"Terrorism Havens: Iraq\""},{"Link":"http://www.cfr.org/iraq/terrorism-havens-iraq/p9513","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/270620161","external_links_name":"\"Are the PKK and Cairo new allies?\""},{"Link":"https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/afrin-mean-international-security/","external_links_name":"\"What does Afrin mean for international security?\""},{"Link":"https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2020/6/15/exclusive-iraqi-kurdistan-restricts-transfers-from-uae","external_links_name":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Iraqi Kurdistan restricts transfers from UAE amid allegations of 'PKK funding'\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/erdogan-says-turkey-not-positive-finland-sweden-joining-nato-2022-05-13/","external_links_name":"\"Erdogan says Turkey not supportive of Finland, Sweden joining NATO\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TUhwyBmBnI4C&pg=PA13&dq=Kocgiri++%22Alevi+rebellion%22&hl=en&ei=DKAITuGfJYeyvwOQkfzIDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Kocgiri%20%20%22Alevi%20rebellion%22&f=false","external_links_name":"p. 13."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TUhwyBmBnI4C&pg=PA16&dq=%22Dersim+rebellion+of+1937-1938+was%22&hl=en&ei=wJ4ITpzxLoeyvwOQkfzIDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Dersim%20rebellion%20of%201937-1938%20was%22&f=false","external_links_name":"p. 14."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232124/http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2013/03/21/Turkey-PKK-leader-calls-halt-armed-struggle_8438170.html","external_links_name":"\"Turkey: PKK leader calls halt to armed struggle\""},{"Link":"http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/politics/2013/03/21/Turkey-PKK-leader-calls-halt-armed-struggle_8438170.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/cautious-turkish-pm-welcomes-ocalans-call-for-end-to-armed-struggle-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=43389&NewsCatID=338","external_links_name":"\"Cautious Turkish PM welcomes Öcalan's call for end to armed struggle\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130520232227/http://en.trend.az/news/politics/2131738.html","external_links_name":"\"Kurdish separatist group leader Öcalan calls to stop armed struggle\""},{"Link":"http://en.trend.az/news/politics/2131738.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181105221827/https://www.euronews.com/2013/03/21/ocalan-s-farewell-to-arms-brings-kurds-hope-for-peace","external_links_name":"\"Ocalan's farewell to arms brings Kurds hope for peace\""},{"Link":"http://www.euronews.com/2013/03/21/ocalan-s-farewell-to-arms-brings-kurds-hope-for-peace/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/bakan-soylu-29-ekim-2023-tarihinde-bu-ulkenin-daglarinda-bir-tek-pkkli-terorist-kalmayacak/2879460","external_links_name":"https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/bakan-soylu-29-ekim-2023-tarihinde-bu-ulkenin-daglarinda-bir-tek-pkkli-terorist-kalmayacak/2879460"},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pkk-militant-on-turkeys-most-wanted-list-killed-in-southeast-interior-ministry-122419","external_links_name":"\"PKK militant on Turkey's 'most-wanted list' killed in southeast: Interior Ministry\""},{"Link":"https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/ali-haydar-kaytan-operasyonla-etkisiz-hale-getirildi-pkk-olumunu-gizlemek-icin-cesedi-gomenleri-infaz-etti-41941934","external_links_name":"\"Ali Haydar Kaytan operasyonla etkisiz hale getirildi! PKK, ölümünü gizlemek için cesedi gömenleri infaz etti\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-neutralizes-most-wanted-pkk-terrorist-in-n-iraq-147218","external_links_name":"\"Turkey neutralizes most-wanted PKK terrorist in N Iraq\""},{"Link":"https://www.hukukihaber.net/remzi-kartal-ve-zubeyir-aydar-tutuklandi","external_links_name":"\"Remzi Kartal ve Zübeyir Aydar tutuklandı\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151105231107/http://www.tsk.tr/3_basin_yayin_faaliyetleri/3_4_tskdan_haberler/2015/tsk_haberler_77.html#haber13","external_links_name":"\"NEWS FROM TURKISH ARMED FORCES\""},{"Link":"http://www.tsk.tr/3_basin_yayin_faaliyetleri/3_4_tskdan_haberler/2015/tsk_haberler_77.html#haber13","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090327045138/http://orbat.com/site/gd/cwpf_2006/cwpf_display%20version.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Turkey's Paramilitary Forces\""},{"Link":"http://orbat.com/site/gd/cwpf_2006/cwpf_display%20version.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100421094821/http://www.mysinchew.com/node/37882","external_links_name":"\"Turkey's 'village guards' tired of conflict\""},{"Link":"http://www.mysinchew.com/node/37882","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180701140230/http://omranstudies.org/publications/reports/download/68_d403f01ed28320cb2e67b13cffb381c7.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180701140230/http://omranstudies.org/publications/reports/download/68_d403f01ed28320cb2e67b13cffb381c7.html"},{"Link":"https://fas.org/irp/world/para/pkk.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)\""},{"Link":"http://www.sabah.com.tr/galeri/turkiye/iste-pkkli-hainlerin-il-il-dagilimi/85","external_links_name":"\"The PKK in Numbers\""},{"Link":"http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?lng=en&id=52966","external_links_name":"Kurdish strike reminder of forgotten war"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130113043829/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=805&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=181&no_cache=1","external_links_name":"Iran's Kurdish Threat: PJAK"},{"Link":"http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=936","external_links_name":"\"The Kurdistan Freedom Falcons Emerges as a Rival to the PKK\""},{"Link":"http://www.pkkeylemleri.com/bingol-katliami/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.sondevir.com/rakamlarla-turkiye-dunya/87813/pkk-1-yilda-kac-kisiyi-kacirdi","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160120213619/http://www.sondevir.com/rakamlarla-turkiye-dunya/87813/pkk-1-yilda-kac-kisiyi-kacirdi","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20971100","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2015/09/150923_asker_polis_aileleri","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"http://rudaw.net/turkish/middleeast/turkey/151220155","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"http://www.timeturk.com/pkk-nin-elindeki-asker-ve-polisler-konustu/haber-110413","external_links_name":"[6]"},{"Link":"http://rudaw.net/turkish/middleeast/turkey/151220155","external_links_name":"[7]"},{"Link":"http://www.timeturk.com/pkk-nin-elindeki-asker-ve-polisler-konustu/haber-110413","external_links_name":"[8]"},{"Link":"http://www.internethaber.com/turkiye-30-yilda-ne-kadar-sehit-verdi-642497h.htm","external_links_name":"\"How many martyrs did Turkey lost?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180828134440/https://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/nearly-7%2c000-civilians-killed-by-pkk-in-31-years-2237092","external_links_name":"\"Nearly 7,000 civilians killed by PKK in 31 years\""},{"Link":"https://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/nearly-7%2c000-civilians-killed-by-pkk-in-31-years-2237092","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.crisisgroup.be/interactives/turkey/#pre2015","external_links_name":"Turkey's PKK Conflict Kills almost 3,000 in Two Years"},{"Link":"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1GNOTbrVaPiYQsnat7Fzcfx0dGlrouzEW_vp3RdbZQts/edit?usp=sharing","external_links_name":"[9]"},{"Link":"https://www.21yyte.org/assets/uploads/files/Ter%C3%B6rle%20M%C3%BCcadelede%20Verdi%C4%9Fimiz%20%C5%9Eehitler%20Tarihe%20G%C3%B6re%20S%C4%B1ral%C4%B1%281%29.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Terörle Mücadelede Verdiğimiz Şehitler (1984–2013)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231122160805/https://openaccess.ihu.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12154/1853/huseyin_a.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"https://openaccess.ihu.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12154/1853/huseyin_a.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://medyabar.com/haber/9021289/2021in-en-aci-tablosu-138-sehit-verdik#:~:text=i%C3%A7in%20resme%20t%C4%B1klay%C4%B1n-,www.terorsehitleri.com%20adl%C4%B1%20internet%20sitesinin%20derledi%C4%9Fi%20bilgilere%20g%C3%B6re%2C,%C3%BCzere%20toplam%20138%20%C5%9Fehit%20verdik","external_links_name":"\"2021'in en acı tablosu! 138 şehit verdik\""},{"Link":"https://medyabar.com/haber/13595169/2022-yilinin-en-aci-tablosu-162-sehit-verdik-116-cocuk-yetim-kaldi#:~:text=2022%20%2D%2021%3A00-,2022%20y%C4%B1l%C4%B1n%C4%B1n%20en%20ac%C4%B1%20tablosu%3A%20162,verdik%2C%20116%20%C3%A7ocuk%20yetim%20kald%C4%B1&text=2022%20y%C4%B1l%C4%B1%20i%C3%A7erisinde%20asker%2C%20polis,olmak%20%C3%BCzere%20162%20%C5%9Fehit%20verdik","external_links_name":"\"2022 yılının en acı tablosu: 162 şehit verdik, 116 çocuk yetim kaldı\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231122160807/https://www.terorsehitleri.com/sehitler?s=5","external_links_name":"\"Şehitler\""},{"Link":"https://www.terorsehitleri.com/sehitler?s=5","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/msb-irakin-ve-suriyenin-kuzeyi-dahil-son-bir-haftada-53-terorist-etkisiz-hale-getirilmistir/2965021","external_links_name":"\"MSB: Irak'ın ve Suriye'nin kuzeyi dahil son bir haftada 53 terörist etkisiz hale getirilmiştir\""},{"Link":"https://www.ensonhaber.com/ic-haber/koy-koruculari-kurtleri-pkkdan-koruyoruz-2016-01-03","external_links_name":"\"Köy korucuları: Kürtleri PKK'dan koruyoruz\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191029222122/http://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/26-yilin-kanli-bilancosu-1254711","external_links_name":"\"26 yılın kanlı bilançosu\""},{"Link":"http://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/26-yilin-kanli-bilancosu-1254711","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.yirmidort.tv/gundem/pence-kilit-harekati-bolgesinde-2-asker-sehit-oldu-2-asker-yaralandi-136576","external_links_name":"\"Pençe Kilit Harekatı bölgesinde 3 asker şehit oldu, 1 asker yaralandı - Gündem Haberi | Yirmidort\""},{"Link":"https://www.ntv.com.tr/galeri/turkiye/sehit-tegmen-eril-alperen-emire-veda,Kw8YSvq_LEGqmHN2PIq9wQ/3gqz_G_30UaqbKxUJNmWxg","external_links_name":"\"Şehit Teğmen Eril Alperen Emir'e veda\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cq51dnyrq5ro","external_links_name":"\"Pençe-Kilit Harekatı bölgesinde 12 askerin hayatını kaybetmesiyle ilgili neler biliniyor?\""},{"Link":"https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/pence-kilit-bolgesinde-6-asker-sehit-oldu-823252.html","external_links_name":"\"Pençe-Kilit bölgesinde 6 asker şehit oldu\""},{"Link":"https://www.memurlar.net/album/10845/iste-yillara-gore-etkisiz-hale-getirilen-pkk-li.html","external_links_name":"\"İşte Yıllara Göre Etkisiz Hale Getirilen PKK'lı - Foto Galeri - Memurlar.Net\""},{"Link":"http://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/nearly-7000-civilians-killed-by-pkk-in-31-years-2237092","external_links_name":"[10]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161011091853/http://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/nearly-7000-civilians-killed-by-pkk-in-31-years-2237092","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://m.ahaber.com.tr/gundem/2017/04/26/fikri-isik-10-bin-100un-uzerinde-terorist-olduruldu","external_links_name":"[11]"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-38313672","external_links_name":"[12]"},{"Link":"http://www.milliyet.com.tr/28-yilin-aci-bilancosu-35-bin-300-kisi-teror-kurbani-oldu-siyaset-1581690/","external_links_name":"[13]"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-38313672","external_links_name":"\"Erdoğan'dan 'milli seferberlik' ilanı\""},{"Link":"https://www.aksam.com.tr/guncel/icisleri-bakani-soylu-son-9-ayda-bin-68-terorist-etkisiz-hale-getirildi/haber-632366","external_links_name":"\"İçişleri Bakanı Soylu: Son 9 ayda bin 68 terörist etkisiz hale getirildi – Haberler – Son Dakika Haberleri – AKŞAM\""},{"Link":"https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/nedim-sener/pkknin-kanli-bilancosu-41602798","external_links_name":"\"Nedim Şener, PKK'nın kanlı bilançosu\""},{"Link":"https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/msb-1-ocaktan-itibaren-etkisiz-hale-getirilen-terorist-sayisi-1976ya-ulasti/3068997","external_links_name":"\"MSB: 1 Ocak'tan itibaren etkisiz hale getirilen terörist sayısı 1976'ya ulaştı\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pGcUBAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Everyday occupations experiencing militarism in South Asia and the Middle East"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ohSNu6bidEQC","external_links_name":"The Kurdish nationalist movement : opportunity, mobilization and identity"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102143843/http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/180/turkish-hezbollah-hizbullah-kurdish-hezbollah.html","external_links_name":"\"Turkish Hezbollah (Hizbullah) / Kurdish Hezbollah\""},{"Link":"http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/180/turkish-hezbollah-hizbullah-kurdish-hezbollah.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.economist.com/node/7855127?story_id=7855127","external_links_name":"\"The real challenge to secular Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HUyJOgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Characteristics of Turkish Hezbollah: Implications for Policy and Programs"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160120213619/http://www.rubincenter.org/2004/03/nugent-2004-03-06/","external_links_name":"\"The Defeat of Turkish Hizballah as a Model for Counter-Terrorism Strategy\""},{"Link":"http://www.rubincenter.org/2004/03/nugent-2004-03-06/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail//?lng=en&id=117499","external_links_name":"\"A New Front in the PKK Insurgency\""},{"Link":"http://www.asiantribune.com/node/13802","external_links_name":"\"Greener Pastures for Bruce Fein: The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120403013002/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=41597","external_links_name":"\"Turkey in fresh drive to end Kurdish conflict\""},{"Link":"http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=41597","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101204042139/http://www.euronews.net/2010/06/04/turkey-looks-to-iraq-to-help-end-kurdish-conflict/","external_links_name":"\"Turkey looks to Iraq to help end Kurdish conflict\""},{"Link":"http://www.euronews.net/2010/06/04/turkey-looks-to-iraq-to-help-end-kurdish-conflict/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8359582.stm","external_links_name":"\"Turkey unveils reforms for Kurds\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2008/oct/24/us-turkey-kurds-war","external_links_name":"\"Nudging Turkey toward peace at home\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120205220532/http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-270565-would-turkey-intervene-in-syria.html","external_links_name":"\"Would Turkey intervene in Syria?\""},{"Link":"http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-270565-would-turkey-intervene-in-syria.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081210050323/http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/ocalan/bitterend.html","external_links_name":"\"A Terrorist's Bitter End\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/ocalan/bitterend.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://warincontext.org/2009/10/20/kurdish-rebels-surrender-as-turkey-reaches-out/","external_links_name":"\"Kurdish rebels surrender as Turkey reaches out — War in Context\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110515044716/http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/2010/07/selective_partn/","external_links_name":"\"The Kurdish Issue and Turkey's Future\""},{"Link":"http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/2010/07/selective_partn/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8401583.stm","external_links_name":"Turkey may ban Kurdish DTP party"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111013051527/http://articles.cnn.com/1999-03-07/world/9903_07_turkey.kurds_1_kurdish-rebels-abdullah-ocalan-kurdistan-workers-party-pkk?_s=PM%3AWORLD","external_links_name":"\"Kurdish rebels say they shot down Turkish helicopter\""},{"Link":"http://articles.cnn.com/1999-03-07/world/9903_07_turkey.kurds_1_kurdish-rebels-abdullah-ocalan-kurdistan-workers-party-pkk?_s=PM:WORLD","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/turkey-plot-general-idUSL6E8C61S020120106","external_links_name":"\"Turkish military's best and brightest now behind bars\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121105204607/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8765571.html","external_links_name":"\"Turkish crackdown fails to halt Kurdish rebellion\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8765571.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120914051655/http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/europe/turkey-and-iraq-seek-to-end-kurdish-rebellion","external_links_name":"\"Turkey and Iraq seek to end Kurdish rebellion\""},{"Link":"http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/europe/turkey-and-iraq-seek-to-end-kurdish-rebellion","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2096923&Language=en","external_links_name":"\"Turkey says determined to uproot Kurdish rebellion\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200629021428/http://looklex.com/e.o/kurds.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kurds\""},{"Link":"http://looklex.com/e.o/kurds.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120315134156/http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/7863/46/","external_links_name":"\"MINA Breaking News – Turkey marks 25 years of Kurd rebellion\""},{"Link":"http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/7863/46/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1469-8219.00065","external_links_name":"10.1111/1469-8219.00065"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144368127","external_links_name":"144368127"},{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/pkk.htm","external_links_name":"\"Partiya Karkeran Kurdistan [PKK]\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531224347/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003560/Turkey%20and%20PKK%20terrorism.pdf","external_links_name":"\"TURKEY AND PKK TERRORISM\""},{"Link":"http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003560/Turkey%20and%20PKK%20terrorism.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/mfa-t-pkk.htm","external_links_name":"\"A Report on the PKK and Terrorism\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130114042731/http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html","external_links_name":"\"TÜRKİYE'DE HALEN FAALİYETLERİNE DEVAM EDEN BAŞLICA TERÖR ÖRGÜTLERİ\""},{"Link":"http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/1/turkey3107.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kurdish PKK leader: We will not withdraw our autonomy demand\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-10707935","external_links_name":"\"PKK 'would disarm for Kurdish rights in Turkey'\""},{"Link":"http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2010-05-23/sex-scandal-shake-up-reinvigorates-turkey-opposition-boosts-poll-standing","external_links_name":"Sex Scandal Shake-Up Reinvigorates Turkish Opposition Party"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131110043827/http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2010-05-23/sex-scandal-shake-up-reinvigorates-turkey-opposition-boosts-poll-standing","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4463","external_links_name":"\"PKK Expanding Urban Bombing Campaign in Western Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110131234615/http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/%28httpEnvelopes%29/F583DF6E49225B7F802570B8005AA873?OpenDocument","external_links_name":"\"The Kurdish conflict (1984–2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/F583DF6E49225B7F802570B8005AA873?OpenDocument","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7260478.stm","external_links_name":"\"Iraq warns Turkey over incursion\""},{"Link":"https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20200928-iraqi-kurdistan-kurdish-locals-divided-over-turkey-s-anti-pkk-air-strikes","external_links_name":"\"Focus – Iraqi Kurdistan: Kurdish locals divided over Turkey's anti-PKK air strikes\""},{"Link":"https://thearabweekly.com/iraq-enforces-border-positions-prevent-turkish-advance","external_links_name":"\"Iraq enforces border positions to prevent Turkish advance |\""},{"Link":"https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/studies4.htm","external_links_name":"PKK: Targets and activities"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035852/http://www.21yuzyildergisi.com/assets/uploads/files/87.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Türkiye'nin güvenliği: Ayrılıkçı PKK Terörünün Ekonomik Maliyeti\""},{"Link":"http://www.21yuzyildergisi.com/assets/uploads/files/87.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/turkey/219-turkey-the-pkk-and-a-kurdish-settlement","external_links_name":"\"Turkey: The PKK and a Kurdish settlement\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120915092937/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/turkey/219-turkey-the-pkk-and-a-kurdish-settlement","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QwU5NplYWSEC&pg=PA90","external_links_name":"Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hTGgDQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The PKK-Kurdistan Workers' Party's Regional Politics: During and After the Cold War"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=28PEGfCDiZEC","external_links_name":"Autonomy, sovereignty, and self-determination: the accommodation of conflicting rights"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y9PXcwFOLNcC&pg=PA3","external_links_name":"Contemporary Turkish foreign policy"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rrW1CwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Diasporas and Homeland Conflicts: A Comparative Perspective"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/magazine/17turkey-t.html","external_links_name":"Minority Rules"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wTAWBQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Nation Building in Turkey and Morocco"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G06BDAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Turkey and the European Union internal dynamics and external challenges"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_nlCgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"\"Turkey\""},{"Link":"http://bianet.org/english/human-rights/138337-turkey-ranks-first-in-violations-in-between-1959-2011","external_links_name":"\"European Court of Human Rights: Turkey Ranks First in Violations in between 1959–2011\""},{"Link":"http://echr.coe.int/Documents/Annual_Report_2014_ENG.pdf","external_links_name":"Annual report"},{"Link":"http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=001-128036&filename=001-128036.pdf","external_links_name":"Case of Benzer and others v. Turkey"},{"Link":"http://www.echr.coe.int/LibraryDocs/HR%20handbooks/handbook06_en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The prohibition of torture\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00huma_0","external_links_name":"Human Rights Watch"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00huma_0/page/7","external_links_name":"7"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/kurdspeopleinsea00mcki","external_links_name":"The Kurds: a people in search of their homeland"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/kurdspeopleinsea00mcki/page/130","external_links_name":"130"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=caCDBAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Kurdish awakening : nation building in a fragmented homeland"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UVn7AAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Kurdish question in Turkey: new perspectives on violence, representation, and reconciliation"},{"Link":"http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Police_arrest_ENG.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Police arrest and assistance of a lawyer\""},{"Link":"http://www.khrp.org/khrp-news/news-archive/2000-news/189-justice-comes-from-european-court-for-a-murdered-kurdish-journalist.html","external_links_name":"\"Justice Comes from European Court for a Kurdish Journalist\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Pyz9fz6il38C","external_links_name":"The Kurds of Turkey: killings, disappearances and torture"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TqXjX8ZSH6kC","external_links_name":"Turkey : violations of free expression in Turkey"},{"Link":"https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1182&context=gsp","external_links_name":"\"Kurds in Turkey and in (Iraqi) Kurdistan: A Comparison of Kurdish Educational Language Policy in Two Situations of Occupation\""},{"Link":"https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/pkk-claims-responsibility-suicide-bombing-left-11-dead-turkey-1381604350","external_links_name":"\"PKK claims deadly suicide bombing at Turkish police station\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161016064155/https://hrwf.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Child-soldiers-in-ISIS-PKK-Boko-Haram%E2%80%A6.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Child soldiers in ISIS, PKK, Boko Haram…\""},{"Link":"https://hrwf.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Child-soldiers-in-ISIS-PKK-Boko-Haram%E2%80%A6.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/Turkey.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Conflict Profile: Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncafp.org/articles/07%20Report%20on%20Disarming,%20Demobilizing%20and%20Reintegrating%20the%20Kurdistan%20Workers%20Party.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Disarming, Demobilizing, and Reintegrating the Kurdistan Worker's Party\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10803920802022670","external_links_name":"10.1080/10803920802022670"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1080-3920","external_links_name":"1080-3920"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154023896","external_links_name":"154023896"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/20/world/us-helped-turkey-find-and-capture-kurd-rebel.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/static/d3c50d37d0b5dc5d3c729da9e081ba4d/Fiasco-in-Nairobi.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Greek Intelligence and the Capture of PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan in 1999\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101212230637/http://aknews.com/en/aknews/9/193730/?AKmobile=true","external_links_name":"\"PKK has repeatedly asked for a ceasefire of peace since their establishment in the past 17 years\""},{"Link":"http://www.aknews.com/en/aknews/9/193730/?AKmobile=true","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pkk-claims-killing-of-turkish-policemen-in-revenge-for-syria-border-attack-85756","external_links_name":"\"PKK claims killing of Turkish policemen in revenge for Syria border attack – Türkiye News\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130321170659/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/03/2013321112138974573.html","external_links_name":"\"PKK leader calls for ceasefire in Turkey\""},{"Link":"http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/03/2013321112138974573.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/10/world/europe/un-turkey-kurds-human-rights-abuses.html","external_links_name":"\"U.N. Accuses Turkey of Killing Hundreds of Kurds\""},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/turkey","external_links_name":"Turkey: Events of 2016"},{"Link":"http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/TR/OHCHR_South-East_TurkeyReport_10March2017.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101215175054/http://www.xs4all.nl/~kicadam/kurdistan/2_99/ocalan.html","external_links_name":"\"Abdullah Öcalan and the development of the PKK\""},{"Link":"http://www.xs4all.nl/~kicadam/kurdistan/2_99/ocalan.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1tarN6gfxX8C&dq=Maras+Massacre&pg=PA415","external_links_name":"Google Books"},{"Link":"http://www.todayszaman.com/news-269055-fears-of-suicide-prompt-evren-family-to-remove-coup-leaders-firearms.html","external_links_name":"Fears of suicide prompt Evren family to remove coup leader's firearms"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120120090016/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-269055-fears-of-suicide-prompt-evren-family-to-remove-coup-leaders-firearms.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2010/09/turkeys_constitutional_referendum","external_links_name":"Erdogan pulls it off"},{"Link":"http://www.sundayszaman.com/sunday/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=274954","external_links_name":"1980 coup leader's defense arguments not legally sound"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160120213619/http://www.sundayszaman.com/sunday/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=274954","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4663","external_links_name":"\"Between integration, autonomization and radicalization. Hamit Bozarslan on the Kurdish Movement and the Turkish Left. Interview by Marlies Casier and Olivier Grojean\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fejts.4663","external_links_name":"10.4000/ejts.4663"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1773-0546","external_links_name":"1773-0546"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711133504/http://www.gundem-online.com/yazdir.asp?haberid=55278","external_links_name":"\"Gundem-online.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.gundem-online.com/yazdir.asp?haberid=55278","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YSwrDwAAQBAJ&q=pkk+third+congress+1986&pg=PA55","external_links_name":"The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6vYtCgAAQBAJ&q=third+congress+pkk+criticism+1986&pg=PA137","external_links_name":"Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a80KQ4jdOeUC&q=PKK+executions+fourth+congress&pg=PA144","external_links_name":"Primitive Rebels Or Revolutionary Modernizers?: The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kIgwDQAAQBAJ&q=PKK+fourth+congress&pg=PA196","external_links_name":"Violence and Restraint in Civil War: Civilian Targeting in the Shadow of International Law"},{"Link":"http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1060741.html","external_links_name":"Turkey: Government Under Growing Pressure To Meet Kurdish Demands"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101006073753/http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/217/chronology-of-the-important-events-in-the-world-pkk-chronology-1976-2006-.html","external_links_name":"\"Chronology of the Important Events in the World/PKK Chronology (1976–2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/217/chronology-of-the-important-events-in-the-world-pkk-chronology-1976-2006-.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://en.internationalism.org/icconline/201304/7373/internationalism-only-response-kurdish-issue","external_links_name":"Internationalism is the only response to the Kurdish issue"},{"Link":"http://todayszaman.com/news-277125-prosecutors-look-into-links-between-suspicious-army-deaths.html","external_links_name":"Prosecutors look into links between suspicious army deaths"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131109114114/http://todayszaman.com/news-277125-prosecutors-look-into-links-between-suspicious-army-deaths.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.refworld.org/docid/469f38e91e.html","external_links_name":"\"Refworld | Chronology for Kurds in Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121106220050/http://todayszaman.com/news-297273-secret-witness-reveals-identity-shady-ties-between-pkk-and-ergenekon.html","external_links_name":"\"Secret witness reveals identity, shady ties between PKK and Ergenekon\""},{"Link":"http://www.todayszaman.com/news-297273-secret-witness-reveals-identity-shady-ties-between-pkk-and-ergenekon.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090205022400/http://www.tihv.org.tr/tihve/data/Yayinlar/Human_Rights_Reports/Ra1998HumanRigthsReport.pdf","external_links_name":"1998 Turkey Human Rights Report"},{"Link":"http://www.tihv.org.tr/tihve/data/Yayinlar/Human_Rights_Reports/Ra1998HumanRigthsReport.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Soc/soc.culture.indian/2005-08/msg00317.html","external_links_name":"Turkey's war on the Kurds"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120714012631/http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Soc/soc.culture.indian/2005-08/msg00317.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/turkey2/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Cluster Bombs For Turkey?\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=history-for-the-pkk-in-turkey-2009-09-14","external_links_name":"History of PKK in Turkey"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C&pg=PA4227","external_links_name":"Europa World Year Book 2004 (page 4227)"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03E3D8143DF933A15751C0A96F958260","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel\""},{"Link":"http://www.news24.com/Opinions/OnThisDay/On-this-day-February-17-20100217","external_links_name":"\"On this day – February 17\""},{"Link":"http://www.ataa.org/reference/pkk/pkk.html","external_links_name":"\"PKK/KONGRA-GEL and Terrorism\""},{"Link":"http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/pjcis/pkk_1/Statement%20of%20Reasons%20PKK.pdf","external_links_name":"[14]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110323022258/http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/pjcis/pkk_1/Statement%20of%20Reasons%20PKK.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626100153/http://www.sucbilimi.org/?ana=teror&alt=pshk","external_links_name":"\"PŞK KDP PARTİYA ŞOREŞA KÜDİSTAN (KÜRDİSTAN DEVRİM PARTİSİ)\""},{"Link":"http://www.sucbilimi.org/?ana%3Dteror%26alt%3Dpshk","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-big-question-who-is-behind-the-bombings-in-turkey-and-what-do-they-want-413885.html","external_links_name":"\"The Big Question: Who is behind the bombings in Turkey, and what do they want?\""},{"Link":"http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/ds750_03014tur.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Turkey Country Assessment\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102143843/http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/180/turkish-hezbollah-hizbullah-kurdish-hezbollah.html","external_links_name":"\"Turkish Hezbollah (Hizbullah) / Kurdish Hezbollah\""},{"Link":"http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/180/turkish-hezbollah-hizbullah-kurdish-hezbollah.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4713&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=167&no_cache=1","external_links_name":"\"The Jamestown Foundation: The Shaykh Said Revolt and Ankara's Return to the Past in its Struggle with the Kurds\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110207165941/http://ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-Turkey.html","external_links_name":"\"Armed Conflicts Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-Turkey.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1022222.stm","external_links_name":"\"Turkey country profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4938","external_links_name":"Leading PKK Commander Cemil Bayik Crosses into Iran"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626123957/http://www.menewsline.com/article-809-New-PKK-Leadership-Takes-Over-Ins.aspx","external_links_name":"\"New PKK Leadership Takes Over Insurgency\""},{"Link":"http://www.menewsline.com/article-809-New-PKK-Leadership-Takes-Over-Ins.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?action=html&documentId=878622&portal=hbkm&source=externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649","external_links_name":"CASE OF HADEP AND DEMİR v. TURKEY"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727141709/http://www.ofkparis.org/english/hadep-historique.htm","external_links_name":"\"HADEP History: The People's Democracy Party\""},{"Link":"http://www.ofkparis.org/english/hadep-historique.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080818133555/http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/rwpattach.nsf/VAP/%28153683DB7E984D23214BD871B2AC75E8%29~Attach%2BB%2B-%2BAg_s.PDF/%24file/Attach%2BB%2B-%2BAg_s.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/rwpattach.nsf/VAP/(153683DB7E984D23214BD871B2AC75E8)~Attach+B+-+Ag_s.PDF/$file/Attach+B+-+Ag_s.PDF","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121015091217/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action%3Bjsessionid%3DE6F2FF01111B4E530468FAE2C7EA880B?load=detay&link=213628&newsId=213559","external_links_name":"\"Court evidence reveals KCK terror network is worse than PKK\""},{"Link":"http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action;jsessionid=E6F2FF01111B4E530468FAE2C7EA880B?load=detay&link=213628&newsId=213559","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140125123454/http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/26-yilin-kanli-bilancosu/guncel/gundemdetay/24.06.2010/1254711/default.htm","external_links_name":"\"26 yılın kanlı bilançosu\""},{"Link":"http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/26-yilin-kanli-bilancosu/guncel/gundemdetay/24.06.2010/1254711/default.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073547/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=158®ionSelect=10-Middle_East","external_links_name":"\"Turkey: Kurdistan (entire conflict)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=158®ionSelect=10-Middle_East#","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4494","external_links_name":"PKK Changes Battlefield Tactics to Force Turkey into Negotiations"},{"Link":"http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-World-Insurgency-and-Terrorism/Partiya-Karkaren-Kurdistan-PKK-Turkey.html","external_links_name":"Partiya Karkaren Kurdistan (PKK) (Turkey), GROUPS – EUROPE – ACTIVE"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4688575.stm","external_links_name":"\"Turkish resort blast kills five\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4691755.stm","external_links_name":"\"Kurds 'deny' Turkey resort bomb\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2006/4/2/fresh-violence-erupts-in-turkey","external_links_name":"\"Fresh violence erupts in Turkey | News\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/kurd-rebels-vow-to-turn-turkey-into-hell-413931.html","external_links_name":"\"Kurd rebels vow to turn Turkey 'into hell'\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5298466.stm","external_links_name":"\"One injured in Turkey bomb blast\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6634397.asp?gid=180","external_links_name":"\"Bombalı saldırıda sürpriz tanık\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6664347.asp?f=1","external_links_name":"\"Anafartalar saldırısında ölü sayısı 7'ye yükseldi\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6735399.asp?gid=180","external_links_name":"\"8'inci kurban\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6830669.asp?gid=180","external_links_name":"\"Anafartalar'da ölü sayısı 9'a çıktı\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121019212340/http://dalje.com/en-world/pkk-suspects-held-over-foiled-ankara-bomb/80894","external_links_name":"\"PKK Suspects Held Over Foiled Ankara Bomb\""},{"Link":"http://dalje.com/en-world/pkk-suspects-held-over-foiled-ankara-bomb/80894","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6718965.stm","external_links_name":"\"Seven Turks killed in rebel raid\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/08/AR2007060800462.html","external_links_name":"\"Iraqi Kurds: Turkey Shells Across Border\""},{"Link":"http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Bswords%5D=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e&tx_ttnews%5Bexact_search%5D=TURKEY%20PREPARES%20FOR%20CROSS-BORDER%20MILITARY%20OPERATION&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=33067&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=5066509c7d","external_links_name":"TURKEY PREPARES FOR CROSS-BORDER MILITARY OPERATION"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7049348.stm","external_links_name":"\"Turkish MPs back attacks in Iraq\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7059721.stm","external_links_name":"Turkish raids along Iraqi border"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSANK00037420080222","external_links_name":"\"Turkey army launches land offensive into Iraq\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/12/20/220440/turkish-air-force-in-major-attack-on-kurdish-camps.html","external_links_name":"\"Turkish air force in major attack on Kurdish camps\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110916093607/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1200308092560&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull","external_links_name":"\"Turkish jets bomb Kurdish rebel hideouts in northern Iraq\""},{"Link":"http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1200308092560&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://socialistproject.ca/2008/03/b89/","external_links_name":"\"Turkish incursion into Northern Iraq: Military Fiasco, Political Debacle – The Bullet\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/8796828.asp?gid=229&sz=42917","external_links_name":"\"Hem karadan hem havadan\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7527977.stm","external_links_name":"\"Istanbul rocked by twin bombings\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/world/europe/05turkey.html","external_links_name":"\"15 Turkish Soldiers Dead in Fighting With Rebels\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210111191845/https://www.todayonline.com/world/turkey-counts-cost-conflict-kurdish-militant-battle-rages","external_links_name":"\"Turkey counts cost of conflict as Kurdish militant battle rages on\""},{"Link":"http://www.todayonline.com/world/turkey-counts-cost-conflict-kurdish-militant-battle-rages","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121012151928/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-192410-100-critical-week-for-turkey-as-kurdish-initiative-comes-to-parliament.html","external_links_name":"\"Critical week for Turkey as Kurdish initiative comes to Parliament\""},{"Link":"http://www.todayszaman.com/news-192410-100-critical-week-for-turkey-as-kurdish-initiative-comes-to-parliament.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/07/12/troubles-in-turkeys-backyard-2/","external_links_name":"\"Troubles in Turkey's Backyard\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101127082510/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-187472-101-outline-of-kurdish-initiative-emerges-at-security-summit.html","external_links_name":"\"Outline of Kurdish initiative emerges at security summit\""},{"Link":"http://www.todayszaman.com/news-187472-101-outline-of-kurdish-initiative-emerges-at-security-summit.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091218052750/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/KL16Ag01.html","external_links_name":"\"Turkey's Kurd initiative goes up in smoke\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8408903.stm","external_links_name":"\"Turkish court bans pro-Kurd party\""},{"Link":"http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2010/2/turkeykurdistan2525.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dozens of Turkey's pro Kurdish BDP members arrested\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/08/world/europe/08turkey.html?_r=1","external_links_name":"\"Soldiers Killed in Ambush in Northern Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111125090153/http://www.aknews.com/en/aknews/9/193730/?AKmobile=true","external_links_name":"\"PKK has repeatedly asked for a ceasefire of peace since their establishment in the past 17 years\""},{"Link":"http://www.aknews.com/en/aknews/9/193730/?AKmobile=true","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90854/6970412.html","external_links_name":"\"4 Turkish soldiers killed by Kurdish rebels\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=pkk-steps-up-attacks-in-turkey-2010-05-30","external_links_name":"\"PKK steps up attacks in Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121012191558/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-211723-101-7-troops-killed-in-terrorist-attack.html","external_links_name":"\"7 troops killed in terrorist attack\""},{"Link":"http://www.todayszaman.com/news-211723-101-7-troops-killed-in-terrorist-attack.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100621002337/http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=60178","external_links_name":"\"PKK attack kills 8 Turkish soldiers\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=60178","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-20/erdogan-says-pkk-will-drown-in-blood-after-deaths-update1-.html","external_links_name":"\"Erdogan Says PKK Will \"Drown in Blood\" After Deaths (Update1)\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=six-soldiers-reported-killed-in-firefight-in--se-turkey.-2010-07-20","external_links_name":"\"Seven soldiers killed, seventeen wounded in clashes in SE Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724134319/http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61587","external_links_name":"\"PKK says offers Turkey disarmament \"with conditions\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=61587","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426181918/http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61333","external_links_name":"\"Turkish army kills 46 PKK militants in last month\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldbulletin.net/news_detail.php?id=61333","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320224104/http://en.firatnews.com/index.php?rupel=article&nuceID=1019","external_links_name":"\"PKK: Twelve Turkish soldiers killed in retaliatory attacks\""},{"Link":"https://en.firatnews.com/index.php?rupel=article&nuceID=1019","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704615504576172122380315948","external_links_name":"\"PKK Revokes Cease-Fire in Turkey\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=three-kurdish-rebels-killed-in-southeast-turkey-2011-03-15","external_links_name":"\"Three killed in clash in Southeast Turkey\""},{"Link":"http://www.bianet.org/english/minorities/130035-riots-in-south-eastern-turkey-after-military-operations","external_links_name":"\"Riots in South-Eastern Turkey after Military Operations\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=thousands-detained-in-the-east-since-march-2011-05-13","external_links_name":"Thousands detained in eastern Turkey since March"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026121337/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-247755-ak-party-won-now-kurds-win-heres-why-by-abdulla-hawez-abdulla%2A.html","external_links_name":"\"AK Party won, now Kurds win; here's why by Abdulla Hawez Abdulla\""},{"Link":"http://www.todayszaman.com/news-247755-ak-party-won-now-kurds-win-heres-why-by-abdulla-hawez-abdulla*.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-election-kurds-idUSTRE75D4LV20110614","external_links_name":"\"Kurds raise profile, gain seats in Turkish assembly\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140125105324/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-248367-chp-deputy-urges-party-to-boycott-parliament-in-protest-of-deputy-ban.html","external_links_name":"\"CHP deputy urges party to boycott Parliament in protest of deputy ban\""},{"Link":"http://www.todayszaman.com/news-248367-chp-deputy-urges-party-to-boycott-parliament-in-protest-of-deputy-ban.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110901193421/http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article481345.ece","external_links_name":"\"Kurdish rebels kill 3 Turkish soldiers\""},{"Link":"http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article481345.ece","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-iraq-military-idUSTRE77M1SY20110823","external_links_name":"\"Turkey says 90–100 Kurd rebels killed in north Iraq raids\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Turkish-army-90-100-Kurd-rebels-killed-in-n-Iraq-raids","external_links_name":"\"Turkish army: 90–100 Kurd rebels killed in n. Iraq raids – Breaking News – Jerusalem Post\""},{"Link":"http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39235&cHash=3ccc90aba609f654ddd5102286620319","external_links_name":"\"How Kurdish PKK Militants Are Exploiting the Crisis in Syria to Achieve Regional Autonomy\""},{"Link":"http://zeenews.india.com/news/world/26-turkish-soldiers-killed-in-kurdish-attacks_737457.html","external_links_name":"\"26 Turkish soldiers killed in Kurdish attacks\""},{"Link":"http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2197429&Language=en","external_links_name":"\"42 Turkish soldiers killed, wounded in Kurdish rebels attack\""},{"Link":"https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/reports/crs/Cterror2.htm","external_links_name":"\"CRS Report: Terrorism: Middle Eastern Groups and State Sponsors, August 27, 1998\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/dd2c9d8c-ec74-11e1-8e4a-00144feab49a.html#axzz24NgjVuFK","external_links_name":"\"Analysts link PKK upsurge to Syrian war\""},{"Link":"http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/07/26/2914778/assad-hands-control-of-syrias.html","external_links_name":"Assad hands control of Syria's Kurdish areas to PKK, sparking outrage in Turkey"},{"Link":"http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/10932","external_links_name":"Turkey accuses Assad of arming PKK"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150908000507/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/10932","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026113630/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/139749/bloodiest-pkk-fight-in-years-kill-dozens.html","external_links_name":"\"Bloodiest PKK Fight in Years Kill Dozens, 6 August 2012\""},{"Link":"http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/139749/bloodiest-pkk-fight-in-years-kill-dozens.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kansascity.com/2012/08/17/3766715/kurdish-campaign-in-turkey-provides.html#storylink=cpy","external_links_name":"\"Kurdish campaign in Turkey provides\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121001213344/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-08-20/world/world_europe_turkey-bombing_1_pkk-kurdistan-workers-party-turkish-city","external_links_name":"\"Eight killed in bombing in Turkey\""},{"Link":"http://articles.cnn.com/2012-08-20/world/world_europe_turkey-bombing_1_pkk-kurdistan-workers-party-turkish-city","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25409952/","external_links_name":"\"Yes, we negotiate with Öcalan\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20968375","external_links_name":"\"Kurdish activists killed in Paris\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221304/http://siyaset.milliyet.com.tr/iste-imrali-daki-gorusmenin-tutanaklari-basarisizlikta-ben-yokum-/siyaset/siyasetdetay/28.02.2013/1674358/default.htm","external_links_name":"\"Here's what was talked in İmralı\""},{"Link":"http://siyaset.milliyet.com.tr/iste-imrali-daki-gorusmenin-tutanaklari-basarisizlikta-ben-yokum-/siyaset/siyasetdetay/28.02.2013/1674358/default.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21854215","external_links_name":"\"Turkish capital Ankara hit by twin explosions\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324743704578444630691252760?mod=WSJEurope_hpp_LEFTTopStories","external_links_name":"\"Kurdish Group to Pull Armed Units from Turkey\""},{"Link":"http://www.internethaber.com/kandIl-acIklamasI-meclIste-tansIyonu-yukselttI-526242h.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kandil açıklaması meclis'te tansiyonu yükseltti\""},{"Link":"http://www.haber3.com/kandilin-kararina-meclisten-ilk-tepkiler-haberi-1927878h.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kandil'in Kararına Meclis'ten İlk Tepkiler\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130428011936/http://t24.com.tr/yazi/silahlara-veda/6592","external_links_name":"\"Silahlara veda\""},{"Link":"http://t24.com.tr/yazi/silahlara-veda/6592","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/2014/10/18/anatomy-of-protests-against-the-invasion-of-kobani","external_links_name":"\"Anatomy of Protests against the invasion of Kobani\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/2014/10/27/kurdish-hizbullah-pushed-back-to-the-scene","external_links_name":"\"Kurdish Hizbullah pushed back to the scene\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222905/http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2014/10/25/three-turkish-soldiers-killed-in-southeast-turkey","external_links_name":"\"Three Turkish soldiers killed in southeast Turkey\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2014/10/25/three-turkish-soldiers-killed-in-southeast-turkey","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11699969/Turkey-accused-of-alowing-Islamic-State-fighters-to-cross-its-border-in-Kobane-attack.html","external_links_name":"\"Turkey accused of allowing Islamic State fighters to cross its border in Kobane attack\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150729143815/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_kck-official-says-pkk-not-responsible-for-murders-of-2-turkish-policemen_394957.html","external_links_name":"\"KCK official says PKK not responsible for murders of 2 Turkish policemen\""},{"Link":"http://www.todayszaman.com/national_kck-official-says-pkk-not-responsible-for-murders-of-2-turkish-policemen_394957.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150729183912/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/07/25/turkish-jets-target-kurds-in-iraq-islamic-state-militants-in-syria/","external_links_name":"\"Turkish jets target Kurds in Iraq, Islamic State militants in Syria\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/07/25/turkish-jets-target-kurds-in-iraq-islamic-state-militants-in-syria/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/we-really-cant-succeed-against-isil-without-turkey-us.aspx?pageID=238&nID=86993&NewsCatID=510","external_links_name":"\"We really can't succeed against ISIL without Turkey: US\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/turkey-opens-new-front-against-kurds-in-syria-1445968338","external_links_name":"\"Turkey Says It Struck Kurdish Forces in Syria\""},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21664225-civilians-join-fight-between-soldiers-and-guerrillas-burying-years-calm-hatred-never","external_links_name":"\"The hatred never went away\""},{"Link":"http://armenianweekly.com/2015/09/09/lynching-campaign-targets-kurds/","external_links_name":"\"'Lynching Campaign' Targets Kurds in Turkey, HDP Offices Attacked\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34206924","external_links_name":"\"Turkey Kurds: Many dead in Cizre violence as MPs' march blocked\""},{"Link":"http://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/-/turkey-should-ensure-immediate-access-to-cizre-by-independent-observers?redirect=http://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/home?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_iFWYWFoeqhvQ&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=4","external_links_name":"\"Turkey should ensure immediate access to Cizre by independent observers\""},{"Link":"http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/9/29/scores-killed-in-clashes-between-turkish-forces-and-kurdish-rebels.html","external_links_name":"\"Scores killed in clashes between Turkish forces and Kurdish rebels\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/31/world/europe/turkey-kurds-pkk.html?hpw&rref=world&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=well-region®ion=bottom-well&WT.nav=bottom-well&_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Turkey's Campaign Against Kurdish Militants Takes Toll on Civilians\""},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/12/22/turkey-mounting-security-operation-deaths","external_links_name":"\"Turkey: Mounting Security Operation Deaths\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/14/kurdish-militants-just-challenged-turkish-air-power-in-a-major-way/","external_links_name":"\"Kurdish militants reportedly shoot down Turkish security forces helicopter\""},{"Link":"http://odatv.com/o-saldiri-ustlendiler-0805161200.html","external_links_name":"\"PKK ve 9 örgütün oluşturduğu grup o saldırıyı üstlendi\""},{"Link":"https://anfenglish.com/news/hbdh-claims-responsibility-for-the-action-in-giresun","external_links_name":"\"HBDH claims responsibility for the action in Giresun\""},{"Link":"https://anfenglish.com/news/hbdh-11-riot-police-killed-in-trabzon","external_links_name":"\"HBDH: 11 riot police killed in Trabzon\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/three-police-officers-in-killed-in-attack-in-turkeys-north.aspx?pageID=238&nID=101788&NewsCatID=341","external_links_name":"\"Three police officers killed in attack in Turkey's north\""},{"Link":"http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/01/erdogan-operation-syria-afrin-begun-180120120424928.html","external_links_name":"\"Erdogan: Operation in Syria's Afrin has begun\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-afrin/turkish-army-hit-village-in-syrias-afrin-with-suspected-gas-kurdish-ypg-observatory-idUSKCN1G02JE","external_links_name":"Turkish army hit village in Syria's Afrin with suspected gas: Kurdish YPG, Observatory"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-turkey/turkey-will-drain-terror-swamp-in-iraqs-qandil-erdogan-says-idUSKBN1J71CJ","external_links_name":"\"Turkey will drain 'terror swamp' in Iraq's Qandil, Erdogan says\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44744903","external_links_name":"\"Politics, Economy, and Ideology in Iraqi Kurdistan Since 2003: Enduring Trends and Novel Challenges\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44744903","external_links_name":"44744903"},{"Link":"https://www.foxnews.com/world/trump-turkey-syria-kurdish-troops-military-assault","external_links_name":"\"Trump calls Turkey assault on Syria a 'bad idea' as Kurds report civilian deaths\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-turkey-syria-incursion-targeting-kurds-if-isis-prisoners-escape-europe-problem-2019-10-10/","external_links_name":"\"As Turkey attacks Kurds in Syria, Trump says any ISIS escapees are Europe's problem\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-iraq-security/turkey-says-finds-bodies-of-13-killed-by-militants-in-iraq-idUSKBN2AE050","external_links_name":"\"Turkey says militants executed 13, including soldiers, police, in Iraq\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/15/world/middleeast/turkey-soldiers-deaths-kurdish-guerrillas.html","external_links_name":"\"Deaths of Soldiers and Policemen Held by Kurdish Guerrillas Roil Turkish Politics\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.bianet.org/english/politics/239414-chp-leader-says-erdogan-is-responsible-for-the-deaths-of-13-security-personnel-in-iraq","external_links_name":"\"CHP leader says Erdoğan is responsible for the deaths of 13 security personnel in Iraq\""},{"Link":"https://anfturkce.com/kurdIstan/hsm-Isgalci-turk-devleti-esirleri-imha-etmek-icin-saldirdi-152227","external_links_name":"\"HSM: İşgalci Türk devleti esirleri imha etmek için saldırdı\""},{"Link":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2021/02/blinken-state-department-turkey-hostages-pkk-killed-iraq.html","external_links_name":"\"Blinken walks back State Department ambiguity over Turkish hostages killed in Iraq\""},{"Link":"https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2021/yazarlar/ismail-saymaz/sehidin-babasi-bu-insanlik-disi-bir-sey-6261836/","external_links_name":"\"Şehidin babası: Bu insanlık dışı bir şey\""},{"Link":"https://www.duvarenglish.com/the-killing-of-captives-in-gare-and-its-aftermath-article-56414","external_links_name":"\"The killing of captives in Garê and its aftermath\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/26/opinion/turkey-nato-kurds.html","external_links_name":"\"Opinion | Turkey Shows What NATO Really Is\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/06/29/nato-deal-with-sweden-and-finland-ankara-celebrates-national-victory-worries-mount-in-stockholm_5988325_4.html","external_links_name":"\"NATO deal with Sweden and Finland: Ankara celebrates 'national victory,' worries mount in Stockholm\""},{"Link":"https://www.thelocal.se/20220703/sweden-refuses-to-deny-deportations-to-turkey-part-of-nato-deal/","external_links_name":"\"Sweden refuses to deny deportations to Turkey as part of NATO deal\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V1uhlcKklRYC&dq=Serhildan&pg=PA140","external_links_name":"Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081035/http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/turkey/mar99_turkey_kurds.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kurds in Turkey – page 16\""},{"Link":"http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/turkey/mar99_turkey_kurds.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ifex.org/turkey/2010/11/01/protesting_as_a_terrorist_offense.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Protesting as a Terrorist Offens\""},{"Link":"http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606923/index.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MOBILIZING THE KURDS IN TURKEY: NEWROZ AS A MYTH\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026115402/http://kurdistan.org/work/commentary/turkeys-kurdish-policy-in-the-nineties/","external_links_name":"\"Turkey's Kurdish Policy in the Nineties\""},{"Link":"http://www.kurdistan.org/work/commentary/turkeys-kurdish-policy-in-the-nineties/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-pkk-have-killed-14-01900since-1984/5598","external_links_name":"\"Turkey: PKK have killed 14,000 since 1984\""},{"Link":"http://en.apa.az/world-news/europe/pkk-have-killed-14-01900since-1984.html","external_links_name":"\"PKK have killed 14,000 since 1984\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051001054953/http://www.meb.gov.tr/Stats/ist2000/b4.htm","external_links_name":"\"2000 Yılında MEB-Öğretmenlere Yönelik Çalışmalar\""},{"Link":"http://www.meb.gov.tr/Stats/ist2000/b4.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kurdishaspect.com/doc122107AD.html","external_links_name":"Turkey, US, and the PKK"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160413175202/http://www.kurdishaspect.com/doc122107AD.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626141413/http://fas.org/asmp/profiles/turkey_background_kurds.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Kurds in Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://fas.org/asmp/profiles/turkey_background_kurds.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120708234811/http://globalgeopolitics.net/arc/1998-11-29-Kinnane-Islam-Kurds-Turkey.htm","external_links_name":"\"Islam, the Kurds, and Turkey's problems at home and with the neighbors\""},{"Link":"http://globalgeopolitics.net/arc/1998-11-29-Kinnane-Islam-Kurds-Turkey.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://blog.milliyet.com.tr/28-yillik-terorun-insani-ve-mali-bilancosu/Blog/?BlogNo=375170","external_links_name":"\"28 yıllık terörün insani ve mali bilançosu.../Güncel/milliyet blog\""},{"Link":"http://www.echr.coe.int/LibraryDocs/HR%20handbooks/handbook06_en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The prohibition of torture\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00wome","external_links_name":"Human Rights Watch"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/humanrightswatch00wome/page/7","external_links_name":"7"},{"Link":"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2010/07/convicted-of-terrorism-a-young-kurdish-girl-is-serving-her-seven-year-and-nine-month-prison-sentence-in-turkeys-prison-e.html","external_links_name":"TURKEY: Kurdish teenager convicted as terrorist for attending demonstration"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316042427/http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/terrorism/hlpdoj120303opn.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Humanitarian Law Project v. U.S. Dept. of Justice\""},{"Link":"http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/terrorism/hlpdoj120303opn.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150911000425/http://www.sddt.com/News/article.cfm?SourceCode=20040126cg","external_links_name":"\"Federal Judge Rules Part Of Patriot Act Unconstitutional\""},{"Link":"http://www.sddt.com/News/article.cfm?SourceCode=20040126cg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/JCS/bin/get.cgi?directory=FALL98/articles/&filename=Gunter.htm","external_links_name":"\"Conflict Studies Journal at the University of New Brunswick\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110131234512/http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/%28httpCountrySummaries%29/66D21F80E3A69E41C125732200255E35?OpenDocument&count=10000","external_links_name":"\"Need for continued improvement in response to protracted displacement\""},{"Link":"http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/(httpCountrySummaries)/66D21F80E3A69E41C125732200255E35?OpenDocument&count=10000","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/18151157.asp?gid=381","external_links_name":"Sebahat Tuncel'den tartışılacak sözler"},{"Link":"https://www.memurlar.net/album/10845/iste-yillara-gore-etkisiz-hale-getirilen-pkk-li.html","external_links_name":"\"İşte Yıllara Göre Etkisiz Hale Getirilen PKK'lı\""},{"Link":"https://www.memurlar.net/album/10845/iste-yillara-gore-etkisiz-hale-getirilen-pkk-li.html","external_links_name":"\"İşte yıllara göre etkisiz hale getirilen PKK'lı\""},{"Link":"https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/2019-yilinda-1668-terorist-etkisiz-hale-getirildi/1688732","external_links_name":"\"2019 yılında 1668 terörist etkisiz hale getirildi\""},{"Link":"https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2020/gundem/2020de-etkisiz-hale-getirilen-terorist-sayisini-acikladi-6189345/","external_links_name":"\"2020'de etkisiz hale getirilen terörist sayısını açıkladı\""},{"Link":"https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/msb-yilbasindan-itibaren-etkisiz-hale-getirilen-terorist-sayisi-2-bin-360-oldu/2408609","external_links_name":"\"MSB: Yılbaşından itibaren etkisiz hale getirilen terörist sayısı 2 bin 360 oldu\""},{"Link":"https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/msb-1-ocaktan-itibaren-etkisiz-hale-getirilen-terorist-sayisi-1976ya-ulasti/3068997","external_links_name":"\"MSB: 1 Ocak'tan itibaren etkisiz hale getirilen terörist sayısı 1976'ya ulaştı\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160207064531/http://www.dha.com.tr/iraka-yapilan-en-buyuk-kara-harekati_223858.html","external_links_name":"\"Irak'a yapılan en büyük kara harekatı\""},{"Link":"http://www.dha.com.tr/iraka-yapilan-en-buyuk-kara-harekati_223858.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ofkenin-doldurdugu-sarjor-15288365","external_links_name":"\"Öfkenin doldurduğu şarjör\""},{"Link":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1429002","external_links_name":"https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1429002"},{"Link":"http://blog.milliyet.com.tr/-kan-uykusu--destani-/Blog/?BlogNo=74686","external_links_name":"\"Kan Uykusu destanı!/Güncel/milliyet blog\""},{"Link":"https://www.birgun.net/haber/ozel-harp-isiydi-ve-muhtesemdi-6-7-eylul-pogromu-ve-bir-sabri-yirmibesoglu-portresi-401694","external_links_name":"\"'Özel Harp işiydi ve muhteşemdi': 6-7 Eylül Pogromu ve bir Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu portresi\""},{"Link":"https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkish-jets-neutralize-6-pkk-terrorists-in-n-iraq/1554057","external_links_name":"\"Turkish jets 'neutralize' 6 PKK terrorists in N. Iraq\""},{"Link":"https://www.takvim.com.tr/guncel/2019/07/14/pence-2-harekati-basladi","external_links_name":"\"Pençe-2 harekatı başladı!\""},{"Link":"https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/teror-yuvalarina-pence-darbesi/2743808","external_links_name":"\"Terör yuvalarına 'Pençe' darbesi\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120904012447/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/europe/news/article_1404642.php/Twenty-five_killed_in_clashes_between_Turkish_soldiers_PKK","external_links_name":"\"Twenty-five killed in clashes between Turkish soldiers, PKK\""},{"Link":"http://news.monstersandcritics.com/europe/news/article_1404642.php/Twenty-five_killed_in_clashes_between_Turkish_soldiers_PKK","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170324/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/38-killed-in-pkk-attack-on-turkish-border-posts_100103566.html","external_links_name":"\"38 killed in PKK attack on Turkish border posts\""},{"Link":"http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/38-killed-in-pkk-attack-on-turkish-border-posts_100103566.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110207170943/http://ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-Turkey2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Turkey (2003 — First deaths for this phase of the conflict)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-Turkey2.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.syriahr.com/en/121535/?doing_wp_cron=1701614502.9502069950103759765625","external_links_name":"\"On the eve of Nowruz festivals…Afrin witnesses arrests against its residents by the factions of \"Olive Branch\" on charge of celebrating and setting fire in the festival's anniversary - The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights\""},{"Link":"https://www.dunya.com/gundem/afrinde-4-bin-448-terorist-etkisiz-hale-getirildi-haberi-415307","external_links_name":"\"Afrin'de 4 bin 448 terörist etkisiz hale getirildi\""},{"Link":"https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2022/gundem/zeytin-dali-harekatinin-4-yili-6900147/","external_links_name":"\"Zeytin Dalı Harekatı'nda 6 bin 370 terörist öldürüldü\""},{"Link":"https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/suriyenin-kuzeyindeki-operasyonlarla-6-yilda-yaklasik-17-bin-terorist-etkisiz-hale-getirildi/2749677#:~:text=Harekatla%207%20bin%20172%20ter%C3%B6rist%20etkisiz%20hale%20getirildi&text=Zeytin%20Dal%C4%B1%20harekat%C4%B1yla%207%20bin,el%20yap%C4%B1m%C4%B1%20patlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1%20imha%20edildi","external_links_name":"\"Suriye'nin kuzeyindeki operasyonlarla 6 yılda yaklaşık 17 bin terörist etkisiz hale getirildi\""},{"Link":"http://musingsoniraq.blogspot.co.uk/2018/05/april-2018-large-drop-in-violence-in.html","external_links_name":"\"April 2018 Large Drop In Violence In Iraq\""},{"Link":"http://musingsoniraq.blogspot.co.uk/2018/04/march-2018-return-of-islamic-state.html","external_links_name":"\"March 2018 The Return Of The Islamic State Insurgency\""},{"Link":"https://www.sozcu.com.tr/canonicalUrl","external_links_name":"\"Pençe-Kartal Operasyonu'nda 81 hedef imha edildi\""},{"Link":"https://www.ntv.com.tr/galeri/turkiye/pence-kartal-2-harekati-sirasinda-sehit-olan-askerler-son-yolculuguna-ugurlandi,L53tY3O5F0yQBrc3KyzMXA","external_links_name":"\"Pençe Kartal-2 Harekatı sırasında şehit olan askerler son yolculuğuna uğurlandı\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070607210126/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20001101faessay939/eric-rouleau/turkey-s-dream-of-democracy.html","external_links_name":"\"Turkey's Dream of Democracy\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20049970","external_links_name":"10.2307/20049970"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20049970","external_links_name":"20049970"},{"Link":"http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20001101faessay939/eric-rouleau/turkey-s-dream-of-democracy.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=blm_4gIcaZoC&pg=PA7","external_links_name":"Human Rights Watch"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=usQ2i-P7oPIC&pg=PA36","external_links_name":"The Kurds: A Nation on the Way to Statehood"},{"Link":"http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/FS_Police_arrest_ENG.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Police arrest and assistance of a lawyer\""},{"Link":"http://www.khrp.org/khrp-news/news-archive/2000-news/189-justice-comes-from-european-court-for-a-murdered-kurdish-journalist.html","external_links_name":"\"Justice Comes from European Court for a Kurdish Journalist\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0043887115000398","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0043887115000398"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155139277","external_links_name":"155139277"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/eca/turkey1206/3.htm#_Toc152994672","external_links_name":"\"Unjust, Restrictive, and Inconsistent: The Impact of Turkey's Compensation Law with Respect to Internally Displaced People: Impact of the ECtHR on provisions for Turkey's displaced\""},{"Link":"http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/turkey/09012016","external_links_name":"\"Turkish military guilty of killing family of 9, blamed on PKK for 20 years\""},{"Link":"https://www.refworld.org/docid/469f38e91e.html","external_links_name":"\"Refworld | Chronology for Kurds in Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b99dfVMJNRMC&q=lice+1993+turkey&pg=PA120","external_links_name":"Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Turkey.htm","external_links_name":"\"Weapons transfers and violations of the laws of war in Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160112225947/http://variant.org.uk/27texts/cause_for_concern.html#footnote16","external_links_name":"\"Variant\""},{"Link":"http://variant.org.uk/27texts/cause_for_concern.html#footnote16","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://kurdistan.org/turkey-and-the-charge-of-genocide-july-31-1999/","external_links_name":"\"Kurdistanica\""},{"Link":"https://www.refworld.org/docid/46fa537528.html","external_links_name":"\"Refworld | Turkey: Status of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and Turkish Hezbollah; situation and treatment of members, supporters and sympathizers of these parties (2006–2007)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/08/fresh-evidence-of-casualties-underscores-need-for-impartial-investigation-into-turkish-airstrikes-in-kandil-mountains/","external_links_name":"\"Fresh evidence of casualties underscores need for impartial investigation into Turkish airstrikes in Kandil Mountains\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/02/turkey-kurdish-people-cizre-return-to-ruins","external_links_name":"\"Turkey eases curfew after assault on PKK rebels leaves Cizre in ruins\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/03/cizre-ruins-turkey-lifts-curfew-kurdish-towns-160312113030597.html","external_links_name":"\"Cizre in ruins as Turkey lifts curfew on Kurdish towns – News – Al Jazeera\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191203112658/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/12/03/world/eight-children-among-11-killed-turkish-shelling-syria-town-held-kurds-monitor/#.XeZGjb3P2Uk","external_links_name":"\"Eight children among 11 killed in Turkish shelling on Syria town held by Kurds, monitor says\""},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/12/03/world/eight-children-among-11-killed-turkish-shelling-syria-town-held-kurds-monitor/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/en/news/1998/11/20/letter-italian-prime-minister-massimo-dalema","external_links_name":"Letter to Italian Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Hsw-08.htm","external_links_name":"Turkey: Human Rights Developments"},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/shocking-images-of-dead-kurdish-fighters-turkey-accused-of-using-chemical-weapons-against-pkk-a-711536.html","external_links_name":"\"Shocking Images of Dead Kurdish Fighters: Turkey Accused of Using Chemical Weapons against PKK\""},{"Link":"http://www.haber7.com/haber/20100814/Disislerinden-kimyasal-silah-iddialarina-ret.php","external_links_name":"\"Dışişleri'nden 'kimyasal silah' iddialarına ret haberi Siyaset haberleri Haber7 haber7.com – Güncel Haberler, Son dakika haberleri – Bu noktada haber var\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cNq0gvBPcGQC&pg=PA121","external_links_name":"From Bullets to Ballots: Violent Muslim Movements in Transition"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/11/01/protesting-terrorist-offense/arbitrary-use-terrorism-laws-prosecute-and","external_links_name":"\"Protesting as a Terrorist Offense: The Arbitrary Use of Terrorism Laws to Prosecute and Incarcerate Demonstrators in Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/TURKEY933.PDF","external_links_name":"\"THE KURDS OF TURKEY: KILLINGS, DISAPPEARANCES AND TORTURE\""},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Turkey.htm","external_links_name":"\"Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://stockholmcf.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Enforced-Dissappearences-in-Turkey_22_June_2017.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCES IN TURKEY – SCF\""},{"Link":"https://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2011/01/06/karakol_yakini_kazidan_12_insan_iskeleti_cikti","external_links_name":"\"Karakol yakını kazıdan 12 insan iskeleti çıktı\""},{"Link":"https://www.birgun.net/haber-detay/karakol-bahcesinden-7-kisinin-kemikleri-cikti-59553.html","external_links_name":"\"Karakol bahçesinden 7 kişinin kemikleri çıktı | BirGün Gazetesi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070131230422/http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/archives/107/73068.pdf","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Policy In The Mediterranean: Managing The Greece, Turkey, Cyprus Triangle\""},{"Link":"http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/archives/107/73068.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/11/05/turkey-no-answers-kurdish-victims","external_links_name":"\"Turkey: No Answers for Kurdish Victims\""},{"Link":"https://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/turkey/turk2.htm","external_links_name":"Turkey campaign (Chapter 2)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070714171715/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/turkey/turk2.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/09/03/time-justice/ending-impunity-killings-and-disappearances-1990s-turkey","external_links_name":"\"Time for Justice Ending Impunity for Killings and Disappearances in 1990s Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/TR/OHCHR_South-East_TurkeyReport_10March2017.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2013/jun/10/turkey-history-sexual-violence","external_links_name":"\"Turkey: a history of sexual violence\""},{"Link":"https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/TR/OHCHR_South-East_TurkeyReport_10March2017.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Report on the human rights situation in South-East Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190110014307/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/video-turkish-army-executes-two-female-pkk-prisoners-war/","external_links_name":"\"VIDEO: Turkish Army executes two female PKK prisoners of war\""},{"Link":"https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/video-turkish-army-executes-two-female-pkk-prisoners-war/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.christianpost.com/news/kurdish-female-politician-who-worked-to-unite-christians-arabs-kurds-executed-in-syria.html","external_links_name":"\"Kurdish female politician, who worked to unite Christians, Arabs, Kurds, executed in Syria\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210129154901/https://ahvalnews.com/deep-state/looking-back-susurluk-scandal-21-years","external_links_name":"\"Looking back at the Susurluk scandal 21 years on\""},{"Link":"https://ahvalnews.com/deep-state/looking-back-susurluk-scandal-21-years","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/europe/1998/01/29/bit-by-bit-ugly-facts-come-out","external_links_name":"\"Bit by bit, ugly facts come out\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613","external_links_name":"0013-0613"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110522141559/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnewsmobile.aspx?id=-509399","external_links_name":"\"State Gangs Like a Garbage Dump Waiting to Explode\""},{"Link":"http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnewsmobile.aspx?id=-509399","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://archive.apc.org/mideast.kurds/msg02232.html","external_links_name":"Alt URL"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210505133023/http://archive.apc.org/mideast.kurds/msg02232.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/law/2006-0803-203021/Bovenkerk_04_OC_Turkey.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Turkish Mafia and the State\""},{"Link":"https://www.springer.com/social+sciences/criminology/book/978-0-387-09710-7","external_links_name":"Organized Crime in Europe: Concepts, Patterns and Control Policies in the European Union and Beyond"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-2765-9","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-1-4020-2765-9"},{"Link":"https://www.syriahr.com/en/206930/","external_links_name":"\"Violations in Afrin | Turkish-backed factions plant Hashish in Raju district\""},{"Link":"https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/condemnation-of-ankara-terror-attack-grows/536823","external_links_name":"\"Condemnation of Ankara terror attack grows\""},{"Link":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2016/vol1/253316.htm","external_links_name":"\"Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200804135925/http://www.serxwebun.org/arsiv/66/#/1/","external_links_name":"\"Serxwebûn, issue of June 1987\""},{"Link":"http://serxwebun.org/arsiv/66/#/1/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14683849.2012.686575","external_links_name":"10.1080/14683849.2012.686575"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/11693%2F21264","external_links_name":"11693/21264"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55920795","external_links_name":"55920795"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/news/1999/01/20/rights-group-decries-missed-opportunity-prosecute-pkk-leader","external_links_name":"\"Rights Group Decries Missed Opportunity to Prosecute PKK Leader\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kIgwDQAAQBAJ&q=pkk+targeted+tourism+finish+tourists+book&pg=PA221","external_links_name":"Violence and Restraint in Civil War: Civilian Targeting in the Shadow of International Law"},{"Link":"https://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/turkey/turk3.htm","external_links_name":"Turkey campaign (Chapter 3)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070808091353/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/turkey/turk3.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/turkey/","external_links_name":"Turkey campaign"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070807152827/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/turkey/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://dogruhaber.com.tr/haber/313627-pkk-s-derince-massacre/","external_links_name":"\"PKK's\""},{"Link":"https://www.pa.edu.tr/Upload/editor/files/PKK_Case_Report_ENG.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Terrorism Threat Against Humanity and Democracy The PKK Case\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.29224%2Finsanveinsan.453020","external_links_name":"\"Gramsci'nin Hegemonya Kuramı Bağlamında Nükleer Karşıtı Hareketin Milliyet Gazetesindeki Temsiliyeti (11 Ocak 1999-25 Temmuz 2000)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.29224%2Finsanveinsan.453020","external_links_name":"10.29224/insanveinsan.453020"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/11424%2F254199","external_links_name":"11424/254199"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2148-7537","external_links_name":"2148-7537"},{"Link":"https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/teror-kurbanlari-22-yil-sonra-anildi-10861299","external_links_name":"\"Terör kurbanları 22 yıl sonra anıldı\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qNaGDAAAQBAJ&q=pinarcik+massacre&pg=PA162","external_links_name":"The Kurdish Struggle, 1920–94"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/10/world/kurdish-rebels-kill-20-in-2-villages-in-turkey.html","external_links_name":"\"Kurdish Rebels Kill 20 In 2 Villages in Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1A9vDivZRmgC&q=cevrimli+massacre&pg=PA412","external_links_name":"\"HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH WORLD REPORT 1990 An Annual Review of Developments and the Bush Administration's Policy on Human Rights Worldwide January 1991\""},{"Link":"http://www.usak.org.tr/dosyalar/dergi/z6UFq2LoFkdiuzBbZSt9qHMi7u4Ke2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kürdistan-Kürdistan İşçi Partisi): TERÖR ÖRGÜTÜ KRONOLOJİSİ (1976–2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160120152936/http://www.usak.org.tr/dosyalar/dergi/z6UFq2LoFkdiuzBbZSt9qHMi7u4Ke2.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/TURKEY933.PDF","external_links_name":"\"THE KURDS OF TURKEY: KILLINGS, DISAPPEARANCES AND TORTURE\""},{"Link":"http://www.aknews.com/en/aknews/9/193730/?AKmobile=true","external_links_name":"PKK has repeatedly asked for a ceasefire of peace since their establishment in the past 17 years"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111125090153/http://www.aknews.com/en/aknews/9/193730/?AKmobile=true","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=001-128036&filename=001-128036.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The European court of Human rights judgement\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YbxrBgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Turkey: facing a new millennium: Coping with intertwined conflicts"},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/news/1998/11/20/letter-italian-prime-minister-massimo-dalema","external_links_name":"\"Letter to Italian Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema\""},{"Link":"https://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2018/01/02/hamzali-katliami-unutulmadi","external_links_name":"\"Hamzalı katliamı unutulmadı\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/13-shoppers-die-in-istanbul-arson-attack-1080615.html","external_links_name":"\"13 shoppers die in Istanbul arson attack\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202084708/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/13-shoppers-die-in-istanbul-arson-attack-1080615.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6566395.asp?gid=180","external_links_name":"\"Vali açıkladı: Canlı bomba\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070525041951/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6566395.asp?gid=180","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6561501.asp?gid=180","external_links_name":"\"Ankara'da patlama FLAŞ\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070524031631/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6561501.asp?gid=180","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6561613.asp?gid=180","external_links_name":"\"Görgü tanığı: 10 ölü var\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070524032144/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/6561613.asp?gid=180","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/10372563","external_links_name":"\"Five die in Istanbul bus bombing\""},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2011/09/20/world/turkey-explosion/index.html?hpt=hp_t2","external_links_name":"\"32 injured in apparent suicide bombing in Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/10/19/timeline-pkk-attacks-in-turkey","external_links_name":"\"Timeline: PKK attacks in Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/17/ankara-car-bomb-kurdish-militants-claim-responsibility-attacks","external_links_name":"\"Ankara bombing: Kurdish militants claim responsibility\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://globalnews.ca/news/2673502/kurdish-group-claims-attack-in-turkish-city-of-bursa/","external_links_name":"\"Kurdish group claims suicide attack in Turkish city of Bursa – National | Globalnews.ca\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160604125930/http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2016/05/10/pkk-terror-bombing-targets-police-vehicle-in-turkeys-southeastern-diyarbakir-3-killed-45-injured","external_links_name":"\"PKK terror bombing targets police vehicle in Turkeys southeastern Diyarbakır, 3 killed, 45 injured\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2016/05/10/pkk-terror-bombing-targets-police-vehicle-in-turkeys-southeastern-diyarbakir-3-killed-45-injured","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://anfenglish.com/kurdistan/hpg-statement-on-the-blast-in-amed-s-durumlu-area","external_links_name":"\"ANF – Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê\""},{"Link":"https://www.internethaber.com/diyarbakir-patlamasini-pkk-ustlendi-koyluleri-sucladi-1593510h.htm","external_links_name":"\"Diyarbakır patlamasını PKK üstlendi köylüleri suçladı!\""},{"Link":"http://www.sozcu.com.tr/2016/gundem/diyarbakirda-kaybolan-13-koylu-patlamada-parcalanarak-olmus-1232780/","external_links_name":"\"Diyarbakır'daki patlamayla ilgili önemli gelişme!\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailysabah.com/war-on-terror/2016/06/17/hdp-pays-respect-to-pkk-suicide-bomber-who-killed-12-people-in-istanbul-1466119660","external_links_name":"\"HDP pays respect to PKK suicide bomber who killed 12 people in Istanbul\""},{"Link":"http://t24.com.tr/haber/dha-istanbulda-veznecilerde-polis-aracina-bombali-saldiri-duzenlendi,344080","external_links_name":"\"İstanbul Vezneciler'de polis aracına bombalı saldırı, 7'si polis, 11 kişi hayatını kaybetti\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/two-killed-in-car-bomb-attack-in-turkeys-izmir-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=108184&NewsCatID=341","external_links_name":"\"Four dead after car bombing and shootout in Turkish city of Izmir\""},{"Link":"https://www.duvarenglish.com/domestic/2020/10/29/turkish-police-detain-5-people-over-alleged-involvement-in-suicide-bombing-in-hatays-iskenderun/","external_links_name":"\"Turkish police detain five people over alleged involvement in suicide bombing in Hatay\""},{"Link":"https://www.bianet.org/english/other/233413-explosion-in-hatay-province","external_links_name":"\"Explosion in Hatay province\""},{"Link":"https://iranpress.com/content/29065","external_links_name":"\"Turkey: Explosion in downtown Iskenderun\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/son-dakika-hatayin-iskenderun-ilcesinde-patlama","external_links_name":"\"Son dakika! Hatay'ın İskenderun ilçesinde patlama\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070915044101/http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2373638","external_links_name":"\"PKK Recruitment of Female Operatives\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K4XefrTlSygC&q=pkk+recruit+women&pg=PA40","external_links_name":"Understanding International Counter Terrorism: A Professional's Guide to the Operational Art"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GTN0481FXRYC&q=pkk+recruit+women&pg=PA67","external_links_name":"Women as Terrorists: Mothers, Recruiters, and Martyrs"},{"Link":"https://irp.fas.org/world/para/docs/mfa-t-pkk.htm","external_links_name":"\"MFA - A Report on the PKK and Terrorism\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2014/05/29/kurdish-families-protest-against-pkk-over-kidnapped-children","external_links_name":"\"Kurdish families protest against PKK over kidnapped children\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/families-start-hunger-strike-in-diyarbakir-for-return-of-children-who-joined-pkk-67570","external_links_name":"\"Families start hunger strike in Diyarbakır for return of children who joined PKK – Turkey News\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pkk-militants-kidnap-british-tourist-in-turkey--22307","external_links_name":"\"PKK militants kidnap British tourist in Turkey – Turkey News\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/contending-with-the-pkks-narco-terrorism","external_links_name":"\"Contending with the PKK's Narco-Terrorism\""},{"Link":"https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/cemil_bayik.html","external_links_name":"\"Rewards for Justice – Wanted for Terrorism – Cemil Bayik\""},{"Link":"https://t24.com.tr/haber/pkkda-ocalanin-diktatorlugunu-reddedenler-olduruldu/87474","external_links_name":"\"PKK'da Öcalan'ın diktatörlüğünü reddedenler öldürüldü\""},{"Link":"https://www.dw.com/tr/akpli-siyaset%C3%A7ilere-y%C3%B6nelik-pkk-tehdidi-art%C4%B1yor/a-36125658","external_links_name":"\"AKP'li siyasetçilere yönelik PKK tehdidi artıyor | DW | 23.10.2016\""},{"Link":"http://ob.nubati.net/en/life/teachers.html","external_links_name":"\"Teachers killed in Turkey between 12 September 1980 and 12 September 2000\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101006073753/http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/217/chronology-of-the-important-events-in-the-world-pkk-chronology-1976-2006-.html","external_links_name":"\"Chronology of the Important Events in the World/PKK Chronology (1976–2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.turkishweekly.net/article/217/chronology-of-the-important-events-in-the-world-pkk-chronology-1976-2006-.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.diken.com.tr/pkk-once-infaz-etti-sonra-bassagligi-diledi/","external_links_name":"\"PKK önce infaz etti, sonra başsağlığı diledi!\""},{"Link":"https://www.rudaw.net/turkish/kurdistan/0110201816","external_links_name":"\"PKK: Yanlışlıkla öldürüldü\""},{"Link":"https://www.basnews.com/en/babat/395314","external_links_name":"\"PKK Executes Two Own Members\""},{"Link":"https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/dogubayazitta-pkk-infazi-iddiasi-olu-bulundular-40879026","external_links_name":"\"İlçeyi karıştıran iddia! PKK infaz etti...\""},{"Link":"https://anfdeutsch.com/kurdistan/hpg-aktionen-in-nord-und-suedkurdistan-5344","external_links_name":"\"HPG-Aktionen in Nord-und Südkurdistan\""},{"Link":"http://www.anadoluturkhaber.com/TR/Detail/USA-PKK-Taking-Children-As-Weapons-In-Turkey/844","external_links_name":"\"USA: PKK Taking Children as Weapons in Turkey – Anadolu Türk Haber\""},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/12/22/iraq-armed-groups-using-child-soldiers-0","external_links_name":"\"Iraq: Armed Groups Using Child Soldiers\""},{"Link":"https://www.refworld.org/docid/498805c428.html","external_links_name":"\"Refworld – Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 – Turkey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170628062439/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/07/14/child_soldiers_2008_Global_Report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Child Soldiers : Global Report 2008\""},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2014/07/14/child_soldiers_2008_Global_Report.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/10/kurdish-ban-child-soldiers.html","external_links_name":"\"Kurdish Rebels Ban Child Soldiers\""},{"Link":"https://www.genevacall.org/turkey-monitoring-hpgpkks-prohibition-using-children-hostilities/","external_links_name":"\"Turkey: monitoring the HPG/PKK's prohibition on using children in hostilities\""},{"Link":"https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Studies/Global_Afghan_Opium_Trade_2011-web.pdf","external_links_name":"\"THE GLOBAL AFGHAN OPIUM TRADE : A Threat Assessment\""},{"Link":"https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/te-sat2011_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211105132007/https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg1406.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Treasury Sanctions Supporters of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) Tied to Drug Trafficking in Europe\""},{"Link":"https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg1406.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranipet_Assembly_constituency
|
Ranipet Assembly constituency
|
["1 Madras State","2 Tamil Nadu","3 Election results","3.1 2021","3.2 2016","3.3 2011","3.4 2006","3.5 2001","3.6 1996","3.7 1991","3.8 1989","3.9 1984","3.10 1980","3.11 1977","3.12 1971","3.13 1967","3.14 1962","3.15 1957","3.16 1952","4 References"]
|
Coordinates: 12°57′N 79°19′E / 12.95°N 79.32°E / 12.95; 79.32State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu
RanipetConstituency No. 41 for the Tamil Nadu Legislative AssemblyConstituency detailsCountryIndiaRegionSouth IndiaStateTamil NaduDistrictRanipetLS constituencyArakkonamTotal electors2,66,481Member of Legislative Assembly16th Tamil Nadu Legislative AssemblyIncumbent R. Gandhi Party DMKElected year2021
Ranipet is a legislative assembly constituency in Ranipettai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 41. It consists of a portion of Walajah taluk. It comes under Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below..
Madras State
Year
Winner
Party
1952
Kadir Sheriff
Indian National Congress
1957
Chandrasekaran
Indian National Congress
1962
Abdul Khaleel
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
1967
A. G. Sahib
Independent
Tamil Nadu
Year
Winner
Party
1971
K. A. Wahab
Independent
1977
Durai Murugan
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
1980
Durai Murugan
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
1984
M. Kadirvelu
Indian National Congress
1989
J. Hassain
Independent
1991
N. G. Venugopal
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
1996
R. Gandhi
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
2001
M. S. Chandrasekaran
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
2006
R. Gandhi
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
2011
A. Mohammedjan
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
2016
R. Gandhi
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Election results
Vote share of Winning candidates
2021
50.18%
2016
42.85%
2011
53.14%
2006
55.01%
2001
56.37%
1996
50.80%
1991
53.29%
1989
30.08%
1984
55.60%
1980
53.70%
1977
43.53%
1971
53.96%
1967
45.14%
1962
39.32%
1957
33.63%
1952
38.65%
2021
2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Ranipet
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
DMK
R. Gandhi
103,291
50.18%
+7.34
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
S. M. Sugumar
86,793
42.17%
+3.46
NTK
V. Shylaja
10,234
4.97%
New
MNM
M. Atham Basha
2,762
1.34%
New
NOTA
NOTA
1,632
0.79%
-0.32
Margin of victory
16,498
8.02%
3.88%
Turnout
205,830
77.24%
0.17%
Rejected ballots
320
0.16%
Registered electors
266,481
DMK hold
Swing
7.34%
2016
2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Ranipet
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
DMK
R. Gandhi
81,724
42.85%
-1.3
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
C. Elumalai
73,828
38.71%
-14.44
PMK
M. K. Murali
23,850
12.50%
New
DMDK
S. Nithiyanandham
5,906
3.10%
New
NOTA
NOTA
2,121
1.11%
New
BJP
V. Nagaraj
1,342
0.70%
New
Margin of victory
7,896
4.14%
-4.86%
Turnout
190,742
77.07%
-2.35%
Registered electors
247,501
DMK gain from Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Swing
-10.30%
2011
2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Ranipet
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
A. Mohammedjan
83,834
53.14%
+17.21
DMK
R. Gandhi
69,633
44.14%
-10.87
Independent
R. Murugan
1,213
0.77%
New
BSP
S. Sasikumar
842
0.53%
New
Margin of victory
14,201
9.00%
-10.07%
Turnout
157,749
79.41%
5.32%
Registered electors
198,641
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam gain from DMK
Swing
-1.86%
2006
2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Ranipet
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
DMK
R. Gandhi
92,584
55.01%
+15.54
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
R. Thamizharasan
60,489
35.94%
-20.43
DMDK
N. Paari
9,058
5.38%
New
Independent
K. Shakthivel Nathan
1,687
1.00%
New
Independent
R. Rajesh Kumar
1,618
0.96%
New
BJP
V. Kuppusamy
1,598
0.95%
New
Margin of victory
32,095
19.07%
2.17%
Turnout
168,313
74.09%
9.01%
Registered electors
227,170
DMK gain from Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Swing
-1.36%
2001
2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Ranipet
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
M. S. Chandrasekaran
83,250
56.37%
+29.87
DMK
R. Gandhi
58,287
39.47%
-11.34
Independent
A. K. A. Manavalan
1,951
1.32%
New
MDMK
J. Damodaran
1,939
1.31%
-4.59
Independent
Prabakaran M
987
0.67%
New
Margin of victory
24,963
16.90%
-7.40%
Turnout
147,686
65.08%
-4.77%
Registered electors
227,057
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam gain from DMK
Swing
5.57%
1996
1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Ranipet
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
DMK
R. Gandhi
71,346
50.80%
+24.38
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
M. Masilamani
37,219
26.50%
-26.79
PMK
K. L. Elavazagan
21,987
15.66%
New
MDMK
J. Hassain
8,293
5.91%
New
Margin of victory
34,127
24.30%
-2.56%
Turnout
140,434
69.85%
1.38%
Registered electors
208,349
DMK gain from Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Swing
-2.49%
1991
1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Ranipet
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
N. G. Venugopal
65,204
53.29%
+36.22
DMK
M. Abdul Latheef
32,332
26.42%
+0.62
PMK
P. Natesan Ananthalai
23,064
18.85%
New
BJP
N. B. Ventaraman
1,345
1.10%
New
Margin of victory
32,872
26.87%
22.59%
Turnout
122,356
68.47%
11.04%
Registered electors
185,387
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam gain from Independent
Swing
23.21%
1989
1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Ranipet
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Independent
J. Hassain
27,724
30.08%
New
DMK
M. Kuppusami
23,784
25.80%
-7.26
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
S. Kovi Mohannan
15,738
17.07%
New
INC
M. Kadirvel
10,813
11.73%
-43.87
Independent
L. Vilvanathan
10,088
10.94%
New
Independent
C. Govindaraj
1,755
1.90%
New
Independent
K. Selvaraj
650
0.71%
New
Margin of victory
3,940
4.27%
-18.27%
Turnout
92,179
57.43%
-18.87%
Registered electors
164,533
Independent gain from INC
Swing
-25.52%
1984
1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Ranipet
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
INC
M. Kadirvelu
56,068
55.60%
New
DMK
V. M. Abdul Jabbar
33,337
33.06%
-20.64
Independent
R. Sundaramoorthy
9,211
9.13%
New
Independent
M. Abdul Gafoor
686
0.68%
New
Independent
R. Kulandaivelu
660
0.65%
New
Margin of victory
22,731
22.54%
13.75%
Turnout
100,844
76.31%
10.10%
Registered electors
138,811
INC gain from DMK
Swing
1.90%
1980
1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Ranipet
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
DMK
Durai Murugan
44,318
53.70%
+10.17
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
N. Renu
37,064
44.91%
New
Independent
R. T. S. Murthy
431
0.52%
New
Margin of victory
7,254
8.79%
-12.06%
Turnout
82,529
66.21%
3.25%
Registered electors
126,741
DMK hold
Swing
10.17%
1977
1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Ranipet
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
DMK
Durai Murugan
31,940
43.53%
New
Independent
K. A. Wahab
16,643
22.68%
New
INC
A. Sampath Narasimhan
14,838
20.22%
-25.82
JP
Abdul Gaffor
7,584
10.34%
New
Independent
M. A. K. Siddiqui
1,253
1.71%
New
Independent
D. Arumugam
862
1.17%
New
Margin of victory
15,297
20.85%
12.93%
Turnout
73,377
62.96%
-10.01%
Registered electors
118,555
DMK gain from Independent
Swing
-10.43%
1971
1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election : Ranipet
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Independent
K. A Wahab
36,357
53.96%
New
INC
A. G. Ranganatha Naicker
31,022
46.04%
+2.49
Margin of victory
5,335
7.92%
6.33%
Turnout
67,379
72.97%
-4.67%
Registered electors
99,025
Independent hold
Swing
8.82%
1967
1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election : Ranipet
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Independent
A. G. Sahib
30,011
45.14%
New
INC
S. K. Sheriff
28,953
43.55%
+5.64
Independent
C. K. Gounder
3,645
5.48%
New
Independent
V. C. Kesavan
1,936
2.91%
New
Independent
K. Jagannathan
989
1.49%
New
Independent
A. K. Ukkirapani
548
0.82%
New
Independent
S. S. Sundararaman
406
0.61%
New
Margin of victory
1,058
1.59%
0.18%
Turnout
66,488
77.64%
4.12%
Registered electors
91,628
Independent gain from DMK
Swing
5.82%
1962
1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election : Ranipet
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
DMK
Abdul Khaleel
24,082
39.32%
New
INC
A. E. Chandrasekara Naicker
23,218
37.91%
+4.27
We Tamils
Varadarajan
9,562
15.61%
New
Independent
Ganesan
2,429
3.97%
New
Independent
T. Doraiswamy
1,183
1.93%
New
Independent
V. Vollikkannu
391
0.64%
New
Independent
Munisami Naicker
384
0.63%
New
Margin of victory
864
1.41%
-3.01%
Turnout
61,249
73.52%
21.29%
Registered electors
87,522
DMK gain from INC
Swing
5.68%
1957
1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election : Ranipet
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
INC
Chandrasekara Naicker
12,386
33.63%
-5.01
Independent
R. A. Subhan
10,759
29.22%
New
Independent
C. A. Varanat Han
9,164
24.89%
New
Independent
Utharanathan
2,635
7.16%
New
Independent
Srinivasan
1,127
3.06%
New
Independent
M. Rangaswamy
754
2.05%
New
Margin of victory
1,627
4.42%
-10.56%
Turnout
36,825
52.23%
-2.78%
Registered electors
70,501
INC hold
Swing
-5.01%
1952
1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election : Ranipet
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
INC
Kadir Sheriff
17,934
38.65%
New
Commonweal Party
Munuswami Gounder
10,983
23.67%
New
Independent
Subhan
6,489
13.98%
New
Independent
Margabandu Sarma
3,031
6.53%
New
Independent
Munia Pillai
2,500
5.39%
New
KMPP
Varadarajan
2,149
4.63%
New
Akhil Bharat Hindu Maha Sabha
Rajavelu Mudaliar
1,255
2.70%
New
Independent
Rangaswami
1,114
2.40%
New
Socialist
A. Rangaswami Chettiar
948
2.04%
New
Margin of victory
6,951
14.98%
Turnout
46,403
55.02%
Registered electors
84,346
INC win (new seat)
References
^ "Form 21E (Return of Election)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
^ "Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map". Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
^ "Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order" (PDF). Delimitation Commission of India. National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
^ "List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu" (PDF). Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu.
^ "2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 41. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^ "ranipet Election Result". Retrieved 12 June 2022.
^ "Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu" (PDF). www.elections.tn.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
^ Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu (PDF). Election Commission of Tamil Nadu (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
^ Election Commission of India. "2006 Election Statistical Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2006.
^ Election Commission of India (12 May 2001). "Statistical Report on General Election 2001" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2010.
^ Election Commission of India. "1996 Election Statistical Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election 1991" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election 1989" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election 1984" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election 1980" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election 1977" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election 1971" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election 1967" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election 1962" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election 1957" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^ Election Commission of India. "Statistical Report on General Election 1951" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
"Statistical reports of assembly elections". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
vteAssembly constituencies of Tamil NaduCurrent
A
Aarani
Alandur
Alangudi
Alangulam
Ambasamudram
Ambattur
Ambur
Anaicut
Andipatti
Anna Nagar
Anthiyur
Arakkonam
Arantangi
Aravakurichi
Arcot
Ariyalur
Aruppukottai
Athoor
Attur
Avadi
Avanashi
B
Bargur
Bhavani
Bhavanisagar
Bhuvanagiri
Bodinayakkanur
C
Chengalpattu
Chengam
Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni
Cheyyar
Cheyyur
Chidambaram
Coimbatore North
Coimbatore South
Colachal
Coonoor
Cuddalore
Cumbum
D
Dharapuram
Dharmapuri
Dindigul
E
Edappadi
Egmore
Erode East
Erode West
G
Gandarvakottai
Gangavalli
Gingee
Gobichettipalayam
Gudalur
Gudiyatham
Gummidipoondi
H
Harbour
Harur
Hosur
J
Jayankondam
Jolarpet
K
Kadayanallur
Kalasapakkam
Kallakurichi
Kancheepuram
Kangayam
Kanniyakumari
Karaikudi
Karur
Katpadi
Kattumannarkoil
Kavundampalayam
Killiyoor
Kilpennathur
Kilvaithinankuppam
Kilvelur
Kinathukadavu
Kolathur
Kovilpatti
Krishnagiri
Krishnarayapuram
Kulithalai
Kumarapalayam
Kumbakonam
Kunnam
Kurinjipadi
L
Lalgudi
M
Madathukulam
Madavaram
Madurai Central
Madurai East
Madurai North
Madurai South
Madurai West
Maduranthakam
Maduravoyal
Mailam
Manachanallur
Manamadurai
Manapparai
Mannargudi
Mayiladuturai
Melur
Mettupalayam
Mettur
Modakkurichi
Mudukulathur
Musiri
Mylapore
N
Nagapattinam
Nagercoil
Namakkal
Nanguneri
Nannilam
Natham
Neyveli
Nilakottai
O
Oddanchatram
Omalur
Orathanad
Ottapidaram
P
Padmanabhapuram
Palacode
Palani
Palayamkottai
Palladam
Pallavaram
Panruti
Papanasam
Pappireddipatti
Paramakudi
Paramathi-Velur
Pattukkottai
Pennagaram
Perambalur
Perambur
Peravurani
Periyakulam
Perundurai
Pollachi
Polur
Ponneri
Poompuhar
Poonamallee
Pudukkottai
R
Radhakrishnan Nagar
Radhapuram
Rajapalayam
Ramanathapuram
Ranipet
Rasipuram
Rishivandiyam
Royapuram
S
Saidapet
Salem North
Salem South
Salem West
Sangagiri
Sankarankoil
Sankarapuram
Sattur
Senthamangalam
Sholavandan
Sholinganallur
Sholingur
Singanallur
Sirkazhi
Sivaganga
Sivakasi
Sriperumbudur
Srirangam
Srivaikuntam
Srivilliputhur
Sulur
T
Tambaram
Tenkasi
Thalli
Thanjavur
Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar
Thirumangalam
Thiruparankundram
Thiruporur
Thiruthuraipoondi
Thiruvallur
Thiruverumbur
Thiruvidamarudur
Thiruvottiyur
Thiyagarayanagar
Thondamuthur
Thoothukkudi
Thousand Lights
Thuraiyur
Tindivanam
Tiruchendur
Tiruchengode
Tiruchirappalli East
Tiruchirappalli West
Tiruchuli
Tirukkoyilur
Tirumayam
Tirunelveli
Tiruppattur, Sivaganga
Tiruppattur, Vellore
Tiruppur North
Tiruppur South
Tiruttani
Tiruvadanai
Tiruvaiyaru
Tiruvannamalai
Tiruvarur
Tittakudi
U
Udagamandalam
Udumalaipettai
Ulundurpet
Usilampatti
Uthangarai
Uthiramerur
V
Valparai
Vandavasi
Vaniyambadi
Vanur
Vasudevanallur
Vedaranyam
Vedasandur
Veerapandi
Velachery
Vellore
Veppanahalli
Vikravandi
Vilathikulam
Vilavancode
Villivakkam
Villupuram
Viralimalai
Virudhachalam
Virudhunagar
Virugampakkam
Y
Yercaud
Defunct
A
Acharapakkam
Adirampattinam
Aduthurai
Anamalai
Andanallur
Andimadam
B
Basin Bridge
C
Chennimalai
Chepauk
Cheranmadevi
Chinnasalem
Coimbatore East
Coimbatore West
E
Erode
G
Gangaikondan
I
Ilaiyangudi
K
Kabilarmalai
Kadaladi
Kadambathur
Kadambur
Kadavur
Kadayam
Kandamangalam
Kaniyambadi
Kariapatti
Kaveripattinam
Kodaikanal
Kolathur
Kottur
Kovilpalayam
Kudavasal
Kunnathur
Kuttalam
M
Mallasamudram
Mangalore
Marungapuri
Melapalayam
Melmalayanur
Melur North
Melur South
Morappur
Mugaiyur
N
Nallur
Nambiyur
Natrampalli
Nellikkuppam
P
Pallipattu
Panamarathupatty
Panjapatti
Park Town
Peranamallur
Pernambut
Perur
Pongalur
Porayar
Puliyangudi
Purasawalkam
S
Salem – I
Salem – II
Saliamangalam
Samayanallur
Sathankulam
Sathyamangalam
Sedapatti
Sembanarkoil
St. Thomas Mount
T
T. Palur
Talavasal
Tanippadi
Taramangalam
Thandarambattu
Theni
Thiruvattar
Thiruvonam
Thottiam
Thurinjapuram
Tiruchirappalli – I
Tiruchirappalli – II
Tirukostiyur
Tirunavalur
Tiruppur
Triplicane
U
Uddanapalle
Uppiliapuram
Uthamapalayam
V
Vadamadurai
Valangiman
Valavanur
Varahur
Vazhapadi
Vellakoil
Vengalam
Virinchipuram
W
Washermanpet
Related topics
Elections in Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
List of constituencies of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu
Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu
12°57′N 79°19′E / 12.95°N 79.32°E / 12.95; 79.32
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"legislative assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature_of_Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Ranipettai district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranipettai_district"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Walajah taluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walajapet_taluk"},{"link_name":"Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakkonam_Lok_Sabha_constituency"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil NaduRanipet is a legislative assembly constituency in Ranipettai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.[2] Its State Assembly Constituency number is 41. It consists of a portion of Walajah taluk. It comes under Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency.[3] It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below..","title":"Ranipet Assembly constituency"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Madras State"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tamil Nadu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2021"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2016"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2011"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2006"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#2001"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1996"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1991"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1989"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1984"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1980"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1977"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1971"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1967"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1962"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1957"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#1952"}],"text":"Vote share of Winning candidates\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n \n50.18%\n\n\n2016\n \n42.85%\n\n\n2011\n \n53.14%\n\n\n2006\n \n55.01%\n\n\n2001\n \n56.37%\n\n\n1996\n \n50.80%\n\n\n1991\n \n53.29%\n\n\n1989\n \n30.08%\n\n\n1984\n \n55.60%\n\n\n1980\n \n53.70%\n\n\n1977\n \n43.53%\n\n\n1971\n \n53.96%\n\n\n1967\n \n45.14%\n\n\n1962\n \n39.32%\n\n\n1957\n \n33.63%\n\n\n1952\n \n38.65%","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2021","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2016","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2011","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2006","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2001","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1996","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1991","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1989","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1984","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1980","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1977","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1971","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1967","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1962","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1957","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1952","title":"Election results"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Form 21E (Return of Election)\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211222094842/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC040.pdf","url_text":"\"Form 21E (Return of Election)\""},{"url":"https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC040.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map\". Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Retrieved 23 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm","url_text":"\"Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order\" (PDF). Delimitation Commission of India. National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 25 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf","url_text":"\"Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu\" (PDF). Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2011_Winner_Runner.pdf","url_text":"\"List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary\" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 41. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf","url_text":"\"2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"ranipet Election Result\". Retrieved 12 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a041","url_text":"\"ranipet Election Result\""}]},{"reference":"\"Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu\" (PDF). www.elections.tn.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf","url_text":"\"Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu\""},{"url":"https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu (PDF). Election Commission of Tamil Nadu (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf","url_text":"Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu"},{"url":"http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"2006 Election Statistical Report\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf","url_text":"\"2006 Election Statistical Report\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India (12 May 2001). \"Statistical Report on General Election 2001\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 2001\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"1996 Election Statistical Report\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf","url_text":"\"1996 Election Statistical Report\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"Statistical Report on General Election 1991\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1991\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"Statistical Report on General Election 1989\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1989\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"Statistical Report on General Election 1984\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1984\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"Statistical Report on General Election 1980\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1980\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"Statistical Report on General Election 1977\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1977\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"Statistical Report on General Election 1971\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1971\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"Statistical Report on General Election 1967\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1967\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"Statistical Report on General Election 1962\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1962\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"Statistical Report on General Election 1957\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1957\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Election Commission of India. \"Statistical Report on General Election 1951\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1951\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Statistical reports of assembly elections\". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp","url_text":"\"Statistical reports of assembly elections\""},{"url":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ranipet_Assembly_constituency¶ms=12.95_N_79.32_E_","external_links_name":"12°57′N 79°19′E / 12.95°N 79.32°E / 12.95; 79.32"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211222094842/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC040.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Form 21E (Return of Election)\""},{"Link":"https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC040.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order\""},{"Link":"http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2011_Winner_Runner.pdf","external_links_name":"\"List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary\""},{"Link":"https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a041","external_links_name":"\"ranipet Election Result\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu\""},{"Link":"https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf","external_links_name":"Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu"},{"Link":"http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2006 Election Statistical Report\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 2001\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf","external_links_name":"\"1996 Election Statistical Report\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1991\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1989\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1984\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1980\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1977\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1971\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1967\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1962\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1957\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Statistical Report on General Election 1951\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp","external_links_name":"\"Statistical reports of assembly elections\""},{"Link":"http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ranipet_Assembly_constituency¶ms=12.95_N_79.32_E_","external_links_name":"12°57′N 79°19′E / 12.95°N 79.32°E / 12.95; 79.32"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokia_(singer)
|
Kokia (singer)
|
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life, Pony Canyon debut","1.2 Victor Entertainment","1.3 Anco and Co., France","2 Artistry","2.1 Voice","2.2 Song writing","3 Personal life","4 Discography","5 Books","6 References","7 External links"]
|
KokiaKOKIAKokia performing in concert in Paris, 2008BornAkiko Yoshida (1976-07-22) July 22, 1976 (age 47)Tokyo, JapanOccupations
Singer
songwriter
Years active1998–presentMusical careerGenres
Pop
folk
Labels
Pony Canyon (JP, 1998–2000)
Victor (JP, 2001–present)
Kazé/Wasabi (FR)
Universal (TW, 2011–present)
Musical artistWebsitewww.kokia.com
Akiko Yoshida (吉田亜紀子, Yoshida Akiko, born July 22, 1976) is a Japanese singer and songwriter performing under the stage name Kokia (styled KOKIA). Her most well known songs are "Arigatō..." (ありがとう..., Thank You) (which reached number 2 in Hong Kong when it was covered by Sammi Cheng) and "The Power of Smile"
(which topped at No. 8 in the singles chart).
She is also recognized for her numerous contributions to anime/game soundtracks, the most notable being "Ai no Melody/Chōwa Oto (With Reflection)" for the film Origin: Spirits of the Past, "Follow the Nightingale" for the game Tales of Innocence, "Tatta Hitotsu no Omoi" for the anime Gunslinger Girl: Il Teatrino, "Dance of the Spirits" for the anime “Ancient Magus' Bride” and "For Little Tail" for the game Tail Concerto.
Kokia often performs in Europe, basing her activities in Paris and releasing music through Wasabi Records, a subsidiary of Kazé.
Biography
Early life, Pony Canyon debut
Kokia was born in 1976. She started playing the violin when she was two and a half years old, but preferred the family piano. Often instead of playing with toys, Kokia played with the family piano. Kokia remembers putting picture books on the music stand and creating music that represented the scenes.
When Kokia was 10, she went abroad to America with her sister Kyoko to study at the Summer music school (and did so again when she was 14). In high school, she studied in vocal music and opera, later majoring in opera at the Toho Gakuen School of Music.
While at university, a friend gave a demo tape Kokia had recorded to a record executive. Kokia was then signed to Pony Canyon, and debuted in 1998 while still at university. She created her stage name by reversing the syllables of her birth name, Akiko (something she had done as a game when she was very young). Her first released song, "For Little Tail," was used as the opening theme song for the game Tail Concerto (although this was released as the secondary track to the "Road to Glory" single album.)
The leading single from the album, "Arigatō..." (ありがとう..., Thank You), found success in Hong Kong. It was awarded third in the 1999 Hong Kong International Popular Song Award. Hong Kong entertainer Sammi Cheng covered the song, and released it as the eponymous track from her album "Arigatou" in October 1999. The song became a big hit in Hong Kong, reaching to no2 in the pop charts there.
Victor Entertainment
After the release of her debut album, Kokia did not continue to release music with Pony Canyon. Her first releases after this were five songs for Luna Sea vocalist Ryuichi Kawamura's production project, ЯKS, in 2000. The album was released under Victor Entertainment, heralding in Kokia's relationship with the label. In 2001, she re-debuted in proper under Victor, and released three singles.
Kokia continued to have success throughout Asia, with her music used in Asia-wide ad campaigns. In 2001, she performed at two high-profile Chinese concerts: an anti-drugs concert to 30,000 people with the so-called Four Heavenly Kings of Hong Kong entertainment (Jacky Cheung, Andy Lau, Aaron Kwok and Leon Lai), and also to over 120,000 people at a 2001 new year's countdown event in Taiwan. In January 2002, Kokia released her second album, Trip Trip, her first album to be self-produced.
In 2003, however, Kokia first gained public notice. Her single "Kawaranai Koto (Since 1976)" was used as the drama Itoshiki Mono e's theme song, breaking Kokia into the top 50. Her biggest hit, however, was "The Power of Smile/Remember the Kiss." It gained notoriety after being used in a Kao haircare commercial. After which, Kokia was asked to perform on popular music show Music Station. The single broke the top 20 in Japan and was certified gold by the RIAJ. The resulting album, Remember Me, also broke the top 20, and sold over 45,000 copies.
Her Pony Canyon-era songs "I Catch a Cold" and "Shiroi Yuki" (白い雪, White Snow) were used in the soundtrack for the popular Chinese drama At the Dolphin Bay in 2003.
Kokia's fourth album Uta ga Chikara (released in 2004) also found modest success, selling 20,000 copies. The biggest single from this album, "Yume ga Chikara," was used as the encouragement song for the Japan team at the 2004 Athens Olympic games.
While Kokia has been associated with game/anime music since her debut, it was in 2006 when a theme song of hers became most successful. Her single "Ai no Melody/Chōwa Oto (With Reflection)" was used as the two theme songs for the anime film Origin: Spirits of the Past, and it reached number 30 on Oricon's single charts.
In February 2006, Kokia released her greatest hits collection, Pearl: The Best Collection, and a greatest video clips collection, Jewel: The Best Video Collection. The best collection reached number 19 on the albums charts.
Anco and Co., France
Kokia (right) in 2008
From 2006 onwards, Kokia began working in European markets, as well as taking greater control over her musical releases. In January, she held her first European concert in Paris, and performed at the Midem music industry trade fair. Pearl was released a month earlier than its Japanese release throughout France and Spain.
In June 2006, Kokia decided to set up her own production company separate from Victor Entertainment, called Anco & Co., after desiring more creative control over her works. In November, she debuted in France with the anime-based retailer Wasabi Records, releasing her 5th album Aigakikoeru: Listen for the Love there six months before its Japanese release.
In November 2007, Kokia had her second successful game/anime tie-up single, with "Follow the Nightingale." The song, used for the game Tales of Innocence, reached number 30 on Oricon.
Kokia's greater creative control allowed for her music to be released at a much greater pace. In 2008, Kokia released three albums: the neoclassical The Voice, the Ireland-themed album Fairy Dance and her first Christmas album Christmas Gift. In 2009, Kokia released two albums simultaneously (Kokia Infinity Akiko: Balance and Akiko Infinity Kokia: Balance) to celebrate her 10th anniversary. She also held her first world tour, with performances in Japan, France, Ireland, Poland, Belgium and Germany.
For Kokia's 11th album, Real World, she travelled to the Tunisian Sahara desert for inspiration.
In 2014, she sang at a number of events in collaboration with Billboard Live Japan which lead up to her first performance with a full orchestra in December 2014, where she sang with the Nihon philharmonic orchestra in collaboration with Billboard Japan.
In 2017, she sang a memorial song at the joint memorial service for the 10th anniversary of the Chūetsu offshore earthquake (hosted by Kashiwazaki City and Kariwa Village).
Since 2017, she has been releasing animal-themed albums as part of the tontonton project, under the Kokia Jirushi.
While the concert was canceled due to COVID-19, KOKIA started the live streaming "1 to 1 Live for you" in April 2020. This live streaming is often held on the official KOKIA channel on YouTube. In 2020, she started to distribute the singles digitally while using TuneCore, a music digital distribution service. In 2020, she moved to London, England.
Artistry
Voice
Her voice is often praised by critics, for its clarity of sound, and she is highly rated as a live singer.
In 2004, on the TV show Daimei no Nai Ongaku-kai 21 (題名のない音楽会21), Kokia attempted to break the Guinness World Record for the longest note held. In her a cappella performance of 'O Sole Mio, she held a note for 29.5 seconds, but did not break the record.
Song writing
Since her second album, Trip Trip, Kokia has written every original song that appears on her albums. Kokia usually writes all the music for the game/anime OSTs songs in which she appears (though this is not a rule, and some songs have been written by others).
Kokia writes the majority of her songs in Japanese, though many are in English or partial English (such as "The Rule of the Universe," "Say Hi!!", and "So Sad So Bad."). She occasionally branches into different languages, such as Italian ("Il Mare dei Suoni," "Insonnia.") and Irish ("Taimse im' chodhadh" and "Siuil a Run" from her Irish-themed album Fairy Dance).
Occasionally in songs, such as "Chōwa Oto" (調和 ｏｔｏ, Harmony, Sound) and "Follow the Nightingale," Kokia writes lyrics in code. For both of these songs, they featured reversed syllables (such as the lyric "nimiunooto denzush," when reversed gives "Oto no umi ni shizunde" (音の海に 沈んで, sinking in a sea of sound)). In "Chōwa Oto," Kokia also has a separate code (the numbers 3 25 15 21 23 and 1) which correspond to the letters of the English alphabet (1=A, 26=Z) to write the song's name in wāpuro rōmaji (C Y O U W A).
Personal life
Violinist Kyoko Yoshida is Kokia's older sister, and also attended the Toho Gakuen School of Music.
Kokia's grandfather was the manager of a Japanese shipbuilding company. She created a short-film "Ojii-chan no Tulip" (おじいちゃんのチューリップ, Granddad's Tulips) and a song (Grandfather's Ship) in his honour.
Kokia was raised as a Christian, and attended Sunday mass from a young age. She writes many of her songs about God, such as "Why Do I Sing?," "Everlasting," "Inori ni mo Nita Utsukushii Sekai" (祈りにも似た美しい世界) and "Sei Naru Yoru ni" (聖なる夜に, In the Holy Night).
Kokia has done humanitarian work for various causes. At high school, she was a member of the volunteer committee, and strived to help the disabled, elderly and AIDS victims. She has performed at a concert for drug abuse, supported the Japanese Social Welfare Organisation (社会福祉法人), and released a special charity single for the victims of the 2007 Niigata earthquake. Kokia also feels great sympathy for the September 11 attacks. She gave out 10,000 copies of a special EP, Music Gift, on the streets of New York City in memory of the attacks. Many of Kokia's songs are messages about humanitarian/environmental causes, or about ways for people to live their lives better. Kokia primarily makes songs about love and peace.
Kokia is an avid dog lover. Throughout most of the 2000s, she owned four dogs: Donna, Muta, Nero and Titti. However, Donna died in February 2010. She has made references to dogs in several of her songs, such as "Shiroi Inu to Odoru Yoru" (白い犬と踊る夜, Night Dancing with a White Dog), and in "Say Hi!!," where the lyrics speak of "driving to the beach to play with our Donna." Many of her blog posts are centred around her dogs, with a special category dedicated to these posts.
Discography
Main article: Kokia discography
Songbird (1999)
Trip Trip (2002)
Remember Me (2003)
Uta ga Chikara (2004)
Aigakikoeru: Listen for the Love (2006)
The Voice (2008)
Fairy Dance: Kokia Meets Ireland (2008)
Christmas Gift (2008)
Kokia Infinity Akiko: Balance (2009)
Akiko Infinity Kokia: Balance (2009)
Real World (2010)
Moment (2010)
Kokoro Bakari (2012)
Where to Go My Love? (2013)
Color of life (live in 15th anniversary concert) (2014)
I Found You (2015)
Tokyo Mermaid (2018)
KOKIA Jirushi limited album
Watching from Above (2016)
Animal CD vol.1 (2017)
Animal CD vol.2 (2018)
Watching from Above 2 (2019)
Animal CD vol.3 (2020)
Hoshi no uta kaze no naka (2020)
Konosekai no katasumide (2021)
Books
Mama no daijisan, SHUFU TO SEIKATSU SHA, 2019, ISBN 978-4391153125
Happy ryoku—oyako no "Happy" wo sodateru, ASA Publishing Co., Ltd.,2019, ISBN 978-4866671420
References
^ "Kokia". UMusic.com.tw (in Chinese). August 26, 2011. Archived from the original on June 21, 2007. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
^ "冬の苗場にGo！！". 'Otonami' Music Translator Kokia's Blog (in Japanese). March 1, 2007. Archived from the original on November 24, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
^ 牛奶@咖啡"山東月"首站人氣高 遇瘋狂歌迷 (in Chinese). China Broadcast. September 13, 2006. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2010.
^ "配信シングル３部作＜Life Trilogy〜いのちの３部作〜＞第２章、配信決定！！" (in Japanese). Kokia Web. Archived from the original on November 30, 2009. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
^ a b c d e f 第４回 ＫＯＫＩＡさん (in Japanese). Shakai Fukushi Hōjin (社会福祉法人). Archived from the original on March 8, 2005. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ a b c "KOKIA – バイオグラフィ – 音楽 – livedoor ニュース" (in Japanese). Livedoor. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o プロフィール (in Japanese). Kokia Web. Archived from the original on February 5, 2010. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ a b c d e "KOKIA - CDJournal" アーティスト・プローフィル (in Japanese). CDJournal. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ "Private Interview with KOKIA". JaME World. May 20, 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ "Arigatou by Sammi Cheng". iTunes Store. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ a b c "ＫＯＫＩＡ アーティストページ – TSUTAYA online" (in Japanese). Tsutaya. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ " 彼方まで / RKS". Neowing (in Japanese). Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ a b 年輕偶像參與港台「禁毒滅罪耀北區」音樂會 發揚正義最大信息 呼籲大眾切勿以身試法. RTHK (in Chinese). November 17, 2001. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ a b c d e f g "オリコンランキング情報サービス「you大樹」". Oricon. Retrieved March 8, 2010. (subscription only)
^ ゴールド等認定作品一覧 2003年10月. RIAJ (in Japanese). Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ "At The Dolphin Bay Original Soundtrack". YesAsia. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ a b "KOKIA｜ディスコグラフィー｜@Victor Entertainment". Victor Entertainment (in Japanese). Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ "KOKIA – ai ga kikoeru". Wasabi Records (in French). Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ "KOKIA、サハラ砂漠に感謝と感動を学ぶ". Barks (in Japanese). February 7, 2010. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ billboard, billboard. "KOKIA falling in love with the orchestra". Billboard-cc.com. Billboard japan. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
^ "中越沖地震：１０年 安全なまち願い 柏崎で合同追悼式 ／新潟". Archived from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
^ "Ton ton ton「どうぶつの音楽会」 | otonami Blog".
^ "KOKIA、生配信ライブ『1 to 1 Live for you』で届けた音楽を通して人とつながるという温かい循環". April 29, 2020.
^ "KOKIA official - YouTube". YouTube.
^ "KOKIA".
^ "Her blog on September 9, 2020". Retrieved September 23, 2021.
^ 新譜レビュー > ＫＯＫＩＡ／歌がチカラ. Listen.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ "試聴記コメント／ガイドコメント". CDJournal. Retrieved March 9, 2010.
^ Daimei no Nai Ongaku-kai 21. TV Asahi. Tokyo, July 18, 2004. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
^ a b "KOKIA Special Feature". CDJapan. 2006. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ "ヴァイオリニスト 吉田恭子 オフィシャルサイト：Profile". Kyoko Yoshida (in Japanese). Retrieved March 28, 2010.
^ ＋＋＋ お船の歌 ＋＋＋. 'Otonami' Music Translator Kokia's Blog (in Japanese). July 10, 2006. Archived from the original on April 2, 2010. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
^ "Exclusive Interview and Video Message from KOKIA". JaME World. July 18, 2009. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ おじいちゃんのチューリップ観た？. 'Otonami' Music Translator Kokia's Blog (in Japanese). July 2, 2007. Archived from the original on November 24, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
^ "★ HAPPY NIGHT 4 ★". 'Otonami' Music Translator Kokia's Blog (in Japanese). June 17, 2006. Archived from the original on April 2, 2010. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
^ "第1回 KOKIAさんにん聞くーエコって本当は自分に優しいことかもー". OCN (in Japanese). Archived from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ "インタビュー：KOKIA、配信限定シングル３部作の第１弾 "いのち"をテーマに歌われる、ポジティヴなメッセージ". CDJournal (in Japanese). August 6, 2009. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ "Musictranslator". Viviana (in Japanese). Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ a b "BLOG: 犬の話". 'Otonami' Music Translator Kokia's Blog (in Japanese). Archived from the original on November 24, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
^ 春風にのって. 'Otonami' Music Translator Kokia's Blog (in Japanese). March 20, 2010. Archived from the original on November 24, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
^ "Say Hi!! KOKIA 歌詞情報 – goo 音楽". Goo (in Japanese). Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
External links
Official website (in Japanese)
Victor Entertainment Label Site (in Japanese)
Official YouTube (in Japanese)
Official bilibili (in Chinese)
Official MySpace
TuneCore (music digital distribution service) (in English)
KOKIA Blog "otonami" (in Japanese)
KOKIA blog "otonami×ameblo" (2010 to 2013 only.) (in Japanese)
vteKokiaAlbums
Songbird
Trip Trip
Remember Me
Uta ga Chikara
Aigakikoeru: Listen for the Love
The Voice
Fairy Dance: Kokia Meets Ireland
Christmas Gift
Kokia Infinity Akiko: Balance
Akiko Infinity Kokia: Balance
Real World
Musique a la Carte
Compilation albums
Pearl: The Best Collection
Kokia Complete Collection 1998-1999
Coquillage: The Best Collection II
Singles
"Kawaranai Koto (Since 1976)"
"The Power of Smile/Remember the Kiss"
"So Much Love for You"
"Yume ga Chikara"
"Ai no Melody/Chōwa Oto (With Reflection)"
"Follow the Nightingale"
"Tatta Hitotsu no Omoi"
"Karma"
See also
Discography
Masumi Itō
Pony Canyon
Victor Entertainment
Lantis
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sammi Cheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammi_Cheng"},{"link_name":"The Power of Smile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_of_Smile/Remember_the_Kiss"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Ai no Melody/Chōwa Oto (With Reflection)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_no_Melody/Ch%C5%8Dwa_Oto_(With_Reflection)"},{"link_name":"Origin: Spirits of the Past","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin:_Spirits_of_the_Past"},{"link_name":"Follow the Nightingale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follow_the_Nightingale"},{"link_name":"Tales of Innocence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_of_Innocence"},{"link_name":"Tatta Hitotsu no Omoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatta_Hitotsu_no_Omoi"},{"link_name":"Gunslinger Girl: Il Teatrino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gunslinger_Girl_episodes#Gunslinger_Girl_-Il_Teatrino-"},{"link_name":"Dance of the Spirits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dance_of_the_Spirits&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ancient Magus' Bride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Magus%27_Bride&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tail Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_Concerto"},{"link_name":"Kazé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaz%C3%A9"}],"text":"Akiko Yoshida (吉田亜紀子, Yoshida Akiko, born July 22, 1976)[2][3] is a Japanese singer and songwriter performing under the stage name Kokia (styled KOKIA). Her most well known songs are \"Arigatō...\" (ありがとう..., Thank You) (which reached number 2 in Hong Kong when it was covered by Sammi Cheng) and \"The Power of Smile\"\n(which topped at No. 8 in the singles chart).\nShe is also recognized for her numerous contributions to anime/game soundtracks, the most notable being \"Ai no Melody/Chōwa Oto (With Reflection)\" for the film Origin: Spirits of the Past, \"Follow the Nightingale\" for the game Tales of Innocence, \"Tatta Hitotsu no Omoi\" for the anime Gunslinger Girl: Il Teatrino, \"Dance of the Spirits\" for the anime “Ancient Magus' Bride” and \"For Little Tail\" for the game Tail Concerto.Kokia often performs in Europe, basing her activities in Paris and releasing music through Wasabi Records, a subsidiary of Kazé.","title":"Kokia (singer)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Habataki-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livedoor-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Habataki-5"},{"link_name":"Kyoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyoko_Yoshida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livedoor-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kokiaofficial-7"},{"link_name":"Toho Gakuen School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toho_Gakuen_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDJournalProf-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jame-private-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Habataki-5"},{"link_name":"Pony Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_Canyon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDJournalProf-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Habataki-5"},{"link_name":"Tail Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_Concerto"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDJournalProf-8"},{"link_name":"Sammi Cheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammi_Cheng"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livedoor-6"}],"sub_title":"Early life, Pony Canyon debut","text":"Kokia was born in 1976.[4] She started playing the violin when she was two and a half years old, but preferred the family piano.[5] Often instead of playing with toys, Kokia played with the family piano.[6] Kokia remembers putting picture books on the music stand and creating music that represented the scenes.[5]When Kokia was 10, she went abroad to America with her sister Kyoko to study at the Summer music school (and did so again when she was 14).[6] In high school, she studied in vocal music[7] and opera, later majoring in opera at the Toho Gakuen School of Music.[8][9]While at university, a friend gave a demo tape Kokia had recorded to a record executive.[5] Kokia was then signed to Pony Canyon, and debuted in 1998 while still at university.[8] She created her stage name by reversing the syllables of her birth name, Akiko (something she had done as a game when she was very young).[5] Her first released song, \"For Little Tail,\" was used as the opening theme song for the game Tail Concerto (although this was released as the secondary track to the \"Road to Glory\" single album.)[citation needed]The leading single from the album, \"Arigatō...\" (ありがとう..., Thank You), found success in Hong Kong. It was awarded third in the 1999 Hong Kong International Popular Song Award.[8] Hong Kong entertainer Sammi Cheng covered the song, and released it as the eponymous track from her album \"Arigatou\" in October 1999.[10] The song became a big hit in Hong Kong, reaching to no2 in the pop charts there.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pony Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_Canyon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TsutayaProf-11"},{"link_name":"Luna Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_Sea"},{"link_name":"Ryuichi Kawamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryuichi_Kawamura"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Victor Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDJournalProf-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kokiaofficial-7"},{"link_name":"Four Heavenly Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantopop#1990s:_Four_Heavenly_Kings_era"},{"link_name":"Jacky Cheung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacky_Cheung"},{"link_name":"Andy Lau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Lau"},{"link_name":"Aaron Kwok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Kwok"},{"link_name":"Leon Lai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Lai"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kokiaofficial-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drugabuse-13"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kokiaofficial-7"},{"link_name":"Trip Trip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_Trip"},{"link_name":"Kawaranai Koto (Since 1976)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawaranai_Koto_(Since_1976)"},{"link_name":"Itoshiki Mono e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E3%81%97%E3%81%8D%E8%80%85%E3%81%B8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kokiaofficial-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OriRef-14"},{"link_name":"The Power of Smile/Remember the Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_of_Smile/Remember_the_Kiss"},{"link_name":"Kao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kao_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDJournalProf-8"},{"link_name":"Music Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Station"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kokiaofficial-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OriRef-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Remember Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remember_Me_(Kokia_album)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OriRef-14"},{"link_name":"At the Dolphin Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Dolphin_Bay"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Uta ga Chikara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uta_ga_Chikara"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OriRef-14"},{"link_name":"Yume ga Chikara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yume_ga_Chikara"},{"link_name":"2004 Athens Olympic games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kokiaofficial-7"},{"link_name":"Ai no Melody/Chōwa Oto (With Reflection)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_no_Melody/Ch%C5%8Dwa_Oto_(With_Reflection)"},{"link_name":"Origin: Spirits of the Past","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin:_Spirits_of_the_Past"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OriRef-14"},{"link_name":"Pearl: The Best Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl:_The_Best_Collection"},{"link_name":"Jewel: The Best Video Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewel:_The_Best_Video_Collection&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JVCdisc-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OriRef-14"}],"sub_title":"Victor Entertainment","text":"After the release of her debut album, Kokia did not continue to release music with Pony Canyon.[11] Her first releases after this were five songs for Luna Sea vocalist Ryuichi Kawamura's production project, ЯKS, in 2000.[12] The album was released under Victor Entertainment, heralding in Kokia's relationship with the label. In 2001, she re-debuted in proper under Victor, and released three singles.[8]Kokia continued to have success throughout Asia, with her music used in Asia-wide ad campaigns.[7] In 2001, she performed at two high-profile Chinese concerts: an anti-drugs concert to 30,000 people with the so-called Four Heavenly Kings of Hong Kong entertainment (Jacky Cheung, Andy Lau, Aaron Kwok and Leon Lai),[7][13] and also to over 120,000 people at a 2001 new year's countdown event in Taiwan.[7] In January 2002, Kokia released her second album, Trip Trip, her first album to be self-produced.In 2003, however, Kokia first gained public notice. Her single \"Kawaranai Koto (Since 1976)\" was used as the drama Itoshiki Mono e's theme song,[7] breaking Kokia into the top 50.[14] Her biggest hit, however, was \"The Power of Smile/Remember the Kiss.\" It gained notoriety after being used in a Kao haircare commercial.[8] After which, Kokia was asked to perform on popular music show Music Station.[7] The single broke the top 20 in Japan[14] and was certified gold by the RIAJ.[15] The resulting album, Remember Me, also broke the top 20, and sold over 45,000 copies.[14]Her Pony Canyon-era songs \"I Catch a Cold\" and \"Shiroi Yuki\" (白い雪, White Snow) were used in the soundtrack for the popular Chinese drama At the Dolphin Bay in 2003.[16]Kokia's fourth album Uta ga Chikara (released in 2004) also found modest success, selling 20,000 copies.[14] The biggest single from this album, \"Yume ga Chikara,\" was used as the encouragement song for the Japan team at the 2004 Athens Olympic games.[7]While Kokia has been associated with game/anime music since her debut, it was in 2006 when a theme song of hers became most successful. Her single \"Ai no Melody/Chōwa Oto (With Reflection)\" was used as the two theme songs for the anime film Origin: Spirits of the Past, and it reached number 30 on Oricon's single charts.[14]In February 2006, Kokia released her greatest hits collection, Pearl: The Best Collection, and a greatest video clips collection, Jewel: The Best Video Collection.[17] The best collection reached number 19 on the albums charts.[14]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kokia_signingwasabi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Midem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midem"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kokiaofficial-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kokiaofficial-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kokiaofficial-7"},{"link_name":"Aigakikoeru: Listen for the Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigakikoeru:_Listen_for_the_Love"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Follow the Nightingale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follow_the_Nightingale"},{"link_name":"Tales of Innocence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_of_Innocence"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OriRef-14"},{"link_name":"The Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_(Kokia_album)"},{"link_name":"Fairy Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_Dance:_Kokia_Meets_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Christmas Gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Gift_(album)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JVCdisc-17"},{"link_name":"Kokia Infinity Akiko: Balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokia_Infinity_Akiko:_Balance"},{"link_name":"Akiko Infinity Kokia: Balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiko_Infinity_Kokia:_Balance"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kokiaofficial-7"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kokiaofficial-7"},{"link_name":"Real World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_World_(album)"},{"link_name":"Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard_classics_2014-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Anco and Co., France","text":"Kokia (right) in 2008From 2006 onwards, Kokia began working in European markets, as well as taking greater control over her musical releases. In January, she held her first European concert in Paris, and performed at the Midem music industry trade fair.[7] Pearl was released a month earlier than its Japanese release throughout France and Spain.[7]In June 2006, Kokia decided to set up her own production company separate from Victor Entertainment, called Anco & Co., after desiring more creative control over her works.[7] In November, she debuted in France with the anime-based retailer Wasabi Records, releasing her 5th album Aigakikoeru: Listen for the Love there six months before its Japanese release.[18]In November 2007, Kokia had her second successful game/anime tie-up single, with \"Follow the Nightingale.\" The song, used for the game Tales of Innocence, reached number 30 on Oricon.[14]Kokia's greater creative control allowed for her music to be released at a much greater pace. In 2008, Kokia released three albums: the neoclassical The Voice, the Ireland-themed album Fairy Dance and her first Christmas album Christmas Gift.[17] In 2009, Kokia released two albums simultaneously (Kokia Infinity Akiko: Balance and Akiko Infinity Kokia: Balance) to celebrate her 10th anniversary.[7] She also held her first world tour, with performances in Japan, France, Ireland, Poland, Belgium and Germany.[7]For Kokia's 11th album, Real World, she travelled to the Tunisian Sahara desert for inspiration.[19]In 2014, she sang at a number of events in collaboration with Billboard Live Japan which lead up to her first performance with a full orchestra in December 2014, where she sang with the Nihon philharmonic orchestra in collaboration with Billboard Japan.[20]In 2017, she sang a memorial song at the joint memorial service for the 10th anniversary of the Chūetsu offshore earthquake (hosted by Kashiwazaki City and Kariwa Village).[21]Since 2017, she has been releasing animal-themed albums as part of the tontonton project, under the Kokia Jirushi.[22]While the concert was canceled due to COVID-19, KOKIA started the live streaming \"1 to 1 Live for you\" in April 2020.[23] This live streaming is often held on the official KOKIA channel on YouTube.[24] In 2020, she started to distribute the singles digitally while using TuneCore, a music digital distribution service.[25] In 2020, she moved to London, England.[26]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Record"},{"link_name":"'O Sole Mio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27O_Sole_Mio"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Voice","text":"Her voice is often praised by critics, for its clarity of sound, and she is highly rated as a live singer.[27][28]\nIn 2004, on the TV show Daimei no Nai Ongaku-kai 21 (題名のない音楽会21), Kokia attempted to break the Guinness World Record for the longest note held. In her a cappella performance of 'O Sole Mio, she held a note for 29.5 seconds, but did not break the record.[29]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trip Trip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_Trip"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TsutayaProf-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TsutayaProf-11"},{"link_name":"Fairy Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_Dance:_Kokia_Meets_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Follow the Nightingale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follow_the_Nightingale"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDJ-30"},{"link_name":"English alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_alphabet"},{"link_name":"wāpuro rōmaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDJ-30"}],"sub_title":"Song writing","text":"Since her second album, Trip Trip, Kokia has written every original song that appears on her albums.[11] Kokia usually writes all the music for the game/anime OSTs songs in which she appears (though this is not a rule, and some songs have been written by others).[11]Kokia writes the majority of her songs in Japanese, though many are in English or partial English (such as \"The Rule of the Universe,\" \"Say Hi!!\", and \"So Sad So Bad.\"). She occasionally branches into different languages, such as Italian (\"Il Mare dei Suoni,\" \"Insonnia.\") and Irish (\"Taimse im' chodhadh\" and \"Siuil a Run\" from her Irish-themed album Fairy Dance).Occasionally in songs, such as \"Chōwa Oto\" (調和 ｏｔｏ, Harmony, Sound) and \"Follow the Nightingale,\" Kokia writes lyrics in code. For both of these songs, they featured reversed syllables (such as the lyric \"nimiunooto denzush,\" when reversed gives \"Oto no umi ni shizunde\" (音の海に 沈んで, sinking in a sea of sound)).[30] In \"Chōwa Oto,\" Kokia also has a separate code (the numbers 3 25 15 21 23 and 1) which correspond to the letters of the English alphabet (1=A, 26=Z) to write the song's name in wāpuro rōmaji (C Y O U W A).[30]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyoko Yoshida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyoko_Yoshida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Toho Gakuen School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toho_Gakuen_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jame-exclusive-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Habataki-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drugabuse-13"},{"link_name":"Social Welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Habataki-5"},{"link_name":"2007 Niigata earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Ch%C5%ABetsu_offshore_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kokiaofficial-7"},{"link_name":"September 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorials_and_services_for_the_September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kokiaofficial-7"},{"link_name":"Music Gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Gift"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kokiaofficial-7"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inunohanashi-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inunohanashi-39"}],"text":"Violinist Kyoko Yoshida is Kokia's older sister,[citation needed] and also attended the Toho Gakuen School of Music.[31]Kokia's grandfather was the manager of a Japanese shipbuilding company.[32] She created a short-film \"Ojii-chan no Tulip\" (おじいちゃんのチューリップ, Granddad's Tulips) and a song (Grandfather's Ship) in his honour.[33][34]Kokia was raised as a Christian, and attended Sunday mass from a young age.[35] She writes many of her songs about God, such as \"Why Do I Sing?,\" \"Everlasting,\" \"Inori ni mo Nita Utsukushii Sekai\" (祈りにも似た美しい世界) and \"Sei Naru Yoru ni\" (聖なる夜に, In the Holy Night).Kokia has done humanitarian work for various causes. At high school, she was a member of the volunteer committee, and strived to help the disabled, elderly and AIDS victims.[5] She has performed at a concert for drug abuse,[13] supported the Japanese Social Welfare Organisation (社会福祉法人),[5] and released a special charity single for the victims of the 2007 Niigata earthquake.[7] Kokia also feels great sympathy for the September 11 attacks.[7] She gave out 10,000 copies of a special EP, Music Gift, on the streets of New York City in memory of the attacks.[7] Many of Kokia's songs are messages about humanitarian/environmental causes,[36] or about ways for people to live their lives better.[37] Kokia primarily makes songs about love and peace.[38]Kokia is an avid dog lover. Throughout most of the 2000s, she owned four dogs: Donna, Muta, Nero and Titti.[39] However, Donna died in February 2010.[40] She has made references to dogs in several of her songs, such as \"Shiroi Inu to Odoru Yoru\" (白い犬と踊る夜, Night Dancing with a White Dog), and in \"Say Hi!!,\" where the lyrics speak of \"driving to the beach to play with our Donna.\"[41] Many of her blog posts are centred around her dogs, with a special category dedicated to these posts.[39]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Songbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songbird_(Kokia_album)"},{"link_name":"Trip Trip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_Trip"},{"link_name":"Remember Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remember_Me_(Kokia_album)"},{"link_name":"Uta ga Chikara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uta_ga_Chikara"},{"link_name":"Aigakikoeru: Listen for the Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigakikoeru:_Listen_for_the_Love"},{"link_name":"The Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_(Kokia_album)"},{"link_name":"Fairy Dance: Kokia Meets Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_Dance:_Kokia_Meets_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Christmas Gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Gift_(album)"},{"link_name":"Kokia Infinity Akiko: Balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokia_Infinity_Akiko:_Balance"},{"link_name":"Akiko Infinity Kokia: Balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiko_Infinity_Kokia:_Balance"},{"link_name":"Real World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_World_(album)"}],"text":"Songbird (1999)\nTrip Trip (2002)\nRemember Me (2003)\nUta ga Chikara (2004)\nAigakikoeru: Listen for the Love (2006)\nThe Voice (2008)\nFairy Dance: Kokia Meets Ireland (2008)\nChristmas Gift (2008)\nKokia Infinity Akiko: Balance (2009)\nAkiko Infinity Kokia: Balance (2009)\nReal World (2010)\nMoment (2010)\nKokoro Bakari (2012)\nWhere to Go My Love? (2013)\nColor of life (live in 15th anniversary concert) (2014)\nI Found You (2015)\nTokyo Mermaid (2018)KOKIA Jirushi limited albumWatching from Above (2016)\nAnimal CD vol.1 (2017)\nAnimal CD vol.2 (2018)\nWatching from Above 2 (2019)\nAnimal CD vol.3 (2020)\nHoshi no uta kaze no naka (2020)\nKonosekai no katasumide (2021)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4391153125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4391153125"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4866671420","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4866671420"}],"text":"Mama no daijisan, SHUFU TO SEIKATSU SHA, 2019, ISBN 978-4391153125\nHappy ryoku—oyako no \"Happy\" wo sodateru, ASA Publishing Co., Ltd.,2019, ISBN 978-4866671420","title":"Books"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Kokia (right) in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Kokia_signingwasabi.jpg/220px-Kokia_signingwasabi.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Kokia\". UMusic.com.tw (in Chinese). August 26, 2011. Archived from the original on June 21, 2007. Retrieved August 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20070621025027/http://www.umusic.com.tw/Main.aspx?dest=ArtistMain&SuperCatId=1&catID=3&artist=301","url_text":"\"Kokia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group","url_text":"UMusic.com.tw"},{"url":"http://www.umusic.com.tw/Main.aspx?dest=ArtistMain&SuperCatId=1&catID=3&artist=301","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"冬の苗場にGo！！\". 'Otonami' Music Translator Kokia's Blog (in Japanese). March 1, 2007. Archived from the original on November 24, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071124075006/http://www.kokia.com/blog/50/","url_text":"\"冬の苗場にGo！！\""},{"url":"http://www.kokia.com/blog/50/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"牛奶@咖啡\"山東月\"首站人氣高 遇瘋狂歌迷 (in Chinese). China Broadcast. September 13, 2006. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727190927/http://big5.chinabroadcast.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/9964/2006/09/13/[email protected]","url_text":"牛奶@咖啡\"山東月\"首站人氣高 遇瘋狂歌迷"},{"url":"http://big5.chinabroadcast.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/9964/2006/09/13/[email protected]","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"配信シングル３部作＜Life Trilogy〜いのちの３部作〜＞第２章、配信決定！！\" (in Japanese). Kokia Web. Archived from the original on November 30, 2009. Retrieved March 20, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091130125132/http://www.kokia.com/20/2030/2_1.html","url_text":"\"配信シングル３部作＜Life Trilogy〜いのちの３部作〜＞第２章、配信決定！！\""},{"url":"http://www.kokia.com/20/2030/2_1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"第４回 ＫＯＫＩＡさん (in Japanese). Shakai Fukushi Hōjin (社会福祉法人). Archived from the original on March 8, 2005. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050308114819/http://www.habatakifukushi.jp/interview/int04.html","url_text":"第４回 ＫＯＫＩＡさん"},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A6%8F%E7%A5%89%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA","url_text":"社会福祉法人"},{"url":"http://www.habatakifukushi.jp/interview/int04.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"KOKIA – バイオグラフィ – 音楽 – livedoor ニュース\" (in Japanese). Livedoor. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713215527/http://music.news.livedoor.com/person/biography?person_code=029865","url_text":"\"KOKIA – バイオグラフィ – 音楽 – livedoor ニュース\""},{"url":"http://music.news.livedoor.com/person/biography?person_code=029865","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"プロフィール (in Japanese). Kokia Web. Archived from the original on February 5, 2010. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100205081608/http://www.kokia.com/30/3010/","url_text":"プロフィール"},{"url":"http://www.kokia.com/30/3010/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"KOKIA - CDJournal\" アーティスト・プローフィル (in Japanese). CDJournal. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://artist.cdjournal.com/a/kokia/110133","url_text":"\"KOKIA - CDJournal\" アーティスト・プローフィル"}]},{"reference":"\"Private Interview with KOKIA\". JaME World. May 20, 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jame-world.com/us/articles-4694-private-interview-with-kokia.html","url_text":"\"Private Interview with KOKIA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arigatou by Sammi Cheng\". iTunes Store. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121106150648/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/arigatou/id278579523?ign-mpt=uo%3D4","url_text":"\"Arigatou by Sammi Cheng\""},{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/arigatou/id278579523?ign-mpt=uo%3D4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ＫＯＫＩＡ アーティストページ – TSUTAYA online\" (in Japanese). Tsutaya. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130424052937/http://www.tsutaya.co.jp/artist/00064902.html","url_text":"\"ＫＯＫＩＡ アーティストページ – TSUTAYA online\""},{"url":"http://www.tsutaya.co.jp/artist/00064902.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"[CD] 彼方まで / RKS\". Neowing (in Japanese). Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neowing.co.jp/detailview.html?KEY=VICL-60700","url_text":"\"[CD] 彼方まで / RKS\""}]},{"reference":"年輕偶像參與港台「禁毒滅罪耀北區」音樂會 發揚正義最大信息 呼籲大眾切勿以身試法. RTHK (in Chinese). November 17, 2001. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120927152352/http://www.rthk.org.hk/press/chi/20011117_66_3913.html","url_text":"年輕偶像參與港台「禁毒滅罪耀北區」音樂會 發揚正義最大信息 呼籲大眾切勿以身試法"},{"url":"http://www.rthk.org.hk/press/chi/20011117_66_3913.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"オリコンランキング情報サービス「you大樹」\". Oricon. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://ranking.oricon.co.jp/","url_text":"\"オリコンランキング情報サービス「you大樹」\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"}]},{"reference":"ゴールド等認定作品一覧 2003年10月. RIAJ (in Japanese). Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/gold/200310.html","url_text":"ゴールド等認定作品一覧 2003年10月"}]},{"reference":"\"At The Dolphin Bay Original Soundtrack\". YesAsia. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yesasia.com/global/at-the-dolphin-bay-original-soundtrack/1002839469-0-0-0-en/info.html","url_text":"\"At The Dolphin Bay Original Soundtrack\""}]},{"reference":"\"KOKIA｜ディスコグラフィー｜@Victor Entertainment\". Victor Entertainment (in Japanese). Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jvcmusic.co.jp/-/Discographylist/A012051.html","url_text":"\"KOKIA｜ディスコグラフィー｜@Victor Entertainment\""}]},{"reference":"\"KOKIA – ai ga kikoeru\". Wasabi Records (in French). Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723153837/http://www.kaze.fr/wasabi/index_boutique_fiche_famille.php?f=16a96c4d7bf1f3d9126ba8d7dfa8a573&typeproduit=4","url_text":"\"KOKIA – ai ga kikoeru\""},{"url":"http://www.kaze.fr/wasabi/index_boutique_fiche_famille.php?f=16a96c4d7bf1f3d9126ba8d7dfa8a573&typeproduit=4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"KOKIA、サハラ砂漠に感謝と感動を学ぶ\". Barks (in Japanese). February 7, 2010. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/4592802/","url_text":"\"KOKIA、サハラ砂漠に感謝と感動を学ぶ\""}]},{"reference":"billboard, billboard. \"KOKIA falling in love with the orchestra\". Billboard-cc.com. Billboard japan. Retrieved October 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://billboard-cc.com/classics/2014/08/kokia-falling-in-love-with-the-orchestra%E3%80%80report/","url_text":"\"KOKIA falling in love with the orchestra\""}]},{"reference":"\"中越沖地震：１０年 安全なまち願い 柏崎で合同追悼式 ／新潟\". Archived from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved April 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210418011321/https://mainichi.jp/articles/20170717/ddl/k15/040/048000c","url_text":"\"中越沖地震：１０年 安全なまち願い 柏崎で合同追悼式 ／新潟\""},{"url":"https://mainichi.jp/articles/20170717/ddl/k15/040/048000c","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ton ton ton「どうぶつの音楽会」 | otonami Blog\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kokia.com/blog/2017/ton-ton-ton.html","url_text":"\"Ton ton ton「どうぶつの音楽会」 | otonami Blog\""}]},{"reference":"\"KOKIA、生配信ライブ『1 to 1 Live for you』で届けた音楽を通して人とつながるという温かい循環\". April 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://realsound.jp/2020/04/post-545896.html","url_text":"\"KOKIA、生配信ライブ『1 to 1 Live for you』で届けた音楽を通して人とつながるという温かい循環\""}]},{"reference":"\"KOKIA official - YouTube\". YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7Nj69kzQ3ARDEuetOibj6A","url_text":"\"KOKIA official - YouTube\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"KOKIA\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tunecore.co.jp/artists/KOKIA?artistPagePath=KOKIA&lang=en","url_text":"\"KOKIA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Her blog on September 9, 2020\". Retrieved September 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kokia.com/blog/2020/post-1346.html","url_text":"\"Her blog on September 9, 2020\""}]},{"reference":"新譜レビュー > ＫＯＫＩＡ／歌がチカラ. Listen.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081226005801/http://listen.jp/store/diskreview_6117.htm","url_text":"新譜レビュー > ＫＯＫＩＡ／歌がチカラ"},{"url":"http://listen.jp/store/diskreview_6117.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"試聴記コメント／ガイドコメント\". CDJournal. Retrieved March 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://artist.cdjournal.com/d/songbird/3199051558","url_text":"\"試聴記コメント／ガイドコメント\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CDJournal&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"CDJournal"}]},{"reference":"\"KOKIA Special Feature\". CDJapan. 2006. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/jpop/essentials/kokia/index.html","url_text":"\"KOKIA Special Feature\""}]},{"reference":"\"ヴァイオリニスト 吉田恭子 オフィシャルサイト：Profile\". Kyoko Yoshida (in Japanese). Retrieved March 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kyokoyoshida.com/profile/index.html","url_text":"\"ヴァイオリニスト 吉田恭子 オフィシャルサイト：Profile\""}]},{"reference":"＋＋＋ お船の歌 ＋＋＋. 'Otonami' Music Translator Kokia's Blog (in Japanese). July 10, 2006. Archived from the original on April 2, 2010. Retrieved March 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100402101226/http://www.kokia.com/blog/602006/","url_text":"＋＋＋ お船の歌 ＋＋＋"},{"url":"http://www.kokia.com/blog/602006/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusive Interview and Video Message from KOKIA\". JaME World. July 18, 2009. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jame-world.com/us/articles-52150-exclusive-interview-and-video-message-from-kokia.html","url_text":"\"Exclusive Interview and Video Message from KOKIA\""}]},{"reference":"おじいちゃんのチューリップ観た？. 'Otonami' Music Translator Kokia's Blog (in Japanese). July 2, 2007. Archived from the original on November 24, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071124075006/http://www.kokia.com/blog/50/","url_text":"おじいちゃんのチューリップ観た？"},{"url":"http://www.kokia.com/blog/50/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"★ HAPPY NIGHT 4 ★\". 'Otonami' Music Translator Kokia's Blog (in Japanese). June 17, 2006. Archived from the original on April 2, 2010. Retrieved March 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100402101226/http://www.kokia.com/blog/602006/","url_text":"\"★ HAPPY NIGHT 4 ★\""},{"url":"http://www.kokia.com/blog/602006/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"第1回 KOKIAさんにん聞くーエコって本当は自分に優しいことかもー\". OCN (in Japanese). Archived from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120224211010/http://www.ocn.ne.jp/ecoplus/life/interview/001.html","url_text":"\"第1回 KOKIAさんにん聞くーエコって本当は自分に優しいことかもー\""},{"url":"http://www.ocn.ne.jp/ecoplus/life/interview/001.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"インタビュー：KOKIA、配信限定シングル３部作の第１弾 \"いのち\"をテーマに歌われる、ポジティヴなメッセージ\". CDJournal (in Japanese). August 6, 2009. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cdjournal.com/main/cdjpush/kokia/1000000309","url_text":"\"インタビュー：KOKIA、配信限定シングル３部作の第１弾 \"いのち\"をテーマに歌われる、ポジティヴなメッセージ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Musictranslator\". Viviana (in Japanese). Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930150203/http://viviana.jp/weblog/kokia/","url_text":"\"Musictranslator\""},{"url":"http://www.viviana.jp/weblog/kokia/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BLOG: 犬の話\". 'Otonami' Music Translator Kokia's Blog (in Japanese). Archived from the original on November 24, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071124074935/http://www.kokia.com/blog/40/","url_text":"\"BLOG: 犬の話\""},{"url":"http://www.kokia.com/blog/40/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"春風にのって. 'Otonami' Music Translator Kokia's Blog (in Japanese). March 20, 2010. Archived from the original on November 24, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071124075006/http://www.kokia.com/blog/50/","url_text":"春風にのって"},{"url":"http://www.kokia.com/blog/50/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Say Hi!! KOKIA 歌詞情報 – goo 音楽\". Goo (in Japanese). Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120229232351/http://music.goo.ne.jp/lyric/LYRUTND49215/index.html","url_text":"\"Say Hi!! KOKIA 歌詞情報 – goo 音楽\""},{"url":"http://music.goo.ne.jp/lyric/LYRUTND49215/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.kokia.com/","external_links_name":"www.kokia.com"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20070621025027/http://www.umusic.com.tw/Main.aspx?dest=ArtistMain&SuperCatId=1&catID=3&artist=301","external_links_name":"\"Kokia\""},{"Link":"http://www.umusic.com.tw/Main.aspx?dest=ArtistMain&SuperCatId=1&catID=3&artist=301","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071124075006/http://www.kokia.com/blog/50/","external_links_name":"\"冬の苗場にGo！！\""},{"Link":"http://www.kokia.com/blog/50/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727190927/http://big5.chinabroadcast.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/9964/2006/09/13/[email protected]","external_links_name":"牛奶@咖啡\"山東月\"首站人氣高 遇瘋狂歌迷"},{"Link":"http://big5.chinabroadcast.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/9964/2006/09/13/[email protected]","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091130125132/http://www.kokia.com/20/2030/2_1.html","external_links_name":"\"配信シングル３部作＜Life Trilogy〜いのちの３部作〜＞第２章、配信決定！！\""},{"Link":"http://www.kokia.com/20/2030/2_1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050308114819/http://www.habatakifukushi.jp/interview/int04.html","external_links_name":"第４回 ＫＯＫＩＡさん"},{"Link":"http://www.habatakifukushi.jp/interview/int04.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713215527/http://music.news.livedoor.com/person/biography?person_code=029865","external_links_name":"\"KOKIA – バイオグラフィ – 音楽 – livedoor ニュース\""},{"Link":"http://music.news.livedoor.com/person/biography?person_code=029865","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100205081608/http://www.kokia.com/30/3010/","external_links_name":"プロフィール"},{"Link":"http://www.kokia.com/30/3010/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://artist.cdjournal.com/a/kokia/110133","external_links_name":"\"KOKIA - CDJournal\" アーティスト・プローフィル"},{"Link":"http://www.jame-world.com/us/articles-4694-private-interview-with-kokia.html","external_links_name":"\"Private Interview with KOKIA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121106150648/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/arigatou/id278579523?ign-mpt=uo%3D4","external_links_name":"\"Arigatou by Sammi Cheng\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/arigatou/id278579523?ign-mpt=uo%3D4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130424052937/http://www.tsutaya.co.jp/artist/00064902.html","external_links_name":"\"ＫＯＫＩＡ アーティストページ – TSUTAYA online\""},{"Link":"http://www.tsutaya.co.jp/artist/00064902.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.neowing.co.jp/detailview.html?KEY=VICL-60700","external_links_name":"\"[CD] 彼方まで / RKS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120927152352/http://www.rthk.org.hk/press/chi/20011117_66_3913.html","external_links_name":"年輕偶像參與港台「禁毒滅罪耀北區」音樂會 發揚正義最大信息 呼籲大眾切勿以身試法"},{"Link":"http://www.rthk.org.hk/press/chi/20011117_66_3913.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ranking.oricon.co.jp/","external_links_name":"\"オリコンランキング情報サービス「you大樹」\""},{"Link":"http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/gold/200310.html","external_links_name":"ゴールド等認定作品一覧 2003年10月"},{"Link":"https://www.yesasia.com/global/at-the-dolphin-bay-original-soundtrack/1002839469-0-0-0-en/info.html","external_links_name":"\"At The Dolphin Bay Original Soundtrack\""},{"Link":"http://www.jvcmusic.co.jp/-/Discographylist/A012051.html","external_links_name":"\"KOKIA｜ディスコグラフィー｜@Victor Entertainment\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723153837/http://www.kaze.fr/wasabi/index_boutique_fiche_famille.php?f=16a96c4d7bf1f3d9126ba8d7dfa8a573&typeproduit=4","external_links_name":"\"KOKIA – ai ga kikoeru\""},{"Link":"http://www.kaze.fr/wasabi/index_boutique_fiche_famille.php?f=16a96c4d7bf1f3d9126ba8d7dfa8a573&typeproduit=4","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/4592802/","external_links_name":"\"KOKIA、サハラ砂漠に感謝と感動を学ぶ\""},{"Link":"http://billboard-cc.com/classics/2014/08/kokia-falling-in-love-with-the-orchestra%E3%80%80report/","external_links_name":"\"KOKIA falling in love with the orchestra\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210418011321/https://mainichi.jp/articles/20170717/ddl/k15/040/048000c","external_links_name":"\"中越沖地震：１０年 安全なまち願い 柏崎で合同追悼式 ／新潟\""},{"Link":"https://mainichi.jp/articles/20170717/ddl/k15/040/048000c","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kokia.com/blog/2017/ton-ton-ton.html","external_links_name":"\"Ton ton ton「どうぶつの音楽会」 | otonami Blog\""},{"Link":"https://realsound.jp/2020/04/post-545896.html","external_links_name":"\"KOKIA、生配信ライブ『1 to 1 Live for you』で届けた音楽を通して人とつながるという温かい循環\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7Nj69kzQ3ARDEuetOibj6A","external_links_name":"\"KOKIA official - YouTube\""},{"Link":"https://www.tunecore.co.jp/artists/KOKIA?artistPagePath=KOKIA&lang=en","external_links_name":"\"KOKIA\""},{"Link":"http://www.kokia.com/blog/2020/post-1346.html","external_links_name":"\"Her blog on September 9, 2020\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081226005801/http://listen.jp/store/diskreview_6117.htm","external_links_name":"新譜レビュー > ＫＯＫＩＡ／歌がチカラ"},{"Link":"http://listen.jp/store/diskreview_6117.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://artist.cdjournal.com/d/songbird/3199051558","external_links_name":"\"試聴記コメント／ガイドコメント\""},{"Link":"http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/jpop/essentials/kokia/index.html","external_links_name":"\"KOKIA Special Feature\""},{"Link":"http://www.kyokoyoshida.com/profile/index.html","external_links_name":"\"ヴァイオリニスト 吉田恭子 オフィシャルサイト：Profile\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100402101226/http://www.kokia.com/blog/602006/","external_links_name":"＋＋＋ お船の歌 ＋＋＋"},{"Link":"http://www.kokia.com/blog/602006/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.jame-world.com/us/articles-52150-exclusive-interview-and-video-message-from-kokia.html","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive Interview and Video Message from KOKIA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071124075006/http://www.kokia.com/blog/50/","external_links_name":"おじいちゃんのチューリップ観た？"},{"Link":"http://www.kokia.com/blog/50/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100402101226/http://www.kokia.com/blog/602006/","external_links_name":"\"★ HAPPY NIGHT 4 ★\""},{"Link":"http://www.kokia.com/blog/602006/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120224211010/http://www.ocn.ne.jp/ecoplus/life/interview/001.html","external_links_name":"\"第1回 KOKIAさんにん聞くーエコって本当は自分に優しいことかもー\""},{"Link":"http://www.ocn.ne.jp/ecoplus/life/interview/001.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cdjournal.com/main/cdjpush/kokia/1000000309","external_links_name":"\"インタビュー：KOKIA、配信限定シングル３部作の第１弾 \"いのち\"をテーマに歌われる、ポジティヴなメッセージ\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930150203/http://viviana.jp/weblog/kokia/","external_links_name":"\"Musictranslator\""},{"Link":"http://www.viviana.jp/weblog/kokia/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071124074935/http://www.kokia.com/blog/40/","external_links_name":"\"BLOG: 犬の話\""},{"Link":"http://www.kokia.com/blog/40/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071124075006/http://www.kokia.com/blog/50/","external_links_name":"春風にのって"},{"Link":"http://www.kokia.com/blog/50/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120229232351/http://music.goo.ne.jp/lyric/LYRUTND49215/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Say Hi!! KOKIA 歌詞情報 – goo 音楽\""},{"Link":"http://music.goo.ne.jp/lyric/LYRUTND49215/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kokia.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.jvcmusic.co.jp/-/Discography/A012051/-.html","external_links_name":"Victor Entertainment Label Site"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7Nj69kzQ3ARDEuetOibj6A","external_links_name":"Official YouTube"},{"Link":"https://space.bilibili.com/473164428?from=search&seid=10304821639578334998","external_links_name":"Official bilibili"},{"Link":"http://myspace.com/kokiavoice","external_links_name":"Official MySpace"},{"Link":"https://www.tunecore.co.jp/artists/KOKIA?artistPagePath=KOKIA&lang=en","external_links_name":"TuneCore (music digital distribution service)"},{"Link":"http://www.kokia.com/blog/","external_links_name":"KOKIA Blog \"otonami\""},{"Link":"https://ameblo.jp/kokia-blog/","external_links_name":"KOKIA blog \"otonami×ameblo\" (2010 to 2013 only.)"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000004705631","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/15080892","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkp39tpWVt7mQJbfBRBT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb155253036","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb155253036","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2019001980","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9e090eeb-8e2b-441c-b892-5dad97b67fee","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/237727307","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineke_Tigelaar
|
Ineke Tigelaar
|
["1 References"]
|
Dutch swimmer (born 1945)
Ineke TigelaarIneke Tigelaar in 1963Personal informationBorn (1945-10-09) 9 October 1945 (age 78)Hilversum, the NetherlandsHeight1.67 m (5 ft 6 in)Weight59 kg (130 lb)SportSportSwimmingClubDe Robben, Hilversum
Medal record
Representing the Netherlands
European Championships
1962 Leipzig
4×100 m freestyle
1962 Leipzig
4×100 m medley
1962 Leipzig
400 m freestyle
1962 Leipzig
100 m freestyle
Willemina Hendrika "Ineke" Tigelaar (born 9 October 1945) is a Dutch former freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1964 Summer Olympics. She won four medals at the 1962 European Aquatics Championships, including one gold in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay. Between 1961 and 1964 she won six national titles in the 100 m, 400 m and 1500 m freestyle events. In 1962 and 1964 she was part of the Dutch teams that set new European records in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ineke Tigelaar.
^ "Ineke Tigelaar". sports-reference. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
^ EUROPEAN SWIMMING CHAMPIONSHIPS (WOMEN). gbrathletics.com
^ Ineke Tigelaar Archived 2016-04-02 at the Wayback Machine. zwemmenindepolder.nl
vteEuropean champions in women's 4×100 m freestyle relay
1927: Great Britain (Laverty, Davies, King, Cooper)
1931: Netherlands (Baumeister, Vierdag, den Ouden, Braun)
1934: Netherlands (Selbach, Timmermans, Mastenbroek, den Ouden)
1938: Denmark (Riise, Kraft, Ove-Petersen, Hveger)
1947: Denmark (Svendsen, Harup, Andersen, Nathansen)
1950: Netherlands (Massaar, Termeulen, Linssen-Vaessen, Heijting-Schuhmacher)
1954: Hungary (Gyenge, Sebő, Temes, Szőke)
1958: Netherlands (Schimmel, Lagerberg, Kraan, Gastelaars)
1962: Netherlands (Gastelaars, Lasterie, Terpstra, Tigelaar)
1966: Soviet Union (Sipchenko, Rudenko, Ustinova, Sosnova)
1970: East Germany (Wetzko, Komar, Sehmisch, Schulze)
1974: East Germany (Ender, Franke, Eife, Hübner)
1977: East Germany (Treiber, Wächtler, Priemer, Krause)
1981: East Germany (Meineke, Metschuck, Diers, Link)
1983: East Germany (Otto, Link, Sirch, Meineke)
1985: East Germany (Strauss, König, Stellmach, Friedrich)
1987: East Germany (Stellmach, Friedrich, Otto, Meissner)
1989: East Germany (Meissner, Stellmach, Hunger, Friedrich)
1991: Netherlands (van der Plaats, de Bruijn, Mastenbroek, Brienesse)
1993: Germany (van Almsick, Kielgass, Stellmach, Hunger)
1995: Germany (van Almsick, Osygus, Kielgass, Hunger)
1997: Germany (Meissner, Osygus, Buschschulte, Völker)
1999: Germany (Meissner, Buschschulte, van Almsick, Völker)
2000: Sweden (Jöhncke, Sjöberg, Kammerling, Alshammar)
2002: Germany (Meissner, Dallmann, Völker, van Almsick)
2004: France (Figuès, Couderc, Mongel, Metella)
2006: Germany (Dallmann, Götz, Steffen, Liebs)
2008: Netherlands (Dekker, Kromowidjojo, Heemskerk, Veldhuis)
2010: Germany (Samulski, Lippok, Vitting, Schreiber)
2012: Germany (Steffen, Lippok, Vitting, Schreiber)
2014: Sweden (Coleman, Kuras, Hansson, Sjöström)
2016: Netherlands (van der Meer, Heemskerk, Steenbergen, Kromowidjojo)
2018: France (Wattel, Bonnet, Fabre, Gastaldello)
2020: Great Britain (Hope, Hopkin, Wood, Anderson)
2022: Great Britain (Hope, Hopkin, Harris, Anderson)
2024: Hungary (Senánszky, Ábrahám, Ugrai, Pádár)
This biographical article related to a Dutch swimmer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"swimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"1964 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sref-1"},{"link_name":"1962 European Aquatics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_European_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Willemina Hendrika \"Ineke\" Tigelaar (born 9 October 1945) is a Dutch former freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1964 Summer Olympics.[1] She won four medals at the 1962 European Aquatics Championships, including one gold in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay.[2] Between 1961 and 1964 she won six national titles in the 100 m, 400 m and 1500 m freestyle events. In 1962 and 1964 she was part of the Dutch teams that set new European records in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay.[3]","title":"Ineke Tigelaar"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Ineke Tigelaar\". sports-reference. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121113153621/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ti/ineke-tigelaar-1.html","url_text":"\"Ineke Tigelaar\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ti/ineke-tigelaar-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121113153621/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ti/ineke-tigelaar-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Ineke Tigelaar\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ti/ineke-tigelaar-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gbrathletics.com/sport/swimecw.htm","external_links_name":"EUROPEAN SWIMMING CHAMPIONSHIPS (WOMEN)"},{"Link":"http://www.zwemmenindepolder.nl/zwemmers/zwemmers-1940-1970/ineke-tigelaar.html","external_links_name":"Ineke Tigelaar"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160402123006/http://www.zwemmenindepolder.nl/zwemmers/zwemmers-1940-1970/ineke-tigelaar.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ineke_Tigelaar&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogans_Hill_railway_line
|
Rogans Hill railway line
|
["1 History","2 What remains","3 See also","4 References"]
|
vteRogans Hill railway line
Legend
Rogans Hill
Castle Hill
Parsonage Road
Southleigh Avenue
Cross Street
Baulkham Hills
Junction Road
Model Farms Road
Moxham Road
Northmead
Mons Road
to Westmead on the Main West line
The Rogans Hill railway line was a short-lived railway line in the north-western suburbs of Sydney, Australia.
History
A steam tramway opened between Parramatta and Baulkham Hills in 1902, and was extended to Castle Hill in 1910, carrying passengers and produce to and from the area. This tramway departed at Argyle St in Parramatta and tracked north along Church Street to Northmead, then along Windsor Road and Old Northern Road to Castle Hill. In 1919, the NSW government decided to convert the tramway into a railway to encourage the subdivision of estates for residential use. This involved building a new railway from the Main Western line at Westmead to Northmead on a new right-of way, and then converting the tramway to railway standard along the existing route to Castle Hill. The new section between Westmead and Northmead was built in 1922, and the line opened to traffic to Castle Hill in 1923. It was extended to Rogans Hill in 1924 on a new right-of-way. Stations were built at Mons Road (on the corner of Old Windsor Road), Northmead (on the corner of Briens Road and Windsor Road), Moxhams Road (at Windsor Road), Model Farms Road, Junction Road, Baulkham Hills, Cross Street, Southleigh (at Excelsior and Old Northern Roads), Parsonage Road, Castle Hill and Rogans Hill. The line was single track throughout, and ran alongside Windsor and Old Northern Roads between Northmead and Castle Hill. An island platform and crossing loop was provided at Baulkham Hills station. Most of the stations were short 20 metre (70 feet) wooden platforms. An office, waiting room and signal box were provided on the island platform at Baulkham Hills.
Passenger service initially consisted of a steam locomotive (20 Class) hauling 3 wooden passenger cars. In latter years, CPH railmotors were used.
The line proved to be unsuccessful – unlike the tramway, goods traffic was not carried and the stations were too sparsely spread to be as convenient as the tram it replaced. The rise of motor traffic on the adjacent roadway, which was not divided from the railway, also assisted in the line's demise. Passengers preferred the new and faster motor buses which could take them directly to businesses in Parramatta, and the line closed on 31 January 1932.
The district that the line served is now substantially developed, and is a region of Sydney deficient in fixed-rail public transport infrastructure. A railway to the Hills District was opened in May 2019 to remedy this, but following a different alignment.
What remains
Rails remain in the pavement, near Castle Hill Bus interchange.Little trace remains of the line, the route having been absorbed by road widening and residential development. The abutments and two concrete piers for the rail bridge over Toongabbie Creek still stand between Westmead and Northmead. There is also a well preserved wall of the cutting in the council car park off Raemot Lane in Baulkham Hills.
Rails remain in the pavement near Castle Hill Bus interchange.
A plaque has now been erected, on sleepers and old rails, at the site of the Castle Hill railway station, with pictures of the line during its 30-year existence along with a short history.
See also
Railways in Sydney
Sydney Metro Northwest
References
^ Singleton, C.C. Railways and Tramways of the Parramatta Hills District – Parramatta to Baulkham Hills and Castle Hill Steam Tramway Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, June 1955 pp. 72–76
^ Bozier, Rolfe; et al. "Rogans Hill Line". NSWrail.net. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
^ Oakes, J. Walking a Forgotten Railway:The Rogans Hill Line Revisited. Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, Vol 49 No 727, May 1998. ARHS NSW Division.
^ TIDC, NSW Metro Rail Expansion. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
vte Railway lines in New South WalesMain lines
Broken Hill
South Coast (Illawarra)
Main North
Main Southern
Main Western
North Coast
Country branch linesOperational
Berrima
Binnaway-Werris Creek
Blayney-Demondrille
Boggabilla
Bombala
Canberra
Cobar
Coonamble
Grenfell
Gwabegar
Hay
Lake Cargelligo
Medway Quarry
Mungindi
Naradhan
Newcastle
Oaklands
Parkes to Narromine
Picton-Mittagong loop
Pokataroo
Sandy Hollow-Gulgong
South Maitland Railway
Stockinbingal-Parkes
Temora-Roto
Tottenham
Troy Junction-Merrygoen
Unanderra-Moss Vale
Walgett
Warren
Yanco-Griffith
Closed
Ballina
Barraba
Belmont
Boorowa
Brewarrina
Burcher
Camden
Captains Flat
Corowa
Crookwell
Dorrigo
Eugowra
Holbrook
Inverell
Kunama
Kywong
Merriwa
Molong-Dubbo
Morpeth
Mount Hope
Murwillumbah
Newnes
Oberon
Rand
Rankins Springs
Richmond Vale Railway
Taralga
Tocumwal
Toronto
Tumbarumba
Tumut
Wallsend
Westby
Sydney linesCommuter rail
Airport
Bankstown
City Circle
Cronulla
Eastern Suburbs
East Hills
Main Suburban
North Shore
Olympic Park
Richmond
South West
Goods lines
Sydney Freight Network
Southern Sydney Freight
Rapid transit
Sydney Metro
North West
**Epping to Chatswood (converted)
Closed
Camden
Carlingford
Holsworthy
Kurrajong
Rogans Hill
Ropes Creek
Royal National Park
Sandown
Proposed or under construction
Sydney Metro
Western Sydney Airport
West
Inland Rail
Maldon–Dombarton
Western Sydney Freight Line
Tourist & heritage railways
Byron Bay Railroad Company
Glenreagh Mountain Railway
Lachlan Valley Railway
NSW Rail Museum
Oberon Tarana Heritage Railway
Richmond Vale Railway
Skitube
Zig Zag Railway
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"}],"text":"The Rogans Hill railway line was a short-lived railway line in the north-western suburbs of Sydney, Australia.","title":"Rogans Hill railway line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"steam tramway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram#Steam"},{"link_name":"Parramatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parramatta,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Baulkham Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baulkham_Hills,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Castle Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Hill,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Northmead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northmead,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Castle Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Hill,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Main Western line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Western_railway_line,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Westmead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmead_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"CPH railmotors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPH_railmotor"},{"link_name":"railway to the Hills District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_railway_line,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A steam tramway opened between Parramatta and Baulkham Hills in 1902, and was extended to Castle Hill in 1910, carrying passengers and produce to and from the area.[1] This tramway departed at Argyle St in Parramatta and tracked north along Church Street to Northmead, then along Windsor Road and Old Northern Road to Castle Hill. In 1919, the NSW government decided to convert the tramway into a railway to encourage the subdivision of estates for residential use. This involved building a new railway from the Main Western line at Westmead to Northmead on a new right-of way, and then converting the tramway to railway standard along the existing route to Castle Hill. The new section between Westmead and Northmead was built in 1922, and the line opened to traffic to Castle Hill in 1923. It was extended to Rogans Hill in 1924 on a new right-of-way.[2] Stations were built at Mons Road (on the corner of Old Windsor Road), Northmead (on the corner of Briens Road and Windsor Road), Moxhams Road (at Windsor Road), Model Farms Road, Junction Road, Baulkham Hills, Cross Street, Southleigh (at Excelsior and Old Northern Roads), Parsonage Road, Castle Hill and Rogans Hill. The line was single track throughout, and ran alongside Windsor and Old Northern Roads between Northmead and Castle Hill. An island platform and crossing loop was provided at Baulkham Hills station. Most of the stations were short 20 metre (70 feet) wooden platforms. An office, waiting room and signal box were provided on the island platform at Baulkham Hills.[3]Passenger service initially consisted of a steam locomotive (20 Class) hauling 3 wooden passenger cars. In latter years, CPH railmotors were used.The line proved to be unsuccessful – unlike the tramway, goods traffic was not carried and the stations were too sparsely spread to be as convenient as the tram it replaced. The rise of motor traffic on the adjacent roadway, which was not divided from the railway, also assisted in the line's demise. Passengers preferred the new and faster motor buses which could take them directly to businesses in Parramatta, and the line closed on 31 January 1932.The district that the line served is now substantially developed, and is a region of Sydney deficient in fixed-rail public transport infrastructure. A railway to the Hills District was opened in May 2019 to remedy this, but following a different alignment.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hillsbus_(mo_5390)_Volgren_%27CR228L%27_bodied_Volvo_B7RLE_at_Castle_Hill_Interchange.jpg"},{"link_name":"Castle Hill railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Hill_railway_station"}],"text":"Rails remain in the pavement, near Castle Hill Bus interchange.Little trace remains of the line, the route having been absorbed by road widening and residential development. The abutments and two concrete piers for the rail bridge over Toongabbie Creek still stand between Westmead and Northmead. There is also a well preserved wall of the cutting in the council car park off Raemot Lane in Baulkham Hills.Rails remain in the pavement near Castle Hill Bus interchange.A plaque has now been erected, on sleepers and old rails, at the site of the Castle Hill railway station, with pictures of the line during its 30-year existence along with a short history.","title":"What remains"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Rails remain in the pavement, near Castle Hill Bus interchange.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hillsbus_%28mo_5390%29_Volgren_%27CR228L%27_bodied_Volvo_B7RLE_at_Castle_Hill_Interchange.jpg/220px-Hillsbus_%28mo_5390%29_Volgren_%27CR228L%27_bodied_Volvo_B7RLE_at_Castle_Hill_Interchange.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Railways in Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_in_Sydney"},{"title":"Sydney Metro Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Metro_Northwest"}]
|
[{"reference":"Bozier, Rolfe; et al. \"Rogans Hill Line\". NSWrail.net. Retrieved 26 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nswrail.net/lines/show.php?name=NSW:rogans_hill","url_text":"\"Rogans Hill Line\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.nswrail.net/lines/show.php?name=NSW:rogans_hill","external_links_name":"\"Rogans Hill Line\""},{"Link":"http://www.tidc.nsw.gov.au/ViewSite.aspx?PageID=432","external_links_name":"Metro Rail Expansion"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Auvergne
|
William of Auvergne
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Works","4 Translations","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Bibliography","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
|
French bishop and philosopher
For other people named William of Auvergne, see William of Auvergne (disambiguation).
Opera omnia, 1674
William of Auvergne (Latin: Guilielmus Alvernus; French: Guillaume d'Auvergne; 1180/90–1249), also known as William of Paris, was a French theologian and philosopher who served as Bishop of Paris from 1228 until his death. He was one of the first western European philosophers to engage with and comment extensively upon Aristotelian and Islamic philosophy.
Early life
Very little is known of William's early life. He was born in Aurillac and the likely date range for his birth is reckoned from the fact that a professor of Theology normally needed to be at least 35 years old. If that holds good, then William could have been born as early as 1180 or as late as 1190.
He went to Paris to study and earned a master's degree in Theology at the University of Paris. A Scholastic philosopher, he was made a professor first in the faculty of arts and then in 1220 in that of theology. His theology was systematically Aristotelian, although not uncritically so, and he was the first theologian to attempt to reconcile Aristotle with Christian doctrine, and especially with the teachings of Augustine of Hippo.
The Aristotelian texts which were then available in Western Europe were few in number and mostly Arab translations. William sought to rescue Aristotle from the Arabians and worked to refute certain doctrines, such as the eternality of the world and the heresy of Catharism. His major work is the Magisterium Divinale, which has been translated as "Teaching on God in the Mode of Wisdom".
Career
By 1223, William was a canon at the Notre Dame cathedral. Upon the death of the bishop of Paris, Bartholomaeus (20 October 1227), the canons elected Nicolas as the next bishop. William was dissatisfied with this outcome and went to Rome to ask the Pope to intervene. Whilst in Rome he made such a strong impression on Pope Gregory IX that the pope chose William in 1228 to be the next bishop of Paris.
As bishop of Paris William was a strong supporter of the university although his episcopacy was not without controversy in the eyes of the university. Following a heavy-handed use of royal force, which led to several students being killed in Paris, university staff turned to William expecting him to defend them. His failure to do so led to a university strike with many prominent masters and students leaving to go to other cities where they then founded new schools and universities. With the academic staff on strike William decided to appoint Roland of Cremona OP to a master's chair in theology, thus beginning a long and distinguished tradition in which Dominican and Franciscan masters taught at the university.
Whilst William was a strong advocate for the use of reason and academic study in theology, he also maintained that academic theology was at the service of the church and must conform to doctrinal requirements. As a result of this in January 1241 he published a list of 10 theological propositions which he condemned and ordered should not be taught at the university.
During his episcopate he also took action against prostitution in the city. In 1248, he served on the Regency council during Louis IX's absence on the Seventh Crusade.
Works
Teaching on God in the mode of Wisdom (Magisterium Divinale et Sapientiale) (consisting of the following seven works)
Why God became Man (Cur Deus Homo)
On the Soul (de anima)
On Faith and Laws (de fide et legibus)
On the Virtues (de virtutibus)
On the Sacraments (de sacramentis)
On the Trinity (de trinitate)
On the World (de universo)
The Faces of the World (de faciebus mundi)
The Art of Preaching (de arte praedicandi)
On Good and Evil (de bono et malo)
On the cloister of the Soul (de claustro animae)
On Granting Benefices (de collatione et singularitate beneficiorum)
On Grace and Free judgement (de gratia et libero arbitrio)
On the praises of patience (de laudibus patientiae)
On the Mass (de missa)
On the passion of the Lord (de passione Domini)
A New Tract on Penance (de paenitentia novus tractatus)
Commentary on Ecclesiastes (In Ecclesiasten)
Commentary on Proverbs (In Proverbia)
Divine Rhetoric (Rhetorica divina)
Translations
Selected spiritual writings: Why God became man; On grace; On faith, translated by Roland J Teske, Medieval Sources in Translation 50, (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2011)
The providence of God regarding the universe: part three of the first principal part of The universe of creatures, translated by Roland J. Teske, (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2007)
The soul, translated by Roland J Teske, Medieval philosophical texts in translation, (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2000)
On the virtues: part one of On the virtues and vices, translated by Roland J Teske, (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2009)
The universe of creatures, selections translated by Roland J. Teske, (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1998)
The immortality of the soul = De immortalitate animae, translated by Roland J. Teske, (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1991)
The Trinity, or, The first principle = De Trinitate, seu De primo principio, translated by Roland J. Teske and Francis C. Wade, (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1989)
Rhetorica divina, seu ars oratoria eloquentiae divinae, Latin text and translation by Roland J. Teske, ( Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations 17, Leuven, Peeters, 2013)
References
Citations
^ Philosophical Connections, William of Auvergne accessed on 23 August 2010
^ William of Auvergne: On the Virtues, translated by Roland J Teske, Marquette Univ Press, 2009, p.9
^ William of Auvergne by Roland Teske, on Bartholomew's World, William of Auvergne accessed on 23 August 2010
^ Medieval Sourcebook, University of Paris condemnation of errors 1241 accessed on 23 August 2010
Bibliography
Turner, William (1912). "William of Auvergne". Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Further reading
Thomas B. de Mayo, The demonology of William of Auvergne: by fire and sword, Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2007.
Jordan, William Chester. Europe in the High Middle Ages. Penguin Books, 2001.
Steven P. Marrone, William of Auvergne and Robert Grosseteste. New Ideas of Truth in the Early Thirteenth Century, Princeton 1983.
Noone, Timothy B., Gracia, Jorge J. E. A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages. Blackwell Publishing, 2005.
Thomas Pitour, Wilhelm von Auvergnes Psychologie. Von der Rezeption des aristotelischen Hylemorphismus zur Reformulierung der Imago-Dei-Lehre Augustins, Schoeningh Verlag Paderborn, 2010).
Roland J. Teske, Studies in the philosophy of William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris (1228-1249), Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2006.
Noël Valois, Guillaume d'Auvergne, Évèque de Paris (1228–1249): Sa vie et ses ouvrages, Paris, Picard, 1880.
Ayelet Even-Ezra,Ecstasy in the Classroom: Trance, Self and the Academic Profession in Medieval Paris (Fordham University Press: NY, 2018)
External links
Lewis, Neil. "William of Auvergne". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
vteMedieval philosophersChristianEarly
"Church Fathers"
Augustine of Hippo
Boethius
Cassiodorus
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
Isidore of Seville
John Scotus Eriugena
Alcuin
11–12thcentury
"Scholasticism"
Anselm of Canterbury
Peter Abelard
Anselm of Laon
Hugh of Saint Victor
Richard of Saint Victor
Roscelin
Peter Lombard
Alexander of Hales
Bernard of Chartres
Dominicus Gundissalinus
Gilbert de la Porrée
Alain de Lille
13–14thcentury
Robert Grosseteste
Michael Scot
Albertus Magnus
Henry of Ghent
Roger Bacon
Bonaventure
Thomas Aquinas
Vitello
John Peckham
Ramon Llull
Siger of Brabant
Boetius of Dacia
Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt
Meister Eckhart
Giles of Rome
Godfrey of Fontaines
Duns Scotus
Durandus
Petrus Aureolus
William of Ockham
Late
Jean Buridan
Marsilius of Inghen
Nicole Oresme
Albert of Saxony
Francesc Eiximenis
Nicholas of Cusa
Vincent Ferrer
Paul of Venice
Lambertus de Monte
John Hennon
JewishMedieval
Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
Saadia Gaon
Solomon ibn Gabirol
Judah Halevi
Abraham ibn Daud
Maimonides
Nachmanides
Gersonides
Hasdai Crescas
Joseph Albo
IslamicEarly
Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)
al-Nazzam
Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)
Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)
Matta ibn Yunus
Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
Ibn Masarra
Abd al-Jabbar
Al-Amiri
Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani
Miskawayh
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
al-Biruni
al-Kirmani
High
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
Ibn Hazm
Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani
Ibn Tufayl
Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
Late
Ibn Sab'in
Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
Rashid al-Din
Ibn Arabi
al-Qazwini
Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
Athir al-Din al-Abhari
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Ibn al-Nafis
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
Ibn Taymiyya
Ibn Khaldun
See also Renaissance philosophy
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Sweden
Czech Republic
Australia
Croatia
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Vatican
Academics
CiNii
People
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
Other
SNAC
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William of Auvergne (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Auvergne_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guillaume_-_Opere,_1674_-_4420357_F.tif"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Aristotelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelianism"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy"}],"text":"For other people named William of Auvergne, see William of Auvergne (disambiguation).Opera omnia, 1674William of Auvergne (Latin: Guilielmus Alvernus; French: Guillaume d'Auvergne; 1180/90–1249), also known as William of Paris, was a French theologian and philosopher who served as Bishop of Paris from 1228 until his death. He was one of the first western European philosophers to engage with and comment extensively upon Aristotelian and Islamic philosophy.","title":"William of Auvergne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aurillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurillac"},{"link_name":"Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"University of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Scholastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism"},{"link_name":"philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine"},{"link_name":"Augustine of Hippo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arabians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia"},{"link_name":"eternality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arguments_for_eternity"},{"link_name":"heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"Catharism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Very little is known of William's early life. He was born in Aurillac and the likely date range for his birth is reckoned from the fact that a professor of Theology normally needed to be at least 35 years old. If that holds good, then William could have been born as early as 1180 or as late as 1190.He went to Paris to study and earned a master's degree in Theology at the University of Paris. A Scholastic philosopher, he was made a professor first in the faculty of arts and then in 1220 in that of theology. His theology was systematically Aristotelian, although not uncritically so, and he was the first theologian to attempt to reconcile Aristotle with Christian doctrine, and especially with the teachings of Augustine of Hippo.[1]The Aristotelian texts which were then available in Western Europe were few in number and mostly Arab translations. William sought to rescue Aristotle from the Arabians and worked to refute certain doctrines, such as the eternality of the world and the heresy of Catharism. His major work is the Magisterium Divinale, which has been translated as \"Teaching on God in the Mode of Wisdom\".[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Bartholomaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomaeus"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"bishop of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"university strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris_strike_of_1229"},{"link_name":"Roland of Cremona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_of_Cremona"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"prostitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution"},{"link_name":"Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"Louis IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"Seventh Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Crusade"}],"text":"By 1223, William was a canon at the Notre Dame cathedral. Upon the death of the bishop of Paris, Bartholomaeus (20 October 1227), the canons elected Nicolas as the next bishop. William was dissatisfied with this outcome and went to Rome to ask the Pope to intervene. Whilst in Rome he made such a strong impression on Pope Gregory IX that the pope chose William in 1228 to be the next bishop of Paris.[3]As bishop of Paris William was a strong supporter of the university although his episcopacy was not without controversy in the eyes of the university. Following a heavy-handed use of royal force, which led to several students being killed in Paris, university staff turned to William expecting him to defend them. His failure to do so led to a university strike with many prominent masters and students leaving to go to other cities where they then founded new schools and universities. With the academic staff on strike William decided to appoint Roland of Cremona OP to a master's chair in theology, thus beginning a long and distinguished tradition in which Dominican and Franciscan masters taught at the university.Whilst William was a strong advocate for the use of reason and academic study in theology, he also maintained that academic theology was at the service of the church and must conform to doctrinal requirements. As a result of this in January 1241 he published a list of 10 theological propositions which he condemned and ordered should not be taught at the university.[4]During his episcopate he also took action against prostitution in the city. In 1248, he served on the Regency council during Louis IX's absence on the Seventh Crusade.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Teaching on God in the mode of Wisdom (Magisterium Divinale et Sapientiale) (consisting of the following seven works)\nWhy God became Man (Cur Deus Homo)\nOn the Soul (de anima)\nOn Faith and Laws (de fide et legibus)\nOn the Virtues (de virtutibus)\nOn the Sacraments (de sacramentis)\nOn the Trinity (de trinitate)\nOn the World (de universo)\nThe Faces of the World (de faciebus mundi)\nThe Art of Preaching (de arte praedicandi)\nOn Good and Evil (de bono et malo)\nOn the cloister of the Soul (de claustro animae)\nOn Granting Benefices (de collatione et singularitate beneficiorum)\nOn Grace and Free judgement (de gratia et libero arbitrio)\nOn the praises of patience (de laudibus patientiae)\nOn the Mass (de missa)\nOn the passion of the Lord (de passione Domini)\nA New Tract on Penance (de paenitentia novus tractatus)\nCommentary on Ecclesiastes (In Ecclesiasten)\nCommentary on Proverbs (In Proverbia)\nDivine Rhetoric (Rhetorica divina)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Selected spiritual writings: Why God became man; On grace; On faith, translated by Roland J Teske, Medieval Sources in Translation 50, (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2011)\nThe providence of God regarding the universe: part three of the first principal part of The universe of creatures, translated by Roland J. Teske, (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2007)\nThe soul, translated by Roland J Teske, Medieval philosophical texts in translation, (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2000)\nOn the virtues: part one of On the virtues and vices, translated by Roland J Teske, (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2009)\nThe universe of creatures, selections translated by Roland J. Teske, (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1998)\nThe immortality of the soul = De immortalitate animae, translated by Roland J. Teske, (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1991)\nThe Trinity, or, The first principle = De Trinitate, seu De primo principio, translated by Roland J. Teske and Francis C. Wade, (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1989)\nRhetorica divina, seu ars oratoria eloquentiae divinae, Latin text and translation by Roland J. Teske, ( Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations 17, Leuven, Peeters, 2013)","title":"Translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jordan, William Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Chester_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"Noone, Timothy B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timothy_B._Noone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gracia, Jorge J. E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_J._E._Gracia"},{"link_name":"Blackwell Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Ecstasy in the Classroom: Trance, Self and the Academic Profession in Medieval Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fordhampress.com/9780823281916/ecstasy-in-the-classroom/"}],"text":"Thomas B. de Mayo, The demonology of William of Auvergne: by fire and sword, Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2007.\nJordan, William Chester. Europe in the High Middle Ages. Penguin Books, 2001.\nSteven P. Marrone, William of Auvergne and Robert Grosseteste. New Ideas of Truth in the Early Thirteenth Century, Princeton 1983.\nNoone, Timothy B., Gracia, Jorge J. E. A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages. Blackwell Publishing, 2005.\nThomas Pitour, Wilhelm von Auvergnes Psychologie. Von der Rezeption des aristotelischen Hylemorphismus zur Reformulierung der Imago-Dei-Lehre Augustins, Schoeningh Verlag Paderborn, 2010).\nRoland J. Teske, Studies in the philosophy of William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris (1228-1249), Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2006.\nNoël Valois, Guillaume d'Auvergne, Évèque de Paris (1228–1249): Sa vie et ses ouvrages, Paris, Picard, 1880.\nAyelet Even-Ezra,Ecstasy in the Classroom: Trance, Self and the Academic Profession in Medieval Paris (Fordham University Press: NY, 2018)","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Opera omnia, 1674","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Guillaume_-_Opere%2C_1674_-_4420357_F.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Guillaume_-_Opere%2C_1674_-_4420357_F.tif.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Turner, William (1912). \"William of Auvergne\". Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/William_of_Auvergne","url_text":"William of Auvergne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Neil. \"William of Auvergne\". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.","urls":[{"url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/william-auvergne/","url_text":"\"William of Auvergne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta","url_text":"Zalta, Edward N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy","url_text":"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.philosophos.com/philosophical_connections/profile_042.html","external_links_name":"Philosophical Connections, William of Auvergne"},{"Link":"http://bartholomew.stanford.edu/authors/wmauvergne.html","external_links_name":"Bartholomew's World, William of Auvergne"},{"Link":"http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/uparis-cond1241.html","external_links_name":"Medieval Sourcebook, University of Paris condemnation of errors 1241"},{"Link":"https://www.fordhampress.com/9780823281916/ecstasy-in-the-classroom/","external_links_name":"Ecstasy in the Classroom: Trance, Self and the Academic Profession in Medieval Paris"},{"Link":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/william-auvergne/","external_links_name":"\"William of Auvergne\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1899457/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000114785054","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/95179953","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtcMrBxCDJggWmyypRBT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2039681","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1086138","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123395097","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123395097","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512764806706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118632981","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV293989","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007437403505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80040151","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/pm133627243w68j","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002158705&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35503472","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000084489&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070109702","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810605020005606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/73061","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/14408","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03832746?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118632981.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/976847","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6184kr9","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/032348177","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe%E2%80%93Schiller_Monument_(Syracuse)
|
Goethe–Schiller Monument (Syracuse)
|
["1 19th century context","2 Fabrication and restoration of the monument","3 References","4 Further reading"]
|
Coordinates: 43°4′10.5″N 76°8′30″W / 43.069583°N 76.14167°W / 43.069583; -76.14167Last of four Goethe & Schiller monument replicas erected in US cities
Goethe and SchillerGerman: Goethe und SchillerArtistErnst RietschelYear1911 (1911)Typecopper electrotyping(from original 1857 bronze in Weimar)LocationSyracuseCoordinates43°4′10.5″N 76°8′30″W / 43.069583°N 76.14167°W / 43.069583; -76.14167
Main article: Goethe–Schiller monuments
The Goethe–Schiller Monument in Syracuse, New York incorporates a copper double-statue of the German poets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) and Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805). It was erected by the German-American organizations of Syracuse and Onondaga County, and was unveiled on October 15, 1911. Schiller, who is on the reader's right in the photograph, was called the "poet of freedom" in the US, and he had an enormous 19th Century following. The Syracuse monument was the last of 13 monuments to Schiller that were erected in US cities. Goethe was the "supreme genius of modern German literature"; he and Schiller are paired in the statue because they had a friendship "like no other known to literature or art." As Paul Zanker writes, in the statue a "fatherly Goethe gently lays his hand on the shoulder of the restless Schiller, as if to quiet the overzealous passion for freedom of the younger generation." Goethe is holding a laurel wreath in his right hand, and Schiller's right hand is reaching towards it.
The Goethe–Schiller Monument in Syracuse was modeled on the 1857 monument in Weimar, Germany. Ernst Rietschel had been commissioned to create a cast bronze double-statue for Weimar, which was exactly copied for the Syracuse and for three earlier US monuments. The Syracuse monument is in Schiller Park, which had been renamed in 1905, the centennial of Schiller's death. The statue tops a large black marble pedestal; it is at the top of a steep slope, and is approached by a formal stairway (see postcard and photo).
The US monuments were costly and took years of fundraising and effort to erect. Their dedications drew large crowds. The 1907 dedication of the Goethe–Schiller monument in Cleveland, Ohio drew 65,000 attendees. For the dedication in Syracuse, The Syracuse Herald reported that:
Impressive ceremonies marked the unveiling of the Schiller–Goethe monument in Schiller park yesterday afternoon. Thousands of German citizens of Syracuse and thousands of others who appreciate the gift German residents have made to the city were present when Miss Lulu E. Dopffel pulled the cord that released the flags and exposed the beautiful memorial to view.It was a scene long to be remembered. The plateau of Schiller park, rising high above its surroundings and topped with the bronze figures of the German poets, was thronged with men and women and children. Hundreds were there who had never visited Schiller park. Scores of banners of the marching societies, American flags and brilliant uniforms added to the beauty of the scene.
19th century context
1913 postcard of the Goethe–Schiller Monument in Syracuse
See also: German American
As Paul Zanker describes it, the original Weimar monument helped launch a "veritable cult" of zeal for the poets and of monument building. The monument was very unusual for its time. It was rare until the 1850s to erect costly monuments to poets and intellectuals. Double monuments were also unusual, as was the choice to depict the poets in contemporary dress. The resulting monument was considered highly successful, and set a style for the numerous monuments to the poets that followed. By 1859, the centenary of Schiller's birth and the occasion for 440 celebrations in German lands, Schiller in particular had emerged as the "poet of freedom and unity" for German citizens. Rüdiger Görner has illustrated the origins of Schiller's reputation with a speech from the "famous" tenth scene of the third act of Schiller's 1787 play, Don Carlos: "Look all around at nature's mastery, / Founded on freedom. And how rich it grows, / Feeding on freedom." Ute Frevert has written of the celebrations, "It did not matter who spoke, a Hamburg plumber, a political emigrant in Paris, an aristocratic civil servant in Münster, a writer in Wollenbüttel, they unanimously invoked Schiller as a singer of freedom and the prophet of German unity."
About four dozen monuments to Schiller or Goethe were erected in German-speaking Europe between 1850 and the outbreak of World War I in 1914. In the same era, four million German-speakers emigrated to the United States. Schiller continued to have great significance to these immigrants; his work "was the best expression of that side of German character which most qualified the German despite his distinctiveness to become a true American citizen". By the late 1800s, the German-Americans had also become prodigious monument builders, and they erected at least fifteen additional monuments to the poets prior to World War I.
In 1900, the total population of Syracuse and Onondaga County was 168,000. Nearly 10,000 had been born in German-speaking countries of Europe; with their children, it was estimated at the time that there were more than 25,000 German-speakers. There were extensive observances in May, 1905 of the centennial of Schiller's death. Round Top Park was renamed Schiller Park on July 3, 1905, and planning commenced for the Goethe–Schiller Monument.
The monument they erected was costly. In Syracuse, the 1908 Deutscher Tag (German Day) celebration was raising funds for the monument, as did the subsequent 1909 and 1910 German Days. The 1908 Goethe–Schiller Monument in Milwaukee cost $15,000 to erect, and presumably the cost for the Syracuse monument three years later was about the same. For comparison, the cost of building the sizable 1901 Deutsche Evangelische Friedenskirche (German Evangelist Peace Church) in Syracuse was also about $15,000.
Ultimately, about 60 monuments to Schiller and to Goethe were built in German-speaking Europe and the United States. The 1911 Syracuse monument was one of the last in the style that had been largely established by the Weimar original 54 years earlier. Christiane Hertel has suggested that the lavishness of the late monuments and their celebrations in the US were "a German-American farewell to the Schiller cult, at least in this form and with this popular, inclusive scope." While the Weimar monument is still "one of the most famous and most beloved monuments in all of Germany", the original significance of the US monuments is now largely forgotten.
Fabrication and restoration of the monument
August 2010 photograph of the approach to the Goethe–Schiller Monument in Syracuse. The electrical lighting fixtures that were installed in 1911 have been removed.
The first three Goethe–Schiller monuments in the US were in San Francisco (1901), Cleveland (1907), and Milwaukee (1908). They all incorporated bronze sculptures cast at the foundry in Lauchhammer, Germany; the original sculpture in Weimar is also a bronze casting. The statue in Syracuse is not a casting; it consists of thin copper pieces that are joined together. The statue has a small plaque attached to its base that reads "Galvanoplastik-Geislingen St.", which indicates that it was made by the Abteilung für Galvanoplastik (Galvanoplastic Division) of the WMF Company in Geislingen an der Steige, Germany. Galvanoplastik is a German word encompassing both electrotyping and electroforming. The pieces were fabricated using the electrotyping process, which involves the depositing of copper metal from a solution of chemicals onto the inside of a mold. The process is activated by electrical currents flowing between wires immersed in the solution and a coating on the mold; the coating and the solution both conduct electricity. As in the Syracuse statue, large electrotyped sculptures typically consist of electrotyped copper pieces that are joined together, most likely by soldering. The individual pieces in electrotyped sculptures are a fraction of an inch thick, and one surface conforms very exactly to the details of the mold. The Syracuse sculpture is apparently the only copy of Rietschel's statue that was produced using copper electrotyping, and may be the only public artwork in the United States that was produced by WMF.
As can be seen by comparing the 1913 postcard and the contemporary photograph, at some point the decorative electrical lighting fixtures on the staircase leading to the monument were removed. By 2001 the condition of the monument had become very poor due both to weathering and to vandalism. The German-American Society of Central New York undertook a project to restore the monument, in cooperation with the city government of Syracuse. In 2003, the statue was restored by Sharon BuMann, who described the construction of the statue in an interview the same year. At the same time the masonry pedestal for the statue was cleaned, the stairway leading to the statue was repaired, and decorative iron fencing was installed around the statue and pedestal.
References
^ a b c "Poets Are Honored; Thousands See Unveiling Ceremony at Schiller-Goethe Monument". The Syracuse Herald. Syracuse. October 16, 1911. Online version posted by Michelle Stone.
^ There are many 19th Century references to Schiller as the "poet of freedom". One example: "Schiller". The Literary World. 15. Boston: S.R. Crocker: 228. July 12, 1884. Schiller's title to special regard in this country and throughout the English-speaking world rests, moreover, on the fact that he is in a special sense the poet of freedom. No poet of the last hundred years has been a more impassionled lover of liberty, political and social, intellectual and moral, than was the author of Wallenstein and William Tell.
^ Billington, Michael (29 January 2005). "The German Shakespeare:Schiller used to be box-office poison. Why are his plays suddenly back in favour, asks Michael Billington". The Guardian.
^ a b c d Zanker, Paul (1996). The Mask of Socrates: The Image of the Intellectual in Antiquity. Alan Shapiro (Trans.). University of California Press. pp. 3–6. ISBN 978-0-520-20105-7. There arose a true cult of the monument ... the Germans began to see themselves, faute de mieux, as "the people of poets and thinkers."... This is especially true of the period of the restoration, and in particular, the years after the failed revolution of 1848, when monuments to famous Germans, above all Friedrich von Schiller, sprouted everywhere. ... The great men were deliberately rendered not in ancient costume, and certainly not nude, but in contemporary dress and exemplary pose. Perhaps the most famous of those monuments — and the one considered most successful by people of the time — was the group of Goethe and Schiller by Ernst Rietschel, set up in 1857 in front of the theater in Weimar. A fatherly Goethe gently lays his hand on the shoulder of the restless Schiller, as if to quiet the overzealous passion for freedom of the younger generation. Translation of Die Maske des Sokrates. Das Bild des Intellektuellen in der Antiken Kunst. C. H. Beck. 1995. ISBN 3-406-39080-3.
^ a b Hertel, Christiane (2003). "The Nineteenth-Century Schiller Cult: Centennials, Monuments, and Tableaux Vivants". Yearbook of German-American Studies. 38: 155–204. The Schiller cult generally lessened toward the end of the nineteenth century and this development, too, is worthy of comparative attention. Here the differences between the German and German-American perspectives manifest themselves in a temporal delay. While in 1905 and 1907 German-Americans in Chicago and Cleveland engaged in yet another elaborate homage to Schiller, it appears that in Germany the popular simplified image of Schiller as "Nationaldichter" was already eroding in the late 1870s and 1880s. There were few important sculpture commissions, for example. This is in contrast to the United States. And yet there is something about the very sumptuousness of the 1905 and 1907 celebrations that suggests a grand finale and thus also a German-American farewell to the Schiller cult, at least in this form and with this popular, inclusive scope. Not available online.
^ a b c d Pohlsander, Hans A. (2010). German monuments in the Americas: bonds across the Atlantic. Peter Lang. p. 84. ISBN 978-3-0343-0138-1. The city of Weimar boasts one of the most famous and most beloved monuments in all of Germany, the Goethe–Schiller monument in front of the Nationaltheater.
^ a b The Smithsonian Institution lists twelve public monuments to Schiller; they are in New York (1859), Philadelphia (1886), Chicago (1886), Columbus (1891), St. Louis (1898), San Francisco (1901), Cleveland (1907), St. Paul (1907), Rochester (1907), Detroit (1908), Milwaukee (1908), and Syracuse (1911). See "Search Results for Schiller Johann Christoph Friedrich von". Smithsonian Institution Collections Search Center. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
^ Beyond the 12 US monuments to Schiller listed by the Smithsonian, a thirteenth monument was built in Omaha in 1905. See Federal Writers' Project; Boye, Alan (2005). Nebraska: a guide to the Cornhusker State. University of Nebraska Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-8032-6918-7. RIVERVIEW PARK, ... A MONUMENT TO SCHILLER, designed by Johannes Maihoefer, shows the poet holding a book in his left hand and a pen in the right. The figure, about four feet tall, is mounted on a granite pedestal of four and one half feet, which, in turn, stands on a wide base formed in three low steps. On the front of the pedestal is a bronze lyre within a laurel wreath. The monument stands on a crest in the park, commanding a view of the area. In 1917, stimulated by World War propaganda, vandals attempted to destroy the monument because it was in honor of a German. After the war, the stone was restored. The Omaha Schwaben Society and other citizens of German birth or descent erected the monument in 1905. This book is a reprinting of the 1939 original.
^ Boyle, Nicholas (1986). Goethe, Faust, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-521-31412-7. Goethe is the supreme genius of modern German literature, and the dominant influence on German literary culture since the middle of the eighteenth Century.
^ Steiner, George (30 January 2000). "More than just an old Romantic: The second volume of Nicholas Boyle's impressive life of Goethe covers thirteen years in 949 pages". The Guardian. The Goethe–Schiller nexus, beginning in July 1794, the collaborative rivalry and loving tension between the two men in Jena and Weimar, is like no other known to literature or art. No single thread can do justice to the intricacies of Goethe's inner evolution during these seminal years. But Boyle does trace the change in Goethe from an earlier Romantic radicalism, from a Promethean rebelliousness, to that Olympian conservatism which was to become his hallmark. A deep sense of domesticity, of familial pleasures, of emotional balance took over in 1793 and 1794 from the Sturm und Drang of an earlier sensibility.
^ a b "Round Top is Schiller Park". The Post-Standard. Syracuse, New York. July 4, 1905. Paid online access.
^ Rowan, Steven W., ed. (1998). Cleveland and its Germans (1907 Edition). Western Reserve Historical Society Publication No. 185. Western Reserve Historical Society. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-911704-50-1. Translation from the German of Cleveland und Sein Deutschtum. Cleveland, Ohio: German-American Biographical Pub. Co. 1907.
^ Görner, Rüdiger (November 2009). "Schiller's Poetics of Freedom". Standpoint. Archived from the original on 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2011-09-29. Look all around at nature's mastery, / Founded on freedom. And how rich it grows, / Feeding on freedom. In the quote, the Marquis de Posa is imploring Philip II, the King of Spain. The original German text is: Sehen Sie sich um / In seiner herrlichen Natur! Auf Freiheit / Ist sie gegründet – und wie reich ist sie / Durch Freiheit! See Schiller, Friedrich (1907). Schillers Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien. Ein dramatisches Gedicht. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh. p. 151. See also "Prof Rüdiger Görner". Queen Mary University of London. Archived from the original on 2011-10-04.
^ Frevert, Ute (2007). "A Poet for Many German Nations". In Kerry, Paul E. (ed.). Friedrich Schiller: playwright, poet, philosopher, historian. Peter Lang. p. 311. ISBN 978-3-03910-307-2.
^ a b c 24 monuments to Schiller were built in German-speaking parts of Europe prior to World War I, and 13 were built in the US. 22 additional monuments to Goethe were built in Europe, and two in the US. See List of Schiller Monuments and List of Goethe Monuments (in German).
^ Adams, Willi Paul; Rippley, LaVerne J.; Reichmann, Eberhard (1993). The German Americans: An Ethnic Experience. Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis. Archived from the original on 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2011-09-29. Translation of the book Adams, Willi Paul (1990). Die Deutschen im Schmelztiegel der USA: Erfahrungen im grössten Einwanderungsland der Europäer (in German). Die Ausländerbeauftragte des Senats von Berlin.
^ Conzen, Kathleen Neils (1989). "Ethnicity as Festive Culture: Nineteenth-Century German America on Parade". In Sollors, Werner (ed.). The Invention of Ethnicity. Oxford University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-19-505047-9. ... the freedom that Schiller celebrated was the freedom that Germans had found in America. Schiller, proclaimed a speaker at New York's celebration, was the best expression of that side of German character which most qualified the German despite his distinctiveness to become a true American citizen
^ 1900 US census data for Onondaga County retrieved from "National Historical Geographical Information System". Retrieved 2011-09-14.. Login required.
^ Loos, J. (March 19, 1897). "Syracuse's Foreign Born Population — Some Statistics". The Syracuse Herald. p. 28. Online version posted by Michelle Stone.
^ "Large Throng Attends The Schiller Observance. Fifteen Hundred Persons at Turn Hall Listen to a Programme in Memory of the Great Poet". The Post-Standard. May 10, 1905. Posted by Michelle Stone.
^ "Editorial: German Day in Syracuse". The Syracuse Herald. August 3, 1908. Posted by Michelle Stone.
^ Buck, Diane M.; Palmer, Virginia A. (1995). Outdoor Sculpture in Milwaukee: A Cultural and Historical Guidebook. The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-87020-276-6. Not accessible online.
^ 1903 Syracuse city directory, as reported by Stone, Michelle. "German Churches". Retrieved 2011-09-09.
^ Pohlsander, Hans A. (2008). National Monuments and Nationalism in 19th Century Germany. pp. 117–119. ISBN 978-3-03911-352-1. Hans A. Pohlsander is professor emeritus at the University of Albany, where he previously served as the chairman of the Department of Classics. See "Hans Pohlsander". University at Albany. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
^ High, Jeffrey L. (2011). "Introduction: Why is this Schiller in the United States?". In High, Jeffrey L.; Martin, Nicholas; Oellers, Norbert (eds.). Who Is This Schiller Now?: Essays on His Reception and Significance. Camden House. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-57113-488-2. Though Schiller's US prominence was nearly erased by the World Wars, ... artists and intellectuals remain less likely to judge a book cover by its nation of initial publication, than to read it first. As a result, Schiller never really left the US cultural scene.
^ "Historische Referenzen" (in German). Die Kunstgießerei Lauchhammer. Archived from the original on 2016-04-28. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
^ a b c d Case, Dick (September 3, 2003). "Park Monument Work Something to Look Up To". The Syracuse Post-Standard. p. B1. Paid online access.
^ "Search Results for Goethe Schiller, sculpture". Smithsonian Institution Collections Search Center. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
^ Lüer, Hermann (1902). "VIII. Die Galvanoplastik". Technik der Bronzeplastik (in German). Leipzig: Hermann Seeman Nachfolger. p. 130.
^ Meißner, Birgit; Doktor, Anke (2000). "Galvanoplastik – Geschichte einer Technik aus dem 19. Jahrhundert" . In Meißner, Birgit; Doktor, Anke; Mach, Martin (eds.). Bronze- und Galvanoplastik: Geschichte – Materialanalyse – Restaurierung (PDF) (in German). Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Sachsen. pp. 127–137.
^ Bassett, Jane; Fogelman, Peggy (1997). Looking at European sculpture: a guide to technical terms. Getty Publications. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-89236-291-2. The process of using an electric current to deposit metal into a mold or negative impression of a desired form, in order to create a three-dimensional relief. A similar technique, electroforming, builds a metal shell onto a positive pattern. ... Electrotyping was developed in the mid-nineteenth century and gave rise to the mass production of affordable works of art and decoration for the general public.
^ Scott, David A. (2002). Copper and bronze in art: corrosion, colorants, conservation. Getty Publications. ISBN 978-0-89236-638-5. Large objects would be electrotyped in pieces, which were then soft-soldered together, followed by a recoating with copper to disguise the join.
^ "Search Results for "Galvano Plastik" OR Galvanoplastik". Smithsonian Collections Search Center. Retrieved 2011-10-15.
^ English, Molly (May 2, 2001). "Monumental Stupidity: Syracuse's once-glorious statues now stand as testaments to neglect". Syracuse New Times. Archived from the original on 2012-04-01.
^ "Goethe und Schiller Monument". German-American Society of Central New York. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
^ "Sharon BuMann – Technical Restoration Services". Retrieved 2013-08-21.
Further reading
Adamova, Mila. "Rezeption Schillers (und besonders der "Räuber") in den USA" (in German).
Haber, Georg J.; Heimler, Maximilian (1994). "Kupfergalvanoplastik: Geschichte, Herstellungstechniken und Restarierungproblematik kunst-industrieller Katalogware" . In Heinrich, Peter; Syndram, Dirk (eds.). Metallrestaurierung, Beiträge zur Analyse, Konzeption und Technologie (in German). Callwey. pp. 160–181. ISBN 978-3-7667-0999-8.
Jackson, Theodore (2006). "A Struggle for Recognition: The Saint Louis Schillerverein" (PDF). Focus on German Studies. 13: 87–97.
McMillan, Walter George (1890). A treatise on electro-metallurgy. C. Griffin and company. p. 178.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syracuse, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Schiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller"},{"link_name":"Onondaga County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onondaga_County"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herald05-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LitWorld-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billington-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zanker-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hertel-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pohlsander10-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIRIS-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FWP-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyle-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steiner-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zanker-4"},{"link_name":"Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar"},{"link_name":"Ernst Rietschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Rietschel"},{"link_name":"Schiller Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northside,_Syracuse#Schiller_park"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PS05-11"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rowan-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herald05-1"}],"text":"Last of four Goethe & Schiller monument replicas erected in US citiesThe Goethe–Schiller Monument in Syracuse, New York incorporates a copper double-statue of the German poets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) and Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805). It was erected by the German-American organizations of Syracuse and Onondaga County, and was unveiled on October 15, 1911.[1] Schiller, who is on the reader's right in the photograph, was called the \"poet of freedom\" in the US, and he had an enormous 19th Century following.[2][3][4][5] The Syracuse monument was the last of 13 monuments to Schiller that were erected in US cities.[6][7][8] Goethe was the \"supreme genius of modern German literature\";[9] he and Schiller are paired in the statue because they had a friendship \"like no other known to literature or art.\"[10] As Paul Zanker writes, in the statue a \"fatherly Goethe gently lays his hand on the shoulder of the restless Schiller, as if to quiet the overzealous passion for freedom of the younger generation.\"[4] Goethe is holding a laurel wreath in his right hand, and Schiller's right hand is reaching towards it.The Goethe–Schiller Monument in Syracuse was modeled on the 1857 monument in Weimar, Germany. Ernst Rietschel had been commissioned to create a cast bronze double-statue for Weimar, which was exactly copied for the Syracuse and for three earlier US monuments. The Syracuse monument is in Schiller Park, which had been renamed in 1905, the centennial of Schiller's death.[11] The statue tops a large black marble pedestal; it is at the top of a steep slope, and is approached by a formal stairway (see postcard and photo).The US monuments were costly and took years of fundraising and effort to erect. Their dedications drew large crowds. The 1907 dedication of the Goethe–Schiller monument in Cleveland, Ohio drew 65,000 attendees.[12] For the dedication in Syracuse, The Syracuse Herald reported that:[1]Impressive ceremonies marked the unveiling of the Schiller–Goethe monument in Schiller park yesterday afternoon. Thousands of German citizens of Syracuse and thousands of others who appreciate the gift German residents have made to the city were present when Miss Lulu E. Dopffel pulled the cord that released the flags and exposed the beautiful memorial to view.It was a scene long to be remembered. The plateau of Schiller park, rising high above its surroundings and topped with the bronze figures of the German poets, was thronged with men and women and children. Hundreds were there who had never visited Schiller park. Scores of banners of the marching societies, American flags and brilliant uniforms added to the beauty of the scene.","title":"Goethe–Schiller Monument (Syracuse)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goethe-Schiller_Syracuse_Postcard_1913.jpg"},{"link_name":"German American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_American"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zanker-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zanker-4"},{"link_name":"Don Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Carlos_(play)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goerner-13"},{"link_name":"Ute Frevert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ute_Frevert"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frevert-14"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lists-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adams-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conzen-17"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pohlsander10-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lists-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHGIS-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herald05-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PS05-11"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Goethe–Schiller Monument in Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe%E2%80%93Schiller_Monument_(Milwaukee)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buck-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stone-23"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pohlsander10-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lists-15"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pohlsander-24"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hertel-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pohlsander10-6"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-High-25"}],"text":"1913 postcard of the Goethe–Schiller Monument in SyracuseSee also: German AmericanAs Paul Zanker describes it, the original Weimar monument helped launch a \"veritable cult\" of zeal for the poets and of monument building.[4] The monument was very unusual for its time. It was rare until the 1850s to erect costly monuments to poets and intellectuals. Double monuments were also unusual, as was the choice to depict the poets in contemporary dress. The resulting monument was considered highly successful,[4] and set a style for the numerous monuments to the poets that followed. By 1859, the centenary of Schiller's birth and the occasion for 440 celebrations in German lands, Schiller in particular had emerged as the \"poet of freedom and unity\" for German citizens. Rüdiger Görner has illustrated the origins of Schiller's reputation with a speech from the \"famous\" tenth scene of the third act of Schiller's 1787 play, Don Carlos: \"Look all around at nature's mastery, / Founded on freedom. And how rich it grows, / Feeding on freedom.\"[13] Ute Frevert has written of the celebrations,[14] \"It did not matter who spoke, a Hamburg plumber, a political emigrant in Paris, an aristocratic civil servant in Münster, a writer in Wollenbüttel, they unanimously invoked Schiller as a singer of freedom and the prophet of German unity.\"About four dozen monuments to Schiller or Goethe were erected in German-speaking Europe between 1850 and the outbreak of World War I in 1914.[15] In the same era, four million German-speakers emigrated to the United States.[16] Schiller continued to have great significance to these immigrants; his work \"was the best expression of that side of German character which most qualified the German despite his distinctiveness to become a true American citizen\".[17] By the late 1800s, the German-Americans had also become prodigious monument builders, and they erected at least fifteen additional monuments to the poets prior to World War I.[6][15]In 1900, the total population of Syracuse and Onondaga County was 168,000.[18] Nearly 10,000 had been born in German-speaking countries of Europe; with their children, it was estimated at the time that there were more than 25,000 German-speakers.[19] There were extensive observances in May, 1905 of the centennial of Schiller's death.[20] Round Top Park was renamed Schiller Park on July 3, 1905, and planning commenced for the Goethe–Schiller Monument.[1][11]The monument they erected was costly. In Syracuse, the 1908 Deutscher Tag (German Day) celebration was raising funds for the monument,[21] as did the subsequent 1909 and 1910 German Days. The 1908 Goethe–Schiller Monument in Milwaukee cost $15,000 to erect,[22] and presumably the cost for the Syracuse monument three years later was about the same. For comparison, the cost of building the sizable 1901 Deutsche Evangelische Friedenskirche (German Evangelist Peace Church) in Syracuse was also about $15,000.[23]Ultimately, about 60 monuments to Schiller and to Goethe were built in German-speaking Europe and the United States.[6][15][24] The 1911 Syracuse monument was one of the last in the style that had been largely established by the Weimar original 54 years earlier. Christiane Hertel has suggested that the lavishness of the late monuments and their celebrations in the US were \"a German-American farewell to the Schiller cult, at least in this form and with this popular, inclusive scope.\"[5] While the Weimar monument is still \"one of the most famous and most beloved monuments in all of Germany\",[6] the original significance of the US monuments is now largely forgotten.[25]","title":"19th century context"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goethe-Schiller_Monument_-_Syracuse_-_Approach.jpg"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe%E2%80%93Schiller_Monument_(Milwaukee)"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"Lauchhammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauchhammer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIRIS-7"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Case-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"WMF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrttembergische_Metallwarenfabrik"},{"link_name":"Geislingen an der Steige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geislingen_an_der_Steige"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lueer-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meissner-30"},{"link_name":"electrotyping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrotyping"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bassett-31"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Case-27"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scott-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-English-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRS-36"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Case-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Case-27"}],"text":"August 2010 photograph of the approach to the Goethe–Schiller Monument in Syracuse. The electrical lighting fixtures that were installed in 1911 have been removed.The first three Goethe–Schiller monuments in the US were in San Francisco (1901), Cleveland (1907), and Milwaukee (1908). They all incorporated bronze sculptures cast at the foundry in Lauchhammer, Germany;[7][26] the original sculpture in Weimar is also a bronze casting. The statue in Syracuse is not a casting; it consists of thin copper pieces that are joined together.[27] The statue has a small plaque attached to its base that reads \"Galvanoplastik-Geislingen St.\",[28] which indicates that it was made by the Abteilung für Galvanoplastik (Galvanoplastic Division) of the WMF Company in Geislingen an der Steige, Germany. Galvanoplastik is a German word encompassing both electrotyping and electroforming.[29][30] The pieces were fabricated using the electrotyping process, which involves the depositing of copper metal from a solution of chemicals onto the inside of a mold. The process is activated by electrical currents flowing between wires immersed in the solution and a coating on the mold; the coating and the solution both conduct electricity.[31] As in the Syracuse statue, large electrotyped sculptures typically consist of electrotyped copper pieces that are joined together, most likely by soldering.[27][32] The individual pieces in electrotyped sculptures are a fraction of an inch thick, and one surface conforms very exactly to the details of the mold. The Syracuse sculpture is apparently the only copy of Rietschel's statue that was produced using copper electrotyping, and may be the only public artwork in the United States that was produced by WMF.[33]As can be seen by comparing the 1913 postcard and the contemporary photograph, at some point the decorative electrical lighting fixtures on the staircase leading to the monument were removed. By 2001 the condition of the monument had become very poor due both to weathering and to vandalism.[34] The German-American Society of Central New York undertook a project to restore the monument, in cooperation with the city government of Syracuse.[35] In 2003, the statue was restored by Sharon BuMann,[36] who described the construction of the statue in an interview the same year.[27] At the same time the masonry pedestal for the statue was cleaned, the stairway leading to the statue was repaired, and decorative iron fencing was installed around the statue and pedestal.[27]","title":"Fabrication and restoration of the monument"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Rezeption Schillers (und besonders der \"Räuber\") in den USA\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//germancollaborative.pbworks.com/w/page/11286149/SchillerRezeption"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7667-0999-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7667-0999-8"},{"link_name":"\"A Struggle for Recognition: The Saint Louis Schillerverein\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//drc.libraries.uc.edu/bitstream/handle/2374.UC/2010/Jackson,%20Theodore%3B%20A%20Struggle%20for%20Recognition%20The%20Saint%20Louis%20Schillerverein.pdf?sequence=1"},{"link_name":"A treatise on electro-metallurgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_RrlAAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"178","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bub_gb_RrlAAAAAIAAJ/page/n197"}],"text":"Adamova, Mila. \"Rezeption Schillers (und besonders der \"Räuber\") in den USA\" (in German).\nHaber, Georg J.; Heimler, Maximilian (1994). \"Kupfergalvanoplastik: Geschichte, Herstellungstechniken und Restarierungproblematik kunst-industrieller Katalogware\" [Copper Electrotyping: History, Fabrication Technology, and Restoration Problems of Art-industry Catalogwares]. In Heinrich, Peter; Syndram, Dirk (eds.). Metallrestaurierung, Beiträge zur Analyse, Konzeption und Technologie (in German). Callwey. pp. 160–181. ISBN 978-3-7667-0999-8.\nJackson, Theodore (2006). \"A Struggle for Recognition: The Saint Louis Schillerverein\" (PDF). Focus on German Studies. 13: 87–97.\nMcMillan, Walter George (1890). A treatise on electro-metallurgy. C. Griffin and company. p. 178.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"1913 postcard of the Goethe–Schiller Monument in Syracuse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Goethe-Schiller_Syracuse_Postcard_1913.jpg/250px-Goethe-Schiller_Syracuse_Postcard_1913.jpg"},{"image_text":"August 2010 photograph of the approach to the Goethe–Schiller Monument in Syracuse. The electrical lighting fixtures that were installed in 1911 have been removed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Goethe-Schiller_Monument_-_Syracuse_-_Approach.jpg/250px-Goethe-Schiller_Monument_-_Syracuse_-_Approach.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Poets Are Honored; Thousands See Unveiling Ceremony at Schiller-Goethe Monument\". The Syracuse Herald. Syracuse. October 16, 1911.","urls":[{"url":"https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mstone/articlesharugari.html","url_text":"\"Poets Are Honored; Thousands See Unveiling Ceremony at Schiller-Goethe Monument\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schiller\". The Literary World. 15. Boston: S.R. Crocker: 228. July 12, 1884. Schiller's title to special regard in this country and throughout the English-speaking world rests, moreover, on the fact that he is in a special sense the poet of freedom. No poet of the last hundred years has been a more impassionled lover of liberty, political and social, intellectual and moral, than was the author of Wallenstein and William Tell.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KUkDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA228","url_text":"\"Schiller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Literary_World_(Boston)","url_text":"The Literary World"}]},{"reference":"Billington, Michael (29 January 2005). \"The German Shakespeare:Schiller used to be box-office poison. Why are his plays suddenly back in favour, asks Michael Billington\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Billington_(critic)","url_text":"Billington, Michael"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2005/jan/29/theatre.classics","url_text":"\"The German Shakespeare:Schiller used to be box-office poison. Why are his plays suddenly back in favour, asks Michael Billington\""}]},{"reference":"Zanker, Paul (1996). The Mask of Socrates: The Image of the Intellectual in Antiquity. Alan Shapiro (Trans.). University of California Press. pp. 3–6. ISBN 978-0-520-20105-7. There arose a true cult of the monument ... the Germans began to see themselves, faute de mieux, as \"the people of poets and thinkers.\"... This is especially true of the period of the restoration, and in particular, the years after the failed revolution of 1848, when monuments to famous Germans, above all Friedrich von Schiller, sprouted everywhere. ... The great men were deliberately rendered not in ancient costume, and certainly not nude, but in contemporary dress and exemplary pose. Perhaps the most famous of those monuments — and the one considered most successful by people of the time — was the group of Goethe and Schiller by Ernst Rietschel, set up in 1857 in front of the theater in Weimar. A fatherly Goethe gently lays his hand on the shoulder of the restless Schiller, as if to quiet the overzealous passion for freedom of the younger generation.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2VxdRS6sCcgC&pg=PA5","url_text":"The Mask of Socrates: The Image of the Intellectual in Antiquity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20105-7","url_text":"978-0-520-20105-7"}]},{"reference":"Die Maske des Sokrates. Das Bild des Intellektuellen in der Antiken Kunst. C. H. Beck. 1995. ISBN 3-406-39080-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-39080-3","url_text":"3-406-39080-3"}]},{"reference":"Hertel, Christiane (2003). \"The Nineteenth-Century Schiller Cult: Centennials, Monuments, and Tableaux Vivants\". Yearbook of German-American Studies. 38: 155–204. The Schiller cult generally lessened toward the end of the nineteenth century and this development, too, is worthy of comparative attention. Here the differences between the German and German-American perspectives manifest themselves in a temporal delay. While in 1905 and 1907 German-Americans in Chicago and Cleveland engaged in yet another elaborate homage to Schiller, it appears that in Germany the popular simplified image of Schiller as \"Nationaldichter\" was already eroding in the late 1870s and 1880s. There were few important sculpture commissions, for example. This is in contrast to the United States. And yet there is something about the very sumptuousness of the 1905 and 1907 celebrations that suggests a grand finale and thus also a German-American farewell to the Schiller cult, at least in this form and with this popular, inclusive scope.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pohlsander, Hans A. (2010). German monuments in the Americas: bonds across the Atlantic. Peter Lang. p. 84. ISBN 978-3-0343-0138-1. The city of Weimar boasts one of the most famous and most beloved monuments in all of Germany, the Goethe–Schiller monument in front of the Nationaltheater.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6kCDYByxCSYC&pg=PA84","url_text":"German monuments in the Americas: bonds across the Atlantic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0343-0138-1","url_text":"978-3-0343-0138-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Search Results for Schiller Johann Christoph Friedrich von\". Smithsonian Institution Collections Search Center. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120327081404/http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?q=Portrait+male&fq=text:Schiller+Johann+Christoph+Friedrich+von","url_text":"\"Search Results for Schiller Johann Christoph Friedrich von\""},{"url":"http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?q=Portrait+male&fq=text:Schiller+Johann+Christoph+Friedrich+von","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Federal Writers' Project; Boye, Alan (2005). Nebraska: a guide to the Cornhusker State. University of Nebraska Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-8032-6918-7. RIVERVIEW PARK, ... A MONUMENT TO SCHILLER, designed by Johannes Maihoefer, shows the poet holding a book in his left hand and a pen in the right. The figure, about four feet tall, is mounted on a granite pedestal of four and one half feet, which, in turn, stands on a wide base formed in three low steps. On the front of the pedestal is a bronze lyre within a laurel wreath. The monument stands on a crest in the park, commanding a view of the area. In 1917, stimulated by World War propaganda, vandals attempted to destroy the monument because it was in honor of a German. After the war, the stone was restored. The Omaha Schwaben Society and other citizens of German birth or descent erected the monument in 1905.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project","url_text":"Federal Writers' Project"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bpKdZYwACMUC&pg=PA252","url_text":"Nebraska: a guide to the Cornhusker State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6918-7","url_text":"978-0-8032-6918-7"}]},{"reference":"Boyle, Nicholas (1986). Goethe, Faust, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-521-31412-7. Goethe is the supreme genius of modern German literature, and the dominant influence on German literary culture since the middle of the eighteenth Century.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Boyle","url_text":"Boyle, Nicholas"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QjQ7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1","url_text":"Goethe, Faust, Part 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31412-7","url_text":"0-521-31412-7"}]},{"reference":"Steiner, George (30 January 2000). \"More than just an old Romantic: The second volume of Nicholas Boyle's impressive life of Goethe covers thirteen years in 949 pages\". The Guardian. The Goethe–Schiller nexus, beginning in July 1794, the collaborative rivalry and loving tension between the two men in Jena and Weimar, is like no other known to literature or art. No single thread can do justice to the intricacies of Goethe's inner evolution during these seminal years. But Boyle does trace the change in Goethe from an earlier Romantic radicalism, from a Promethean rebelliousness, to that Olympian conservatism which was to become his hallmark. A deep sense of domesticity, of familial pleasures, of emotional balance took over in 1793 and 1794 from the Sturm und Drang of an earlier sensibility.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Steiner","url_text":"Steiner, George"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/jan/30/biography","url_text":"\"More than just an old Romantic: The second volume of Nicholas Boyle's impressive life of Goethe covers thirteen years in 949 pages\""}]},{"reference":"\"Round Top is Schiller Park\". The Post-Standard. Syracuse, New York. July 4, 1905.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rowan, Steven W., ed. (1998). Cleveland and its Germans (1907 Edition). Western Reserve Historical Society Publication No. 185. Western Reserve Historical Society. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-911704-50-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yvwTAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Cleveland and its Germans (1907 Edition)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Reserve_Historical_Society","url_text":"Western Reserve Historical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911704-50-1","url_text":"978-0-911704-50-1"}]},{"reference":"Cleveland und Sein Deutschtum. Cleveland, Ohio: German-American Biographical Pub. Co. 1907.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Görner, Rüdiger (November 2009). \"Schiller's Poetics of Freedom\". Standpoint. Archived from the original on 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2011-09-29. Look all around at nature's mastery, / Founded on freedom. And how rich it grows, / Feeding on freedom.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181116113556/http://standpointmag.co.uk/node/2327/full","url_text":"\"Schiller's Poetics of Freedom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standpoint_(magazine)","url_text":"Standpoint"},{"url":"http://standpointmag.co.uk/node/2327/full","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schiller, Friedrich (1907). Schillers Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien. Ein dramatisches Gedicht. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh. p. 151.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yZxEAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA151","url_text":"Schillers Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien. Ein dramatisches Gedicht"}]},{"reference":"\"Prof Rüdiger Görner\". Queen Mary University of London. Archived from the original on 2011-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111004071449/http://www.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/staff/goerner.html","url_text":"\"Prof Rüdiger Görner\""},{"url":"http://www.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/staff/goerner.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Frevert, Ute (2007). \"A Poet for Many German Nations\". In Kerry, Paul E. (ed.). Friedrich Schiller: playwright, poet, philosopher, historian. Peter Lang. p. 311. ISBN 978-3-03910-307-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_E._Kerry&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Kerry, Paul E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-307-2","url_text":"978-3-03910-307-2"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Willi Paul; Rippley, LaVerne J.; Reichmann, Eberhard (1993). The German Americans: An Ethnic Experience. Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis. Archived from the original on 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2011-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110824030853/http://maxkade.iupui.edu/adams/cover.html","url_text":"The German Americans: An Ethnic Experience"},{"url":"http://maxkade.iupui.edu/adams/cover.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Willi Paul (1990). Die Deutschen im Schmelztiegel der USA: Erfahrungen im grössten Einwanderungsland der Europäer (in German). Die Ausländerbeauftragte des Senats von Berlin.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Conzen, Kathleen Neils (1989). \"Ethnicity as Festive Culture: Nineteenth-Century German America on Parade\". In Sollors, Werner (ed.). The Invention of Ethnicity. Oxford University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-19-505047-9. ... the freedom that Schiller celebrated was the freedom that Germans had found in America. Schiller, proclaimed a speaker at New York's celebration, was the best expression of that side of German character which most qualified the German despite his distinctiveness to become a true American citizen","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/inventionofethni00soll","url_text":"The Invention of Ethnicity"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/inventionofethni00soll/page/57","url_text":"57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505047-9","url_text":"978-0-19-505047-9"}]},{"reference":"\"National Historical Geographical Information System\". Retrieved 2011-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhgis.org/","url_text":"\"National Historical Geographical Information System\""}]},{"reference":"Loos, J. (March 19, 1897). \"Syracuse's Foreign Born Population — Some Statistics\". The Syracuse Herald. p. 28.","urls":[{"url":"https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mstone/articles2.html","url_text":"\"Syracuse's Foreign Born Population — Some Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Large Throng Attends The Schiller Observance. Fifteen Hundred Persons at Turn Hall Listen to a Programme in Memory of the Great Poet\". The Post-Standard. May 10, 1905.","urls":[{"url":"https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mstone/articlesharugari.html#haru7","url_text":"\"Large Throng Attends The Schiller Observance. Fifteen Hundred Persons at Turn Hall Listen to a Programme in Memory of the Great Poet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Editorial: German Day in Syracuse\". The Syracuse Herald. August 3, 1908.","urls":[{"url":"https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mstone/articlesharugari.html#haru12","url_text":"\"Editorial: German Day in Syracuse\""}]},{"reference":"Buck, Diane M.; Palmer, Virginia A. (1995). Outdoor Sculpture in Milwaukee: A Cultural and Historical Guidebook. The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-87020-276-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87020-276-6","url_text":"978-0-87020-276-6"}]},{"reference":"Stone, Michelle. \"German Churches\". Retrieved 2011-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mstone/churches.html","url_text":"\"German Churches\""}]},{"reference":"Pohlsander, Hans A. (2008). National Monuments and Nationalism in 19th Century Germany. pp. 117–119. ISBN 978-3-03911-352-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1TK-YaXNpH0C&pg=PA118","url_text":"National Monuments and Nationalism in 19th Century Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-352-1","url_text":"978-3-03911-352-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Hans Pohlsander\". University at Albany. Retrieved July 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.albany.edu/news/8126.php","url_text":"\"Hans Pohlsander\""}]},{"reference":"High, Jeffrey L. (2011). \"Introduction: Why is this Schiller [Still] in the United States?\". In High, Jeffrey L.; Martin, Nicholas; Oellers, Norbert (eds.). Who Is This Schiller Now?: Essays on His Reception and Significance. Camden House. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-57113-488-2. Though Schiller's US prominence was nearly erased by the World Wars, ... artists and intellectuals remain less likely to judge a book cover by its nation of initial publication, than to read it first. As a result, Schiller never really left the US cultural scene.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XPxyAPjFl24C&pg=PA15","url_text":"Who Is This Schiller Now?: Essays on His Reception and Significance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-488-2","url_text":"978-1-57113-488-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Historische Referenzen\" [Historical References] (in German). Die Kunstgießerei Lauchhammer. Archived from the original on 2016-04-28. Retrieved 2015-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160428191713/http://www.kunstguss.de/firma/historische-referenzen","url_text":"\"Historische Referenzen\""},{"url":"http://www.kunstguss.de/firma/historische-referenzen","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Case, Dick (September 3, 2003). \"Park Monument Work Something to Look Up To\". The Syracuse Post-Standard. p. B1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Search Results for Goethe Schiller, sculpture\". Smithsonian Institution Collections Search Center. Retrieved 2011-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?q=syracuse+schiller+goethe&tag.cstype=all","url_text":"\"Search Results for Goethe Schiller, sculpture\""}]},{"reference":"Lüer, Hermann (1902). \"VIII. Die Galvanoplastik\". Technik der Bronzeplastik (in German). Leipzig: Hermann Seeman Nachfolger. p. 130.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JaY9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA130","url_text":"Technik der Bronzeplastik"}]},{"reference":"Meißner, Birgit; Doktor, Anke (2000). \"Galvanoplastik – Geschichte einer Technik aus dem 19. Jahrhundert\" [Galvanoplastik – History of a Technology from the 19th Century]. In Meißner, Birgit; Doktor, Anke; Mach, Martin (eds.). Bronze- und Galvanoplastik: Geschichte – Materialanalyse – Restaurierung (PDF) (in German). Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Sachsen. pp. 127–137.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.denkmalpflege-forum.de/Download/Internet_Bronze_Galvanoplastik.pdf","url_text":"Bronze- und Galvanoplastik: Geschichte – Materialanalyse – Restaurierung"}]},{"reference":"Bassett, Jane; Fogelman, Peggy (1997). Looking at European sculpture: a guide to technical terms. Getty Publications. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-89236-291-2. The process of using an electric current to deposit metal into a mold or negative impression of a desired form, in order to create a three-dimensional relief. A similar technique, electroforming, builds a metal shell onto a positive pattern. ... Electrotyping was developed in the mid-nineteenth century and gave rise to the mass production of affordable works of art and decoration for the general public.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8fXkKenvXOEC&pg=PA32","url_text":"Looking at European sculpture: a guide to technical terms"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-291-2","url_text":"978-0-89236-291-2"}]},{"reference":"Scott, David A. (2002). Copper and bronze in art: corrosion, colorants, conservation. Getty Publications. ISBN 978-0-89236-638-5. Large objects would be electrotyped in pieces, which were then soft-soldered together, followed by a recoating with copper to disguise the join.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yQKuSOzkLvcC&pg=PA26","url_text":"Copper and bronze in art: corrosion, colorants, conservation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-638-5","url_text":"978-0-89236-638-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Search Results for \"Galvano Plastik\" OR Galvanoplastik\". Smithsonian Collections Search Center. Retrieved 2011-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?q=%22Galvano+Plastik%22+OR+Galvanoplastik&tag.cstype=all","url_text":"\"Search Results for \"Galvano Plastik\" OR Galvanoplastik\""}]},{"reference":"English, Molly (May 2, 2001). \"Monumental Stupidity: Syracuse's once-glorious statues now stand as testaments to neglect\". Syracuse New Times. Archived from the original on 2012-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120401061932/http://www.syracusenewtimes.com/newyork/article-3255-monumental-stupidity.html","url_text":"\"Monumental Stupidity: Syracuse's once-glorious statues now stand as testaments to neglect\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_New_Times","url_text":"Syracuse New Times"},{"url":"http://www.syracusenewtimes.com/newyork/article-3255-monumental-stupidity.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Goethe und Schiller Monument\". German-American Society of Central New York. Retrieved 2015-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.germanamericanscny.com/goethe-schiller-monument.html","url_text":"\"Goethe und Schiller Monument\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sharon BuMann – Technical Restoration Services\". Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://sharonbumann.com/SHARONBUMANN.COM/BUMANNS_WORK_...from_bronze_to_butter/Pages/BRONZE_RESTORATION.html","url_text":"\"Sharon BuMann – Technical Restoration Services\""}]},{"reference":"Adamova, Mila. \"Rezeption Schillers (und besonders der \"Räuber\") in den USA\" (in German).","urls":[{"url":"http://germancollaborative.pbworks.com/w/page/11286149/SchillerRezeption","url_text":"\"Rezeption Schillers (und besonders der \"Räuber\") in den USA\""}]},{"reference":"Haber, Georg J.; Heimler, Maximilian (1994). \"Kupfergalvanoplastik: Geschichte, Herstellungstechniken und Restarierungproblematik kunst-industrieller Katalogware\" [Copper Electrotyping: History, Fabrication Technology, and Restoration Problems of Art-industry Catalogwares]. In Heinrich, Peter; Syndram, Dirk (eds.). Metallrestaurierung, Beiträge zur Analyse, Konzeption und Technologie (in German). Callwey. pp. 160–181. ISBN 978-3-7667-0999-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7667-0999-8","url_text":"978-3-7667-0999-8"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Theodore (2006). \"A Struggle for Recognition: The Saint Louis Schillerverein\" (PDF). Focus on German Studies. 13: 87–97.","urls":[{"url":"http://drc.libraries.uc.edu/bitstream/handle/2374.UC/2010/Jackson,%20Theodore%3B%20A%20Struggle%20for%20Recognition%20The%20Saint%20Louis%20Schillerverein.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"\"A Struggle for Recognition: The Saint Louis Schillerverein\""}]},{"reference":"McMillan, Walter George (1890). A treatise on electro-metallurgy. C. Griffin and company. p. 178.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RrlAAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"A treatise on electro-metallurgy"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RrlAAAAAIAAJ/page/n197","url_text":"178"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Goethe%E2%80%93Schiller_Monument_(Syracuse)¶ms=43_4_10.5_N_76_8_30_W_region:US_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°4′10.5″N 76°8′30″W / 43.069583°N 76.14167°W / 43.069583; -76.14167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Goethe%E2%80%93Schiller_Monument_(Syracuse)¶ms=43_4_10.5_N_76_8_30_W_region:US_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°4′10.5″N 76°8′30″W / 43.069583°N 76.14167°W / 43.069583; -76.14167"},{"Link":"https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mstone/articlesharugari.html","external_links_name":"\"Poets Are Honored; Thousands See Unveiling Ceremony at Schiller-Goethe Monument\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KUkDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA228","external_links_name":"\"Schiller\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2005/jan/29/theatre.classics","external_links_name":"\"The German Shakespeare:Schiller used to be box-office poison. Why are his plays suddenly back in favour, asks Michael Billington\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2VxdRS6sCcgC&pg=PA5","external_links_name":"The Mask of Socrates: The Image of the Intellectual in Antiquity"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6kCDYByxCSYC&pg=PA84","external_links_name":"German monuments in the Americas: bonds across the Atlantic"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120327081404/http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?q=Portrait+male&fq=text:Schiller+Johann+Christoph+Friedrich+von","external_links_name":"\"Search Results for Schiller Johann Christoph Friedrich von\""},{"Link":"http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?q=Portrait+male&fq=text:Schiller+Johann+Christoph+Friedrich+von","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bpKdZYwACMUC&pg=PA252","external_links_name":"Nebraska: a guide to the Cornhusker State"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QjQ7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1","external_links_name":"Goethe, Faust, Part 1"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/jan/30/biography","external_links_name":"\"More than just an old Romantic: The second volume of Nicholas Boyle's impressive life of Goethe covers thirteen years in 949 pages\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yvwTAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Cleveland and its Germans (1907 Edition)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181116113556/http://standpointmag.co.uk/node/2327/full","external_links_name":"\"Schiller's Poetics of Freedom\""},{"Link":"http://standpointmag.co.uk/node/2327/full","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yZxEAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA151","external_links_name":"Schillers Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien. Ein dramatisches Gedicht"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111004071449/http://www.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/staff/goerner.html","external_links_name":"\"Prof Rüdiger Görner\""},{"Link":"http://www.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/staff/goerner.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110824030853/http://maxkade.iupui.edu/adams/cover.html","external_links_name":"The German Americans: An Ethnic Experience"},{"Link":"http://maxkade.iupui.edu/adams/cover.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/inventionofethni00soll","external_links_name":"The Invention of Ethnicity"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/inventionofethni00soll/page/57","external_links_name":"57"},{"Link":"http://www.nhgis.org/","external_links_name":"\"National Historical Geographical Information System\""},{"Link":"https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mstone/articles2.html","external_links_name":"\"Syracuse's Foreign Born Population — Some Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mstone/articlesharugari.html#haru7","external_links_name":"\"Large Throng Attends The Schiller Observance. Fifteen Hundred Persons at Turn Hall Listen to a Programme in Memory of the Great Poet\""},{"Link":"https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mstone/articlesharugari.html#haru12","external_links_name":"\"Editorial: German Day in Syracuse\""},{"Link":"https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mstone/churches.html","external_links_name":"\"German Churches\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1TK-YaXNpH0C&pg=PA118","external_links_name":"National Monuments and Nationalism in 19th Century Germany"},{"Link":"http://www.albany.edu/news/8126.php","external_links_name":"\"Hans Pohlsander\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XPxyAPjFl24C&pg=PA15","external_links_name":"Who Is This Schiller Now?: Essays on His Reception and Significance"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160428191713/http://www.kunstguss.de/firma/historische-referenzen","external_links_name":"\"Historische Referenzen\""},{"Link":"http://www.kunstguss.de/firma/historische-referenzen","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?q=syracuse+schiller+goethe&tag.cstype=all","external_links_name":"\"Search Results for Goethe Schiller, sculpture\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JaY9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA130","external_links_name":"Technik der Bronzeplastik"},{"Link":"http://www.denkmalpflege-forum.de/Download/Internet_Bronze_Galvanoplastik.pdf","external_links_name":"Bronze- und Galvanoplastik: Geschichte – Materialanalyse – Restaurierung"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8fXkKenvXOEC&pg=PA32","external_links_name":"Looking at European sculpture: a guide to technical terms"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yQKuSOzkLvcC&pg=PA26","external_links_name":"Copper and bronze in art: corrosion, colorants, conservation"},{"Link":"http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?q=%22Galvano+Plastik%22+OR+Galvanoplastik&tag.cstype=all","external_links_name":"\"Search Results for \"Galvano Plastik\" OR Galvanoplastik\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120401061932/http://www.syracusenewtimes.com/newyork/article-3255-monumental-stupidity.html","external_links_name":"\"Monumental Stupidity: Syracuse's once-glorious statues now stand as testaments to neglect\""},{"Link":"http://www.syracusenewtimes.com/newyork/article-3255-monumental-stupidity.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.germanamericanscny.com/goethe-schiller-monument.html","external_links_name":"\"Goethe und Schiller Monument\""},{"Link":"http://sharonbumann.com/SHARONBUMANN.COM/BUMANNS_WORK_...from_bronze_to_butter/Pages/BRONZE_RESTORATION.html","external_links_name":"\"Sharon BuMann – Technical Restoration Services\""},{"Link":"http://germancollaborative.pbworks.com/w/page/11286149/SchillerRezeption","external_links_name":"\"Rezeption Schillers (und besonders der \"Räuber\") in den USA\""},{"Link":"http://drc.libraries.uc.edu/bitstream/handle/2374.UC/2010/Jackson,%20Theodore%3B%20A%20Struggle%20for%20Recognition%20The%20Saint%20Louis%20Schillerverein.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"\"A Struggle for Recognition: The Saint Louis Schillerverein\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RrlAAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"A treatise on electro-metallurgy"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RrlAAAAAIAAJ/page/n197","external_links_name":"178"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canthoplasty
|
Canthus
|
["1 Etymology","2 Population distribution","3 Commissures","4 Surgery","5 Pathology","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet
For other uses, see Canthus (disambiguation).
CanthusFront of left eye with eyelids separated to show medial canthus.IdentifiersFMA59222Anatomical terminology
The canthus (pl.: canthi, palpebral commissures) is either corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet. More specifically, the inner and outer canthi are, respectively, the medial and lateral ends/angles of the palpebral fissure.
The bicanthal plane is the transversal plane linking both canthi and defines the upper boundary of the midface.
Etymology
The word canthus is the Latinized form of the Ancient Greek κανθός (kanthós), meaning 'corner of the eye'.
Population distribution
The eyes of East Asian and some Southeast Asian people tend to have the inner canthus veiled by the epicanthus. In the Caucasian or double eyelid, the inner corner tends to be exposed completely.
Commissures
The lateral palpebral commissure (commissura palpebrarum lateralis; external canthus) is more acute than the medial, and the eyelids here lie in close contact with the bulb of the eye.
The medial palpebral commissure (commissura palpebrarum medialis; internal canthus) is prolonged for a short distance toward the nose, and the two eyelids are separated by a triangular space, the lacus lacrimalis.
Surgery
Cutting lateral canthus
Canthoplasty refers to a plastic surgery of the medial and/or lateral canthus. This technique is common in cosmetic procedures, as well as procedures that address eyelid function or malposition.
A canthotomy involves cutting the canthus, often performed to release excessive orbital pressure (i.e., from orbital hemorrhage or infection).
The two canthi of each eye (medial and lateral, that is, inner and outer) are represented in cephalometric analysis by the endocanthion and exocanthion landmarks (single points representing the point of each commissural angle).
Pathology
Telecanthus, or dystopia canthorum, is a lateral displacement of the inner canthi of the eyes, giving an appearance of a widened nasal bridge. It is associated with Waardenburg syndrome, which is due to mutation in PAX gene.
See also
Anatomy portalAnimals portalMedicine portalBiology portalScience portal
Anatomy
Biological morphology
Commissure
Epicanthic fold
Fissure (anatomy)
Lateral palpebral raphe
References
^ "canthus" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Bongsik Kwon, Anh H. Nguyen: Reconsideration of the Epicanthus: Evolution of the Eyelid and the Devolutional Concept of Asian Blepharoplasty Semin Plast Surg. 2015 Aug; 29(3): 171–183. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1556849, PMC 4536067
^ Taban, Mehryar R. (2010). "Aesthetic Lateral Canthoplasty" (PDF). Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 26 (3): 190–194. doi:10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181baa23f – via Stackpath.
^ Nagelhout, John J.; Plaus, Karen (2009). "Chapter 40. Anesthesia For Ophthalmic Procedures". Nurse Anesthesia. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 963. ISBN 9780323081016. Retrieved 24 March 2023 – via Google Books. Canthotomy is a procedure performed to increase the orbital space by cutting the lateral canthus. This procedure reduces the orbital pressure that results from a retrobulbar hemorrhage.
^ Genetic Hearing Loss Archived 2013-02-17 at the Wayback Machine from UTMB, Dept. of Otolaryngology, March 17, 2004. Resident physician: Jing Shen, faculty physician: Ronald W. Deskin, MD, series editors: Francis B. Quinn, Jr., MD and Matthew W. Ryan, MD.
^ Tagra S, Talwar AK, Walia RL, Sidhu P (2006). "Waardenburg syndrome". Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 72 (4): 326. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.26718. PMID 16880590.
External links
Diagram at sheinman.com
Diagram at solobambini.com (measure of Pupillary distance)
vteThe orbit of the eyeBones
Frontal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxillary bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Palatine bone
Lacrimal bone
Muscles
Superior rectus muscle
Inferior rectus muscle
Lateral rectus muscle
Medial rectus muscle
Superior oblique muscle
Trochlea of superior oblique
Inferior oblique muscle
Eyelid
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
Tarsus
Medial palpebral ligament
Epicanthic fold
Meibomian gland
Ciliary glands
Eyelash
Palpebral fissure
Canthus
Gland of Zeis
Lacrimal apparatus
Lacrimal canaliculi
Lacrimal caruncle
Lacrimal gland
Accessory lacrimal glands
Krause's glands
Ciaccio's glands
Lacrimal lake
Lacrimal papilla
Lacrimal punctum
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
Other
Eyebrow
Unibrow
Conjunctiva
Plica semilunaris
Orbital septum
Periorbita
Suspensory ligament of eyeball
Tenon's capsule
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canthus (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canthus_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye"},{"link_name":"eyelids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyelid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"palpebral fissure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpebral_fissure"},{"link_name":"transversal plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversal_plane"},{"link_name":"midface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midface&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Canthus (disambiguation).The canthus (pl.: canthi, palpebral commissures) is either corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet.[1] More specifically, the inner and outer canthi are, respectively, the medial and lateral ends/angles of the palpebral fissure.The bicanthal plane is the transversal plane linking both canthi and defines the upper boundary of the midface.","title":"Canthus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"canthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canthus#Latin"},{"link_name":"Latinized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"κανθός","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek"}],"text":"The word canthus is the Latinized form of the Ancient Greek κανθός (kanthós), meaning 'corner of the eye'.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye"},{"link_name":"East Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asian"},{"link_name":"epicanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicanthus"},{"link_name":"Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_race"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The eyes of East Asian and some Southeast Asian people tend to have the inner canthus veiled by the epicanthus. In the Caucasian or double eyelid, the inner corner tends to be exposed completely.[2]","title":"Population distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commissure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissure"},{"link_name":"nose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nose"}],"text":"The lateral palpebral commissure (commissura palpebrarum lateralis; external canthus) is more acute than the medial, and the eyelids here lie in close contact with the bulb of the eye.\nThe medial palpebral commissure (commissura palpebrarum medialis; internal canthus) is prolonged for a short distance toward the nose, and the two eyelids are separated by a triangular space, the lacus lacrimalis.","title":"Commissures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CuttingLateralCanthus.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"canthotomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canthotomy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"cephalometric analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalometric_analysis"}],"text":"Cutting lateral canthusCanthoplasty refers to a plastic surgery of the medial and/or lateral canthus. This technique is common in cosmetic procedures, as well as procedures that address eyelid function or malposition.[3]A canthotomy involves cutting the canthus, often performed to release excessive orbital pressure (i.e., from orbital hemorrhage or infection).[4]The two canthi of each eye (medial and lateral, that is, inner and outer) are represented in cephalometric analysis by the endocanthion and exocanthion landmarks (single points representing the point of each commissural angle).","title":"Surgery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telecanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecanthus"},{"link_name":"nasal bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_bridge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Waardenburg syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waardenburg_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16880590-6"}],"text":"Telecanthus, or dystopia canthorum, is a lateral displacement of the inner canthi of the eyes, giving an appearance of a widened nasal bridge.[5] It is associated with Waardenburg syndrome, which is due to mutation in PAX gene.[6]","title":"Pathology"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Cutting lateral canthus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CuttingLateralCanthus.jpg/220px-CuttingLateralCanthus.jpg"}]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.web.jpg"},{"title":"Anatomy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Anatomy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg"},{"title":"Animals portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Animals"},{"title":"Medicine portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg"},{"title":"Biology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg"},{"title":"Science portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Science"},{"title":"Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy"},{"title":"Biological morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_morphology"},{"title":"Commissure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissure"},{"title":"Epicanthic fold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicanthic_fold"},{"title":"Fissure (anatomy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissure_(anatomy)"},{"title":"Lateral palpebral raphe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_palpebral_raphe"}]
|
[{"reference":"Taban, Mehryar R. (2010). \"Aesthetic Lateral Canthoplasty\" (PDF). Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 26 (3): 190–194. doi:10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181baa23f – via Stackpath.","urls":[{"url":"https://r7z9r7i7.stackpathcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/AestheticLateralCanthoplasty.pdf","url_text":"\"Aesthetic Lateral Canthoplasty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FIOP.0b013e3181baa23f","url_text":"10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181baa23f"}]},{"reference":"Nagelhout, John J.; Plaus, Karen (2009). \"Chapter 40. Anesthesia For Ophthalmic Procedures\". Nurse Anesthesia. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 963. ISBN 9780323081016. Retrieved 24 March 2023 – via Google Books. Canthotomy is a procedure performed to increase the orbital space by cutting the lateral canthus. This procedure reduces the orbital pressure that results from a retrobulbar hemorrhage.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zfknhzaSOSAC","url_text":"Nurse Anesthesia"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zfknhzaSOSAC&pg=PA963","url_text":"963"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323081016","url_text":"9780323081016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Tagra S, Talwar AK, Walia RL, Sidhu P (2006). \"Waardenburg syndrome\". Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 72 (4): 326. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.26718. PMID 16880590.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0378-6323.26718","url_text":"\"Waardenburg syndrome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0378-6323.26718","url_text":"10.4103/0378-6323.26718"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16880590","url_text":"16880590"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma59222","external_links_name":"59222"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628224336/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/two/000016591.htm","external_links_name":"\"canthus\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4536067/","external_links_name":"Reconsideration of the Epicanthus: Evolution of the Eyelid and the Devolutional Concept of Asian Blepharoplasty"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0035-1556849","external_links_name":"10.1055/s-0035-1556849"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4536067/","external_links_name":"4536067"},{"Link":"https://r7z9r7i7.stackpathcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/AestheticLateralCanthoplasty.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Aesthetic Lateral Canthoplasty\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FIOP.0b013e3181baa23f","external_links_name":"10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181baa23f"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zfknhzaSOSAC","external_links_name":"Nurse Anesthesia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zfknhzaSOSAC&pg=PA963","external_links_name":"963"},{"Link":"http://www.utmb.edu/otoref/grnds/genetic-hl-2004-0317/genetic-hl-2004-0317.doc","external_links_name":"Genetic Hearing Loss"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130217173715/http://www.utmb.edu/otoref/grnds/Genetic-HL-2004-0317/Genetic-HL-2004-0317.doc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0378-6323.26718","external_links_name":"\"Waardenburg syndrome\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0378-6323.26718","external_links_name":"10.4103/0378-6323.26718"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16880590","external_links_name":"16880590"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311130947/http://www.sheinman.com/Aanatomyp1.htm","external_links_name":"Diagram at sheinman.com"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170303122913/http://www.solobambini.com/measure_canthus.html","external_links_name":"Diagram at solobambini.com"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_917_rescue_and_salvage_ship
|
Type 917 rescue ship
|
["1 References"]
|
Type of rescue and salvage ship
Not to be confused with Type 917 torpedo retriever/target ship.
History
PRC
OrderedLate 2000s
AwardedEarly 2010s
Laid downEarly 2010s
LaunchedEarly 2010s
Completed2012
Commissioned2012
StatusActive
Class overview
Operators People's Liberation Army Navy
Preceded byType 922IIIA rescue & salvage ship
Built2012 onward
General characteristics
Class and typeDasan class
TypeRescue ship (ARS)
Displacement550 t (540 long tons; 610 short tons)
Length76 m (249 ft 4 in)
PropulsionMarine Diesel
Sensors and processing systemsNavigation radar
Electronic warfare & decoysNone
Armament30 mm gun x 1
ArmourNone
Aircraft carriedNone
Aviation facilitiesNone
Type 917 rescue ship (ARS) is a type of rescue and salvage ship developed by China for its People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). A total of two ships have entered service by mid-2014, and more units are planned. Type 917 is the first ship in PLAN to adopt a trimaran hull, and hence received NATO reporting name Dasan class, or 大三 in Chinese, which is short for Da-xing (大型) San-ti-chuan (三体船), meaning Large Trimaran.
The advantage of trimaran include stability and high speed in rough seas, and large deck area equivalent to much larger ship, thus enabling small ship to carry helicopter that can only be carried by larger ships in traditional monohull design. Designed by the Multihull Ship Technology National Defense Important Academic Majors Laboratory (多体船技术国防重点学科实验室) of Harbin Engineering University, Type 917 carries a pair of newly designed rescue boat, with one on each side, stored in the davit position. The ship is equipped with a newly designed H/PJ14 single 30 mm gun controlled by electro-optical sensor. Type 917 series in PLAN service are designated by a combination of two Chinese characters followed by three-digit number. The second Chinese character is Jiu (救), meaning rescue in Chinese, because these ships are classified as rescue ship. The first Chinese character denotes which fleet the ship is service with, with East (Dong, 东) for East Sea Fleet, North (Bei, 北) for North Sea Fleet, and South (Nan, 南) for South Sea Fleet. However, the pennant numbers may have changed due to the change of Chinese naval ships naming convention. Specification:
Length: 76 meter
Displacement: 550 ton
Type
Pennant #
Commissioned
Status
Fleet
917
Bei-Jiu 143
2012
Active
North Sea Fleet
917
Dong-Jiu 335
―
Active
East Sea Fleet
917
Nan-Jiu 511
―
Active
South Sea Fleet
References
^ a b "PLANS recognition guide 2018". July 16, 2018.
^ a b "PLANS recognition guide 2019". February 19, 2020.
^ a b "PLANS recognition guide 2020". February 19, 2020.
^ a b "PLANS recognition guide 2015". August 7, 2015.
^ a b "Type 917 rescue ship (ARS)" (in Simplified Chinese). April 11, 2013.
^ Type 917 rescue ship
^ Type 917 ARS
vte Active ships of the People's Liberation Army NavySubmarinesNuclearballistic missile (SSBN)
Type 096*
Type 094 (Jin class)
Type 092 (Xia class)
Nuclear attack (SSN)
Type 095*
Type 093/A (Shang class)
Type 091 (Han class)
Conventionalballistic missile (SSB)
Type 032 (Qing class)
Conventionalattack (SS/SSK)Air-independent propulsionequipped (SSI/SSP)
Type 039A/AG/B/C or Type 041 (Yuan class)
Hunter-killer (SSK)
Type 039/039G (Song class)
Project 636 (Kilo II class)
Project 877EKM (Kilo I class)
ES5E/F and Type 035G/035ET/035B (Ming class)
Medium (SS)
ES5C/D and Type 035/035A (Ming class)
Unclassified miscellaneous (IXSS)
Chinese sailless submarine
Olympics Class
Principal surface combatantsAircraft carriers (CV)
Chinese aircraft carrier programme
Type 004*
Type 003*
Type 002 (Kuznetsov Mod. class)
Type 001 (Kuznetsov class)
Destroyers (DDG)
Type 055CG (Renhai class)
Type 052D (Luyang III class)
Type 052C (Luyang II class)
Type 052B (Luyang I class)
Type 052 (Luhu class)
Type 051C (Luzhou class)
Type 051B (Luhai class)
Project 956EM Sovremenny II class
Project 956 Sovremenny I class
Frigates (FFG)
Type 054B*
Type 054A (Jiangkai II class)
Type 054 (Jiangkai I or Ma'anshan class)
Type 053H3 (Jiangwei II class)
Type 053H1G (Jianghu V class)
Type 053H1 (Jianghu II class)
Coastal warfare vesselsCorvettes (FS)
Type 056FF (Jiangdao class)
Submarine chasers (PCSC)
Type 037-IS (Haiqing class)
Type 037-I (Haijiu class)
Type 062-I (Haizhui class)
Type 037 (Hainan class)
Project 122bis Kronshtadt class
Armed merchantmen (SP)
Type 113
Type 801
Type 8105
Type 8101
Type 8154
Type 792 naval trawlers
Missile boats (PCM)
Type 22 (Houbei class)
Type 037-II (Houjian class)
Type 037-IG (Houxin class)
Type 021 (Houdong class)
Type 021 (Huangfeng class or Soviet Osa-I class)
Type 021 (Hola class)
C 14 (China Cat class)
Type 024 (Heku/Hegu/Houku/Hougu class)
Torpedo boats (PT)
Type 6625/025/026/026II/R704 (Huchuan class)
Gunboats (PG)
Type 062-I (Shanghai III class)
Type 062 (Shanghai II class)
Type 062 (Shanghai I class)
Type 206 (Huludao class)
Patrol boats (PB)Seagoing
Type 026H
Port security boat (PSB)
Huangpu class
Reconnaissance patrol combatant (PGR)
Type 528
Type 865
Amphibious warfare vesselsLanding helicopter dock (LHD) or Landing helicopter assault (LHA)
Type 076*
Type 075 (Yushen class)
Amphibious transport dock (LPD)
Type 071 (Yuzhao class)
Dock landing ship (LSD)
Type 072III (Yuting I class)
Type 072A (Yuting II class)
Landing ship helicopter (LSH)
Type 073-III (Yudeng class)
Type 073A (Yunshu class)
Landing ship tank (LST)
Type 072 (Yukan class)
Type 072-II (Yuting I class)
Landing ship medium (LSM)
Type 271IIIA (Yulü class)
Type 073-I (Yudao class)
Type 073-II (Yudao class)
Type 073-IIY (Yudao class)
Type 074A (Yubei class)
Type 079-I (Yulian class)
Type 079-II (Yulian class)
Landing craft (LC)Landing craft tank (LCT)
Type 068/069 (Yuch'in class)
Type 067 (Yunnan class)
Landing craft utility (LCU)
Type 271III
Type 074 (Yuhai or Wuhu-A class)
Air-cushionedlanding craft (LCAC)
Project 1232.2 Zubr class
Type 726 (Yuyi class)
Type 724
Type 722-II (Jinsha II class)
Type 722-I (Jinsha I class)
Type 716-II (Dagu B class)
Mine warfare vessels (MCM)Minelayers (ML)
Type 918 (Wolei class)
Auxiliary minelayers (MMA)
Type 8154
Minehunters (MH)
Type 081 (Wochi class)
Type 081A
Type 082 (Wosao class)
Type 082II (Wozang class)
Minesweepers (MS)
Type 010
Type 05
Minesweepingdrone (MSD)
Type 529
Type 312 (Futi class)
Auxiliary Minesweepers (MSA)
Type 801
Type 8105
Type 8101
Type 8154
Type 792
Auxiliary vesselsAmmunitionships (AE/AEM)Ammunition ship (AE)
Type 072 (Yantai class)
Ammunition ship, Missile/Rocket (AEM)
Yuan Wang 21 (operated by SSF)
Yuan Wang 22 (operated by SSF)
Buoy tenders (AGL)
Type 066 Yuch'in class
Type 744A Yannan class
Type 911I Yunan/Yunnan class
Type 944A Yanni class
Cable layers (ARC)
Type 911II Yunan/Yunnan class
Type 991I
Type 991II Youdian class
Cargo ships (AK)Reefer ships (AF)
Dongleng class
Cargo ships (AK)
Qiongsha class
Retired landing ships/crafts
Float-on/float-off ships (AKF)
Modified Hansa Sonderberg class Donghai Island
Zhen Hua 33
General storesissue ships (AKS)
Type 904 Dayun class
Type 904A Danyao class
Type 904B Danyao II class
Roll-on/roll-off ships (AKR)
Bo Sea Pearl class
Chang Da Long
China Revival
China Railway Bo Sea No.3
Container ships (AKX)
Converted/militarized container ships
Self-propelledlighters/barges (YF)
500 cubic meter
Dongbo 22
Crane ship (AB)
Beiqi 384 class
Unidentified class: Nan-Qi 746
Degaussing /deperming ships (ADG)
Type 911 Dazar class
Type 912/912I/912III/Type 912IIIA Yanbai class
Type 912IIIAH Yanci class
Dive tenders (YDT)
Longma class ARS/YDT
Type 904I/904II Yanqian class AGE/YDT
Dredgers (AGD)
8-m3 class
Beijun 204 class
Dongjun 417 class
Dongjun 433 class
Dongjun 434 class
Nanjun 610 class
Dredgers of unknown class/type: Bei-Jun 271, 273, 274, 277 & 278
Engineeringships
Engineering ships of unknown class/type: Bei-Gong 275 & 276
Environmental research ships (AGER)
Dulaji class
Fleet Replenishmentship (AEFS)
Type 901 Fuyu class
Type 903 Fuchi I class
Type 903A Fuchi II class
Type 908 Fusu class
Floating pile drivers (YPD)
36-m class floating pile driver
Donggong 429 class
Nangong 681 class
General purposeresearch ships (AGE)
Dubei class AGT/AGE
Kandao class YFB/AGE
Kantan class AGTR/AGE
Type 904I & Type 904II Yanqian class YDT/AGE
Type 906 Xiang Yang Hong 9 class YTT/AGE
Harbor utilitycraft (YFU)
Converted from various retired gunboats such as Type 53 and Type 55A
Hospital ships (AH)Hospital ships (AH)
Type 919 Anshen class
Type 920 Anwei class
Medical evacuation ships (AHP)
Zhuanghe
Ambulance transports (APH)
Qiongsha class
Ambulance craftd (YH)
Ankang class
Hydrographicsurvey ships (AGS)
Type 55 Shantou class
Type 068/069 (Yuch'in class)
Type 635 A/B/C & Type 635II Yanlai class
Type 636A Shupang class
Type 639A Shupang class
Type 646 Kanyang class
Type 8101
Type 8105/Type 8154/Type 792 FT-14 AIT class
Yanjiu class
Icebreakers (AGB)
Type 272
Museum ships
PLANS Heroic Gunboat in the Toumenshan Naval Battle
PLANS Liberation
Minquan-class gunboat (replica)
Project 183 P-6-class torpedo boat
Type 021 missile boat
Type 024 missile boat
Type 031 ballistic submarine (SSB)
Type 033 submarine (SS)
Type 051 destroyer (DDG)
Type 053K frigate (FFG)
Type 091 submarine (SSN)
Type 6607 destroyer (DDG)
Oceanographicresearch ships (AGOR)
Type 639A Shupang class
Type 645
Zhang Jian
Oceanographicsurveillance ships (AGOS)
Ruili No. 10
Type 927 Dongjian class
Type 988
Personneltransport (AP)Barracks ships (APB)
Daguan class AXT/APT/APB
Dispatch boat (YFB/YFL)
Duchuan class
Dufei class
Dukou class
Duludao class
Dumujiu class
Dusso class
Duzhou class
Nanjiao 90 class
Transport ships (AP)
Type 081 Red Flag class
Darong class APT/AP
Troopships (APT)
Daguan class AXT/APB/APT
Darong class AP/APT
Qiongsha class
Range support &target ships (AGT)
Dachou class TR/TWR/AGT
Dubei class AGE/AGT
Type 811
Type 917 Damen class TR/TWR/AGT
Decommissioned ships
Repair ships (AR)Repair drydocks (ARD)
120t class
Dongxiu 912
Hua Chuan No. 1 class
Repair ships (AR)
Type 648 Dadao class
Rescue andsalvage shipsHeavy-lift ship (YHLC)
Type 633
Rescue ships (ARS)
Datuo class ATR/ARS
Haijiu 101 class
Longma class YDT/ARS
Type 917 Dasan class
Salvage ships (ATS)
Type 922II Dalang class
Type 922III Dalang II class
Type 922IIIA Dalang III class
Spy ships (AGI)
Type 814A Dadie class
Type 815 Dongdiao I class
Type 815G/Type 815A Dongdiao II class
Type 8105/Type 8154/Type 792 FT-14 AIT class
Submarinesupport shipsSubmarinerescue ships (ASR)
Type 930 Hudong class
Type 946 Dazhou class
Type 946A Dadong class
Submarine tenders (AS)
Type 925 Dajiang class
Type 926 Dalao class
Submersibles (X)Deep-submergencerescue vehicle (DSRV)
Type 7103 DSRV
LR7
Deep-submergencevehicle (DSV)
Harmony class
Jiaolong class
Rainbowfish class
Sea Pole class
Struggler class
OtherSubmersibles (X)
Osprey-class submersible
Mobile diving bell
QSZ-II submersible
Diver propulsionvehicles (DPV)
QX-50
QY-18
QY-40
QJY-001
TankersReplenishment tanker (AOR)
Hua Chuan
Transport oiler (AOT)
Fubai class
Fujian class
Fushi class
Type 620 Shengli class
Type 631 Fuchang class
Type 637 Fuxiao class
Water tanker (AWT)
Fujian class
Fushi class
Jinyou class
Nanshui 701 class
Type 637 Fuxiao class
Type 645 Guangzhou class
Technological researchshipsSonar trials ships
Kantan class AGE/AGTR
Technical researchships (AGTR)
Mirage Hunter
Unclassified MiscellaneousSubmarine (IXSS)
Chinese sailless submarine
Torpedo trials craftTorpedo retrievers(TR/TWR)
Dachou class AGT/TR/TWR
Type 803
Type 917 Damen class AGT/TR/TWR
Torpedo trials ships (YTT)
Type 906 Xiang Yang Hong 9 class AGE/YTT
Type 907A
Tracking ship (AGM)
Type 830 ATR/AGM
Yuanwang class ARIS/AGM
Training ships (AX)Training ship (AX)
Daguan APB)/APT/AXT
Type 0891A Dashi class
Type 679 Daxing class
Type 680 Dadu class
Yanxi class ATLS/AX
Training ship, sail (AXS)
Type 2630
Onshore stationarytraining facilities
Type 033 (Romeo class)
Type 051/051Z (Luda class)
Type 053H1Q (Jianghu-IV class)
Type 6607 (Anshan class)
Tugs (AT)Harbor tug (YT)
Beituo 617 class
Beituo 699 class
Beituo 702 class
Beituo 715 class
Large harbor tug (YTB)
Ducha class
Duda class
Duhast class
Dupo class
Rescue Tug (ATR)
Bei-Tuo 739 class
Datuo class ARS/ATR
Dong-Tuo 835 class
Haixiu 121 class
Daozha class
Type 830 AGM/ATR
Sea-going Tug (ATA)
Type 802 Gromovoy class
Type 837 Hujiu class
Type 852 Roslavl class
Tugs of unknown class/type
Bei-Tuo 153, 651, 704, 728, Dong-Tuo 845, 861, Nan-Tuo 142, 163, 168, 176, 187, 188
UAV mothershps (ATLS)
Fighting Shark No.1
Yanxi class AGM/AVM/ATLS
Unmanned surfacevehicles (USV)
CASIC USVs
Chinese Sea Hunter
Sky Journey 1
HUST USVs
JARI USV
JUST USV
Ostar USVs
PWT USV
Shanghai University USV
Type 80 demolition boat
VVLAI USV
WSST USVs
Yunzhou USVs
Unmanned underwatervehicles (UUV)Autonomousunderwater vehicle (AUV)
CR series
Explorer series
HSU-001
Intelligent Water class
JUST AUVs
Micro Dragon Series
Orange Shark series
Ostar AUVs
Poseidon series
Robosea AUVs
Sea Clever
Sea Whale series
Submerged Dragon series
THLMT AUVs
Wukong
WZODA
XTDT
Benthic landers
CAS series
Rainbowfish series
Bottom crawlers
Aquadrobotman series
CSSC series
Deepinfar series
JUST series
Robosea series
SBSS series
Sea Crab
Sea Star
THLMT unmanned vehicles#Underwater series
VVLAI series
Hybrid UUVs (Autonomous remotely-operated vehicles, ARVs)
7B8
Arctic series
Hadal
Hadal 1
Rainbowfish ARV
Remotely operatedunderwater vehicle (ROUV)
8A4
8H4
Aquarobotman ROUV
Deepinfar ROUVs
Discovery
Dragon Emperor
Dragon Pearl
Goldfish series
JH-01 (Jiao-Hai 01)
JTD-01 Deep Eel I
JTML-02
JTMP series
JTR series
JUST ROUVs
Max ROV
Oceanxer ROUVs
Ostar ROUVs
PWT ROUV
RECON-IV ROUV
Robosea ROUVs
SBSS ROUVs
Sea Dragon series
Sea Person (Hai-Ren/HR) series
Sea Pole
Sea Star 6000
Sea Submergence series
SJT series
ST-6000
THLMT ROUVs
VVLAI ROUVs
Walrus 1500
Underwater gliders
Flying Wing
Petrel series
Sea Soar series
Deepinfar Sea Wing series
THLMT series
Wave gliders
CSSC series
Hydrovo series
Ostar series
THLMT Black Pearl
Weapon trialsships (AVM/AGM)
Type 909 Wuhu-B class
Type 909A Dahua class
Type 910 Dahua-II class
* = Under construction or procurement, CG= Classified as guided missile cruiser by NATO, FF= Classified as light frigate by PLAN
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Type 917 torpedo retriever/target ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_917_torpedo_retriever/target_ship"},{"link_name":"rescue and salvage ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_and_salvage_ship"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy"},{"link_name":"trimaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimaran"},{"link_name":"NATO reporting name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_reporting_name"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csr2018-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csr2019-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csr2020-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csr2015-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-type917ARS-5"},{"link_name":"monohull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monohull"},{"link_name":"Multihull Ship Technology National Defense Important Academic Majors Laboratory (多体船技术国防重点学科实验室)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hrbeu.edu.cn/kxyj/dtcjs.aspx"},{"link_name":"Harbin Engineering University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin_Engineering_University"},{"link_name":"davit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"East Sea Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sea_Fleet"},{"link_name":"North Sea Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Fleet"},{"link_name":"South Sea Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Fleet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csr2018-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csr2019-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csr2020-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csr2015-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-type917ARS-5"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Type 917 torpedo retriever/target ship.Type 917 rescue ship (ARS) is a type of rescue and salvage ship developed by China for its People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). A total of two ships have entered service by mid-2014, and more units are planned. Type 917 is the first ship in PLAN to adopt a trimaran hull, and hence received NATO reporting name Dasan class,[1][2][3][4][5] or 大三 in Chinese, which is short for Da-xing (大型) San-ti-chuan (三体船), meaning Large Trimaran.The advantage of trimaran include stability and high speed in rough seas, and large deck area equivalent to much larger ship, thus enabling small ship to carry helicopter that can only be carried by larger ships in traditional monohull design. Designed by the Multihull Ship Technology National Defense Important Academic Majors Laboratory (多体船技术国防重点学科实验室) of Harbin Engineering University, Type 917 carries a pair of newly designed rescue boat, with one on each side, stored in the davit position.[6] The ship is equipped with a newly designed H/PJ14 single 30 mm gun controlled by electro-optical sensor.[7] Type 917 series in PLAN service are designated by a combination of two Chinese characters followed by three-digit number. The second Chinese character is Jiu (救), meaning rescue in Chinese, because these ships are classified as rescue ship. The first Chinese character denotes which fleet the ship is service with, with East (Dong, 东) for East Sea Fleet, North (Bei, 北) for North Sea Fleet, and South (Nan, 南) for South Sea Fleet. However, the pennant numbers may have changed due to the change of Chinese naval ships naming convention. Specification:[1][2][3][4][5]Length: 76 meter\nDisplacement: 550 ton","title":"Type 917 rescue ship"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"PLANS recognition guide 2018\". July 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewerickson.com/2018/07/onis-new-2018-china-recognition-identification-guide-shows-3-different-types-of-maritime-militia-vessels/","url_text":"\"PLANS recognition guide 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"PLANS recognition guide 2019\". February 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oni.navy.mil/Portals/12/Intel%20agencies/China_Media/2020_China_Recce_Poster_UNCLAS.jpg?ver=2020-02-19-081430-327","url_text":"\"PLANS recognition guide 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"PLANS recognition guide 2020\". February 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andrewerickson.com/2020/02/office-of-naval-intelligence-just-published-latest-china-russia-maritime-ship-recognition-guides/","url_text":"\"PLANS recognition guide 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"PLANS recognition guide 2015\". August 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.usni.org/2015/08/07/document-office-of-naval-intelligence-chinese-military-and-coast-guard-ship-identification-guide","url_text":"\"PLANS recognition guide 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Type 917 rescue ship (ARS)\" (in Simplified Chinese). April 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://tieba.baidu.com/p/2248655005?pn=10","url_text":"\"Type 917 rescue ship (ARS)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.hrbeu.edu.cn/kxyj/dtcjs.aspx","external_links_name":"Multihull Ship Technology National Defense Important Academic Majors Laboratory (多体船技术国防重点学科实验室)"},{"Link":"https://www.andrewerickson.com/2018/07/onis-new-2018-china-recognition-identification-guide-shows-3-different-types-of-maritime-militia-vessels/","external_links_name":"\"PLANS recognition guide 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.oni.navy.mil/Portals/12/Intel%20agencies/China_Media/2020_China_Recce_Poster_UNCLAS.jpg?ver=2020-02-19-081430-327","external_links_name":"\"PLANS recognition guide 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.andrewerickson.com/2020/02/office-of-naval-intelligence-just-published-latest-china-russia-maritime-ship-recognition-guides/","external_links_name":"\"PLANS recognition guide 2020\""},{"Link":"https://news.usni.org/2015/08/07/document-office-of-naval-intelligence-chinese-military-and-coast-guard-ship-identification-guide","external_links_name":"\"PLANS recognition guide 2015\""},{"Link":"https://tieba.baidu.com/p/2248655005?pn=10","external_links_name":"\"Type 917 rescue ship (ARS)\""},{"Link":"http://www.haijun360.com/news/JSC/2012/1231/121231133633G0CI3K84JK3HBFKIHD66.html","external_links_name":"Type 917 rescue ship"},{"Link":"http://www.haijun360.com/news/JSC/2014/34/143413629I2KAIHCIKHFCA196243E.html","external_links_name":"Type 917 ARS"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuroshiodaphne_subula
|
Kuroshiodaphne subula
|
["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Species of gastropod
Kuroshiodaphne subula
Shell of Kuroshiodaphne subula
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Caenogastropoda
Order:
Neogastropoda
Superfamily:
Conoidea
Family:
Raphitomidae
Genus:
Kuroshiodaphne
Species:
K. subula
Binomial name
Kuroshiodaphne subula(Reeve, 1845)
Synonyms
Mangilia subula (Reeve, 1845)
Pleurotoma subula Reeve, 1845
Kuroshiodaphne subula is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Raphitomidae.
Description
The length of the shell attains 15 mm.
The shell is closely reticulated with longitudinal and revolving lines, with a flatly obtuse keel near the suture. The lip-sinus is distinct. The shell is yellowish white, painted with chestnut spots around the suture.
Distribution
This marine species occurs off the Philippines and Taiwan
References
^ a b Kuroshiodaphne subula (Reeve, 1845). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 5 April 2010.
^ G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol. VI; Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
External links
Gastropods.com: Kuroshiodaphne subula
Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 682: 1–1295.
Taxon identifiersKuroshiodaphne subula
Wikidata: Q3720705
CoL: 3RG6Z
GBIF: 6508650
IRMNG: 11846689
Open Tree of Life: 4157305
SeaLifeBase: 99145
WoRMS: 434162
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"sea snail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Raphitomidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphitomidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"}],"text":"Kuroshiodaphne subula is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Raphitomidae.[1]","title":"Kuroshiodaphne subula"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The length of the shell attains 15 mm.The shell is closely reticulated with longitudinal and revolving lines, with a flatly obtuse keel near the suture. The lip-sinus is distinct. The shell is yellowish white, painted with chestnut spots around the suture. [2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"}],"text":"This marine species occurs off the Philippines and Taiwan","title":"Distribution"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Tucker, J.K. (2004). \"Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)\" (PDF). Zootaxa. 682: 1–1295.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2004f/z00682f.pdf","url_text":"\"Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=434162","external_links_name":"Kuroshiodaphne subula (Reeve, 1845)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/manualconch06tryorich","external_links_name":"G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol. VI; Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences"},{"Link":"http://www.gastropods.com/0/Shell_9400.shtml","external_links_name":"Gastropods.com: Kuroshiodaphne subula"},{"Link":"http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2004f/z00682f.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3RG6Z","external_links_name":"3RG6Z"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6508650","external_links_name":"6508650"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11846689","external_links_name":"11846689"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4157305","external_links_name":"4157305"},{"Link":"https://www.sealifebase.ca/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=99145","external_links_name":"99145"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=434162","external_links_name":"434162"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercole_Gualazzini
|
Ercole Gualazzini
|
["1 Major results","2 External links"]
|
Italian cyclist
Ercole GualazziniPersonal informationFull nameErcole GualazziniBorn (1944-06-22) 22 June 1944 (age 79)San Secondo Parmense, ItalyTeam informationCurrent teamRetiredDisciplineRoadRoleRiderMajor wins2 stages Tour de France
Ercole Gualazzini (born 22 June 1944) is a retired Italian professional road bicycle racer. Gualazzini won stages in all the Grand Tours.
Major results
1969
Vuelta a España:
Winner stage 18A
1970
Tour d'Indre-et-Loire
1971
Giro d'Italia:
Winner stage 3
1972
Tour de France:
Winner stage 3A
1974
Tour de France:
Winner stage 1
1977
Sassari — Cagliari
External links
Ercole Gualazzini at Cycling Archives
Official Tour de France results for Ercole Gualazzini
This biographical article related to an Italian cycling person born in the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"road bicycle racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racer"},{"link_name":"Grand Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tours"}],"text":"Ercole Gualazzini (born 22 June 1944) is a retired Italian professional road bicycle racer. Gualazzini won stages in all the Grand Tours.","title":"Ercole Gualazzini"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vuelta a España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Tour_de_France"}],"text":"1969\nVuelta a España:\nWinner stage 18A\n1970\nTour d'Indre-et-Loire\n1971\nGiro d'Italia:\nWinner stage 3\n1972\nTour de France:\nWinner stage 3A\n1974\nTour de France:\nWinner stage 1\n1977\nSassari — Cagliari","title":"Major results"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=9478","external_links_name":"Ercole Gualazzini"},{"Link":"http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/TDF/riders/us/4095.html","external_links_name":"Official Tour de France results for Ercole Gualazzini"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ercole_Gualazzini&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Vlhova
|
Petra Vlhová
|
["1 Career","2 World Cup","2.1 2019 season","2.2 2020 season","2.3 2021 season","2.4 2022 season","2.5 2023 season","2.6 2024 season","3 World Cup results","3.1 Season titles","3.2 Season standings","3.3 Race victories","3.4 Podiums","4 World Championship results","5 Olympic results","6 Recognition","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Slovak alpine skier (born 1995)
Petra VlhováVlhová in January 2018Personal informationBorn (1995-06-13) 13 June 1995 (age 29)Liptovský Mikuláš,SlovakiaOccupationAlpine skierHeight1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Skiing careerDisciplinesSlalom, giant slalom, super-G, downhill, combinedClubVojenské športové centrum Dukla Banská BystricaWorld Cup debut29 December 2012 (age 17)Websitepetravlhova.skOlympicsTeams3 – (2014, 2018, 2022)Medals1 (1 gold)World ChampionshipsTeams6 – (2013–23)Medals6 (1 gold)World CupSeasons12 – (2013–2024)Wins31 – (22 SL, 6 GS, 1 PSL, 1 CE, 1 PGS)Podiums73 – (46 SL, 19 GS, 3 PSL, 2 CE, 1 PGS, 1 AC, 1 SG)Overall titles1 – (2021)Discipline titles3 – (SL – 2020, 2022, PS – 2020)
Medal record
Women's alpine skiing
Representing Slovakia
World Cup race podiums
Event
1st
2nd
3rd
Slalom
22
15
9
Giant slalom
6
5
8
Super-G
0
1
0
Combined
0
0
1
Parallel
3
2
1
Total
31
23
19
International competitions
Event
1st
2nd
3rd
Olympic Games
1
0
0
World Championships
1
4
1
Total
2
4
1
Olympic Games
2022 Beijing
Slalom
World Championships
2019 Åre
Giant slalom
2017 St. Moritz
Team event
2019 Åre
Combined
2021 Cortina d'Ampezzo
Combined
2021 Cortina d'Ampezzo
Slalom
2019 Åre
Slalom
Winter Youth Olympic Games
2012 Innsbruck
Slalom
Junior World Championships
2014 Jasná
Slalom
2012 Roccaraso
Slalom
Petra Vlhová (born 13 June 1995) is a Slovak World Cup alpine ski racer who specialises in the technical events of slalom and giant slalom. Vlhová won the World Cup overall title in 2021 and the gold medal in the 2022 Winter Olympics in the slalom event, becoming the first Slovak skier to achieve these feats.
Career
Born in Liptovský Mikuláš, during childhood she attended training sessions at Podbreziny ski center in her native Litpovský Mikuláš. With an altitude of 700 meters and tracks with a combined length of 550 meters, the ski center entered disusage in the later 2000s and early 2010s. In 2022, Vlhová supported the restart of the center and the local youth training groups.
Vlhová won a gold medal in 2012 Winter Youth Olympics and represented Slovakia in the 2014 Winter Olympics. She also won gold in the slalom at the Junior World Championships in 2014 in Jasná, Slovakia.
World Cup
She made her World Cup debut at age 17 in December 2012, and her first World Cup podium came three years later, a victory in slalom in December 2015 at Åre, Sweden. On 17 January 2016, she qualified for the second run in giant slalom for the first time in her career in Flachau finishing 14th.
2019 season
In December 2018, Vlhová scored the first World Cup giant slalom win for Slovakia in a race in Semmering, Austria – she was in fourth place after the first run but set the second fastest time on the second run for the victory: her previous best GS result had been seventh. A few days later she won a parallel slalom at the foot of the Holmenkollbakken in Oslo, the sixth win of her career, setting a new record for the most World Cup wins by a Slovak alpine skier, eclipsing Veronika Velez-Zuzulová.
In January 2019, having finished as runner-up to Mikaela Shiffrin in the first five classic slaloms of the World Cup season, Vlhová won the slalom in Flachau, setting the fastest time on the second run to take the win after placing third in the first run and taking the winner's €70,000 prize, the biggest women's prize purse of the World Cup season. The race was her fifth win in classic slalom, putting her one ahead of Velez-Zuzulová in terms of wins in the discipline.
At the Alpine World Ski Championships in February 2019, Vlhová took a complete set of medals. She claimed the first individual medal for a Slovak skier – a silver in the combined – after being edged out by Wendy Holdener by three-hundredths of a second. She then won the first gold medal for Slovakia in the giant slalom, before taking the bronze in the slalom.
Petra Vlhová in Stockholm, 2019
2020 season
Vlhová started the 2020 season with a 14th-place finish in giant slalom at Sölden. She reached her first podium in the season on Killington when she finished second in Slalom. On 15 December 2019, she won a Parallel slalom race in St. Moritz. In the last race of 2019, she finished second again in Lienz behind Mikaela Shiffrin. She started the new year with three victories in 4 races. First, she won the slalom in Zagreb on 4 January; 10 days later, she triumphed in the Flachau slalom, and then she took her only Giant slalom win of the season on 18 January, when she shared the spoils with Federica Brignone in Sestriere.
Vlhová started competing in the speed events in her bid to win the big crystal globe in the later part of the season. She claimed two 6th places in Bansko, one in the downhill and one in the super-G. She claimed two other top 10 results in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Her final win of the season came in slalom in Kranjska Gora on 16 February. She recorded a new personal best downhill with a 4th place in Crans Montana on 21 February. In the season's final race, she finished 4th in a super-G in La Thuile, which was her best result in the discipline up to that point.
The season was cut short by the COVID-19 pandemic. Vlhová finished 3rd in the overall world cup standings, winning her first small crystal globes, one for slalom and one for parallel events.
2021 season
Vlhová had a strong start to the season with 3rd place in the opening giant slalom in Sölden. She followed that up with three victories in a row, having won two slaloms in two days in Levi and a parallel giant slalom in Lech/Zürs. In December, Vlhová finished 3rd in the first of two giant slaloms in Courchevel (France) but did not finish the other one two days later. In Val d'Isère, she finished 26th and 33rd in the two downhills before getting 6th place in the super-G a day later. Vlhová recorded three more victories in the season - slalom in Zagreb, giant slalom on her home track in Jasná, and slalom in Åre. She also recorded her first podium in a speed event when she finished 2nd in the super-G in Garmisch-Partenkirchen on February 1.
She also won two silver medals at the World Championships in Cortina d'Ampezzo, one in the alpine combined and one in slalom.
Vlhová secured her first overall title at the world cup finals in Lenzerheide, finishing 6th in slalom. She became the first Slovak skier to achieve this title.
2022 season
Vlhová parted ways with her Italian coach Livio Magoni shortly after the end of the 2021 season after a 5-year partnership. She hired swiss coach Mauro Pini as replacement.
Vlhová had a strong start to the season with 3rd place in the opening giant slalom in Sölden. She followed that up with two victories in a row, having won two slaloms in two days in Levi. She won three more slaloms in Lienz, Zagreb and Kranjska Gora and clinched the slalom crystal globe with a second place finish in Schladming, with two slaloms remaining.
She became the first Slovak alpine skier to win an Olympic medal by winning gold in slalom in Beijing. She was in 8th place after the first round, 0.72 seconds behind Lena Dürr, but then produced the fastest run on the second leg to win gold by 0.08 seconds ahead of reigning world champion Katharina Liensberger.
After the Olympics, Vlhová mounted a challenge to defend her overall world cup title. She won the giant slalom in Åre to record her sixth win of the season. She finally lost the chance to win the big crystal globe after the final super-G race in Courchevel/Méribel, where Mikaela Shiffrin finished in 2nd position and clinched the title. Vlhová finished off the season with two podiums in slalom and giant slalom.
2023 season
Vlhová slalom skiing in Andora
Vlhová finished the season in third place overall.
2024 season
Vlhová had a strong start to the season with 3rd place in the opening giant slalom in Sölden. She reached her first win of the season in slalom in Levi. It was her 20th career slalom victory.
World Cup results
Season titles
4 titles – (1 overall, 2 Slalom, 1 Parallel)
Season
Discipline
2020
Slalom
Parallel
2021
Overall
Parallel
2022
Slalom
1 Unofficial
Season standings
Season
Age
Overall
Slalom
Giantslalom
Super-G
Downhill
Combined
Parallel
2013
17
91
42
—
—
—
—
—
2014
18
—
—
—
—
—
—
2015
19
81
34
—
—
—
—
2016
20
24
6
40
—
—
—
2017
21
10
5
11
—
—
—
2018
22
5
4
13
—
—
7
2019
23
2
2
2
—
—
—
2020
24
3
1
2
14
16
—
1
2021
25
1
3
6
8
12
—
1
2022
26
2
1
4
40
37
—
2023
27
3
3
4
—
41
—
2024
28
6
3
8
Standings through 16 January 2024
Vlhová in Hammarbybacken World Cup 2018
Vlhová in Hammarbybacken World Cup 2018
Race victories
Total
Slalom
Giant slalom
Downhill
Super-G
Combined
Parallel
Wins
31
22
6
0
0
0
3
Podiums
73
46
19
0
1
1
6
Season
Date
Location
Discipline
2016
13 December 2015
Åre, Sweden
Slalom
2017
18 March 2017
Aspen, USA
Slalom
2018
11 November 2017
Levi, Finland
Slalom
28 January 2018
Lenzerheide, Switzerland
Slalom
2019 5 victories (3 GS, 1 SL, 1 CE)
28 December 2018
Semmering, Austria
Giant slalom
1 January 2019
Oslo, Norway
City event
8 January 2019
Flachau, Austria
Slalom
1 February 2019
Maribor, Slovenia
Giant slalom
8 March 2019
Špindlerův Mlýn, Czech Republic
Giant slalom
2020 5 victories (3 SL, 1 GS, 1 PS)
15 December 2019
St. Moritz, Switzerland
Parallel slalom
4 January 2020
Zagreb, Croatia
Slalom
14 January 2020
Flachau, Austria
Slalom
18 January 2020
Sestriere, Italy
Giant slalom
16 February 2020
Kranjska Gora, Slovenia
Slalom
2021 6 victories (4 SL, 1 GS, 1 PG)
21 November 2020
Levi, Finland
Slalom
22 November 2020
Slalom
26 November 2020
Lech/Zürs, Austria
Parallel-G
3 January 2021
Zagreb, Croatia
Slalom
7 March 2021
Jasná, Slovakia
Giant slalom
12 March 2021
Åre, Sweden
Slalom
2022 6 victories (5 SL, 1 GS)
20 November 2021
Levi, Finland
Slalom
21 November 2021
Slalom
29 December 2021
Lienz, Austria
Slalom
4 January 2022
Zagreb, Croatia
Slalom
9 January 2022
Kranjska Gora, Slovenia
Slalom
11 March 2022
Åre, Sweden
Giant slalom
2023 2 victories (2 SL)
10 January 2023
Flachau, Austria
Slalom
18 March 2023
Soldeu, Andorra
Slalom
2024 3 victories (3 SL)
11 November 2023
Levi, Finland
Slalom
21 December 2023
Courchevel, France
Slalom
7 January 2024
Kranjska Gora, Slovenia
Slalom
Podiums
Season
Podiums
Super G
Giant slalom
Slalom
Parallel
Combined
Total
Σ
2016
1
2
1
2
3
2017
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2018
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
6
2019
3
1
1
5
2
1
1
5
6
3
14
2020
1
1
3
2
1
5
3
8
2021
1
1
2
4
1
1
6
2
2
10
2022
1
2
2
5
2
1
6
4
3
13
2023
1
2
2
1
3
2
2
5
9
2024
1
1
3
2
3
3
1
7
Total
0
1
0
6
5
8
22
15
9
3
2
1
0
0
1
31
23
19
73
1
19
46
6
1
73
1 Including both parallel slalom and parallel giant slalom. Two parallel events have been classified in the ski-db.com results as classic events (the City Event slalom on 30/01/18 and the City Event slalom on 01/01/19). They are shown here as parallel events.
World Championship results
Year
Age
Slalom
Giantslalom
Super-G
Downhill
Combined
Parallel
Team Event
2013
17
DNF1
—
—
—
—
—
9
2015
19
44
30
—
—
—
—
2017
21
4
8
—
—
—
2
2019
23
3
1
—
—
2
—
2021
25
2
12
9
—
2
DNF
—
2023
27
5
7
—
—
—
—
—
Olympic results
Year
Age
Slalom
Giantslalom
Super-G
Downhill
Combined
Team Event
2014
18
19
24
—
—
—
—
2018
22
13
13
32
DNF
5
9
2022
26
1
14
—
—
—
—
Recognition
In 2024, the president of Slovakia Zuzana Čaputová awarded Vlhová the Order of Ľudovít Štúr, 1st class.
See also
List of FIS Alpine Ski World Cup women's race winners
List of Youth Olympic Games gold medalists who won Olympic gold medals
References
^ "Zjazdovka, kde vyrastala Vlhová, opäť ožije. Do obnovy sa zapojil aj jej tím". sportnet.sme.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 3 December 2022.
^ "Náš tím". Petravlhova.sk. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
^ "Junior Worlds: Slalom gold for Slovakia's Petra Vlhova". Fédération Internationale de Ski. 28 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
^ FIS Results
^ AUDI FIS SKI WORLD CUP 2015/16, 6th LADIES' GIANT SLALOM
^ "Petra Vlhova wins Giant Slalom, makes history for Slovenia". japantimes.co.jp. 29 December 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ "Coupe du monde : Petra Vlhova domine Mikaela Shiffrin et le slalom parallèle d'Oslo" . L'Équipe (in French). 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ "Vlhova denies Shiffrin 8th straight victory in World Cup slalom". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 8 January 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
^ Sharland, Pete (8 February 2019). "Ladies' Combined: Wendy Holdener beats Petra Vlhova by 0.03s to take Combined gold". Eurosport. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
^ "Petra Vlhova wins first-ever World Championships gold for Slovakia". International Ski Federation. 14 February 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
^ "Mikaela Shiffrin makes history with fourth straight slalom gold". CNN. 16 February 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
^ "In wake of unflattering comments, Petra Vlhova and coach Livio Magoni split". skiracing.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
^ "Ski champ Vlhova to reduce WCup schedule, focus on Olympics". APnews.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
^ "Slovakia's Petra Vlhova mounts massive comeback, wins slalom gold with Mikaela Shiffrin out". NBColympics.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
^ "CUP STANDINGS WORLD CUP Season 2023 Women Overall". fis-ski.com. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
^ Vančo, Martin. "Vlhová, Bagala či Bieliková. Prezidentka naposledy udeľovala štátne vyznamenania". domov.sme.sk (in Slovak).
External links
Petra Vlhová at FIS (alpine)
Petra Vlhová at Olympics.com
Petra Vlhová at Olympedia
Petra Vlhová at the Slovak Olympic and Sports Committee (in Slovak)
Petra Vlhová at Ski-DB Alpine Ski Database
Official website (in Slovak)
Links to related articles
Awards and achievements
Preceded byAnastasiya Kuzmina
Sportsperson of Slovakia 2019, 2020, 2021
Succeeded byIncumbent
vteOlympic champions in alpine skiing – women's slalom
1948: Gretchen Fraser (USA)
1952: Andrea Mead Lawrence (USA)
1956: Renée Colliard (SUI)
1960: Anne Heggtveit (CAN)
1964: Christine Goitschel (FRA)
1968: Marielle Goitschel (FRA)
1972: Barbara Cochran (USA)
1976: Rosi Mittermaier (FRG)
1980: Hanni Wenzel (LIE)
1984: Paoletta Magoni (ITA)
1988: Vreni Schneider (SUI)
1992: Petra Kronberger (AUT)
1994: Vreni Schneider (SUI)
1998: Hilde Gerg (GER)
2002: Janica Kostelić (CRO)
2006: Anja Pärson (SWE)
2010: Maria Riesch (GER)
2014: Mikaela Shiffrin (USA)
2018: Frida Hansdotter (SWE)
2022: Petra Vlhová (SVK)
vteWorld champions in women's giant slalom
1950: Dagmar Rom
1952: Andrea Mead Lawrence
1954: Lucienne Schmidt-Couttet
1956: Ossi Reichert
1958: Lucile Wheeler
1960: Yvonne Rüegg
1962: Marianne Jahn
1964: Marielle Goitschel
1966: Marielle Goitschel
1968: Nancy Greene
1970: Betsy Clifford
1972: Marie-Theres Nadig
1974: Fabienne Serrat
1976: Kathy Kreiner
1978: Maria Epple
1980: Hanni Wenzel
1982: Erika Hess
1985: Diann Roffe
1987: Vreni Schneider
1989: Vreni Schneider
1991: Pernilla Wiberg
1993: Carole Merle
1996: Deborah Compagnoni
1997: Deborah Compagnoni
1999: Alexandra Meissnitzer
2001: Sonja Nef
2003: Anja Pärson
2005: Anja Pärson
2007: Nicole Hosp
2009: Kathrin Hölzl
2011: Tina Maze
2013: Tessa Worley
2015: Anna Fenninger
2017: Tessa Worley
2019: Petra Vlhová
2021: Lara Gut-Behrami
2023: Mikaela Shiffrin
Women's World Champions: Downhill • Super-G • Giant Slalom • Slalom • Combined • Parallel Giant Slalom • Mixed Team
vteFIS Alpine Ski World Cup – Women's overall winners
1967: Nancy Greene
1968: Nancy Greene
1969: Gertrud Gabl
1970: Michèle Jacot
1971: Annemarie Pröll
1972: Annemarie Pröll
1973: Annemarie Pröll
1974: Annemarie Pröll
1975: Annemarie Moser-Pröll
1976: Rosi Mittermaier
1977: Lise-Marie Morerod
1978: Hanni Wenzel
1979: Annemarie Moser-Pröll
1980: Hanni Wenzel
1981: Marie-Theres Nadig
1982: Erika Hess
1983: Tamara McKinney
1984: Erika Hess
1985: Michela Figini
1986: Maria Walliser
1987: Maria Walliser
1988: Michela Figini
1989: Vreni Schneider
1990: Petra Kronberger
1991: Petra Kronberger
1992: Petra Kronberger
1993: Anita Wachter
1994: Vreni Schneider
1995: Vreni Schneider
1996: Katja Seizinger
1997: Pernilla Wiberg
1998: Katja Seizinger
1999: Alexandra Meissnitzer
2000: Renate Götschl
2001: Janica Kostelić
2002: Michaela Dorfmeister
2003: Janica Kostelić
2004: Anja Pärson
2005: Anja Pärson
2006: Janica Kostelić
2007: Nicole Hosp
2008: Lindsey Vonn
2009: Lindsey Vonn
2010: Lindsey Vonn
2011: Maria Riesch
2012: Lindsey Vonn
2013: Tina Maze
2014: Anna Fenninger
2015: Anna Fenninger
2016: Lara Gut
2017: Mikaela Shiffrin
2018: Mikaela Shiffrin
2019: Mikaela Shiffrin
2020: Federica Brignone
2021: Petra Vlhová
2022: Mikaela Shiffrin
2023: Mikaela Shiffrin
2024: Lara Gut-Behrami
World Cup women's winners: Overall • Downhill • Super-G • Giant Slalom • Slalom • Combined • Parallel
vteFIS Alpine Ski World Cup – Women's slalom World Cup winners
1967: Marielle Goitschel Annie Famose
1968: Marielle Goitschel
1969: Gertrud Gabl
1970: Ingrid Lafforgue
1971: Britt Lafforgue Betsy Clifford
1972: Britt Lafforgue
1973: Patricia Emonet
1974: Christa Zechmeister
1975: Lise-Marie Morerod
1976: Rosi Mittermaier
1977: Lise-Marie Morerod
1978: Hanni Wenzel
1979: Regina Sackl
1980: Perrine Pelen
1981: Erika Hess
1982: Erika Hess
1983: Erika Hess
1984: Tamara McKinney
1985: Erika Hess
1986: Roswitha Steiner
1987: Corinne Schmidhauser
1988: Roswitha Steiner
1989: Vreni Schneider
1990: Vreni Schneider
1991: Petra Kronberger
1992: Vreni Schneider
1993: Vreni Schneider
1994: Vreni Schneider
1995: Vreni Schneider
1996: Elfi Eder
1997: Pernilla Wiberg
1998: Ylva Nowén
1999: Sabine Egger
2000: Špela Pretnar
2001: Janica Kostelić
2002: Laure Pequegnot
2003: Janica Kostelić
2004: Anja Pärson
2005: Tanja Poutiainen
2006: Janica Kostelić
2007: Marlies Schild
2008: Marlies Schild
2009: Maria Riesch
2010: Maria Riesch
2011: Marlies Schild
2012: Marlies Schild
2013: Mikaela Shiffrin
2014: Mikaela Shiffrin
2015: Mikaela Shiffrin
2016: Frida Hansdotter
2017: Mikaela Shiffrin
2018: Mikaela Shiffrin
2019: Mikaela Shiffrin
2020: Petra Vlhová
2021: Katharina Liensberger
2022: Petra Vlhová
2023: Mikaela Shiffrin
2024: Mikaela Shiffrin
World Cup women's winners: Overall • Downhill • Super-G • Giant Slalom • Slalom • Combined • Parallel
vteYouth Olympic champions in alpine skiing – girls' slalom
2012: Petra Vlhová (SVK)
2016: Aline Danioth (SUI)
2020: Emma Sahlin (SWE)
Bold: Olympic medalists in Alpine skiing
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Czech Republic
Poland
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_Ski_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"alpine ski racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing"},{"link_name":"giant slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_slalom"},{"link_name":"2022 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_slalom"}],"text":"Petra Vlhová (born 13 June 1995) is a Slovak World Cup alpine ski racer who specialises in the technical events of slalom and giant slalom. Vlhová won the World Cup overall title in 2021 and the gold medal in the 2022 Winter Olympics in the slalom event, becoming the first Slovak skier to achieve these feats.","title":"Petra Vlhová"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liptovský Mikuláš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liptovsk%C3%BD_Mikul%C3%A1%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2012 Winter Youth Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2014 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Junior World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Junior_Alpine_Skiing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Jasná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasn%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Born in Liptovský Mikuláš, during childhood she attended training sessions at Podbreziny ski center in her native Litpovský Mikuláš. With an altitude of 700 meters and tracks with a combined length of 550 meters, the ski center entered disusage in the later 2000s and early 2010s. In 2022, Vlhová supported the restart of the center and the local youth training groups.[1]Vlhová won a gold medal in 2012 Winter Youth Olympics and represented Slovakia in the 2014 Winter Olympics.[2] She also won gold in the slalom at the Junior World Championships in 2014 in Jasná, Slovakia.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_FIS_Alpine_Ski_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Åre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85re_ski_resort"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Flachau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planai"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"She made her World Cup debut at age 17 in December 2012, and her first World Cup podium came three years later, a victory in slalom in December 2015 at Åre, Sweden.[4] On 17 January 2016, she qualified for the second run in giant slalom for the first time in her career in Flachau finishing 14th.[5]","title":"World Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semmering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semmering,_Austria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Holmenkollbakken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmenkollbakken"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Veronika Velez-Zuzulová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronika_Velez-Zuzulov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mikaela Shiffrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikaela_Shiffrin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Alpine World Ski Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_World_Ski_Championships_2019"},{"link_name":"combined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_World_Ski_Championships_2019_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_alpine_combined"},{"link_name":"Wendy Holdener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Holdener"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"giant slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_World_Ski_Championships_2019_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_giant_slalom"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_World_Ski_Championships_2019_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_slalom"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FIS_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_in_Stockholm_2019_Petra_Vlhova.jpg"}],"sub_title":"2019 season","text":"In December 2018, Vlhová scored the first World Cup giant slalom win for Slovakia in a race in Semmering, Austria – she was in fourth place after the first run but set the second fastest time on the second run for the victory: her previous best GS result had been seventh.[6] A few days later she won a parallel slalom at the foot of the Holmenkollbakken in Oslo, the sixth win of her career, setting a new record for the most World Cup wins by a Slovak alpine skier, eclipsing Veronika Velez-Zuzulová.[7]In January 2019, having finished as runner-up to Mikaela Shiffrin in the first five classic slaloms of the World Cup season, Vlhová won the slalom in Flachau, setting the fastest time on the second run to take the win after placing third in the first run and taking the winner's €70,000 prize, the biggest women's prize purse of the World Cup season. The race was her fifth win in classic slalom, putting her one ahead of Velez-Zuzulová in terms of wins in the discipline.[8]At the Alpine World Ski Championships in February 2019, Vlhová took a complete set of medals. She claimed the first individual medal for a Slovak skier – a silver in the combined – after being edged out by Wendy Holdener by three-hundredths of a second.[9] She then won the first gold medal for Slovakia in the giant slalom,[10] before taking the bronze in the slalom.[11]Petra Vlhová in Stockholm, 2019","title":"World Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sölden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6lden"},{"link_name":"Killington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killington_Ski_Resort"},{"link_name":"Slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing"},{"link_name":"Mikaela Shiffrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikaela_Shiffrin"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Flachau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flachau"},{"link_name":"Federica Brignone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federica_Brignone"},{"link_name":"Sestriere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestriere"},{"link_name":"Bansko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansko"},{"link_name":"Garmisch-Partenkirchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen"},{"link_name":"Kranjska Gora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranjska_Gora"},{"link_name":"Crans Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crans_Montana"},{"link_name":"La Thuile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Thuile,_Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"}],"sub_title":"2020 season","text":"Vlhová started the 2020 season with a 14th-place finish in giant slalom at Sölden. She reached her first podium in the season on Killington when she finished second in Slalom. On 15 December 2019, she won a Parallel slalom race in St. Moritz. In the last race of 2019, she finished second again in Lienz behind Mikaela Shiffrin. She started the new year with three victories in 4 races. First, she won the slalom in Zagreb on 4 January; 10 days later, she triumphed in the Flachau slalom, and then she took her only Giant slalom win of the season on 18 January, when she shared the spoils with Federica Brignone in Sestriere.Vlhová started competing in the speed events in her bid to win the big crystal globe in the later part of the season. She claimed two 6th places in Bansko, one in the downhill and one in the super-G. She claimed two other top 10 results in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Her final win of the season came in slalom in Kranjska Gora on 16 February. She recorded a new personal best downhill with a 4th place in Crans Montana on 21 February. In the season's final race, she finished 4th in a super-G in La Thuile, which was her best result in the discipline up to that point.The season was cut short by the COVID-19 pandemic. Vlhová finished 3rd in the overall world cup standings, winning her first small crystal globes, one for slalom and one for parallel events.","title":"World Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sölden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6lden"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi"},{"link_name":"Lech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_(Vorarlberg)"},{"link_name":"Zürs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrs"},{"link_name":"Courchevel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courchevel"},{"link_name":"Val d'Isère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-d%27Is%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Jasná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasn%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Åre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85re"},{"link_name":"Garmisch-Partenkirchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen"},{"link_name":"World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_World_Ski_Championships_2021"},{"link_name":"Cortina d'Ampezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo"},{"link_name":"Lenzerheide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenzerheide"}],"sub_title":"2021 season","text":"Vlhová had a strong start to the season with 3rd place in the opening giant slalom in Sölden. She followed that up with three victories in a row, having won two slaloms in two days in Levi and a parallel giant slalom in Lech/Zürs. In December, Vlhová finished 3rd in the first of two giant slaloms in Courchevel (France) but did not finish the other one two days later. In Val d'Isère, she finished 26th and 33rd in the two downhills before getting 6th place in the super-G a day later. Vlhová recorded three more victories in the season - slalom in Zagreb, giant slalom on her home track in Jasná, and slalom in Åre. She also recorded her first podium in a speed event when she finished 2nd in the super-G in Garmisch-Partenkirchen on February 1.She also won two silver medals at the World Championships in Cortina d'Ampezzo, one in the alpine combined and one in slalom.Vlhová secured her first overall title at the world cup finals in Lenzerheide, finishing 6th in slalom. She became the first Slovak skier to achieve this title.","title":"World Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sölden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6lden"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi"},{"link_name":"Lienz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lienz"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Kranjska Gora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranjska_Gora"},{"link_name":"Schladming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schladming"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lena Dürr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_D%C3%BCrr"},{"link_name":"Katharina Liensberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina_Liensberger"},{"link_name":"Åre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85re"},{"link_name":"Courchevel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courchevel"},{"link_name":"Méribel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ribel"}],"sub_title":"2022 season","text":"Vlhová parted ways with her Italian coach Livio Magoni shortly after the end of the 2021 season after a 5-year partnership.[12] She hired swiss coach Mauro Pini as replacement.[13]Vlhová had a strong start to the season with 3rd place in the opening giant slalom in Sölden. She followed that up with two victories in a row, having won two slaloms in two days in Levi. She won three more slaloms in Lienz, Zagreb and Kranjska Gora and clinched the slalom crystal globe with a second place finish in Schladming, with two slaloms remaining.She became the first Slovak alpine skier to win an Olympic medal by winning gold in slalom in Beijing.[14] She was in 8th place after the first round, 0.72 seconds behind Lena Dürr, but then produced the fastest run on the second leg to win gold by 0.08 seconds ahead of reigning world champion Katharina Liensberger.After the Olympics, Vlhová mounted a challenge to defend her overall world cup title. She won the giant slalom in Åre to record her sixth win of the season. She finally lost the chance to win the big crystal globe after the final super-G race in Courchevel/Méribel, where Mikaela Shiffrin finished in 2nd position and clinched the title. Vlhová finished off the season with two podiums in slalom and giant slalom.","title":"World Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petra_Vlhova_Grandvalira_2023_SL_1st_run_(8).jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIS-15"}],"sub_title":"2023 season","text":"Vlhová slalom skiing in AndoraVlhová finished the season in third place overall.[15]","title":"World Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sölden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6lden"},{"link_name":"Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi"}],"sub_title":"2024 season","text":"Vlhová had a strong start to the season with 3rd place in the opening giant slalom in Sölden. She reached her first win of the season in slalom in Levi. It was her 20th career slalom victory.","title":"World Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"World Cup results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing"},{"link_name":"Parallel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_Ski_World_Cup#Parallel_giant_slalom"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_2021parallel1"}],"sub_title":"Season titles","text":"4 titles – (1 overall, 2 Slalom, 1 Parallel)1 Unofficial","title":"World Cup results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pose_of_Petra_Vlhova.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petra_Vlhova_in_full_speed.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Season standings","text":"Standings through 16 January 2024Vlhová in Hammarbybacken World Cup 2018Vlhová in Hammarbybacken World Cup 2018","title":"World Cup results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Race victories","title":"World Cup results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Parallel1"}],"sub_title":"Podiums","text":"1 Including both parallel slalom and parallel giant slalom. Two parallel events have been classified in the ski-db.com results as classic events (the City Event slalom on 30/01/18 and the City Event slalom on 01/01/19). They are shown here as parallel events.","title":"World Cup results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"World Championship results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Olympic results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zuzana Čaputová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuzana_%C4%8Caputov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Order of Ľudovít Štúr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_%C4%BDudov%C3%ADt_%C5%A0t%C3%BAr"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In 2024, the president of Slovakia Zuzana Čaputová awarded Vlhová the Order of Ľudovít Štúr, 1st class.[16]","title":"Recognition"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Petra Vlhová in Stockholm, 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/FIS_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_in_Stockholm_2019_Petra_Vlhova.jpg/220px-FIS_Alpine_Skiing_World_Cup_in_Stockholm_2019_Petra_Vlhova.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vlhová slalom skiing in Andora","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Petra_Vlhova_Grandvalira_2023_SL_1st_run_%288%29.jpg/220px-Petra_Vlhova_Grandvalira_2023_SL_1st_run_%288%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vlhová in Hammarbybacken World Cup 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pose_of_Petra_Vlhova.jpg/220px-Pose_of_Petra_Vlhova.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vlhová in Hammarbybacken World Cup 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Petra_Vlhova_in_full_speed.jpg/220px-Petra_Vlhova_in_full_speed.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of FIS Alpine Ski World Cup women's race winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIS_Alpine_Ski_World_Cup_women%27s_race_winners"},{"title":"List of Youth Olympic Games gold medalists who won Olympic gold medals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Youth_Olympic_Games_gold_medalists_who_won_Olympic_gold_medals"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Zjazdovka, kde vyrastala Vlhová, opäť ožije. Do obnovy sa zapojil aj jej tím\". sportnet.sme.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 3 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportnet.sme.sk/spravy/petra-vlhova-podbreziny-stredisko-liptovsky-mikulas-obnova/","url_text":"\"Zjazdovka, kde vyrastala Vlhová, opäť ožije. Do obnovy sa zapojil aj jej tím\""}]},{"reference":"\"Náš tím\". Petravlhova.sk. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140226093541/http://www.petravlhova.sk/clanok/nas-tim","url_text":"\"Náš tím\""},{"url":"http://www.petravlhova.sk/clanok/nas-tim","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Junior Worlds: Slalom gold for Slovakia's Petra Vlhova\". Fédération Internationale de Ski. 28 February 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fis-ski.com/alpine-skiing/news-multimedia/news/article=junior-worlds-slalom-gold-for-slovakia-petra-vlhova.html","url_text":"\"Junior Worlds: Slalom gold for Slovakia's Petra Vlhova\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Ski","url_text":"Fédération Internationale de Ski"}]},{"reference":"\"Petra Vlhova wins Giant Slalom, makes history for Slovenia\". japantimes.co.jp. 29 December 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2018/12/29/more-sports/winter-sports-more-sports/petra-vlhova-wins-giant-slalom-makes-history-slovenia/","url_text":"\"Petra Vlhova wins Giant Slalom, makes history for Slovenia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japantimes.co.jp","url_text":"japantimes.co.jp"}]},{"reference":"\"Coupe du monde : Petra Vlhova domine Mikaela Shiffrin et le slalom parallèle d'Oslo\" [World Cup: Petra Vlhova dominates Mikaela Shiffrin and Oslo's parallel slalom]. L'Équipe (in French). 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lequipe.fr/Ski/Actualites/Coupe-du-monde-petra-vlhova-domine-mikaela-shiffrin-et-le-slalom-parallele-d-oslo/973272","url_text":"\"Coupe du monde : Petra Vlhova domine Mikaela Shiffrin et le slalom parallèle d'Oslo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C3%89quipe","url_text":"L'Équipe"}]},{"reference":"\"Vlhova denies Shiffrin 8th straight victory in World Cup slalom\". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 8 January 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/skiing/vlhova-denies-shiffrin-8th-straight-win-world-cup-1.4970507","url_text":"\"Vlhova denies Shiffrin 8th straight victory in World Cup slalom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Sharland, Pete (8 February 2019). \"Ladies' Combined: Wendy Holdener beats Petra Vlhova by 0.03s to take Combined gold\". Eurosport. Retrieved 16 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurosport.co.uk/alpine-skiing/world-championships/2018-2019/ladies-combined-wendy-holdener-beats-petra-vlhova-by-0.03s-to-take-combined-gold_sto7135165/story.shtml","url_text":"\"Ladies' Combined: Wendy Holdener beats Petra Vlhova by 0.03s to take Combined gold\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurosport","url_text":"Eurosport"}]},{"reference":"\"Petra Vlhova wins first-ever World Championships gold for Slovakia\". International Ski Federation. 14 February 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fis-ski.com/en/alpine-skiing/alpine-news-multimedia/news-multimedia/news/2018-19/2-february/petra-vlhova-wins-first-ever-world-championships-gold-for-slovakia","url_text":"\"Petra Vlhova wins first-ever World Championships gold for Slovakia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ski_Federation","url_text":"International Ski Federation"}]},{"reference":"\"Mikaela Shiffrin makes history with fourth straight slalom gold\". CNN. 16 February 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/16/sport/mikaela-shiffrin-skiing-world-championships-are-slalom-spt-intl/index.html","url_text":"\"Mikaela Shiffrin makes history with fourth straight slalom gold\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"\"In wake of unflattering comments, Petra Vlhova and coach Livio Magoni split\". skiracing.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://skiracing.com/in-wake-of-unflattering-comments-vlhova-and-coach-livio-magoni-split/","url_text":"\"In wake of unflattering comments, Petra Vlhova and coach Livio Magoni split\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ski champ Vlhova to reduce WCup schedule, focus on Olympics\". APnews.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/sports-beijing-2020-tokyo-olympics-winter-olympics-austria-56f9b28dbc6c8d3d1a93c29d4e4f18b3","url_text":"\"Ski champ Vlhova to reduce WCup schedule, focus on Olympics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slovakia's Petra Vlhova mounts massive comeback, wins slalom gold with Mikaela Shiffrin out\". NBColympics.com. Retrieved 20 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/slovakias-petra-vlhova-mounts-massive-comeback-wins-slalom-gold-mikaela-shiffrin-out","url_text":"\"Slovakia's Petra Vlhova mounts massive comeback, wins slalom gold with Mikaela Shiffrin out\""}]},{"reference":"\"CUP STANDINGS WORLD CUP Season 2023 Women Overall\". fis-ski.com. Retrieved 11 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/alpine-skiing/cup-standings.html?sectorcode=AL&seasoncode=2023&cupcode=WC&disciplinecode=ALL&gendercode=W&nationcode=","url_text":"\"CUP STANDINGS WORLD CUP Season 2023 Women Overall\""}]},{"reference":"Vančo, Martin. \"Vlhová, Bagala či Bieliková. Prezidentka naposledy udeľovala štátne vyznamenania\". domov.sme.sk (in Slovak).","urls":[{"url":"https://domov.sme.sk/c/23268373/vlhova-bagala-ci-bielikova-prezidentka-naposledy-udelovala-statne-vyznamenania.html","url_text":"\"Vlhová, Bagala či Bieliková. Prezidentka naposledy udeľovala štátne vyznamenania\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.petravlhova.sk/","external_links_name":"petravlhova.sk"},{"Link":"https://sportnet.sme.sk/spravy/petra-vlhova-podbreziny-stredisko-liptovsky-mikulas-obnova/","external_links_name":"\"Zjazdovka, kde vyrastala Vlhová, opäť ožije. Do obnovy sa zapojil aj jej tím\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140226093541/http://www.petravlhova.sk/clanok/nas-tim","external_links_name":"\"Náš tím\""},{"Link":"http://www.petravlhova.sk/clanok/nas-tim","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fis-ski.com/alpine-skiing/news-multimedia/news/article=junior-worlds-slalom-gold-for-slovakia-petra-vlhova.html","external_links_name":"\"Junior Worlds: Slalom gold for Slovakia's Petra Vlhova\""},{"Link":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=82712","external_links_name":"FIS Results"},{"Link":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=82729","external_links_name":"AUDI FIS SKI WORLD CUP 2015/16, 6th LADIES' GIANT SLALOM"},{"Link":"https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2018/12/29/more-sports/winter-sports-more-sports/petra-vlhova-wins-giant-slalom-makes-history-slovenia/","external_links_name":"\"Petra Vlhova wins Giant Slalom, makes history for Slovenia\""},{"Link":"https://www.lequipe.fr/Ski/Actualites/Coupe-du-monde-petra-vlhova-domine-mikaela-shiffrin-et-le-slalom-parallele-d-oslo/973272","external_links_name":"\"Coupe du monde : Petra Vlhova domine Mikaela Shiffrin et le slalom parallèle d'Oslo\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/skiing/vlhova-denies-shiffrin-8th-straight-win-world-cup-1.4970507","external_links_name":"\"Vlhova denies Shiffrin 8th straight victory in World Cup slalom\""},{"Link":"https://www.eurosport.co.uk/alpine-skiing/world-championships/2018-2019/ladies-combined-wendy-holdener-beats-petra-vlhova-by-0.03s-to-take-combined-gold_sto7135165/story.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Ladies' Combined: Wendy Holdener beats Petra Vlhova by 0.03s to take Combined gold\""},{"Link":"https://www.fis-ski.com/en/alpine-skiing/alpine-news-multimedia/news-multimedia/news/2018-19/2-february/petra-vlhova-wins-first-ever-world-championships-gold-for-slovakia","external_links_name":"\"Petra Vlhova wins first-ever World Championships gold for Slovakia\""},{"Link":"https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/16/sport/mikaela-shiffrin-skiing-world-championships-are-slalom-spt-intl/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Mikaela Shiffrin makes history with fourth straight slalom gold\""},{"Link":"https://skiracing.com/in-wake-of-unflattering-comments-vlhova-and-coach-livio-magoni-split/","external_links_name":"\"In wake of unflattering comments, Petra Vlhova and coach Livio Magoni split\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/sports-beijing-2020-tokyo-olympics-winter-olympics-austria-56f9b28dbc6c8d3d1a93c29d4e4f18b3","external_links_name":"\"Ski champ Vlhova to reduce WCup schedule, focus on Olympics\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/slovakias-petra-vlhova-mounts-massive-comeback-wins-slalom-gold-mikaela-shiffrin-out","external_links_name":"\"Slovakia's Petra Vlhova mounts massive comeback, wins slalom gold with Mikaela Shiffrin out\""},{"Link":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/alpine-skiing/cup-standings.html?sectorcode=AL&seasoncode=2023&cupcode=WC&disciplinecode=ALL&gendercode=W&nationcode=","external_links_name":"\"CUP STANDINGS WORLD CUP Season 2023 Women Overall\""},{"Link":"https://domov.sme.sk/c/23268373/vlhova-bagala-ci-bielikova-prezidentka-naposledy-udelovala-statne-vyznamenania.html","external_links_name":"\"Vlhová, Bagala či Bieliková. Prezidentka naposledy udeľovala štátne vyznamenania\""},{"Link":"https://www.fis-ski.com/DB/general/athlete-biography.html?sectorcode=AL&competitorid=168809","external_links_name":"Petra Vlhová"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2042262#P2772"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/petra-vlhova","external_links_name":"Petra Vlhová"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2042262#P5815"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/128548","external_links_name":"Petra Vlhová"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2042262#P8286"},{"Link":"https://www.olympic.sk/sportovec/petra-vlhova","external_links_name":"Petra Vlhová"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2042262#P10647"},{"Link":"https://www.ski-db.com/db/profiles/petra_vlhova_svk_705423.php","external_links_name":"Petra Vlhová"},{"Link":"https://www.petravlhova.sk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3140161030921923920000","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=hka20221146779&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811722820805606","external_links_name":"Poland"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_grid_security
|
Power system reliability
|
["1 Economics","2 Adequacy","3 Security","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]
|
Probability of a normal operation of the electrical grid at a given time
It has been suggested that Electrical grid security in the United States be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2024.
The power system reliability (sometimes grid reliability) is the probability of a normal operation of the electrical grid at a given time. Reliability indices characterize the ability of the electrical system to supply customers with electricity as needed by measuring the frequency, duration, and scale of supply interruptions. Traditionally two interdependent components of the power system reliability are considered:
power system adequacy, a presence in the system of sufficient amounts of generation and transmission capacity;
power system security (also called operational reliability), an ability of the system to withstand real-time contingencies (adverse events, e.g., an unexpected loss of generation capacity).
Ability of the system to limit the scale and duration of an power interruptions is called resiliency. The same term is also used to describe the reaction of the system to the truly catastrophic events.
Economics
Electric grid is an extremely important piece of infrastructure; a single daylong nationwide power outage can shave off 0.5% of the country's GDP. The cost of improvements is also high, so in practice a balance is sought to reach an "adequate level of reliability" at an acceptable cost.
Adequacy
Main article: Resource adequacy
Resource adequacy (RA, also supply adequacy) is the ability of the electric grid to satisfy the end-user power demand at any time (typically this is an issue at the peak demand). For example, a sufficient unused dispatchable generation capacity and demand response resources shall be available to the electrical grid at any time so that major equipment failures (e.g., a disconnection of a nuclear power unit or a high-voltage power line) and fluctuations of power from variable renewable energy sources (e.g., due to wind dying down) can be accommodated.
A typical reliability index for the adequacy is the loss of load expectation (LOLE) of one event in 10 years (one-day-in-ten-years criterion). Due to the possible need for the actual addition of physical capacity, adequacy planning is long term (for example, PJM Interconnection requires capacity purchases to be 4 years in advance of delivery).
Security
Security is the ability of the system to keep the real-time balance of the supply and demand, in particular immediately after a contingency by automatically ramping up generation and shedding the interruptible loads. Security relies on the operating reserve. Historically, the ancillary services (e.g., the inertial response) were provided by the spinning machinery of the synchronous generators, provisioning of these services got more complicated with proliferation of the inverter-based resources (e.g., solar photovoltaics and grid batteries).
References
^ a b Heylen et al. 2018, p. 22.
^ a b Heylen et al. 2018, p. 21.
^ Prada 2017, p. 5.
^ a b c d Geocaris 2022.
^ a b c Tezak 2005, p. 2.
^ Tezak 2005, p. 16.
Sources
Heylen, Evelyn; De Boeck, Steven; Ovaere, Marten; Ergun, Hakan; Van Hertem, Dirk (26 January 2018). "Steady-State Security". Dynamic Vulnerability Assessment and Intelligent Control for Sustainable Power Systems. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 21–40. doi:10.1002/9781119214984.ch2. ISBN 9781119214984.
Geocaris, Madeline (August 10, 2022). "Assessing Power System Reliability in a Changing Grid, Environment". NREL.gov. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
Prada, Jose Fernando (2017). Ensuring the Reliable Operation of the Power Grid: State-Based and Distributed Approaches to Scheduling Energy and Contingency Reserves (PhD). Carnegie Mellon University.
Tezak, Christine (June 24, 2005). Resource Adequacy - Alphabet Soup! (PDF). Stanford Washington Research Group.
External links
NERC. "2023 ERO Reliability Risk Priorities Report" (PDF). nerc.com. North American Electric Reliability Corporation. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
This electricity-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electrical grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid"},{"link_name":"Reliability indices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_index#Power_distribution_networks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylenDe_BoeckOvaereErgun201822-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylenDe_BoeckOvaereErgun201821-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylenDe_BoeckOvaereErgun201822-1"},{"link_name":"adequacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_adequacy"},{"link_name":"generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation"},{"link_name":"transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrada20175-3"},{"link_name":"contingencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_(electrical_grid)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeocaris2022-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeocaris2022-4"}],"text":"The power system reliability (sometimes grid reliability) is the probability of a normal operation of the electrical grid at a given time. Reliability indices characterize the ability of the electrical system to supply customers with electricity as needed[1] by measuring the frequency, duration, and scale of supply interruptions.[2] Traditionally two interdependent components of the power system reliability are considered:[1]power system adequacy, a presence in the system of sufficient amounts of generation and transmission capacity;\npower system security (also called operational reliability[3]), an ability of the system to withstand real-time contingencies (adverse events, e.g., an unexpected loss of generation capacity).[4]Ability of the system to limit the scale and duration of an power interruptions is called resiliency. The same term is also used to describe the reaction of the system to the truly catastrophic events.[4]","title":"Power system reliability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure"},{"link_name":"power outage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_outage"},{"link_name":"GDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeylenDe_BoeckOvaereErgun201821-2"}],"text":"Electric grid is an extremely important piece of infrastructure; a single daylong nationwide power outage can shave off 0.5% of the country's GDP. The cost of improvements is also high, so in practice a balance is sought to reach an \"adequate level of reliability\" at an acceptable cost.[2]","title":"Economics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Resource adequacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_adequacy"},{"link_name":"peak demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_demand"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETezak20052-5"},{"link_name":"dispatchable generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispatchable_generation"},{"link_name":"demand response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_response"},{"link_name":"high-voltage power line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_power_line"},{"link_name":"variable renewable energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeocaris2022-4"},{"link_name":"reliability index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_index"},{"link_name":"loss of load expectation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_load_expectation"},{"link_name":"one-day-in-ten-years criterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-day-in-ten-years_criterion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETezak20052-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETezak20052-5"},{"link_name":"PJM Interconnection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PJM_Interconnection"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETezak200516-6"}],"text":"Resource adequacy (RA, also supply adequacy) is the ability of the electric grid to satisfy the end-user power demand at any time (typically this is an issue at the peak demand).[5] For example, a sufficient unused dispatchable generation capacity and demand response resources shall be available to the electrical grid at any time so that major equipment failures (e.g., a disconnection of a nuclear power unit or a high-voltage power line) and fluctuations of power from variable renewable energy sources (e.g., due to wind dying down) can be accommodated.[4]A typical reliability index for the adequacy is the loss of load expectation (LOLE) of one event in 10 years (one-day-in-ten-years criterion).[5] Due to the possible need for the actual addition of physical capacity, adequacy planning is long term[5] (for example, PJM Interconnection requires capacity purchases to be 4 years in advance of delivery).[6]","title":"Adequacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"contingency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_(electrical_grid)"},{"link_name":"interruptible loads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interruptible_load"},{"link_name":"operating reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_reserve"},{"link_name":"ancillary services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancillary_services"},{"link_name":"inertial response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_response"},{"link_name":"synchronous generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_generator"},{"link_name":"inverter-based resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverter-based_resource"},{"link_name":"solar photovoltaics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_photovoltaic"},{"link_name":"grid batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_batteries"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeocaris2022-4"}],"text":"Security is the ability of the system to keep the real-time balance of the supply and demand, in particular immediately after a contingency by automatically ramping up generation and shedding the interruptible loads. Security relies on the operating reserve. Historically, the ancillary services (e.g., the inertial response) were provided by the spinning machinery of the synchronous generators, provisioning of these services got more complicated with proliferation of the inverter-based resources (e.g., solar photovoltaics and grid batteries).[4]","title":"Security"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Steady-State Security\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=YbVIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/9781119214984.ch2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119214984.ch2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781119214984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119214984"},{"link_name":"\"Assessing Power System Reliability in a Changing Grid, Environment\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nrel.gov/news/program/2022/assessing-power-system-reliability-in-a-changing-grid-environment.html"},{"link_name":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Ensuring the Reliable Operation of the Power Grid: State-Based and Distributed Approaches to Scheduling Energy and Contingency Reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kilthub.cmu.edu/ndownloader/files/12249647"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University"},{"link_name":"Resource Adequacy - Alphabet Soup!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hepg.hks.harvard.edu/files/hepg/files/stanford.washington.resource.adequacy.pdf"}],"text":"Heylen, Evelyn; De Boeck, Steven; Ovaere, Marten; Ergun, Hakan; Van Hertem, Dirk (26 January 2018). \"Steady-State Security\". Dynamic Vulnerability Assessment and Intelligent Control for Sustainable Power Systems. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 21–40. doi:10.1002/9781119214984.ch2. ISBN 9781119214984.\nGeocaris, Madeline (August 10, 2022). \"Assessing Power System Reliability in a Changing Grid, Environment\". NREL.gov. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 10 May 2023.\nPrada, Jose Fernando (2017). Ensuring the Reliable Operation of the Power Grid: State-Based and Distributed Approaches to Scheduling Energy and Contingency Reserves (PhD). Carnegie Mellon University.\nTezak, Christine (June 24, 2005). Resource Adequacy - Alphabet Soup! (PDF). Stanford Washington Research Group.","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Heylen, Evelyn; De Boeck, Steven; Ovaere, Marten; Ergun, Hakan; Van Hertem, Dirk (26 January 2018). \"Steady-State Security\". Dynamic Vulnerability Assessment and Intelligent Control for Sustainable Power Systems. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 21–40. doi:10.1002/9781119214984.ch2. ISBN 9781119214984.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YbVIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21","url_text":"\"Steady-State Security\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119214984.ch2","url_text":"10.1002/9781119214984.ch2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119214984","url_text":"9781119214984"}]},{"reference":"Geocaris, Madeline (August 10, 2022). \"Assessing Power System Reliability in a Changing Grid, Environment\". NREL.gov. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2022/assessing-power-system-reliability-in-a-changing-grid-environment.html","url_text":"\"Assessing Power System Reliability in a Changing Grid, Environment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory","url_text":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory"}]},{"reference":"Prada, Jose Fernando (2017). Ensuring the Reliable Operation of the Power Grid: State-Based and Distributed Approaches to Scheduling Energy and Contingency Reserves (PhD). Carnegie Mellon University.","urls":[{"url":"https://kilthub.cmu.edu/ndownloader/files/12249647","url_text":"Ensuring the Reliable Operation of the Power Grid: State-Based and Distributed Approaches to Scheduling Energy and Contingency Reserves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University","url_text":"Carnegie Mellon University"}]},{"reference":"Tezak, Christine (June 24, 2005). Resource Adequacy - Alphabet Soup! (PDF). Stanford Washington Research Group.","urls":[{"url":"https://hepg.hks.harvard.edu/files/hepg/files/stanford.washington.resource.adequacy.pdf","url_text":"Resource Adequacy - Alphabet Soup!"}]},{"reference":"NERC. \"2023 ERO Reliability Risk Priorities Report\" (PDF). nerc.com. North American Electric Reliability Corporation. Retrieved 18 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nerc.com/comm/RISC/Related%20Files%20DL/RISC_ERO_Priorities_Report_2023_Board_Approved_Aug_17_2023.pdf","url_text":"\"2023 ERO Reliability Risk Priorities Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Electric_Reliability_Corporation","url_text":"North American Electric Reliability Corporation"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YbVIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21","external_links_name":"\"Steady-State Security\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119214984.ch2","external_links_name":"10.1002/9781119214984.ch2"},{"Link":"https://www.nrel.gov/news/program/2022/assessing-power-system-reliability-in-a-changing-grid-environment.html","external_links_name":"\"Assessing Power System Reliability in a Changing Grid, Environment\""},{"Link":"https://kilthub.cmu.edu/ndownloader/files/12249647","external_links_name":"Ensuring the Reliable Operation of the Power Grid: State-Based and Distributed Approaches to Scheduling Energy and Contingency Reserves"},{"Link":"https://hepg.hks.harvard.edu/files/hepg/files/stanford.washington.resource.adequacy.pdf","external_links_name":"Resource Adequacy - Alphabet Soup!"},{"Link":"https://www.nerc.com/comm/RISC/Related%20Files%20DL/RISC_ERO_Priorities_Report_2023_Board_Approved_Aug_17_2023.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2023 ERO Reliability Risk Priorities Report\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_system_reliability&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm_of_2
|
Natural logarithm of 2
|
["1 Series representations","1.1 Rising alternate factorial","1.2 Binary rising constant factorial","1.3 Other series representations","1.4 Involving the Riemann Zeta function","1.5 BBP-type representations","2 Representation as integrals","3 Other representations","4 Bootstrapping other logarithms","4.1 Example","5 Known digits","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Mathematical constant
The decimal value of the natural logarithm of 2 (sequence A002162 in the OEIS)
is approximately
ln
2
≈
0.693
147
180
559
945
309
417
232
121
458.
{\displaystyle \ln 2\approx 0.693\,147\,180\,559\,945\,309\,417\,232\,121\,458.}
The logarithm of 2 in other bases is obtained with the formula
log
b
2
=
ln
2
ln
b
.
{\displaystyle \log _{b}2={\frac {\ln 2}{\ln b}}.}
The common logarithm in particular is (OEIS: A007524)
log
10
2
≈
0.301
029
995
663
981
195.
{\displaystyle \log _{10}2\approx 0.301\,029\,995\,663\,981\,195.}
The inverse of this number is the binary logarithm of 10:
log
2
10
=
1
log
10
2
≈
3.321
928
095
{\displaystyle \log _{2}10={\frac {1}{\log _{10}2}}\approx 3.321\,928\,095}
(OEIS: A020862).
By the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem, the natural logarithm of any natural number other than 0 and 1 (more generally, of any positive algebraic number other than 1) is a transcendental number.
Series representations
Rising alternate factorial
ln
2
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
+
1
n
=
1
−
1
2
+
1
3
−
1
4
+
1
5
−
1
6
+
⋯
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n}}=1-{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{3}}-{\frac {1}{4}}+{\frac {1}{5}}-{\frac {1}{6}}+\cdots .}
This is the well-known "alternating harmonic series".
ln
2
=
1
2
+
1
2
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
+
1
n
(
n
+
1
)
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n(n+1)}}.}
ln
2
=
5
8
+
1
2
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
+
1
n
(
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
2
)
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {5}{8}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n(n+1)(n+2)}}.}
ln
2
=
2
3
+
3
4
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
+
1
n
(
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
2
)
(
n
+
3
)
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {2}{3}}+{\frac {3}{4}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)}}.}
ln
2
=
131
192
+
3
2
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
+
1
n
(
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
2
)
(
n
+
3
)
(
n
+
4
)
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {131}{192}}+{\frac {3}{2}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)(n+4)}}.}
ln
2
=
661
960
+
15
4
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
+
1
n
(
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
2
)
(
n
+
3
)
(
n
+
4
)
(
n
+
5
)
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {661}{960}}+{\frac {15}{4}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)(n+4)(n+5)}}.}
ln
2
=
2
3
.
(
1
+
2
4
3
−
4
+
2
8
3
−
8
+
2
12
3
−
12
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {2}{3}}.(1+{\frac {2}{4^{3}-4}}+{\frac {2}{8^{3}-8}}+{\frac {2}{12^{3}-12}}+.........).}
Binary rising constant factorial
ln
2
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
2
n
n
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{n}n}}.}
ln
2
=
1
−
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
2
n
n
(
n
+
1
)
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2=1-\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{n}n(n+1)}}.}
ln
2
=
1
2
+
2
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
2
n
n
(
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
2
)
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {1}{2}}+2\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{n}n(n+1)(n+2)}}.}
ln
2
=
5
6
−
6
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
2
n
n
(
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
2
)
(
n
+
3
)
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {5}{6}}-6\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{n}n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)}}.}
ln
2
=
7
12
+
24
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
2
n
n
(
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
2
)
(
n
+
3
)
(
n
+
4
)
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {7}{12}}+24\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{n}n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)(n+4)}}.}
ln
2
=
47
60
−
120
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
2
n
n
(
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
2
)
(
n
+
3
)
(
n
+
4
)
(
n
+
5
)
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {47}{60}}-120\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{n}n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)(n+4)(n+5)}}.}
Other series representations
∑
n
=
0
∞
1
(
2
n
+
1
)
(
2
n
+
2
)
=
ln
2.
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(2n+1)(2n+2)}}=\ln 2.}
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
n
(
4
n
2
−
1
)
=
2
ln
2
−
1.
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n(4n^{2}-1)}}=2\ln 2-1.}
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
n
(
4
n
2
−
1
)
=
ln
2
−
1.
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{n(4n^{2}-1)}}=\ln 2-1.}
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
n
(
9
n
2
−
1
)
=
2
ln
2
−
3
2
.
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{n(9n^{2}-1)}}=2\ln 2-{\frac {3}{2}}.}
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
4
n
2
−
2
n
=
ln
2.
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{4n^{2}-2n}}=\ln 2.}
∑
n
=
1
∞
2
(
−
1
)
n
+
1
(
2
n
−
1
)
+
1
8
n
2
−
4
n
=
ln
2.
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {2(-1)^{n+1}(2n-1)+1}{8n^{2}-4n}}=\ln 2.}
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
n
3
n
+
1
=
ln
2
3
+
π
3
3
.
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{3n+1}}={\frac {\ln 2}{3}}+{\frac {\pi }{3{\sqrt {3}}}}.}
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
n
3
n
+
2
=
−
ln
2
3
+
π
3
3
.
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{3n+2}}=-{\frac {\ln 2}{3}}+{\frac {\pi }{3{\sqrt {3}}}}.}
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
n
(
3
n
+
1
)
(
3
n
+
2
)
=
2
ln
2
3
.
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{(3n+1)(3n+2)}}={\frac {2\ln 2}{3}}.}
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
∑
k
=
1
n
k
2
=
18
−
24
ln
2
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{\sum _{k=1}^{n}k^{2}}}=18-24\ln 2}
using
lim
N
→
∞
∑
n
=
N
2
N
1
n
=
ln
2
{\displaystyle \lim _{N\rightarrow \infty }\sum _{n=N}^{2N}{\frac {1}{n}}=\ln 2}
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
4
n
2
−
3
n
=
ln
2
+
π
6
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{4n^{2}-3n}}=\ln 2+{\frac {\pi }{6}}}
(sums of the reciprocals of decagonal numbers)
Involving the Riemann Zeta function
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
n
[
ζ
(
2
n
)
−
1
]
=
ln
2.
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n}}=\ln 2.}
∑
n
=
2
∞
1
2
n
[
ζ
(
n
)
−
1
]
=
ln
2
−
1
2
.
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=2}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{n}}}=\ln 2-{\frac {1}{2}}.}
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
2
n
+
1
[
ζ
(
2
n
+
1
)
−
1
]
=
1
−
γ
−
ln
2
2
.
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2n+1}}=1-\gamma -{\frac {\ln 2}{2}}.}
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
2
2
n
−
1
(
2
n
+
1
)
ζ
(
2
n
)
=
1
−
ln
2.
{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{2n-1}(2n+1)}}\zeta (2n)=1-\ln 2.}
(γ is the Euler–Mascheroni constant and ζ Riemann's zeta function.)
BBP-type representations
ln
2
=
2
3
+
1
2
∑
k
=
1
∞
(
1
2
k
+
1
4
k
+
1
+
1
8
k
+
4
+
1
16
k
+
12
)
1
16
k
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {2}{3}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }\left({\frac {1}{2k}}+{\frac {1}{4k+1}}+{\frac {1}{8k+4}}+{\frac {1}{16k+12}}\right){\frac {1}{16^{k}}}.}
(See more about Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe (BBP)-type representations.)
Applying the three general series for natural logarithm to 2 directly gives:
ln
2
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
n
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{n}}.}
ln
2
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
2
n
n
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{n}n}}.}
ln
2
=
2
3
∑
k
=
0
∞
1
9
k
(
2
k
+
1
)
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {2}{3}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{9^{k}(2k+1)}}.}
Applying them to
2
=
3
2
⋅
4
3
{\displaystyle \textstyle 2={\frac {3}{2}}\cdot {\frac {4}{3}}}
gives:
ln
2
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
2
n
n
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
3
n
n
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{2^{n}n}}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{3^{n}n}}.}
ln
2
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
3
n
n
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
4
n
n
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{3^{n}n}}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{4^{n}n}}.}
ln
2
=
2
5
∑
k
=
0
∞
1
25
k
(
2
k
+
1
)
+
2
7
∑
k
=
0
∞
1
49
k
(
2
k
+
1
)
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {2}{5}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{25^{k}(2k+1)}}+{\frac {2}{7}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{49^{k}(2k+1)}}.}
Applying them to
2
=
(
2
)
2
{\displaystyle \textstyle 2=({\sqrt {2}})^{2}}
gives:
ln
2
=
2
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
(
2
+
1
)
n
n
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2=2\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{({\sqrt {2}}+1)^{n}n}}.}
ln
2
=
2
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
(
2
+
2
)
n
n
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2=2\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(2+{\sqrt {2}})^{n}n}}.}
ln
2
=
4
3
+
2
2
∑
k
=
0
∞
1
(
17
+
12
2
)
k
(
2
k
+
1
)
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {4}{3+2{\sqrt {2}}}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(17+12{\sqrt {2}})^{k}(2k+1)}}.}
Applying them to
2
=
(
16
15
)
7
⋅
(
81
80
)
3
⋅
(
25
24
)
5
{\displaystyle \textstyle 2={\left({\frac {16}{15}}\right)}^{7}\cdot {\left({\frac {81}{80}}\right)}^{3}\cdot {\left({\frac {25}{24}}\right)}^{5}}
gives:
ln
2
=
7
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
15
n
n
+
3
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
80
n
n
+
5
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
24
n
n
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2=7\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{15^{n}n}}+3\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{80^{n}n}}+5\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{24^{n}n}}.}
ln
2
=
7
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
16
n
n
+
3
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
81
n
n
+
5
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
25
n
n
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2=7\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{16^{n}n}}+3\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{81^{n}n}}+5\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{25^{n}n}}.}
ln
2
=
14
31
∑
k
=
0
∞
1
961
k
(
2
k
+
1
)
+
6
161
∑
k
=
0
∞
1
25921
k
(
2
k
+
1
)
+
10
49
∑
k
=
0
∞
1
2401
k
(
2
k
+
1
)
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {14}{31}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{961^{k}(2k+1)}}+{\frac {6}{161}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{25921^{k}(2k+1)}}+{\frac {10}{49}}\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2401^{k}(2k+1)}}.}
Representation as integrals
The natural logarithm of 2 occurs frequently as the result of integration. Some explicit formulas for it include:
∫
0
1
d
x
1
+
x
=
∫
1
2
d
x
x
=
ln
2
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{1}{\frac {dx}{1+x}}=\int _{1}^{2}{\frac {dx}{x}}=\ln 2}
∫
0
∞
e
−
x
1
−
e
−
x
x
d
x
=
ln
2
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }e^{-x}{\frac {1-e^{-x}}{x}}\,dx=\ln 2}
∫
0
∞
2
−
x
d
x
=
1
ln
2
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }2^{-x}dx={\frac {1}{\ln 2}}}
∫
0
π
3
tan
x
d
x
=
2
∫
0
π
4
tan
x
d
x
=
ln
2
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\frac {\pi }{3}}\tan x\,dx=2\int _{0}^{\frac {\pi }{4}}\tan x\,dx=\ln 2}
−
1
π
i
∫
0
∞
ln
x
ln
ln
x
(
x
+
1
)
2
d
x
=
ln
2
{\displaystyle -{\frac {1}{\pi i}}\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\ln x\ln \ln x}{(x+1)^{2}}}\,dx=\ln 2}
Other representations
The Pierce expansion is OEIS: A091846
ln
2
=
1
−
1
1
⋅
3
+
1
1
⋅
3
⋅
12
−
⋯
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2=1-{\frac {1}{1\cdot 3}}+{\frac {1}{1\cdot 3\cdot 12}}-\cdots .}
The Engel expansion is OEIS: A059180
ln
2
=
1
2
+
1
2
⋅
3
+
1
2
⋅
3
⋅
7
+
1
2
⋅
3
⋅
7
⋅
9
+
⋯
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2={\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{2\cdot 3}}+{\frac {1}{2\cdot 3\cdot 7}}+{\frac {1}{2\cdot 3\cdot 7\cdot 9}}+\cdots .}
The cotangent expansion is OEIS: A081785
ln
2
=
cot
(
arccot
(
0
)
−
arccot
(
1
)
+
arccot
(
5
)
−
arccot
(
55
)
+
arccot
(
14187
)
−
⋯
)
.
{\displaystyle \ln 2=\cot({\operatorname {arccot}(0)-\operatorname {arccot}(1)+\operatorname {arccot}(5)-\operatorname {arccot}(55)+\operatorname {arccot}(14187)-\cdots }).}
The simple continued fraction expansion is OEIS: A016730
ln
2
=
[
0
;
1
,
2
,
3
,
1
,
6
,
3
,
1
,
1
,
2
,
1
,
1
,
1
,
1
,
3
,
10
,
1
,
1
,
1
,
2
,
1
,
1
,
1
,
1
,
3
,
2
,
3
,
1
,
.
.
.
]
{\displaystyle \ln 2=\left}
,
which yields rational approximations, the first few of which are 0, 1, 2/3, 7/10, 9/13 and 61/88.
This generalized continued fraction:
ln
2
=
[
0
;
1
,
2
,
3
,
1
,
5
,
2
3
,
7
,
1
2
,
9
,
2
5
,
.
.
.
,
2
k
−
1
,
2
k
,
.
.
.
]
{\displaystyle \ln 2=\left}
,
also expressible as
ln
2
=
1
1
+
1
2
+
1
3
+
2
2
+
2
5
+
3
2
+
3
7
+
4
2
+
⋱
=
2
3
−
1
2
9
−
2
2
15
−
3
2
21
−
⋱
{\displaystyle \ln 2={\cfrac {1}{1+{\cfrac {1}{2+{\cfrac {1}{3+{\cfrac {2}{2+{\cfrac {2}{5+{\cfrac {3}{2+{\cfrac {3}{7+{\cfrac {4}{2+\ddots }}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}={\cfrac {2}{3-{\cfrac {1^{2}}{9-{\cfrac {2^{2}}{15-{\cfrac {3^{2}}{21-\ddots }}}}}}}}}
Bootstrapping other logarithms
Given a value of ln 2, a scheme of computing the logarithms of other integers is to tabulate the logarithms of the prime numbers and in the next layer the logarithms of the composite numbers c based on their factorizations
c
=
2
i
3
j
5
k
7
l
⋯
→
ln
(
c
)
=
i
ln
(
2
)
+
j
ln
(
3
)
+
k
ln
(
5
)
+
l
ln
(
7
)
+
⋯
{\displaystyle c=2^{i}3^{j}5^{k}7^{l}\cdots \rightarrow \ln(c)=i\ln(2)+j\ln(3)+k\ln(5)+l\ln(7)+\cdots }
This employs
prime
approximate natural logarithm
OEIS
2
0.693147180559945309417232121458
A002162
3
1.09861228866810969139524523692
A002391
5
1.60943791243410037460075933323
A016628
7
1.94591014905531330510535274344
A016630
11
2.39789527279837054406194357797
A016634
13
2.56494935746153673605348744157
A016636
17
2.83321334405621608024953461787
A016640
19
2.94443897916644046000902743189
A016642
23
3.13549421592914969080675283181
A016646
29
3.36729582998647402718327203236
A016652
31
3.43398720448514624592916432454
A016654
37
3.61091791264422444436809567103
A016660
41
3.71357206670430780386676337304
A016664
43
3.76120011569356242347284251335
A016666
47
3.85014760171005858682095066977
A016670
53
3.97029191355212183414446913903
A016676
59
4.07753744390571945061605037372
A016682
61
4.11087386417331124875138910343
A016684
67
4.20469261939096605967007199636
A016690
71
4.26267987704131542132945453251
A016694
73
4.29045944114839112909210885744
A016696
79
4.36944785246702149417294554148
A016702
83
4.41884060779659792347547222329
A016706
89
4.48863636973213983831781554067
A016712
97
4.57471097850338282211672162170
A016720
In a third layer, the logarithms of rational numbers r = a/b are computed with ln(r) = ln(a) − ln(b), and logarithms of roots via ln n√c = 1/n ln(c).
The logarithm of 2 is useful in the sense that the powers of 2 are rather densely distributed; finding powers 2i close to powers bj of other numbers b is comparatively easy, and series representations of ln(b) are found by coupling 2 to b with logarithmic conversions.
Example
If ps = qt + d with some small d, then ps/qt = 1 + d/qt and therefore
s
ln
p
−
t
ln
q
=
ln
(
1
+
d
q
t
)
=
∑
m
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
m
+
1
(
d
q
t
)
m
m
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
2
2
n
+
1
(
d
2
q
t
+
d
)
2
n
+
1
.
{\displaystyle s\ln p-t\ln q=\ln \left(1+{\frac {d}{q^{t}}}\right)=\sum _{m=1}^{\infty }(-1)^{m+1}{\frac {({\frac {d}{q^{t}}})^{m}}{m}}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {2}{2n+1}}{\left({\frac {d}{2q^{t}+d}}\right)}^{2n+1}.}
Selecting q = 2 represents ln p by ln 2 and a series of a parameter d/qt that one wishes to keep small for quick convergence. Taking 32 = 23 + 1, for example, generates
2
ln
3
=
3
ln
2
−
∑
k
≥
1
(
−
1
)
k
8
k
k
=
3
ln
2
+
∑
n
=
0
∞
2
2
n
+
1
(
1
2
⋅
8
+
1
)
2
n
+
1
.
{\displaystyle 2\ln 3=3\ln 2-\sum _{k\geq 1}{\frac {(-1)^{k}}{8^{k}k}}=3\ln 2+\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {2}{2n+1}}{\left({\frac {1}{2\cdot 8+1}}\right)}^{2n+1}.}
This is actually the third line in the following table of expansions of this type:
s
p
t
q
d/qt
1
3
1
2
1/2 = −0.50000000…
1
3
2
2
−1/4 = −0.25000000…
2
3
3
2
1/8 = −0.12500000…
5
3
8
2
−13/256 = −0.05078125…
12
3
19
2
7153/524288 = −0.01364326…
1
5
2
2
1/4 = −0.25000000…
3
5
7
2
−3/128 = −0.02343750…
1
7
2
2
3/4 = −0.75000000…
1
7
3
2
−1/8 = −0.12500000…
5
7
14
2
423/16384 = −0.02581787…
1
11
3
2
3/8 = −0.37500000…
2
11
7
2
−7/128 = −0.05468750…
11
11
38
2
10433763667/274877906944 = −0.03795781…
1
13
3
2
5/8 = −0.62500000…
1
13
4
2
−3/16 = −0.18750000…
3
13
11
2
149/2048 = −0.07275391…
7
13
26
2
−4360347/67108864 = −0.06497423…
10
13
37
2
419538377/137438953472 = −0.00305254…
1
17
4
2
1/16 = −0.06250000…
1
19
4
2
3/16 = −0.18750000…
4
19
17
2
−751/131072 = −0.00572968…
1
23
4
2
7/16 = −0.43750000…
1
23
5
2
−9/32 = −0.28125000…
2
23
9
2
17/512 = −0.03320312…
1
29
4
2
13/16 = −0.81250000…
1
29
5
2
−3/32 = −0.09375000…
7
29
34
2
70007125/17179869184 = −0.00407495…
1
31
5
2
−1/32 = −0.03125000…
1
37
5
2
5/32 = −0.15625000…
4
37
21
2
−222991/2097152 = −0.10633039…
5
37
26
2
2235093/67108864 = −0.03330548…
1
41
5
2
9/32 = −0.28125000…
2
41
11
2
−367/2048 = −0.17919922…
3
41
16
2
3385/65536 = −0.05165100…
1
43
5
2
11/32 = −0.34375000…
2
43
11
2
−199/2048 = −0.09716797…
5
43
27
2
12790715/134217728 = −0.09529825…
7
43
38
2
−3059295837/274877906944 = −0.01112965…
Starting from the natural logarithm of q = 10 one might use these parameters:
s
p
t
q
d/qt
10
2
3
10
3/125 = −0.02400000…
21
3
10
10
460353203/10000000000 = −0.04603532…
3
5
2
10
1/4 = −0.25000000…
10
5
7
10
−3/128 = −0.02343750…
6
7
5
10
17649/100000 = −0.17649000…
13
7
11
10
−3110989593/100000000000 = −0.03110990…
1
11
1
10
1/10 = −0.10000000…
1
13
1
10
3/10 = −0.30000000…
8
13
9
10
−184269279/1000000000 = −0.18426928…
9
13
10
10
604499373/10000000000 = −0.06044994…
1
17
1
10
7/10 = −0.70000000…
4
17
5
10
−16479/100000 = −0.16479000…
9
17
11
10
18587876497/100000000000 = −0.18587876…
3
19
4
10
−3141/10000 = −0.31410000…
4
19
5
10
30321/100000 = −0.30321000…
7
19
9
10
−106128261/1000000000 = −0.10612826…
2
23
3
10
−471/1000 = −0.47100000…
3
23
4
10
2167/10000 = −0.21670000…
2
29
3
10
−159/1000 = −0.15900000…
2
31
3
10
−39/1000 = −0.03900000…
Known digits
This is a table of recent records in calculating digits of ln 2. As of December 2018, it has been calculated to more digits than any other natural logarithm of a natural number, except that of 1.
Date
Name
Number of digits
January 7, 2009
A.Yee & R.Chan
15,500,000,000
February 4, 2009
A.Yee & R.Chan
31,026,000,000
February 21, 2011
Alexander Yee
50,000,000,050
May 14, 2011
Shigeru Kondo
100,000,000,000
February 28, 2014
Shigeru Kondo
200,000,000,050
July 12, 2015
Ron Watkins
250,000,000,000
January 30, 2016
Ron Watkins
350,000,000,000
April 18, 2016
Ron Watkins
500,000,000,000
December 10, 2018
Michael Kwok
600,000,000,000
April 26, 2019
Jacob Riffee
1,000,000,000,000
August 19, 2020
Seungmin Kim
1,200,000,000,100
September 9, 2021
William Echols
1,500,000,000,000
See also
Rule of 72#Continuous compounding, in which ln 2 figures prominently
Half-life#Formulas for half-life in exponential decay, in which ln 2 figures prominently
Erdős–Moser equation: all solutions must come from a convergent of ln 2.
References
Brent, Richard P. (1976). "Fast multiple-precision evaluation of elementary functions". J. ACM. 23 (2): 242–251. doi:10.1145/321941.321944. MR 0395314. S2CID 6761843.
Uhler, Horace S. (1940). "Recalculation and extension of the modulus and of the logarithms of 2, 3, 5, 7 and 17". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 26 (3): 205–212. Bibcode:1940PNAS...26..205U. doi:10.1073/pnas.26.3.205. MR 0001523. PMC 1078033. PMID 16588339.
Sweeney, Dura W. (1963). "On the computation of Euler's constant". Mathematics of Computation. 17 (82): 170–178. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1963-0160308-X. MR 0160308.
Chamberland, Marc (2003). "Binary BBP-formulae for logarithms and generalized Gaussian–Mersenne primes" (PDF). Journal of Integer Sequences. 6: 03.3.7. Bibcode:2003JIntS...6...37C. MR 2046407. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
Gourévitch, Boris; Guillera Goyanes, Jesús (2007). "Construction of binomial sums for π and polylogarithmic constants inspired by BBP formulas" (PDF). Applied Math. E-Notes. 7: 237–246. MR 2346048.
Wu, Qiang (2003). "On the linear independence measure of logarithms of rational numbers". Mathematics of Computation. 72 (242): 901–911. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-02-01442-4.
^ Borwein, J.; Crandall, R.; Free, G. (2004). "On the Ramanujan AGM Fraction, I: The Real-Parameter Case" (PDF). Exper. Math. 13 (3): 278–280. doi:10.1080/10586458.2004.10504540. S2CID 17758274.
^ "y-cruncher". numberworld.org. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ "Natural log of 2". numberworld.org. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ "Records set by y-cruncher". Archived from the original on 2020-09-15. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
^ "Natural logarithm of 2 (Log(2)) world record by Seungmin Kim". 19 August 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
^ "Records set by y-cruncher". Retrieved October 26, 2021.
^ "Natural Log of 2 - William Echols". Retrieved October 26, 2021.
External links
Weisstein, Eric W. "Natural logarithm of 2". MathWorld.
Gourdon, Xavier; Sebah, Pascal. "The logarithm constant:log 2".
vteIrrational numbers
Chaitin's (Ω)
Liouville
Prime (ρ)
Omega
Cahen
Logarithm of 2
Gauss's (G)
Twelfth root of 2
Apéry's (ζ(3))
Cube root of 2
Plastic ratio (ρ)
Square root of 2
Supergolden ratio (ψ)
Erdős–Borwein (E)
Golden ratio (φ)
Square root of 3
Supersilver ratio (ς)
Square root of 5
Silver ratio (δS)
Square root of 6
Square root of 7
Euler's (e)
Pi (π)
Schizophrenic
Transcendental
Trigonometric
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural logarithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_(number)"},{"link_name":"A002162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A002162"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_identities"},{"link_name":"common logarithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briggsian_logarithm"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"A007524","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A007524"},{"link_name":"binary logarithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_logarithm"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"A020862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A020862"},{"link_name":"Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindemann%E2%80%93Weierstrass_theorem"},{"link_name":"natural number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_number"},{"link_name":"algebraic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_number"},{"link_name":"transcendental number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_number"}],"text":"The decimal value of the natural logarithm of 2 (sequence A002162 in the OEIS)\nis approximatelyln\n \n 2\n ≈\n 0.693\n \n 147\n \n 180\n \n 559\n \n 945\n \n 309\n \n 417\n \n 232\n \n 121\n \n 458.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2\\approx 0.693\\,147\\,180\\,559\\,945\\,309\\,417\\,232\\,121\\,458.}The logarithm of 2 in other bases is obtained with the formulalog\n \n b\n \n \n \n 2\n =\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n \n \n ln\n \n b\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\log _{b}2={\\frac {\\ln 2}{\\ln b}}.}The common logarithm in particular is (OEIS: A007524)log\n \n 10\n \n \n \n 2\n ≈\n 0.301\n \n 029\n \n 995\n \n 663\n \n 981\n \n 195.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\log _{10}2\\approx 0.301\\,029\\,995\\,663\\,981\\,195.}The inverse of this number is the binary logarithm of 10:log\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 10\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n \n log\n \n 10\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n ≈\n 3.321\n \n 928\n \n 095\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\log _{2}10={\\frac {1}{\\log _{10}2}}\\approx 3.321\\,928\\,095}\n \n (OEIS: A020862).By the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem, the natural logarithm of any natural number other than 0 and 1 (more generally, of any positive algebraic number other than 1) is a transcendental number.","title":"Natural logarithm of 2"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Series representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alternating harmonic series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_(mathematics)#Alternating_harmonic_series"}],"sub_title":"Rising alternate factorial","text":"ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n =\n 1\n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n 3\n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 4\n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n 5\n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 6\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2=\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n}}=1-{\\frac {1}{2}}+{\\frac {1}{3}}-{\\frac {1}{4}}+{\\frac {1}{5}}-{\\frac {1}{6}}+\\cdots .}\n \n This is the well-known \"alternating harmonic series\".\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n n\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2={\\frac {1}{2}}+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n(n+1)}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n \n 5\n 8\n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n n\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 2\n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2={\\frac {5}{8}}+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n(n+1)(n+2)}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n \n 2\n 3\n \n \n +\n \n \n 3\n 4\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n n\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 2\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 3\n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2={\\frac {2}{3}}+{\\frac {3}{4}}\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n \n 131\n 192\n \n \n +\n \n \n 3\n 2\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n n\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 2\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 3\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 4\n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2={\\frac {131}{192}}+{\\frac {3}{2}}\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)(n+4)}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n \n 661\n 960\n \n \n +\n \n \n 15\n 4\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n n\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 2\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 3\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 4\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 5\n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2={\\frac {661}{960}}+{\\frac {15}{4}}\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)(n+4)(n+5)}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n \n 2\n 3\n \n \n .\n (\n 1\n +\n \n \n 2\n \n \n 4\n \n 3\n \n \n −\n 4\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 2\n \n \n 8\n \n 3\n \n \n −\n 8\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 2\n \n \n 12\n \n 3\n \n \n −\n 12\n \n \n \n +\n .\n .\n .\n .\n .\n .\n .\n .\n .\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2={\\frac {2}{3}}.(1+{\\frac {2}{4^{3}-4}}+{\\frac {2}{8^{3}-8}}+{\\frac {2}{12^{3}-12}}+.........).}","title":"Series representations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Binary rising constant factorial","text":"ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2=\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{2^{n}n}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n 1\n −\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n n\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2=1-\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{2^{n}n(n+1)}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n n\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 2\n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2={\\frac {1}{2}}+2\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{2^{n}n(n+1)(n+2)}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n \n 5\n 6\n \n \n −\n 6\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n n\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 2\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 3\n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2={\\frac {5}{6}}-6\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{2^{n}n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n \n 7\n 12\n \n \n +\n 24\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n n\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 2\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 3\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 4\n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2={\\frac {7}{12}}+24\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{2^{n}n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)(n+4)}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n \n 47\n 60\n \n \n −\n 120\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n n\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 2\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 3\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 4\n )\n (\n n\n +\n 5\n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2={\\frac {47}{60}}-120\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{2^{n}n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)(n+4)(n+5)}}.}","title":"Series representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"decagonal numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decagonal_number"}],"sub_title":"Other series representations","text":"∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n (\n 2\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n (\n 2\n n\n +\n 2\n )\n \n \n \n =\n ln\n \n 2.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{(2n+1)(2n+2)}}=\\ln 2.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n n\n (\n 4\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n =\n 2\n ln\n \n 2\n −\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{n(4n^{2}-1)}}=2\\ln 2-1.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n n\n (\n 4\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n =\n ln\n \n 2\n −\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n}}{n(4n^{2}-1)}}=\\ln 2-1.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n n\n (\n 9\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n =\n 2\n ln\n \n 2\n −\n \n \n 3\n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n}}{n(9n^{2}-1)}}=2\\ln 2-{\\frac {3}{2}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n 4\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n n\n \n \n \n =\n ln\n \n 2.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{4n^{2}-2n}}=\\ln 2.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n (\n 2\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n +\n 1\n \n \n 8\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 4\n n\n \n \n \n =\n ln\n \n 2.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {2(-1)^{n+1}(2n-1)+1}{8n^{2}-4n}}=\\ln 2.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n 3\n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n \n \n π\n \n 3\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n}}{3n+1}}={\\frac {\\ln 2}{3}}+{\\frac {\\pi }{3{\\sqrt {3}}}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n 3\n n\n +\n 2\n \n \n \n =\n −\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n \n \n π\n \n 3\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n}}{3n+2}}=-{\\frac {\\ln 2}{3}}+{\\frac {\\pi }{3{\\sqrt {3}}}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n (\n 3\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n (\n 3\n n\n +\n 2\n )\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 2\n ln\n \n 2\n \n 3\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n}}{(3n+1)(3n+2)}}={\\frac {2\\ln 2}{3}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 18\n −\n 24\n ln\n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{\\sum _{k=1}^{n}k^{2}}}=18-24\\ln 2}\n \n using \n \n \n \n \n lim\n \n N\n →\n ∞\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n N\n \n \n 2\n N\n \n \n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n =\n ln\n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lim _{N\\rightarrow \\infty }\\sum _{n=N}^{2N}{\\frac {1}{n}}=\\ln 2}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n 4\n \n n\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 3\n n\n \n \n \n =\n ln\n \n 2\n +\n \n \n π\n 6\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{4n^{2}-3n}}=\\ln 2+{\\frac {\\pi }{6}}}\n \n (sums of the reciprocals of decagonal numbers)","title":"Series representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euler–Mascheroni constant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_constant"},{"link_name":"Riemann's zeta function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_zeta_function"}],"sub_title":"Involving the Riemann Zeta function","text":"∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n [\n ζ\n (\n 2\n n\n )\n −\n 1\n ]\n =\n ln\n \n 2.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{n}}[\\zeta (2n)-1]=\\ln 2.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 2\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n [\n ζ\n (\n n\n )\n −\n 1\n ]\n =\n ln\n \n 2\n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=2}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{2^{n}}}[\\zeta (n)-1]=\\ln 2-{\\frac {1}{2}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n [\n ζ\n (\n 2\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n −\n 1\n ]\n =\n 1\n −\n γ\n −\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{2n+1}}[\\zeta (2n+1)-1]=1-\\gamma -{\\frac {\\ln 2}{2}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n 2\n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n 2\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n ζ\n (\n 2\n n\n )\n =\n 1\n −\n ln\n \n 2.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{2^{2n-1}(2n+1)}}\\zeta (2n)=1-\\ln 2.}(γ is the Euler–Mascheroni constant and ζ Riemann's zeta function.)","title":"Series representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe (BBP)-type representations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey%E2%80%93Borwein%E2%80%93Plouffe_formula"}],"sub_title":"BBP-type representations","text":"ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n \n 2\n 3\n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n k\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n \n 4\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n \n 8\n k\n +\n 4\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n \n 16\n k\n +\n 12\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 1\n \n 16\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2={\\frac {2}{3}}+{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sum _{k=1}^{\\infty }\\left({\\frac {1}{2k}}+{\\frac {1}{4k+1}}+{\\frac {1}{8k+4}}+{\\frac {1}{16k+12}}\\right){\\frac {1}{16^{k}}}.}(See more about Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe (BBP)-type representations.)Applying the three general series for natural logarithm to 2 directly gives:ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2=\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{n}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2=\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{2^{n}n}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n \n 2\n 3\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 9\n \n k\n \n \n (\n 2\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2={\\frac {2}{3}}\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{9^{k}(2k+1)}}.}Applying them to \n \n \n \n \n 2\n =\n \n \n 3\n 2\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n 4\n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\textstyle 2={\\frac {3}{2}}\\cdot {\\frac {4}{3}}}\n \n gives:ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n +\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n n\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2=\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{2^{n}n}}+\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{3^{n}n}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n n\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n +\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 4\n \n n\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2=\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{3^{n}n}}+\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{4^{n}n}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n \n 2\n 5\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 25\n \n k\n \n \n (\n 2\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 2\n 7\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 49\n \n k\n \n \n (\n 2\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2={\\frac {2}{5}}\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{25^{k}(2k+1)}}+{\\frac {2}{7}}\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{49^{k}(2k+1)}}.}Applying them to \n \n \n \n \n 2\n =\n (\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\textstyle 2=({\\sqrt {2}})^{2}}\n \n gives:ln\n \n 2\n =\n 2\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2=2\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{({\\sqrt {2}}+1)^{n}n}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n 2\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n (\n 2\n +\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2=2\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{(2+{\\sqrt {2}})^{n}n}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n \n 4\n \n 3\n +\n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n (\n 17\n +\n 12\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n k\n \n \n (\n 2\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2={\\frac {4}{3+2{\\sqrt {2}}}}\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{(17+12{\\sqrt {2}})^{k}(2k+1)}}.}Applying them to \n \n \n \n \n 2\n =\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n 16\n 15\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 7\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n 81\n 80\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n ⋅\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n 25\n 24\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\textstyle 2={\\left({\\frac {16}{15}}\\right)}^{7}\\cdot {\\left({\\frac {81}{80}}\\right)}^{3}\\cdot {\\left({\\frac {25}{24}}\\right)}^{5}}\n \n gives:ln\n \n 2\n =\n 7\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n 15\n \n n\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n +\n 3\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n 80\n \n n\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n +\n 5\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n 24\n \n n\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2=7\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{15^{n}n}}+3\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{80^{n}n}}+5\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{24^{n}n}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n 7\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 16\n \n n\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n +\n 3\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 81\n \n n\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n +\n 5\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 25\n \n n\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2=7\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{16^{n}n}}+3\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{81^{n}n}}+5\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{25^{n}n}}.}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n \n 14\n 31\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 961\n \n k\n \n \n (\n 2\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 6\n 161\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 25921\n \n k\n \n \n (\n 2\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 10\n 49\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 2401\n \n k\n \n \n (\n 2\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2={\\frac {14}{31}}\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{961^{k}(2k+1)}}+{\\frac {6}{161}}\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{25921^{k}(2k+1)}}+{\\frac {10}{49}}\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {1}{2401^{k}(2k+1)}}.}","title":"Series representations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The natural logarithm of 2 occurs frequently as the result of integration. Some explicit formulas for it include:∫\n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n 1\n +\n x\n \n \n \n =\n \n ∫\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n d\n x\n \n x\n \n \n =\n ln\n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{0}^{1}{\\frac {dx}{1+x}}=\\int _{1}^{2}{\\frac {dx}{x}}=\\ln 2}∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n x\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n −\n \n e\n \n −\n x\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n d\n x\n =\n ln\n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{0}^{\\infty }e^{-x}{\\frac {1-e^{-x}}{x}}\\,dx=\\ln 2}∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n 2\n \n −\n x\n \n \n d\n x\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n ln\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{0}^{\\infty }2^{-x}dx={\\frac {1}{\\ln 2}}}∫\n \n 0\n \n \n \n π\n 3\n \n \n \n tan\n \n x\n \n d\n x\n =\n 2\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n \n π\n 4\n \n \n \n tan\n \n x\n \n d\n x\n =\n ln\n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{0}^{\\frac {\\pi }{3}}\\tan x\\,dx=2\\int _{0}^{\\frac {\\pi }{4}}\\tan x\\,dx=\\ln 2}−\n \n \n 1\n \n π\n i\n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n ln\n \n x\n ln\n \n ln\n \n x\n \n \n (\n x\n +\n 1\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n x\n =\n ln\n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle -{\\frac {1}{\\pi i}}\\int _{0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {\\ln x\\ln \\ln x}{(x+1)^{2}}}\\,dx=\\ln 2}","title":"Representation as integrals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"A091846","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A091846"},{"link_name":"Engel expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engel_expansion"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"A059180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A059180"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"A081785","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A081785"},{"link_name":"continued fraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continued_fraction"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"},{"link_name":"A016730","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A016730"},{"link_name":"generalized continued fraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_continued_fraction"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Pierce expansion is OEIS: A091846ln\n \n 2\n =\n 1\n −\n \n \n 1\n \n 1\n ⋅\n 3\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n \n 1\n ⋅\n 3\n ⋅\n 12\n \n \n \n −\n ⋯\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2=1-{\\frac {1}{1\\cdot 3}}+{\\frac {1}{1\\cdot 3\\cdot 12}}-\\cdots .}The Engel expansion is OEIS: A059180ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n ⋅\n 3\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n ⋅\n 3\n ⋅\n 7\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n ⋅\n 3\n ⋅\n 7\n ⋅\n 9\n \n \n \n +\n ⋯\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2={\\frac {1}{2}}+{\\frac {1}{2\\cdot 3}}+{\\frac {1}{2\\cdot 3\\cdot 7}}+{\\frac {1}{2\\cdot 3\\cdot 7\\cdot 9}}+\\cdots .}The cotangent expansion is OEIS: A081785ln\n \n 2\n =\n cot\n \n (\n \n arccot\n \n (\n 0\n )\n −\n arccot\n \n (\n 1\n )\n +\n arccot\n \n (\n 5\n )\n −\n arccot\n \n (\n 55\n )\n +\n arccot\n \n (\n 14187\n )\n −\n ⋯\n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2=\\cot({\\operatorname {arccot}(0)-\\operatorname {arccot}(1)+\\operatorname {arccot}(5)-\\operatorname {arccot}(55)+\\operatorname {arccot}(14187)-\\cdots }).}The simple continued fraction expansion is OEIS: A016730ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n [\n \n 0\n ;\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n 3\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 6\n ,\n 3\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 3\n ,\n 10\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 3\n ,\n 2\n ,\n 3\n ,\n 1\n ,\n .\n .\n .\n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2=\\left[0;1,2,3,1,6,3,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,3,10,1,1,1,2,1,1,1,1,3,2,3,1,...\\right]}\n \n,which yields rational approximations, the first few of which are 0, 1, 2/3, 7/10, 9/13 and 61/88.This generalized continued fraction:ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n [\n \n 0\n ;\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n 3\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 5\n ,\n \n \n \n 2\n 3\n \n \n \n ,\n 7\n ,\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ,\n 9\n ,\n \n \n \n 2\n 5\n \n \n \n ,\n .\n .\n .\n ,\n 2\n k\n −\n 1\n ,\n \n \n 2\n k\n \n \n ,\n .\n .\n .\n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2=\\left[0;1,2,3,1,5,{\\tfrac {2}{3}},7,{\\tfrac {1}{2}},9,{\\tfrac {2}{5}},...,2k-1,{\\frac {2}{k}},...\\right]}\n \n,[1]\nalso expressible as\n\n \n \n \n ln\n \n 2\n =\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 5\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 7\n +\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n +\n ⋱\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n −\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 9\n −\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 15\n −\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 21\n −\n ⋱\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ln 2={\\cfrac {1}{1+{\\cfrac {1}{2+{\\cfrac {1}{3+{\\cfrac {2}{2+{\\cfrac {2}{5+{\\cfrac {3}{2+{\\cfrac {3}{7+{\\cfrac {4}{2+\\ddots }}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}={\\cfrac {2}{3-{\\cfrac {1^{2}}{9-{\\cfrac {2^{2}}{15-{\\cfrac {3^{2}}{21-\\ddots }}}}}}}}}","title":"Other representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"prime numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number"},{"link_name":"composite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_number"},{"link_name":"factorizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_prime_factors"},{"link_name":"logarithmic conversions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_identities"}],"text":"Given a value of ln 2, a scheme of computing the logarithms of other integers is to tabulate the logarithms of the prime numbers and in the next layer the logarithms of the composite numbers c based on their factorizationsc\n =\n \n 2\n \n i\n \n \n \n 3\n \n j\n \n \n \n 5\n \n k\n \n \n \n 7\n \n l\n \n \n ⋯\n →\n ln\n \n (\n c\n )\n =\n i\n ln\n \n (\n 2\n )\n +\n j\n ln\n \n (\n 3\n )\n +\n k\n ln\n \n (\n 5\n )\n +\n l\n ln\n \n (\n 7\n )\n +\n ⋯\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c=2^{i}3^{j}5^{k}7^{l}\\cdots \\rightarrow \\ln(c)=i\\ln(2)+j\\ln(3)+k\\ln(5)+l\\ln(7)+\\cdots }This employsIn a third layer, the logarithms of rational numbers r = a/b are computed with ln(r) = ln(a) − ln(b), and logarithms of roots via ln n√c = 1/n ln(c).The logarithm of 2 is useful in the sense that the powers of 2 are rather densely distributed; finding powers 2i close to powers bj of other numbers b is comparatively easy, and series representations of ln(b) are found by coupling 2 to b with logarithmic conversions.","title":"Bootstrapping other logarithms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Example","text":"If ps = qt + d with some small d, then ps/qt = 1 + d/qt and therefores\n ln\n \n p\n −\n t\n ln\n \n q\n =\n ln\n \n \n (\n \n 1\n +\n \n \n d\n \n q\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n m\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n m\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n d\n \n q\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n m\n \n \n \n m\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n 2\n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n d\n \n 2\n \n q\n \n t\n \n \n +\n d\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s\\ln p-t\\ln q=\\ln \\left(1+{\\frac {d}{q^{t}}}\\right)=\\sum _{m=1}^{\\infty }(-1)^{m+1}{\\frac {({\\frac {d}{q^{t}}})^{m}}{m}}=\\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {2}{2n+1}}{\\left({\\frac {d}{2q^{t}+d}}\\right)}^{2n+1}.}Selecting q = 2 represents ln p by ln 2 and a series of a parameter d/qt that one wishes to keep small for quick convergence. Taking 32 = 23 + 1, for example, generates2\n ln\n \n 3\n =\n 3\n ln\n \n 2\n −\n \n ∑\n \n k\n ≥\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n 8\n \n k\n \n \n k\n \n \n \n =\n 3\n ln\n \n 2\n +\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n 2\n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n ⋅\n 8\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 2\n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\ln 3=3\\ln 2-\\sum _{k\\geq 1}{\\frac {(-1)^{k}}{8^{k}k}}=3\\ln 2+\\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }{\\frac {2}{2n+1}}{\\left({\\frac {1}{2\\cdot 8+1}}\\right)}^{2n+1}.}This is actually the third line in the following table of expansions of this type:Starting from the natural logarithm of q = 10 one might use these parameters:","title":"Bootstrapping other logarithms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This is a table of recent records in calculating digits of ln 2. As of December 2018, it has been calculated to more digits than any other natural logarithm[2][3] of a natural number, except that of 1.","title":"Known digits"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Rule of 72#Continuous compounding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_72#Continuous_compounding"},{"title":"Half-life#Formulas for half-life in exponential decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life#Formulas_for_half-life_in_exponential_decay"},{"title":"Erdős–Moser equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91s%E2%80%93Moser_equation"},{"title":"convergent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_(continued_fraction)"}]
|
[{"reference":"Brent, Richard P. (1976). \"Fast multiple-precision evaluation of elementary functions\". J. ACM. 23 (2): 242–251. doi:10.1145/321941.321944. MR 0395314. S2CID 6761843.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F321941.321944","url_text":"\"Fast multiple-precision evaluation of elementary functions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F321941.321944","url_text":"10.1145/321941.321944"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0395314","url_text":"0395314"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6761843","url_text":"6761843"}]},{"reference":"Uhler, Horace S. (1940). \"Recalculation and extension of the modulus and of the logarithms of 2, 3, 5, 7 and 17\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 26 (3): 205–212. Bibcode:1940PNAS...26..205U. doi:10.1073/pnas.26.3.205. MR 0001523. PMC 1078033. PMID 16588339.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1078033","url_text":"\"Recalculation and extension of the modulus and of the logarithms of 2, 3, 5, 7 and 17\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1940PNAS...26..205U","url_text":"1940PNAS...26..205U"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.26.3.205","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.26.3.205"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0001523","url_text":"0001523"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1078033","url_text":"1078033"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16588339","url_text":"16588339"}]},{"reference":"Sweeney, Dura W. (1963). \"On the computation of Euler's constant\". Mathematics of Computation. 17 (82): 170–178. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1963-0160308-X. MR 0160308.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-1963-0160308-X","url_text":"\"On the computation of Euler's constant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-1963-0160308-X","url_text":"10.1090/S0025-5718-1963-0160308-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0160308","url_text":"0160308"}]},{"reference":"Chamberland, Marc (2003). \"Binary BBP-formulae for logarithms and generalized Gaussian–Mersenne primes\" (PDF). Journal of Integer Sequences. 6: 03.3.7. Bibcode:2003JIntS...6...37C. MR 2046407. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2010-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606014342/http://www.emis.de/journals/JIS/VOL6/Chamberland/chamberland60.pdf","url_text":"\"Binary BBP-formulae for logarithms and generalized Gaussian–Mersenne primes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JIntS...6...37C","url_text":"2003JIntS...6...37C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2046407","url_text":"2046407"},{"url":"http://www.emis.de/journals/JIS/VOL6/Chamberland/chamberland60.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gourévitch, Boris; Guillera Goyanes, Jesús (2007). \"Construction of binomial sums for π and polylogarithmic constants inspired by BBP formulas\" (PDF). Applied Math. E-Notes. 7: 237–246. MR 2346048.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.math.nthu.edu.tw/~amen/2007/061028-2.pdf","url_text":"\"Construction of binomial sums for π and polylogarithmic constants inspired by BBP formulas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2346048","url_text":"2346048"}]},{"reference":"Wu, Qiang (2003). \"On the linear independence measure of logarithms of rational numbers\". Mathematics of Computation. 72 (242): 901–911. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-02-01442-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-02-01442-4","url_text":"\"On the linear independence measure of logarithms of rational numbers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-02-01442-4","url_text":"10.1090/S0025-5718-02-01442-4"}]},{"reference":"Borwein, J.; Crandall, R.; Free, G. (2004). \"On the Ramanujan AGM Fraction, I: The Real-Parameter Case\" (PDF). Exper. Math. 13 (3): 278–280. doi:10.1080/10586458.2004.10504540. S2CID 17758274.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp/EMIS/journals/EM/expmath/volumes/13/13.3/BorweinCrandallFee.pdf","url_text":"\"On the Ramanujan AGM Fraction, I: The Real-Parameter Case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10586458.2004.10504540","url_text":"10.1080/10586458.2004.10504540"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17758274","url_text":"17758274"}]},{"reference":"\"y-cruncher\". numberworld.org. Retrieved 10 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.numberworld.org/y-cruncher/","url_text":"\"y-cruncher\""}]},{"reference":"\"Natural log of 2\". numberworld.org. Retrieved 10 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.numberworld.org/digits/Log(2)/","url_text":"\"Natural log of 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records set by y-cruncher\". Archived from the original on 2020-09-15. Retrieved September 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200915070251/http://www.numberworld.org/y-cruncher/","url_text":"\"Records set by y-cruncher\""},{"url":"http://www.numberworld.org/y-cruncher/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Natural logarithm of 2 (Log(2)) world record by Seungmin Kim\". 19 August 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ehfd.github.io/world-record/natural-logarithm-of-2-log2/","url_text":"\"Natural logarithm of 2 (Log(2)) world record by Seungmin Kim\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records set by y-cruncher\". Retrieved October 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.numberworld.org/y-cruncher/records.html","url_text":"\"Records set by y-cruncher\""}]},{"reference":"\"Natural Log of 2 - William Echols\". Retrieved October 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://williamechols.com/ln2/","url_text":"\"Natural Log of 2 - William Echols\""}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Natural logarithm of 2\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/NaturalLogarithmof2.html","url_text":"\"Natural logarithm of 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]},{"reference":"Gourdon, Xavier; Sebah, Pascal. \"The logarithm constant:log 2\".","urls":[{"url":"http://numbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/Log2/log2.html","url_text":"\"The logarithm constant:log 2\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F321941.321944","external_links_name":"\"Fast multiple-precision evaluation of elementary functions\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F321941.321944","external_links_name":"10.1145/321941.321944"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0395314","external_links_name":"0395314"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6761843","external_links_name":"6761843"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1078033","external_links_name":"\"Recalculation and extension of the modulus and of the logarithms of 2, 3, 5, 7 and 17\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1940PNAS...26..205U","external_links_name":"1940PNAS...26..205U"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.26.3.205","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.26.3.205"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0001523","external_links_name":"0001523"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1078033","external_links_name":"1078033"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16588339","external_links_name":"16588339"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-1963-0160308-X","external_links_name":"\"On the computation of Euler's constant\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-1963-0160308-X","external_links_name":"10.1090/S0025-5718-1963-0160308-X"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0160308","external_links_name":"0160308"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606014342/http://www.emis.de/journals/JIS/VOL6/Chamberland/chamberland60.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Binary BBP-formulae for logarithms and generalized Gaussian–Mersenne primes\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JIntS...6...37C","external_links_name":"2003JIntS...6...37C"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2046407","external_links_name":"2046407"},{"Link":"http://www.emis.de/journals/JIS/VOL6/Chamberland/chamberland60.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.math.nthu.edu.tw/~amen/2007/061028-2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Construction of binomial sums for π and polylogarithmic constants inspired by BBP formulas\""},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2346048","external_links_name":"2346048"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-02-01442-4","external_links_name":"\"On the linear independence measure of logarithms of rational numbers\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-02-01442-4","external_links_name":"10.1090/S0025-5718-02-01442-4"},{"Link":"http://www.kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp/EMIS/journals/EM/expmath/volumes/13/13.3/BorweinCrandallFee.pdf","external_links_name":"\"On the Ramanujan AGM Fraction, I: The Real-Parameter Case\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10586458.2004.10504540","external_links_name":"10.1080/10586458.2004.10504540"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17758274","external_links_name":"17758274"},{"Link":"http://www.numberworld.org/y-cruncher/","external_links_name":"\"y-cruncher\""},{"Link":"http://www.numberworld.org/digits/Log(2)/","external_links_name":"\"Natural log of 2\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200915070251/http://www.numberworld.org/y-cruncher/","external_links_name":"\"Records set by y-cruncher\""},{"Link":"http://www.numberworld.org/y-cruncher/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ehfd.github.io/world-record/natural-logarithm-of-2-log2/","external_links_name":"\"Natural logarithm of 2 (Log(2)) world record by Seungmin Kim\""},{"Link":"http://www.numberworld.org/y-cruncher/records.html","external_links_name":"\"Records set by y-cruncher\""},{"Link":"https://williamechols.com/ln2/","external_links_name":"\"Natural Log of 2 - William Echols\""},{"Link":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/NaturalLogarithmof2.html","external_links_name":"\"Natural logarithm of 2\""},{"Link":"http://numbers.computation.free.fr/Constants/Log2/log2.html","external_links_name":"\"The logarithm constant:log 2\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xin_(badminton)
|
Liu Xin (badminton)
|
["1 Achievements","1.1 Asian Championships","1.2 World University Championships","1.3 BWF World Junior Championships","1.4 Asian Junior Championships","1.5 BWF Superseries","1.6 BWF Grand Prix","1.7 BWF International Challenge/Series","2 Record against selected opponents","3 References"]
|
For other people with the same name, see Liu Xin.
In this Chinese name, the family name is Liu.
Badminton playerLiu Xin刘鑫Personal informationCountryChinaBorn (1990-06-11) 11 June 1990 (age 34)Benxi, Liaoning, ChinaHeight1.71 m (5 ft 7 in)Weight60 kg (132 lb)Years active2005-2014HandednessRightWomen's singlesHighest ranking5 (21 April 2011)
Medal record
Women's badminton
Representing China
Asian Games
2014 Incheon
Women's team
Asian Championships
2010 New Delhi
Women's singles
World Junior Championships
2007 Waitakere City
Mixed team
2007 Waitakere City
Girls' singles
Asian Junior Championships
2007 Kuala Lumpur
Girls' singles
2007 Kuala Lumpur
Mixed team
BWF profile
Liu Xin (born 11 June 1990) is a Chinese professional badminton singles player. Born in Benxi, Liaoning, her string of good performances during the 2010 and early 2011 helped her to attain the career-best ranking of 5 in April 2011. She was part of the Chinese team that won gold medals at the 2010 and 2014 World University Championships, and also at the 2014 Asian Games.
Achievements
Asian Championships
Women's singles
Year
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
2010
Siri Fort Indoor Stadium, New Delhi, India
Li Xuerui
13–21, 21–18, 19–21
Silver
World University Championships
Women's singles
Year
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
2010
Taipei Gymnasium, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
Li Xuerui
12–21, 14–21
Silver
2014
Municipal Sport Palace Vista Alegre, Córdoba, Spain
Pai Yu-po
19–21, 21–12, 16–21
Silver
Women's doubles
Year
Venue
Partner
Opponent
Score
Result
2010
Taipei Gymnasium, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
Li Xuerui
Cheng Shu Ma Jin
Walkover
Silver
BWF World Junior Championships
Girls' singles
Year
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
2007
The Trusts Stadium, Waitakere City, New Zealand
Bae Youn-joo
13–21, 21–16, 16–21
Bronze
Asian Junior Championships
Girls' singles
Year
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
2007
Stadium Juara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Gu Juan
21–7, 15–21, 21–16
Gold
BWF Superseries
The BWF Superseries, launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries has two level such as Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries features twelve tournaments around the world, which introduced since 2011, with successful players invited to the BWF Superseries Finals held at the year end.
Women's singles
Year
Tournament
Opponent
Score
Result
2010
Denmark Open
Wang Yihan
14–21, 12–21
Runner-up
2013
China Masters
Porntip Buranaprasertsuk
21–4, 13–21, 21–12
Winner
BWF Superseries Finals tournament
BWF Superseries Premier tournament
BWF Superseries tournament
BWF Grand Prix
The BWF Grand Prix has two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It is a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) since 2007.
Women's singles
Year
Tournament
Opponent
Score
Result
2010
Bitburger Open
Wang Rong
21–16, 21–10
Winner
2010
Korea Grand Prix
Li Xuerui
21–9, 21–14
Winner
2011
German Open
Ayane Kurihara
21–13, 15–21, 21–9
Winner
2011
Australian Open
Porntip Buranaprasertsuk
21–14, 21–9
Winner
2014
China Masters
Shen Yaying
21–12, 21–18
Winner
2014
Chinese Taipei Open
Sung Ji-hyun
13–21, 18–21
Runner-up
BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
BWF Grand Prix tournament
BWF International Challenge/Series
Women's singles
Year
Tournament
Opponent
Score
Result
2014
China International
Hui Xirui
21–15, 21–17
Winner
BWF International Challenge tournament
BWF International Series tournament
Record against selected opponents
Record against year-end Finals finalists, World Championships semi-finalists, and Olympic quarter-finalists.
Players
Matches
Results
Difference
Won
Lost
Petya Nedelcheva
1
1
0
+1
Li Xuerui
6
3
3
0
Wang Shixian
2
1
1
0
Wang Yihan
7
0
7
–7
Zhu Lin
1
1
0
+1
Cheng Shao-chieh
3
2
1
+1
Tai Tzu-ying
4
2
2
0
Tine Baun
1
0
1
–1
Pi Hongyan
2
2
0
+2
Juliane Schenk
4
2
2
0
Players
Matches
Results
Difference
Won
Lost
Yip Pui Yin
3
3
0
+3
Zhou Mi
1
1
0
+1
Saina Nehwal
2
0
2
–2
Minatsu Mitani
1
1
0
+1
Nozomi Okuhara
1
1
0
+1
Wong Mew Choo
1
0
1
–1
Bae Yeon-ju
5
5
0
+5
Sung Ji-hyun
4
2
2
0
Porntip Buranaprasertsuk
3
3
0
+3
Ratchanok Intanon
6
4
2
+2
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liu Xin.
^ a b "刘鑫 Liu Xin". www.badmintoncn.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 14 October 2015.
^ "BWF World Rankings". Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
^ "一次"旅游"改变刘鑫的人生" (in Chinese). 羽毛球. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
^ "BWF Launches Super Series". Badminton Australia. 15 December 2006.
^ "Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event". Badmintonstore.com. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
^ "LIU XIN Head To Head". bwfbadminton.com. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
vteAsian Games badminton women's team champions
1962: Goei Kiok Nio, Happy Herowati, Corry Kawilarang, Retno Kustijah, Minarni (INA)
1966: Hiroe Amano, Kazuko Goto, Noriko Takagi, Tomoko Takahashi (JPN)
1970: Machiko Aizawa, Mariko Nishio, Etsuko Takenaka, Hiroe Yuki (JPN)
1974: Chen Yuniang, Liang Qiuxia, Lin Youya, Liu Xiaozheng, Qiu Yufang, Zheng Huiming (CHN)
1978: Liang Qiuxia, Liu Xia, Qiu Yufang, Zhang Ailing, Zheng Huiming (CHN)
1982: Li Lingwei, Lin Ying, Wu Dixi, Wu Jianqiu, Xu Rong, Zhang Ailing (CHN)
1986: Gu Jiaming, Guan Weizhen, Han Aiping, Li Lingwei, Lin Ying, Qian Ping, Wu Jianqiu, Zheng Yuli (CHN)
1990: Guan Weizhen, Huang Hua, Lai Caiqin, Nong Qunhua, Shi Fangjing, Tang Jiuhong, Yao Fen, Zhou Lei (CHN)
1994: Bang Soo-hyun, Chung So-young, Gil Young-ah, Jang Hye-ock, Kim Ji-hyun, Lee Heung-soon, Ra Kyung-min, Shim Eun-jung (KOR)
1998: Dai Yun, Ge Fei, Gong Zhichao, Gu Jun, Qin Yiyuan, Tang Yongshu, Ye Zhaoying, Zhang Ning (CHN)
2002: Dai Yun, Gao Ling, Gong Ruina, Huang Nanyan, Huang Sui, Wei Yili, Yang Wei, Zhang Jiewen, Zhang Ning, Zhou Mi (CHN)
2006: Gao Ling, Huang Sui, Xie Xingfang, Yang Wei, Zhang Jiewen, Zhang Ning, Zhang Yawen, Zhu Lin (CHN)
2010: Cheng Shu, Jiang Yanjiao, Lu Lan, Ma Jin, Tian Qing, Wang Shixian, Wang Xiaoli, Wang Xin, Yu Yang, Zhao Yunlei (CHN)
2014: Bao Yixin, Li Xuerui, Liu Xin, Ma Jin, Tian Qing, Wang Shixian, Wang Xiaoli, Wang Yihan, Yu Yang, Zhao Yunlei (CHN)
2018: Yuki Fukushima, Arisa Higashino, Sayaka Hirota, Misaki Matsutomo, Aya Ohori, Nozomi Okuhara, Sayaka Sato, Ayaka Takahashi, Akane Yamaguchi, Koharu Yonemoto (JPN)
2022: An Se-young, Baek Ha-na, Chae Yoo-jung, Jeong Na-eun, Kim Ga-eun, Kim Ga-ram, Kim Hye-jeong, Kim So-yeong, Kong Hee-yong, Lee So-hee (KOR)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liu Xin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xin_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Liu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people"},{"link_name":"badminton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton"},{"link_name":"Benxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benxi"},{"link_name":"Liaoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoning"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2014 Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2014_Asian_Games"}],"text":"For other people with the same name, see Liu Xin.In this Chinese name, the family name is Liu.Badminton playerLiu Xin (born 11 June 1990) is a Chinese professional badminton singles player. Born in Benxi, Liaoning, her string of good performances during the 2010 and early 2011 helped her to attain the career-best ranking of 5 in April 2011.[3] She was part of the Chinese team that won gold medals at the 2010 and 2014 World University Championships, and also at the 2014 Asian Games.","title":"Liu Xin (badminton)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Asian Championships","text":"Women's singles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World University Championships","text":"Women's singlesWomen's doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"BWF World Junior Championships","text":"Girls' singles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Asian Junior Championships","text":"Girls' singles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_badminton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1a-4"},{"link_name":"Badminton World Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation"},{"link_name":"Superseries and Superseries Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Superseries"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"BWF Superseries Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Superseries_Finals"},{"link_name":"BWF Superseries Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Superseries_Finals"},{"link_name":"BWF Superseries Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Superseries"},{"link_name":"BWF Superseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Superseries"}],"sub_title":"BWF Superseries","text":"The BWF Superseries, launched on 14 December 2006 and implemented in 2007,[4] is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF). BWF Superseries has two level such as Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries features twelve tournaments around the world, which introduced since 2011,[5] with successful players invited to the BWF Superseries Finals held at the year end.Women's singlesBWF Superseries Finals tournament\n BWF Superseries Premier tournament\n BWF Superseries tournament","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Grand_Prix_and_Grand_Prix_Gold"},{"link_name":"Badminton World Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation"},{"link_name":"BWF Grand Prix Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Grand_Prix_Gold_and_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BWF Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_Grand_Prix_Gold_and_Grand_Prix"}],"sub_title":"BWF Grand Prix","text":"The BWF Grand Prix has two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It is a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) since 2007.Women's singlesBWF Grand Prix Gold tournament\n BWF Grand Prix tournament","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BWF International Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_International_Challenge"},{"link_name":"BWF International Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWF_International_Series"}],"sub_title":"BWF International Challenge/Series","text":"Women's singlesBWF International Challenge tournament\n BWF International Series tournament","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Petya Nedelcheva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petya_Nedelcheva"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Li Xuerui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xuerui"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Wang Shixian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Shixian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Wang Yihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yihan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Zhu Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Lin_(badminton)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei"},{"link_name":"Cheng Shao-chieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng_Shao-chieh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei"},{"link_name":"Tai Tzu-ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Tzu-ying"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Tine Baun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tine_Baun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Pi Hongyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Hongyan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Juliane Schenk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliane_Schenk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Yip Pui Yin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yip_Pui_Yin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Zhou Mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Mi_(badminton)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Saina Nehwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saina_Nehwal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Minatsu Mitani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minatsu_Mitani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Nozomi Okuhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozomi_Okuhara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Wong Mew Choo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Mew_Choo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Bae Yeon-ju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bae_Yeon-ju"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Sung Ji-hyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sung_Ji-hyun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Porntip Buranaprasertsuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porntip_Buranaprasertsuk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Ratchanok Intanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchanok_Intanon"}],"text":"Record against year-end Finals finalists, World Championships semi-finalists, and Olympic quarter-finalists.[6]Players\n\nMatches\n\nResults\n\nDifference\n\n\nWon\n\nLost\n\n\n Petya Nedelcheva\n\n1\n1\n0\n+1\n\n\n Li Xuerui\n\n6\n3\n3\n0\n\n\n Wang Shixian\n\n2\n1\n1\n0\n\n\n Wang Yihan\n\n7\n0\n7\n–7\n\n\n Zhu Lin\n\n1\n1\n0\n+1\n\n\n Cheng Shao-chieh\n\n3\n2\n1\n+1\n\n\n Tai Tzu-ying\n\n4\n2\n2\n0\n\n\n Tine Baun\n\n1\n0\n1\n–1\n\n\n Pi Hongyan\n\n2\n2\n0\n+2\n\n\n Juliane Schenk\n\n4\n2\n2\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPlayers\n\nMatches\n\nResults\n\nDifference\n\n\nWon\n\nLost\n\n\n Yip Pui Yin\n\n3\n3\n0\n+3\n\n\n Zhou Mi\n\n1\n1\n0\n+1\n\n\n Saina Nehwal\n\n2\n0\n2\n–2\n\n\n Minatsu Mitani\n\n1\n1\n0\n+1\n\n\n Nozomi Okuhara\n\n1\n1\n0\n+1\n\n\n Wong Mew Choo\n\n1\n0\n1\n–1\n\n\n Bae Yeon-ju\n\n5\n5\n0\n+5\n\n\n Sung Ji-hyun\n\n4\n2\n2\n0\n\n\n Porntip Buranaprasertsuk\n\n3\n3\n0\n+3\n\n\n Ratchanok Intanon\n\n6\n4\n2\n+2","title":"Record against selected opponents"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"刘鑫 Liu Xin\". www.badmintoncn.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 14 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.badmintoncn.com/cbo_star/star_460.html","url_text":"\"刘鑫 Liu Xin\""}]},{"reference":"\"BWF World Rankings\". Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 13 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bwfcontent.tournamentsoftware.com/ranking/category.aspx?id=2065&category=473","url_text":"\"BWF World Rankings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation","url_text":"Badminton World Federation"}]},{"reference":"\"[新人秀]一次\"旅游\"改变刘鑫的人生\" (in Chinese). 羽毛球. Retrieved 11 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.qq.com/a/20110615/000342.htm","url_text":"\"[新人秀]一次\"旅游\"改变刘鑫的人生\""}]},{"reference":"\"BWF Launches Super Series\". Badminton Australia. 15 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5","url_text":"\"BWF Launches Super Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event\". Badmintonstore.com. Retrieved 29 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx","url_text":"\"Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event\""}]},{"reference":"\"LIU XIN Head To Head\". bwfbadminton.com. Retrieved 14 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bwfbadminton.com/player/14398/liu-xin-f/head-to-head-analysis/?event=single&team2_player1=53938","url_text":"\"LIU XIN Head To Head\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/player-profile/FC610B10-2169-47E2-8EB1-4A0AA9F12DF3","external_links_name":"BWF profile"},{"Link":"http://www.badmintoncn.com/cbo_star/star_460.html","external_links_name":"\"刘鑫 Liu Xin\""},{"Link":"http://bwfcontent.tournamentsoftware.com/ranking/category.aspx?id=2065&category=473","external_links_name":"\"BWF World Rankings\""},{"Link":"http://sports.qq.com/a/20110615/000342.htm","external_links_name":"\"[新人秀]一次\"旅游\"改变刘鑫的人生\""},{"Link":"http://www.badminton.org.au/index.php?id=22&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=2&cHash=26fb36d8a5","external_links_name":"\"BWF Launches Super Series\""},{"Link":"http://www.ibadmintonstore.com/iBADMINTONstore-News/Yonex-All-England-Elevated-To-BWF-Premier-Super-Se.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event\""},{"Link":"https://bwfbadminton.com/player/14398/liu-xin-f/head-to-head-analysis/?event=single&team2_player1=53938","external_links_name":"\"LIU XIN Head To Head\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_75
|
Texas State Highway 75
|
["1 Route description","2 Previous routes","3 Related routes","4 Junction list","5 References"]
|
State highway in Texas
State Highway 75SH 75 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by TxDOTLength132.63 mi (213.45 km)Existed1987–presentMajor junctionsSouth end Loop 336 in ConroeMajor intersections I-45 / FM 1791 in Huntsville US 190 in Madisonville US 79 in Buffalo US 84 in FairfieldNorth end FM 246 near Streetman
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateTexas
Highway system
Highways in Texas
Interstate
US
State
Toll
Loops
Spurs
FM/RM
Park
Rec
← US 75→ SH 75A
State Highway 75 (SH 75) is a 132.63-mile-long (213.45 km) state highway in the U.S. state of Texas. It follows the former routing of U.S. Route 75 (US 75), which was supplanted by Interstate 45 south of Dallas, except in Dallas, where the former US 75 is now SH 310, and through Ferris, Palmer, Ennis, and Corsicana, where the old highway is signed as a business route of I-45. The route was designated in 1987.
Route description
The southern terminus of the route is in Conroe, where it merges into Interstate 45 at the southern side of Loop 336. The northern terminus is approximately three miles north of Streetman, in the southern section of Navarro County, where it becomes the east side frontage road for I-45.
Previous routes
SH 75 was previously designated on August 21, 1923 to replace SH 13A from Goodnight east to the Oklahoma state line. On May 19, 1924, the section from Goodnight to Jericho was cancelled. SH 75 was instead extended west to Washburn. By 1927 it was running concurrently with the newly designated U.S. Highway 66, and was cancelled on September 26, 1939. The current route was designated on January 28, 1987, replacing part of US 75 which was decommissioned south of Dallas.
Related routes
North of Dallas, US 75 was rerouted onto Central Expressway, one of the first expressway projects in the United States, in the 1950s. Its original route from Richardson to Howe (south of Sherman) was redesignated as State Highway 5.
Junction list
This section is missing mileposts for junctions. Please help by adding them.
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
MontgomeryConroe I-45 / Loop 336 – Houston, Dallas
FM 2854 west – Montgomery
SH 105 – Montgomery, Cleveland
Loop 336
FM 3083 – Montgomery County Airport
FM 830 – Lake Conroe
Willis FM 2432 east
FM 1097 west – Lake ConroeSouth end of FM 1097 overlap
FM 1097 eastNorth end of FM 1097 overlap
WalkerNew Waverly FM 1375 west
SH 150 east – ShepherdSouth end of SH 150 overlap
SH 150 westNorth end of SH 150 overlap
FM 2793 south
FM 2296 north
PR 40 – Huntsville State Park
Huntsville SH 19 – Trinity
FM 1374 south
US 190 east / SH 30 east – LivingstonSouth end of US 190/SH 30 overlap
US 190 west / SH 30 west – Madisonville, College StationNorth end of US 190/SH 30 overlap
FM 2821 east
I-45 / FM 1791 south
FM 1696 west – BediasSouth end of FM 1696 overlap
FM 1696 eastNorth end of FM 1696 overlap
Madison Spur 67 east
Spur 104 north
Madisonville SH 90 south – Navasota
US 190 / SH 21 – Bryan, Crockett
I-45
SH OSR – Normangee, Midway
LeonLeona FM 977 – Flynn
Centerville SH 7 – Marquez, Crockett
FM 1618 east
FM 831 north – Oakwood
FM 2539 south
Buffalo US 79 – Jewett, Oakwood
SH 164 west – Groesbeck
FreestoneDew SH 179 west – Teague
FM 489
Fairfield US 84 – Teague, Palestine
FM 2547 north
FM 833
FM 1079 east
Spur 114 west
FM 3059 east / Loop 262 west – Streetman
Streetman FM 416 east – Richland Chambers Reservoir
Loop 262 east – Streetman
I-45 south / FM 246 – Dallas, Corsicana, Houston
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
References
Texas portalTransportation portal
^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "State Highway No. 75". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.
^ Google (June 8, 2009). "Texas State Highway 75" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
^ Google (June 8, 2009). "Texas State Highway 75" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
^ Minutes of the Seventy-Third and First Adjourned Meeting of the State Highway Commission (PDF) (Report). Texas State Highway Commission. 1923-08-21. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
^ Minutes of the Eightieth and First Adjourned Meeting of the State Highway Commission (PDF) (Report). Texas State Highway Commission. 1924-05-19. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_75_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Interstate 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_45"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"SH 310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_310"},{"link_name":"Ferris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferris,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennis,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Corsicana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsicana,_Texas"}],"text":"State Highway 75 (SH 75) is a 132.63-mile-long (213.45 km) state highway in the U.S. state of Texas. It follows the former routing of U.S. Route 75 (US 75), which was supplanted by Interstate 45 south of Dallas, except in Dallas, where the former US 75 is now SH 310, and through Ferris, Palmer, Ennis, and Corsicana, where the old highway is signed as a business route of I-45. The route was designated in 1987.","title":"Texas State Highway 75"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conroe,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Interstate 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_45_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Streetman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetman,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Navarro County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarro_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The southern terminus of the route is in Conroe, where it merges into Interstate 45 at the southern side of Loop 336.[2] The northern terminus is approximately three miles north of Streetman, in the southern section of Navarro County, where it becomes the east side frontage road for I-45.[3]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 13A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Highway_13_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Goodnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodnight,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jericho,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Washburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washburn,_Texas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_66_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"US 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_75_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"}],"text":"SH 75 was previously designated on August 21, 1923 to replace SH 13A from Goodnight east to the Oklahoma state line.[4] On May 19, 1924, the section from Goodnight to Jericho was cancelled.[5] SH 75 was instead extended west to Washburn. By 1927 it was running concurrently with the newly designated U.S. Highway 66, and was cancelled on September 26, 1939. The current route was designated on January 28, 1987, replacing part of US 75 which was decommissioned south of Dallas.","title":"Previous routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Central Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Expressway_(Dallas)"},{"link_name":"expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled-access_highway"},{"link_name":"Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howe,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman,_Texas"},{"link_name":"State Highway 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_5"}],"text":"North of Dallas, US 75 was rerouted onto Central Expressway, one of the first expressway projects in the United States, in the 1950s. Its original route from Richardson to Howe (south of Sherman) was redesignated as State Highway 5.","title":"Related routes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Junction list"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"State Highway No. 75\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0075.htm","url_text":"\"State Highway No. 75\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Google (June 8, 2009). \"Texas State Highway 75\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=30.289459,-95.456085&spn=0.121102,0.079908","url_text":"\"Texas State Highway 75\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Google (June 8, 2009). \"Texas State Highway 75\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved June 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=32.778760,-96.782084&spn=0.058958,0.063682","url_text":"\"Texas State Highway 75\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Minutes of the Seventy-Third and First Adjourned Meeting of the State Highway Commission (PDF) (Report). Texas State Highway Commission. 1923-08-21. Retrieved 2022-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676878.pdf","url_text":"Minutes of the Seventy-Third and First Adjourned Meeting of the State Highway Commission"}]},{"reference":"Minutes of the Eightieth and First Adjourned Meeting of the State Highway Commission (PDF) (Report). Texas State Highway Commission. 1924-05-19. Retrieved 2022-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676887.pdf","url_text":"Minutes of the Eightieth and First Adjourned Meeting of the State Highway Commission"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_State_Highway_75&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding them"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/SH/SH0075.htm","external_links_name":"\"State Highway No. 75\""},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=30.289459,-95.456085&spn=0.121102,0.079908","external_links_name":"\"Texas State Highway 75\""},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=32.778760,-96.782084&spn=0.058958,0.063682","external_links_name":"\"Texas State Highway 75\""},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676878.pdf","external_links_name":"Minutes of the Seventy-Third and First Adjourned Meeting of the State Highway Commission"},{"Link":"https://publicdocs.txdot.gov/minord/MinuteOrderDocLib/003676887.pdf","external_links_name":"Minutes of the Eightieth and First Adjourned Meeting of the State Highway Commission"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_supply
|
Shortage
|
["1 Definitions","2 Causes","3 Effects","4 Examples","5 Shortages and \"longages\"","6 Labour shortage","6.1 Wage factors","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Economic demand that exceeds supply
Unemployed men queue outside a depression soup kitchen in United States during the Great Depression.
A 2014 image of product shortages in Venezuela
In economics, a shortage or excess demand is a situation in which the demand for a product or service exceeds its supply in a market. It is the opposite of an excess supply (surplus).
Definitions
In a perfect market (one that matches a simple microeconomic model), an excess of demand will prompt sellers to increase prices until demand at that price matches the available supply, establishing market equilibrium. In economic terminology, a shortage occurs when for some reason (such as government intervention, or decisions by sellers not to raise prices) the price does not rise to reach equilibrium. In this circumstance, buyers want to purchase more at the market price than the quantity of the good or service that is available, and some non-price mechanism (such as "first come, first served" or a lottery) determines which buyers are served. So in a perfect market the only thing that can cause a shortage is price.
In common use, the term "shortage" may refer to a situation where most people are unable to find a desired good at an affordable price, especially where supply problems have increased the price. "Market clearing" happens when all buyers and sellers willing to transact at the prevailing price are able to find partners. There are almost always willing buyers at a lower-than-market-clearing price; the narrower technical definition doesn't consider failure to serve this demand as a "shortage", even if it would be described that way in a social or political context (which the simple model of supply and demand does not attempt to encompass).
Causes
Shortages (in the technical sense) may be caused by the following causes:
Price ceilings, a type of price control which involves a government-imposed limit on the price of a product or service.
Anti-price gouging laws.
Government ban on the sale of a product or service, such as prostitution or certain recreational drugs.
Decisions by suppliers not to raise prices, for example to maintain friendly relationships with potential future customers during a supply disruption.
Artificial scarcity.
Worker shortages in low-wage industries (hospitality and leisure, education, health care, rail transportation, aviation, retail, manufacturing, food, elderly care) caused by excessively low salaries (relative to the domestic cost of living) and adverse working conditions (excessive workload and working hours), which collectively lead to occupational burnout and attrition of existing workers, insufficient incentives to attract the inflow supply of workers (through a voluntary exchange), short-staffing at workplaces and further exacerbation (positive feedback) of staff shortages.
Effects
Decisions which result in a below-market-clearing price help some people and hurt others. In this case, shortages may be accepted because they theoretically enable a certain portion of the population to purchase a product that they couldn't afford at the market-clearing price. The cost is to those who are willing to pay for a product and either can't, or experience greater difficulty in doing so.
In the case of government intervention in the market, there is always a trade-off with positive and negative effects. For example, a price ceiling may cause a shortage, but it will also enable a certain percentage of the population to purchase a product that they couldn't afford at market costs. Economic shortages caused by higher transaction costs and opportunity costs (e.g., in the form of lost time) also mean that the distribution process is wasteful. Both of these factors contribute to a decrease in aggregate wealth.
Shortages may or will cause:
Black (illegal) and Grey (unregulated) markets in which products that are unavailable in conventional markets are sold, or in which products with excess demand are sold at higher prices than in the conventional market.
Artificial controls of demand, such as time (such as waiting in line at queues) and rationing.
Non-monetary bargaining methods, such as time (for example queuing), nepotism, or even violence.
Panic buying
Price discrimination.
The inability to purchase a product, and subsequent forced saving.
Increase in demand for substitute goods.
Deadweight loss due to artificial scarcity; a net loss of economic welfare to society occurs when an artificial limit of supply (by monopolies or oligopolies to maximise profits), limits the number of people who can enjoy the good.
Examples
Empty supermarket shelves in the dry pasta section due to panic-buying as the result of the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak
Many regions around the world have experienced shortages in the past.
Food shortages have occurred in the United States during the Great Depression.
Rationing in the United Kingdom and the United States occurred mainly during and after the world wars
Potato shortages in the Netherlands triggered the 1917 Potato riots.
From 1920 to 1933 during prohibition in the United States, the creation of a black market for liquor was created due to the low supply of alcoholic beverages.
During the 1973 oil crisis, during which long lines and rationing was used to control demand.
In the former Soviet Union during the 1980s, prices were artificially low by fiat (i.e., high prices were outlawed). Soviet citizens waited in line for various price-controlled goods and services such as cars, apartments, or some types of clothing. From the point of view of those waiting in line, such goods were in perpetual "short supply"; some of them were willing and able to pay more than the official price ceiling, but were legally prohibited from doing so. This method for determining the allocation of goods in short supply is known as "rationing".
From the mid-2000s through the 2010s, shortages in Venezuela occurred, due to the Venezuelan government's economic policies; such as relying on foreign imports while creating strict foreign exchange controls, put price controls in place and having expropriations result with lower domestic production. As a result of such shortages, Venezuelans had to search for products, wait in lines for hours and rationing was initiated, with the government allowing the purchase of a certain amount of products when it's available, through fingerprint recognition.
Shortages in Sudan sparked a revolution in 2019 which ended President Omar al-Bashir's 30-year rule. They continued into 2020.
Panic buying due to the COVID-19 pandemic caused food and product shortages around the world.
Shortages and "longages"
Garrett Hardin emphasised that a shortage of supply can just as well be viewed as a "longage" of demand. For instance, a shortage of food can just as well be called a longage of people (overpopulation). By looking at it from this view, he felt the problem could be better dealt with.
Labour shortage
Further information: Labour economics
In its narrowest definition, a labour shortage is an economic condition in which employers believe there are insufficient qualified candidates (employees) to fill the marketplace demands for employment at a wage that is mostly employer-determined. Such a condition is sometimes referred to by economists as "an insufficiency in the labour force." An ageing population and a contracting workforce and a birth dearth may curb U.S. economic expansion for several decades, for example.
In a wider definition, a widespread domestic labour shortage is caused by excessively low salaries (relative to the domestic cost of living) and adverse working conditions (excessive workload and working hours) in low-wage industries (hospitality and leisure, education, health care, rail transportation, aviation, retail, manufacturing, food, elderly care), which collectively lead to occupational burnout and attrition of existing workers, insufficient incentives to attract the inflow supply of domestic workers, short-staffing at workplaces and further exacerbation (positive feedback) of staff shortages.
Labour shortages occur broadly across multiple industries within a rapidly expanding economy, whilst labour shortages often occur within specific industries (which generally offer low salaries) even during economic periods of high unemployment. In response to domestic labour shortages, business associations such as chambers of commerce would generally lobby to governments for an increase of the inward immigration of foreign workers from countries which are less developed and have lower salaries. In addition, business associations have campaigned for greater state provision of child care, which would enable more women to re-enter the labour workforce. However, as labour shortages in the relevant low-wage industries are often widespread globally throughout many countries in the world, immigration would only partially address the chronic labour shortages in the relevant low-wage industries in developed countries (whilst simultaneously discouraging local labour from entering the relevant industries) and in turn cause greater labour shortages in developing countries.
Wage factors
The Atlantic slave trade (which originated in the early 17th century but ended by the early 19th century) was said to have originated from perceived shortages of agricultural labour in the Americas (particularly in the Southern United States). It was thought that bringing African labor was the only means of malaria resistance available at the time. Ironically, malaria seems to itself have been introduced to the "New World" via the slave trade.
See also
Aggregate demand
Aggregate supply
Aggregation problem
Allocative efficiency
Eastern Bloc economies
Disequilibrium
Economic surplus
Effective demand
Excess demand function
Excess supply
Induced demand
Keynesian formula
Reproduction
Scarcity
Shortage economy
Supply shock
References
^ Tucker (2014) Economics Today
^ "3.3 Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium". Principles of Economics. University of Minnesota. 2016-06-17.
^ a b c Pettinger, Tejvan (3 April 2020). "Shortages". Economics Help. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
^ a b Bhattarai, Abha (2022-09-16). "Worker shortages are fueling America's biggest labor crises". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
^ "Depression and the Struggle for Survival". Library of Congress. Retrieved 30 March 2020. The Great Depression of the 1930s hit Mexican immigrants especially hard. Along with the job crisis and food shortages that affected all U.S. workers, Mexicans and Mexican Americans had to face an additional threat: deportation.
^ "What You Need To Know About Rationing In The Second World War". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
^ "Sacrificing for the Common Good: Rationing in WWII (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
^ "Potato eaters shot". International Institute of Social History. 7 July 1917.
^ "Potato riots in Amsterdam". Bendigo Advertiser. 6 July 1917. p. 7 – via National Library of Australia.
^ Macias, Amanda (17 January 2020). "Prohibition began 100 years ago – here's a look at its economic impact". CNBC. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
^ "The Oil Shocks of the 1970s | Energy History". energyhistory.yale.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
^ "Why Price Controls Should Stay in the History Books". www.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
^ Shapiro, Margaret (1992-01-02). "RUSSIA ENDS PRICE CONTROLS TODAY". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
^ "Venezuela seizes warehouses packed with medical goods, food". Reuters. 2014-10-24. Retrieved 2015-12-07.
^ "Why are Venezuelans posting pictures of empty shelves?". BBC. 8 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
^ Cawthorne, Andrew (21 January 2015). "In shortages-hit Venezuela, lining up becomes a profession". Reuters. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
^ Schaefer Muñoz, Sara (22 October 2014). "Despite Riches, Venezuela Starts Food Rationing; Government Rolls Out Fingerprint Scanners to Limit Purchases of Basic Goods; 'How Is it Possible We've Gotten to This Extreme'". Dow Jones & Company Inc. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
^ "Sudan: Frustration grows over fuel, bread shortages". Al Jazeera. 11 March 2020.
^ Tkyo, Kelly (29 February 2020). "Coronavirus fears empty store shelves of toilet paper, bottled water, masks as shoppers stock up". USA Today.
^ Video Interview with Garrett Hardin: Longages and Overpopulation Predictions Educational Communications program 803, 1990
^ Shrinking labour force may curb U.S. expansion for two decades
^ West, Darrell M. (April 10, 2013). "The Paradox of Worker Shortages at a Time of High National Unemployment". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
^ "U.S. Chamber's Bradley: The Current Labor Shortage is 'Unprecedented,' Urges Solutions on Immigration, Childcare". United States Chamber of Commerce. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
^ "Data Deep Dive: A Decline of Women in the Workforce". United States Chamber of Commerce. 27 April 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
^ Daniel, Dana (2022-07-29). "Train your own nurses, Australia told amid global shortage". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
^ "As American as…Plasmodium vivax?"
^ "UCI: New World malaria linked to slave trade."
Kornai, János, Socialist economy, Princeton University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-691-00393-9
Kornai, János, Economics of Shortage, Amsterdam: North Holland Press, Volume A, p. 27; Volume B, p. 196 .
Gomulka, Stanislaw: Kornai's Soft Budget Constraint and the Shortage Phenomenon: A Criticism and Restatement, in: Economics of Planning, Vol. 19. 1985. No. 1.
Planning Shortage and Transformation. Essays in Honor of Janos Kornai, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2000
Myant, Martin; Drahokoupil, Jan (2010), Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-470-59619-7
External links
Look up shortage in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
János Kornai Home Page at Harvard University
János Kornai Home Page at Collegium Budapest
Part 1 and Part 2 of COMPARING AND ASSESSING ECONOMIC SYSTEMS, Shortage and Inflation: The Phenomenon, PPT (PowerPoint file presentation) at West Virginia University
János Kornai 'The Soft Budget Constraint'
David Lipton and Jeffrey Sachs 'The Consequences of Central Planning in Eastern Europe'
On overview and critique of Kornai's account can be found in Myant, Martin; Jan Drahokoupil (2010). Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 19–23. ISBN 978-0-470-59619-7.
Planning For The Looming Labor Shortage - A Supply Chain Perspective by HK Systems
"America's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs" - A Duke University Study
Criticism of high-tech shortage claims
Disputation of High-tech Labor Shortage by Dr. Matloff
RAND Study on Alleged Shortage of Scientists
Shortage of skilled workers knocks red tape off top of business constraints league table - Grant Thornton IBR
The Real Science Gap - "It's not insufficient schooling or a shortage of scientists. It's a lack of job opportunities."
vteMicroeconomicsMajor topics
Aggregation
Budget set
Consumer choice
Convexity and non-convexity
Cost
Average
Marginal
Opportunity
Implicit
Social
Sunk
Transaction
Cost–benefit analysis
Deadweight loss
Distribution
Economies of scale
Economies of scope
Elasticity
Cross elasticity of demand
Income elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of supply
Equilibrium
General
Exchange
Externality
Firms
Goods and services
Goods
Service
Household
Income–consumption curve
Information
Indifference curve
Intertemporal choice
Market
Market failure
Market structure
Competition
Monopolistic
Perfect
Duopoly
Monopoly
Bilateral
Complementary
Monopsony
Oligopoly
Oligopsony
Pareto efficiency
Preferences
Price
Price controls
Price ceiling
Price floor
Price discrimination
Price signal
Price system/Free
Pricing
Production
Profit
Public goods
Rationing
Rent
Returns to scale
Risk aversion
Scarcity
Shortage/Excess supply
Substitution effect
Surplus
Social choice
Supply and demand
Demand/Law of demand
Supply/Law of supply
Uncertainty
Utility
Expected
Marginal
Wage
Subfields
Behavioral
Business
Computational
Development
Statistical decision theory
Econometrics
Engineering economics
Civil engineering economics
Evolutionary
Experimental
Game theory
Green
Industrial organization
Institutional
Labor
Law
Managerial
Mathematical
Microfoundations of macroeconomics
Operations research
Optimization
Welfare
See also
Economics
Applied
Macroeconomics
Political economy
Business portal
Category
vteEastern Bloc economiesEconomies
Economy of East Germany
Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia
Economy of the Soviet Union
Goulash (Hungarian) Communism
Economy of the People's Republic of Poland
Economy of Lithuania
Economy of Latvia
Economy of Moldavia
Economy of SFR Yugoslavia
Collectivization
Collectivization in the People's Republic of Poland
Collectivization in Hungary
Collectivization in the Soviet Union
Battle for trade (Poland)
Collectivization in Ukraine
Land Reforms (Afghanistan)
Dekulakization
Three Year Plan (Poland)
Collectivization in Romania
Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union
Systematization (Romania)
Pre-dissolution reforms
New Economic Policy (Soviet Union, 1920s)
Wage reform in the Soviet Union, 1956–1962
New Course (GDR, 1950s)
Kosygin reform (Soviet Union, 1960s)
New Economic Mechanism (Hungary, 1960s)
New Economic System (GDR, 1960s)
Economic System of Socialism (GDR, 1970s)
Perestroika (Soviet Union, 1980s)
Related concepts
Eastern Bloc economies
Shortage economy
Sovkhoz
Stakhanovite
Comecon
vteImmigration to the United States and related topicsRelevant colonial era,United States andinternational lawsColonial era
Nationality law in the American Colonies
Plantation Act 1740
18th century
Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798
19th century
Naturalization Law 1802
Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)
Civil Rights Act of 1866
14th Amendment (1868)
Naturalization Act 1870
Page Act (1875)
Immigration Act of 1882
Chinese Exclusion (1882)
Scott Act (1888)
Immigration Act of 1891
Geary Act (1892)
1900–1949
Immigration Act 1903
Naturalization Act 1906
Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)
Immigration Act 1907
Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)
Immigration Act 1918
Emergency Quota Act (1921)
Cable Act (1922)
Immigration Act 1924
Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)
Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)
Nationality Act of 1940
Bracero Program (1942–1964)
Magnuson Act (1943)
War Brides Act (1945)
Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)
Luce–Celler Act (1946)
1950–1999
UN Refugee Convention (1951)
Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965
Section 212(f)
Section 287(g)
Refugee Act (1980)
Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
American Homecoming Act (1989)
Immigration Act 1990
Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)
Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)
American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)
21st century
American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)
Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)
H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)
Real ID Act (2005)
Secure Fence Act (2006)
DACA (2012)
Executive Order 13769 (2017)
Executive Order 13780 (2017)
Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)
Visas and policies
Visa policy
Permanent residence
Visa Waiver Program
Temporary protected status
Asylum
Green Card Lottery
Central American Minors
US-VISIT
Security Advisory Opinion
E-Verify
National Origins Formula
Expedited removal
Detention
Family
Unaccompanied children
Trump administration family separation policy
Governmentorganizations
Department of Homeland Security
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
U.S. Border Patrol (BORTAC)
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
Executive Office for Immigration Review
Board of Immigration Appeals
Office of Refugee Resettlement
Supreme Court cases
US v. Wong Kim Ark (1898)
Ozawa v. US (1922)
US v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923)
US v. Brignoni-Ponce (1975)
Zadvydas v. Davis (2001)
Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting (2011)
Barton v. Barr (2020)
DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal. / Wolf v. Vidal (2020)
Niz-Chavez v. Garland (2021)
Sanchez v. Mayorkas (2021)
Related issuesand events
2006 protests
Brooks County, Texas
Central American migrant caravans
Economic impact
Effects
Eugenics in the United States
Guest worker program
Human trafficking
Human smuggling
Coyotaje
Immigration reduction
Immigration reform
List of people deported from the United States
Mexico-United States border crisis
Mexico–United States border wall
Labor shortage
March for America
Illegal immigrant population
Reverse immigration
Unaccompanied minors from Central America
Geography
Mexico–United States border
Canada–United States border
United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints
Proposed legislation
DREAM Act (2001–2010)
H.R. 4437 (2005)
McCain–Kennedy (2005)
Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006
STRIVE Act (2007)
Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007
Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)
Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013
SAFE Act (2015)
RAISE Act (2017)
US Citizenship Act of 2021
Immigration stationsand points of entry
Angel Island
Castle Garden
East Boston
Ellis Island
Otay Mesa
San Ysidro
Sullivan's Island
Washington Avenue
Operations
"Wetback" (1954)
"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)
"Babylift" (1975)
"Gatekeeper" (1994)
"Endgame" (2003–2012)
"Front Line" (2004–2005)
"Streamline" (2005–present)
"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)
"Jump Start" (2006–2008)
"Phalanx" (2010–2016)
"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)
State legislation
California DREAM Act (2006–2010)
Arizona SB 1070 (2010)
Alabama HB 56 (2011)
Non-governmentalorganizations
Arizona Border Recon
California Coalition for Immigration Reform
CASA of Maryland
Center for Immigration Studies
Center for Migration Studies of New York
Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles
Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform
Community Change
Federation for American Immigration Reform
Improve The Dream
Mexica Movement
Mexicans Without Borders
Migration Policy Institute
Minuteman Civil Defense Corps
Minuteman Project
National Immigration Forum
National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)
Negative Population Growth
No More Deaths
NumbersUSA
Save Our State
Utah Compact
Documentaries
Borderland (TV series)
Missing in Brooks County
vtePopulationMajor topics
Demographics of the world
Demographic transition
Estimates of historical world population
Population growth
Population momentum
Projections of population growth
World population
Populationbiology
Population decline
Population density
Physiological density
Population dynamics
Population model
Population pyramid
Populationecology
Biocapacity
Carrying capacity
Earth's energy budget
I = P × A × T
Kaya identity
Malthusian growth model
Overshoot (population)
World3 model
Society and population
Human overpopulation
Malthusian catastrophe
Human population planning
Compulsory sterilization
Family planning
One-child policy
Two-child policy
Overconsumption
Population ethics
Antinatalism
Reproductive rights
Sustainable population
Zero population growth
Publications
Population and Environment
Population and Development Review
Lists
Population and housing censuses by country
Largest cities
World population milestones
6 billion
7
8
Population concern organizations
Events andorganizations
7 Billion Actions
Church of Euthanasia
International Conference on Population and Development
Population Action International
Population Connection
Population Matters
United Nations Population Fund
United Nations world population conferences
Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
World Population Conference
World Population Day
World Population Foundation
Related topics
Bennett's law
Green Revolution
Human impact on the environment
Migration
Sustainability
Commons
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone,_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escasez_en_Venezuela,_Central_Madeirense_8.JPG"},{"link_name":"shortages in Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand"},{"link_name":"product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(business)"},{"link_name":"service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(economics)"},{"link_name":"supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_(economics)"},{"link_name":"market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_(economics)"},{"link_name":"excess supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excess_supply"},{"link_name":"surplus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_surplus"}],"text":"Unemployed men queue outside a depression soup kitchen in United States during the Great Depression.A 2014 image of product shortages in VenezuelaIn economics, a shortage or excess demand is a situation in which the demand for a product or service exceeds its supply in a market. It is the opposite of an excess supply (surplus).","title":"Shortage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"perfect market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_market"},{"link_name":"microeconomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microeconomic"},{"link_name":"prices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price"},{"link_name":"market equilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_equilibrium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Market clearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_clearing"},{"link_name":"supply and demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_and_demand"}],"text":"In a perfect market (one that matches a simple microeconomic model), an excess of demand will prompt sellers to increase prices until demand at that price matches the available supply, establishing market equilibrium.[1][2] In economic terminology, a shortage occurs when for some reason (such as government intervention, or decisions by sellers not to raise prices) the price does not rise to reach equilibrium. In this circumstance, buyers want to purchase more at the market price than the quantity of the good or service that is available, and some non-price mechanism (such as \"first come, first served\" or a lottery) determines which buyers are served. So in a perfect market the only thing that can cause a shortage is price.In common use, the term \"shortage\" may refer to a situation where most people are unable to find a desired good at an affordable price, especially where supply problems have increased the price.[3] \"Market clearing\" happens when all buyers and sellers willing to transact at the prevailing price are able to find partners. There are almost always willing buyers at a lower-than-market-clearing price; the narrower technical definition doesn't consider failure to serve this demand as a \"shortage\", even if it would be described that way in a social or political context (which the simple model of supply and demand does not attempt to encompass).","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Price ceilings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_ceiling"},{"link_name":"price control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_control"},{"link_name":"price gouging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_gouging"},{"link_name":"ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_(law)"},{"link_name":"prostitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution"},{"link_name":"recreational drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drug_use"},{"link_name":"Artificial scarcity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_scarcity"},{"link_name":"hospitality and leisure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_industry"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_stage"},{"link_name":"health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care"},{"link_name":"rail transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport"},{"link_name":"aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation"},{"link_name":"retail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail"},{"link_name":"manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing"},{"link_name":"food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_industry"},{"link_name":"elderly care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elderly_care"},{"link_name":"salaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salary"},{"link_name":"cost of living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_living"},{"link_name":"working conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_stress#Causes_of_occupational_stress"},{"link_name":"workload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workload"},{"link_name":"working hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_time"},{"link_name":"occupational burnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_burnout"},{"link_name":"incentives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incentive"},{"link_name":"voluntary exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_exchange"},{"link_name":"workplaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace"},{"link_name":"positive feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_feedback"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Shortages (in the technical sense) may be caused by the following causes:Price ceilings, a type of price control which involves a government-imposed limit on the price of a product or service.\nAnti-price gouging laws.\nGovernment ban on the sale of a product or service, such as prostitution or certain recreational drugs.\nDecisions by suppliers not to raise prices, for example to maintain friendly relationships with potential future customers during a supply disruption.\nArtificial scarcity.\nWorker shortages in low-wage industries (hospitality and leisure, education, health care, rail transportation, aviation, retail, manufacturing, food, elderly care) caused by excessively low salaries (relative to the domestic cost of living) and adverse working conditions (excessive workload and working hours), which collectively lead to occupational burnout and attrition of existing workers, insufficient incentives to attract the inflow supply of workers (through a voluntary exchange), short-staffing at workplaces and further exacerbation (positive feedback) of staff shortages.[4]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"government intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_intervention"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"transaction costs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_costs"},{"link_name":"opportunity costs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_costs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Market"},{"link_name":"Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_market"},{"link_name":"queues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queue_area"},{"link_name":"rationing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationing"},{"link_name":"queuing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queue_area"},{"link_name":"nepotism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotism"},{"link_name":"Panic buying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_buying"},{"link_name":"Price discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_discrimination"},{"link_name":"forced saving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_saving"},{"link_name":"substitute goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_good"},{"link_name":"Deadweight loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_loss"},{"link_name":"artificial scarcity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_scarcity"},{"link_name":"monopolies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly"},{"link_name":"oligopolies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligopoly"},{"link_name":"maximise profits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_maximization"}],"text":"Decisions which result in a below-market-clearing price help some people and hurt others. In this case, shortages may be accepted because they theoretically enable a certain portion of the population to purchase a product that they couldn't afford at the market-clearing price. The cost is to those who are willing to pay for a product and either can't, or experience greater difficulty in doing so.In the case of government intervention in the market, there is always a trade-off with positive and negative effects. For example, a price ceiling may cause a shortage, but it will also enable a certain percentage of the population to purchase a product that they couldn't afford at market costs.[3] Economic shortages caused by higher transaction costs and opportunity costs (e.g., in the form of lost time) also mean that the distribution process is wasteful. Both of these factors contribute to a decrease in aggregate wealth.Shortages may or will cause:[3]Black (illegal) and Grey (unregulated) markets in which products that are unavailable in conventional markets are sold, or in which products with excess demand are sold at higher prices than in the conventional market.\nArtificial controls of demand, such as time (such as waiting in line at queues) and rationing.\nNon-monetary bargaining methods, such as time (for example queuing), nepotism, or even violence.\nPanic buying\nPrice discrimination.\nThe inability to purchase a product, and subsequent forced saving.\nIncrease in demand for substitute goods.\nDeadweight loss due to artificial scarcity; a net loss of economic welfare to society occurs when an artificial limit of supply (by monopolies or oligopolies to maximise profits), limits the number of people who can enjoy the good.","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dried_pasta_shelves_empty_in_an_Australian_supermarket.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rationing in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"1917 Potato riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_Potato_riots"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"prohibition in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"liquor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor"},{"link_name":"alcoholic beverages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverages"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"1973 oil crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"price-controlled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_controls"},{"link_name":"rationing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationing"},{"link_name":"shortages in Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"foreign exchange controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_controls"},{"link_name":"expropriations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expropriation"},{"link_name":"fingerprint recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerprint_recognition"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-REUTjan2015-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJoct2014-17"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Omar al-Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"food and product shortages around the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Empty supermarket shelves in the dry pasta section due to panic-buying as the result of the 2020 COVID-19 outbreakMany regions around the world have experienced shortages in the past.Food shortages have occurred in the United States during the Great Depression.[5]\nRationing in the United Kingdom and the United States occurred mainly during and after the world wars[6][7]\nPotato shortages in the Netherlands triggered the 1917 Potato riots.[8][9]\nFrom 1920 to 1933 during prohibition in the United States, the creation of a black market for liquor was created due to the low supply of alcoholic beverages.[10]\nDuring the 1973 oil crisis, during which long lines and rationing was used to control demand.[11]\nIn the former Soviet Union during the 1980s, prices were artificially low by fiat (i.e., high prices were outlawed).[12][13] Soviet citizens waited in line for various price-controlled goods and services such as cars, apartments, or some types of clothing. From the point of view of those waiting in line, such goods were in perpetual \"short supply\"; some of them were willing and able to pay more than the official price ceiling, but were legally prohibited from doing so. This method for determining the allocation of goods in short supply is known as \"rationing\".\nFrom the mid-2000s through the 2010s, shortages in Venezuela occurred, due to the Venezuelan government's economic policies;[14] such as relying on foreign imports while creating strict foreign exchange controls, put price controls in place and having expropriations result with lower domestic production. As a result of such shortages, Venezuelans had to search for products, wait in lines for hours and rationing was initiated, with the government allowing the purchase of a certain amount of products when it's available, through fingerprint recognition.[15][16][17]\nShortages in Sudan sparked a revolution in 2019 which ended President Omar al-Bashir's 30-year rule. They continued into 2020.[18]\nPanic buying due to the COVID-19 pandemic caused food and product shortages around the world.[19]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garrett Hardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Hardin"},{"link_name":"demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand"},{"link_name":"overpopulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_overpopulation"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Garrett Hardin emphasised that a shortage of supply can just as well be viewed as a \"longage\" of demand. For instance, a shortage of food can just as well be called a longage of people (overpopulation). By looking at it from this view, he felt the problem could be better dealt with.[20]","title":"Shortages and \"longages\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Labour economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_economics"},{"link_name":"economic condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"marketplace demands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand"},{"link_name":"employment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment"},{"link_name":"economists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist"},{"link_name":"labour force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_force"},{"link_name":"ageing population and a contracting workforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_in_the_American_workforce"},{"link_name":"birth dearth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_dearth"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"salaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salary"},{"link_name":"cost of living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_living"},{"link_name":"working conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_stress#Causes_of_occupational_stress"},{"link_name":"workload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workload"},{"link_name":"working hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_time"},{"link_name":"hospitality and leisure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_industry"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_stage"},{"link_name":"health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care"},{"link_name":"rail transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport"},{"link_name":"aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation"},{"link_name":"retail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail"},{"link_name":"manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing"},{"link_name":"food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_industry"},{"link_name":"elderly care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elderly_care"},{"link_name":"occupational burnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_burnout"},{"link_name":"incentives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incentive"},{"link_name":"workplaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace"},{"link_name":"positive feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_feedback"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"chambers of commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce"},{"link_name":"immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration"},{"link_name":"foreign workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_worker"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"child care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_care"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"developed countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Further information: Labour economicsIn its narrowest definition, a labour shortage is an economic condition in which employers believe there are insufficient qualified candidates (employees) to fill the marketplace demands for employment at a wage that is mostly employer-determined. Such a condition is sometimes referred to by economists as \"an insufficiency in the labour force.\" An ageing population and a contracting workforce and a birth dearth may curb U.S. economic expansion for several decades, for example.[21]In a wider definition, a widespread domestic labour shortage is caused by excessively low salaries (relative to the domestic cost of living) and adverse working conditions (excessive workload and working hours) in low-wage industries (hospitality and leisure, education, health care, rail transportation, aviation, retail, manufacturing, food, elderly care), which collectively lead to occupational burnout and attrition of existing workers, insufficient incentives to attract the inflow supply of domestic workers, short-staffing at workplaces and further exacerbation (positive feedback) of staff shortages.[4]Labour shortages occur broadly across multiple industries within a rapidly expanding economy, whilst labour shortages often occur within specific industries (which generally offer low salaries) even during economic periods of high unemployment.[22] In response to domestic labour shortages, business associations such as chambers of commerce would generally lobby to governments for an increase of the inward immigration of foreign workers from countries which are less developed and have lower salaries.[23] In addition, business associations have campaigned for greater state provision of child care, which would enable more women to re-enter the labour workforce.[24] However, as labour shortages in the relevant low-wage industries are often widespread globally throughout many countries in the world, immigration would only partially address the chronic labour shortages in the relevant low-wage industries in developed countries (whilst simultaneously discouraging local labour from entering the relevant industries) and in turn cause greater labour shortages in developing countries.[25]","title":"Labour shortage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic slave trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade"},{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"},{"link_name":"Southern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Wage factors","text":"The Atlantic slave trade (which originated in the early 17th century but ended by the early 19th century) was said to have originated from perceived shortages of agricultural labour in the Americas (particularly in the Southern United States). It was thought that bringing African labor was the only means of malaria resistance available at the time.[26] Ironically, malaria seems to itself have been introduced to the \"New World\" via the slave trade.[27]","title":"Labour shortage"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Unemployed men queue outside a depression soup kitchen in United States during the Great Depression.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg/250px-Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone%2C_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 2014 image of product shortages in Venezuela","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Central_Madeirense_8.JPG/250px-Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Central_Madeirense_8.JPG"},{"image_text":"Empty supermarket shelves in the dry pasta section due to panic-buying as the result of the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dried_pasta_shelves_empty_in_an_Australian_supermarket.jpg/250px-Dried_pasta_shelves_empty_in_an_Australian_supermarket.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Aggregate demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate_demand"},{"title":"Aggregate supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate_supply"},{"title":"Aggregation problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregation_problem"},{"title":"Allocative efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocative_efficiency"},{"title":"Eastern Bloc economies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_economies"},{"title":"Disequilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_equilibrium#Disequilibrium"},{"title":"Economic surplus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_surplus"},{"title":"Effective demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_demand"},{"title":"Excess demand function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excess_demand_function"},{"title":"Excess supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excess_supply"},{"title":"Induced demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_demand"},{"title":"Keynesian formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynesian_formula"},{"title":"Reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction_(economics)"},{"title":"Scarcity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarcity"},{"title":"Shortage economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortage_economy"},{"title":"Supply shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_shock"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"3.3 Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium\". Principles of Economics. University of Minnesota. 2016-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://open.lib.umn.edu/principleseconomics/chapter/3-3-demand-supply-and-equilibrium/","url_text":"\"3.3 Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium\""}]},{"reference":"Pettinger, Tejvan (3 April 2020). \"Shortages\". Economics Help. Retrieved 2022-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/146202/economics/shortages/","url_text":"\"Shortages\""}]},{"reference":"Bhattarai, Abha (2022-09-16). \"Worker shortages are fueling America's biggest labor crises\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2022-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/09/16/worker-shortage-strikes-economy/","url_text":"\"Worker shortages are fueling America's biggest labor crises\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Depression and the Struggle for Survival\". Library of Congress. Retrieved 30 March 2020. The Great Depression of the 1930s hit Mexican immigrants especially hard. Along with the job crisis and food shortages that affected all U.S. workers, Mexicans and Mexican Americans had to face an additional threat: deportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/immigration/alt/mexican6.html","url_text":"\"Depression and the Struggle for Survival\""}]},{"reference":"\"What You Need To Know About Rationing In The Second World War\". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 2022-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-you-need-to-know-about-rationing-in-the-second-world-war","url_text":"\"What You Need To Know About Rationing In The Second World War\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sacrificing for the Common Good: Rationing in WWII (U.S. National Park Service)\". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/articles/rationing-in-wwii.htm","url_text":"\"Sacrificing for the Common Good: Rationing in WWII (U.S. National Park Service)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Potato eaters shot\". International Institute of Social History. 7 July 1917.","urls":[{"url":"https://socialhistory.org/en/today/potato-eaters-shot","url_text":"\"Potato eaters shot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Potato riots in Amsterdam\". Bendigo Advertiser. 6 July 1917. p. 7 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article90284213","url_text":"\"Potato riots in Amsterdam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendigo_Advertiser","url_text":"Bendigo Advertiser"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia","url_text":"National Library of Australia"}]},{"reference":"Macias, Amanda (17 January 2020). \"Prohibition began 100 years ago – here's a look at its economic impact\". CNBC. Retrieved 2022-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/17/prohibition-began-100-years-ago-had-impact-on-us-economy.html","url_text":"\"Prohibition began 100 years ago – here's a look at its economic impact\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Oil Shocks of the 1970s | Energy History\". energyhistory.yale.edu. Retrieved 2022-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://energyhistory.yale.edu/units/oil-shocks-1970s","url_text":"\"The Oil Shocks of the 1970s | Energy History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why Price Controls Should Stay in the History Books\". www.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved 2022-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/regional-economist/2022/mar/why-price-controls-should-stay-history-books","url_text":"\"Why Price Controls Should Stay in the History Books\""}]},{"reference":"Shapiro, Margaret (1992-01-02). \"RUSSIA ENDS PRICE CONTROLS TODAY\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/01/02/russia-ends-price-controls-today/8d88126d-fcf9-43c0-99c0-98517b345c6e/","url_text":"\"RUSSIA ENDS PRICE CONTROLS TODAY\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"\"Venezuela seizes warehouses packed with medical goods, food\". Reuters. 2014-10-24. Retrieved 2015-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy-idUSKCN0ID00A20141024","url_text":"\"Venezuela seizes warehouses packed with medical goods, food\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why are Venezuelans posting pictures of empty shelves?\". BBC. 8 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-30710014","url_text":"\"Why are Venezuelans posting pictures of empty shelves?\""}]},{"reference":"Cawthorne, Andrew (21 January 2015). \"In shortages-hit Venezuela, lining up becomes a profession\". Reuters. Retrieved 17 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-shortages-idUSKBN0KU1BX20150121","url_text":"\"In shortages-hit Venezuela, lining up becomes a profession\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Schaefer Muñoz, Sara (22 October 2014). \"Despite Riches, Venezuela Starts Food Rationing; Government Rolls Out Fingerprint Scanners to Limit Purchases of Basic Goods; 'How Is it Possible We've Gotten to This Extreme'\". Dow Jones & Company Inc. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 11 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://online.wsj.com/articles/despite-riches-venezuela-starts-food-rationing-1414025667","url_text":"\"Despite Riches, Venezuela Starts Food Rationing; Government Rolls Out Fingerprint Scanners to Limit Purchases of Basic Goods; 'How Is it Possible We've Gotten to This Extreme'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Sudan: Frustration grows over fuel, bread shortages\". Al Jazeera. 11 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/sudan-frustration-grows-fuel-bread-shortages-200311145349235.html","url_text":"\"Sudan: Frustration grows over fuel, bread shortages\""}]},{"reference":"Tkyo, Kelly (29 February 2020). \"Coronavirus fears empty store shelves of toilet paper, bottled water, masks as shoppers stock up\". USA Today.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/02/28/coronavirus-2020-preparation-more-supply-shortages-expected/4903322002/","url_text":"\"Coronavirus fears empty store shelves of toilet paper, bottled water, masks as shoppers stock up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"West, Darrell M. (April 10, 2013). \"The Paradox of Worker Shortages at a Time of High National Unemployment\". Brookings Institution. Retrieved 2022-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-paradox-of-worker-shortages-at-a-time-of-high-national-unemployment/","url_text":"\"The Paradox of Worker Shortages at a Time of High National Unemployment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution","url_text":"Brookings Institution"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Chamber's Bradley: The Current Labor Shortage is 'Unprecedented,' Urges Solutions on Immigration, Childcare\". United States Chamber of Commerce. 6 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uschamber.com/workforce/u-s-chambers-bradley-the-current-labor-shortage-is-unprecedented-urges-solutions-on-immigration-childcare","url_text":"\"U.S. Chamber's Bradley: The Current Labor Shortage is 'Unprecedented,' Urges Solutions on Immigration, Childcare\""}]},{"reference":"\"Data Deep Dive: A Decline of Women in the Workforce\". United States Chamber of Commerce. 27 April 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uschamber.com/workforce/data-deep-dive-a-decline-of-women-in-the-workforce","url_text":"\"Data Deep Dive: A Decline of Women in the Workforce\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce","url_text":"United States Chamber of Commerce"}]},{"reference":"Daniel, Dana (2022-07-29). \"Train your own nurses, Australia told amid global shortage\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2022-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/train-your-own-nurses-australia-told-amid-global-shortage-20220725-p5b4b2.html","url_text":"\"Train your own nurses, Australia told amid global shortage\""}]},{"reference":"Myant, Martin; Drahokoupil, Jan (2010), Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-470-59619-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-59619-7","url_text":"978-0-470-59619-7"}]},{"reference":"Myant, Martin; Jan Drahokoupil (2010). Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 19–23. ISBN 978-0-470-59619-7.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wiley.com/college/myant","url_text":"Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-59619-7","url_text":"978-0-470-59619-7"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://open.lib.umn.edu/principleseconomics/chapter/3-3-demand-supply-and-equilibrium/","external_links_name":"\"3.3 Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium\""},{"Link":"https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/146202/economics/shortages/","external_links_name":"\"Shortages\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/09/16/worker-shortage-strikes-economy/","external_links_name":"\"Worker shortages are fueling America's biggest labor crises\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/immigration/alt/mexican6.html","external_links_name":"\"Depression and the Struggle for Survival\""},{"Link":"https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-you-need-to-know-about-rationing-in-the-second-world-war","external_links_name":"\"What You Need To Know About Rationing In The Second World War\""},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/articles/rationing-in-wwii.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sacrificing for the Common Good: Rationing in WWII (U.S. National Park Service)\""},{"Link":"https://socialhistory.org/en/today/potato-eaters-shot","external_links_name":"\"Potato eaters shot\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article90284213","external_links_name":"\"Potato riots in Amsterdam\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/17/prohibition-began-100-years-ago-had-impact-on-us-economy.html","external_links_name":"\"Prohibition began 100 years ago – here's a look at its economic impact\""},{"Link":"https://energyhistory.yale.edu/units/oil-shocks-1970s","external_links_name":"\"The Oil Shocks of the 1970s | Energy History\""},{"Link":"https://www.stlouisfed.org/publications/regional-economist/2022/mar/why-price-controls-should-stay-history-books","external_links_name":"\"Why Price Controls Should Stay in the History Books\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/01/02/russia-ends-price-controls-today/8d88126d-fcf9-43c0-99c0-98517b345c6e/","external_links_name":"\"RUSSIA ENDS PRICE CONTROLS TODAY\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy-idUSKCN0ID00A20141024","external_links_name":"\"Venezuela seizes warehouses packed with medical goods, food\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-30710014","external_links_name":"\"Why are Venezuelans posting pictures of empty shelves?\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-shortages-idUSKBN0KU1BX20150121","external_links_name":"\"In shortages-hit Venezuela, lining up becomes a profession\""},{"Link":"https://online.wsj.com/articles/despite-riches-venezuela-starts-food-rationing-1414025667","external_links_name":"\"Despite Riches, Venezuela Starts Food Rationing; Government Rolls Out Fingerprint Scanners to Limit Purchases of Basic Goods; 'How Is it Possible We've Gotten to This Extreme'\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/sudan-frustration-grows-fuel-bread-shortages-200311145349235.html","external_links_name":"\"Sudan: Frustration grows over fuel, bread shortages\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/02/28/coronavirus-2020-preparation-more-supply-shortages-expected/4903322002/","external_links_name":"\"Coronavirus fears empty store shelves of toilet paper, bottled water, masks as shoppers stock up\""},{"Link":"http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/videos/video_803_segment5.html","external_links_name":"Video Interview with Garrett Hardin: Longages and Overpopulation Predictions"},{"Link":"http://washingtonexaminer.com/news/business/2011/08/shrinking-labor-force-may-curb-us-expansion-two-decades","external_links_name":"Shrinking labour force may curb U.S. expansion for two decades"},{"Link":"https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-paradox-of-worker-shortages-at-a-time-of-high-national-unemployment/","external_links_name":"\"The Paradox of Worker Shortages at a Time of High National Unemployment\""},{"Link":"https://www.uschamber.com/workforce/u-s-chambers-bradley-the-current-labor-shortage-is-unprecedented-urges-solutions-on-immigration-childcare","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Chamber's Bradley: The Current Labor Shortage is 'Unprecedented,' Urges Solutions on Immigration, Childcare\""},{"Link":"https://www.uschamber.com/workforce/data-deep-dive-a-decline-of-women-in-the-workforce","external_links_name":"\"Data Deep Dive: A Decline of Women in the Workforce\""},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/train-your-own-nurses-australia-told-amid-global-shortage-20220725-p5b4b2.html","external_links_name":"\"Train your own nurses, Australia told amid global shortage\""},{"Link":"http://www.malaria.com/blog/american-plasmodium-vivax","external_links_name":"\"As American as…Plasmodium vivax?\""},{"Link":"http://sciencedude.blog.ocregister.com/2011/12/26/uci-new-world-malaria-linked-to-slave-trade/166005/","external_links_name":"\"UCI: New World malaria linked to slave trade.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130311145538/http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/kornai","external_links_name":"Home Page at Harvard University"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205356/http://www.colbud.hu/fellows/kornai.shtml","external_links_name":"Home Page at Collegium Budapest"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130520071525/http://www.be.wvu.edu/divecon/econ/trumbull/gradcompsys/shortage1.ppt","external_links_name":"Part 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130520065445/http://www.be.wvu.edu/divecon/econ/trumbull/gradcompsys/shortage2.ppt","external_links_name":"Part 2"},{"Link":"http://faculty.vassar.edu/kennett/Kornai.htm","external_links_name":"János Kornai 'The Soft Budget Constraint'"},{"Link":"http://faculty.vassar.edu/kennett/Lipton.htm","external_links_name":"David Lipton and Jeffrey Sachs 'The Consequences of Central Planning in Eastern Europe'"},{"Link":"http://www.wiley.com/college/myant","external_links_name":"Transition Economies: Political Economy in Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia"},{"Link":"http://www.hksystems.com/resources/educational/ES_Labor_Shortage_June.pdf","external_links_name":"Planning For The Looming Labor Shortage - A Supply Chain Perspective by HK Systems"},{"Link":"http://www.memp.pratt.duke.edu/downloads/americas_new_immigrant_entrepreneurs.pdf","external_links_name":"\"America's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs\""},{"Link":"http://www.gonewiththeworld.com/blog.php?sublist=(53)(50)(46)(27)(56)(58)(0)","external_links_name":"Criticism of high-tech shortage claims"},{"Link":"http://heather.cs.ucdavis.edu/itaa.real.html","external_links_name":"Disputation of High-tech Labor Shortage by Dr. Matloff"},{"Link":"http://www.thepublicinterest.com/archives/2003fall/article2.html","external_links_name":"RAND Study on Alleged Shortage of Scientists"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080406232529/http://www.internationalbusinessreport.com/Press-room/2008/Business-constraints.asp","external_links_name":"Shortage of skilled workers knocks red tape off top of business constraints league table - Grant Thornton IBR"},{"Link":"http://www.miller-mccune.com/science/the-real-science-gap-16191/","external_links_name":"The Real Science Gap - \"It's not insufficient schooling or a shortage of scientists. It's a lack of job opportunities.\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_There_Be_Rock
|
Let There Be Rock
|
["1 Background","2 Artwork","3 Reception","4 Track listing","4.1 Australian version","4.2 International version","5 Personnel","6 Charts","7 Certifications","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
|
1977 studio album by AC/DC
For the song, see Let There Be Rock (song).
"Bad Boy Boogie" redirects here. For the Mötley Crüe song of the same name, see Bad Boy Boogie (Mötley Crüe song).
Let There Be RockInternational coverStudio album by AC/DCReleased21 March 1977 (1977-03-21)Recorded
January–March 1976
January–February 1977
StudioAlbert (Sydney)Genre
Hard rock
blues rock
Length40:19 (Australia)41:01 (international)Label
Albert (Australia)
Atlantic (UK & Europe)
ATCO (US)
Producer
Harry Vanda
George Young
AC/DC chronology
Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap(1976)
Let There Be Rock(1977)
Powerage(1978)
Alternative cover artOriginal Australian cover
Singles from Let There Be Rock
"Dog Eat Dog"Released: 21 March 1977 (Aus)
"Whole Lotta Rosie"Released: 20 May 1977 (NL)
"Let There Be Rock" / "Problem Child"Released: 30 September 1977 (UK)
Let There Be Rock is the fourth studio album by Australian rock band AC/DC. It was originally released on 21 March 1977 in Australasia, through Albert Productions label. A modified international edition was released on 25 July 1977, through Atlantic Records. It was the last AC/DC album to feature Mark Evans on bass.
Background
In late 1976 AC/DC were in a slump. "It was very close to being all over", manager Michael Browning said. "Things were progressing very well in London and Europe. We'd been through a whole thing with the Marquee where they broke all the house records. We'd done the "Lock Up Your Daughters" UK tour and the Reading Festival. It was all shaping up really well."
"In the middle of the tour, I get a phone call saying Atlantic Records in America didn't like the Dirty Deeds album", said Browning. "That, in fact, they were going to drop the group from the label. And that's when things got really bad."
"There was always a siege mentality about that band. But once we all found out that Atlantic had knocked us back the attitude was: 'Fuck them! Who the fuck do they think they are?' So from that point onwards it was: 'Fuck, we'll show them!' We were seriously fucking pissed off about it. It didn't need to be discussed. We were going to go in and make that album and shove it up their arse!"— Mark Evans
Angus Young said, "Our brother George asked us what kind of album we wanted to make and we said it would be great if we could just make a lot of guitar riffs, because we were all fired up after doing all this touring."
Artwork
The Australian cover features the fingers of guitarist Chris Turner, from Australian band Buffalo. "There was a bloke called Colin Stead, who was in Buffalo for about ten minutes," Turner recalled. "He was also the centrefold photographer for Playboy. He phoned me up and said he was doing the album cover for Let There Be Rock, but AC/DC were out of town, so could I help out? He wanted a flash guitar run up and down the neck. Apparently, when he saw it, Angus said, 'He's got fat fingers, hasn't he?'"
The cover of the international version, released in July 1977, marked the first appearance of the band's now iconic logo, designed by Gerard Huerta. The photograph used for the international cover was taken at a concert on 19 March 1977 at the Kursaal Ballroom, Southend, Essex, UK, by rock photographer Keith Morris.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicClassic RockThe Encyclopedia of Popular MusicMusicHound RockThe Quietus(favourable)The Rolling Stone Album GuideSpin Alternative Record Guide5/10
Reception to Let There Be Rock was extremely positive; according to AllMusic, which gave the album a rating of four and a half out of five stars in a retrospective review, AC/DC played "sweaty, dirty, nasty rock" and the band had "rarely done that kind of rock better than they did" on Let There Be Rock.
In 2001, Q magazine named Let There Be Rock as one of the 50 Heaviest Albums of All Time.
Cashbox said "Heavy metal is their special forte and there is plenty of voltage displayed on this electrified disc."
Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic enthuses, "Let There Be Rock sees AC/DC's religious-like respect for the simple art of making rock & roll brought to its logical conclusion: a veritable gospel to the glory of rock, canonized here in hymn-like worship. The near-epic title track to what is widely regarded as the best Bon Scott-era album, the song is a holy testimony, bringing good news to all those who believe in the healing power of rock & roll -- amen! Oh yeah, it also kicks unholy ass!"
David Fricke of Rolling Stone wrote of the album in a 2008 cover story, "AC/DC's early albums were perfectly frenetic, but inconsistent. Their second U.S. LP was almost all killer. Scott sings 'Bad Boy Boogie' and 'Problem Child' like he's the enfant terrible...Angus' solos are true white heat." In 2006, AC/DC biographer Murray Engleheart wrote that Let There Be Rock "elevated AC/DC to the status of an album band, something that had previously been the exclusive domain of the likes of The Rolling Stones, The Who and Led Zeppelin." In 2000, Angus Young recalled to Guitar World that producer Mutt Lange once told him "of all the many albums we'd done with my brother George and his partner, Harry Vanda, the one Mutt wished he would have done, where he was envious of George, was Let There Be Rock." Band biographer Jesse Fink writes, "Wherever AC/DC ended up in the annals of rock history, this album would stand for all time as an expression of their unrivaled might as a guitar band."
Track listing
Australian version
All tracks are written by Angus Young, Malcolm Young and Bon ScottSide oneNo.TitleLength1."Go Down"5:172."Dog Eat Dog"3:353."Let There Be Rock"6:064."Bad Boy Boogie"4:27
Side twoNo.TitleLength5."Overdose"6:096."Crabsody in Blue"4:447."Hell Ain't a Bad Place to Be"4:148."Whole Lotta Rosie"5:24Total length:40:19
International version
Side oneNo.TitleLength1."Go Down"5:312."Dog Eat Dog"3:353."Let There Be Rock"6:064."Bad Boy Boogie"4:27
Side twoNo.TitleLength5."Problem Child"5:256."Overdose"6:097."Hell Ain't a Bad Place to Be"4:148."Whole Lotta Rosie"5:24Total length:41:01
Notes
For the original Australian vinyl release a different version of "Go Down" was used. This version has an early fade-out, changing the length of the song to only 5:17.
Track 5, "Problem Child", was originally released on Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap in 1976. This is a shortened version of the original, missing the reprise coda.
For the original vinyl release, in all markets other than the US, Canada and Japan, "Crabsody in Blue" was featured instead of "Problem Child".
Personnel
AC/DC
Bon Scott – lead vocals
Angus Young – lead guitar
Malcolm Young – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Mark Evans – bass guitar
Phil Rudd – drums, percussion
Production
Harry Vanda – producer
George Young – producer
Mark Opitz – engineer
Michael Fraser – mastering supervisor
Al Quaglieri – mastering supervisor
George Marino – mastering
Eugene Nastasi – digital assembly
Bob Defrin – art direction
Richard Ford – artwork
Gerard Huerta – cover lettering
Murray Engleheart – liner notes
Charts
Chart (1977–1981)
Peakposition
Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)
19
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
10
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)
42
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)
29
UK Albums (OCC)
17
US Billboard 200
154
Chart (2003)
Peakposition
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)
37
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
5× Platinum
350,000^
France (SNEP)
Gold
100,000*
Germany (BVMI)
Platinum
500,000^
Spain (PROMUSICAE)
Gold
50,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)
Gold
100,000^
United States (RIAA)
2× Platinum
2,000,000^
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Notes
^ Dutch Top 40 magazine
^ A and B-side reversed in the United States
^ It released on 21 March 1977 in Australasia, and was released internationally on 25 July 1977.
^ Track 6 (international)
^ All tracks except track 6 (international)
References
^ "RIAA certifications for AC/DC". Recording Industry Association of America.
^ "AC/DC singles". Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
^ Wall, Mick (7 May 2016). "Let There Be Rock: The album that saved AC/DC's career". Loudersound. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
^ Sylvie Simmons. "AC/DC Celebrate Their Quarter Century". Rock's Backpages. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2022.(Subscription required.)
^ Wall, Mick (May 2012). "Let there be light! Let there be sound! Let there be rock!". Classic Rock #170. p. 42.
^ "AC/DC Tour History - 19 Mar. 1977 Southend (Kursaal Ballroom)". www.ac-dc.net. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
^ a b Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Let There Be Rock -AC/DC". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
^ Rock, Classic (25 July 2019). "AC/DC: Let There Be Rock album review". Loudersound. Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
^ Larkin, Colin (2007). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th Concise ed.). United Kingdom: Omnibus Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-84609-856-7.
^ Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel, eds. (1999). "AC/DC". MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Farmington Hills, MI: Visible Ink Press. ISBN 1-57859-061-2.
^ Marszalek, Julian (27 March 2017). "40 Years On: Revisiting AC/DC's Let There Be Rock". The Quietus. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
^ "AC/DC: Album Guide". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
^ Weisbard, Eric; Marks, Craig (1995). Spin Alternative Record Guide. Vintage Books. ISBN 1841955515.
^ "In our Lifetime #2". Rocklist.co.uk. Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
^ "Album Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box. 16 July 1977. p. 18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021 – via World Radio History.
^ Rivadavia, Eduardo. "Let There Be Rock - AC/DC". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
^ Fink, Jesse (2013). The Youngs: The Brothers Who Built AC/DC. Australia: Ebury. p. 148. ISBN 9781742759791.
^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
^ "Dutchcharts.nl – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
^ "Charts.nz – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock". Hung Medien. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
^ "Swedishcharts.com – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock". Hung Medien. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
^ "AC/DC | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
^ "AC-DC Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
^ "Norwegiancharts.com – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock". Hung Medien. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2013 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association.
^ "French album certifications – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock" (in French). InfoDisc. Select AC/DC and click OK.
^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (AC/DC; 'Let There Be Rock')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
^ Salaverrie, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (PDF) (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Madrid: Fundación Autor/SGAE. p. 953. ISBN 84-8048-639-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
^ "British album certifications – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock". British Phonographic Industry.
^ "American album certifications – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock". Recording Industry Association of America.
External links
Lyrics on AC/DC's official website
vteAC/DC
Angus Young
Phil Rudd
Cliff Williams
Brian Johnson
Stevie Young
Matt Laug (touring)
Chris Chaney (touring)
Malcolm Young
Bon Scott
Chris Slade
Mark Evans
Dave Evans
Larry Van Kriedt
Colin Burgess
Rob Bailey
Peter Clack
Tony Currenti
Paul Matters
Simon Wright
Studio albums
High Voltage (1975)
T.N.T. (1975)
High Voltage (1976)
Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (1976)
Let There Be Rock (1977)
Powerage (1978)
Highway to Hell (1979)
Back in Black (1980)
For Those About to Rock We Salute You (1981)
Flick of the Switch (1983)
Fly on the Wall (1985)
Blow Up Your Video (1988)
The Razors Edge (1990)
Ballbreaker (1995)
Stiff Upper Lip (2000)
Black Ice (2008)
Rock or Bust (2014)
Power Up (2020)
Compilations
Bonfire (1997)
Volts (1997)
Backtracks (2009)
Live albums
If You Want Blood You've Got It (1978)
AC/DC Live (1992)
Live from the Atlantic Studios (1997)
Let There Be Rock: The Movie – Live in Paris (1997)
Live at River Plate (2012)
EPs
'74 Jailbreak (1984)
Soundtracks
Who Made Who (1986)
Last Action Hero (1993)
Iron Man 2 (2010)
Singles
"Can I Sit Next to You, Girl"
"Baby, Please Don't Go"
"High Voltage"
"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)"
"T.N.T."
"Jailbreak"
"Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap"
"Love at First Feel"
"Dog Eat Dog"
"Let There Be Rock"
"Whole Lotta Rosie"
"Rock 'n' Roll Damnation"
"Highway to Hell"
"Girls Got Rhythm"
"Touch Too Much"
"Night Prowler"
"You Shook Me All Night Long"
"Hells Bells"
"Back in Black"
"Rock and Roll Ain't Noise Pollution"
"Let's Get It Up"
"For Those About to Rock (We Salute You)"
"Guns for Hire"
"Nervous Shakedown"
"Flick of the Switch"
"Danger"
"Shake Your Foundations"
"Who Made Who"
"Heatseeker"
"That's the Way I Wanna Rock 'n' Roll"
"Thunderstruck"
"Moneytalks"
"Are You Ready"
"Big Gun"
"Hard as a Rock"
"Hail Caesar"
"Cover You in Oil"
"Stiff Upper Lip"
"Safe in New York City"
"Satellite Blues"
"Rock 'n' Roll Train"
"Big Jack"
"Anything Goes"
"Money Made"
"Shoot to Thrill"
"Play Ball"
"Rock or Bust"
"Shot in the Dark"
Video albums
AC/DC: Let There Be Rock (1980)
Fly on the Wall (1985)
Who Made Who (1986)
AC/DC (1989)
Clipped (1991)
Live at Donington (1992)
For Those About to Rock: Monsters in Moscow (1992)
No Bull (1996)
Stiff Upper Lip Live (2001)
Family Jewels (2005)
Plug Me In (2007)
Live at River Plate (2011)
Tours
Highway to Hell Tour (1979–1980)
Back in Black Tour (1980–1981)
For Those About to Rock Tour (1981–1982)
Flick of the Switch Tour (1983–1984)
Fly on the Wall Tour (1985–1986)
Who Made Who Tour (1986)
Blow Up Your Video World Tour (1988)
Razors Edge World Tour (1990–1991)
Ballbreaker World Tour (1996)
Stiff Upper Lip World Tour (2000–2001)
Club Dates/Rolling Stones Tour (2003)
Black Ice World Tour (2008–2010)
Rock or Bust World Tour (2015–2016)
Power Up Tour (2024–)
Related articles
Discography
Songs
Awards and nominations
Members
ACDC Lane
Angus Bucks
Tribute albums
AC/DC (pinball)
AC/DC Live: Rock Band Track Pack
Category
Commons
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Let There Be Rock (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_There_Be_Rock_(song)"},{"link_name":"Bad Boy Boogie (Mötley Crüe song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Boy_Boogie_(M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe_song)"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"AC/DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC/DC"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia"},{"link_name":"Albert Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Productions"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"Mark Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Evans_(musician)"}],"text":"For the song, see Let There Be Rock (song).\"Bad Boy Boogie\" redirects here. For the Mötley Crüe song of the same name, see Bad Boy Boogie (Mötley Crüe song).Let There Be Rock is the fourth studio album by Australian rock band AC/DC. It was originally released on 21 March 1977 in Australasia, through Albert Productions label. A modified international edition was released on 25 July 1977, through Atlantic Records. It was the last AC/DC album to feature Mark Evans on bass.","title":"Let There Be Rock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reading Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_and_Leeds_Festivals"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dirty Deeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Deeds_Done_Dirt_Cheap"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In late 1976 AC/DC were in a slump. \"It was very close to being all over\", manager Michael Browning said. \"Things were progressing very well in London and Europe. We'd been through a whole thing with the Marquee where they broke all the house records. We'd done the \"Lock Up Your Daughters\" UK tour and the Reading Festival. It was all shaping up really well.\"\n[3] \"In the middle of the tour, I get a phone call saying Atlantic Records in America didn't like the Dirty Deeds album\", said Browning. \"That, in fact, they were going to drop the group from the label. And that's when things got really bad.\"\"There was always a siege mentality about that band. But once we all found out that Atlantic had knocked us back the attitude was: 'Fuck them! Who the fuck do they think they are?' So from that point onwards it was: 'Fuck, we'll show them!' We were seriously fucking pissed off about it. It didn't need to be discussed. We were going to go in and make that album and shove it up their arse!\"— Mark EvansAngus Young said, \"Our brother George asked us what kind of album we wanted to make and we said it would be great if we could just make a lot of guitar riffs, because we were all fired up after doing all this touring.\"[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_(band)"},{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gerard Huerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Huerta"},{"link_name":"Kursaal Ballroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursaal_(amusement_park)"},{"link_name":"Keith Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Morris_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Australian cover features the fingers of guitarist Chris Turner, from Australian band Buffalo. \"There was a bloke called Colin Stead, who was in Buffalo for about ten minutes,\" Turner recalled. \"He was also the centrefold photographer for Playboy. He phoned me up and said he was doing the album cover for Let There Be Rock, but AC/DC were out of town, so could I help out? He wanted a flash guitar run up and down the neck. Apparently, when he saw it, Angus said, 'He's got fat fingers, hasn't he?'\"[5]The cover of the international version, released in July 1977, marked the first appearance of the band's now iconic logo, designed by Gerard Huerta. The photograph used for the international cover was taken at a concert on 19 March 1977 at the Kursaal Ballroom, Southend, Essex, UK, by rock photographer Keith Morris.[6]","title":"Artwork"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-12"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Cashbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Guitar World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_World"},{"link_name":"Mutt Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutt_Lange"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Reception to Let There Be Rock was extremely positive; according to AllMusic, which gave the album a rating of four and a half out of five stars in a retrospective review, AC/DC played \"sweaty, dirty, nasty rock\" and the band had \"rarely done that kind of rock better than they did\" on Let There Be Rock.[7]\nIn 2001, Q magazine named Let There Be Rock as one of the 50 Heaviest Albums of All Time.[14]Cashbox said \"Heavy metal is their special forte and there is plenty of voltage displayed on this electrified disc.\"[15]Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic enthuses, \"Let There Be Rock sees AC/DC's religious-like respect for the simple art of making rock & roll brought to its logical conclusion: a veritable gospel to the glory of rock, canonized here in hymn-like worship. The near-epic title track to what is widely regarded as the best Bon Scott-era album, the song is a holy testimony, bringing good news to all those who believe in the healing power of rock & roll -- amen! Oh yeah, it also kicks unholy ass!\"[16]David Fricke of Rolling Stone wrote of the album in a 2008 cover story, \"AC/DC's early albums were perfectly frenetic, but inconsistent. Their second U.S. LP was almost all killer. Scott sings 'Bad Boy Boogie' and 'Problem Child' like he's the enfant terrible...Angus' solos are true white heat.\" In 2006, AC/DC biographer Murray Engleheart wrote that Let There Be Rock \"elevated AC/DC to the status of an album band, something that had previously been the exclusive domain of the likes of The Rolling Stones, The Who and Led Zeppelin.\" In 2000, Angus Young recalled to Guitar World that producer Mutt Lange once told him \"of all the many albums we'd done with my brother George and his partner, Harry Vanda, the one Mutt wished he would have done, where he was envious of George, was Let There Be Rock.\" Band biographer Jesse Fink writes, \"Wherever AC/DC ended up in the annals of rock history, this album would stand for all time as an expression of their unrivaled might as a guitar band.\"[17]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angus Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Young"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Young"},{"link_name":"Bon Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Scott"},{"link_name":"Dog Eat Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_Eat_Dog_(AC/DC_song)"},{"link_name":"Let There Be Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_There_Be_Rock_(song)"},{"link_name":"Whole Lotta Rosie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Lotta_Rosie"}],"sub_title":"Australian version","text":"All tracks are written by Angus Young, Malcolm Young and Bon ScottSide oneNo.TitleLength1.\"Go Down\"5:172.\"Dog Eat Dog\"3:353.\"Let There Be Rock\"6:064.\"Bad Boy Boogie\"4:27Side twoNo.TitleLength5.\"Overdose\"6:096.\"Crabsody in Blue\"4:447.\"Hell Ain't a Bad Place to Be\"4:148.\"Whole Lotta Rosie\"5:24Total length:40:19","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Deeds_Done_Dirt_Cheap_(Australian_album)"}],"sub_title":"International version","text":"Side oneNo.TitleLength1.\"Go Down\"5:312.\"Dog Eat Dog\"3:353.\"Let There Be Rock\"6:064.\"Bad Boy Boogie\"4:27Side twoNo.TitleLength5.\"Problem Child\"5:256.\"Overdose\"6:097.\"Hell Ain't a Bad Place to Be\"4:148.\"Whole Lotta Rosie\"5:24Total length:41:01NotesFor the original Australian vinyl release a different version of \"Go Down\" was used. This version has an early fade-out, changing the length of the song to only 5:17.\nTrack 5, \"Problem Child\", was originally released on Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap in 1976. This is a shortened version of the original, missing the reprise coda.\nFor the original vinyl release, in all markets other than the US, Canada and Japan, \"Crabsody in Blue\" was featured instead of \"Problem Child\".","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bon Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Scott"},{"link_name":"Angus Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Young"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Young"},{"link_name":"Mark Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Evans_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Phil Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Rudd"},{"link_name":"Harry Vanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Vanda"},{"link_name":"George Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Young_(rock_musician)"},{"link_name":"Mark Opitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Opitz"},{"link_name":"George Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marino"},{"link_name":"Gerard Huerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Huerta"}],"text":"AC/DCBon Scott – lead vocals\nAngus Young – lead guitar\nMalcolm Young – rhythm guitar, backing vocals\nMark Evans – bass guitar\nPhil Rudd – drums, percussionProductionHarry Vanda – producer\nGeorge Young – producer\nMark Opitz – engineer\nMichael Fraser – mastering supervisor\nAl Quaglieri – mastering supervisor\nGeorge Marino – mastering\nEugene Nastasi – digital assembly\nBob Defrin – art direction\nRichard Ford – artwork\nGerard Huerta – cover lettering\nMurray Engleheart – liner notes","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Australasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"text":"^ Dutch Top 40 magazine\n\n^ A and B-side reversed in the United States^ It released on 21 March 1977 in Australasia, and was released internationally on 25 July 1977.[1]\n\n^ Track 6 (international)\n\n^ All tracks except track 6 (international)","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"RIAA certifications for AC/DC\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=AC%2FDC#search_section","url_text":"\"RIAA certifications for AC/DC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"AC/DC singles\". Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=AC%2FDC&titel=Whole+Lotta+Rosie&cat=s","url_text":"\"AC/DC singles\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220329155751/https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=AC%2FDC&titel=Whole+Lotta+Rosie&cat=s","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wall, Mick (7 May 2016). \"Let There Be Rock: The album that saved AC/DC's career\". Loudersound. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/let-there-be-rock-the-album-that-nearly-killed-ac-dc","url_text":"\"Let There Be Rock: The album that saved AC/DC's career\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181024073817/https://www.loudersound.com/features/let-there-be-rock-the-album-that-nearly-killed-ac-dc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sylvie Simmons. \"AC/DC Celebrate Their Quarter Century\". Rock's Backpages. Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/acdc-celebrate-their-quarter-century","url_text":"\"AC/DC Celebrate Their Quarter Century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%27s_Backpages","url_text":"Rock's Backpages"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211019211227/https://rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/acdc-celebrate-their-quarter-century","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wall, Mick (May 2012). \"Let there be light! Let there be sound! Let there be rock!\". Classic Rock #170. p. 42.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Wall","url_text":"Wall, Mick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Rock_(magazine)","url_text":"Classic Rock"}]},{"reference":"\"AC/DC Tour History - 19 Mar. 1977 Southend (Kursaal Ballroom)\". www.ac-dc.net. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ac-dc.net/archive/acdc_tour_history.php?date_id=776","url_text":"\"AC/DC Tour History - 19 Mar. 1977 Southend (Kursaal Ballroom)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082219/http://www.ac-dc.net/archive/acdc_tour_history.php?date_id=776","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"Let There Be Rock -AC/DC\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/let-there-be-rock-mw0000188896","url_text":"\"Let There Be Rock -AC/DC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120602151808/http://www.allmusic.com/album/let-there-be-rock-mw0000188896","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rock, Classic (25 July 2019). \"AC/DC: Let There Be Rock album review\". Loudersound. Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/reviews/ac-dc-let-there-be-rock-album-review","url_text":"\"AC/DC: Let There Be Rock album review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudersound","url_text":"Loudersound"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200515011918/https://www.loudersound.com/reviews/ac-dc-let-there-be-rock-album-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2007). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th Concise ed.). United Kingdom: Omnibus Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-84609-856-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84609-856-7","url_text":"978-1-84609-856-7"}]},{"reference":"Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel, eds. (1999). \"AC/DC\". MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Farmington Hills, MI: Visible Ink Press. ISBN 1-57859-061-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781578590612","url_text":"MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57859-061-2","url_text":"1-57859-061-2"}]},{"reference":"Marszalek, Julian (27 March 2017). \"40 Years On: Revisiting AC/DC's Let There Be Rock\". The Quietus. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thequietus.com/articles/22076-acdc-let-there-be-rock-review-anniversary","url_text":"\"40 Years On: Revisiting AC/DC's Let There Be Rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quietus","url_text":"The Quietus"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220818011317/https://thequietus.com/articles/22076-acdc-let-there-be-rock-review-anniversary","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"AC/DC: Album Guide\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/ac-dc/albumguide","url_text":"\"AC/DC: Album Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120308001205/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/ac-dc/albumguide","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Weisbard, Eric; Marks, Craig (1995). Spin Alternative Record Guide. Vintage Books. ISBN 1841955515.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1841955515","url_text":"1841955515"}]},{"reference":"\"In our Lifetime #2\". Rocklist.co.uk. Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/qlistspage2.html","url_text":"\"In our Lifetime #2\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181019101341/http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/qlistspage2.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Album Reviews\" (PDF). Cash Box. 16 July 1977. p. 18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021 – via World Radio History.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1977/CB-1977-07-16.pdf","url_text":"\"Album Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box_magazine","url_text":"Cash Box"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211125071703/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1977/CB-1977-07-16.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rivadavia, Eduardo. \"Let There Be Rock - AC/DC\". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/song/let-there-be-rock-mt0000070399","url_text":"\"Let There Be Rock - AC/DC\""}]},{"reference":"Fink, Jesse (2013). The Youngs: The Brothers Who Built AC/DC. Australia: Ebury. p. 148. ISBN 9781742759791.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781742759791","url_text":"9781742759791"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report","url_text":"Australian Chart Book 1970–1992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"St Ives, NSW"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2013 Albums\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AAB7SWdLlf4IXOeTFbi1j7-ia/2013%20Accreds.pdf","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2013 Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"French album certifications – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock\" (in French). InfoDisc.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.infodisc.fr/Album_Certifications.php","url_text":"\"French album certifications – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (AC/DC; 'Let There Be Rock')\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 13 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=Let+There+Be+Rock&strInterpret=AC%2FDC&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","url_text":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (AC/DC; 'Let There Be Rock')\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie","url_text":"Bundesverband Musikindustrie"}]},{"reference":"Salaverrie, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (PDF) (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Madrid: Fundación Autor/SGAE. p. 953. ISBN 84-8048-639-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mediafire.com/file/7q55521w7go6vh6/Spanish+Certifications+for+2000-2002.pdf","url_text":"Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8048-639-2","url_text":"84-8048-639-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210129151111/http://www.mediafire.com/file/7q55521w7go6vh6/Spanish+Certifications+for+2000-2002.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock\". British Phonographic Industry.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/3808-1825-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=AC%2FDC&ti=Let+There+Be+Rock&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=AC%2FDC#search_section","external_links_name":"\"RIAA certifications for AC/DC\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=AC%2FDC&titel=Whole+Lotta+Rosie&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"AC/DC singles\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220329155751/https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=AC%2FDC&titel=Whole+Lotta+Rosie&cat=s","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/let-there-be-rock-the-album-that-nearly-killed-ac-dc","external_links_name":"\"Let There Be Rock: The album that saved AC/DC's career\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181024073817/https://www.loudersound.com/features/let-there-be-rock-the-album-that-nearly-killed-ac-dc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/acdc-celebrate-their-quarter-century","external_links_name":"\"AC/DC Celebrate Their Quarter Century\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211019211227/https://rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/acdc-celebrate-their-quarter-century","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ac-dc.net/archive/acdc_tour_history.php?date_id=776","external_links_name":"\"AC/DC Tour History - 19 Mar. 1977 Southend (Kursaal Ballroom)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082219/http://www.ac-dc.net/archive/acdc_tour_history.php?date_id=776","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/let-there-be-rock-mw0000188896","external_links_name":"\"Let There Be Rock -AC/DC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120602151808/http://www.allmusic.com/album/let-there-be-rock-mw0000188896","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.loudersound.com/reviews/ac-dc-let-there-be-rock-album-review","external_links_name":"\"AC/DC: Let There Be Rock album review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200515011918/https://www.loudersound.com/reviews/ac-dc-let-there-be-rock-album-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781578590612","external_links_name":"MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide"},{"Link":"https://thequietus.com/articles/22076-acdc-let-there-be-rock-review-anniversary","external_links_name":"\"40 Years On: Revisiting AC/DC's Let There Be Rock\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220818011317/https://thequietus.com/articles/22076-acdc-let-there-be-rock-review-anniversary","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/ac-dc/albumguide","external_links_name":"\"AC/DC: Album Guide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120308001205/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/ac-dc/albumguide","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/qlistspage2.html","external_links_name":"\"In our Lifetime #2\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181019101341/http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/qlistspage2.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1977/CB-1977-07-16.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Album Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211125071703/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1977/CB-1977-07-16.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/song/let-there-be-rock-mt0000070399","external_links_name":"\"Let There Be Rock - AC/DC\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=AC/DC&titel=Let+There+Be+Rock&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Dutchcharts.nl – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=AC/DC&titel=Let+There+Be+Rock&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Charts.nz – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock\""},{"Link":"https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=AC/DC&titel=Let+There+Be+Rock&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Swedishcharts.com – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/AC%2FDC/","external_links_name":"\"AC/DC | Artist | Official Charts\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/AC-DC/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"AC-DC Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=AC/DC&titel=Let+There+Be+Rock&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Norwegiancharts.com – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock\""},{"Link":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AAB7SWdLlf4IXOeTFbi1j7-ia/2013%20Accreds.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2013 Albums\""},{"Link":"https://www.infodisc.fr/Album_Certifications.php","external_links_name":"\"French album certifications – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock\""},{"Link":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=Let+There+Be+Rock&strInterpret=AC%2FDC&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","external_links_name":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (AC/DC; 'Let There Be Rock')\""},{"Link":"http://www.mediafire.com/file/7q55521w7go6vh6/Spanish+Certifications+for+2000-2002.pdf","external_links_name":"Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210129151111/http://www.mediafire.com/file/7q55521w7go6vh6/Spanish+Certifications+for+2000-2002.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/3808-1825-2","external_links_name":"\"British album certifications – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=AC%2FDC&ti=Let+There+Be+Rock&format=Album&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American album certifications – AC/DC – Let There Be Rock\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061020042138/http://www.acdcrocks.com/letthereberock.html","external_links_name":"Lyrics"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/c9673ff0-15b5-394d-a5ec-3d2a27dfce83","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xochihuehuetlan_Municipality
|
Xochihuehuetlan (municipality)
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 17°45′N 98°01′W / 17.750°N 98.017°W / 17.750; -98.017Municipality in the Mexican state of Guerrero
Municipality in Guerrero, MexicoXochihuehuetlanMunicipalityXochihuehuetlanLocation in MexicoCoordinates: 17°45′N 98°01′W / 17.750°N 98.017°W / 17.750; -98.017Country MexicoStateGuerreroMunicipal seatXochihuehuetlanArea • Total191.6 km2 (74.0 sq mi)Population (2005) • Total7,005
Xochihuehuetlan is a municipality in the Mexican state of Guerrero. The municipal seat lies at Xochihuehuetlan.
The municipality covers an area of 191.6 km².
In 2005, the municipality had a total population of 7,005.
References
^ "Xochihuehuetlan". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. Retrieved December 23, 2008.
vte State of GuerreroChilpancingo (capital)Municipalitiesand(municipal seats)
Acapulco de Juárez (Acapulco)
Acatepec (Acatepec)
Ajuchitlán del Progreso (Ajuchitlán)
Ahuacuotzingo (Ahuacuotzingo)
Alcozauca de Guerrero (Alcozauca de Guerrero)
Alpoyeca (Alpoyeca)
Apaxtla (Apaxtla de Castrejón)
Arcelia (Arcelia)
Atenango del Río (Atenango del Río)
Atlamajalcingo del Monte (Atlamajalcingo del Monte)
Atlixtac (Atlixtac)
Atoyac de Álvarez (Atoyac de Álvarez)
Ayutla de los Libres (Ayutla de los Libres)
Azoyú (Azoyú)
Benito Juárez (San Jerónimo de Juárez)
Buenavista de Cuéllar (Buenavista de Cuéllar)
Chilapa de Álvarez (Chilapa de Álvarez)
Chilpancingo de los Bravo (Chilpancingo de los Bravo)
Coahuayutla de José María Izazaga (Coahuayutla de Guerrero)
Cochoapa el Grande (Cochoapa el Grande)
Cocula (Cocula)
Copala (Copala)
Copalillo (Copalillo)
Copanatoyac (Copanatoyac)
Coyuca de Benítez (Coyuca de Benítez)
Coyuca de Catalán (Coyuca de Catalán)
Cuajinicuilapa (Cuajinicuilapa)
Cualac (Cualac)
Cuautepec (Cuautepec)
Cuetzala del Progreso (Cuetzala del Progreso)
Cutzamala de Pinzón (Cutzamala de Pinzón)
Eduardo Neri (Zumpango del Río)
Florencio Villarreal (Cruz Grande)
General Canuto A. Neri (Acapetlahuaya)
General Heliodoro Castillo (Tlacotepec)
Huamuxtitlán (Huamuxtitlán)
Huitzuco de los Figueroa (Huitzuco)
Iguala de la Independencia (Iguala de la Independencia)
Igualapa (Igualapa)
Ixcateopan de Cuauhtémoc (Ixcateopan de Cuauhtémoc)
Iliatenco (Iliatenco)
José Joaquín de Herrera (Hueycantenango)
Juan R. Escudero (Tierra Colorada)
Juchitán (Juchitán)
La Unión de Isidoro Montes de Oca (La Unión)
Las Vigas (Las Vigas)
Leonardo Bravo (Chichihualco)
Malinaltepec (Malinaltepec)
Marquelia (Marquelia)
Mártir de Cuilapán (Apango)
Metlatónoc (Metlatónoc)
Mochitlán (Mochitlán)
Ñuu Savi (Coapinola)
Olinalá (Olinalá)
Ometepec (Ometepec)
Pedro Ascencio Alquisiras (Ixcapuzalco)
Petatlán (Petatlán)
Pilcaya (Pilcaya)
Pungarabato (Ciudad Altamirano)
Quechultenango (Quechultenango)
San Luis Acatlán (San Luis Acatlán)
San Marcos (San Marcos)
San Miguel Totolapan (San Miguel Totolapan)
San Nicolás (San Nicolás)
Santa Cruz del Rincón (Santa Cruz del Rincón)
Taxco de Alarcón (Taxco de Alarcón)
Tecoanapa (Tecoanapa)
Tecpan de Galeana (Tecpan de Galeana)
Teloloapan (Teloloapan)
Tepecoacuilco de Trujano (Tepecoacuilco de Trujano)
Tetipac (Tetipac)
Tixtla de Guerrero (Tixtla de Guerrero)
Tlacoachistlahuaca (Tlacoachistlahuaca)
Tlacoapa (Tlacoapa)
Tlalchapa (Tlalchapa)
Tlalixtaquilla de Maldonado (Tlalixtaquilla)
Tlapa de Comonfort (Tlapa de Comonfort)
Tlapehuala (Tlapehuala)
Xalpatlahuac (Xalpatlahuac)
Xochihuehuetlan (Xochihuehuetlan)
Xochistlahuaca (Xochistlahuaca)
Zapotitlán Tablas (Zapotitlán Tablas)
Zihuatanejo de Azueta (Zihuatanejo)
Zirándaro (Zirándaro de los Chávez)
Zitlala (Zitlala)
Protected areas
El Veladero
General Juan N. Álvarez
Grutas de Cacahuamilpa
Omiltemi
Sierra de Huautla
This article about a location in the Mexican state of Guerrero is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Xochihuehuetlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xochihuehuetlan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Municipality in the Mexican state of GuerreroMunicipality in Guerrero, MexicoXochihuehuetlan is a municipality in the Mexican state of Guerrero. The municipal seat lies at Xochihuehuetlan. \nThe municipality covers an area of 191.6 km².In 2005, the municipality had a total population of 7,005.[1]","title":"Xochihuehuetlan (municipality)"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Xochihuehuetlan\". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. Retrieved December 23, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/guerrero/municipios/12070a.htm","url_text":"\"Xochihuehuetlan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_para_el_Federalismo_y_el_Desarrollo_Municipal","url_text":"Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xochihuehuetlan_(municipality)¶ms=17_45_N_98_01_W_region:MX-GRO_type:city(7005)","external_links_name":"17°45′N 98°01′W / 17.750°N 98.017°W / 17.750; -98.017"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xochihuehuetlan_(municipality)¶ms=17_45_N_98_01_W_region:MX-GRO_type:city(7005)","external_links_name":"17°45′N 98°01′W / 17.750°N 98.017°W / 17.750; -98.017"},{"Link":"http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/guerrero/municipios/12070a.htm","external_links_name":"\"Xochihuehuetlan\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xochihuehuetlan_(municipality)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osterfeuer
|
Easter fire
|
["1 Liturgy","2 Customs","2.1 German regions","2.2 Netherlands","2.3 USA","2.4 South Slavs","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Bonfires lit at Easter as part of liturgical and secular celebrations
Benedictine monks preparing to light the Christ candle prior to Easter Vigil mass, Morristown, New Jersey
Easter fires, also called Paschal fires, are typically bonfires lit at Easter as part of liturgical and cultural celebrations.
Liturgy
Main article: Easter Vigil Used in solemn Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, and Methodist celebrations of the Easter Vigil held after sunset on Holy Saturday, concluding the Paschal Triduum. Such a fire might be used to light a Paschal candle or other candles used symbolically before or during Mass or other religious celebration.
As a sacrament in remembrance of the Resurrection of Jesus, the Catholic Mass according to Roman rite begins with a big celebration of light (Lucernarium): an open fire is lighted outside the church and blessed by the priest; when the Paschal candle is lit, the community ceremoniously enters the dark church chanting Lumen Christi and Deo gratias.
The Easter Vigil liturgies of the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, Methodist and Presbyterian Churches are nearly identical.
According to the Eastern Orthodox tradition of the Holy Fire, worshippers light candles from the Paschal trikirion during service at Saturday Midnight, while the troparion is sung.
Customs
German regions
Video clip of a large Easter Fire in Hamburg on the Horner Rennbahn (2016)
Though not documented before the 16th century, the custom presumably is based on Saxon, pre-Christian traditions, that are still performed each year. There are several explanations of the meaning of these fires. The Saxons probably believed that around the time of Easter, Spring becomes victorious over Winter. The fires were supposed to help chase the darkness and winter away. It was also a symbol of fertility, which works in a literal sense in that the ashes were scattered over the meadows and thereby fertilized the soil. Another possible origin of the Easter fire is that of St. Patrick lighting an unquenchable "High King" fire in defiance of the throne on the night before Easter of 432AD. The fire is symbolic of the undimmed light of Christ despite the pagan government's attempts to put it out and marked the beginning of the conversion of Ireland to Christianity. This fire reminds Christianity of the Eternal High Kingship of Christ.
In Northern Germany, Easter Fires (German: Osterfeuer) are lit around sunset on Holy Saturday.
In some Old Bavarian regions, the Burning of Judas on Holy Saturday is still common.
Netherlands
Easter Fire in Twente, height 45.98 metres (150.9 ft)
Easter fires also exist in the Netherlands.
USA
In Fredericksburg, Texas, each year the residents have Easter Fires the night before Easter, commemorating a peace treaty with the Comanche Indians. In 1847 when the original treaty was signed, the Comanches lit signal fires on the area hills.
South Slavs
Amongst South Slavs (Serbs, Montenegrins, Slovenes, Croats, Bulgarians, Macedonians, Bunjevci and Šokci), it is required to jump over the flames of Easter (Serbian Cyrillic: Крљавештице, romanized: Krljaveštice).
See also
Biikebrennen (similar custom in North Frisia)
Burgbrennen (very similar custom in Luxembourg)
Chaharshanbe Suri (similar custom in Iran, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan and Tajikistan)
Funkenfeuer (similar custom in Swabian-Alemannic area)
Holy Fire
Hüttenbrennen (similar custom in the Eifel)
Luminaria (vigil fire)
Sechseläuten (similar Swiss custom in Zürich)
Victimae paschali laudes
References
^ "Feastday Highlights: St. Patrick and the Paschal Feast". www.catholicculture.org. Retrieved 2022-09-06.
^ "spirituality and worship". Liturgy. 2008-02-09. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
^ "Trinity Episcopal Church". Photos.trinityjanesville.org. 2009-12-24. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
^ "Old St. Mary's Church". Oldstmarys.org. 2006-01-29. Archived from the original on 2012-02-18. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
^ Ramshaw, Gail (2004). The Three-Day Feast: Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Easter. Augsburg Books. p. 7. ISBN 9780806651156. Many Christians are already familiar with the ancient, and now recently restored, liturgies of the Three Days: Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and the great Easter Vigil service of light, readings, baptism, and communion. The worship resources published by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Episcopal Church, the United Methodist Church, the Presbyterian Church U.S.A. and the Catholic Church include nearly identical versions of these liturgies.
^ "Saint Patrick And The Easter Fire". pauline.leadpages.co. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
^ Texas State Historical Commission. "The Easter Fires". Historical Marker.
^ ""Pročke", stari srpski običaj – "Krljaveštice" (Skakanje preko vatre)". Srbin.info. 2013-03-16.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Easter fires.
Authority control databases: National
Germany
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BenedictineEasterVigil.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Morristown, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morristown,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"bonfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonfire"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"liturgical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy"},{"link_name":"cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_culture"}],"text":"Benedictine monks preparing to light the Christ candle prior to Easter Vigil mass, Morristown, New JerseyEaster fires, also called Paschal fires,[1] are typically bonfires lit at Easter as part of liturgical and cultural celebrations.","title":"Easter fire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holy Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Saturday"},{"link_name":"Paschal Triduum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschal_Triduum"},{"link_name":"Paschal candle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschal_candle"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"sacrament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Resurrection of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Roman rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_rite"},{"link_name":"Lumen Christi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumen_Christi"},{"link_name":"Deo gratias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deo_gratias"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramshaw2004-5"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Holy Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Fire"},{"link_name":"Paschal trikirion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschal_trikirion"},{"link_name":"troparion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschal_troparion"}],"text":"Used in solemn Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, and Methodist celebrations of the Easter Vigil held after sunset on Holy Saturday, concluding the Paschal Triduum. Such a fire might be used to light a Paschal candle or other candles used symbolically before or during Mass or other religious celebration.[2][3][4]As a sacrament in remembrance of the Resurrection of Jesus, the Catholic Mass according to Roman rite begins with a big celebration of light (Lucernarium): an open fire is lighted outside the church and blessed by the priest; when the Paschal candle is lit, the community ceremoniously enters the dark church chanting Lumen Christi and Deo gratias.The Easter Vigil liturgies of the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, Methodist and Presbyterian Churches are nearly identical.[5]According to the Eastern Orthodox tradition of the Holy Fire, worshippers light candles from the Paschal trikirion during service at Saturday Midnight, while the troparion is sung.","title":"Liturgy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Customs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Horner Rennbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horner_Rennbahn"},{"link_name":"Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxons"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"High Kingship of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_the_King"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paul_Sain-6"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Northern Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Germany"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"sunset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset"},{"link_name":"Holy Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Saturday"},{"link_name":"Old Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altbayern"},{"link_name":"Burning of Judas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Judas"}],"sub_title":"German regions","text":"Video clip of a large Easter Fire in Hamburg on the Horner Rennbahn (2016)Though not documented before the 16th century, the custom presumably is based on Saxon, pre-Christian traditions, that are still performed each year. There are several explanations of the meaning of these fires. The Saxons probably believed that around the time of Easter, Spring becomes victorious over Winter. The fires were supposed to help chase the darkness and winter away. It was also a symbol of fertility, which works in a literal sense in that the ashes were scattered over the meadows and thereby fertilized the soil.[citation needed] Another possible origin of the Easter fire is that of St. Patrick lighting an unquenchable \"High King\" fire in defiance of the throne on the night before Easter of 432AD. The fire is symbolic of the undimmed light of Christ despite the pagan government's attempts to put it out and marked the beginning of the conversion of Ireland to Christianity. This fire reminds Christianity of the Eternal High Kingship of Christ.[6][unreliable source?]In Northern Germany, Easter Fires (German: Osterfeuer) are lit around sunset on Holy Saturday.In some Old Bavarian regions, the Burning of Judas on Holy Saturday is still common.","title":"Customs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paasvuur_Espelo_8_april_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Twente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twente"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"}],"sub_title":"Netherlands","text":"Easter Fire in Twente, height 45.98 metres (150.9 ft)Easter fires also exist in the Netherlands.","title":"Customs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fredericksburg, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Comanche Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"USA","text":"In Fredericksburg, Texas, each year the residents have Easter Fires the night before Easter, commemorating a peace treaty with the Comanche Indians. In 1847 when the original treaty was signed, the Comanches lit signal fires on the area hills.[7]","title":"Customs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"Montenegrins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrins"},{"link_name":"Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenes"},{"link_name":"Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats"},{"link_name":"Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians"},{"link_name":"Macedonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Bunjevci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunjevci"},{"link_name":"Šokci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0okci"},{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"South Slavs","text":"Amongst South Slavs (Serbs, Montenegrins, Slovenes, Croats, Bulgarians, Macedonians, Bunjevci and Šokci), it is required to jump over the flames of Easter (Serbian Cyrillic: Крљавештице, romanized: Krljaveštice).[8]","title":"Customs"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Benedictine monks preparing to light the Christ candle prior to Easter Vigil mass, Morristown, New Jersey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/BenedictineEasterVigil.jpg/220px-BenedictineEasterVigil.jpg"},{"image_text":"Video clip of a large Easter Fire in Hamburg on the Horner Rennbahn (2016)"},{"image_text":"Easter Fire in Twente, height 45.98 metres (150.9 ft)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Paasvuur_Espelo_8_april_2012.jpg/220px-Paasvuur_Espelo_8_april_2012.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Biikebrennen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biikebrennen"},{"title":"Burgbrennen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgbrennen"},{"title":"Chaharshanbe Suri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaharshanbe_Suri"},{"title":"Funkenfeuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkenfeuer"},{"title":"Holy Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Fire"},{"title":"Hüttenbrennen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCttenbrennen"},{"title":"Luminaria (vigil fire)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminaria_(vigil_fire)"},{"title":"Sechseläuten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sechsel%C3%A4uten"},{"title":"Victimae paschali laudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victimae_paschali_laudes"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Feastday Highlights: St. Patrick and the Paschal Feast\". www.catholicculture.org. Retrieved 2022-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catholicculture.org/commentary/feastday-highlights-st-patrick-and-paschal-feast/","url_text":"\"Feastday Highlights: St. Patrick and the Paschal Feast\""}]},{"reference":"\"spirituality and worship\". Liturgy. 2008-02-09. Retrieved 2013-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liturgy.co.nz/worship/matters_files/eastervigilhint20080209.html","url_text":"\"spirituality and worship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trinity Episcopal Church\". Photos.trinityjanesville.org. 2009-12-24. Retrieved 2013-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://photos.trinityjanesville.org/main.php?g2_itemId=1181","url_text":"\"Trinity Episcopal Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"Old St. Mary's Church\". Oldstmarys.org. 2006-01-29. Archived from the original on 2012-02-18. Retrieved 2013-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224159/http://www.oldstmarys.org/cornerstone/Easter2000/liturgy.html","url_text":"\"Old St. Mary's Church\""},{"url":"http://www.oldstmarys.org/cornerstone/Easter2000/liturgy.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ramshaw, Gail (2004). The Three-Day Feast: Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Easter. Augsburg Books. p. 7. ISBN 9780806651156. Many Christians are already familiar with the ancient, and now recently restored, liturgies of the Three Days: Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and the great Easter Vigil service of light, readings, baptism, and communion. The worship resources published by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Episcopal Church, the United Methodist Church, the Presbyterian Church U.S.A. and the Catholic Church include nearly identical versions of these liturgies.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806651156","url_text":"9780806651156"}]},{"reference":"\"Saint Patrick And The Easter Fire\". pauline.leadpages.co. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190417142003/https://pauline.leadpages.co/fsp-st-patricks-fire/","url_text":"\"Saint Patrick And The Easter Fire\""},{"url":"https://pauline.leadpages.co/fsp-st-patricks-fire/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Texas State Historical Commission. \"The Easter Fires\". Historical Marker.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stoppingpoints.com/texas/sights.cgi?marker=The+Easter+Fires&cnty=gillespie","url_text":"\"The Easter Fires\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Pročke\", stari srpski običaj – \"Krljaveštice\" (Skakanje preko vatre)\". Srbin.info. 2013-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://srbin.info/drustvo/procke-stari-srpski-obicaj-krljavestice-skakanje-preko-vatre/?lang=lat","url_text":"\"\"Pročke\", stari srpski običaj – \"Krljaveštice\" (Skakanje preko vatre)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.catholicculture.org/commentary/feastday-highlights-st-patrick-and-paschal-feast/","external_links_name":"\"Feastday Highlights: St. Patrick and the Paschal Feast\""},{"Link":"http://www.liturgy.co.nz/worship/matters_files/eastervigilhint20080209.html","external_links_name":"\"spirituality and worship\""},{"Link":"http://photos.trinityjanesville.org/main.php?g2_itemId=1181","external_links_name":"\"Trinity Episcopal Church\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120218224159/http://www.oldstmarys.org/cornerstone/Easter2000/liturgy.html","external_links_name":"\"Old St. Mary's Church\""},{"Link":"http://www.oldstmarys.org/cornerstone/Easter2000/liturgy.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190417142003/https://pauline.leadpages.co/fsp-st-patricks-fire/","external_links_name":"\"Saint Patrick And The Easter Fire\""},{"Link":"https://pauline.leadpages.co/fsp-st-patricks-fire/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.stoppingpoints.com/texas/sights.cgi?marker=The+Easter+Fires&cnty=gillespie","external_links_name":"\"The Easter Fires\""},{"Link":"https://srbin.info/drustvo/procke-stari-srpski-obicaj-krljavestice-skakanje-preko-vatre/?lang=lat","external_links_name":"\"\"Pročke\", stari srpski običaj – \"Krljaveštice\" (Skakanje preko vatre)\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4729298-2","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ene_Mihkelson
|
Ene Mihkelson
|
["1 Education","2 Literature","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Estonian writer (1944–2017)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ene Mihkelson" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ene Mihkelson in 2010
Ene Mihkelson (21 October 1944 in Tammeküla, Imavere Parish, Viljandi County – 20 September 2017 in Tartu) was an Estonian writer. She was a recipient of the Herder Prize and the Baltic Assembly Prize for Literature.
Education
Mihkelson studied literature after completing her secondary education. She worked as a teacher and then as a researcher for the Estonian Literary Museum.
Literature
Mihkelson wrote throughout her life. She published her first literary piece in 1967. However, her first collection of poems did not appear until 1978. Her father opposed the Soviet forces in Estonia in the middle of the 20th century. The authorities, therefore, did not approve of her.
Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, Mihkelson has published ten poetry anthologies. Her poetry lacks meter, rhythm and rhyme, but contains surprising inversions. It is known for its intensity, allegorical content and metaphysical topics.
Mihkelson has also published four novels, a selection of critical essays (Kirjanduse seletusi, or Explanations of Literature) and a collection of short stories (Surma sünnipäev, or The Birthday of Death). IN 2001 she published the novel Ahasveeruse uni.
Mihkelson's works frequently include allusions to her childhood, spent in hiding, Estonian mythology, and Estonian history.
In 2006, she was awarded the Herder Prize and in 2010, the Baltic Assembly Prize for Literature.
References
^ Janika Kronberg (Spring 2000). "Ene Mihkelson. Naming the things of the world". Estonian Literary Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
External links
Media related to Ene Mihkelson at Wikimedia Commons
vteHerder Prize laureates1964–1970
1964: Oto Bihalji-Merin
Jan Kott
Stanisław Lorentz
Lucijan Marija Škerjanc
1965: Tudor Arghezi
Manolis Hatzidakis
Emanuel Hruška
Zoltán Kodály
László Németh
Hugo Rokyta
Hristo Vakarelski
1966: Ján Cikker
Dezső Dercsényi
Zlatko Gorjan
Aleksander Kobzdej
Anton Kriesis
Niko Kuret
Dimiter Statkov
1967: Iván Fenyő
Vladimír Kompánek
Witold Lutosławski
Spyridon Marinatos
Alexandru A. Philippide
Mihai Pop
Svetozar Radojčić
1968: Constantin Daicoviciu
Roman Ingarden
Miroslav Krleža
Ludvík Kunz
Anastasios Orlandos
Lajos Vayer
Pancho Vladigerov
1969: Jolán Balogh
Albín Brunovský
Bohuslav Fuchs
Mihail Jora
Marijan Matković
Ksawery Piwocki
France Stele
1970: Jan Białostocki
Jan Filip
Zoltán Franyó
Milovan Gavazzi
Gyula Illyés
Yiannis Papaioannou
Zeko Torbov
1971–1980
1971: Jiří Kolář
Blaže Koneski
Georgios Megas
Kazimierz Michałowski
Mihail Sokolovski
Zaharia Stancu
Bence Szabolcsi
1972: Dragotin Cvetko
Atanas Dalchev
Branko Maksimović
Gyula Ortutay
Jaroslav Pešina
Henryk Stażewski
Virgil Vătășianu
1973: Veselin Beshevliev
Stylianos Harkianakis
János Harmatta
Zbigniew Herbert
Eugen Jebeleanu
Petar Lubarda
Jan Racek
1974: Władysław Czerny
Ivan Duichev
Ivo Frangeš
László Gerő
Stylianos Pelekanidis
Ján Podolák
Zeno Vancea
1975: Józef Burszta
Hristo M. Danov
Stanislav Libenský
Maria Ana Musicescu
Gábor Preisich
Pandelis Prevelakis
Stanojlo Rajičić
1976: Jagoda Buić
Marin Goleminov
Ioannis Kakridis
Dezső Keresztury
Nichita Stănescu
Rudolf Turek
Kazimierz Wejchert
1977: Nikolaos Andriotis
Riko Debenjak
Emmanuel Kriaras
Albert Kutal
Máté Major
Krzysztof Penderecki
Anastas Petrov
Ion Vladutiu
1978: Eugen Barbu
Đurđe Bošković
Kazimierz Dejmek
Stoyan Dzudzev
Béla Gunda
Jiří Hrůza
Yiannis Spyropoulos
1979: Magdalena Abakanowicz
Ferenc Farkas
Zdenko Kolacio
Atanas Natev
András Sütő
Pavel Trost
Apostolos E. Vacalopoulos
1980: Gordana Babić-Đorđević
Iván Balassa
Kamil Lhoták
Manousos Manousakas
Vera Mutafchieva
Alexandru Rosetti
Wiktor Zin
1981–1990
1981: Emil Condurachi
Sándor Csoóri
Stefka Georgieva
Dimitrios Loukatos
Vjenceslav Richter
Eugen Suchoň
Elida Maria Szarota
1982: Athanasios Aravantinos
Ana Blandiana
Vojislav J. Đurić
Sona Kovacevicová
Aleksandar Nichev
Jan Józef Szczepański
Imre Varga
1983: Władysław Bartoszewski
Géza Entz
Jozef Jankovič
Gunther Schuller
Zdenko Škreb
Stefana Stoykova
C. A. Trypanis
1984: Emilijan Cevc
Konstantinos Dimaras
Karel Horálek
György Konrád
Constantin Lucaci
Krasimir Manchev
Krzysztof Meyer
1985: Branko Fučić
Růžena Grebeníčková
Adrian Marino
Demetrios Pallas
Károly Perczel
Simeon Pironkov
Andrzej Wajda
1986: Georgi Baev
Tekla Dömötör
Boris Gaberščik
Konrad Górski
Johannes Karayannopoulos
Jiří Kotalík
Anatol Vieru
1987: Roman Brandstaetter
Doula Mouriki
József Ujfalussy
Vladimir Veličković
Velizar Velkov
Gheorghe Vrabie
1988: Roman Berger
Christos Kapralos
Zoe Dumitrescu-Bușulenga
György Györffy
Donka Petkanova
Mieczysław Porębski
Edvard Ravnikar
1989: Maria Banuș
Ákos Birkás
Jerzy Buszkiewicz
Václav Frolec
Nikolai Genchev
Petar Miljković-Pepek
Nikos Gabriel Pentzikis
1990: Liviu Calin
Bronisław Geremek
Aris Konstantinidis
Dejan Medaković
Virginia Paskaleva
Adriena Šimotová
András Vizkelety
1991–2000
1991: Maja Bošković-Stulli
Gerard Labuda
Andor Pigler
Yorgos Sicilianos
Emil Skála
Marin Sorescu
Stoimen Stoilov
1992: Manolis Andronikos
Jenő Barabás
Blaga Dimitrova
Stefan Kaszynski
Jiří Kořalka
Zmaga Kumer
Jon Nicodim
1993: Vasilka Gerasimova-Tomova
Petro Kononenko
György Kurtág
Jerzy Tchórzewski
Răzvan Theodorescu
Elena Várossová
Māra Zālīte
Dionysis Zivas
Viktor Žmegač
1994: István Borzsák
Dževad Juzbašić
Ștefan Niculescu
Andrzej Szczypiorski
Jitka and Květa Válová
Takis Varvitsiotis
Zigmas Zinkevičius
1995: Sándor Kányádi
Mirko Kovač
Milcho Lalkov
Michael G. Meraklis
Mindaugas Navakas
Wisława Szymborska
Jaan Undusk
1996: Tamás Hofer
Karel Hubáček
Konstantin Iliev
Marin Mincu
Jože Pogačnik
Pēteris Vasks
Marian Zgórniak
1997: Tasos Athanasiadis
Bogdan Bogdanović
Oskár Elschek
Ferenc Glatz
Lech Kalinowski
Jaan Kross
Dunja Rihtman-Auguštin
1998: Imre Bak
Andrei Corbea-Hoișie
Eliška Fučíková
Ismail Kadare
Justinas Marcinkevičius
Dorota Simonides
Elena Toncheva
1999: Svetlana Alexievich
Vera Bitrakova-Grozdanova
Mircea Dinescu
István Fried
Henryk Górecki
Dževad Karahasan
Ferdinand Milučký
2000: Ján Bakoš
Ivan Čolović
Nikola Georgiev
Imre Kertész
Milan Kundera
Karolos Mitsakis
Arvo Pärt
2001–2006
2001: Yurii Andrukhovych
Janez Bernik
János Böhönyey
Maria Kłańska
Marek Kopelent
Andrej Mitrović
Evanghelos Moutsopoulos
2002: George Demetrius Bambiniotis
Māris Čaklais
Péter Esterházy
Radost Ivanova
Nedjeljko Fabrio
Aurel Stroe
Lech Trzeciakowski
2003: Vasil Gyuzelev
Drago Jančar
Károly Manherz
Stanisław Mossakowski
Ales Rasanau
Ludvík Václavek
Ana Maria Zahariade
2004: Theodore Antoniou
Michał Głowiński
Dušan Kováč
Fatos Lubonja
Éva Pócs
Kazimir Popkonstantinov
Romualdas Požerskis
2005: Károly Klimó
Hanna Krall
Primož Kuret
Jiří Kuthan
Andrei Marga
Eimuntas Nekrošius
Krešimir Nemec
2006: Włodzimierz Borodziej
Nicos Hadjinicolaou
Gabriela Kiliánová
Ene Mihkelson
Vojteh Ravnikar
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Sweden
Netherlands
Poland
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ene_Mihkelson,_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tammeküla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammek%C3%BCla"},{"link_name":"Imavere Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imavere_Parish"},{"link_name":"Viljandi County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljandi_County"},{"link_name":"Tartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartu"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Herder Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herder_Prize"},{"link_name":"Baltic Assembly Prize for Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Assembly_Prize_for_Literature,_the_Arts_and_Science"}],"text":"Ene Mihkelson in 2010Ene Mihkelson (21 October 1944 in Tammeküla, Imavere Parish, Viljandi County – 20 September 2017 in Tartu) was an Estonian writer.[1] She was a recipient of the Herder Prize and the Baltic Assembly Prize for Literature.","title":"Ene Mihkelson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"teacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher"},{"link_name":"Estonian Literary Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Literary_Museum"}],"text":"Mihkelson studied literature after completing her secondary education. She worked as a teacher and then as a researcher for the Estonian Literary Museum.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"poems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poem"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm"},{"link_name":"rhyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyme"},{"link_name":"inversions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"allegorical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory"},{"link_name":"metaphysical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics"},{"link_name":"novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"Ahasveeruse uni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahasveeruse_uni"},{"link_name":"allusions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allusion"},{"link_name":"Estonian mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Estonian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Herder Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herder_Prize"},{"link_name":"Baltic Assembly Prize for Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Assembly_Prize_for_Literature,_the_Arts_and_Science"}],"text":"Mihkelson wrote throughout her life. She published her first literary piece in 1967. However, her first collection of poems did not appear until 1978. Her father opposed the Soviet forces in Estonia in the middle of the 20th century. The authorities, therefore, did not approve of her.Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, Mihkelson has published ten poetry anthologies. Her poetry lacks meter, rhythm and rhyme, but contains surprising inversions. It is known for its intensity, allegorical content and metaphysical topics.Mihkelson has also published four novels, a selection of critical essays (Kirjanduse seletusi, or Explanations of Literature) and a collection of short stories (Surma sünnipäev, or The Birthday of Death). IN 2001 she published the novel Ahasveeruse uni.Mihkelson's works frequently include allusions to her childhood, spent in hiding, Estonian mythology, and Estonian history.In 2006, she was awarded the Herder Prize and in 2010, the Baltic Assembly Prize for Literature.","title":"Literature"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Ene Mihkelson in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ene_Mihkelson%2C_2010.jpg/220px-Ene_Mihkelson%2C_2010.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Janika Kronberg (Spring 2000). \"Ene Mihkelson. Naming the things of the world\". Estonian Literary Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080517161901/http://elm.einst.ee/issue/10/ene-mihkelson-naming-things-world","url_text":"\"Ene Mihkelson. Naming the things of the world\""},{"url":"http://elm.einst.ee/issue/10/ene-mihkelson-naming-things-world/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ene+Mihkelson%22","external_links_name":"\"Ene Mihkelson\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ene+Mihkelson%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ene+Mihkelson%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ene+Mihkelson%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ene+Mihkelson%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ene+Mihkelson%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080517161901/http://elm.einst.ee/issue/10/ene-mihkelson-naming-things-world","external_links_name":"\"Ene Mihkelson. Naming the things of the world\""},{"Link":"http://elm.einst.ee/issue/10/ene-mihkelson-naming-things-world/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1445103/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000025021888","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/46878981","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgCH46QQQXKqmyttTmTpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12573385h","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12573385h","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1055755519","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80086138","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/mkz26x7535cfdt8","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p121298000","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810539295805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1055755519.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/035050772","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Saif_Ali_Khan
|
List of awards and nominations received by Saif Ali Khan
|
["1 National Film Awards","2 Filmfare Awards","3 IIFA Awards","4 Zee Cine Awards","5 Star Screen Awards","6 Stardust Awards","7 Other Awards and Recognitions","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
|
Saif Ali Khan awards and nominationsKhan in 2016Awards and nominationsAward
Wins
Nominations
National Film Awards
1
0Filmfare Awards
7
5IIFA Awards
3
5Zee Cine Awards
3
3Star Screen Awards
4
3Stardust Awards
1
1Other awards
15
3Honours
7
0
TotalsWins41Nominations20Note
^ Certain award groups do not simply award one winner. They recognize several different recipients, have runners-up, and have third place. Since this is a specific recognition and is different from losing an award, runner-up mentions are considered wins in this award tally. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination.
Saif Ali Khan (pronounced ; born on 16 August 1970) is an Indian actor and film producer. Khan is the recipient of several accolades, including a National Film Award and 7 Filmfare Awards, and received the Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award, in 2010.
Among Khan's accolades include a National Film Award for Best Actor and 7 Filmfare Awards out of 12 nominations: Best Male Debut for Aashiq Awara (1993), Best Performance in a Comic Role for Dil Chahta Hai (2001) and Hum Tum (2004), Best Supporting Actor for Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003) and Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior (2020), Best Performance in a Negative Role for Omkara (2006) and "Moto Look of the Year" for Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003).
National Film Awards
Khan at 52nd National Film Awards
Year
Award
For
Result
Ref.
2005
Best Actor
Hum Tum
Won
Filmfare Awards
Year
Category
For
Result
Ref
1994
Best Male Debut
Aashik Awara
Won
1995
Best Supporting Actor
Main Khiladi Tu Anari
Nominated
2000
Kachche Dhaage
Nominated
2002
Best Comedian
Dil Chahta Hai
Won
2004
Best Supporting Actor
Kal Ho Naa Ho
Won
Motorola "Moto Look of the Year"
Won
2005
Best Actor
Hum Tum
Nominated
Best Comedian
Won
2006
Best Actor
Parineeta
Nominated
Salaam Namaste
Nominated
2007
Best Villain
Omkara
Won
2010
Best Actor
Love Aaj Kal
Nominated
Best Film
Nominated
2021
Best Supporting Actor
Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior
Won
IIFA Awards
Year
Category
For
Result
Ref
2002
Best Supporting Actor
Dil Chahta Hai
Won
2004
Kal Ho Naa Ho
Won
2007
Best Villain
Omkara
Won
2005
Ek Hasina Thi
Nominated
Best Actor
Hum Tum
Nominated
2006
Parineeta
Nominated
Salaam Namaste
Nominated
2010
Love Aaj Kal
Nominated
2022
Best Supporting Actor
Tanhaji
Nominated
Zee Cine Awards
Year
Category
For
Result
Ref
2002
Best Supporting Actor
Dil Chahta Hai
Won
2004
Kal Ho Naa Ho
Won
2007
Best Villain
Omkara
Won
2005
Ek Hasina Thi
Nominated
Best Comedian
Hum Tum
Nominated
2006
Best Actor
Parineeta
Nominated
Star Screen Awards
Year
Category
For
Result
Ref
2002
Best Supporting Actor
Dil Chahta Hai
Won
2004
Kal Ho Naa Ho
Won
2007
Best Villain
Omkara
Won
2012
Best Supporting Actor
Aarakshan
Won
2005
Best Actor
Hum Tum
Nominated
Best Villain
Ek Hasina Thi
Nominated
2006
Jodi No. 1 (along with Preity Zinta)
Salaam Namaste
Nominated
Stardust Awards
Khan at Stardust Awards in 2015 (top) and in 2014 (bottom)
Year
Award
For
Result
Ref.
2007
Star of the Year - Male
Omkara
Nominated
Best Actor in a Negative Role
Won
Other Awards and Recognitions
Year
Award
For
Result
Ref.
2006
Global Indian Film Awards for Best Villain
Omkara
Won
2007
Bollywood Movie Award for Best Villain
Won
Kara Film Festival for Best Actor
Won
2008
GQ Men of The Year Awards (India)
Ultimate GQ Man Award
Won
2010
Padma Shri
Achievement In Hindi Cinema
Won
2016
GQ Men of The Year Awards (India)
Most Stylish Actor
Won
2018
Style Legend Award
Won
Khan received Padma Shri award from former Indian president Pratibha Devisingh Patil in 2010
See also
List of accolades received by Kal Ho Naa Ho
References
^ "Saif-Kareena wedding: Saif gets married as Sajid Ali Khan". The Times of India. 16 October 2012. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
^ "Aamir, Rahman to receive Padma Bhushan; Padma Shree for Rekha, Saif". Bollywood Hungama. 25 January 2010. Archived from the original on 28 January 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
^ "Mom serves Saif honour on platter". The Times of India. 14 July 2005. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
^ "Saif Ali Khan: Awards & Nominations". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
^ "Mom serves Saif honour on platter". The Times of India. 14 July 2005. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
^ Hungama, Bollywood (1 April 2022). "IIFA 2022 Nominations: Shershaah takes the lead with 12 Nominations, Ludo and 83 emerge as strong contenders; check out the complete list : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
^ "indiafm.com". Saif bags the Best Villain award. Archived from the original on 24 May 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2007.
^ "businessofcinema.com". GIFA results: Best Villain award for Omkara. Archived from the original on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2006.
External links
Awards for Saif Ali Khan at IMDb
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saif Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"[sɛːf əˈli xaːn]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Film Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Awards"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"fourth highest Indian civilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_honours_system"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Film Award for Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFA-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Awards-5"},{"link_name":"Best Male Debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Male_Debut"},{"link_name":"Aashiq Awara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aashiq_Awara"},{"link_name":"Best Performance in a Comic Role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Performance_in_a_Comic_Role"},{"link_name":"Dil Chahta Hai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_Chahta_Hai"},{"link_name":"Hum Tum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Tum_(film)"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor"},{"link_name":"Kal Ho Naa Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal_Ho_Naa_Ho"},{"link_name":"Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanhaji:_The_Unsung_Warrior"},{"link_name":"Best Performance in a Negative Role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Performance_in_a_Negative_Role"},{"link_name":"Omkara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omkara_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"Kal Ho Naa Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal_Ho_Naa_Ho"}],"text":"Saif Ali Khan (pronounced [sɛːf əˈli xaːn]; born on 16 August 1970)[1] is an Indian actor and film producer. Khan is the recipient of several accolades, including a National Film Award and 7 Filmfare Awards, and received the Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award, in 2010.[2]Among Khan's accolades include a National Film Award for Best Actor[3] and 7 Filmfare Awards out of 12 nominations:[4] Best Male Debut for Aashiq Awara (1993), Best Performance in a Comic Role for Dil Chahta Hai (2001) and Hum Tum (2004), Best Supporting Actor for Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003) and Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior (2020), Best Performance in a Negative Role for Omkara (2006) and \"Moto Look of the Year\" for Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003).","title":"List of awards and nominations received by Saif Ali Khan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saif_at_52nd_National_Award.jpg"},{"link_name":"52nd National Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_National_Film_Awards"}],"text":"Khan at 52nd National Film Awards","title":"National Film Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmfare Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saif_at_2015_Stardust.jpg"}],"title":"IIFA Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Zee Cine Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Star Screen Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saif_at_2014_Stardust.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stardust Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stardust_Awards"}],"text":"Khan at Stardust Awards in 2015 (top) and in 2014 (bottom)","title":"Stardust Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_President,_Smt._Pratibha_Devisingh_Patil_presenting_the_Padma_Shri_Award_to_Shri_Saif_Ali_Khan_Pataudi,_at_the_Civil_Investiture_Ceremony-II,_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan,_in_New_Delhi_on_April_07,_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"Pratibha Devisingh Patil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratibha_Devisingh_Patil"}],"text":"Khan received Padma Shri award from former Indian president Pratibha Devisingh Patil in 2010","title":"Other Awards and Recognitions"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Khan at 52nd National Film Awards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Saif_at_52nd_National_Award.jpg/170px-Saif_at_52nd_National_Award.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Saif_at_2015_Stardust.jpg/170px-Saif_at_2015_Stardust.jpg"},{"image_text":"Khan at Stardust Awards in 2015 (top) and in 2014 (bottom)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Saif_at_2014_Stardust.jpg/170px-Saif_at_2014_Stardust.jpg"},{"image_text":"Khan received Padma Shri award from former Indian president Pratibha Devisingh Patil in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_President%2C_Smt._Pratibha_Devisingh_Patil_presenting_the_Padma_Shri_Award_to_Shri_Saif_Ali_Khan_Pataudi%2C_at_the_Civil_Investiture_Ceremony-II%2C_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_April_07%2C_2010.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of accolades received by Kal Ho Naa Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accolades_received_by_Kal_Ho_Naa_Ho"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Saif-Kareena wedding: Saif gets married as Sajid Ali Khan\". The Times of India. 16 October 2012. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Saif-Kareena-wedding-Saif-gets-married-as-Sajid-Ali-Khan/articleshow/16835439.cms","url_text":"\"Saif-Kareena wedding: Saif gets married as Sajid Ali Khan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160909165613/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Saif-Kareena-wedding-Saif-gets-married-as-Sajid-Ali-Khan/articleshow/16835439.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Aamir, Rahman to receive Padma Bhushan; Padma Shree for Rekha, Saif\". Bollywood Hungama. 25 January 2010. Archived from the original on 28 January 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2010-2/","url_text":"\"Aamir, Rahman to receive Padma Bhushan; Padma Shree for Rekha, Saif\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100128214849/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2010/01/25/13696/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mom serves Saif honour on platter\". The Times of India. 14 July 2005. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mom-serves-Saif-honour-on-platter/articleshow/1171281.cms","url_text":"\"Mom serves Saif honour on platter\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161010074008/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mom-serves-Saif-honour-on-platter/articleshow/1171281.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Saif Ali Khan: Awards & Nominations\". Bollywood Hungama. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110804150216/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/10928/index.html","url_text":"\"Saif Ali Khan: Awards & Nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"},{"url":"http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/10928/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mom serves Saif honour on platter\". The Times of India. 14 July 2005. Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Mom-serves-Saif-honour-on-platter/articleshow/1171281.cms","url_text":"\"Mom serves Saif honour on platter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180927124913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Mom-serves-Saif-honour-on-platter/articleshow/1171281.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hungama, Bollywood (1 April 2022). \"IIFA 2022 Nominations: Shershaah takes the lead with 12 Nominations, Ludo and 83 emerge as strong contenders; check out the complete list : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama\". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2022-nominations-shershaah-takes-lead-12-nominations-ludo-83-emerge-strong-contenders-check-complete-list/","url_text":"\"IIFA 2022 Nominations: Shershaah takes the lead with 12 Nominations, Ludo and 83 emerge as strong contenders; check out the complete list : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]},{"reference":"\"indiafm.com\". Saif bags the Best Villain award. Archived from the original on 24 May 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090524075741/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/04/01/2465/index.html","url_text":"\"indiafm.com\""},{"url":"http://indiafm.com/features/2007/04/01/2465/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"businessofcinema.com\". GIFA results: Best Villain award for Omkara. Archived from the original on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessofcinema.com/?file=story&id=1722","url_text":"\"businessofcinema.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110911123152/http://www.businessofcinema.com/?file=story&id=1722","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Saif-Kareena-wedding-Saif-gets-married-as-Sajid-Ali-Khan/articleshow/16835439.cms","external_links_name":"\"Saif-Kareena wedding: Saif gets married as Sajid Ali Khan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160909165613/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Saif-Kareena-wedding-Saif-gets-married-as-Sajid-Ali-Khan/articleshow/16835439.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2010-2/","external_links_name":"\"Aamir, Rahman to receive Padma Bhushan; Padma Shree for Rekha, Saif\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100128214849/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2010/01/25/13696/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mom-serves-Saif-honour-on-platter/articleshow/1171281.cms","external_links_name":"\"Mom serves Saif honour on platter\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161010074008/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mom-serves-Saif-honour-on-platter/articleshow/1171281.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110804150216/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/10928/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Saif Ali Khan: Awards & Nominations\""},{"Link":"http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/10928/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Mom-serves-Saif-honour-on-platter/articleshow/1171281.cms","external_links_name":"\"Mom serves Saif honour on platter\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180927124913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Mom-serves-Saif-honour-on-platter/articleshow/1171281.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2022-nominations-shershaah-takes-lead-12-nominations-ludo-83-emerge-strong-contenders-check-complete-list/","external_links_name":"\"IIFA 2022 Nominations: Shershaah takes the lead with 12 Nominations, Ludo and 83 emerge as strong contenders; check out the complete list : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090524075741/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/04/01/2465/index.html","external_links_name":"\"indiafm.com\""},{"Link":"http://indiafm.com/features/2007/04/01/2465/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.businessofcinema.com/?file=story&id=1722","external_links_name":"\"businessofcinema.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110911123152/http://www.businessofcinema.com/?file=story&id=1722","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0451307/awards","external_links_name":"Awards for Saif Ali Khan"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_Alexandra_Academy
|
Ark Alexandra Academy
|
["1 History","1.1 Modern educational reforms","1.2 Voluntary controlled status","1.3 Comprehensive school","1.4 College","1.5 Academy","1.6 Ark Alexandra","2 Campus","2.1 Upper Block","2.2 Middle Block","2.3 Lower Block","2.4 Other facilities","3 Sports, clubs, and traditions","3.1 William Parker","3.2 Ark Alexandra Academy","4 Notable former pupils","4.1 Hastings Grammar School","4.2 William Parker School","5 Notable former teachers","6 Further reading","7 References","8 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 50°52′34″N 0°34′08″E / 50.87609°N 0.56879°E / 50.87609; 0.56879
Academy in Hastings, East Sussex, EnglandArk Alexandra AcademyAddressParkstone RoadHastings, East Sussex, TN34 2NTEnglandCoordinates50°52′34″N 0°34′08″E / 50.87609°N 0.56879°E / 50.87609; 0.56879InformationFormer namesHastings Grammar SchoolWilliam Parker SchoolWilliam Parker Sports CollegeArk William ParkerTypeAcademyReligious affiliation(s)Church of EnglandEstablished1619; 405 years ago (1619)FounderThe Rev. William ParkerDepartment for Education URN139821 TablesOfstedReportsPrincipalLiam Collins GenderCo-educational (previously boys)Age11 to 18Enrolment2100Colour(s)Blue and Gold (previously red and blue)Websitehttp://www.arkalexandra.org
Ark Alexandra, previously known as Hastings Grammar School, William Parker School, William Parker Sports College, and later as Ark William Parker is a secondary school in Hastings, East Sussex in the United Kingdom. It was the only male single-sex secondary school in East Sussex. It is now a co-educational Academy spread over two sites following the merger of Ark Helenswood Academy and Ark William Parker on 1 September 2019.
History
In 1619 The Rev. William Parker, Rector of All Saints Church, Hastings died, leaving a will which said:
"I give unto the Mayor, Jurates and Comynaltye of Hastings and to their successors for ever towards the maynteynance of a Religious and godlie Schoolemaster in the sayd towne w'ch shall instructe and teach the youthe of the Inhabitants of Hastings in learninge, manners and other vertuous education to gette their livinge. To which sayd use I give all my land in the parishe of Oer."
This is taken as the foundation of the school, although Parker's will also stated that his widow should enjoy the income from all his property until her death, so no money was available to appoint the first master until twenty years later. The will stipulated that the master should be chosen by the jurates (town councillors) living within the parish of All Saints, rather than by the town council as a whole, and by any heir of William Parker still living in Hastings.
Parker's nephew William became Mayor of Hastings, and his nephew's son (also William) later became master of the school. Titus Oates, son of the rector of All Saints, Samuel Oates, and later infamous for fabricating the notorious Popish Plot, started his career by bringing false charges against both William Parkers in an attempt to create a vacancy for the post of master. Records of early masters are incomplete, but in 1759 John Shorter was appointed master, once again by another William Parker, mayor elect.
In 1708 a Kentish landowner by the name of James Saunders made various charitable legacies in his will, including provisions for a schoolmaster in Rye and a schoolmaster and two school mistresses in Hastings. One of the mistresses was to teach 30 pupils in the parish of All Saints and the other in the parish of St Clements, at a salary of £10 per year. The master was to teach reading, writing, Latin, accounting, mathematics and navigation to any poor child in Hastings "from the Seagate next the Fish Market", at a salary of £40 per year, subject to a maximum of 70 pupils. Saunders stipulated that the corporation of each of the towns concerned should oversee the way the other operated their school, with the penalty for failing to comply with the terms of the bequest that all the funds should go to the other town.
The previous neo-Gothic building: built 1883; demolished 1965−1966
Falling income from the two charities meant that by 1809 one master, Joseph Hannay, was employed to teach forty boys on behalf of the Parker school, and fifteen for the Saunders school. The Saunders fund continued to pay two schoolmistresses ten pounds each per year, while the master received three pounds per child. Local complaints about the low rents being charged by the corporation for the Parker fund lands had led to increases from £49 in 1787 to £134 in 1809, but the council also turned down an offer from one James Halloway to rent the estate for £205. Thomas Breeds, another prominent local man, applied to the High Court of Chancery arguing that the funds were being improperly administered, with the result that he himself rented them for £210, no higher bid being received at a public auction. The expenses of the case were paid by the funds, with the result that the Saunders school had to close for five years, but afterwards two separate masters were appointed.
The two were permanently re-merged in 1878, together with part of the Magdalen trust, to form the Hastings Grammar School Foundation. A Victorian Gothic Revival building was constructed by John Howell & Son to the design of Jeffery & Skiller on a slope overlooking Hastings, at Standen's High Field which became Nelson road, and occupied in July 1883. The school was originally designed as a central tower with wings either side. Owing to lack of funds, the wing intended as accommodation for the headmaster and boarders was never built.
Modern educational reforms
Following the Education Act 1902, the school began to receive a grant from the British Government. Under the Education Act 1944, secondary schools in England were reorganised in three categories: grammar schools, technical schools, and secondary modern schools. The school was naturally classed as a grammar school under this scheme, and had voluntary aided status: in other words the income from the Foundation was supplemented by a grant from the Local Education Authority. From now on, admission to the school was solely via the eleven-plus examination, and education was free (previously there had been fees of five guineas a year). Classes were held six days a week, with no lessons on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons. Saturday morning school was abolished in 1967.
Voluntary controlled status
In 1959 the school governors decided to change the status of the school from voluntary aided to voluntary controlled. The school was now controlled by a board of ten governors appointed by the borough of Hastings and five appointed by the charitable foundation. The charitable funds remained under the control of the foundation governors, but responsibility for providing buildings now fell to the education authority. A new modern building was constructed further from the town centre, on 42 acres (170,000 m2) of land which had long been used as the school's playing fields. The new school was designed for 570 boys, including a sixth form of 120, and is now the Parkstone Road half of the school. The foundation stone of the new school was laid on 4 July 1962, and the school occupied in 1964.
Comprehensive school
The incoming Labour government of 1965 introduced a change in national education policy intended to phase out grammar school education and replace it with comprehensive education. This was resisted by the borough of Hastings, but local government reorganisation under the following Conservative administration meant that the autonomous county borough was abolished and replaced by East Sussex County Council (ESCC) as the education authority. A decision was taken by ESCC to change to a comprehensive school system, and at the same time to merge the school with Hastings Secondary School for Boys (HSSB) known locally as "Priory Road".
A further new building was constructed on the same site, but reached by a separate road entrance in Park Avenue. The school was renamed "The William Parker School" and had its first comprehensive system intake in 1978. This first year of comprehensive students were temporarily taught in the former Hastings Secondary School for Boys site located in Priory Road, with occasional lessons held at the former grammar school site while the new building was being completed, and moved across to the new location for 1979 start of the school year.
College
In 1998, the school achieved specialist Sports College status, following the new opening of an athletics arena.
Towards 2000 the Alan Booth Jones Cricket centre opened, which featured indoor cricket and other sports facilities used both by the school and externally.
In 2006, the school re-instated the roles of Head Boy, Deputy Head Boy and Prefects for the Year 7-11 year group. They were chosen from Year 11 and distinguished from the rest of the year group by their tie, which was dark blue with the school crest.
In 2013, William Parker Sports College was graded Inadequate by Ofsted and Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Care and Skills placed the college into Special Measures. As a result, the Secretary of State issued an academy order in accordance with Section 44 of the Education Act 2005.
Academy
In 2013, the governing body applied with Ark to become an academy. On 1 September 2013, ARK William Parker opened, replacing William Parker Sports College, with a capacity of 1400 including a sixth form of 200 places.
The school shared a sixth form with Ark Helenswood which at its latest inspection was graded Good and shares the highest results, for progress, in East Sussex.
After becoming an Ark academy, the school received two Section 5 Ofsted inspections each grading the school Requires Improvement and despite encouraging signs of improvement, it was plagued by a falling roll, budget deficits and high staff turnover. From its inception as an academy in 2013 to its merger in 2019, the academy had been led by four Principals. Daniel Hatley served as the second principal of Ark William Parker, however, he had been appointed as the principal by East Sussex County Council of William Parker Sports College prior to the school's conversion into a Sponsored Academy. He later became the Associate Principal and, finally, the Principal again of Ark WIlliam Parker.
In 2017, Ofsted praised the 'School leaders, governors and members of the academy trust' for 'focusing on the right things' leading to 'already encouraging signs of improvement.' However, the academy still maintained its Requires Improvement judgement.
While the final results of Ark William Parker moved in line with the national average (2018–19), the school had continually performed below the government's floor standards. Attendance, however, had improved by 2018 to the joint highest in East Sussex.
In 2018-19, Ark William Parker achieved the second highest results in Hastings with an average Progress 8 score finishing above the largest academies in Hastings, The St Leonards Academy and The Hastings Academy.
Ark Alexandra
After continual budget deficits, Ark took the contentious decision to bring Ark Helenswood and Ark William Parker together as one school on two sites.
The Helenswood campus would house KS3, years 7-8 and the William Parker campus years 9-13 which includes the sixth form. The Minister approved this proposed merger on 19 December 2018 and on 1 September 2019, Ark Helenswood closed and merged with Ark William Parker. Ark Alexandra assumed the legal identity of Ark William Parker with an expanded co-educational capacity of 2100 students across two sites and it opened on 1 September 2019.
The Principal and Executive Principal of Ark William Parker assumed their same roles at Ark Alexandra Academy and they are assisted by an Associate Regional Principal and a Regional Director.
In January 2020, the Principal, Stephanie Newman, announced she was stepping back. She was appointed in 2017 as the Acting Principal which makes her the longest serving Principal of Ark William Parker.
Campus
After Ark Helenswood merged into Ark William Parker to become Ark Alexandra, the academy now educates students across two sites: the Helenswood (Lower) Campus and the William Parker (Upper) Campus. Below are the details of the William Parker Campus:
Upper Block
Art
Science
History
English
French
Food Technology
Cricket Pavilion and Sports field.
Sociology
Middle Block
The middle block is the newest classroom building on the site and it houses the library and two IT classrooms.
Library
Geography
Spanish
Government & Politics
History
Lower Block
The lower block is a 1/2 storey building with a 'bare-brick' style. The classrooms here are: Mathematics, DT, Graphics, ICT, Business, Economics, Politics, Drama, PE and SEN (Special Educational Needs). Also on the Lower School grounds is a Sports Centre, Engineers Garage and Athletics Track.
The lessons taught in the Lower block are:
Business and Economics
Mathematics
Design Technology
Graphics
Literacy
RE
ICT
History
PE
PSHE
ISEND
Music
Other facilities
William Parker School, Parkstone Road building
465 computers for student use
Drama studio
Nine science laboratories
Three Art and design suites
Fully equipped graphics studio capable of working with up to 28 students
Open-plan Resource and Library Centre
Air-conditioned classrooms
New Sports Centre
Old Sports Hall
Classrooms equipped with interactive whiteboards
ABJ indoor cricket school (built in commemoration of Alan Booth Jones)
Dance Studio
Small theatre
Train 2 Learn Centre
William Parker Community Athletics Arena
Sports, clubs, and traditions
William Parker community athletics arena
William Parker
Apart from football and cricket, many other sports are played like Rugby, Badminton and Basketball.
William Parker was divided into three houses for sporting events and for students to wear during PE lessons.
Houses haven't been decided yet
The house system was incorporated into the pastoral system for 2017-18 and 2018–19, and as a result, there were three Heads of Houses with responsibility for charity fundraising and house events as well as, the behaviour, attendance and tutor activities of students in their house.
Ark Alexandra Academy
Ark Alexandra maintains William Parker's Church of England distinctiveness and aims to preserve and build on the legacy of both William Parker and Helenswood. It has five houses including two from William Parker, however, the house system has yet to be embedded into the academy fully. The school has three values: Faith, Excellence and Kindness.
Notable former pupils
This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they merit inclusion in this article AND are alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (August 2023)
Hastings Grammar School
Archibald Belaney (1888–1938), who emigrated to Canada, claimed to be half-Apache, and wrote a number of books under the name of Grey Owl
Timothy Booth Jones (born 1952), Sussex cricketer
Sir Herbert Butcher, National Liberal MP for Holland with Boston from 1937–1966
Michael Jabez Foster, Labour MP for Hastings and Rye from 1997–2010
Simon Fuller, Manager of The Spice Girls and David Beckham; creator of "Pop Idol"
Simon Kirby, Conservative MP for Brighton Kemptown from 2010–2017
Walter Lawson, a flying ace with the Royal Air Force during the Second World War
Alan Oakman, England and Sussex cricketer. Played in the famous 1956 Old Trafford test against Australia when Jim Laker took 19 wickets
Sir David Penry-Davey, judge at the High Court of Justice
Arthur Spencer Roberts, painter
Paddy Tomkins, Chief Constable of Lothian and Borders Police from 2002–2007; HM Chief Inspector of Constabulary for Scotland from 2007–2009
William Parker School
Kevin Ball, former Portsmouth and Sunderland football player. First man from Hastings to play in top flight English football. Now a coach as Sunderland.
Gareth Barry, England and Manchester City football player.
Darren Boyd, actor
Steve Cook, Bournemouth footballer
Jake and Dinos Chapman, artists
John Digweed, British DJ and record producer
Dean Hammond, current Southampton FC captain and was formerly Brighton & Hove Albion captain.
Shwan Jalal, Bournemouth football player.
Michael Yardy, England and Sussex cricket player.
Martin Owen, professional musician, French Horn.
Notable former teachers
John Banks, master of the Parker school from 1848 to 1878, wrote a book in his retirement recounting his youthful activities as a smuggler, learning about hydrostatics while engaged in watering down smuggled over-proof brandy.
Sion Jenkins, former deputy head, convicted of the murder of his foster-daughter Billie-Jo Jenkins in 1997 released on second appeal after the second retrial failed to reach a verdict. The trial judge ordered that he be formally acquitted on 9 February 2006.
Further reading
J. Manwaring Baines, J. R. Conisbee, and N. Bygate, The History of Hastings Grammar School 1619-1966, published by the Governors of the Hastings Grammar School Foundation, 1956, revised 1967.
References
^ a b ARK William Parker Academy GOV.UK. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
^ From a school prospectus. A shorter version with modernised spelling is given in John Manwaring Baines FSA, Historic Hastings. F J Parsons Ltd, Hastings, 1955 and 1963, Page 275.
^ "Hastings Chronicle". New grammar school. 15 September 1882. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
^ "Hastings Chronicle". New grammar school opens. 6 July 1883. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
^ Grey Owl's Hastings 1066.net.
^ "Player profile: Timothy Booth Jones". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
^ Marre, Oliver (14 January 2007). "The man with stars in his eyes". The Guardian. London.
^ a b c "England star back in town with Sussex". Hastings & St Leonards Observer. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
^ Banks, John (1873). Reminiscences of Smugglers and Smuggling: being the substance of a lecture delivered at ... Hastings. . London: J. C. Hotten.
External links
Ark Alexandra Academy
Community athletics arena
vteBorough of HastingsAdministration
Constituency
Local elections
MP: Sally-Ann Hart
Buildings
Baston Lodge
Beauport Park
Brassey Institute
Conquest Hospital
Crown House
Hastings Castle
Hastings Contemporary
Hastings Fishermen's Museum
Hastings Museum and Art Gallery
Hastings Pier
Hastings Power Station
Hastings Town Hall
Marine Court
Observer Building, Hastings
Ore Place
Pelham Arcade
Priory Meadow Shopping Centre
St Leonards Pier
Stag Inn
Summerfields
White Rock Theatre
Windycroft
Religious Buildings
Places of Worship
All Souls Church, Hastings
Christ Church (Ore, St Leonards)
Church in the Wood
Church of St Thomas of Canterbury and English Martyrs
Ebenezer Particular Baptist Chapel
Hastings Unitarian Church
Holy Trinity Church
Robertson Street United Reformed Church
St John the Evangelist's Church
St Leonard's Church (Anglican)
St Leonard's Church (Baptist)
St Leonards-on-Sea Congregational Church
St Luke's Church
St Mary Magdalene's Church
St Mary Star of the Sea Church
St Matthew's Church
St Peter's Church
Wellington Square Baptist Church
Education
Ark Alexandra Academy
East Sussex College
Hastings Academy
Hastings School of Art
St Leonards Academy
University Centre Hastings
Sport
Central Recreation Ground
East Sussex Cricket Ground
Hastings Half Marathon
Hastings Priory CC
Hastings Open Bowls Tournament
Hastings United
Horntye Park Sports Complex
Pilot Field
South Saxons Hockey Club
St. Leonards F.C.
Transport
Roads
A21
A28
A259
A2100
Rail
Bulverhythe railway station
East Hill Cliff Railway
Marshlink line
Hastings Miniature Railway
Hastings railway station
Ore railway station
St Leonards Warrior Square railway station
St Leonards West Marina railway station
West Hill Cliff Railway
West St Leonards railway station
Trams & Trolleybuses
Hastings and District Electric Tramways
Trolleybuses in Hastings
Media
Hastings & St. Leonards Observer
More Radio Hastings
Areas & Suburbs
America Ground
Baldslow
Bulverhythe
Gensing
Hollington
Old Town
Ore
Rock-a-Nore
Silverhill
St Leonards-on-Sea
The Stade
Parks & Gardens
Alexandra Park
Nature Reserves
Church Wood
Fairlight Glen
Filsham Reedbed
Hastings Country Park
Marline Valley Woods
Old Roar Gill and Coronation Wood
Robsack Wood
Speckled Wood
St Helen's Wood
Summerfields Wood
Events
Beer and Music Festival
Half Marathon
International Chess Congress
May Day Run
Musical Festival
Old Town Week
Open Bowls Tournament
vteSchools in East Sussex (including Brighton and Hove)Secondary
Ark Alexandra Academy
Beacon Academy
Bexhill High Academy
Blatchington Mill School
Brighton Aldridge Community Academy
Cardinal Newman Catholic School
Causeway School
Cavendish School
Chailey School
Claverham Community College
Dorothy Stringer School
The Eastbourne Academy
Gildredge House Free School
Hailsham Community College
Hastings Academy
Heathfield Community College
Hove Park School
King's Academy Ringmer
King's School
Longhill High School
Patcham High School
Peacehaven Community School
Portslade Aldridge Community Academy
Priory School
Ratton School
Robertsbridge Community College
Rye College
St Catherine's College
The St Leonards Academy
St Richard's Catholic College
Seaford Head School
Seahaven Academy
Uckfield College
Uplands Academy
Varndean School
Willingdon Community School
Independent (preparatory)
Brighton College Preparatory School
Deepdene School
St Andrew's Prep
Bede's Preparatory School
Vinehall School
Independent (senior)
Battle Abbey School
Brighton College
Brighton Girls
Buckswood School
The Drive Prep School
Eastbourne College
Greenfields School
Lewes Old Grammar School
Mayfield School
Michael Hall School
Roedean School
Bede's School
Special
Chailey Heritage School
FE & sixth form colleges
Bexhill
Brighton Hove & Sussex (BHASVIC)
Brighton MET College
Plumpton
Hastings, Lewes and Eastbourne (East Sussex College)
Varndean
Defunct
Ark Helenswood Academy
Ascham St Vincent's School
Ashdown House
Bellerbys College
Bodiam Manor School
Clovelly-Kepplestone
The Dharma School
Falmer High School
Hill Brow Preparatory School
Jameah Islameah School
Ladycross School
Mayfield College
Moira House School
Ovingdean Hall School
Queenwood Ladies' College
Rye Studio School
St Aubyns School
St Cyprian's School
St Mary's Hall
St Peter's School
Southover Manor School
Temple Grove School
Uckfield School
UTC@Harbourside
vteArk schoolsPrimary schools
John Archer
Secondary schools
Acton
Alexandra
All Saints
Boulton
Charter
Elvin
Evelyn Grace
Greenwich
Putney
St Alban's
Walworth
All-through schools
Ark
Burlington Danes
Globe
Isaac Newton
John Keats
King Solomon
Kings
Authority control databases
ISNI
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings"},{"link_name":"East Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Ark Helenswood Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_Helenswood_Academy"}],"text":"Academy in Hastings, East Sussex, EnglandArk Alexandra, previously known as Hastings Grammar School, William Parker School, William Parker Sports College, and later as Ark William Parker is a secondary school in Hastings, East Sussex in the United Kingdom. It was the only male single-sex secondary school in East Sussex. It is now a co-educational Academy spread over two sites following the merger of Ark Helenswood Academy and Ark William Parker on 1 September 2019.","title":"Ark Alexandra Academy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All Saints Church, Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Church,_Hastings"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Titus Oates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Oates"},{"link_name":"Popish Plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popish_Plot"},{"link_name":"Kentish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Rye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye,_East_Sussex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hastings_Grammar_School_around_1900.JPG"},{"link_name":"neo-Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"public auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_auction"},{"link_name":"Gothic Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"John Howell & Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howell_%26_Son"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HastChron-GrammarSchool-15sep1882-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HastChron-GrammarOpens-6jul1883-4"}],"text":"In 1619 The Rev. William Parker, Rector of All Saints Church, Hastings died, leaving a will which said:\"I give unto the Mayor, Jurates and Comynaltye of Hastings and to their successors for ever towards the maynteynance of a Religious and godlie Schoolemaster in the sayd towne w'ch shall instructe and teach the youthe of the Inhabitants of Hastings in learninge, manners and other vertuous education to gette their livinge. To which sayd use I give all my land in the parishe of Oer.\"[2]This is taken as the foundation of the school, although Parker's will also stated that his widow should enjoy the income from all his property until her death, so no money was available to appoint the first master until twenty years later. The will stipulated that the master should be chosen by the jurates (town councillors) living within the parish of All Saints, rather than by the town council as a whole, and by any heir of William Parker still living in Hastings.Parker's nephew William became Mayor of Hastings, and his nephew's son (also William) later became master of the school. Titus Oates, son of the rector of All Saints, Samuel Oates, and later infamous for fabricating the notorious Popish Plot, started his career by bringing false charges against both William Parkers in an attempt to create a vacancy for the post of master. Records of early masters are incomplete, but in 1759 John Shorter was appointed master, once again by another William Parker, mayor elect.In 1708 a Kentish landowner by the name of James Saunders made various charitable legacies in his will, including provisions for a schoolmaster in Rye and a schoolmaster and two school mistresses in Hastings. One of the mistresses was to teach 30 pupils in the parish of All Saints and the other in the parish of St Clements, at a salary of £10 per year. The master was to teach reading, writing, Latin, accounting, mathematics and navigation to any poor child in Hastings \"from the Seagate next the Fish Market\", at a salary of £40 per year, subject to a maximum of 70 pupils. Saunders stipulated that the corporation of each of the towns concerned should oversee the way the other operated their school, with the penalty for failing to comply with the terms of the bequest that all the funds should go to the other town.The previous neo-Gothic building: built 1883; demolished 1965−1966Falling income from the two charities meant that by 1809 one master, Joseph Hannay, was employed to teach forty boys on behalf of the Parker school, and fifteen for the Saunders school. The Saunders fund continued to pay two schoolmistresses ten pounds each per year, while the master received three pounds per child. Local complaints about the low rents being charged by the corporation for the Parker fund lands had led to increases from £49 in 1787 to £134 in 1809, but the council also turned down an offer from one James Halloway to rent the estate for £205. Thomas Breeds, another prominent local man, applied to the High Court of Chancery arguing that the funds were being improperly administered, with the result that he himself rented them for £210, no higher bid being received at a public auction. The expenses of the case were paid by the funds, with the result that the Saunders school had to close for five years, but afterwards two separate masters were appointed.The two were permanently re-merged in 1878, together with part of the Magdalen trust, to form the Hastings Grammar School Foundation. A Victorian Gothic Revival building was constructed by John Howell & Son to the design of Jeffery & Skiller on a slope overlooking Hastings,[3][4] at Standen's High Field which became Nelson road, and occupied in July 1883. The school was originally designed as a central tower with wings either side. Owing to lack of funds, the wing intended as accommodation for the headmaster and boarders was never built.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Education Act 1902","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Act_1902"},{"link_name":"Education Act 1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Act_1944"},{"link_name":"grammar schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"technical schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_school"},{"link_name":"secondary modern schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_modern_school"},{"link_name":"voluntary aided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_aided_school"},{"link_name":"eleven-plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleven-plus"},{"link_name":"guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_coin_Guinea"}],"sub_title":"Modern educational reforms","text":"Following the Education Act 1902, the school began to receive a grant from the British Government. Under the Education Act 1944, secondary schools in England were reorganised in three categories: grammar schools, technical schools, and secondary modern schools. The school was naturally classed as a grammar school under this scheme, and had voluntary aided status: in other words the income from the Foundation was supplemented by a grant from the Local Education Authority. From now on, admission to the school was solely via the eleven-plus examination, and education was free (previously there had been fees of five guineas a year). Classes were held six days a week, with no lessons on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons. Saturday morning school was abolished in 1967.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voluntary controlled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_controlled_school"}],"sub_title":"Voluntary controlled status","text":"In 1959 the school governors decided to change the status of the school from voluntary aided to voluntary controlled. The school was now controlled by a board of ten governors appointed by the borough of Hastings and five appointed by the charitable foundation. The charitable funds remained under the control of the foundation governors, but responsibility for providing buildings now fell to the education authority. A new modern building was constructed further from the town centre, on 42 acres (170,000 m2) of land which had long been used as the school's playing fields. The new school was designed for 570 boys, including a sixth form of 120, and is now the Parkstone Road half of the school. The foundation stone of the new school was laid on 4 July 1962, and the school occupied in 1964.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comprehensive education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_school"}],"sub_title":"Comprehensive school","text":"The incoming Labour government of 1965 introduced a change in national education policy intended to phase out grammar school education and replace it with comprehensive education. This was resisted by the borough of Hastings, but local government reorganisation under the following Conservative administration meant that the autonomous county borough was abolished and replaced by East Sussex County Council (ESCC) as the education authority. A decision was taken by ESCC to change to a comprehensive school system, and at the same time to merge the school with Hastings Secondary School for Boys (HSSB) known locally as \"Priory Road\".A further new building was constructed on the same site, but reached by a separate road entrance in Park Avenue. The school was renamed \"The William Parker School\" and had its first comprehensive system intake in 1978. This first year of comprehensive students were temporarily taught in the former Hastings Secondary School for Boys site located in Priory Road, with occasional lessons held at the former grammar school site while the new building was being completed, and moved across to the new location for 1979 start of the school year.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ofsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofsted"},{"link_name":"Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Care and Skills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofsted"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education"},{"link_name":"Education Act 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Act_2005"}],"sub_title":"College","text":"In 1998, the school achieved specialist Sports College status, following the new opening of an athletics arena.Towards 2000 the Alan Booth Jones Cricket centre opened, which featured indoor cricket and other sports facilities used both by the school and externally.In 2006, the school re-instated the roles of Head Boy, Deputy Head Boy and Prefects for the Year 7-11 year group. They were chosen from Year 11 and distinguished from the rest of the year group by their tie, which was dark blue with the school crest.In 2013, William Parker Sports College was graded Inadequate by Ofsted and Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Education, Children's Care and Skills placed the college into Special Measures. As a result, the Secretary of State issued an academy order in accordance with Section 44 of the Education Act 2005.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"governing body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_governor"},{"link_name":"Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_(charity)#UK_Education"},{"link_name":"academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_(English_school)"},{"link_name":"sixth form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_form"},{"link_name":"Ark Helenswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_Helenswood_Academy"},{"link_name":"East Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Section 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Act_2005"},{"link_name":"Ofsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofsted"},{"link_name":"academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_(English_school)"},{"link_name":"The St Leonards Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_St_Leonards_Academy"},{"link_name":"The Hastings Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Academy"}],"sub_title":"Academy","text":"In 2013, the governing body applied with Ark to become an academy. On 1 September 2013, ARK William Parker opened, replacing William Parker Sports College, with a capacity of 1400 including a sixth form of 200 places.The school shared a sixth form with Ark Helenswood which at its latest inspection was graded Good and shares the highest results, for progress, in East Sussex.After becoming an Ark academy, the school received two Section 5 Ofsted inspections each grading the school Requires Improvement and despite encouraging signs of improvement, it was plagued by a falling roll, budget deficits and high staff turnover. From its inception as an academy in 2013 to its merger in 2019, the academy had been led by four Principals. Daniel Hatley served as the second principal of Ark William Parker, however, he had been appointed as the principal by East Sussex County Council of William Parker Sports College prior to the school's conversion into a Sponsored Academy. He later became the Associate Principal and, finally, the Principal again of Ark WIlliam Parker.In 2017, Ofsted praised the 'School leaders, governors and members of the academy trust' for 'focusing on the right things' leading to 'already encouraging signs of improvement.' However, the academy still maintained its Requires Improvement judgement.While the final results of Ark William Parker moved in line with the national average (2018–19), the school had continually performed below the government's floor standards. Attendance, however, had improved by 2018 to the joint highest in East Sussex.In 2018-19, Ark William Parker achieved the second highest results in Hastings with an average Progress 8 score finishing above the largest academies in Hastings, The St Leonards Academy and The Hastings Academy.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KS3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Stage_3"}],"sub_title":"Ark Alexandra","text":"After continual budget deficits, Ark took the contentious decision to bring Ark Helenswood and Ark William Parker together as one school on two sites.The Helenswood campus would house KS3, years 7-8 and the William Parker campus years 9-13 which includes the sixth form. The Minister approved this proposed merger on 19 December 2018 and on 1 September 2019, Ark Helenswood closed and merged with Ark William Parker. Ark Alexandra assumed the legal identity of Ark William Parker with an expanded co-educational capacity of 2100 students across two sites and it opened on 1 September 2019.The Principal and Executive Principal of Ark William Parker assumed their same roles at Ark Alexandra Academy and they are assisted by an Associate Regional Principal and a Regional Director.In January 2020, the Principal, Stephanie Newman, announced she was stepping back. She was appointed in 2017 as the Acting Principal which makes her the longest serving Principal of Ark William Parker.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"After Ark Helenswood merged into Ark William Parker to become Ark Alexandra, the academy now educates students across two sites: the Helenswood (Lower) Campus and the William Parker (Upper) Campus. Below are the details of the William Parker Campus:","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Upper Block","text":"Art\nScience\nHistory\nEnglish\nFrench\nFood Technology\nCricket Pavilion and Sports field.\nSociology","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Middle Block","text":"The middle block is the newest classroom building on the site and it houses the library and two IT classrooms.Library\nGeography\nSpanish\nGovernment & Politics\nHistory","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lower Block","text":"The lower block is a 1/2 storey building with a 'bare-brick' style. The classrooms here are: Mathematics, DT, Graphics, ICT, Business, Economics, Politics, Drama, PE and SEN (Special Educational Needs). Also on the Lower School grounds is a Sports Centre, Engineers Garage and Athletics Track.The lessons taught in the Lower block are:Business and Economics\nMathematics\nDesign Technology\nGraphics\nLiteracy\nRE\nICT\nHistory\nPE\nPSHE\nISEND\nMusic","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Williamparker.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Other facilities","text":"William Parker School, Parkstone Road building465 computers for student use\nDrama studio\nNine science laboratories\nThree Art and design suites\nFully equipped graphics studio capable of working with up to 28 students\nOpen-plan Resource and Library Centre\nAir-conditioned classrooms\nNew Sports Centre\nOld Sports Hall\nClassrooms equipped with interactive whiteboards\nABJ indoor cricket school (built in commemoration of Alan Booth Jones)\nDance Studio\nSmall theatre\nTrain 2 Learn Centre\nWilliam Parker Community Athletics Arena","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Williamparkerstadium.jpg"}],"text":"William Parker community athletics arena","title":"Sports, clubs, and traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_system"}],"sub_title":"William Parker","text":"Apart from football and cricket, many other sports are played like Rugby, Badminton and Basketball.William Parker was divided into three houses for sporting events and for students to wear during PE lessons.\nHouses haven't been decided yetThe house system was incorporated into the pastoral system for 2017-18 and 2018–19, and as a result, there were three Heads of Houses with responsibility for charity fundraising and house events as well as, the behaviour, attendance and tutor activities of students in their house.","title":"Sports, clubs, and traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"}],"sub_title":"Ark Alexandra Academy","text":"Ark Alexandra maintains William Parker's Church of England distinctiveness and aims to preserve and build on the legacy of both William Parker and Helenswood. It has five houses including two from William Parker, however, the house system has yet to be embedded into the academy fully. The school has three values: Faith, Excellence and Kindness.","title":"Sports, clubs, and traditions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archibald Belaney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Owl"},{"link_name":"Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Timothy Booth Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Booth_Jones"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Herbert Butcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Butcher"},{"link_name":"National Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)"},{"link_name":"Holland with Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_with_Boston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Michael Jabez Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jabez_Foster"},{"link_name":"Hastings and Rye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_and_Rye_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Simon Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Spice Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Girls"},{"link_name":"David Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beckham"},{"link_name":"Pop Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Idol"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Simon Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Kirby"},{"link_name":"Brighton Kemptown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Kemptown_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Walter Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lawson_(RAF_officer)"},{"link_name":"flying ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ace"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Alan Oakman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Oakman"},{"link_name":"David Penry-Davey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Penry-Davey"},{"link_name":"High Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Arthur Spencer Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Spencer_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Paddy Tomkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Tomkins"},{"link_name":"Lothian and Borders Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothian_and_Borders_Police"},{"link_name":"HM Chief Inspector of Constabulary for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Chief_Inspector_of_Constabulary_for_Scotland"}],"sub_title":"Hastings Grammar School","text":"Archibald Belaney (1888–1938), who emigrated to Canada, claimed to be half-Apache, and wrote a number of books under the name of Grey Owl[5]\nTimothy Booth Jones (born 1952), Sussex cricketer[6]\nSir Herbert Butcher, National Liberal MP for Holland with Boston from 1937–1966\nMichael Jabez Foster, Labour MP for Hastings and Rye from 1997–2010\nSimon Fuller, Manager of The Spice Girls and David Beckham; creator of \"Pop Idol\"[7]\nSimon Kirby, Conservative MP for Brighton Kemptown from 2010–2017\nWalter Lawson, a flying ace with the Royal Air Force during the Second World War\nAlan Oakman, England and Sussex cricketer. Played in the famous 1956 Old Trafford test against Australia when Jim Laker took 19 wickets\nSir David Penry-Davey, judge at the High Court of Justice\nArthur Spencer Roberts, painter\nPaddy Tomkins, Chief Constable of Lothian and Borders Police from 2002–2007; HM Chief Inspector of Constabulary for Scotland from 2007–2009","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kevin Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Ball"},{"link_name":"Gareth Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Barry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Former-8"},{"link_name":"Darren Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Boyd"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Steve Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Cook_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Jake and Dinos Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_and_Dinos_Chapman"},{"link_name":"John Digweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Digweed"},{"link_name":"Dean Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Hammond"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Former-8"},{"link_name":"Shwan Jalal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwan_Jalal"},{"link_name":"Michael Yardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Yardy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Former-8"},{"link_name":"Martin Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Owen"}],"sub_title":"William Parker School","text":"Kevin Ball, former Portsmouth and Sunderland football player. First man from Hastings to play in top flight English football. Now a coach as Sunderland.\nGareth Barry, England and Manchester City football player.[8]\nDarren Boyd, actor [citation needed]\nSteve Cook, Bournemouth footballer\nJake and Dinos Chapman, artists\nJohn Digweed, British DJ and record producer\nDean Hammond, current Southampton FC captain and was formerly Brighton & Hove Albion captain.[8]\nShwan Jalal, Bournemouth football player.\nMichael Yardy, England and Sussex cricket player.[8]\nMartin Owen, professional musician, French Horn.","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sion Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sion_Jenkins"}],"text":"John Banks, master of the Parker school from 1848 to 1878, wrote a book in his retirement recounting his youthful activities as a smuggler, learning about hydrostatics while engaged in watering down smuggled over-proof brandy.[9]\nSion Jenkins, former deputy head, convicted of the murder of his foster-daughter Billie-Jo Jenkins in 1997 released on second appeal after the second retrial failed to reach a verdict. The trial judge ordered that he be formally acquitted on 9 February 2006.","title":"Notable former teachers"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"J. Manwaring Baines, J. R. Conisbee, and N. Bygate, The History of Hastings Grammar School 1619-1966, published by the Governors of the Hastings Grammar School Foundation, 1956, revised 1967.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The previous neo-Gothic building: built 1883; demolished 1965−1966","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hastings_Grammar_School_around_1900.JPG/220px-Hastings_Grammar_School_around_1900.JPG"},{"image_text":"William Parker School, Parkstone Road building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Williamparker.jpg/400px-Williamparker.jpg"},{"image_text":"William Parker community athletics arena","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Williamparkerstadium.jpg/400px-Williamparkerstadium.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Hastings Chronicle\". New grammar school. 15 September 1882. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711150607/http://www.hastingschronicle.com/1882/09/15/new-grammar-school/","url_text":"\"Hastings Chronicle\""},{"url":"http://www.hastingschronicle.com/1882/09/15/new-grammar-school/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hastings Chronicle\". New grammar school opens. 6 July 1883. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711150510/http://www.hastingschronicle.com/1883/07/06/new-grammar-school-opens/","url_text":"\"Hastings Chronicle\""},{"url":"http://www.hastingschronicle.com/1883/07/06/new-grammar-school-opens/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Player profile: Timothy Booth Jones\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/9862.html","url_text":"\"Player profile: Timothy Booth Jones\""}]},{"reference":"Marre, Oliver (14 January 2007). \"The man with stars in his eyes\". The Guardian. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/14/broadcasting.pop","url_text":"\"The man with stars in his eyes\""}]},{"reference":"\"England star back in town with Sussex\". Hastings & St Leonards Observer. Retrieved 28 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hastingsobserver.co.uk/sport/England-star-back-in-town.4114839.jp","url_text":"\"England star back in town with Sussex\""}]},{"reference":"Banks, John (1873). Reminiscences of Smugglers and Smuggling: being the substance of a lecture delivered at ... Hastings. [With special reference to Hastings and the neighbourhood.]. London: J. C. Hotten.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9mIOvgAACAAJ","url_text":"Reminiscences of Smugglers and Smuggling: being the substance of a lecture delivered at ... Hastings. [With special reference to Hastings and the neighbourhood.]"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ark_Alexandra_Academy¶ms=50.87609_N_0.56879_E_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"50°52′34″N 0°34′08″E / 50.87609°N 0.56879°E / 50.87609; 0.56879"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ark_Alexandra_Academy¶ms=50.87609_N_0.56879_E_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"50°52′34″N 0°34′08″E / 50.87609°N 0.56879°E / 50.87609; 0.56879"},{"Link":"https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/139821","external_links_name":"139821"},{"Link":"https://www.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk/school/139821","external_links_name":"Tables"},{"Link":"https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report/provider/ELS/139821","external_links_name":"Reports"},{"Link":"http://www.arkalexandra.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.arkalexandra.org"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ark_Alexandra_Academy&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/139821","external_links_name":"ARK William Parker Academy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711150607/http://www.hastingschronicle.com/1882/09/15/new-grammar-school/","external_links_name":"\"Hastings Chronicle\""},{"Link":"http://www.hastingschronicle.com/1882/09/15/new-grammar-school/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711150510/http://www.hastingschronicle.com/1883/07/06/new-grammar-school-opens/","external_links_name":"\"Hastings Chronicle\""},{"Link":"http://www.hastingschronicle.com/1883/07/06/new-grammar-school-opens/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.1066.net/greyowl/","external_links_name":"Grey Owl's Hastings"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/9862.html","external_links_name":"\"Player profile: Timothy Booth Jones\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/14/broadcasting.pop","external_links_name":"\"The man with stars in his eyes\""},{"Link":"http://www.hastingsobserver.co.uk/sport/England-star-back-in-town.4114839.jp","external_links_name":"\"England star back in town with Sussex\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9mIOvgAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Reminiscences of Smugglers and Smuggling: being the substance of a lecture delivered at ... Hastings. [With special reference to Hastings and the neighbourhood.]"},{"Link":"https://arkalexandra.org/","external_links_name":"Ark Alexandra Academy"},{"Link":"http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=hastings","external_links_name":"Community athletics arena"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000446572506","external_links_name":"ISNI"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NICIE
|
Integrated education in Northern Ireland
|
["1 History","2 The Integrated Education Bill 2022","3 Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education","4 Educational background","5 Current situation","6 Criticisms","7 Shared education initiatives","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
|
Integrated education in Northern Ireland refers to the bringing together of children, parents and teachers from both Roman Catholic and Protestant traditions in childhood education: the aim being to provide a balanced education, while allowing the opportunity to understand and respect all cultural and religious backgrounds.
History
In 2017 the Northern Ireland government commissioned a report to detail the development of Integrated Education, so as to decide on structures and processes to support the effective planning, growth and development of a more integrated education system, with a framework of viable and sustainable schools.
: 10
Since 1974 the All Children Together (ACT) movement had been lobbying against the segregation in schools in Northern Ireland. The Education (Northern Ireland) Act, 1978 (Dunleath Act) contained a provision that allowed existing schools to transform to integrated status, but none succeeded.: 21 Consequently, a group of parents founded Lagan College, a new type of non-sectarian school in September 1981.
By 1987, there were seven newly established integrated schools, and Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education (NICIE) was formed as a charitable organisation to co-ordinate efforts to develop integrated education, and to support parent groups through the process of opening new schools.
The Education Reform (NI) Order 1989 provided a statutory framework for the development of integrated schools. Article 64 of the Order defines integrated education as ‘the education together at school of Protestant and Roman Catholic pupils’. It states that it ‘shall be the duty of the Department to encourage and facilitate the development of integrated education’.: 10
Part VI and Schedules 5 and 6 of the Order define the arrangements for the establishment, management and governance of two types of integrated school: grant maintained integrated schools and controlled integrated schools.: 21
It was at this point that Department of Education began to grant-aid schools with revenue funding.: 21
The Integrated Education Bill 2022
The Northern Ireland Assembly passed legislation in March 2022 which ensures a duty on the Department of Education to provide further support to the integrated schools sector. The Bill was passed by 49 votes to 38.
Supported Bill: Alliance, Sinn Fein, SDLP, Green Party, People Before Profit
Did not support Bill: DUP, UUP
Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education
The Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education (NICIE), a voluntary organisation, promotes, develops and supports integrated education in Northern Ireland.
NICIE’s Statement of Principles go beyond just the education of Protestant and Catholic children in a single building. NICIE aims to create a shared ethos and environment that welcomes and that celebrates all traditions. Schools should have a mixed staff, board of governors and pupils. It celebrates inclusion and fosters creativity in schools. It fosters "an environment where governors, staff, parents – and, in age-appropriate ways, pupils – can engage with social, political and religious debates explicitly and in a sharing and inclusive way."
The four key elements of NICIE’s Statement of Principles are:
Equality and diversity
A child-centred education
A partnership with parents
A Christian ethos
Educational background
Education in Northern Ireland is highly religiously segregated, with 95% of pupils attending either a maintained (Catholic) school or a controlled school (mostly Protestant, but open to all faiths and none), both funded by the state by varying amounts. In addition there is pressure to open more Irish medium schools. Around 2007 there was surplus of places in existing schools. The churches in Northern Ireland have not been involved in the development of integrated schools. Integrated schools have been established by the voluntary efforts of parents.
Current situation
Main article: List of integrated schools in Northern Ireland
The first integrated school, Lagan College, was established in Belfast in 1981, in 1985, three more integrated schools opened in Belfast. As of 2017, there were 65 integrated schools comprising 20 post-primary colleges and 45 primary schools. 27 are Controlled Integrated. Existing controlled schools voted to ‘transform’ and 38 are Grant-Maintained Integrated, new schools, created by the local parents, the last of which, Rowandale Integrated Primary School in Moira, County Down, was established in 2008.: 23 In addition, there are 19 integrated nursery schools, most of which are linked to primary schools as at Rowandale.: 18
In March 2022, the Integrated Education Bill was passed.
Criticisms
Integrated schools were sometimes criticised as being "middle-class" or accused of "social engineering". Then Monsignor Denis Faul criticised integrated education, insisting that Catholic parents were required by canon law to send their children to Catholic schools and also claimed the schools were a "dirty political trick" inspired by the British Government. Speaking out against integrated education, the Free Presbyterian Church described it as a "front for ecumenism and the secular lobby".
In July 2021, John O'Dowd said during the second stage debates of the Integrated Education Bill that while integrated schools promote inclusivity "there's only one or very few play Gaelic games. There's none promote the Irish language. I will correct myself: I think that there is one. The identity in it is not neutral - in many of them it is British." He also said "You can pay homage to the Crown but to no-one else". He said that he supported the principle of the bill but urged the integrated sector to "get its head around" how it promotes "all identities". He also said "The reason why we have such a separated education system dating back to the 1920s - and I am no defender of the Catholic hierarchy - is because the Catholic Church took a very strong view of this ... That to keep Irish identity, Irish culture alive in a partitioned state, it would have to have its own education system."
Kellie Armstrong replied that she had never seen that in any integrated school she had visited. She said "In the integrated schools that I go into, I see a culture that is reflective of everyone who attends there and is respectful of all cultures." Regarding promoting the Irish language and Gaelic games she said "I'm somewhat at a loss given the fact that Lagan College and Drumragh Integrated College have both been former winners of the JJ Reilly Cup. Kellie Armstrong says all cultures are respected through integrated education. My own daughter played hurling for her integrated college."
She also said "Irish culture is not eroded, neither is British culture. Integrated education isn't about assimilating young people into one culture - it's about celebrating all cultures."
Shared education initiatives
In 2011, Department of Education launched a new Community Relations, Equality and Diversity in Education policy.
The objectives of the policy are to:
ensure that learners have an understanding of and respect for the rights, equality and diversity of all without discrimination;
educate children and young people to live and participate in the changing world with respect while taking account of the ongoing intercommunity divisions arising from conflict and increasing diversity within our society;
equip children and young people with the skills, attitudes and behaviours needed: 4
See also
List of integrated schools in Northern Ireland
Education in Northern Ireland
Segregation in Northern Ireland
Educate Together
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Integrating Education in Northern Ireland" (PDF). www.education-ni.gov.uk/. Retrieved 20 July 2021. Text was copied from this source, which is available under an Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright.
^ "History - Lagan College". Lagan College. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
^ a b "NI Assembly passes integrated education bill". ITV News. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
^ Stephen, Fiona (2000). "BBC NI - A State Apart - Reconciliation A farewell to arms? From 'long war' to long peace in Northern Ireland". Promoting a culture of tolerance: education in Northern Ireland. Manchester University Press. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
^ Lord Baker of Dorking, Daily Hansard, 18 July 2006 : Column 1189 www.parliament.uk, retrieved 22 July 2007
^ Lunn, Trevor (24 June 2008). "Irish-Medium Primary School". TheyWorkForYou. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
^ ""Churches and Christian Ethos in Integrated Schools", Macaulay,T 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
^ "rowandale-ips-prospectus-2019-20-c" (PDF). primarysite-prod-sorted.s3.amazonaws.com. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
^ "Assembly passes integrated educational bill after UUP refuses to back petition of concern". RTÉ News. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ A difficult subject, John Lloyd, Financial Times, 20 April 2007, retrieved 22 December 2009
^ Monsignor Denis Faul, Independent, 22 June 2006
^ Monsignor Denis Faul, obituaries, The Daily Telegraph, 22 June 2006
^ "Free Presbyterian church slams shared education" The Newsletter 11 January 2014
^ a b c d e f g h "Integrated schools defended by Alliance after Sinn Féin criticism". BBC News. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ "Sharing Works: A Policy for Shared Education" (PDF). www.education-ni.gov.uk. September 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2021. Text was copied from this source, which is available under an Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright.
External links
Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education
Integrated Education Fund
Conflict Archive on the Internet - Education in Northern Ireland
vteEducation in Northern IrelandAdministrationDepartments
Department of Education
Department for the Economy
Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs
Other government organisations
Education Authority
Council for the Curriculum, Examinations & Assessment
Sector support organisations
Controlled Schools' Support Council
Council for Catholic Maintained Schools
Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education
Comhairle na Gaelscolaíochta
InstitutionsUniversities
Queen's University Belfast
University of Ulster
Open University
University colleges
St Mary's University College
Stranmillis University College
Further education colleges
Belfast Metropolitan College
Northern Regional College
North West Regional College
Southern Regional College
South Eastern Regional College
South West College
Agricultural college
College of Agriculture, Food and Rural Enterprise
Theological colleges
Belfast Bible College
Edgehill Theological College
Irish Baptist College
Union Theological College
Whitefield College of the Bible
Schools
Irish medium primary
Primary
Irish medium secondary
Secondary
Grammar
Integrated
Nurseries
Irish medium
See also
Education in the United Kingdom
England
Scotland
Wales
Education in the Republic of Ireland
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Integrated education in Northern Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Report-1"},{"link_name":"Dunleath Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mulholland,_4th_Baron_Dunleath"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Report-1"},{"link_name":"Lagan College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagan_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Northern_Ireland_Council_for_Integrated_Education"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Report-1"},{"link_name":"Education Reform (NI) Order 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Orders_in_Council_for_Northern_Ireland#section_1980%E2%80%931989"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Report-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Report-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Report-1"}],"text":"In 2017 the Northern Ireland government commissioned a report to detail the development of Integrated Education, so as to decide on structures and processes to support the effective planning, growth and development of a more integrated education system, with a framework of viable and sustainable schools. \n[1]: 10 \nSince 1974 the All Children Together (ACT) movement had been lobbying against the segregation in schools in Northern Ireland. The Education (Northern Ireland) Act, 1978 (Dunleath Act) contained a provision that allowed existing schools to transform to integrated status, but none succeeded.[1]: 21 Consequently, a group of parents founded Lagan College, a new type of non-sectarian school in September 1981.[2]By 1987, there were seven newly established integrated schools, and Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education (NICIE) was formed as a charitable organisation to co-ordinate efforts to develop integrated education, and to support parent groups through the process of opening new schools.[1]The Education Reform (NI) Order 1989 provided a statutory framework for the development of integrated schools. Article 64 of the Order defines integrated education as ‘the education together at school of Protestant and Roman Catholic pupils’. It states that it ‘shall be the duty of the Department to encourage and facilitate the development of integrated education’.[1]: 10 \nPart VI and Schedules 5 and 6 of the Order define the arrangements for the establishment, management and governance of two types of integrated school: grant maintained integrated schools and controlled integrated schools.[1]: 21It was at this point that Department of Education began to grant-aid schools with revenue funding.[1]: 21","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Sinn Fein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"SDLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"People Before Profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Before_Profit"},{"link_name":"DUP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"UUP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"The Northern Ireland Assembly passed legislation in March 2022 which ensures a duty on the Department of Education to provide further support to the integrated schools sector. The Bill was passed by 49 votes to 38.[3]Supported Bill: Alliance, Sinn Fein, SDLP, Green Party, People Before ProfitDid not support Bill: DUP, UUP[3]","title":"The Integrated Education Bill 2022"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Council_for_Integrated_Education"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farewell_to_arms.-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Report-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Report-1"}],"text":"The Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education (NICIE), a voluntary organisation, promotes, develops and supports integrated education in Northern Ireland.[4]NICIE’s Statement of Principles go beyond just the education of Protestant and Catholic children in a single building. NICIE aims to create a shared ethos and environment that welcomes and that celebrates all traditions. Schools should have a mixed staff, board of governors and pupils. It celebrates inclusion and fosters creativity in schools. It fosters \"an environment where governors, staff, parents – and, in age-appropriate ways, pupils – can engage with social, political and religious debates explicitly and in a sharing and inclusive way.\"[1]The four key elements of NICIE’s Statement of Principles are:Equality and diversity\nA child-centred education\nA partnership with parents\nA Christian ethos[1]","title":"Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Education in Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lunn-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Education in Northern Ireland is highly religiously segregated,[5] with 95% of pupils attending either a maintained (Catholic) school or a controlled school (mostly Protestant, but open to all faiths and none), both funded by the state by varying amounts. In addition there is pressure to open more Irish medium schools. Around 2007 there was surplus of places in existing schools.[6] The churches in Northern Ireland have not been involved in the development of integrated schools.[7] Integrated schools have been established by the voluntary efforts of parents.","title":"Educational background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lagan College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagan_College"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Moira, County Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moira,_County_Down"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Report-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r-ips-8"},{"link_name":"Integrated Education Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Education_Bill_(Northern_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rte-assembly-passes-integrated-education-bill-9"}],"text":"The first integrated school, Lagan College, was established in Belfast in 1981, in 1985, three more integrated schools opened in Belfast. As of 2017[update], there were 65 integrated schools comprising 20 post-primary colleges and 45 primary schools. 27 are Controlled Integrated. Existing controlled schools voted to ‘transform’ and 38 are Grant-Maintained Integrated, new schools, created by the local parents, the last of which, Rowandale Integrated Primary School in Moira, County Down, was established in 2008.[1]: 23 In addition, there are 19 integrated nursery schools, most of which are linked to primary schools as at Rowandale.[8]: 18In March 2022, the Integrated Education Bill was passed.[9]","title":"Current situation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-difficult-subject-10"},{"link_name":"Denis Faul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Faul"},{"link_name":"canon law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law"},{"link_name":"British Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Government"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-independent-obituary-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-obituary-12"},{"link_name":"Free Presbyterian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"ecumenism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"John O'Dowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Dowd"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-integrated-schools-defended-by-alliance-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-integrated-schools-defended-by-alliance-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-integrated-schools-defended-by-alliance-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-integrated-schools-defended-by-alliance-14"},{"link_name":"Kellie Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellie_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-integrated-schools-defended-by-alliance-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-integrated-schools-defended-by-alliance-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-integrated-schools-defended-by-alliance-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-integrated-schools-defended-by-alliance-14"}],"text":"Integrated schools were sometimes criticised as being \"middle-class\" or accused of \"social engineering\".[10] Then Monsignor Denis Faul criticised integrated education, insisting that Catholic parents were required by canon law to send their children to Catholic schools and also claimed the schools were a \"dirty political trick\" inspired by the British Government.[11][12] Speaking out against integrated education, the Free Presbyterian Church described it as a \"front for ecumenism and the secular lobby\".[13]In July 2021, John O'Dowd said during the second stage debates of the Integrated Education Bill that while integrated schools promote inclusivity \"there's only one or very few play Gaelic games. There's none promote the Irish language. I will correct myself: I think that there is one. The identity in it is not neutral - in many of them it is British.\"[14] He also said \"You can pay homage to the Crown but to no-one else\".[14] He said that he supported the principle of the bill but urged the integrated sector to \"get its head around\" how it promotes \"all identities\".[14] He also said \"The reason why we have such a separated education system dating back to the 1920s - and I am no defender of the Catholic hierarchy - is because the Catholic Church took a very strong view of this ... That to keep Irish identity, Irish culture alive in a partitioned state, it would have to have its own education system.\"[14]Kellie Armstrong replied that she had never seen that in any integrated school she had visited.[14] She said \"In the integrated schools that I go into, I see a culture that is reflective of everyone who attends there and is respectful of all cultures.\"[14] Regarding promoting the Irish language and Gaelic games she said \"I'm somewhat at a loss given the fact that Lagan College and Drumragh Integrated College have both been former winners of the JJ Reilly Cup. Kellie Armstrong says all cultures are respected through integrated education. My own daughter played hurling for her integrated college.\"[14]\nShe also said \"Irish culture is not eroded, neither is British culture. Integrated education isn't about assimilating young people into one culture - it's about celebrating all cultures.\"[14]","title":"Criticisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Report-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Report-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sharing-15"}],"text":"In 2011, Department of Education launched a new Community Relations, Equality and Diversity in Education policy.[1]The objectives of the policy are to:ensure that learners have an understanding of and respect for the rights, equality and diversity of all without discrimination;\neducate children and young people to live and participate in the changing world with respect while taking account of the ongoing intercommunity divisions arising from conflict and increasing diversity within our society;\nequip children and young people with the skills, attitudes and behaviours needed[1][15]: 4","title":"Shared education initiatives"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of integrated schools in Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_integrated_schools_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"title":"Education in Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"title":"Segregation in Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"title":"Educate Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educate_Together"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Integrating Education in Northern Ireland\" (PDF). www.education-ni.gov.uk/. Retrieved 20 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.education-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/education/Integrating%20Education%20Report.pdf","url_text":"\"Integrating Education in Northern Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"\"History - Lagan College\". Lagan College. Retrieved 26 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lagancollege.com/about/","url_text":"\"History - Lagan College\""}]},{"reference":"\"NI Assembly passes integrated education bill\". ITV News. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itv.com/news/utv/2022-03-09/ni-assembly-passes-integrated-education-bill","url_text":"\"NI Assembly passes integrated education bill\""}]},{"reference":"Stephen, Fiona (2000). \"BBC NI - A State Apart - Reconciliation A farewell to arms? From 'long war' to long peace in Northern Ireland\". Promoting a culture of tolerance: education in Northern Ireland. Manchester University Press. Retrieved 13 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/schools/agreement/reconciliation/support/rec2_c061.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC NI - A State Apart - Reconciliation A farewell to arms? From 'long war' to long peace in Northern Ireland\""}]},{"reference":"Lunn, Trevor (24 June 2008). \"Irish-Medium Primary School\". TheyWorkForYou. Retrieved 24 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theyworkforyou.com/ni/?id=2008-06-24.8.1","url_text":"\"Irish-Medium Primary School\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Churches and Christian Ethos in Integrated Schools\", Macaulay,T 2009\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090327122652/http://www.macaulayassociates.co.uk/pdfs/Churches.pdf","url_text":"\"\"Churches and Christian Ethos in Integrated Schools\", Macaulay,T 2009\""},{"url":"http://www.macaulayassociates.co.uk/pdfs/Churches.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"rowandale-ips-prospectus-2019-20-c\" (PDF). primarysite-prod-sorted.s3.amazonaws.com. Retrieved 24 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://primarysite-prod-sorted.s3.amazonaws.com/rowandale-integrated-primary-school/UploadedDocument/850bef9c99d64de89da09dc5ba69eded/rowandale-ips-prospectus-2019-20-c.pdf","url_text":"\"rowandale-ips-prospectus-2019-20-c\""}]},{"reference":"\"Assembly passes integrated educational bill after UUP refuses to back petition of concern\". RTÉ News. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/regional/2022/0309/1285440-integrated-education-bill/","url_text":"\"Assembly passes integrated educational bill after UUP refuses to back petition of concern\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_News","url_text":"RTÉ News"}]},{"reference":"\"Integrated schools defended by Alliance after Sinn Féin criticism\". BBC News. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-57761935","url_text":"\"Integrated schools defended by Alliance after Sinn Féin criticism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Sharing Works: A Policy for Shared Education\" (PDF). www.education-ni.gov.uk. September 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.education-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/de/Sharing%20Works%20A%20Policy%20for%20Shared%20Education%20Sept%202015.PDF","url_text":"\"Sharing Works: A Policy for Shared Education\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_education_in_Northern_Ireland&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.education-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/education/Integrating%20Education%20Report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Integrating Education in Northern Ireland\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/","external_links_name":"Open Government Licence v3.0"},{"Link":"http://www.lagancollege.com/about/","external_links_name":"\"History - Lagan College\""},{"Link":"https://www.itv.com/news/utv/2022-03-09/ni-assembly-passes-integrated-education-bill","external_links_name":"\"NI Assembly passes integrated education bill\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/schools/agreement/reconciliation/support/rec2_c061.shtml","external_links_name":"\"BBC NI - A State Apart - Reconciliation A farewell to arms? From 'long war' to long peace in Northern Ireland\""},{"Link":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds06/text/60718-1006.htm","external_links_name":"www.parliament.uk"},{"Link":"https://www.theyworkforyou.com/ni/?id=2008-06-24.8.1","external_links_name":"\"Irish-Medium Primary School\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090327122652/http://www.macaulayassociates.co.uk/pdfs/Churches.pdf","external_links_name":"\"\"Churches and Christian Ethos in Integrated Schools\", Macaulay,T 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.macaulayassociates.co.uk/pdfs/Churches.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://primarysite-prod-sorted.s3.amazonaws.com/rowandale-integrated-primary-school/UploadedDocument/850bef9c99d64de89da09dc5ba69eded/rowandale-ips-prospectus-2019-20-c.pdf","external_links_name":"\"rowandale-ips-prospectus-2019-20-c\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/news/regional/2022/0309/1285440-integrated-education-bill/","external_links_name":"\"Assembly passes integrated educational bill after UUP refuses to back petition of concern\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/02445788-ed4b-11db-9520-000b5df10621.html","external_links_name":"A difficult subject"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090703104809/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/monsignor-denis-faul-404951.html","external_links_name":"Monsignor Denis Faul"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1521906/Monsignor-Denis-Faul.html","external_links_name":"Monsignor Denis Faul"},{"Link":"http://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/regional/free-presbyterian-church-slams-shared-education-1-5802009","external_links_name":"\"Free Presbyterian church slams shared education\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-57761935","external_links_name":"\"Integrated schools defended by Alliance after Sinn Féin criticism\""},{"Link":"https://www.education-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/de/Sharing%20Works%20A%20Policy%20for%20Shared%20Education%20Sept%202015.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Sharing Works: A Policy for Shared Education\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/","external_links_name":"Open Government Licence v3.0"},{"Link":"http://www.nicie.org/","external_links_name":"Northern Ireland Council for Integrated Education"},{"Link":"http://www.ief.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Integrated Education Fund"},{"Link":"http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/educ.htm","external_links_name":"Conflict Archive on the Internet - Education in Northern Ireland"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Chelles
|
Pierre de Chelles
|
["1 Work","2 References","3 External links"]
|
For other uses, see Chelles.
Tomb effigy of Philippe III at Saint-Denis
Pierre de Chelles was a French architect from the late 13th and early 14th centuries. He was one of the architects of the Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral. He completed the choir began in 1300, the high flying buttresses above the apse, and the building of the rood screen. He was also a sculptor.
De Chelles was related to Jean de Chelles, who was his father or uncle.
Work
Pierre de Chelles was also the author of the tomb effigy of Philip III of France (1245–1285).
References
^ Quoted by Georges Bordonove, in Les Rois qui ont fait la France, Philippe le Bel, page 16 - Éditions Pygmalion / Gérard Watelet - Paris, 1984.
External links
Pierre de Chelles on Encyclopédie Universalis
vteNotre-Dame de ParisRoman Catholic Archdiocese of ParisHistory
Pillar of the Boatmen
Saint-Étienne de Paris
Notre-Dame school
Coronation of Napoleon I (1804)
Notre-Dame Affair (1950)
Musée de Notre Dame de Paris (1951–2008)
2016 bombing attempt
2017 attack
2019 fire
Architecture
Parvis
Sculptures
Spire
Collection
Bells
Mays
Relics of Sainte-Chapelle
Sculptures (Virgin of Paris)
Shirt of Saint Louis
People
Maurice de Sully
Jean de Chelles
Pierre de Montreuil
Pierre de Chelles
Jean-Baptiste Lassus
Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
Andrew Tallon
Jean-Louis Georgelin
Burials
Culturaldepictions
The Coronation of Napoleon (1807 painting)
Liberty Leading the People (1830 painting)
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1831 novel, adaptations)
The Bohemian (1890 painting)
The Quai Saint-Michel and Notre-Dame (1901 painting)
Notre-Dame, une fin d'après-midi (1902 painting)
View of Notre-Dame (1914 painting)
The Notre Dame de Paris Mosque (2005 novel)
Assassin's Creed Unity (2014 video game)
Notre-Dame on Fire (2022 film)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
ULAN
Portals: architecture France
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelles_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grab_Philipp_III.jpg"},{"link_name":"Notre-Dame de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"flying buttresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_buttress"},{"link_name":"apse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apse"},{"link_name":"rood screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rood_screen"},{"link_name":"Jean de Chelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Chelles"}],"text":"For other uses, see Chelles.Tomb effigy of Philippe III at Saint-DenisPierre de Chelles was a French architect from the late 13th and early 14th centuries. He was one of the architects of the Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral. He completed the choir began in 1300, the high flying buttresses above the apse, and the building of the rood screen. He was also a sculptor.De Chelles was related to Jean de Chelles, who was his father or uncle.","title":"Pierre de Chelles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tomb effigy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_effigy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Philip III of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_France"}],"text":"Pierre de Chelles was also the author of the tomb effigy[1] of Philip III of France (1245–1285).","title":"Work"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Tomb effigy of Philippe III at Saint-Denis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Grab_Philipp_III.jpg/220px-Grab_Philipp_III.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/pierre-de-chelles/","external_links_name":"Pierre de Chelles"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/95889672","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500033853","external_links_name":"ULAN"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads
|
2003 UEFA European Under-19 Championship squads
|
["1 Group A","1.1 Italy","1.2 Liechtenstein","1.3 Norway","1.4 Portugal","2 Group B","2.1 Austria","2.2 Czech Republic","2.3 England","2.4 France","3 Footnotes"]
|
Main article: 2003 UEFA European Under-19 Championship
Players born on or after 1 January 1984 were eligible to participate in the tournament. Players' age as of 16 July 2003 – the tournament's opening day. Players in bold have later been capped at full international level.
Group A
Italy
Head coach: Paolo Berrettini
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club
1
1GK
Marco Paoloni
(1984-02-21)21 February 1984 (aged 19)
4
0
Roma
2
2DF
Damiano Ferronetti
(1984-11-01)1 November 1984 (aged 18)
7
0
Roma
3
2DF
Andrea Mantovani
(1984-06-22)22 June 1984 (aged 19)
9
0
Torino
4
3MF
Gabriele Perico
(1984-03-11)11 March 1984 (aged 19)
8
2
Atalanta
5
2DF
Mauro Belotti
(1984-05-13)13 May 1984 (aged 19)
9
1
Atalanta
6
2DF
Giorgio Chiellini
(1984-08-14)14 August 1984 (aged 18)
13
1
Livorno
7
3MF
Adriano D'Astolfo
(1984-03-23)23 March 1984 (aged 19)
10
0
Lodigiani
8
3MF
Alberto Aquilani
(1984-07-07)7 July 1984 (aged 19)
10
0
Roma
9
4FW
Luigi Della Rocca
(1984-09-02)2 September 1984 (aged 18)
7
1
Bologna
10
3MF
Francesco Lodi
(1984-03-23)23 March 1984 (aged 19)
9
9
Empoli
11
4FW
Gianpaolo Pazzini
(1984-08-02)2 August 1984 (aged 18)
6
4
Atalanta
12
1GK
Andrea Ivaldi
(1984-02-24)24 February 1984 (aged 19)
6
0
Genoa
13
2DF
Giuseppe Scurto
(1984-01-05)5 January 1984 (aged 19)
3
0
Roma
14
2DF
Alessandro Potenza
(1984-03-08)8 March 1984 (aged 19)
5
0
Internazionale
15
3MF
Mirko Stefani
(1984-01-25)25 January 1984 (aged 19)
3
0
Milan
16
3MF
Simon Laner
(1984-01-28)28 January 1984 (aged 19)
4
0
Hellas Verona
17
3MF
Simone Padoin
(1984-03-18)18 March 1984 (aged 19)
5
0
Atalanta
18
4FW
Raffaele Palladino
(1984-04-17)17 April 1984 (aged 19)
2
2
Juventus
Liechtenstein
Head Coach : Ralf Loose
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club
1
1GK
Daniel Steuble
(1984-03-21)21 March 1984 (aged 19)
Eschen/Mauren
2
2DF
Christoph Bühler
(1987-01-31)31 January 1987 (aged 16)
Triesenberg
3
2DF
Sandro Maierhofer
(1985-05-31)31 May 1985 (aged 18)
Balzers
4
3MF
Reto Mündle
(1984-07-03)3 July 1984 (aged 19)
Vaduz
5
2DF
Franz-Josef Vogt
(1985-10-30)30 October 1985 (aged 17)
Balzers
6
2DF
Matthias Biedermann
(1985-08-13)13 August 1985 (aged 17)
Vaduz
7
3MF
Claudio Alabor
(1985-01-20)20 January 1985 (aged 18)
Ruggell
8
4FW
Pascal Söldi
(1984-02-23)23 February 1984 (aged 19)
Balzers
9
3MF
Martin Büchel
(1987-02-19)19 February 1987 (aged 16)
Ruggell
10
3MF
Christoph Frick
(1984-01-24)24 January 1984 (aged 19)
Vaduz
11
4FW
Mirco Stoffel
12
1GK
Florian Meier
(1986-03-19)19 March 1986 (aged 17)
Ruggell
13
3MF
Michael Noser
14
2DF
Marc Messenger
15
3MF
Stefan Büchel
(1986-06-30)30 June 1986 (aged 17)
Ruggell
16
3MF
Sandro Hasler
(1985-12-07)7 December 1985 (aged 17)
Ruggell
17
2DF
Marco Ritzberger
(1986-12-27)27 December 1986 (aged 16)
Vaduz
18
4FW
Raphael Rohrer
(1985-05-03)3 May 1985 (aged 18)
Schaan
Norway
Head coach: Egil Olsen
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club
1
1GK
Rune Jarstein
(1984-09-29)29 September 1984 (aged 18)
Odd
2
2DF
Martin Overvik
(1984-04-01)1 April 1984 (aged 19)
Alta
3
2DF
Kristian Flittie Onstad
(1984-05-09)9 May 1984 (aged 19)
Lyn
4
2DF
Vegard Lie
(1984-02-22)22 February 1984 (aged 19)
Odd
5
2DF
Gisle Refseth
(1984-03-21)21 March 1984 (aged 19)
Rosenborg
6
2DF
Eirik Bertheussen
(1984-04-02)2 April 1984 (aged 19)
Tromsø
7
3MF
Kjell André Thu
(1984-07-08)8 July 1984 (aged 19)
Ørn-Horten
8
4FW
Olav Tuelo Johannesen
(1984-02-23)23 February 1984 (aged 19)
Sandefjord
9
4FW
Branimir Poljac
(1984-05-17)17 May 1984 (aged 19)
Stabæk
10
3MF
Petter Vaagan Moen
(1984-02-05)5 February 1984 (aged 19)
Hamarkameratene
11
3MF
Jone Samuelsen
(1984-07-06)6 July 1984 (aged 19)
Haugesund
12
1GK
Magnus Hjulstad
(1984-03-15)15 March 1984 (aged 19)
Vålerenga
13
2DF
Trond Erik Bertelsen
(1984-06-05)5 June 1984 (aged 19)
Haugesund
14
2DF
Tommy Edvardsen
(1984-12-26)26 December 1984 (aged 18)
Vålerenga
15
3MF
Michael Røn
(1984-07-25)25 July 1984 (aged 18)
Fredrikstad
16
4FW
Daniel Fredheim Holm
(1985-07-30)30 July 1985 (aged 17)
Skeid
17
3MF
Trond Olsen
(1984-02-05)5 February 1984 (aged 19)
Bodø/Glimt
18
3MF
Henning Hauger
(1985-07-17)17 July 1985 (aged 17)
Stabæk
Portugal
Head coach: Carlos Alberto Lopes Dinis
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club
1
1GK
Paulo Ribeiro
(1984-06-06)6 June 1984 (aged 19)
Vitória de Setúbal
2
2DF
Eurípedes Amoreirinha
(1984-08-05)5 August 1984 (aged 18)
Alverca
3
3MF
Amaro Filipe
(1984-10-25)25 October 1984 (aged 18)
Benfica
4
2DF
Miguel Ângelo
(1984-10-10)10 October 1984 (aged 18)
Sporting CP
5
3MF
Rodrigo Ângelo
(1984-10-15)15 October 1984 (aged 18)
Porto B
6
3MF
Sérgio Organista
(1984-08-26)26 August 1984 (aged 18)
Porto
7
2DF
João Pereira
(1984-02-25)25 February 1984 (aged 19)
Benfica
8
3MF
Daniel
(1984-05-06)6 May 1984 (aged 19)
Chaves
9
4FW
Hugo Almeida
(1984-05-23)23 May 1984 (aged 19)
Porto
10
4FW
Helio Pinto
(1984-02-29)29 February 1984 (aged 19)
Benfica
11
4FW
Paulo Sérgio
(1984-01-24)24 January 1984 (aged 19)
Sporting CP
12
1GK
Tecelão
(1984-03-30)30 March 1984 (aged 19)
Sporting CP
13
3MF
João Pedro
(1984-09-17)17 September 1984 (aged 18)
Boavista
14
3MF
Filipe Oliveira
(1984-05-27)27 May 1984 (aged 19)
Chelsea
15
3MF
Cadinha
(1984-09-01)1 September 1984 (aged 18)
Leixões
16
3MF
Pedro Pereira
(1984-01-03)3 January 1984 (aged 19)
Braga
17
1GK
Carlos Fonseca
(1985-01-05)5 January 1985 (aged 18)
Leixões
18
3MF
Flávio Igor
(1984-02-10)10 February 1984 (aged 19)
Porto B
Group B
Austria
Head Coach : Paul Gludovatz
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Club
1
1GK
Robert Almer
(1984-03-20)20 March 1984 (aged 19)
Austria Wien
2
2DF
Thomas Lechner
(1985-10-22)22 October 1985 (aged 17)
Grazer AK
3
2DF
Martin Lassnig
(1984-01-09)9 January 1984 (aged 19)
LASK
4
2DF
Jürgen Rauchbauer
(1984-05-15)15 May 1984 (aged 19)
Austria Wien
5
2DF
Markus Berger
(1985-01-21)21 January 1985 (aged 18)
SV Ried
6
3MF
Thomas Prager
(1985-09-13)13 September 1985 (aged 17)
Heerenveen
7
3MF
Klaus Salmutter
(1984-01-03)3 January 1984 (aged 19)
Sturm Graz
8
3MF
Pascal Velek
(1984-03-09)9 March 1984 (aged 19)
Austria Wien
9
4FW
Lukas Mössner
(1984-03-14)14 March 1984 (aged 19)
SC Freiburg
10
3MF
Salmin Čehajić
(1984-05-07)7 May 1984 (aged 19)
Rapid Wien
11
3MF
Jürgen Säumel
(1984-09-08)8 September 1984 (aged 18)
Sturm Graz
12
1GK
Thomas Vollnhofer
(1984-09-02)2 September 1984 (aged 18)
SKN St. Pölten
13
2DF
Mario Fürthaler
(1984-10-26)26 October 1984 (aged 18)
SC Untersiebenbrunn
14
2DF
Mario Bolter
(1984-07-01)1 July 1984 (aged 19)
SC Bregenz
15
3MF
Sandro Lindschinger
(1985-10-18)18 October 1985 (aged 17)
Sturm Graz
16
3MF
René Schicker
(1984-09-28)28 September 1984 (aged 18)
Austria Salzburg
17
3MF
Ernst Öbster
(1984-03-17)17 March 1984 (aged 19)
Austria Salzburg
18
4FW
Roman Kienast
(1984-03-29)29 March 1984 (aged 19)
Rapid Wien
Czech Republic
Head Coach : Michal Bílek
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Club
1
1GK
Tomáš Černý
(1985-04-10)10 April 1985 (aged 18)
Sigma Olomouc
2
2DF
Václav Procházka
(1984-05-08)8 May 1984 (aged 19)
Viktoria Plzeň
3
2DF
Lukáš Nachtman
(1984-05-11)11 May 1984 (aged 19)
Slavia Prague
4
3MF
Roman Hubník
(1984-06-06)6 June 1984 (aged 19)
Sigma Olomouc
5
2DF
Michal Kadlec
(1984-12-13)13 December 1984 (aged 18)
Slovácko
6
2DF
Martin Pulkert
(1984-02-24)24 February 1984 (aged 19)
1. HFK Olomouc
7
3MF
Ladislav Volešák
(1984-04-07)7 April 1984 (aged 19)
Sparta Prague
8
4FW
Pavel Siranec
(1984-05-24)24 May 1984 (aged 19)
Sigma Olomouc
9
4FW
Adam Varadi
(1985-04-30)30 April 1985 (aged 18)
Baník Ostrava
10
2DF
Martin Klein
(1984-07-02)2 July 1984 (aged 19)
Sparta Prague
11
2DF
Michal Blažej
(1984-03-27)27 March 1984 (aged 19)
Hradec Králové
12
2DF
Milan Matula
(1984-04-22)22 April 1984 (aged 19)
Slovan Liberec
13
3MF
Josef Brodský
(1985-05-19)19 May 1985 (aged 18)
Marila Příbram
14
4FW
Petr Mikolanda
(1984-09-12)12 September 1984 (aged 18)
Viktoria Žižkov
15
4FW
Petr Kobylík
(1985-05-08)8 May 1985 (aged 18)
Sigma Olomouc
16
1GK
Petr Bolek
(1984-06-13)13 June 1984 (aged 19)
Baník Ostrava
17
3MF
Pavel Malcharek
(1986-02-16)16 February 1986 (aged 17)
Vítkovice
18
2DF
Aleš Neuwirth
(1985-01-04)4 January 1985 (aged 18)
Baník Ostrava
England
Head coach: Stuart Baxter
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Club
1
1GK
Luke Steele
(1984-09-24)24 September 1984 (aged 18)
Manchester United
2
2DF
Justin Hoyte
(1984-11-20)20 November 1984 (aged 18)
Arsenal
3
3MF
Peter Whittingham
(1984-09-08)8 September 1984 (aged 18)
Aston Villa
4
3MF
John Welsh
(1984-01-10)10 January 1984 (aged 19)
Liverpool
5
2DF
Liam Ridgewell
(1984-07-21)21 July 1984 (aged 18)
Aston Villa
6
2DF
Andrew Davies
(1984-12-17)17 December 1984 (aged 18)
Middlesbrough
7
3MF
Wayne Routledge
(1985-01-07)7 January 1985 (aged 18)
Crystal Palace
8
3MF
Ciaran Donnelly
(1984-04-02)2 April 1984 (aged 19)
Blackburn Rovers
9
4FW
Thomas Wright
(1984-09-28)28 September 1984 (aged 18)
Leicester City
10
3MF
Lee Croft
(1985-06-26)26 June 1985 (aged 18)
Manchester City
11
3MF
Stewart Downing
(1984-07-22)22 July 1984 (aged 18)
Middlesbrough
12
2DF
Steven Schumacher
(1984-04-30)30 April 1984 (aged 19)
Everton
13
1GK
Lee Camp
(1984-08-22)22 August 1984 (aged 18)
Derby County
14
2DF
Alan Moogan
(1984-04-22)22 April 1984 (aged 19)
Everton
15
2DF
Dean Leacock
(1984-06-10)10 June 1984 (aged 19)
Fulham
16
2DF
Marcel McKie
(1984-09-22)22 September 1984 (aged 18)
Tottenham Hotspur
17
4FW
Jerome Watt
(1984-10-20)20 October 1984 (aged 18)
Blackburn Rovers
18
4FW
Dorryl Proffitt
(1985-05-02)2 May 1985 (aged 18)
Manchester City
France
Head Coach : René Girard
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Club
1
1GK
Florent Chaigneau
(1984-03-21)21 March 1984 (aged 19)
Rennes
2
2DF
Abdelaziz Kamara
(1984-04-10)10 April 1984 (aged 19)
Saint-Étienne
3
2DF
Jérémy Berthod
(1984-04-24)24 April 1984 (aged 19)
Lyon
4
2DF
Julio Colombo
( 1984-02-02)2 February 1984 (aged 19)
Montpellier
5
2DF
Jacques Faty
(1984-02-25)25 February 1984 (aged 19)
Rennes
6
2DF
Stéphen Drouin
(1984-01-27)27 January 1984 (aged 19)
Rennes
7
3MF
Luigi Glombard
(1984-08-21)21 August 1984 (aged 18)
Nantes
8
3MF
Hassan Yebda
(1984-05-14)14 May 1984 (aged 19)
Auxerre
9
4FW
Sébastien Grax
(1984-06-23)23 June 1984 (aged 19)
Monaco
10
3MF
Mourad Meghni
(1984-04-16)16 April 1984 (aged 19)
Bologna
11
3MF
Yann Jouffre
(1984-07-23)23 July 1984 (aged 18)
Nîmes
12
3MF
Emerse Faé
(1984-01-24)24 January 1984 (aged 19)
Nantes
13
4FW
Sylvain Idangar
(1984-03-04)4 March 1984 (aged 19)
Lyon
14
2DF
Albin Ebondo
(1984-02-23)23 February 1984 (aged 19)
Toulouse
15
3MF
Kévin Jacmot
(1984-03-22)22 March 1984 (aged 19)
Lyon
16
1GK
Michaël Fabre
(1984-07-15)15 July 1984 (aged 19)
Bologna
17
2DF
Grégory Bourillon
(1984-07-01)1 July 1984 (aged 19)
Rennes
18
3MF
Serisay Barthelemy
(1984-01-06)6 January 1984 (aged 19)
Saint-Étienne
Footnotes
^ Vaduz is a Liechtenstein club which plays in Swiss football league
^ Capped for Trinidad and Tobago
^ Capped for Northern Ireland
^ Capped for Mauritania
^ Capped for Senegal
^ a b Capped for Algeria
^ Capped for Ivory Coast
^ Capped for Chad
vteUEFA European U-18 and U-19 ChampionshipUnder-18 era, 1948–2001FIFA YouthTournament
England 1948
Netherlands 1949
Austria 1950
France 1951
Spain 1952
Belgium 1953
West Germany 1954
UEFA Youth Tournament
Italy 1955
Hungary 1956
Spain 1957
Luxembourg 1958
Bulgaria 1959
Austria 1960
Portugal 1961
Romania 1962
England 1963
Netherlands 1964
West Germany 1965
Yugoslavia 1966
Turkey 1967
France 1968
East Germany 1969
Scotland 1970
Czechoslovakia 1971
Spain 1972
Italy 1973
Sweden 1974
Switzerland 1975
Hungary 1976
Belgium 1977
Poland 1978
Austria 1979
East Germany 1980
UEFA U-18Championships
West Germany 1981
Finland 1982
England 1983
Soviet Union 1984
Yugoslavia 1986
Czechoslovakia 1988
Hungary 1990
Germany 1992
England 1993
Spain 1994
Greece 1995
France 1996
Iceland 1997
Cyprus 1998
Sweden 1999
Germany 2000
Finland 2001
Qualification
1986
1988
1990
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Squads
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Under-19 era, 2002–presentUEFA U-19Championships
Norway 2002
Liechtenstein 2003
Switzerland 2004
Northern Ireland 2005
Poland 2006
Austria 2007
Czech Republic 2008
Ukraine 2009
France 2010
Romania 2011
Estonia 2012
Lithuania 2013
Hungary 2014
Greece 2015
Germany 2016
Georgia 2017
Finland 2018
Armenia 2019
Northern Ireland 2020
Romania 2021
Slovakia 2022
Malta 2023
Northern Ireland 2024
Romania 2025
Wales 2026
Israel 2027
Qualification
2002
2003
2004
2005 (First, Elite)
2006 (First, Elite)
2007 (First, Elite)
2008 (First, Elite)
2009 (First, Elite)
2010 (First, Elite)
2011 (First, Elite)
2012 (First, Elite)
2013 (First, Elite)
2014 (First, Elite)
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Squads
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Players born on or after 1 January 1984 were eligible to participate in the tournament. Players' age as of 16 July 2003 – the tournament's opening day. Players in bold have later been capped at full international level.","title":"2003 UEFA European Under-19 Championship squads"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Group A"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Paolo Berrettini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Berrettini&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"Head coach: Paolo Berrettini","title":"Group A"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ralf Loose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Loose"}],"sub_title":"Liechtenstein","text":"Head Coach : Ralf Loose","title":"Group A"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Egil Olsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egil_Olsen"}],"sub_title":"Norway","text":"Head coach: Egil Olsen","title":"Group A"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Carlos Alberto Lopes Dinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Alberto_Lopes_Dinis&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Portugal","text":"Head coach: Carlos Alberto Lopes Dinis","title":"Group A"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Group B"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Paul Gludovatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gludovatz"}],"sub_title":"Austria","text":"Head Coach : Paul Gludovatz","title":"Group B"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Michal Bílek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michal_B%C3%ADlek"}],"sub_title":"Czech Republic","text":"Head Coach : Michal Bílek","title":"Group B"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Stuart Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Baxter"}],"sub_title":"England","text":"Head coach: Stuart Baxter","title":"Group B"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"René Girard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard_(footballer)"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"Head Coach : René Girard","title":"Group B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-1"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"European U-18 and U-19 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"England 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_FIFA_Youth_Tournament_Under-18"},{"link_name":"Netherlands 1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_FIFA_Youth_Tournament_Under-18"},{"link_name":"Austria 1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_FIFA_Youth_Tournament_Under-18"},{"link_name":"France 1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_FIFA_Youth_Tournament_Under-18"},{"link_name":"Spain 1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_FIFA_Youth_Tournament_Under-18"},{"link_name":"Belgium 1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_FIFA_Youth_Tournament_Under-18"},{"link_name":"West Germany 1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_FIFA_Youth_Tournament_Under-18"},{"link_name":"Italy 1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Hungary 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Spain 1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg 1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria 1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Austria 1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Portugal 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Romania 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"England 1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Netherlands 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"West Germany 1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia 1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Turkey 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"France 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"East Germany 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Scotland 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Spain 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Italy 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Sweden 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Switzerland 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Hungary 1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Belgium 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Poland 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Austria 1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"East Germany 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"West Germany 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Finland 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"England 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Hungary 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Germany 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"England 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Spain 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Greece 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"France 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Iceland 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Cyprus 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Sweden 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Germany 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"Finland 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_qualifying"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_qualifying"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_qualifying"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_qualifying"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_qualifying"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_qualifying"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_qualifying"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_qualifying"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_qualifying"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_qualifying"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_qualifying"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_qualifying"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_qualifying"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1957_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1958_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1959_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1960_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1961_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1962_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1963_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1964_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1965_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1966_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1967_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1969_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1970_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1971_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1972_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1973_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1974_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1975_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1976_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1977_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1983_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1986_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1988_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1993_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1994_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1995_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1996_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1999_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_UEFA_European_Under-18_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"Norway 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Switzerland 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Poland 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Austria 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Ukraine 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"France 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Romania 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Estonia 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Lithuania 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Hungary 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Greece 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Germany 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Georgia 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Finland 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Armenia 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Romania 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Slovakia 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Malta 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Romania 2025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Wales 2026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"Israel 2027","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2027_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualifying"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"Elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_elite_qualification"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"Elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_elite_qualification"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"Elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_elite_qualification"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"Elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_elite_qualification"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"Elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_elite_qualification"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"Elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_elite_qualification"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"Elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_elite_qualification"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"Elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_elite_qualification"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"Elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_elite_qualification"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualifying_round"},{"link_name":"Elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_elite_round"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"2025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_qualification"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_UEFA_European_Under-19_Championship_squads&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"^ Vaduz is a Liechtenstein club which plays in Swiss football league\n\n^ Capped for Trinidad and Tobago\n\n^ Capped for Northern Ireland\n\n^ Capped for Mauritania\n\n^ Capped for Senegal\n\n^ a b Capped for Algeria\n\n^ Capped for Ivory Coast\n\n^ Capped for ChadvteUEFA European U-18 and U-19 ChampionshipUnder-18 era, 1948–2001FIFA YouthTournament\nEngland 1948\nNetherlands 1949\nAustria 1950\nFrance 1951\nSpain 1952\nBelgium 1953\nWest Germany 1954\nUEFA Youth Tournament\nItaly 1955\nHungary 1956\nSpain 1957\nLuxembourg 1958\nBulgaria 1959\nAustria 1960\nPortugal 1961\nRomania 1962\nEngland 1963\nNetherlands 1964\nWest Germany 1965\nYugoslavia 1966\nTurkey 1967\nFrance 1968\nEast Germany 1969\nScotland 1970\nCzechoslovakia 1971\nSpain 1972\nItaly 1973\nSweden 1974\nSwitzerland 1975\nHungary 1976\nBelgium 1977\nPoland 1978\nAustria 1979\nEast Germany 1980\nUEFA U-18Championships\nWest Germany 1981\nFinland 1982\nEngland 1983\nSoviet Union 1984\nYugoslavia 1986\nCzechoslovakia 1988\nHungary 1990\nGermany 1992\nEngland 1993\nSpain 1994\nGreece 1995\nFrance 1996\nIceland 1997\nCyprus 1998\nSweden 1999\nGermany 2000\nFinland 2001\nQualification\n1986\n1988\n1990\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\nSquads\n1957\n1958\n1959\n1960\n1961\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1986\n1988\n1990\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\nUnder-19 era, 2002–presentUEFA U-19Championships\nNorway 2002\nLiechtenstein 2003\nSwitzerland 2004\nNorthern Ireland 2005\nPoland 2006\nAustria 2007\nCzech Republic 2008\nUkraine 2009\nFrance 2010\nRomania 2011\nEstonia 2012\nLithuania 2013\nHungary 2014\nGreece 2015\nGermany 2016\nGeorgia 2017\nFinland 2018\nArmenia 2019\nNorthern Ireland 2020\nRomania 2021\nSlovakia 2022\nMalta 2023\nNorthern Ireland 2024\nRomania 2025\nWales 2026\nIsrael 2027\nQualification\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005 (First, Elite)\n2006 (First, Elite)\n2007 (First, Elite)\n2008 (First, Elite)\n2009 (First, Elite)\n2010 (First, Elite)\n2011 (First, Elite)\n2012 (First, Elite)\n2013 (First, Elite)\n2014 (First, Elite)\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\n2025\nSquads\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024","title":"Footnotes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Vivar_Dorado
|
Vivar Dorado
|
["1 Club career","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Spanish footballer
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Vivar and the second or maternal family name is Dorado.
Vivar Dorado
Vivar Dorado in 2015Personal informationFull name
Ángel Manuel Vivar DoradoDate of birth
(1974-02-12) 12 February 1974 (age 50)Place of birth
Madrid, SpainHeight
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s)
MidfielderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1992–1994
Leganés
60
(14)1994–1998
Tenerife
84
(6)1998–2001
Racing Santander
86
(7)2002
Rayo Vallecano
15
(0)2002–2007
Getafe
150
(18)2007–2009
Valladolid
53
(5)2009–2010
Albacete
0
(0)Total
448
(50)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Ángel Manuel Vivar Dorado (born 12 February 1974) is a Spanish retired footballer who played mainly as an attacking midfielder.
In an 18-year professional career he represented mainly Getafe (five seasons), Tenerife (four) and Racing de Santander (four), appearing in 423 games and scoring 46 goals both major levels of Spanish football combined – 296 matches and 23 goals in La Liga alone.
Club career
Born in Madrid, Vivar Dorado began his career at local CD Leganés in the third division in 1992, with which he achieved promotion to the Segunda División in his first season. For 1994–95, he left to join CD Tenerife of La Liga.
In the summer of 1998, Vivar Dorado moved to Racing de Santander and, despite a top level relegation at the end of his third year, stayed with the club before joining top-flight Rayo Vallecano in January 2002. This was to be another short stay, as he was to return to the second tier with Getafe CF in July, helping the Madrid team attain a first-ever top flight promotion in 2004 and going on to make 161 competitive appearances during his tenure before switching to Real Valladolid in July 2007; previously, on 10 May, he was one of three players on target in a 4–0 home defeat of FC Barcelona in the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey, which meant qualification for the final for the first time ever after a 6–5 aggregate win.
On 6 January 2008, Vivar Dorado scored twice as Valladolid emerged victorious at former side Getafe, 3–0. He automatically earned a one-year extension after playing the minimum games required, being released at the end of the 2008–09 campaign at age 35 and quickly agreeing on a move to Albacete Balompié in the second division; however, he arrived injured and, after no official matches for the Castile-La Mancha club, was released from contract in January 2010 due to an Achilles tendon injury, retiring shortly after.
References
^ "¿Qué fue del CD Tenerife semifinalista de la UEFA?" (in Spanish). Sphera Sports. 18 January 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
^ Rayo coach signs familiar face; UEFA, 30 January 2002
^ Vivar Dorado ficha por el Valladolid (Vivar Dorado signs for Valladolid); Marca, 17 July 2007 (in Spanish)
^ K.O. histórico del Barça (Historical Barça K.O.); El Mundo, 10 May 2007 (in Spanish)
^ Getafe 0–3 Valladolid; ESPN Soccernet, 6 January 2008
^ "Vivar Dorado rescinde su contrato con el Albacete" (in Spanish). Marca. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
External links
Vivar Dorado at BDFutbol
Vivar Dorado at Soccerway
Vivar Dorado at FootballDatabase.eu
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"attacking midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder#Attacking_midfielder"},{"link_name":"Getafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getafe_CF"},{"link_name":"Tenerife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Tenerife"},{"link_name":"Racing de Santander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_de_Santander"},{"link_name":"levels of Spanish football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Vivar and the second or maternal family name is Dorado.Ángel Manuel Vivar Dorado (born 12 February 1974) is a Spanish retired footballer who played mainly as an attacking midfielder.In an 18-year professional career he represented mainly Getafe (five seasons), Tenerife (four) and Racing de Santander (four), appearing in 423 games and scoring 46 goals both major levels of Spanish football combined – 296 matches and 23 goals in La Liga alone.","title":"Vivar Dorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"CD Leganés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Legan%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"third division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B"},{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"his first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"CD Tenerife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Tenerife"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Racing de Santander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_de_Santander"},{"link_name":"top level relegation at the end of his third year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Rayo Vallecano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayo_Vallecano"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Getafe CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getafe_CF"},{"link_name":"first-ever top flight promotion in 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Real Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Valladolid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"the semi-finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2008–09 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Albacete Balompié","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albacete_Balompi%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Castile-La Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile-La_Mancha"},{"link_name":"Achilles tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Born in Madrid, Vivar Dorado began his career at local CD Leganés in the third division in 1992, with which he achieved promotion to the Segunda División in his first season. For 1994–95, he left to join CD Tenerife of La Liga.[1]In the summer of 1998, Vivar Dorado moved to Racing de Santander and, despite a top level relegation at the end of his third year, stayed with the club before joining top-flight Rayo Vallecano in January 2002.[2] This was to be another short stay, as he was to return to the second tier with Getafe CF in July, helping the Madrid team attain a first-ever top flight promotion in 2004 and going on to make 161 competitive appearances during his tenure before switching to Real Valladolid in July 2007;[3] previously, on 10 May, he was one of three players on target in a 4–0 home defeat of FC Barcelona in the semi-finals of the Copa del Rey, which meant qualification for the final for the first time ever after a 6–5 aggregate win.[4]On 6 January 2008, Vivar Dorado scored twice as Valladolid emerged victorious at former side Getafe, 3–0.[5] He automatically earned a one-year extension after playing the minimum games required, being released at the end of the 2008–09 campaign at age 35 and quickly agreeing on a move to Albacete Balompié in the second division; however, he arrived injured and, after no official matches for the Castile-La Mancha club, was released from contract in January 2010 due to an Achilles tendon injury, retiring shortly after.[6]","title":"Club career"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"¿Qué fue del CD Tenerife semifinalista de la UEFA?\" [What happened to UEFA semi-finalists CD Tenerife?] (in Spanish). Sphera Sports. 18 January 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spherasports.com/que-fue-tenerife-semifinalista-uefa-116746/","url_text":"\"¿Qué fue del CD Tenerife semifinalista de la UEFA?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vivar Dorado rescinde su contrato con el Albacete\" [Vivar Dorado terminates his contract with Albacete] (in Spanish). Marca. 18 January 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marca.com/2010/01/18/futbol/equipos/albacete/1263846774.html","url_text":"\"Vivar Dorado rescinde su contrato con el Albacete\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.spherasports.com/que-fue-tenerife-semifinalista-uefa-116746/","external_links_name":"\"¿Qué fue del CD Tenerife semifinalista de la UEFA?\""},{"Link":"http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=16368.html","external_links_name":"Rayo coach signs familiar face"},{"Link":"http://www.marca.com/edicion/marca/futbol/1a_division/valladolid/es/desarrollo/1017718.html","external_links_name":"Vivar Dorado ficha por el Valladolid (Vivar Dorado signs for Valladolid)"},{"Link":"http://www.elmundo.es/elmundodeporte/2007/05/10/futbol/1178822893.html","external_links_name":"K.O. histórico del Barça (Historical Barça K.O.)"},{"Link":"http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report/_/id/226376?cc=5739","external_links_name":"Getafe 0–3 Valladolid"},{"Link":"https://www.marca.com/2010/01/18/futbol/equipos/albacete/1263846774.html","external_links_name":"\"Vivar Dorado rescinde su contrato con el Albacete\""},{"Link":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j190.html","external_links_name":"Vivar Dorado"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/angel-manuel-vivar-dorado/17930/","external_links_name":"Vivar Dorado"},{"Link":"https://www.footballdatabase.eu/en/player/details/10337","external_links_name":"Vivar Dorado"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elphin_FC
|
Elphin FC
|
["1 Honours","2 References"]
|
Australian association football club
Football clubElphinFull nameElphin Soccer ClubFounded1910–GroundN/ACapacityN/AChairmanN/AManagerN/ALeagueDefunct2006N/A
Elphin Soccer Club was an association football club based in Elphin, a suburb of Launceston, Tasmania. Elphin, along with Launceston United SC and Tamar FC, inaugurated the two-round league competition in what was then called the Northern Soccer Association in 1912. They played in the Northern Premier league in the years before the Second World War.
Despite winning 6 northern titles within a period of 14 years, Elphin disappeared by the early 1930s.
Honours
State Championship Runners-up: 5 times (1920,1923,1924,1927,1928)
Northern Premierships: 6 times (1914,1920,1923,1924,1927,1928)
References
^ "BRITISH ASSOCIATION". Examiner. 5 July 1912. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
vteSoccer in TasmaniaFootball TasmaniaNPL Tasmania
Clarence Zebras
Devonport City
Glenorchy Knights
Kingborough Lions United
Launceston City
Olympia Warriors
Riverside Olympic
South Hobart
Northern Championship
Burnie United
Devonport City B
Launceston City B
Launceston United
Northern Rangers
Riverside Olympic B
Somerset FC
Ulverstone SC
Southern Championship
Clarence Zebras B
Glenorchy Knights B
Hobart City Beachside
Hobart United
Kingborough Lions United B
Metro FC
New Town Eagles
Olympia Warriors B
South East United
South Hobart B
Taroona FC
University of Tasmania
Women's Super League
Clarence Zebras
Devonport City
Kingborough Lions United
Launceston United
Olympia Warriors
South Hobart
Taroona FC
Other clubs
Barnstoneworth SC
Brighton
DOSA
Peninsula Pirates
Huon Valley SC
Woodbridge SC
North Launceston Eagles
Derwent United
Nelson Eastern Suburbs
Past clubs
Cascades FC
Clarence United
Elphin FC
Hobart Rangers
Hobart Zebras
Invermay FC
Patons and Baldwins
Prospect Knights
Sandy Bay
Tamar FC
League seasons
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Milan Lakoseljac Cup
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Tasmanian football cups
Tasmanian Championship
Tasmanian A-League bid
This article about an Australian association football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Launceston, Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launceston,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Launceston United SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launceston_United_SC"},{"link_name":"Tamar FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar_FC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Northern Premier league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Premier_League_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"}],"text":"Football clubElphin Soccer Club was an association football club based in Elphin, a suburb of Launceston, Tasmania. Elphin, along with Launceston United SC and Tamar FC, inaugurated the two-round league competition in what was then called the Northern Soccer Association in 1912.[1] They played in the Northern Premier league in the years before the Second World War.Despite winning 6 northern titles within a period of 14 years, Elphin disappeared by the early 1930s.","title":"Elphin FC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Championship Runners-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_football_championship#The_Tasmanian_Statewide_League"},{"link_name":"Northern Premierships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Premier_League_(Tasmania)"}],"text":"State Championship Runners-up: 5 times (1920,1923,1924,1927,1928)\nNorthern Premierships: 6 times (1914,1920,1923,1924,1927,1928)","title":"Honours"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"BRITISH ASSOCIATION\". Examiner. 5 July 1912. Retrieved 7 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article50659288","url_text":"\"BRITISH ASSOCIATION\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article50659288","external_links_name":"\"BRITISH ASSOCIATION\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elphin_FC&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYC_Transit
|
New York City Transit Authority
|
["1 Name","2 Management structure","3 History","3.1 Background","3.2 Formation of the TA","3.3 2017–2021: transit crisis","3.4 COVID-19 pandemic","4 Presidents","5 Strikes","6 TripPlanner","7 Fare collection","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
|
Bus and subway service operator
New York City Transit AuthorityThe New York City Transit Authority (trading as MTA New York City Transit) provides bus, subway, and paratransit service throughout New York City.OverviewOwnerMetropolitan Transportation Authority (bus)City of New York (subway)LocaleNew York CityTransit typeSubways, Buses and BRTNumber of lines
235 bus
25 subway
Chief executiveDemetrius Crichlow (interim president)Headquarters2 Broadway, Manhattan, New York City 10004 USOperationBegan operation1953Operator(s)NYCT Department of Buses (bus)NYCT Department of Subways (subway)SIRTOA (Staten Island Railway)Number of vehicles
4,451 buses
6,418 subway cars
63 SIR cars
The New York City Transit Authority (also known as NYCTA, the TA, or simply Transit, and branded as MTA New York City Transit) is a public-benefit corporation in the U.S. state of New York that operates public transportation in New York City. Part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the busiest and largest transit system in North America, the NYCTA has a daily ridership of 8 million trips (over 2.5 billion annually).
The NYCTA operates the following systems:
New York City Subway, a rapid transit system serving Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens
Staten Island Railway, a rapid transit line on Staten Island (operated by the subsidiary Staten Island Rapid Transit Operating Authority)
New York City Bus, an extensive bus network serving all five boroughs (operated by the subsidiary MTA Regional Bus Operations)
Name
Headquarters in Brooklyn
As part of establishing a common corporate identity, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1994 assigned popular names to each of its subsidiaries and affiliates. The New York City Transit Authority is now known popularly as MTA New York City Transit (NYCT), (or more specifically on the vehicles, MTA New York City Bus and MTA New York City Subway), though the former remains its legal name for documents and contracts. Newer contracts and RFPs, however, have also used the popular name.
The Authority is also sometimes referred to as NYCT (for New York City Transit), or simply the TA (for Transit Authority).
Management structure
The chairman and members of the MTA, by statute, also serve as the chairman and members of the Transit Authority, and serve as the directors of the Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority. The executive director of the MTA is, ex officio, executive director of the Transit Authority.
The Transit Authority has its own management structure which is responsible for its day-to-day operations, with executive personnel reporting to the agency president. The position of president was vacant as of February 21, 2020, following the resignation of Andy Byford. Sarah Feinberg and Craig Cipriano served as interim presidents until May 2, 2022, when Richard Davey was hired to assume the role on a permanent basis.
History
1962–1968 logo
Background
The subway system today is composed of what once were three separate systems in competition with one another. Two of them were built and operated by private companies: August Belmont's Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT). The third, the public Independent Subway System (IND) was owned and operated by the City of New York. The IRT and BMT systems were acquired by the city on June 1, 1940, for $317,000,000 and consolidated with the IND into the New York City Board of Transportation (NYCBOT).
The buses on Staten Island had been operated by a private company operating under a franchise that expired in 1946. When it became known that the company would not renew its franchise, a group of residents in the borough organized the Isle Transportation Company, to continue operation. This group ran into financial difficulties and the city took over the company on February 23, 1947. The city then controlled all of the bus routes on Staten Island. On March 30, 1947, the City took over the bus lines of the North Shore Bus Company, which comprised half of the privately owned lines in Queens, after that company went into financial troubles. On September 24, 1948, the City acquired five bus lines in Manhattan for similar reasons.
The surface operation of the BOT was a costly operation, resulting from the various equipment that was required, including trolley cars, trolley coaches, gasoline and diesel buses, of which many were obsolete and in need of replacement.
During World War II, the New York City Transit System showed an operating surplus on the five-cent fare, because gasoline was rationed and auto riders had to abandon their cars for subway and bus travel. Factories began to work around the clock, and therefore business boomed. Transit repairs were kept at a minimum as basic materials were in short supply for civilian use. Operating revenues were raised and maintenance costs were reduced, but as a result, the future problems of deferred maintenance and falling ridership were to come. In 1946, costs rose and profits turned to losses, and to obtain needed funds, the fare was raised in 1948 to ten cents on the subways and elevated, and to seven cents on the surface lines. This increase only produced a revenue surplus for a single year. In 1951 a uniform ten-cent fare was established on both the rapid transit and surface lines. Operating deficits continued to add up and public dissatisfaction with the transit system grew, as equipment was deteriorating, and train schedules being difficult to abide by.
Formation of the TA
In March 1953, the Board of Transportation was abolished, and was replaced by the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA). The NYCTA formally succeeded the BOT on June 15, 1953, being composed of five unsalaried members. Hugh Casey was elected as the agency's chairman at the authority's first meeting. The new Transit Authority was modeled after the existing Port of New York Authority which now calls itself the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, the latter of which is also now part of the MTA. At this time, the city government leased the IRT, BMT, and IND subway lines and the surface system (buses and, until 1956 street cars). A major goal of the formation of the NYCTA was to remove transit policy, and especially the setting of the transit fare, from City politics. The fare was increased to fifteen cents on July 25, 1953, and a token was introduced for paying subway and elevated fares. Bus and trolley fares continued to be paid by cash only.
In July 1953, the NYCTA proposed spending $1,065,000,000 over six years, expanding the city's subway system through new lines and connections between the IND and BMT Divisions. The most important new lines were a Second Avenue subway, including a Chrystie Street connection to the Williamsburg and Manhattan Bridge and a rebuilt DeKalb Avenue junction in Brooklyn, IRT Utica Avenue and Nostrand Avenue extensions into southeast Brooklyn, and the extension of subway service to the Rockaway Peninsula using the Long Island Railroad's Rockaway Beach Branch. Only the Chrystie Street connection, the rebuilt DeKalb Avenue Junction, and the Rockaway Line were built between 1954 and 1967.
One provision in the 1953 law that created NYCTA demanded that by July 1955, the agency create a plan to sell its bus and trolley routes to private operators. In the beginning of 1955, it was reported that the NYCTA's surface operations cost seven million dollars more to operate annually than it collected in revenue from the fare box. By privatizing the surface operations, and as a result focusing on subways, the NYCTA could then meet its operating costs. Two Manhattan private operators, New York City Omnibus and Surface Transportation, in March 1955, expressed interest in taking control of the five-route NYCTA bus operation in that borough. In the other boroughs there was no interest in taking over the routes in Brooklyn and Staten Island, and there was little interest in Queens. In April 1955, laws were passed by the New York State legislature to change the NYCTA into a three-member salaried panel to become in effect on July 1, 1955. This allowed its members to devote their full-time to managing New York's transit system. As part of this law, the provision that required surface operations to be sold was removed. The Chairman of the NYCTA then became Charles Patterson.
One major problem that the NYCTA inherited from the Board of Transportation was the age of the subway cars from the IRT and BMT. The first new cars were the R16s, totaling 200 in quantity, which first appeared in January 1955 when they were put in service on the J train. These cars were introduced with automatic thermostats and dampers to control the heat and ventilation systems based on the air temperature outside. Additional subway cars were also ordered and delivered between 1960 and 1965; the R27s, the R30s and R32s for the IND/BMT lines, and R29s, R33s and R36s for the IRT (2,350 cars). Between 1966 and 1969, an additional 1,000 cars, split between the R38, R40, and R42 orders, were placed into service. The last of the original BMT Standard stock was retired by 1969, along with the last prewar IRT equipment.
On July 5, 1966, the fare was increased to twenty cents.
As with all mass transit in the United States the TA requires assistance for its capital costs and to cover operational needs, however, the very high ridership of New York City's subway system has enabled it to pay 67 percent of its operating costs from fares and advertising. Historically, the TA's capital requirements were met by the city and state jointly, but this support was withdrawn, primarily by Governor Rockefeller, in the 1960s.
In 1965, mayoral candidate John Lindsay pledged to use the toll revenues from the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA) to offset the NYCTA's deficits. In January 1966, New York State, with the help of Governor Nelson Rockefeller, purchased the Long Island Rail Road from its corporate parent, the Pennsylvania Railroad, and it became part of the Metropolitan Commuter Transportation Authority (MCTA). Rockefeller saw the difficulty that John Lindsay, who had since won the mayoral election, had in his plan to use the TBTA surpluses for the NYCTA, and decided to expand the MCTA to give it oversight to the NYCTA and the TBTA. The MCTA would be renamed the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Tied to a bill with the creation of the MTA was a $2.5 billion bond issue that would be approved or disapproved by voters in November 1967. A majority of the bonds would go to the state's mass transit systems, with a majority going to New York City, and to Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, Rockland, and Orange Counties. The day prior to the election, two brand new R40 cars were displayed on the IND Sixth Avenue Line at Herald Square. The bond issue passed, and the MTA was set to take over the NYCTA in 1968. The night before December 31, 1967, the NYCTA and the TWU made an agreement to avoid a strike. The deal gave NYCTA workers the ability to retire with about half-pay after twenty years if the employee was over fifty years old. This would later cause problems, as large numbers of transit workers would retire to take advantage of these benefits. On March 1, 1968, the NYCTA, and its subsidiary, the Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority (MaBSTOA), were placed under the control of, and are now affiliates of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA).
2017–2021: transit crisis
Main article: 2017–2021 New York City transit crisis
In 2017, New York governor Andrew Cuomo declared a state of emergency for the MTA due to various incidents involving the NYCTA's subway and bus systems. At the time, only 65 percent of weekday trains reached their destinations on time, the lowest rate since a transit crisis in the 1970s. To a lesser extent, New York City buses operated by the MTA were also affected. To resolve these issues, a "Subway Action Plan" was revealed, as well as a "Bus Action Plan".
COVID-19 pandemic
Further information: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport § New York
Beginning March 25, 2020, service on buses and subways was reduced due to decreased ridership during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. In late March, NYCTA interim president Sarah Feinberg stated that a shutdown "feels misguided to me" and was "not on the table". Feinberg also spoke in favor of hazard pay for front-line workers. In April 2020, four City Council members requested that subway service be temporarily suspended due to the spread of COVID-19 in the subway system. Also that April, Feinberg called the MTA "the most aggressive transit agency in the country in acting quickly and decisively to protect our workforce". By April 22, 2020, COVID-19 had killed 83 agency employees; the agency announced that their families would be eligible for $500,000 in death benefits. Over 100 employees had died of COVID-19 as of June 2020.
Starting in May 2020, stations were closed overnight for cleaning; the overnight closures were announced as a temporary measure that would be ended once the pandemic was over. Trains and stations were cleaned more than usual.
Presidents
NYCTA presidents (1973–present)
John G. DeRoos
1973–1979
John D. Simpson
1979–1984
David L. Gunn
1984–1990
Alan F. Kiepper
1990–1996
Lawrence G. Reuter
1996–2007
Howard Roberts
2007–2009
Thomas Prendergast
2009–2013
Carmen Bianco
2013–2015
Veronique "Ronnie" Hakim
2016–2017
Andy Byford
2018–2020
Sarah Feinberg (interim)
2020–2021
Craig Cipriano (interim)
2021–2022
Richard A. Davey
2022–2024
Demetrius Crichlow (interim)
2024-present
Strikes
The original livery for NYC Transit Authority buses in the 1950s.
Interior view of one of the buses from 1958
Employees of the New York City Transit Authority assigned to the New York City Subway and in Brooklyn, Manhattan, and the Bronx are members of the Transport Workers Union of America Local 100, with Queens and Staten Island bus personnel represented by various Amalgamated Transit Union locals.
In 1949, the Transport Workers Union and the Board of Transportation, under Mayor Willian O'Dwyer signed a Memorandum of Understanding that gave the right to represent all of the system's workers to the TWU. In 1954 an NYCTA-wide representation election took place. It gave TWU exclusive collective bargaining rights for all hourly workers for the NYCTA, except for those in the Queens and Staten Island Bus Divisions, which remained a part of the Amalgamated Association of Street Electric Railway and Motor Coach Employees of America, which became the Amalgamated Transit Union in 1964. After looking at the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers as their model, NYCTA motorman formed their own union in 1954, a Motormen's Benevolent Association (MBA) to further their interests. In 1956 they went on strike on a hot June day, tying up service on the BMT Division. Its president, Theodore Loos, and its leadership were fired after the strike, but were reinstated after agreeing not to strike again.
On December 16, 1957, another representation election for the TWU was scheduled, and the motormen from the MBA did not want to have a small role in the TWU, and threatened to strike, but were stopped by court injunctions. As a result, the motormen wanted to hold an election for the representation of their craft independent of the NYCTA-wide elections. The management of the NYCTA did not recognize the MBA as a bargaining unit as the TWU officially represented the motormen. A request for a separate election was denied, and as a result the motormen wanted to show their power and to acquire their own representation. As a result, on December 9, 1957, the motormen went on strike, resulting in subway service being reduced in half for eight days. Riders using the IND lines in Queens, the Bronx, and Upper Manhattan, and the southern Brooklyn lines of the BMT were the hardest hit. The leaders of the MBA were punished after going against injunctions prohibiting strikes. Afterwards, the MBA leaders were punished, and on the first morning of the strike, the MBA president Theodore Loos and three other MBA officials were arrested and sent to jail. While they were in jail, MBA executive secretary Frank Zelano was acting head of the MBA and bargained on their behalf. In 1958, the TWU and the MBA reached a settlement. The motormen became a separate United Motormen's Division within the TWU and benefitted from a fund for skilled craft workers. Theodore Loos became its head.
On New Year's Day, in 1966, a 12-day strike was started with the aid of Mike Quill. This strike started after the union member's contracts had expired, and with large economic demands from the union. After the 1966 New York City transit strike, the Taylor Law was passed making public employee strikes illegal in the state of New York.
Despite the Taylor Law, there was still an 11-day strike in 1980. Thirty-four thousand union members struck in order to call for increased wages.
New York City Transit Learning Center, Brooklyn
On December 20, 2005, another strike occurred. Workers walked off at 3 a.m. and the NYCTA stopped operating. Later that day, State Supreme Court Justice Theodore Jones warned the transit union that there would be a fine of $1 million for each day the TA is shut down. Also for each day the workers missed during the strike they would be fined two days' pay. Ultimately, the Judge fined the union $2.5 million, charged employees two days' wages for every day they were out on strike, and imposed individual fines on the union's officers. Most significantly, the courts indefinitely suspended the Union's dues checkoff and refused to restore it for nearly 18 months. The strike was over by December 23, after several contract negotiations; the original contract, agreed to by Local 100 and the Transit Authority as a result of the strike, was ultimately imposed on both parties by an arbitrator. More than four months after the strike ended, the courts imposed a brief jail term on Local 100 president Roger Toussaint for his role in the strike.
In 2008–09, MTA management once again refused to sign off on an agreement with Local 100 for a successor to the collective bargaining agreement, which expired early in 2009. This time, the Union chose to pursue the arbitration process provided by the Taylor Law rather than strike in support of its demands. On August 11, 2009, after months of community meetings and dozens of witnesses, the state arbitration panel issued its award. However, the MTA refused to comply with the award, forcing the Union to go to court to seek to enforce it. On December 11, 2009, State Supreme Court Justice Peter Sherwood issued a decision upholding the arbitration award in all respects. The MTA had not indicated whether it appealed this decision.
TripPlanner
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "New York City Transit Authority" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
NYCT president and MTA chairman & CEO Thomas F. Prendergast (left) at the opening of the Court Square subway complex in 2011
In December 2006, MTA New York City Transit launched TripPlanner, its online travel itinerary service. TripPlanner offers users customized subway, bus, and walking directions within all five boroughs of New York City, as well as service alerts and service advisories for planned track work. The service was developed and is maintained by NYC Transit and its outside vendor, Trapeze Group. It is accessed through the MTA website.
Similar to MapQuest, which offers driving directions, TripPlanner provides search fields for starting address and destination address, and allows end users to navigate the complexity of the subway and bus system by narrowing their options to subway, local bus or express bus only, minimizing the number of transfers or time, and adjusting the walking distance to and from the transit stop.
In October 2007, NYCT launched TripPlanner On the Go! This service allows users with mobile access to the web to obtain travel itineraries while away from a desk or laptop computer. TripPlanner On the Go! was made applicable for cellular phone, PDA, or Blackberry users, and offered the same three-option travel directions along with real-time service alerts. The back end programming for On the Go! was "developed using XHTML technology and the latest Microsoft Dot Net Framework in a clustered environment." By the end of October 2007, more than 5,000 daily customers were using TripPlanner.
In February 2008, NYCT announced an upgrade to the mapping system using NAVTEQ and Microsoft Virtual Earth software similar to mapping sites such as Google Maps and MapQuest. The new software offered more accurate street grids, included business and points of interest, and allowed users to view the maps in aerial, and 3-D points of view. To date, the aerial and 3D views are not available on TripPlanner's mobile service.
In June 2008, NYCT announced it had reached 10,000 daily visitors to TripPlanner. Since the announcement, the number of visits to the service eclipsed the number of telephone calls to the agency's travel information hotline. The following month, Trip Planner launched as a widget application, allowing users to add it to their personalized homepage, blog, or website.
The Trip Planner has since largely replaced the NYCTA call center on NYC Transit's phone number.
Fare collection
Main articles: MetroCard and OMNY
In November 1993, a fare system called the MetroCard was introduced, which allowed riders to use cards that have stored value to pay fares equal to the amount paid at a subway station booth or vending machine. Designed and initially operated by Cubic Transportation Systems, the MetroCard was enhanced in 1997 to allow passengers to make free transfers between subways and buses within two hours; several MetroCard-only transfers between subway stations were added in 2001. With the addition of unlimited-ride MetroCards in 1998, the New York City Transit system was the last major transit system in the United States, with the exception of BART in San Francisco, to introduce passes for unlimited bus and rapid transit travel. Unlimited-ride MetroCards are available for 7-day and 30-day periods. One-day "Fun Pass" and 14-day cards were also introduced but have since been discontinued.
In April 2016, MTA solicited proposals for a contactless "New Fare Payment System" to replace the MetroCard by 2022. On October 23, 2017, it was announced that the MetroCard would be phased out and replaced by OMNY, a contactless fare payment system also made by Cubic, with fare payment being made using Apple Pay, Google Pay, debit/credit cards with near-field communication technology, or radio-frequency identification cards. The announcement calls for the expansion of this system to a general-use electronic fare payment system at 500 subway turnstiles and on 600 buses by late 2018, with all buses and subway stations using electronic fare collection by 2020. However, support for the MetroCard is slated to remain in place until April 2024. As of August 2023, the fare for a subway or local bus ride is $2.90, while the fare for an express bus ride is $7.00.
See also
Transportation in New York City
History of transportation in New York City
New York City transit fares
MetroCard
Service animal policy of MTA
References
^ a b c d e "The MTA Network". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
^ "New York City Transit – History and Chronology". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
^ "The MTA 2006 ANNUAL REPORT: Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Year Ended December 31, 2006 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Year Ended December 31, 2006" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 1, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
^ "MTA – Transportation Network". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
^ "Facts and Figures". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
^ McKinley, James C. Jr. (August 28, 1994). "What's in a Symbol? A Lot, the M.T.A. Is Betting". New York Times.
^ McKinley, James C. Jr. (August 28, 1994). "What's in a Symbol? A Lot, the M.T.A. Is Betting". The New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2008.
^ Goldbaum, Christina; Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (January 23, 2020). "Andy Byford Resigns as New York City's Subway Chief". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
^ Guse, Clayton (January 23, 2020). "Andy Byford resigns from the MTA". nydailynews.com. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
^ "New Transit president Richard Davey giving marching orders on first day in NYC". New York Post. May 2, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sparberg, Andrew J. (October 1, 2014). From a Nickel to a Token: The Journey from Board of Transportation to MTA. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-6190-1.
^ a b c d Annual Report 1962–1963. New York City Transit Authority. 1963.
^ Report for the three and one-half years ending June 30, 1949. New York City Board of Transportation. 1949. hdl:2027/mdp.39015023094926.
^ "New York City Transit Authority Act". Laws of New York. Vol. 176th sess.: I. 1953. pp. 745–755. hdl:2027/uc1.a0001834498. ISSN 0892-287X. Chapter 200, enacted 25 March 1953, effective immediately.
^ a b Roess, Roger P.; Sansone, Gene (August 23, 2012). The Wheels That Drove New York: A History of the New York City Transit System. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-30484-2.
^ Egan, Leo (June 2, 1953). "Authority Leases City Transit Lines; Fare Rise In Sight" (PDF). The New York Times. pp. 1, 33. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
^ "Digest of Lease Agreement Between the City of New York and the Transit Authority" (PDF). The New York Times. June 2, 1953. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
^ Osman, Suleiman (March 9, 2011). The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn: Gentrification and the Search for Authenticity in Postwar New York. Oxford University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-19-983204-0. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
^ Freiss, Steve (December 28, 2004). "Better Luck for Vegas Monorail?". The Washington Post. p. A04. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
^ "An act...". Laws of New York. Vol. 190th sess.: I. 1967. pp. 1831–1902. hdl:2027/uc1.a0001834803. ISSN 0892-287X. Chapter 717, enacted 2 May 1967, various titles effective immediately, 1 September 1967, 1 March 1968, and otherwise.
^ Rosenthal, Brian M.; Fitzsimmons, Emma G.; LaForgia, Michael (November 18, 2017). "How Politics and Bad Decisions Starved New York's Subways". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
^ Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (July 25, 2017). "Rescue Plan to Improve Subways Includes Removing Seats". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
^ Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (April 23, 2018). "At Long Last, a Plan to Fix New York City's Buses". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
^ "Coronavirus New York: MTA launches essential schedule amid COVID-19 crisis". ABC7 New York (WABC-TV). March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
^ "MTA Slashes Service, NJ Transit on Reduced Schedules". NBC New York. March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
^ a b c "Sarah Feinberg is focused on the subway's survival | CSNY". Cityandstateny.com. March 25, 2020. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
^ "Gov. Cuomo urged to shut down NYC subways to stop coronavirus spread". New York Post. April 18, 2020.
^ Meyer, David (April 20, 2020). "MTA chair passes blame to health officials as agency's coronavirus death toll tops 80". New York Post. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
^ Guse, Clayton (April 14, 2020). "MTA promises $500k in death benefits for coronavirus victims". New York Daily News. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
^ Martinez, Jose (June 1, 2020). "NYC Subway Crews Hit Hardest by Coronavirus, MTA Numbers Show". THE CITY. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020.
^ Goldbaum, Christina (April 30, 2020). "N.Y.C.'s Subway, a 24/7 Mainstay, Will Close for Overnight Disinfection". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
^ Goldbaum, Christina (June 10, 2020). "Inside the Newly Spotless Subway: 'I've Never Seen It Like This'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
^ "How We're Stepping Up Our Cleaning Procedures During the Coronavirus Pandemic". MTA. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020.
^ a b c d Martinez, Jose (May 29, 2024). "NYC Transit Chief Richard Davey Set to Depart Just Two Years Into Role". The City. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
^ Salkin, Allen (June 15, 2000). "Old Metrocard Can Be a Fare-Ly Profitable Item". New York Post. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
^ Faison, Seth (June 2, 1993). "3,000 Subway Riders, Cards in Hand, Test New Fare System". The New York Times. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
^ Donohue, Pete (August 26, 2014). "With work on Greenpoint Tube set to end, advocates want free G-to-J/M transfer to be permanent". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
^ "NYC Transit G Line Review" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 10, 2013. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
^ Newman, Andy (July 3, 1998). "Hop On, Hop Off: The Unlimited Metrocard Arrives". The New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2010.
^ Newman, Andy. "Guide to NYC Subway". FreshNYC. Archived from the original on January 5, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
^ "MTA: Say Goodbye to Fun Cards". WNYC. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
^ Rivoli, Dan; Gregorian, Dareh (April 12, 2016). "MTA to solicit proposals for 'New Fare Payment System,' taking first step in finding MetroCard replacement". New York Daily News. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
^ Rivoli, Dan (October 23, 2017). "MTA approves plan to scrap MetroCards for 'tap' payment system". NY Daily News. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
^ a b Barron, James (October 23, 2017). "New York to Replace MetroCard With Modern Way to Pay Transit Fares". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
^ Simko-Bednarski, Evan (July 19, 2023). "NYC bus, subway fare to $2.90; MTA also boosts train fares, tolls". New York Daily News. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
External links
New York City Transit: official site
nycsubway.org: New York City Subway Resources
Transport Workers Union Local 100
New York City Transit: Trip Planner site
New York City Transit Authority collected news and commentary at The New York Times
New York City Transit Authority Collective Bargaining Agreements at the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library
vteMetropolitan Transportation AuthorityBus
Regional Bus Operations
Rapid transit
New York City Subway
Staten Island Railway
Commuter rail
Long Island Rail Road
Metro-North Railroad
Crossings
Bridges and Tunnels
Law enforcement
Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police Department
New York City Police Department Transit Bureau
Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority Police Department
Fleet
Subway
Bus
Long Island Rail Road
Metro-North Railroad
Other
Accessibility
Bus and subway fares
Dedicated bus lanes
Fare payment
MetroCard
OMNY
New York City Transit Authority
MYmta
Histories
Long Island Rail Road
New York City Subway
Staten Island Railway
Inspector General
New York City Transit Police
Capital Construction
MTA Arts & Design
2 Broadway
370 Jay Street
Former services
Long Island Bus
vteTransportation in New York CityPublic transit
AirTrain JFK
Long Island Rail Road
Metro-North Railroad
MTA Regional Bus Operations
Select Bus Service
Bus lanes
New York City Subway
NJ Transit
NYC Ferry
PATH
Roosevelt Island Tramway
Staten Island Ferry
Staten Island Railway
Private transit
Aviation
Bridges and tunnels
NY Waterway
Haverstraw–Ossining Ferry
Newburgh–Beacon Ferry
Bicycling
Citi Bike
Dollar vans
Taxis
1949 strike
Boro taxi
MajorconstructionprojectsCurrently operating
7 Subway Extension
East Side Access
Fulton Center
Moynihan Train Hall
Second Avenue Subway
History
World Trade Center Transportation Hub
Canceled
Access to the Region's Core
AirTrain LaGuardia
Lower Manhattan–Jamaica/JFK Transportation Project
Proposed expansion of the New York City Subway
Program for Action
Staten Island Tunnel
Proposed/Future
Brooklyn–Queens Connector
Gateway Program
Penn Station Access
Staten Island light rail
Interborough Express
Traffic proposals
Congestion pricing in New York City
PlaNYC
Vision Zero
OperatorsPublicCurrent
NYC Department of Transportation
Metropolitan Transportation Authority
Bridges and Tunnels
New York City Transit Authority
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Defunct
Board of Transportation
Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company
Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation
Independent Subway System
Interborough Rapid Transit Company
Manhattan Railway Company
Private
Hornblower Cruises
Liberty Water Taxi
New York Water Taxi
NY Waterway
Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation
Organizations
National Taxi Workers' Alliance
New York Metropolitan Transportation Council
Regional Plan Association
Straphangers Campaign
Transportation Alternatives
Tri-State Transportation Campaign
Other
History
LIRR
NYC Subway
PATH
Staten Island Railway
Mass Transit Super Bowl
Port of New York and New Jersey
See also: Category:Transportation in New York City
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Artists
ULAN
Other
SNAC
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-AnnualReport-2006-3"},{"link_name":"public-benefit corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_state_public-benefit_corporations"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"public transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transportation"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ridership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridership"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"New York City Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway"},{"link_name":"rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"the Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"Staten Island Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island_Railway"},{"link_name":"Staten Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island"},{"link_name":"Staten Island Rapid Transit Operating Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island_Rapid_Transit_Operating_Authority"},{"link_name":"bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus"},{"link_name":"MTA Regional Bus Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTA_Regional_Bus_Operations"}],"text":"The New York City Transit Authority (also known as NYCTA, the TA,[2] or simply Transit,[3] and branded as MTA New York City Transit) is a public-benefit corporation in the U.S. state of New York that operates public transportation in New York City. Part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the busiest and largest transit system in North America,[4] the NYCTA has a daily ridership of 8 million trips (over 2.5 billion annually).[5]The NYCTA operates the following systems:New York City Subway, a rapid transit system serving Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens\nStaten Island Railway, a rapid transit line on Staten Island (operated by the subsidiary Staten Island Rapid Transit Operating Authority)\nNew York City Bus, an extensive bus network serving all five boroughs (operated by the subsidiary MTA Regional Bus Operations)","title":"New York City Transit Authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYC_Transit_Auth_jeh.JPG"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"MTA New York City Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTA_Regional_Bus_Operations"},{"link_name":"MTA New York City Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt_19940828-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Headquarters in BrooklynAs part of establishing a common corporate identity, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1994 assigned popular names to each of its subsidiaries and affiliates.[6] The New York City Transit Authority is now known popularly as MTA New York City Transit (NYCT), (or more specifically on the vehicles, MTA New York City Bus and MTA New York City Subway), though the former remains its legal name for documents and contracts. Newer contracts and RFPs, however, have also used the popular name.[7]The Authority is also sometimes referred to as NYCT (for New York City Transit), or simply the TA (for Transit Authority). [citation needed]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTA_Regional_Bus_Operations"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Transit_Authority&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Andy Byford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Byford"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The chairman and members of the MTA, by statute, also serve as the chairman and members of the Transit Authority, and serve as the directors of the Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority. The executive director of the MTA is, ex officio, executive director of the Transit Authority.The Transit Authority has its own management structure which is responsible for its day-to-day operations, with executive personnel reporting to the agency president. The position of president was vacant as of February 21, 2020[update], following the resignation of Andy Byford.[8][9] Sarah Feinberg and Craig Cipriano served as interim presidents until May 2, 2022, when Richard Davey was hired to assume the role on a permanent basis.[10]","title":"Management structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYC_Transit_Authority_1970s_logo.png"}],"text":"1962–1968 logo","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"August Belmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Belmont_Jr."},{"link_name":"Interborough Rapid Transit Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interborough_Rapid_Transit_Company"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Independent Subway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Subway_System"},{"link_name":"New York City Board of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sparberg2014-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnnualReport1963-12"},{"link_name":"North Shore Bus Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_Bus_Company"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnnualReport1963-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOT-1949-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnnualReport1963-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnnualReport1963-12"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"The subway system today is composed of what once were three separate systems in competition with one another. Two of them were built and operated by private companies: August Belmont's Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT). The third, the public Independent Subway System (IND) was owned and operated by the City of New York. The IRT and BMT systems were acquired by the city on June 1, 1940, for $317,000,000 and consolidated with the IND into the New York City Board of Transportation (NYCBOT).[11][12]The buses on Staten Island had been operated by a private company operating under a franchise that expired in 1946. When it became known that the company would not renew its franchise, a group of residents in the borough organized the Isle Transportation Company, to continue operation. This group ran into financial difficulties and the city took over the company on February 23, 1947. The city then controlled all of the bus routes on Staten Island. On March 30, 1947, the City took over the bus lines of the North Shore Bus Company, which comprised half of the privately owned lines in Queens, after that company went into financial troubles. On September 24, 1948, the City acquired five bus lines in Manhattan for similar reasons.[12][13]The surface operation of the BOT was a costly operation, resulting from the various equipment that was required, including trolley cars, trolley coaches, gasoline and diesel buses, of which many were obsolete and in need of replacement.[12]During World War II, the New York City Transit System showed an operating surplus on the five-cent fare, because gasoline was rationed and auto riders had to abandon their cars for subway and bus travel. Factories began to work around the clock, and therefore business boomed. Transit repairs were kept at a minimum as basic materials were in short supply for civilian use. Operating revenues were raised and maintenance costs were reduced, but as a result, the future problems of deferred maintenance and falling ridership were to come. In 1946, costs rose and profits turned to losses, and to obtain needed funds, the fare was raised in 1948 to ten cents on the subways and elevated, and to seven cents on the surface lines. This increase only produced a revenue surplus for a single year. In 1951 a uniform ten-cent fare was established on both the rapid transit and surface lines. Operating deficits continued to add up and public dissatisfaction with the transit system grew, as equipment was deteriorating, and train schedules being difficult to abide by.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nycta-act-1953-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sparberg2014-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WheelsDroveNY-2012-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-TA-BOT-Jun21953-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-TAborn-Jun1953-17"},{"link_name":"Port Authority of New York and New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTA_Bridges_and_Tunnels"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sparberg2014-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WheelsDroveNY-2012-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Osman2011-18"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sparberg2014-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sparberg2014-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sparberg2014-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sparberg2014-11"},{"link_name":"last prewar IRT equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Fair_Lo-V_(New_York_City_Subway_car)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sparberg2014-11"},{"link_name":"mass transit in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTA_Regional_Bus_Operations"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sparberg2014-11"}],"sub_title":"Formation of the TA","text":"In March 1953, the Board of Transportation was abolished, and was replaced by the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA).[14] The NYCTA formally succeeded the BOT on June 15, 1953, being composed of five unsalaried members. Hugh Casey was elected as the agency's chairman at the authority's first meeting.[11][15][16][17] The new Transit Authority was modeled after the existing Port of New York Authority which now calls itself the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, the latter of which is also now part of the MTA.[11][15][18] At this time, the city government leased the IRT, BMT, and IND subway lines and the surface system (buses and, until 1956 street cars). A major goal of the formation of the NYCTA was to remove transit policy, and especially the setting of the transit fare, from City politics. The fare was increased to fifteen cents on July 25, 1953, and a token was introduced for paying subway and elevated fares. Bus and trolley fares continued to be paid by cash only.[11]In July 1953, the NYCTA proposed spending $1,065,000,000 over six years, expanding the city's subway system through new lines and connections between the IND and BMT Divisions. The most important new lines were a Second Avenue subway, including a Chrystie Street connection to the Williamsburg and Manhattan Bridge and a rebuilt DeKalb Avenue junction in Brooklyn, IRT Utica Avenue and Nostrand Avenue extensions into southeast Brooklyn, and the extension of subway service to the Rockaway Peninsula using the Long Island Railroad's Rockaway Beach Branch. Only the Chrystie Street connection, the rebuilt DeKalb Avenue Junction, and the Rockaway Line were built between 1954 and 1967.[11]One provision in the 1953 law that created NYCTA demanded that by July 1955, the agency create a plan to sell its bus and trolley routes to private operators. In the beginning of 1955, it was reported that the NYCTA's surface operations cost seven million dollars more to operate annually than it collected in revenue from the fare box. By privatizing the surface operations, and as a result focusing on subways, the NYCTA could then meet its operating costs. Two Manhattan private operators, New York City Omnibus and Surface Transportation, in March 1955, expressed interest in taking control of the five-route NYCTA bus operation in that borough. In the other boroughs there was no interest in taking over the routes in Brooklyn and Staten Island, and there was little interest in Queens. In April 1955, laws were passed by the New York State legislature to change the NYCTA into a three-member salaried panel to become in effect on July 1, 1955. This allowed its members to devote their full-time to managing New York's transit system. As part of this law, the provision that required surface operations to be sold was removed. The Chairman of the NYCTA then became Charles Patterson.[11]One major problem that the NYCTA inherited from the Board of Transportation was the age of the subway cars from the IRT and BMT. The first new cars were the R16s, totaling 200 in quantity, which first appeared in January 1955 when they were put in service on the J train. These cars were introduced with automatic thermostats and dampers to control the heat and ventilation systems based on the air temperature outside. Additional subway cars were also ordered and delivered between 1960 and 1965; the R27s, the R30s and R32s for the IND/BMT lines, and R29s, R33s and R36s for the IRT (2,350 cars). Between 1966 and 1969, an additional 1,000 cars, split between the R38, R40, and R42 orders, were placed into service.[11] The last of the original BMT Standard stock was retired by 1969, along with the last prewar IRT equipment.On July 5, 1966, the fare was increased to twenty cents.[11]As with all mass transit in the United States the TA requires assistance for its capital costs and to cover operational needs, however, the very high ridership of New York City's subway system has enabled it to pay 67 percent of its operating costs from fares and advertising.[19] Historically, the TA's capital requirements were met by the city and state jointly, but this support was withdrawn, primarily by Governor Rockefeller, in the 1960s.In 1965, mayoral candidate John Lindsay pledged to use the toll revenues from the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA) to offset the NYCTA's deficits. In January 1966, New York State, with the help of Governor Nelson Rockefeller, purchased the Long Island Rail Road from its corporate parent, the Pennsylvania Railroad, and it became part of the Metropolitan Commuter Transportation Authority (MCTA). Rockefeller saw the difficulty that John Lindsay, who had since won the mayoral election, had in his plan to use the TBTA surpluses for the NYCTA, and decided to expand the MCTA to give it oversight to the NYCTA and the TBTA. The MCTA would be renamed the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). Tied to a bill with the creation of the MTA was a $2.5 billion bond issue that would be approved or disapproved by voters in November 1967.[20] A majority of the bonds would go to the state's mass transit systems, with a majority going to New York City, and to Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, Rockland, and Orange Counties. The day prior to the election, two brand new R40 cars were displayed on the IND Sixth Avenue Line at Herald Square. The bond issue passed, and the MTA was set to take over the NYCTA in 1968. The night before December 31, 1967, the NYCTA and the TWU made an agreement to avoid a strike. The deal gave NYCTA workers the ability to retire with about half-pay after twenty years if the employee was over fifty years old. This would later cause problems, as large numbers of transit workers would retire to take advantage of these benefits. On March 1, 1968, the NYCTA, and its subsidiary, the Manhattan and Bronx Surface Transit Operating Authority (MaBSTOA), were placed under the control of, and are now affiliates of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA).[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Cuomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo"},{"link_name":"state of emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"},{"link_name":"New York City buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTA_Regional_Bus_Operations"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"}],"sub_title":"2017–2021: transit crisis","text":"In 2017, New York governor Andrew Cuomo declared a state of emergency for the MTA due to various incidents involving the NYCTA's subway and bus systems. At the time, only 65 percent of weekday trains reached their destinations on time, the lowest rate since a transit crisis in the 1970s. To a lesser extent, New York City buses operated by the MTA were also affected.[21] To resolve these issues, a \"Subway Action Plan\" was revealed,[22] as well as a \"Bus Action Plan\".[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport § New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_public_transport#New_York"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Sarah Feinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Feinberg"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cityandstate-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cityandstate-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cityandstate-26"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Transit_Authority&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"COVID-19 pandemic","text":"Further information: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport § New YorkBeginning March 25, 2020, service on buses and subways was reduced due to decreased ridership during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City.[24][25] In late March, NYCTA interim president Sarah Feinberg stated that a shutdown \"feels misguided to me\" and was \"not on the table\".[26] Feinberg also spoke in favor of hazard pay for front-line workers.[26] In April 2020, four City Council members requested that subway service be temporarily suspended due to the spread of COVID-19 in the subway system.[27] Also that April, Feinberg called the MTA \"the most aggressive transit agency in the country in acting quickly and decisively to protect our workforce\".[28] By April 22, 2020, COVID-19 had killed 83 agency employees; the agency announced that their families would be eligible for $500,000 in death benefits.[29][26] Over 100 employees had died of COVID-19 as of June 2020[update].[30]Starting in May 2020, stations were closed overnight for cleaning; the overnight closures were announced as a temporary measure that would be ended once the pandemic was over.[31] Trains and stations were cleaned more than usual.[32][33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MTA_GM_TDH-5106_9098.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MTA_GM_TDH-5106_9098_(4).jpg"},{"link_name":"Transport Workers Union of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Workers_Union_of_America"},{"link_name":"Amalgamated Transit Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamated_Transit_Union"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sparberg2014-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sparberg2014-11"},{"link_name":"New Year's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Mike Quill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Quill"},{"link_name":"1966 New York City transit strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_New_York_City_transit_strike"},{"link_name":"Taylor Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Law"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sparberg2014-11"},{"link_name":"strike in 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_New_York_City_transit_strike"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NYC_Transit_Learning_Center_86_jeh.JPG"},{"link_name":"another strike occurred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_New_York_City_transit_strike"},{"link_name":"Roger Toussaint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Toussaint"}],"text":"The original livery for NYC Transit Authority buses in the 1950s.Interior view of one of the buses from 1958Employees of the New York City Transit Authority assigned to the New York City Subway and in Brooklyn, Manhattan, and the Bronx are members of the Transport Workers Union of America Local 100, with Queens and Staten Island bus personnel represented by various Amalgamated Transit Union locals.In 1949, the Transport Workers Union and the Board of Transportation, under Mayor Willian O'Dwyer signed a Memorandum of Understanding that gave the right to represent all of the system's workers to the TWU. In 1954 an NYCTA-wide representation election took place. It gave TWU exclusive collective bargaining rights for all hourly workers for the NYCTA, except for those in the Queens and Staten Island Bus Divisions, which remained a part of the Amalgamated Association of Street Electric Railway and Motor Coach Employees of America, which became the Amalgamated Transit Union in 1964. After looking at the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers as their model, NYCTA motorman formed their own union in 1954, a Motormen's Benevolent Association (MBA) to further their interests. In 1956 they went on strike on a hot June day, tying up service on the BMT Division. Its president, Theodore Loos, and its leadership were fired after the strike, but were reinstated after agreeing not to strike again.[11]On December 16, 1957, another representation election for the TWU was scheduled, and the motormen from the MBA did not want to have a small role in the TWU, and threatened to strike, but were stopped by court injunctions. As a result, the motormen wanted to hold an election for the representation of their craft independent of the NYCTA-wide elections. The management of the NYCTA did not recognize the MBA as a bargaining unit as the TWU officially represented the motormen. A request for a separate election was denied, and as a result the motormen wanted to show their power and to acquire their own representation. As a result, on December 9, 1957, the motormen went on strike, resulting in subway service being reduced in half for eight days. Riders using the IND lines in Queens, the Bronx, and Upper Manhattan, and the southern Brooklyn lines of the BMT were the hardest hit. The leaders of the MBA were punished after going against injunctions prohibiting strikes. Afterwards, the MBA leaders were punished, and on the first morning of the strike, the MBA president Theodore Loos and three other MBA officials were arrested and sent to jail. While they were in jail, MBA executive secretary Frank Zelano was acting head of the MBA and bargained on their behalf. In 1958, the TWU and the MBA reached a settlement. The motormen became a separate United Motormen's Division within the TWU and benefitted from a fund for skilled craft workers. Theodore Loos became its head.[11]On New Year's Day, in 1966, a 12-day strike was started with the aid of Mike Quill. This strike started after the union member's contracts had expired, and with large economic demands from the union. After the 1966 New York City transit strike, the Taylor Law was passed making public employee strikes illegal in the state of New York.[11]Despite the Taylor Law, there was still an 11-day strike in 1980. Thirty-four thousand union members struck in order to call for increased wages.New York City Transit Learning Center, BrooklynOn December 20, 2005, another strike occurred. Workers walked off at 3 a.m. and the NYCTA stopped operating. Later that day, State Supreme Court Justice Theodore Jones warned the transit union that there would be a fine of $1 million for each day the TA is shut down. Also for each day the workers missed during the strike they would be fined two days' pay. Ultimately, the Judge fined the union $2.5 million, charged employees two days' wages for every day they were out on strike, and imposed individual fines on the union's officers. Most significantly, the courts indefinitely suspended the Union's dues checkoff and refused to restore it for nearly 18 months. The strike was over by December 23, after several contract negotiations; the original contract, agreed to by Local 100 and the Transit Authority as a result of the strike, was ultimately imposed on both parties by an arbitrator. More than four months after the strike ended, the courts imposed a brief jail term on Local 100 president Roger Toussaint for his role in the strike.In 2008–09, MTA management once again refused to sign off on an agreement with Local 100 for a successor to the collective bargaining agreement, which expired early in 2009. This time, the Union chose to pursue the arbitration process provided by the Taylor Law rather than strike in support of its demands. On August 11, 2009, after months of community meetings and dozens of witnesses, the state arbitration panel issued its award. However, the MTA refused to comply with the award, forcing the Union to go to court to seek to enforce it. On December 11, 2009, State Supreme Court Justice Peter Sherwood issued a decision upholding the arbitration award in all respects. The MTA had not indicated whether it appealed this decision.","title":"Strikes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PrendergastOpeningCourtSquare.jpg"},{"link_name":"Court Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_Square_(New_York_City_Subway)"},{"link_name":"Trapeze Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapeze_Software"},{"link_name":"3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_space"}],"text":"NYCT president and MTA chairman & CEO Thomas F. Prendergast (left) at the opening of the Court Square subway complex in 2011In December 2006, MTA New York City Transit launched TripPlanner, its online travel itinerary service. TripPlanner offers users customized subway, bus, and walking directions within all five boroughs of New York City, as well as service alerts and service advisories for planned track work. The service was developed and is maintained by NYC Transit and its outside vendor, Trapeze Group. It is accessed through the MTA website.Similar to MapQuest, which offers driving directions, TripPlanner provides search fields for starting address and destination address, and allows end users to navigate the complexity of the subway and bus system by narrowing their options to subway, local bus or express bus only, minimizing the number of transfers or time, and adjusting the walking distance to and from the transit stop.In October 2007, NYCT launched TripPlanner On the Go! This service allows users with mobile access to the web to obtain travel itineraries while away from a desk or laptop computer. TripPlanner On the Go! was made applicable for cellular phone, PDA, or Blackberry users, and offered the same three-option travel directions along with real-time service alerts. The back end programming for On the Go! was \"developed using XHTML technology and the latest Microsoft Dot Net Framework in a clustered environment.\" By the end of October 2007, more than 5,000 daily customers were using TripPlanner.In February 2008, NYCT announced an upgrade to the mapping system using NAVTEQ and Microsoft Virtual Earth software similar to mapping sites such as Google Maps and MapQuest. The new software offered more accurate street grids, included business and points of interest, and allowed users to view the maps in aerial, and 3-D points of view. To date, the aerial and 3D views are not available on TripPlanner's mobile service.In June 2008, NYCT announced it had reached 10,000 daily visitors to TripPlanner. Since the announcement, the number of visits to the service eclipsed the number of telephone calls to the agency's travel information hotline. The following month, Trip Planner launched as a widget application, allowing users to add it to their personalized homepage, blog, or website.The Trip Planner has since largely replaced the NYCTA call center on NYC Transit's phone number.","title":"TripPlanner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"MetroCard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetroCard"},{"link_name":"cards that have stored value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stored-value_card"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Cubic Transportation Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_Transportation_Systems"},{"link_name":"transfers between subway stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Subway_transfer_stations"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"BART","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BART"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nydailynews.com-42"},{"link_name":"OMNY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMNY"},{"link_name":"contactless fare payment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactless_payment"},{"link_name":"Apple Pay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Pay"},{"link_name":"Google Pay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Pay_(payment_method)"},{"link_name":"near-field communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_communication"},{"link_name":"radio-frequency identification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2a-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2a-44"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Transit_Authority&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simko-Bednarski_2023_f303-45"}],"text":"In November 1993,[35] a fare system called the MetroCard was introduced, which allowed riders to use cards that have stored value to pay fares equal to the amount paid at a subway station booth or vending machine.[36] Designed and initially operated by Cubic Transportation Systems, the MetroCard was enhanced in 1997 to allow passengers to make free transfers between subways and buses within two hours; several MetroCard-only transfers between subway stations were added in 2001.[37][38] With the addition of unlimited-ride MetroCards in 1998, the New York City Transit system was the last major transit system in the United States, with the exception of BART in San Francisco, to introduce passes for unlimited bus and rapid transit travel.[39] Unlimited-ride MetroCards are available for 7-day and 30-day periods.[40] One-day \"Fun Pass\" and 14-day cards were also introduced but have since been discontinued.[41]In April 2016, MTA solicited proposals for a contactless \"New Fare Payment System\" to replace the MetroCard by 2022.[42] On October 23, 2017, it was announced that the MetroCard would be phased out and replaced by OMNY, a contactless fare payment system also made by Cubic, with fare payment being made using Apple Pay, Google Pay, debit/credit cards with near-field communication technology, or radio-frequency identification cards.[43][44] The announcement calls for the expansion of this system to a general-use electronic fare payment system at 500 subway turnstiles and on 600 buses by late 2018, with all buses and subway stations using electronic fare collection by 2020. However, support for the MetroCard is slated to remain in place until April 2024.[44] As of August 2023[update], the fare for a subway or local bus ride is $2.90, while the fare for an express bus ride is $7.00.[45]","title":"Fare collection"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Headquarters in Brooklyn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/NYC_Transit_Auth_jeh.JPG/170px-NYC_Transit_Auth_jeh.JPG"},{"image_text":"1962–1968 logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/NYC_Transit_Authority_1970s_logo.png/100px-NYC_Transit_Authority_1970s_logo.png"},{"image_text":"The original livery for NYC Transit Authority buses in the 1950s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MTA_GM_TDH-5106_9098.jpg/220px-MTA_GM_TDH-5106_9098.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior view of one of the buses from 1958","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/MTA_GM_TDH-5106_9098_%284%29.jpg/220px-MTA_GM_TDH-5106_9098_%284%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"New York City Transit Learning Center, Brooklyn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/NYC_Transit_Learning_Center_86_jeh.JPG/220px-NYC_Transit_Learning_Center_86_jeh.JPG"},{"image_text":"NYCT president and MTA chairman & CEO Thomas F. Prendergast (left) at the opening of the Court Square subway complex in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/PrendergastOpeningCourtSquare.jpg/220px-PrendergastOpeningCourtSquare.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Transportation in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_New_York_City"},{"title":"History of transportation in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_transportation_in_New_York_City"},{"title":"New York City transit fares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_transit_fares"},{"title":"MetroCard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetroCard"},{"title":"Service animal policy of MTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority#Service_animals"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"The MTA Network\". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved February 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.mta.info/mta/network.htm","url_text":"\"The MTA Network\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"New York City Transit – History and Chronology\". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved September 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffhist.htm","url_text":"\"New York City Transit – History and Chronology\""}]},{"reference":"\"The MTA 2006 ANNUAL REPORT: Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Year Ended December 31, 2006 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Year Ended December 31, 2006\" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 1, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.mta.info/mta/investor/pdf/2006_annual_report.pdf","url_text":"\"The MTA 2006 ANNUAL REPORT: Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Year Ended December 31, 2006 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Year Ended December 31, 2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"MTA – Transportation Network\". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved September 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.mta.info/mta/network.htm","url_text":"\"MTA – Transportation Network\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facts and Figures\". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved September 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffintro.htm","url_text":"\"Facts and Figures\""}]},{"reference":"McKinley, James C. Jr. (August 28, 1994). \"What's in a Symbol? A Lot, the M.T.A. Is Betting\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/28/nyregion/what-s-in-a-symbol-a-lot-the-mta-is-betting.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"What's in a Symbol? A Lot, the M.T.A. Is Betting\""}]},{"reference":"McKinley, James C. Jr. (August 28, 1994). \"What's in a Symbol? A Lot, the M.T.A. Is Betting\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 23, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903E6D81E39F93BA1575BC0A962958260","url_text":"\"What's in a Symbol? A Lot, the M.T.A. Is Betting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Goldbaum, Christina; Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (January 23, 2020). \"Andy Byford Resigns as New York City's Subway Chief\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/nyregion/andy-byford-resigns-mta.html","url_text":"\"Andy Byford Resigns as New York City's Subway Chief\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Guse, Clayton (January 23, 2020). \"Andy Byford resigns from the MTA\". nydailynews.com. Retrieved January 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-andy-byford-resigns-mta-20200123-ezvqdjmlgffijnpojkz7pqi3b4-story.html","url_text":"\"Andy Byford resigns from the MTA\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Transit president Richard Davey giving marching orders on first day in NYC\". New York Post. May 2, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2022/05/02/nyc-transit-president-richard-davey-takes-starts-his-first-day/","url_text":"\"New Transit president Richard Davey giving marching orders on first day in NYC\""}]},{"reference":"Sparberg, Andrew J. (October 1, 2014). From a Nickel to a Token: The Journey from Board of Transportation to MTA. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-6190-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oktGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111","url_text":"From a Nickel to a Token: The Journey from Board of Transportation to MTA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-6190-1","url_text":"978-0-8232-6190-1"}]},{"reference":"Annual Report 1962–1963. New York City Transit Authority. 1963.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Report for the three and one-half years ending June 30, 1949. New York City Board of Transportation. 1949. hdl:2027/mdp.39015023094926.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015023094926","url_text":"2027/mdp.39015023094926"}]},{"reference":"\"New York City Transit Authority Act\". Laws of New York. Vol. 176th sess.: I. 1953. pp. 745–755. hdl:2027/uc1.a0001834498. ISSN 0892-287X.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.a0001834498?urlappend=%3Bseq=765","url_text":"\"New York City Transit Authority Act\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_New_York","url_text":"Laws of New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/169th_New_York_State_Legislature","url_text":"176th sess."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.a0001834498","url_text":"2027/uc1.a0001834498"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0892-287X","url_text":"0892-287X"}]},{"reference":"Roess, Roger P.; Sansone, Gene (August 23, 2012). The Wheels That Drove New York: A History of the New York City Transit System. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-30484-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qfZ0VxuLoc0C&pg=PA416","url_text":"The Wheels That Drove New York: A History of the New York City Transit System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-30484-2","url_text":"978-3-642-30484-2"}]},{"reference":"Egan, Leo (June 2, 1953). \"Authority Leases City Transit Lines; Fare Rise In Sight\" (PDF). The New York Times. pp. 1, 33. Retrieved October 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/06/02/84605869.pdf","url_text":"\"Authority Leases City Transit Lines; Fare Rise In Sight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Digest of Lease Agreement Between the City of New York and the Transit Authority\" (PDF). The New York Times. June 2, 1953. Retrieved July 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/06/02/84606117.pdf","url_text":"\"Digest of Lease Agreement Between the City of New York and the Transit Authority\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Osman, Suleiman (March 9, 2011). The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn: Gentrification and the Search for Authenticity in Postwar New York. Oxford University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-19-983204-0. Retrieved October 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S0NUaz1xGvIC&pg=PA75","url_text":"The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn: Gentrification and the Search for Authenticity in Postwar New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983204-0","url_text":"978-0-19-983204-0"}]},{"reference":"Freiss, Steve (December 28, 2004). \"Better Luck for Vegas Monorail?\". The Washington Post. p. A04. Retrieved August 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A30138-2004Dec27.html","url_text":"\"Better Luck for Vegas Monorail?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"An act...\". Laws of New York. Vol. 190th sess.: I. 1967. pp. 1831–1902. hdl:2027/uc1.a0001834803. ISSN 0892-287X.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.a0001834803?urlappend=%3Bseq=1853","url_text":"\"An act...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_New_York","url_text":"Laws of New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/177th_New_York_State_Legislature","url_text":"190th sess."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.a0001834803","url_text":"2027/uc1.a0001834803"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0892-287X","url_text":"0892-287X"}]},{"reference":"Rosenthal, Brian M.; Fitzsimmons, Emma G.; LaForgia, Michael (November 18, 2017). \"How Politics and Bad Decisions Starved New York's Subways\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/18/nyregion/new-york-subway-system-failure-delays.html","url_text":"\"How Politics and Bad Decisions Starved New York's Subways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (July 25, 2017). \"Rescue Plan to Improve Subways Includes Removing Seats\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/25/nyregion/subway-rescue-plan-mta.html","url_text":"\"Rescue Plan to Improve Subways Includes Removing Seats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (April 23, 2018). \"At Long Last, a Plan to Fix New York City's Buses\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/23/nyregion/bus-plan-byford-mta.html","url_text":"\"At Long Last, a Plan to Fix New York City's Buses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Coronavirus New York: MTA launches essential schedule amid COVID-19 crisis\". ABC7 New York (WABC-TV). March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://abc7ny.com/6047040/","url_text":"\"Coronavirus New York: MTA launches essential schedule amid COVID-19 crisis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WABC-TV","url_text":"WABC-TV"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200326080255/https://abc7ny.com/6047040/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MTA Slashes Service, NJ Transit on Reduced Schedules\". NBC New York. March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/mta-suspends-some-lines-of-service-amid-coronavirus-staff-shortages/2341550/","url_text":"\"MTA Slashes Service, NJ Transit on Reduced Schedules\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200326033708/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/mta-suspends-some-lines-of-service-amid-coronavirus-staff-shortages/2341550/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sarah Feinberg is focused on the subway's survival | CSNY\". Cityandstateny.com. March 25, 2020. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200605030418/https://www.cityandstateny.com/articles/personality/interviews-profiles/sarah-feinberg-focused-subways-survival.html","url_text":"\"Sarah Feinberg is focused on the subway's survival | CSNY\""},{"url":"https://www.cityandstateny.com/articles/personality/interviews-profiles/sarah-feinberg-focused-subways-survival.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gov. Cuomo urged to shut down NYC subways to stop coronavirus spread\". New York Post. April 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2020/04/18/gov-cuomo-urged-to-shut-down-nyc-subways-to-stop-coronavirus-spread/","url_text":"\"Gov. Cuomo urged to shut down NYC subways to stop coronavirus spread\""}]},{"reference":"Meyer, David (April 20, 2020). \"MTA chair passes blame to health officials as agency's coronavirus death toll tops 80\". New York Post. Retrieved May 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2020/04/22/mta-coronavirus-death-toll-hits-82-chief-blames-health-officials/","url_text":"\"MTA chair passes blame to health officials as agency's coronavirus death toll tops 80\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post","url_text":"New York Post"}]},{"reference":"Guse, Clayton (April 14, 2020). \"MTA promises $500k in death benefits for coronavirus victims\". New York Daily News. Retrieved April 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nydailynews.com/coronavirus/ny-coronavirus-line-of-duty-benefits-mta-workers-20200414-dde37iazubaobhsbofk5zvve6y-story.html","url_text":"\"MTA promises $500k in death benefits for coronavirus victims\""}]},{"reference":"Martinez, Jose (June 1, 2020). \"NYC Subway Crews Hit Hardest by Coronavirus, MTA Numbers Show\". THE CITY. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecity.nyc/2020/6/1/21277407/nyc-subway-crews-hit-hardest-by-coronavirus-pandemic-mta-numbers-show","url_text":"\"NYC Subway Crews Hit Hardest by Coronavirus, MTA Numbers Show\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200614130549/https://www.thecity.nyc/2020/6/1/21277407/nyc-subway-crews-hit-hardest-by-coronavirus-pandemic-mta-numbers-show","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goldbaum, Christina (April 30, 2020). \"N.Y.C.'s Subway, a 24/7 Mainstay, Will Close for Overnight Disinfection\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/30/nyregion/subway-close-cuomo-coronavirus.html","url_text":"\"N.Y.C.'s Subway, a 24/7 Mainstay, Will Close for Overnight Disinfection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Goldbaum, Christina (June 10, 2020). \"Inside the Newly Spotless Subway: 'I've Never Seen It Like This'\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/10/nyregion/mta-subway-coronavirus.html","url_text":"\"Inside the Newly Spotless Subway: 'I've Never Seen It Like This'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200613085714/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/10/nyregion/mta-subway-coronavirus.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"How We're Stepping Up Our Cleaning Procedures During the Coronavirus Pandemic\". MTA. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/coronavirus/cleaning","url_text":"\"How We're Stepping Up Our Cleaning Procedures During the Coronavirus Pandemic\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200611071433/https://new.mta.info/coronavirus/cleaning","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Martinez, Jose (May 29, 2024). \"NYC Transit Chief Richard Davey Set to Depart Just Two Years Into Role\". The City. Retrieved May 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecity.nyc/2024/05/29/transit-chief-davey-leaving-for-massport/","url_text":"\"NYC Transit Chief Richard Davey Set to Depart Just Two Years Into Role\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_(website)","url_text":"The City"}]},{"reference":"Salkin, Allen (June 15, 2000). \"Old Metrocard Can Be a Fare-Ly Profitable Item\". New York Post. Retrieved March 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2000/06/15/old-metrocard-can-be-a-fare-ly-profitable-item/","url_text":"\"Old Metrocard Can Be a Fare-Ly Profitable Item\""}]},{"reference":"Faison, Seth (June 2, 1993). \"3,000 Subway Riders, Cards in Hand, Test New Fare System\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7DC143BF931A35755C0A965958260","url_text":"\"3,000 Subway Riders, Cards in Hand, Test New Fare System\""}]},{"reference":"Donohue, Pete (August 26, 2014). \"With work on Greenpoint Tube set to end, advocates want free G-to-J/M transfer to be permanent\". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/push-free-g-to-j-m-transfer-permanent-article-1.1917910","url_text":"\"With work on Greenpoint Tube set to end, advocates want free G-to-J/M transfer to be permanent\""}]},{"reference":"\"NYC Transit G Line Review\" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 10, 2013. Retrieved February 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.mta.info/nyct/service/G_LineReview_7_10_13.pdf","url_text":"\"NYC Transit G Line Review\""}]},{"reference":"Newman, Andy (July 3, 1998). \"Hop On, Hop Off: The Unlimited Metrocard Arrives\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/03/nyregion/hop-on-hop-off-the-unlimited-metrocard-arrives.html","url_text":"\"Hop On, Hop Off: The Unlimited Metrocard Arrives\""}]},{"reference":"Newman, Andy. \"Guide to NYC Subway\". FreshNYC. Archived from the original on January 5, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180105150656/http://freshnyc.com/blog/visitors-guide-ins-and-outs-new-york-city-subway","url_text":"\"Guide to NYC Subway\""},{"url":"http://freshnyc.com/blog/visitors-guide-ins-and-outs-new-york-city-subway","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MTA: Say Goodbye to Fun Cards\". WNYC. Retrieved February 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wnyc.org/story/89164-say-goodbye-fun-card-city/","url_text":"\"MTA: Say Goodbye to Fun Cards\""}]},{"reference":"Rivoli, Dan; Gregorian, Dareh (April 12, 2016). \"MTA to solicit proposals for 'New Fare Payment System,' taking first step in finding MetroCard replacement\". New York Daily News. Retrieved November 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-takes-step-replacing-metrocard-article-1.2598346","url_text":"\"MTA to solicit proposals for 'New Fare Payment System,' taking first step in finding MetroCard replacement\""}]},{"reference":"Rivoli, Dan (October 23, 2017). \"MTA approves plan to scrap MetroCards for 'tap' payment system\". NY Daily News. Retrieved October 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-approves-plan-scrap-metrocards-tap-payment-system-article-1.3584098","url_text":"\"MTA approves plan to scrap MetroCards for 'tap' payment system\""}]},{"reference":"Barron, James (October 23, 2017). \"New York to Replace MetroCard With Modern Way to Pay Transit Fares\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/23/nyregion/metrocard-subway-new-york.html","url_text":"\"New York to Replace MetroCard With Modern Way to Pay Transit Fares\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Simko-Bednarski, Evan (July 19, 2023). \"NYC bus, subway fare to $2.90; MTA also boosts train fares, tolls\". New York Daily News. Retrieved July 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-mta-subway-bus-train-lirr-metro-north-fares-tolls-up-20230719-2sg3yjedgrcorgqg3t57uiflda-story.html","url_text":"\"NYC bus, subway fare to $2.90; MTA also boosts train fares, tolls\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Transit_Authority&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Transit_Authority&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22New+York+City+Transit+Authority%22","external_links_name":"\"New York City Transit Authority\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22New+York+City+Transit+Authority%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22New+York+City+Transit+Authority%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22New+York+City+Transit+Authority%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22New+York+City+Transit+Authority%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22New+York+City+Transit+Authority%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Transit_Authority&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://web.mta.info/mta/network.htm","external_links_name":"\"The MTA Network\""},{"Link":"http://web.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffhist.htm","external_links_name":"\"New York City Transit – History and Chronology\""},{"Link":"http://web.mta.info/mta/investor/pdf/2006_annual_report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The MTA 2006 ANNUAL REPORT: Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Year Ended December 31, 2006 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Year Ended December 31, 2006\""},{"Link":"http://web.mta.info/mta/network.htm","external_links_name":"\"MTA – Transportation Network\""},{"Link":"http://web.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffintro.htm","external_links_name":"\"Facts and Figures\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/28/nyregion/what-s-in-a-symbol-a-lot-the-mta-is-betting.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"What's in a Symbol? A Lot, the M.T.A. Is Betting\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903E6D81E39F93BA1575BC0A962958260","external_links_name":"\"What's in a Symbol? A Lot, the M.T.A. Is Betting\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/23/nyregion/andy-byford-resigns-mta.html","external_links_name":"\"Andy Byford Resigns as New York City's Subway Chief\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-andy-byford-resigns-mta-20200123-ezvqdjmlgffijnpojkz7pqi3b4-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Andy Byford resigns from the MTA\""},{"Link":"https://nypost.com/2022/05/02/nyc-transit-president-richard-davey-takes-starts-his-first-day/","external_links_name":"\"New Transit president Richard Davey giving marching orders on first day in NYC\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oktGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111","external_links_name":"From a Nickel to a Token: The Journey from Board of Transportation to MTA"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015023094926","external_links_name":"2027/mdp.39015023094926"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.a0001834498?urlappend=%3Bseq=765","external_links_name":"\"New York City Transit Authority Act\""},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.a0001834498","external_links_name":"2027/uc1.a0001834498"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0892-287X","external_links_name":"0892-287X"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qfZ0VxuLoc0C&pg=PA416","external_links_name":"The Wheels That Drove New York: A History of the New York City Transit System"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/06/02/84605869.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Authority Leases City Transit Lines; Fare Rise In Sight\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/06/02/84606117.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Digest of Lease Agreement Between the City of New York and the Transit Authority\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S0NUaz1xGvIC&pg=PA75","external_links_name":"The Invention of Brownstone Brooklyn: Gentrification and the Search for Authenticity in Postwar New York"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A30138-2004Dec27.html","external_links_name":"\"Better Luck for Vegas Monorail?\""},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.a0001834803?urlappend=%3Bseq=1853","external_links_name":"\"An act...\""},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.a0001834803","external_links_name":"2027/uc1.a0001834803"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0892-287X","external_links_name":"0892-287X"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/18/nyregion/new-york-subway-system-failure-delays.html","external_links_name":"\"How Politics and Bad Decisions Starved New York's Subways\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/25/nyregion/subway-rescue-plan-mta.html","external_links_name":"\"Rescue Plan to Improve Subways Includes Removing Seats\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/23/nyregion/bus-plan-byford-mta.html","external_links_name":"\"At Long Last, a Plan to Fix New York City's Buses\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://abc7ny.com/6047040/","external_links_name":"\"Coronavirus New York: MTA launches essential schedule amid COVID-19 crisis\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200326080255/https://abc7ny.com/6047040/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/mta-suspends-some-lines-of-service-amid-coronavirus-staff-shortages/2341550/","external_links_name":"\"MTA Slashes Service, NJ Transit on Reduced Schedules\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200326033708/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/mta-suspends-some-lines-of-service-amid-coronavirus-staff-shortages/2341550/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200605030418/https://www.cityandstateny.com/articles/personality/interviews-profiles/sarah-feinberg-focused-subways-survival.html","external_links_name":"\"Sarah Feinberg is focused on the subway's survival | CSNY\""},{"Link":"https://www.cityandstateny.com/articles/personality/interviews-profiles/sarah-feinberg-focused-subways-survival.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nypost.com/2020/04/18/gov-cuomo-urged-to-shut-down-nyc-subways-to-stop-coronavirus-spread/","external_links_name":"\"Gov. Cuomo urged to shut down NYC subways to stop coronavirus spread\""},{"Link":"https://nypost.com/2020/04/22/mta-coronavirus-death-toll-hits-82-chief-blames-health-officials/","external_links_name":"\"MTA chair passes blame to health officials as agency's coronavirus death toll tops 80\""},{"Link":"https://www.nydailynews.com/coronavirus/ny-coronavirus-line-of-duty-benefits-mta-workers-20200414-dde37iazubaobhsbofk5zvve6y-story.html","external_links_name":"\"MTA promises $500k in death benefits for coronavirus victims\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecity.nyc/2020/6/1/21277407/nyc-subway-crews-hit-hardest-by-coronavirus-pandemic-mta-numbers-show","external_links_name":"\"NYC Subway Crews Hit Hardest by Coronavirus, MTA Numbers Show\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200614130549/https://www.thecity.nyc/2020/6/1/21277407/nyc-subway-crews-hit-hardest-by-coronavirus-pandemic-mta-numbers-show","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/30/nyregion/subway-close-cuomo-coronavirus.html","external_links_name":"\"N.Y.C.'s Subway, a 24/7 Mainstay, Will Close for Overnight Disinfection\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/10/nyregion/mta-subway-coronavirus.html","external_links_name":"\"Inside the Newly Spotless Subway: 'I've Never Seen It Like This'\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200613085714/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/10/nyregion/mta-subway-coronavirus.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/coronavirus/cleaning","external_links_name":"\"How We're Stepping Up Our Cleaning Procedures During the Coronavirus Pandemic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200611071433/https://new.mta.info/coronavirus/cleaning","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thecity.nyc/2024/05/29/transit-chief-davey-leaving-for-massport/","external_links_name":"\"NYC Transit Chief Richard Davey Set to Depart Just Two Years Into Role\""},{"Link":"https://nypost.com/2000/06/15/old-metrocard-can-be-a-fare-ly-profitable-item/","external_links_name":"\"Old Metrocard Can Be a Fare-Ly Profitable Item\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7DC143BF931A35755C0A965958260","external_links_name":"\"3,000 Subway Riders, Cards in Hand, Test New Fare System\""},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/push-free-g-to-j-m-transfer-permanent-article-1.1917910","external_links_name":"\"With work on Greenpoint Tube set to end, advocates want free G-to-J/M transfer to be permanent\""},{"Link":"http://web.mta.info/nyct/service/G_LineReview_7_10_13.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NYC Transit G Line Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/03/nyregion/hop-on-hop-off-the-unlimited-metrocard-arrives.html","external_links_name":"\"Hop On, Hop Off: The Unlimited Metrocard Arrives\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180105150656/http://freshnyc.com/blog/visitors-guide-ins-and-outs-new-york-city-subway","external_links_name":"\"Guide to NYC Subway\""},{"Link":"http://freshnyc.com/blog/visitors-guide-ins-and-outs-new-york-city-subway","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.wnyc.org/story/89164-say-goodbye-fun-card-city/","external_links_name":"\"MTA: Say Goodbye to Fun Cards\""},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-takes-step-replacing-metrocard-article-1.2598346","external_links_name":"\"MTA to solicit proposals for 'New Fare Payment System,' taking first step in finding MetroCard replacement\""},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mta-approves-plan-scrap-metrocards-tap-payment-system-article-1.3584098","external_links_name":"\"MTA approves plan to scrap MetroCards for 'tap' payment system\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/23/nyregion/metrocard-subway-new-york.html","external_links_name":"\"New York to Replace MetroCard With Modern Way to Pay Transit Fares\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-mta-subway-bus-train-lirr-metro-north-fares-tolls-up-20230719-2sg3yjedgrcorgqg3t57uiflda-story.html","external_links_name":"\"NYC bus, subway fare to $2.90; MTA also boosts train fares, tolls\""},{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/agency/new-york-city-transit","external_links_name":"New York City Transit: official site"},{"Link":"http://www.nycsubway.org/","external_links_name":"nycsubway.org: New York City Subway Resources"},{"Link":"http://twulocal100.org/","external_links_name":"Transport Workers Union Local 100"},{"Link":"http://www.tripplanner.mta.info/","external_links_name":"New York City Transit: Trip Planner site"},{"Link":"http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/n/new_york_city_transit/index.html","external_links_name":"New York City Transit Authority"},{"Link":"http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/KCL05026.html","external_links_name":"New York City Transit Authority Collective Bargaining Agreements at the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/510664/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000012226569X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/148456261","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/5009554-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007599562105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50003346","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500258709","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6769n5k","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbertshoehe
|
Kokopo
|
["1 Communication links","2 Climate","3 PNG Hunters","4 See also","5 References"]
|
Capital of East New Britain, Papua New Guinea
Place in East New Britain, Papua New GuineaKokopoSatellite imageKokopoLocation within New Britain and IrelandCoordinates: 4°21′00″S 152°16′25″E / 4.35000°S 152.27361°E / -4.35000; 152.27361CountryPapua New GuineaProvinceEast New BritainDistrictKokopo DistrictLLGKokopo/Vunamami UrbanElevation4 m (13 ft)Population (2000) • Total20,262 • Rank8thLanguages • Main languagesKuanua, Tok Pisin, EnglishTime zoneUTC+10 (AEST)Location20 km (12 mi) from RabaulMean max temp31.0 °C (87.8 °F)Mean min temp23.3 °C (73.9 °F)Annual rainfall2,003 mm (78.86 in)ClimateAf
Kokopo is the capital of East New Britain Province in Papua New Guinea. It is administered under Kokopo/Vunamami Urban LLG. The capital was moved from Rabaul in 1994 when the volcanoes Tavurvur and Vulcan erupted. As a result, the population of the town increased more than sixfold from 3,150 in 1990 to 20,262 in 2000.
Kokopo was known as Herbertshöhe (Herbert's Heights), named in honour of Herbert, eldest son of German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, during the German New Guinea administration, which controlled the area between 1884 and formally until 1919. Until 1910, it was the capital of German New Guinea.
On Sunday, March 29, 2015, a strong earthquake, of a preliminary magnitude of at least 7.5, which at that time was the largest earthquake of 2015, was recorded near Kokopo, and a tsunami warning was issued. This was surpassed a month later by the April 2015 Nepal earthquake, which measured a magnitude 7.8.
In 2015, a research and conservation project was suggested to study and protect spinner dolphins living around Kokopo beach, as this population may be threatened if construction of a new port for larger shipping lanes is initiated.
Communication links
The remains of the former capital Rabaul are located some 20 km (12 mi) to the north-west of Kokopo, when using the Kokopo-Rabaul Highway. There are around 4,000 inhabitants in Rabaul, down from over 17,000 before the latest volcanic eruption.
Rabaul Airport (also called "Tokua Airport"), one of Papua New Guinea's largest domestic airports, is located a few kilometres east of Kokopo.
Climate
Kokopo has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af) with heavy rainfall and hot temperatures year-round.
Climate data for Kokopo
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
30.7(87.3)
30.8(87.4)
30.6(87.1)
30.6(87.1)
30.8(87.4)
30.6(87.1)
29.9(85.8)
30.1(86.2)
31.0(87.8)
31.2(88.2)
31.3(88.3)
30.8(87.4)
30.7(87.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)
27.0(80.6)
27.0(80.6)
27.0(80.6)
26.9(80.4)
27.2(81.0)
27.0(80.6)
26.5(79.7)
26.5(79.7)
27.1(80.8)
27.2(81.0)
27.4(81.3)
27.1(80.8)
27.0(80.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
23.4(74.1)
23.3(73.9)
23.5(74.3)
23.3(73.9)
23.6(74.5)
23.4(74.1)
23.1(73.6)
23.0(73.4)
23.3(73.9)
23.3(73.9)
23.5(74.3)
23.4(74.1)
23.3(74.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
185(7.3)
188(7.4)
209(8.2)
191(7.5)
124(4.9)
139(5.5)
167(6.6)
154(6.1)
130(5.1)
127(5.0)
156(6.1)
217(8.5)
1,987(78.2)
Source:
PNG Hunters
The Papua New Guinea Hunters (PNG Hunters) are a rugby league football club based in Kokopo. They were established in 2013 and currently compete in the QRL's Intrust Super Cup. The Hunters' home ground is Kalabond Oval in Kokopo and their team colours are red, black and gold.
See also
New Guinea portal
References
^ PNG Census 2000
^ "Papua New Guinea 2016 Trip Report" (PDF). 2017-03-31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-31.
^ "ハシナガイルカの生息地を守るプロジェクト ～戦後70年。パプアニューギニア・ラバウルの海を潜る～". ダイビングと海の総合サイト・オーシャナ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-12-25.
^ "Goroka climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Goroka weather averages - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2021-12-25.
^ "Papua New Guinea gain entry to Queensland Cup 2014". ABC News. 28 November 2013.
^ Pangkatana, John (24 December 2013). "Q-Cup name unveiled". The National.
vteProvincial capitals of Papua New Guinea
Alotau (MB)
Buka (Bougainville)
Daru (Western)
Goroka (EHP)
Kavieng (NI)
Kerema (Gulf)
Kimbe (WNB)
Kokopo (ENB)
Kundiawa (Chimbu)
Lae (Morobe)
Lorengau (Manus)
Madang (Madang)
Mendi (SHP)
Mount Hagen (WHP)
Popondetta (Oro)
Port Moresby (Central/NCD)
Tari (Hela)
Vanimo (WS)
Wabag (Enga)
Wewak (ES)
New Guinea portal
Authority control databases: National
Israel
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East New Britain Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_New_Britain_Province"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Kokopo/Vunamami Urban LLG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokopo/Vunamami_Urban_LLG"},{"link_name":"Rabaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabaul"},{"link_name":"volcanoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano"},{"link_name":"Tavurvur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavurvur"},{"link_name":"Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(volcano)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Herbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_von_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"Otto von Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"German New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"earthquake of 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_2015"},{"link_name":"April 2015 Nepal earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake"},{"link_name":"spinner dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinner_dolphin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Place in East New Britain, Papua New GuineaKokopo is the capital of East New Britain Province in Papua New Guinea. It is administered under Kokopo/Vunamami Urban LLG. The capital was moved from Rabaul in 1994 when the volcanoes Tavurvur and Vulcan erupted. As a result, the population of the town increased more than sixfold from 3,150 in 1990 to 20,262 in 2000.[1]Kokopo was known as Herbertshöhe (Herbert's Heights), named in honour of Herbert, eldest son of German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, during the German New Guinea administration, which controlled the area between 1884 and formally until 1919. Until 1910, it was the capital of German New Guinea.On Sunday, March 29, 2015, a strong earthquake, of a preliminary magnitude of at least 7.5, which at that time was the largest earthquake of 2015, was recorded near Kokopo, and a tsunami warning was issued. This was surpassed a month later by the April 2015 Nepal earthquake, which measured a magnitude 7.8.In 2015, a research and conservation project was suggested to study and protect spinner dolphins[2] living around Kokopo beach, as this population may be threatened if construction of a new port for larger shipping lanes is initiated.[3]","title":"Kokopo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rabaul Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabaul_Airport"}],"text":"The remains of the former capital Rabaul are located some 20 km (12 mi) to the north-west of Kokopo, when using the Kokopo-Rabaul Highway. There are around 4,000 inhabitants in Rabaul, down from over 17,000 before the latest volcanic eruption.Rabaul Airport (also called \"Tokua Airport\"), one of Papua New Guinea's largest domestic airports, is located a few kilometres east of Kokopo.","title":"Communication links"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical rainforest climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Kokopo has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af) with heavy rainfall and hot temperatures year-round.Climate data for Kokopo\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n30.7(87.3)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n29.9(85.8)\n\n30.1(86.2)\n\n31.0(87.8)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n31.3(88.3)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n30.7(87.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n26.9(80.4)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n26.5(79.7)\n\n26.5(79.7)\n\n27.1(80.8)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n27.4(81.3)\n\n27.1(80.8)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n23.3(73.9)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n23.3(73.9)\n\n23.6(74.5)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n23.1(73.6)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n23.3(73.9)\n\n23.3(73.9)\n\n23.5(74.3)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n23.3(74.0)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n185(7.3)\n\n188(7.4)\n\n209(8.2)\n\n191(7.5)\n\n124(4.9)\n\n139(5.5)\n\n167(6.6)\n\n154(6.1)\n\n130(5.1)\n\n127(5.0)\n\n156(6.1)\n\n217(8.5)\n\n1,987(78.2)\n\n\nSource: [4]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea Hunters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Hunters"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"QRL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"Intrust Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kalabond Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabond_Oval"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Papua New Guinea Hunters (PNG Hunters) are a rugby league football club based in Kokopo. They were established in 2013 and currently compete in the QRL's Intrust Super Cup.[5] The Hunters' home ground is Kalabond Oval in Kokopo and their team colours are red, black and gold.[6]","title":"PNG Hunters"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"New Guinea portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_Guinea"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Papua New Guinea 2016 Trip Report\" (PDF). 2017-03-31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170331211816/http://www.kbb.com.pg/NG-PNG-Report.pdf","url_text":"\"Papua New Guinea 2016 Trip Report\""},{"url":"http://www.kbb.com.pg/NG-PNG-Report.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ハシナガイルカの生息地を守るプロジェクト ～戦後70年。パプアニューギニア・ラバウルの海を潜る～\". ダイビングと海の総合サイト・オーシャナ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://oceana.ne.jp/from_ocean/58814","url_text":"\"ハシナガイルカの生息地を守るプロジェクト ～戦後70年。パプアニューギニア・ラバウルの海を潜る～\""}]},{"reference":"\"Goroka climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Goroka weather averages - Climate-Data.org\". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2021-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.climate-data.org/oceania/papua-new-guinea/eastern-highlands/goroka-50976/","url_text":"\"Goroka climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Goroka weather averages - Climate-Data.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Papua New Guinea gain entry to Queensland Cup 2014\". ABC News. 28 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-28/png-to-contest-2014-queensland-cup/5123616","url_text":"\"Papua New Guinea gain entry to Queensland Cup 2014\""}]},{"reference":"Pangkatana, John (24 December 2013). \"Q-Cup name unveiled\". The National.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thenational.com.pg/?q=node/61760","url_text":"\"Q-Cup name unveiled\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kokopo¶ms=4_21_00_S_152_16_25_E_region:PG_type:city(20262)","external_links_name":"4°21′00″S 152°16′25″E / 4.35000°S 152.27361°E / -4.35000; 152.27361"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170331211816/http://www.kbb.com.pg/NG-PNG-Report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Papua New Guinea 2016 Trip Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.kbb.com.pg/NG-PNG-Report.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://oceana.ne.jp/from_ocean/58814","external_links_name":"\"ハシナガイルカの生息地を守るプロジェクト ～戦後70年。パプアニューギニア・ラバウルの海を潜る～\""},{"Link":"https://en.climate-data.org/oceania/papua-new-guinea/eastern-highlands/goroka-50976/","external_links_name":"\"Goroka climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Goroka weather averages - Climate-Data.org\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-28/png-to-contest-2014-queensland-cup/5123616","external_links_name":"\"Papua New Guinea gain entry to Queensland Cup 2014\""},{"Link":"http://www.thenational.com.pg/?q=node/61760","external_links_name":"\"Q-Cup name unveiled\""},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007499038605171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslav_Burgr
|
Jaroslav Burgr
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Czech footballer
Jaroslav Burgr
Personal informationDate of birth
(1906-03-07)7 March 1906Place of birth
Velké Přítočno, Austria-HungaryDate of death
15 September 1986(1986-09-15) (aged 80)Place of death
CzechoslovakiaPosition(s)
DefenderYouth career1920–1922
SK KročehlavySenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1922–1926
SK Kročehlavy
1926–1946
Sparta Prague
1946–1948
SK Most
International career1929–1939
Czechoslovakia
57
(0)
Medal record
Representing Czechoslovakia
Men's Football
FIFA World Cup
Runner-up
1934 Italy
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Jaroslav Burgr (7 March 1906, in Velké Přítočno – 15 September 1986) was a Czech football defender. He played for Czechoslovakia.
He was a participant in two World Cups, in 1934 and 1938. He played 57 matches for the national team.
Burgr played domestic football mostly for AC Sparta Prague.
References
^ Jaroslav Burgr at FAČR (in Czech)
External links
Jaroslav Burgr at FAČR (also at old FAČR website) (in Czech)
Biography at spartaforever.cz (in Czech)
vteCzechoslovakia squad – 1934 FIFA World Cup runners-up
GK Patzel
GK Plánička (c)
DF Burgr
DF Čtyřoký
DF Daučík
DF Ženíšek
MF Bouček
MF Čambal
MF Kopecký
MF Košťálek
MF Krčil
MF Šimperský
MF Srbek
MF Šterc
MF Vodička
FW Junek
FW Kalocsay
FW Nejedlý
FW Puč
FW Silný
FW Sobotka
FW Svoboda
Coach: Petrů
vteCzechoslovakia squad – 1938 FIFA World Cup
GK Burkert
GK Plánička (c)
DF Burgr
DF Černý
DF Daučík
DF Orth
MF Bouček
MF Kolský
MF Kopecký
MF Košťálek
MF Nožíř
FW Bradáč
FW Horák
FW Kreuz
FW Ludl
FW Nejedlý
FW Puč
FW Říha
FW Rulc
FW Senecký
FW Šimůnek
FW Zeman
Coach: Meissner
This biographical article related to association football in the Czech Republic, about a defender, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article relating to Czechoslovak football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Velké Přítočno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A9_P%C5%99%C3%ADto%C4%8Dno"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"AC Sparta Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Sparta_Prague"}],"text":"Jaroslav Burgr (7 March 1906, in Velké Přítočno – 15 September 1986) was a Czech football defender. He played for Czechoslovakia.He was a participant in two World Cups, in 1934 and 1938. He played 57 matches for the national team.[1]Burgr played domestic football mostly for AC Sparta Prague.","title":"Jaroslav Burgr"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://nv.fotbal.cz/reprezentace/reprezentace-a/statistiky/viewstat3.asp?name=BurgrJaroslav","external_links_name":"Jaroslav Burgr"},{"Link":"https://www.fotbal.cz/repre/hrac/hraci/29238","external_links_name":"Jaroslav Burgr"},{"Link":"http://nv.fotbal.cz/reprezentace/reprezentace-a/statistiky/viewstat3.asp?name=BurgrJaroslav","external_links_name":"old FAČR website"},{"Link":"http://www.spartaforever.cz/ukaz_clanek.php?clanek=567","external_links_name":"Biography at spartaforever.cz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaroslav_Burgr&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaroslav_Burgr&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langham_Estate
|
Langham Estate
|
["1 Background","2 Recent developments","3 Gallery","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 51°31′01″N 0°08′22″W / 51.5170782°N 0.139501°W / 51.5170782; -0.139501Property company of the United Kingdom
Langham EstateThe Langham Estate's offices are located on Margaret Street, London W1Company typePrivate limited company by sharesIndustryReal estate managementFounded9 December 1993HeadquartersLondon, UKArea served11.3 acresKey peopleAhsan EllahiOwnerSamuel Tak LeeParentMount Eden Land Limited (Guernsey)Websitewww.langhamestate.com
The Langham Estate is a property estate in Fitzrovia, London, and is owned by the Mount Eden Land Limited (Guernsey). The company controls 11.3 acres of real estate in central London. A third of its property portfolio was sold in 2024.
Background
Great Portland Street as seen in the early 1900s
The Langham Estate originates from an entity first established in 1925 to manage a holding of 40 acres of land purchased from the Howard de Walden Estate in central London. The properties, acquired for £3m and located in eastern Marylebone, then passed through various owners, including Sir John Ellerman's Audley Trust, before being acquired in 1994 by Guernsey-based Mount Eden Land Ltd for £51m. Under Sir John Ellerman, the holdings covered almost all Great Portland Street, and much of streets alongside it (including Hallam, Bolsover, Margaret and Great Titchfield Streets). Numerous holdings on Great Portland Street were divested over the years.
The Langham Estate operates in an area noted for its media connections, restaurants, design showrooms and art galleries. The Langham Estate was described in 2017 as being one of London's 16 Great Estates. Many of the entity's original properties are still held—but now in the form of freehold as their long leases have been sold off.
Samuel Tak Lee of Hong Kong is said to be its owner. Mr Lee reportedly sought control of Shaftesbury PLC's neighbouring 15-acre estate until his interests in it were sold in June 2020.
Recent developments
Great Portland Street is long known for its shops and restaurants
The Fitzrovia real estate market has been undergoing a renewal. The area has witnessed significant increase in rents and rates along with markedly higher occupant turnovers. Property values have increased in part due to changes in planning constraints, along with the impact of the Cross Rail and Oxford Street projects, which were projected to increase commercial activity in the area.
The company markets some of its properties under the banners of Noho and/or FitzNovia to describe an area just north of Oxford Street and just west of Regent Street. The company website states the company holds a "1.3 million sq feet (29 acre) mixed portfolio of office, showroom, retail, restaurant, bar, residential and storage" properties.
A neighbourhood plan is being developed for Langham Estate's Fitzrovia area. This is being done in consultation with stakeholders, the Langham Estate and other local landlords, businesses and residents. The plan focused on improving the local amenity, affordable housing provision, poor broadband data services and air pollution conditions.
In August 2023, Langham Estate decided to divest itself of a third of its property holdings. These include 27 freehold assets of offices, retail, leisure, educational, medical and residential properties in northern Fitzrovia. These properties were reportedly sold for £350m in January 2024.
Gallery
Many Langham Estate holdings are found at the southern end of Great Portland Street
Numerous buildings on Great Titchfield Street and Margaret Street are part of the Langham Estate
Langham Estate historic holding on Great Portland Street
Langham Estate properties on Hallam Street
Bolsover Street is the location of a number of Langham Estate properties
References
^ a b c d e Philip Temple and Colin Thom (2017). "South-East Marylebone: Draft of Volumes 51 and 52" (PDF). Survey of London: South-East Marylebone Volumes 51 and 52. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300221978.
^ "Offices To Let, West End, Offices to Rent, Langham Estate, London". Langham Estate. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
^ The Howard de Walden Estate is said to have sold 40 acres in East Marylebone in anticipation of high death duty obligations.
^ The 1925 land acquisition price of £3m is roughly equivalent to £177m in 2018. Source: http://www.in2013dollars.com/1925-GBP-in-2018?amount=3000000 (“Inflation Calculator.” U.S. Official Inflation Data, Alioth Finance, 26 Oct. 2018, https://www.officialdata.org/.)
^ a b c "Who owns central London?". Who owns England?. 28 October 2017. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
^ "History of The Langham Estate". Langham Estate. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
^ HEATHER CONNON (13 December 1993). "Prime portfolio of London property fetches just pounds 51m: Li family buys Langham Estate from Grovewood receivers". The Independent. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
^ "The secretive billionaire". 20 August 2009. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
^ Jenkins, Simon (2012). Landlords to London: The Story of a Capital and Its Growth. Faber & Faber. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-571-29476-3.
^ "About Fitzrovia London". Fitzrovia Neighbourhood Association. 2 April 2012. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
^ Fraser, Isabelle (28 October 2017). "How a handful of historic firms still own swathes of central London". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
^ Kevin Cahill (2002). Who Owns Britain. Canongate Books Ltd. ISBN 9781841953106.
^ "Revealed Samuel Tak Lee: the secretive tycoon who controls a huge swathe of the West End". Evening Standard. 13 June 2003. p. 19. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017.
^ Shah, Oliver (16 November 2014). "Hong Kong tycoon sets sights on Chinatown". The Sunday Times. ISSN 0956-1382. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
^ "Lee Family Investors" Tender Offer – Shaftesbury PLC – Company Announcement - FT.com". markets.ft.com. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
^ "Time for 'Man of Mystery' Shaftesbury shareholder to put up or shut up". Evening Standard. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
^ "Samuel Tak Lee Sells Stake in Shaftesbury for £436M". Mingtiandi. 2 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
^ Nathan Brooker (29 May 2015). "Is London's Fitzrovia ready for the big prime?". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
^ Ramsorrun, Helen. "How Fitzrovia Became a Key Area for Commercial Property Investment". Pearl & Coutts. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
^ "Villandry goes into administration amid reports of £1.5m losses". www.thedrinksbusiness.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^ "Special Policy Areas and Policies Map Revision – Publication Draft (Regulation 19) Revision to Westminster's City Plan: Strategic Policies" (PDF). City of Westminster. November 2015.
^ "Supporting Information Publication Draft (Regulation 19) Special Policy Areas and Policies Map Revision" (PDF). City of Westminster. November 2015.
^ "JLL | Residential Research | Crossrail Opportunities 2016". residential.jll.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
^ Savills.com (18 April 2018). "Infrastructure Investment and Land Value Uplift". Retrieved 17 October 2018.
^ "A FUTURE FOR THE OXFORD STREET DISTRICT". www.oxfordstreetdistrict.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^ "MyNoHo – The Langham Estate Blog". MyNoHo. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
^ "FitzNovia Twitter Feed". twitter.com. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
^ "Commercial lettings : Serviced Office Space for Rent : London West End". Langham Estate. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
^ "Draft Plan | FitzWest". fitzwest.org. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
^ www.FITZWEST.ORG/wordpress. "FitzWest Plan -- Fitzrovia West Neighbourhood Forum" (PDF).
^ "FitzWest Plan: Fitzrovia West Neighbourhood Forum" (PDF). fitzwest.org. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ "Better Oxford Street Campaign - Pedestrianising Oxford Street is not the answer". Better Oxford Street Campaign. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ "Broadband in Fitzrovia | FitzWest". Retrieved 1 January 2019.
^ Norman, Paul (17 August 2023). "Langham Estate Puts £500 Million Slice of Fitzrovia on Market". CoStar. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
^ "£500M West End Sale Process Is Largest Launched In London This Year". Bisnow. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
^ "Weekly data sheet: Opportunistic buyers win £300 mln chunk of London's West End". PropertyEU News. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Langham Estate.
The Langham Estate website
Map of Langham Estate (Mount Eden Land Guernsey Ltd)
MyNoHo – The Langham Estate Blog
Langham Estate International
Fitzrovia – Langham Estate area description
FitzWest Neighbourhood Forum for West Fitzrovia & Fitzrovia Neighbourhood Association
Survey of London South East Marylebone (Fitzrovia) – Langham Estate area history
51°31′01″N 0°08′22″W / 51.5170782°N 0.139501°W / 51.5170782; -0.139501
vteReal estate in the United Kingdom
Affordability of housing
Real estate
Economy of the United Kingdom
Estate agent
Land agent
Property retailer
CompaniesDevelopers, Ownersand Investors
Allied London
Ballymore Group
Banks Group
Brent Walker
Bruntwood
Cain International
Canary Wharf Group
Capital & Counties Properties
Capital & Centric
CLS Holdings
Coin Street Community Builders
Daejan Holdings
Delancey
Derwent London
Galliard Homes
Grainger
Harworth Group
Heron International
IWG
IQ
JTRE London
Lexi Holdings
London & Continental Railways
London Central Portfolio
London & Associated Properties
London & Regional Properties
MEPC
Minerva
Moda Living
Mount Anvil
Opal Property Group
Peel Group
Quintain
Sellar Property Group
Shaftesbury Capital (Shaftesbury plc)
Soho Estates
Span Developments
St Martins Property Group
St Modwen Properties
Stanhope
Targetfollow
Trafalgar House
West Properties
HouseBuilders
Barratt
Bellway
Berkeley
Bloor
Boot
CALA Homes
Countryside
Crest Nicholson
Gleeson
Keepmoat
Lendlease
McCarthy & Stone
Miller
Muir
Persimmon (Charles Church)
Redrow
Retirement Villages
Taylor Wimpey
George Wimpey
Taylor Woodrow
Telford
Tilia Homes
United House
Vistry
PropertyServices
Bidwells
BNP Paribas Real Estate
Strutt & Parker
Carter Jonas
CBRE Group
Chestertons
Cluttons
Colliers International
Connells Group
Countrywide
Cushman & Wakefield
DTZ
Cyril Leonard
Deloitte Real Estate
EC Harris
Foxtons
Hamptons
Harrods Estates
Humberts
JLL
King Sturge
John D Wood & Co.
Knight Frank
LSL Property Services
Nathaniel Lichfield & Partners
Newmark Group (Gerald Eve)
Purplebricks
RH & RW Clutton
Savills
Smiths Gore
Spicerhaart
The Modern House
Winkworth
PropertyPortals
Globrix
Nestoria
Nuroa
OnTheMarket
OpenRent
Rightmove
StuRents.com
WhatHouse?
Zoopla
Primelocation
FindaProperty
UK Property Shop
Real EstateInvestmentTrusts
Assura
Big Yellow Group
British Land
Derwent London
Great Portland Estates
Hammerson
Hansteen Holdings
Intu
Landsec
London & Stamford Property
LXi
NewRiver
Primary Health Properties
Redefine International
Safestore
Segro
Tritax Big Box
Tritax EuroBox
Unite
Workspace Group
Privately OwnedEstates in London
Bedford Estate
Cadogan Estates
Grosvenor Group
Howard de Walden Estate
Langham Estate
Pettiward Estate
Portman Estate
IndustryBodies
G15
British Property Federation
Building Research Establishment
Institute of Workplace and Facilities Management
National Association of Estate Agents
National House Building Council
Royal Institute of British Architects
Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
Law andRegulation
Assured shorthold tenancy
Authorised Conveyancing Practitioners Board
Building regulations in the United Kingdom
Council for Licensed Conveyancers
Land tenure in England
Land Registry
The Property Ombudsman
Right to buy
Right to Manage
Short Assured Tenancy (Scotland)
Tenancy Deposit Scheme (England and Wales)
Tenancy deposit schemes (Scotland)
Other
British Railways Property Board
Crown Estate
Estates Gazette
LandlordZONE
Property Week
Public estate in the United Kingdom
UK mortgage terminology
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fitzrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzrovia"},{"link_name":"Guernsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"}],"text":"Property company of the United KingdomThe Langham Estate is a property estate in Fitzrovia, London, and is owned by the Mount Eden Land Limited (Guernsey). The company controls 11.3 acres of real estate in central London. A third of its property portfolio was sold in 2024.","title":"Langham Estate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Portland_Street_and_Mortimer_Street.jpg"},{"link_name":"Howard de Walden Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_de_Walden_Estate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Marylebone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sir John Ellerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Ellerman,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Great Portland Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Portland_Street"},{"link_name":"Hallam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallam_Street"},{"link_name":"Bolsover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsover_Street"},{"link_name":"Great Titchfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Titchfield_Street"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"freehold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_(law)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Samuel Tak Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Tak_Lee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Shaftesbury PLC's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaftesbury_plc"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Great Portland Street as seen in the early 1900sThe Langham Estate originates from an entity first established in 1925 to manage a holding of 40 acres of land purchased from the Howard de Walden Estate in central London.[1][2][3] The properties, acquired for £3m and located in eastern Marylebone,[1][4] then passed through various owners, including Sir John Ellerman's Audley Trust, before being acquired in 1994 by Guernsey-based Mount Eden Land Ltd for £51m.[1][5][6][7] Under Sir John Ellerman, the holdings covered almost all Great Portland Street, and much of streets alongside it (including Hallam, Bolsover, Margaret and Great Titchfield Streets).[1][8][9] Numerous holdings on Great Portland Street were divested over the years.The Langham Estate operates in an area noted for its media connections, restaurants, design showrooms and art galleries.[10] The Langham Estate was described in 2017 as being one of London's 16 Great Estates.[11][12] Many of the entity's original properties are still held—but now in the form of freehold as their long leases have been sold off.[1]Samuel Tak Lee of Hong Kong is said to be its owner.[5][13][14] Mr Lee reportedly sought control of Shaftesbury PLC's neighbouring 15-acre estate until his interests in it were sold in June 2020.[15][16][17]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Portland_Street_Shops_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fitzrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzrovia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"rents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renting"},{"link_name":"rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rates_(tax)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Cross Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossrail"},{"link_name":"Oxford Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Street"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Oxford Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Street"},{"link_name":"Regent Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_Street"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Fitzrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzrovia"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Great Portland Street is long known for its shops and restaurantsThe Fitzrovia real estate market has been undergoing a renewal.[18] The area has witnessed significant increase in rents and rates along with markedly higher occupant turnovers.[19][20] Property values have increased in part due to changes in planning constraints,[21][22] along with the impact of the Cross Rail and Oxford Street projects, which were projected to increase commercial activity in the area.[23][24][25]The company markets some of its properties under the banners of Noho and/or FitzNovia to describe an area just north of Oxford Street and just west of Regent Street.[26][27] The company website states the company holds a \"1.3 million sq feet (29 acre) mixed portfolio of office, showroom, retail, restaurant, bar, residential and storage\" properties.[28][5]A neighbourhood plan is being developed for Langham Estate's Fitzrovia area. This is being done in consultation with stakeholders, the Langham Estate and other local landlords, businesses and residents.[29][30] The plan focused on improving the local amenity, affordable housing provision, poor broadband data services and air pollution conditions.[31][32][33]In August 2023, Langham Estate decided to divest itself of a third of its property holdings.[34] These include 27 freehold assets of offices, retail, leisure, educational, medical and residential properties in northern Fitzrovia.[35] These properties were reportedly sold for £350m in January 2024.[36]","title":"Recent developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Portland_Street_From_Oxford_Street_Feb_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Portland Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Portland_Street"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Titchfield_Street_-_Margaret_Street_junction.JPG"},{"link_name":"Great Titchfield Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Titchfield_Street"},{"link_name":"Margaret Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Street,_London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Portland_Street_prior_to_tree_planting.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Portland Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Portland_Street"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hallam_Street_Marylebone_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hallam Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallam_Street"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolsover_Street_Bikes_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bolsover Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsover_Street"}],"text":"Many Langham Estate holdings are found at the southern end of Great Portland Street\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNumerous buildings on Great Titchfield Street and Margaret Street are part of the Langham Estate\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLangham Estate historic holding on Great Portland Street\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLangham Estate properties on Hallam Street\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBolsover Street is the location of a number of Langham Estate properties","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Great Portland Street as seen in the early 1900s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Great_Portland_Street_and_Mortimer_Street.jpg/220px-Great_Portland_Street_and_Mortimer_Street.jpg"},{"image_text":"Great Portland Street is long known for its shops and restaurants","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Great_Portland_Street_Shops_2018.jpg/220px-Great_Portland_Street_Shops_2018.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Philip Temple and Colin Thom (2017). \"South-East Marylebone: Draft of Volumes 51 and 52\" (PDF). Survey of London: South-East Marylebone Volumes 51 and 52. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300221978.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/architecture/sites/bartlett/files/introduction.pdf","url_text":"\"South-East Marylebone: Draft of Volumes 51 and 52\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300221978","url_text":"9780300221978"}]},{"reference":"\"Offices To Let, West End, Offices to Rent, Langham Estate, London\". Langham Estate. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.langhamestate.com/","url_text":"\"Offices To Let, West End, Offices to Rent, Langham Estate, London\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180815031509/http://www.langhamestate.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Who owns central London?\". Who owns England?. 28 October 2017. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://whoownsengland.org/2017/10/28/who-owns-central-london/","url_text":"\"Who owns central London?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180617134237/https://whoownsengland.org/2017/10/28/who-owns-central-london/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"History of The Langham Estate\". Langham Estate. Retrieved 15 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.langhamestate.com/the-estate/past/","url_text":"\"History of The Langham Estate\""}]},{"reference":"HEATHER CONNON (13 December 1993). \"Prime portfolio of London property fetches just pounds 51m: Li family buys Langham Estate from Grovewood receivers\". The Independent. Retrieved 16 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/prime-portfolio-of-london-property-fetches-just-pounds-51m-li-family-buys-langham-estate-from-1467212.html","url_text":"\"Prime portfolio of London property fetches just pounds 51m: Li family buys Langham Estate from Grovewood receivers\""}]},{"reference":"\"The secretive billionaire\". 20 August 2009. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/humberside/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8207000/8207903.stm","url_text":"\"The secretive billionaire\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160324003543/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/humberside/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8207000/8207903.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jenkins, Simon (2012). Landlords to London: The Story of a Capital and Its Growth. Faber & Faber. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-571-29476-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UWR4w9apCHoC&pg=PT202","url_text":"Landlords to London: The Story of a Capital and Its Growth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-29476-3","url_text":"978-0-571-29476-3"}]},{"reference":"\"About Fitzrovia London\". Fitzrovia Neighbourhood Association. 2 April 2012. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://fitzrovia.org.uk/about/fitzrovia/","url_text":"\"About Fitzrovia London\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180704010643/https://fitzrovia.org.uk/about/fitzrovia/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fraser, Isabelle (28 October 2017). \"How a handful of historic firms still own swathes of central London\". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/10/28/billionaires-playground-handful-families-central-london/","url_text":"\"How a handful of historic firms still own swathes of central London\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180121010958/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/10/28/billionaires-playground-handful-families-central-london/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kevin Cahill (2002). Who Owns Britain. Canongate Books Ltd. ISBN 9781841953106.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841953106","url_text":"9781841953106"}]},{"reference":"\"Revealed Samuel Tak Lee: the secretive tycoon who controls a huge swathe of the West End\". Evening Standard. 13 June 2003. p. 19. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/titles/london-evening-standard","url_text":"\"Revealed Samuel Tak Lee: the secretive tycoon who controls a huge swathe of the West End\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170714013651/https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/titles/london-evening-standard","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shah, Oliver (16 November 2014). \"Hong Kong tycoon sets sights on Chinatown\". The Sunday Times. ISSN 0956-1382. Retrieved 15 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hong-kong-tycoon-sets-sights-on-chinatown-f8psg9tdq88","url_text":"\"Hong Kong tycoon sets sights on Chinatown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0956-1382","url_text":"0956-1382"}]},{"reference":"\"Lee Family Investors\" Tender Offer – Shaftesbury PLC – Company Announcement - FT.com\". markets.ft.com. Retrieved 10 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://markets.ft.com/data/announce/full?dockey=1323-12423458-1JMSLQPC4EI5PJI1GCGK9G89JI","url_text":"\"Lee Family Investors\" Tender Offer – Shaftesbury PLC – Company Announcement - FT.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Time for 'Man of Mystery' Shaftesbury shareholder to put up or shut up\". Evening Standard. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/business/jim-armitage-it-s-time-for-man-of-mystery-shaftesbury-shareholder-to-put-up-or-shut-up-a4051731.html","url_text":"\"Time for 'Man of Mystery' Shaftesbury shareholder to put up or shut up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samuel Tak Lee Sells Stake in Shaftesbury for £436M\". Mingtiandi. 2 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mingtiandi.com/real-estate/outbound-investment/samuel-tak-lee-sells-stake-in-shaftesbury-for-436m/","url_text":"\"Samuel Tak Lee Sells Stake in Shaftesbury for £436M\""}]},{"reference":"Nathan Brooker (29 May 2015). \"Is London's Fitzrovia ready for the big prime?\". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/8cbdcc48-ff0b-11e4-84b2-00144feabdc0","url_text":"\"Is London's Fitzrovia ready for the big prime?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005639/https://www.ft.com/content/8cbdcc48-ff0b-11e4-84b2-00144feabdc0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ramsorrun, Helen. \"How Fitzrovia Became a Key Area for Commercial Property Investment\". Pearl & Coutts. Retrieved 15 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pearl-coutts.co.uk/the-insider/commercial/how-fitzrovia-became-a-key-area-for-commercial-property-investment/","url_text":"\"How Fitzrovia Became a Key Area for Commercial Property Investment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Villandry goes into administration amid reports of £1.5m losses\". www.thedrinksbusiness.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2018/08/villandry-goes-into-administration-amid-reports-of-1-5m-losses/","url_text":"\"Villandry goes into administration amid reports of £1.5m losses\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180810111101/https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2018/08/villandry-goes-into-administration-amid-reports-of-1-5m-losses/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Special Policy Areas and Policies Map Revision – Publication Draft (Regulation 19) Revision to Westminster's City Plan: Strategic Policies\" (PDF). City of Westminster. November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://transact.westminster.gov.uk/docstores/publications_store/planning/special_policy_areas_and_policies_map_revision_to_westminsters_city_plan.pdf","url_text":"\"Special Policy Areas and Policies Map Revision – Publication Draft (Regulation 19) Revision to Westminster's City Plan: Strategic Policies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Westminster","url_text":"City of Westminster"}]},{"reference":"\"Supporting Information Publication Draft (Regulation 19) Special Policy Areas and Policies Map Revision\" (PDF). City of Westminster. November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://transact.westminster.gov.uk/docstores/publications_store/planning/special_policy_areas_and_policies_map_revision_supporting_information.pdf","url_text":"\"Supporting Information Publication Draft (Regulation 19) Special Policy Areas and Policies Map Revision\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Westminster","url_text":"City of Westminster"}]},{"reference":"\"JLL | Residential Research | Crossrail Opportunities 2016\". residential.jll.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://residential.jll.co.uk/new-residential-thinking-home/research/crossrail-opportunities-2016.aspx","url_text":"\"JLL | Residential Research | Crossrail Opportunities 2016\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171021045018/http://residential.jll.co.uk/new-residential-thinking-home/research/crossrail-opportunities-2016.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Savills.com (18 April 2018). \"Infrastructure Investment and Land Value Uplift\". Retrieved 17 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.savills.com/_news/article/3359/240380-0/4/2018/infrastructure-investment-and-land-value-uplift","url_text":"\"Infrastructure Investment and Land Value Uplift\""}]},{"reference":"\"A FUTURE FOR THE OXFORD STREET DISTRICT\". www.oxfordstreetdistrict.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordstreetdistrict.com/","url_text":"\"A FUTURE FOR THE OXFORD STREET DISTRICT\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180323183536/http://oxfordstreetdistrict.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MyNoHo – The Langham Estate Blog\". MyNoHo. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mynoho.co.uk/","url_text":"\"MyNoHo – The Langham Estate Blog\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180902214825/http://www.mynoho.co.uk/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FitzNovia Twitter Feed\". twitter.com. Retrieved 15 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/mac_1066","url_text":"\"FitzNovia Twitter Feed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commercial lettings : Serviced Office Space for Rent : London West End\". Langham Estate. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.langhamestate.com/the-estate/","url_text":"\"Commercial lettings : Serviced Office Space for Rent : London West End\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195459/http://www.langhamestate.com/the-estate/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Draft Plan | FitzWest\". fitzwest.org. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://fitzwest.org/wordpress/draft-plan/","url_text":"\"Draft Plan | FitzWest\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180902195507/http://fitzwest.org/wordpress/draft-plan/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"www.FITZWEST.ORG/wordpress. \"FitzWest Plan -- Fitzrovia West Neighbourhood Forum\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://fitzwest.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/00-Inroduction-Draft.pdf","url_text":"\"FitzWest Plan -- Fitzrovia West Neighbourhood Forum\""}]},{"reference":"\"FitzWest Plan: Fitzrovia West Neighbourhood Forum\" (PDF). fitzwest.org. Retrieved 1 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://fitzwest.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/00-Inroduction.pdf","url_text":"\"FitzWest Plan: Fitzrovia West Neighbourhood Forum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Better Oxford Street Campaign - Pedestrianising Oxford Street is not the answer\". Better Oxford Street Campaign. Retrieved 1 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://betteroxfordstreet.org/","url_text":"\"Better Oxford Street Campaign - Pedestrianising Oxford Street is not the answer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broadband in Fitzrovia | FitzWest\". Retrieved 1 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://fitzwest.org/wordpress/digital/broadband-in-fitzrovia/","url_text":"\"Broadband in Fitzrovia | FitzWest\""}]},{"reference":"Norman, Paul (17 August 2023). \"Langham Estate Puts £500 Million Slice of Fitzrovia on Market\". CoStar. Retrieved 14 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.costar.com/article/278843085/langham-estate-puts-%C2%A3500-million-slice-of-fitzrovia-on-market?","url_text":"\"Langham Estate Puts £500 Million Slice of Fitzrovia on Market\""}]},{"reference":"\"£500M West End Sale Process Is Largest Launched In London This Year\". Bisnow. Retrieved 14 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bisnow.com/london/news/capital-markets/500m-west-end-sale-process-is-largest-launched-in-london-this-year-120243","url_text":"\"£500M West End Sale Process Is Largest Launched In London This Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Weekly data sheet: Opportunistic buyers win £300 mln chunk of London's West End\". PropertyEU News. Retrieved 18 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://propertyeu.info/Nieuws/Weekly-data-sheet-Opportunistic-buyers-win-300-mln-chunk-of-London-s-West-End/db9d69c6-15dd-4934-b709-de8122308d52","url_text":"\"Weekly data sheet: Opportunistic buyers win £300 mln chunk of London's West End\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Langham_Estate¶ms=51.5170782_N_0.139501_W_","external_links_name":"51°31′01″N 0°08′22″W / 51.5170782°N 0.139501°W / 51.5170782; -0.139501"},{"Link":"http://www.langhamestate.com/","external_links_name":"www.langhamestate.com"},{"Link":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/architecture/sites/bartlett/files/introduction.pdf","external_links_name":"\"South-East Marylebone: Draft of Volumes 51 and 52\""},{"Link":"https://www.langhamestate.com/","external_links_name":"\"Offices To Let, West End, Offices to Rent, Langham Estate, London\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180815031509/http://www.langhamestate.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.in2013dollars.com/1925-GBP-in-2018?amount=3000000","external_links_name":"http://www.in2013dollars.com/1925-GBP-in-2018?amount=3000000"},{"Link":"https://www.officialdata.org/","external_links_name":"https://www.officialdata.org/"},{"Link":"https://whoownsengland.org/2017/10/28/who-owns-central-london/","external_links_name":"\"Who owns central London?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180617134237/https://whoownsengland.org/2017/10/28/who-owns-central-london/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.langhamestate.com/the-estate/past/","external_links_name":"\"History of The Langham Estate\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/prime-portfolio-of-london-property-fetches-just-pounds-51m-li-family-buys-langham-estate-from-1467212.html","external_links_name":"\"Prime portfolio of London property fetches just pounds 51m: Li family buys Langham Estate from Grovewood receivers\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/humberside/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8207000/8207903.stm","external_links_name":"\"The secretive billionaire\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160324003543/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/humberside/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8207000/8207903.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UWR4w9apCHoC&pg=PT202","external_links_name":"Landlords to London: The Story of a Capital and Its Growth"},{"Link":"https://fitzrovia.org.uk/about/fitzrovia/","external_links_name":"\"About Fitzrovia London\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180704010643/https://fitzrovia.org.uk/about/fitzrovia/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/10/28/billionaires-playground-handful-families-central-london/","external_links_name":"\"How a handful of historic firms still own swathes of central London\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","external_links_name":"0307-1235"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180121010958/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/10/28/billionaires-playground-handful-families-central-london/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/titles/london-evening-standard","external_links_name":"\"Revealed Samuel Tak Lee: the secretive tycoon who controls a huge swathe of the West End\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170714013651/https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/titles/london-evening-standard","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hong-kong-tycoon-sets-sights-on-chinatown-f8psg9tdq88","external_links_name":"\"Hong Kong tycoon sets sights on Chinatown\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0956-1382","external_links_name":"0956-1382"},{"Link":"https://markets.ft.com/data/announce/full?dockey=1323-12423458-1JMSLQPC4EI5PJI1GCGK9G89JI","external_links_name":"\"Lee Family Investors\" Tender Offer – Shaftesbury PLC – Company Announcement - FT.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.standard.co.uk/business/jim-armitage-it-s-time-for-man-of-mystery-shaftesbury-shareholder-to-put-up-or-shut-up-a4051731.html","external_links_name":"\"Time for 'Man of Mystery' Shaftesbury shareholder to put up or shut up\""},{"Link":"http://www.mingtiandi.com/real-estate/outbound-investment/samuel-tak-lee-sells-stake-in-shaftesbury-for-436m/","external_links_name":"\"Samuel Tak Lee Sells Stake in Shaftesbury for £436M\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/8cbdcc48-ff0b-11e4-84b2-00144feabdc0","external_links_name":"\"Is London's Fitzrovia ready for the big prime?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005639/https://www.ft.com/content/8cbdcc48-ff0b-11e4-84b2-00144feabdc0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.pearl-coutts.co.uk/the-insider/commercial/how-fitzrovia-became-a-key-area-for-commercial-property-investment/","external_links_name":"\"How Fitzrovia Became a Key Area for Commercial Property Investment\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2018/08/villandry-goes-into-administration-amid-reports-of-1-5m-losses/","external_links_name":"\"Villandry goes into administration amid reports of £1.5m losses\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180810111101/https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2018/08/villandry-goes-into-administration-amid-reports-of-1-5m-losses/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://transact.westminster.gov.uk/docstores/publications_store/planning/special_policy_areas_and_policies_map_revision_to_westminsters_city_plan.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Special Policy Areas and Policies Map Revision – Publication Draft (Regulation 19) Revision to Westminster's City Plan: Strategic Policies\""},{"Link":"http://transact.westminster.gov.uk/docstores/publications_store/planning/special_policy_areas_and_policies_map_revision_supporting_information.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Supporting Information Publication Draft (Regulation 19) Special Policy Areas and Policies Map Revision\""},{"Link":"http://residential.jll.co.uk/new-residential-thinking-home/research/crossrail-opportunities-2016.aspx","external_links_name":"\"JLL | Residential Research | Crossrail Opportunities 2016\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171021045018/http://residential.jll.co.uk/new-residential-thinking-home/research/crossrail-opportunities-2016.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.savills.com/_news/article/3359/240380-0/4/2018/infrastructure-investment-and-land-value-uplift","external_links_name":"\"Infrastructure Investment and Land Value Uplift\""},{"Link":"http://www.oxfordstreetdistrict.com/","external_links_name":"\"A FUTURE FOR THE OXFORD STREET DISTRICT\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180323183536/http://oxfordstreetdistrict.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.mynoho.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"MyNoHo – The Langham Estate Blog\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180902214825/http://www.mynoho.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/mac_1066","external_links_name":"\"FitzNovia Twitter Feed\""},{"Link":"https://www.langhamestate.com/the-estate/","external_links_name":"\"Commercial lettings : Serviced Office Space for Rent : London West End\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195459/http://www.langhamestate.com/the-estate/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://fitzwest.org/wordpress/draft-plan/","external_links_name":"\"Draft Plan | FitzWest\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180902195507/http://fitzwest.org/wordpress/draft-plan/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://fitzwest.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/00-Inroduction-Draft.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FitzWest Plan -- Fitzrovia West Neighbourhood Forum\""},{"Link":"http://fitzwest.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/00-Inroduction.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FitzWest Plan: Fitzrovia West Neighbourhood Forum\""},{"Link":"http://betteroxfordstreet.org/","external_links_name":"\"Better Oxford Street Campaign - Pedestrianising Oxford Street is not the answer\""},{"Link":"http://fitzwest.org/wordpress/digital/broadband-in-fitzrovia/","external_links_name":"\"Broadband in Fitzrovia | FitzWest\""},{"Link":"https://www.costar.com/article/278843085/langham-estate-puts-%C2%A3500-million-slice-of-fitzrovia-on-market?","external_links_name":"\"Langham Estate Puts £500 Million Slice of Fitzrovia on Market\""},{"Link":"https://www.bisnow.com/london/news/capital-markets/500m-west-end-sale-process-is-largest-launched-in-london-this-year-120243","external_links_name":"\"£500M West End Sale Process Is Largest Launched In London This Year\""},{"Link":"https://propertyeu.info/Nieuws/Weekly-data-sheet-Opportunistic-buyers-win-300-mln-chunk-of-London-s-West-End/db9d69c6-15dd-4934-b709-de8122308d52","external_links_name":"\"Weekly data sheet: Opportunistic buyers win £300 mln chunk of London's West End\""},{"Link":"https://www.langhamestate.com/","external_links_name":"The Langham Estate website"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=1ewIqf1mgfQvUDI0UpjqXNPPKPUo&usp=sharing","external_links_name":"Map of Langham Estate"},{"Link":"https://www.mynoho.co.uk/","external_links_name":"MyNoHo"},{"Link":"https://www.langhamestate.com/international/","external_links_name":"Langham Estate International"},{"Link":"http://fitzwest.org/wordpress/about-2/","external_links_name":"FitzWest"},{"Link":"https://fitzrovia.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Fitzrovia Neighbourhood Association"},{"Link":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/architecture/research/survey-london/south-east-marylebone","external_links_name":"Survey of London South East Marylebone (Fitzrovia)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Langham_Estate¶ms=51.5170782_N_0.139501_W_","external_links_name":"51°31′01″N 0°08′22″W / 51.5170782°N 0.139501°W / 51.5170782; -0.139501"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaustion_doctrine_under_U.S._law
|
Exhaustion doctrine under U.S. law
|
["1 Overview","2 Limitations","2.1 Sale of incomplete articles","2.2 Limitations on sale","2.3 Post-sale limitations","3 International exhaustion","4 Standing or right to assert exhaustion","5 Comparable doctrines outside U.S.","5.1 Canada","5.2 Germany","6 References","7 External links"]
|
This article is about the exhaustion doctrine, under U.S. law, as applied to patents. For the analogous doctrine applicable to copyright and trademark, see First-sale doctrine. For the doctrine requiring litigants to exhaust administrative remedies, see Exhaustion of remedies.
United States patent law
Legislation
American Inventors Protection Act
Bayh–Dole Act
Invention Secrecy Act
Hatch-Waxman Act
Leahy–Smith America Invents Act
Title 35 of the United States Code
Types of patent claims
Article of manufacture
Composition of matter
Machine
Method
Procedures
Inter partes review
Markman hearing
Reexamination
Other topics
United States Patent and Trademark Office
Patent Trial and Appeal Board
Exhaustion
Infringement
Misuse
Term of patent
Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (MPEP)
History
Biological patents
Software patents
List of patent law cases
vte
See also Exhaustion of intellectual property rights for a general introduction not limited to U.S. law.
The exhaustion doctrine, also referred to as the first sale doctrine, is a U.S. common law patent doctrine that limits the extent to which patent holders can control an individual article of a patented product after a so-called authorized sale. Under the doctrine, once an authorized sale of a patented article occurs, the patent holder's exclusive rights to control the use and sale of that article are said to be "exhausted," and the purchaser is free to use or resell that article without further restraint from patent law. However, under the repair and reconstruction doctrine, the patent owner retains the right to exclude purchasers of the articles from making the patented invention anew (i.e., making another article), unless it is specifically authorized by the patentee to do so.
Procedurally, the patent exhaustion doctrine operates as an affirmative defense, shielding authorized purchasers from infringement claims concerning the sale or use (including repair and modification) of a patented product after the patent owner authorized its sale.
Because only an "authorized" sale triggers the doctrine, it may be difficult or at least controversial to determine whether the exhaustion doctrine applies in a particular case: for example, when the patentee purports to restrict or condition the use or resale of the patented article once purchased and in the hands of an end user (post-sale restrictions); or when the patentee licenses another to manufacture and use or sell the patented product only in a particular field. The 2008 Supreme Court decision in Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc., arguably leaves unclear the extent to which patentees can avoid the exhaustion doctrine by means of so-called limited licenses (licenses limited to a specified field of use). Since its development by the courts in the late 19th century, the patent exhaustion doctrine has raised questions regarding the scope of exclusive rights granted by patents and the extent to which a patent owner may extend those rights to control downstream use and sales of patented articles.
Overview
A patent gives the patent owner the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing into the U.S. the patented invention (i.e., a product embodying the invention) during the term of the patent. The constitutional rationale behind providing these exclusive rights is to "promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts" by providing inventors the incentive to invest their time, labor, and funds in researching and developing innovative technology. Providing these protections, however, comes with social costs (monopoly rents) and limits the public's ability to freely alienate patented goods. Thus, public policy dictates that the patent owner's exclusive rights be limited in scope. Generally, when a patent owner receives compensation for the use of his or her invention through sale of a patented product, the purpose of patent law is fulfilled with respect to that product. Upon receiving compensation, the patent owner's rights to exclude others are exhausted and "the patent law affords no basis for restraining the use and enjoyment of the thing sold." Accordingly, a patent owner's voluntary introduction of a patented product into commerce without restriction prevents the patent owner from exercising any claimed right to exclude others from using or reselling the sold product.
Unlike the analogous first-sale doctrine in copyright, the patent exhaustion doctrine has not been codified into the patent statute, and is thus still a common law doctrine. It was first explicitly recognized by the Supreme Court in 1873 in Adams v. Burke. In that case, the patentee Adams assigned to another the right to make, use, and sell patented coffin lids only within a ten-mile radius of Boston. Burke (an undertaker), a customer of the assignee, bought the coffin lids from the manufacturer-assignee within the ten-mile radius, but later used (and effectively resold) the patented coffin lids outside of the ten-mile radius, in his trade in the course of burying a person. The patentee Adams sued the undertaker Burke for patent infringement, but the Supreme Court found no infringement liability: Once the coffin lids were lawfully made and sold, "there is no restriction on their use to be implied for the benefit of the patentee or his assignees or licensees." Because the sale was authorized (bought from an authorized seller within the ten-mile radius), the defendant acquired the right to use the coffin lids free from any claim of the patentee, even though he carried it outside the ten-mile radius to use it.
Limitations
The exhaustion doctrine is triggered only by a sale authorized by the patent holder. Thus, there are circumstances where it may be difficult to determine whether the exhaustion doctrine is triggered, in light of restrictions that the patentee has purported to place on the sale or use of the patented invention. Two general questions arise in these situations: (1) Was the sale authorized by the patentee? This can often be a complex factual question. (2) Regardless of whether authorized by the patentee, are those restrictions valid and recognizable under the law?
Generally, these cases involve one or more of the following scenarios: the patent owner: (1) sells one or more components of a multi-component patented product; (2) licenses another to make and sell patented product with certain restrictions on field in which the sale may be made; or (3) sells the article with restrictions directly on the purchasers or end-users (post-sale restraint).
Sale of incomplete articles
One scenario in which the exhaustion doctrine may or may not be triggered is when the patent holder sells an incomplete article or precursor or ingredient that does not directly practice or embody the patent in suit. In this situation, exhaustion is triggered by the authorized sale of the incomplete article if: (1) its "only reasonable and intended use was to practice the patent, and (2) it "embodies essential features" of the patented invention. Even if the exhaustion doctrine is applicable to the sale of an incomplete article, however, there is a separate analysis of whether the sale of that article was actually authorized, and therefore whether exhaustion was actually triggered.
The applicability of exhaustion to the sale of an incomplete article was recognized by the Supreme Court in 1942 in United States v. Univis Lens Co.. In that case, the patent holder sold lens blanks which had to be ground into finished lenses — the patented invention. The Court held that this sale exhausted the patents on the finished lenses because the lens blanks substantially "embodi essential features of the patented device and without utility until . . . ground and polished as the finished lens of the patent." The Court noted that the grinding process was standard (conventional) and not central to the patents, indicating further that the lens blanks constituted a material part of the patented invention and all but completely practiced the patent, since only conventional further processing steps were needed to complete the invention.
In Quanta, the Supreme Court applied the same test to determine whether exhaustion is triggered by the licensing of a portfolio of product and method patents. In that case, the patent holder (LGE) authorized the licensee (Intel) by cross-license to manufacture and sell microprocessors and chipsets that (unless licensed) would infringe LGE product and method patents, as well as patents on computer systems containing the licensed microprocessors and chipsets. The Court found that, even though these Intel products did not directly practice the system patents, they sufficiently embodied the inventions of those patents, making the exhaustion doctrine applicable. First, the Court found that there was no reasonable use for the Intel products other than incorporating them into a computer system that practiced the LGE system patents. Second, the Intel products embodied essential features of the patented processes because the only necessary step to practice the patents was the addition of such standard computer parts as memories and buses. In addition, there was nothing inventive about the systems other than that they contained the inventive microprocessors and chipsets. Thus, under the Univis test, the Intel products sufficiently embodied the patents, making the exhaustion doctrine applicable.
Limitations on sale
Another scenario in which it may be difficult to determine if the sale of a patented article was authorized, and therefore if exhaustion is triggered, occurs when the patentee grants a license to make and sell with specific limitations on the field in which the seller may operate, such as sales to particular types of customer, specified territories, or other field-of-use limitations. If these limitations (or "restrictions") have been imposed, the licensee's sale to a purchaser exhausts only the patentee's rights to restrict use and resale when the restrictions have not been exceeded ("violated"). The theory is that if Alice owns Blackacre but not Whiteacre, she cannot convey good title to Bob by purporting to sell him Whiteacre. She can sell only what she owns. If the license limitations ("restrictions") are exceeded ("violated"), then exhaustion cannot occur and therefore is not triggered, and the patentee can successfully sue the licensee and any downstream customers for patent infringement.
The Supreme Court in General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co. has specifically upheld the legitimacy of field-of-use limitations in patent licenses to manufacture patented products. A licensee who exceeds ("violates") a field-of-use limitation by selling an article outside of the permissible field commits patent infringement. The exhaustion doctrine would provide no protection because the "violation" makes the sale "unauthorized" for the purposes of the exhaustion doctrine.
The field-of-use limitations on sale (those imposed on the licensee in selling the patented articles) are different from post-sale restrictions or limitations (those that purpose to restrict the use or sale of the patented article once purchased and in the hands of an end user). Patentees can avoid the exhaustion doctrine by imposing the former, but it is questionable that patentees can do so through the latter.
Limitations on sale must very explicitly bind the licensee or seller. For example, in Quanta, LGE licensed Intel to make products using LGE's patents. The license expressly stated that LGE was not licensing third parties to combine licensed products with any non-Intel products (i.e., microprocessors and chipsets purchased from a third party), and LGE required Intel to notify customers of that. Intel sold products to Quanta, who combined the Intel products with non-Intel products. LGE sued Quanta for patent infringement. The Supreme Court found that the licensing agreement failed to explicitly impose a field-of-use limitation, and therefore found that there were no conditions limiting to whom Intel could sell. The sale was thus "authorized," and exhaustion was triggered. In the Court's words, "The License Agreement authorized Intel to sell products that practiced the patents. No conditions limited Intel's authority to sell products substantially embodying the patents. . . . Intel's authorized sale to Quanta thus took its products outside the scope of the patent monopoly, and as a result, LGE can no longer assert its patent rights against Quanta."
Because the contractual documents in the Quanta case were insufficiently explicit, the Court applied the exhaustion doctrine, finding the sale "authorized" and unconditional, even though LGE attempted to impose some restrictions on use of the products. Therefore, purchasers of the patented product were free to use them without restrictions that the patentee sought to have imposed on them. The Court found that the licensing agreement did not impose any limitations on whom the licensee could sell to. The Quanta Court did not address, however, whether the restriction in the licensing agreement could be enforced by contract. In fact, the Court pointedly said it was not addressing that issue.
Post-sale limitations
The most difficult and unsettled area of the law regarding patent exhaustion involves cases in which a patentee purports to impose post-sale restrictions. Post-sale restrictions are those that purport to restrict the use or sale of the patented article once purchased and in the hands of an end user customer, rather than similar limitations on a manufacturer-licensee. Common post-sale restrictions include "single use only" and "refill only with proprietary ink" notices. Whether violations of such restrictions make a sale "unauthorized," and therefore make patent exhaustion inapplicable, is still unclear or at least controversial.
In 1992, the Federal Circuit approved the use of post-sale restrictions in Mallinckrodt, Inc. v. Medipart, Inc.. Specifically, the court held that patent owners could condition the sale of patented goods with a restrictive notice and thereby restrict the disposition of the goods by the purchasers, with the exception of such antitrust law violations as price-fixing and tie-in restrictions, or violations of "some other law or policy." The plaintiff in the case owned a patent on a medical device, which it sold to hospitals with a "single use only" notice label. The defendant purchased the used devices from hospitals, refurbished them, and resold them to hospitals. The Federal Circuit held that the single-use restriction was enforceable in accordance with the 1926 General Electric case, because the restriction was "reasonably within the patent grant. . . ."
The Supreme Court did not discuss the Mallinckrodt case in Quanta. As one commentator noted: "The Supreme Court, in Quanta, was widely expected to rule on whether Mallinckrodt was good law. But the Court sidestepped the issue by narrowly interpreting the license agreement so that it was not a conditional license. . . . Because the Supreme Court sidestepped the issue, it remains unclear to what extent a patentee can use a conditional license to impose restrictions on downstream purchasers."
At least two district courts have concluded that Mallinckrodt is no longer good law after Quanta. In Static Control Components, Inc. v. Lexmark Int'l, Inc., the court concluded that the Supreme Court's Quanta decision implicitly overruled Mallinckrodt. At issue in Static Control was Lexmark's so called "prebate" program, in which customers could buy cartridges that were subject to a single use for a 20 percent discounted price. In its original order, before Quanta was decided, the court rejected Static Control's argument that Lexmark's patent rights were exhausted as a result of the authorized sale of the cartridges. Relying heavily on Mallinckrodt, the court found that the sales were valid post-sale restrictions that avoided exhaustion. After Quanta was decided, however, the court reversed its original order and concluded that Lexmark's single use restriction was not enforceable under patent law because the court was "persuaded that Quanta overruled Mallinckrodt sub silentio." The court explained, "The Supreme Court's broad statement of the law of patent exhaustion simply cannot be squared with the position that the Quanta holding is limited to its specific facts. Further, the Federal Circuit relied in part on Mallinckrodt in reaching its decision in LG Electronics, Inc. v. Bizcom Electronics, Inc., 453 F.3d 1364, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2006), the decision the Supreme Court reversed in Quanta. It is also worth noting that the Quanta decision did not mention a single Federal Circuit case."
The district court's conclusion, however, that Quanta overruled Mallinckrodt reflects the ambiguity in Quanta itself. The Static Control court noted that "ales of Lexmark Prebate cartridges were unconditional" because "o potential buyer was required to agree to abide by the Prebate terms before purchasing a cartridge. Thus, sales of Lexmark's Prebate toner cartridges were authorized and unconditional, just like sales of LGE's patented products in Quanta."
Therefore, both Quanta and Static Control can be seen as either cautionary tales about failed attempts to comply with the General Talking Pictures doctrine or to explicitly condition sales, without need to rule on whether the post-sale restrictions were valid, or as overruling Mallinckrodt's approval of post-sale restrictions. Which interpretation is correct remains to be seen. The Federal Circuit's decision in the en banc reargument of Lexmark Int'l v. Impression Prods. should provide a more definitive answer, subject of course to possible further review in the Supreme Court.
International exhaustion
An emerging issue is whether U.S. patent exhaustion is international or strictly national. Until recently, or at least since the formation of the Federal Circuit in 1982 until recently, most U.S. courts simply assumed that a sale outside the United States, even if made by the U.S. patent owner or its parent, subsidiary, or affiliate, or by the U.S. patent owner's licensee, did not trigger the exhaustion doctrine within the United States. Usually, the basis for the assumption was (1) the Supreme Court allegedly so held in Boesch v. Graff; (2) a foreign patent is a different property right that is not the same as a corresponding U.S. patent because foreign patent law is different from U.S. patent law and gives different scope to such a foreign patent; and (3) many cases hold that U.S. patent law has no "extraterritorial" application.
None of these points is on firm, sound ground. In the Boesch case, a seller entirely unrelated to the U.S. patent owner made the sale in Germany; the German seller had a right to sell the product under German law because it had begun preparation to manufacture the product before the U.S. patent owner applied for its German patent. The U.S. company (the patentee) had no complicity in the sale and did not profit from it, and could not possibly be accused of "double dipping." This is quite unlike the usual U.S. situation, such as that in the Lexmark and Jazz cases, in which the U.S. patent owner was responsible for the foreign sale, and therefore profited from it. The Boesch case is therefore not a proper precedent to support the general international exhaustion situation.
Whether foreign patents are comparable to U.S. patents is a factual issue that may differ from case to case, or nation to nation, and cannot be assumed one way or the other. Furthermore, 35 U.S.C. § 119(a), the U.S. patent statute governing when a U.S. patent can be based on a filing of a foreign patent application, provides that the U.S. patent and the corresponding foreign patent must be "for the same invention." Therefore, there may be far more similarity than the cases assume.
Finally, the statement that U.S. patent law is without extraterritorial application occurs universally in cases holding that liability for patent infringement under U.S. law should not be based on acts and conduct occurring outside the United States. And even that generality is suspect, for sometimes patent infringement liability in the United States is based on conduct outside the United States. Applying exhaustion on an international basis does not regulate acts and conduct performed outside the United States; it defines infringement remedies against importation into and sale in the United States on the basis of acts and conduct performed outside the United States.
The point is now pending decision in the Federal Circuit, because that court has ordered en banc rehearing on that issue in the Lexmark case. The reason that the issue has come to the fore is that the Supreme Court, in its recent copyright decision in Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., held that a foreign sale authorized by the copyright owners exhausts U.S. copyright. The Supreme Court rested its decision mainly on common-law authority, quoting extensively from Coke's Institutes (Coke on Littleton), and saying that this stated the general rule from which any exception must be proved. Some have thought, therefore, that the same principle applies at least as forcefully in patent law as in copyright law, so that patent exhaustion should be international just as copyright exhaustion is.
In Europe and Japan, a regime of absolute or modified international exhaustion of patent rights is followed. Australia, New Zealand, and Norway also adopt international patent exhaustion.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) explicitly leaves to each member state the freedom to address exhaustion of intellectual property. A World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) report in 2010 provides a listing of various countries' statutory provisions on international exhaustion.
Standing or right to assert exhaustion
Another emerging issue under the exhaustion doctrine is what persons may assert the exhaustion doctrine as a defense to a claim of patent infringement. In most of the exhaustion cases discussed earlier in this article, the facts of the case follow what may be termed a "straight line" pattern: A patentee A (or its licensee) makes and sells a product a covered by patent P1 to customer C. C then does something with a that A has ordered (by some sort of agreement or putative agreement) C not to do. A patent infringement suit, A v. C, follows. Diagrammatically, this fact pattern may be represented as:
A → a (P1) → C
where a(P1) means that patent P1 covers product a and the → indicates a sale
New information-technology inventions can lead to exhaustion suits following a different fact pattern, because of peculiarities of information technology and present U.S. patent law. An information-technology invention may involve several aspects each of which has a separate stakeholder. For example, a smartphone, TV set, or set-top box may be economically important to both equipment manufacturers and content providers, as well as the end user public (i.e., consumers). A license or sale to one stakeholder may or may not trigger the exhaustion doctrine with respect to conduct by another stakeholder, perhaps depending on how relevant business transactions are structured.
Under present U.S. patent law, a method claim of a patent is infringed only when a single actor performs each step of the claim. Similarly, induced infringement of a method claim has the same requirement. System claims raise more complicated issues. One can make the system only by placing each element into combination with the others, but it is possible to be liable for using a system invention merely by commercially exploiting the system. Therefore, when both the relevant equipment manufacturer and content provider utilize aspects of the invention in a method claim, whether infringement liability attaches to them may depend on both how the relevant claim is written and how licenses or sales are structured. This is illustrated in pending smartphone litigation, in which structure dictated the legal outcome.
In Helferich Patent Licensing, LLC v. New York Times Co., the Federal Circuit overturned a district court's summary dismissal on exhaustion grounds of a patent infringement suit against content providers. The invention concerns methods and systems for alerting smartphone users to content that may be of interest to them, for example, breaking news stories. The way the invention works is along these lines: A content provider such as the New York Times sends a text message to its online subscribers' smartphones. The message might consist of a headline and the lead to a story, together with a hyperlink to the story as stored in the online database of the New York Times. A subscriber interested in reading the story clicks on the link and thus causes the browser for the smartphone to retrieve and display the story.
The way the claims were drafted is very important to the outcome. There are two relevant types of claim, One set considers only smartphone manufacturers, and the claims describe only acts performed in the smartphone (receiving signals, clicking on hyperlinks, etc.). The other set of claims considers only acts that the content providers perform (sending the text message alert, storing the news story, sending it out over the Internet in response to a hyperlink click, etc.). Thus, it is possible to infringe one set of these single-actor claims without infringing the other.
The patentee licensed substantially all smartphone manufacturers in the United States under the first set of patents. It then sought to license content providers. When some content providers, including the New York Times, refused to take licenses under the second set of patents, claiming that under the exhaustion doctrine they needed no licenses, the patentee sued them. Instead of the "straight line" fact pattern described above for prior exhaustion cases, this case has a different, bi-directional pattern. Diagrammatically, the fact pattern of this type of case is as follows:
P → lic (P1) → A, a
Patentee P licenses manufacturer A under patent P1 (the smartphone patents) to make smartphones a embodying the patented invention. A then sells smartphones a to consumers C.
A → a (P1) → C ← i (P2) ← B
Content provider B sends news alerts and content i to consumers C, thus practicing the method claimed in patent P2 (the content provider patents).
On appeal from the district court's summary judgment ruling, the Federal Circuit held that the structure of the patent licensing arrangement avoided the exhaustion doctrine. The court ruled that the exhaustion doctrine may be asserted only by an "authorized acquirer" — one who purchases the patented article from the patentee or its authorized seller. The court further explained this, using slightly different terminology:
core notion that exhaustion lifts legal restrictions on an authorized acquirer. The doctrine has never applied unless, at a minimum, the patentee's allegations of infringement . . . entail infringement of the asserted claims by authorized acquirers . . . Here, as noted, that is not so, because infringement of the content claims has not been . . . shown to require that handset acquirers are practicing those claims.
As the patentee put it in its brief, and the court accepted, "the exhaustion doctrine protects only the ability of a purchaser (or other lawful possessor) of an article to use and sell the article." The content providers were not parties to the transaction that triggered whatever exhaustion there was — that transaction was the sale of smartphones by manufacturers to consumers. The exhaustion doctrine exists to protect the interests of purchasers, not third parties. The patentee told the Federal Circuit, and it apparently agreed, that the exhaustion doctrine does not immunize the conduct of the content providers, "regardless of the effect on the amount of licensed content available to their subscribers' handsets."
Moreover, the patent claims licensed to the manufacturers (the P1 of the diagram above) are not infringed by the conduct of the content providers accused of infringement. Their conduct infringes the P2 patent claims that were not licensed to the manufacturers. The only sale in the case was by the licensed smartphone manufacturers to the consumer end users, and that sale exhausted only the P1 claims. The Federal Circuit said exhaustion cannot occur as to unrelated patent claims. The court added that the content providers had not shown that the licensed P1 claims embodied substantially the same invention as the P2 patent claims under which the content providers were sued, so that the doctrine of the Univis and Quanta cases did not apply to expand the scope of the exhaustion.
There is another possible way to analyze cases of this type, but the parties did not raise it and the court did not address it. That would be to make an equitable estoppel analysis as to whether smartphone purchasers had reasonable expectations at the time of purchase and whether the result reached in the case unfairly and substantially derogated from the rights the purchasers expected to enjoy, as a result of conduct by the plaintiff. That is an approach similar to one of those that the House of Lords considered in the British Leyland case.
Comparable doctrines outside U.S.
Other countries recognize legal doctrines comparable to the exhaustion doctrine of U.S. patent law.
Canada
In Eli Lilly and Co. v. Apotex Inc., the Supreme Court of Canada adopted the principle that sale of a patented article exhausts the patentee's right in that article. In the Eli Lilly case the Supreme Court also took the position that subsequent purchasers are not bound by any contractual limitations imposed by the patentee, unless they are brought to their attention at the time of sale: "restrictive conditions imposed by a patentee on a purchaser or licensee do not run with the goods unless they are brought to the attention of the purchaser at the time of their acquisition." This principle appears to differ somewhat from U.S. patent law, in which bringing the restriction to the attention of the purchaser is generally immaterial.
Germany
Approximately 60 percent of European patent litigation is in German courts. German law has long recognized the exhaustion doctrine. In the Fullplastverfahren case, the German Federal Supreme Court stated:
The doctrine finds its justification in the argument that the holder of the rights who puts into circulation the product produced under the application of the protected procedure has had the opportunity to avail himself of the advantages granted by the patent.
A commentator asserts that the decision of the German Federal Supreme Court in the Brochure Rock case would require a contrary result as to the fact pattern of the U.S. Quanta case (discussed above). The sale of the chips would not exhaust the patent rights to the computer systems containing the chips, so that LG in that case would have been entitled to a further royalty payment from Quanta despite LG's license to the chip manufacturer Intel.
A recent decision of the Düsseldorf District Court, however, perhaps points to greater similarity between German and U.S.; patent law. The case had facts almost identical to those of the Quanta case. The court held that the sale of the component did not exhaust the patent rights on the system because, among other things, the components sold by the suppliers did not make use of the teachings of the system patent.
As for using the doctrine of the U.S. Quanta case, the Düsseldorf District Court stated that the rationale for such an "extended exhaustion doctrine" could only be to prevent the patent owner from enjoying the advantages of the patent more than once, that is, "double dipping" or "double charging." The court said that such a danger of double charging at different stages of the distribution chain and, thus, a rationale for an "extended exhaustion doctrine," might exist if, in one and the same patent, there is a claim to the overall device and a claim to an individual component of the overall device. That was not the case here.
A second basis for an "extended exhaustion doctrine" might exist if the overall device and its individual components are protected by different patents (as here), but only when the inventive concept of the two patents is the same and is substantially embodied in the component. But that was not true here, as it was in the Quanta case. This is the point of possible similarity to Quanta, but it is entirely in the form of obiter dicta,
The court ruled that the fact that the component had no reasonable use except in making the patented system (which was so in the Quanta case) did not matter, because that raised an implied license issue rather than an exhaustion issue. The component manufacturer's license expressly disclaimed any such implied license as to the system (as in the Quanta case).
References
^ The term "exhaustion doctrine" is used in patent cases. The term "first sale doctrine" is used in copyright cases. Compare Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc. (patent) with Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (copyright).
^ See, e.g., Aro Mfg. Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co., 377 U.S. 476 (1964); Aro Mfg. Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co., 365 U.S. 336 (1961); Morgan Envelope Co. v. Albany Perforated Wrapping Paper Co., 152 U.S. 425 (1894); Cotton-Tie Co. v. Simmons, 106 U.S. 89 (1882). See also Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther, 377 U.S. 422 (1964) (purchaser may modify article to improve or alter functionality).
^ See Adams v. Burke, 84 U.S. (17 Wall.) 453 (1873).
^ 35 U.S.C. § 271(a)(2006).
^ U.S. Const., art. I, § 8, cl. 8
^ William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner, The Economic Structure of Intellectual Property Law 294 (2003).
^ See, e.g., Keeler v. Standard Folding Bed Co., 157 U.S. 659, 666-67 (1895) ("The conclusion reached does not deprive a patentee of his just rights, because no article can be unfettered from the claim of his monopoly without paying its tribute. The inconvenience and annoyance to the public that an opposite conclusion would occasion are too obvious to require illustration.").
^ United States v. Univis Lens Co., 316 U.S. 241, 251 (1942).
^ Exhaustion occurs also when a product is given away. Lifescan Scotland, Ltd. v. Shasta Technologies, 734 F.3d 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2013).
^ 84 U.S. (17 Wall.) 453 (1873). The Adams decision referred to earlier 19th century decisions whose language supported the proposition, but in slightly different contexts. In Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., a 2013 copyright decision, the Supreme Court termed the exhaustion principle "a common-law doctrine with an impeccable historic pedigree," and cited 15th and 17th century exhaustion precedents.
^ United States v. Univis Lens Co., 316 U.S. at 249.
^ See, e.g., United States v. Univis Lens Co., 316 U.S. 241 (1942) (sale of incomplete lens blank embodying essential features of invention exhausts patent rights in finished, patented lens); Ethyl Gasoline Corp. v. United States, 309 U.S. 436 (1940) (sale of fuel additive exhausts patent rights in fuel).
^ See, e.g., General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Elec. Co., 304 U.S. 175, 179 (1937) (license limited to making and selling in "noncommercial" field held effective).
^ See, e.g., Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc., 553 U.S. 617 (2008) (holding "downstream" restraint legally ineffective).; Mallinckrodt, Inc. v. Medipart, Inc., 976 F.2d 700 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (permitting post-sale restraint).
^ See, e.g., United States v. Univis Lens Co., 316 U.S. 241 (1942); Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc., 553 U.S. 617, 631-32 (2008).
^ See, e.g., id. at 635-37 (first considering whether exhaustion applies, then separately analyzing whether the sale actually triggered exhaustion).
^ Univis, 316 U.S. at 249.
^ Quanta, 553 U.S. at 631-32.
^ Id. at 632-33.
^ Under present U.S. patent law it is possible to obtain a patent on a superset of elements simply because a subset within it is patentable. See Richard H. Stern, Quanta Computer Inc v LGE Electronics Inc—Comments on the Reaffirmance of the Exhaustion Doctrine in the United States, Eur. Intell. Prop. Rev. 527, 529-30. See also Exhausted combination doctrine.
^ Technically, the terms "restrict" and "violate" are inappropriate in the context of such field-of-use limitations pursuant to the General Talking Pictures doctrine, because the Supreme Court has held that the presence of a field-of-use limitation does not imply a promise not to exceed the field limitation without a further, special promise to that effect. Automatic Radio Co. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc., 339 U.S. 827, 836 (1950) ("This limited license for 'home' use production contains neither an express nor implied agreement to refrain from production for 'commercial' or any other use as part consideration for the license grant.").
^ General Talking Pictures, 304 U.S, 175, 181 ("The Transformer Company could not convey to petitioner what both knew it was not authorized to sell.").
^ See, e.g., General Talking Pictures.
^ See, e.g., General Talking Pictures, 304 U.S. at 181-82 ("The Transformer Company could not convey to petitioner what both knew it was not authorized to sell. By knowingly making the sales to petitioner outside the scope of its license, the Transformer Company infringed the patents embodied in the amplifiers.") (citations omitted).
^ Compare Mallinckrodt, Inc. v. Medipart, Inc. with Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc. A case in now pending before the Federal Circuit, to be reargued en banc, in which the court directed the parties to brief and argue the issue whether Quanta overruled Mallinckrodt. Lexmark Int'l, Inc. v. Impression Prods., Inc. Archived 2015-05-07 at the Library of Congress Web Archives, Nos. 2014-1617 and 1619, Order of Apr. 15, 2015.
^ Quanta, 553 U.S. at 637. This point is discussed in Richard H. Stern, Quanta Computer Inc v LGE Electronics Inc — Comments on the Reaffirmance of the Exhaustion Doctrine in the United States, Eur. Intell. Prop. Rev. 527 Archived 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Machine.
^ See, e.g., Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc., 553 U.S. 617 (2008).
^ 976 F.2d 700, 708 (Fed. Cir. 1992).
^ United States v. General Electric Co., 272 U.S. 476 (1926).
^ Id. at 708.
^ Steven Seidenberg, Patent Predicament Archived 2012-07-22 at the Wayback Machine, Sept. 2008.
^ See Static Control Components, Inc. v. Lexmark Int'l, Inc., 615 F. Supp. 2d 586 (E.D. Ky. 2009); accord Egrowerx Int'l, LLC v. Maxell Corp., 18 F. Supp. 3d 430 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (" majority of commentators have adopted the view that Quanta overturned the conditional sales doctrine.").
^ Id. at 585.
^ Id.
^ Id. at 584.
^ See Vincent Chiapetta, Patent Exhaustion: What's It Good For?, 51 Santa Clara L. Rev. 1087, 1089 (2011) (stating that some view Quanta as holding that the exhaustion doctrine "absolutely prohibits patent enforcement of post-sale conditions. Others view the decision as a cautionary tale, with exhaustion operating as a default contract term placing the burden on patent owners (and their lawyers) to incorporate any waiver explicitly into the sale agreement. Many practitioners and scholars, myself included, are not sure what the correct interpretation may be.").
^ Actually, Lexmark could not have complied with the General Talking Pictures doctrine because it was not imposing a limitation on the field in which a manufacturer-licensee of Lexmark could operate, which is all that the doctrine addresses. Instead, Lexmark imposed a restriction on what its own customers might do with the product that Lexmark sold them.
^ See supra note _.
^ There are many earlier cases, however, holding that a U.S. patentee can trigger domestic exhaustion by making or authorizing a foreign sale. E.g., Dickerson v. Matheson, 57 F. 524, 527 (2d Cir. 1893) ("A purchaser in a foreign country, of an article patented in that country and also in the United States, from the owner of each patent, or from a licensee under each patent, who purchases without any restrictions upon the extent of his use or power of sale, acquires an unrestricted ownership in the article, and can use or sell it in this country."); accord Curtiss Aeroplane & Motor Corp. v. United Aircraft Eng'g Corp., 266 F. 71, 77 (2d Cir. 1920); Seiko v. Refac Tech. Dev. Corp., 690 F. Supp. 1339, 1342 (S.D.N.Y. 1988); Holiday v. Mattheson, 24 F. 185 (S.D.N.Y. 1885).
^ 133 U.S. 697 (1890).
^ See, e.g., Griffin v. Keystone Mushroom Farm, Inc., 453 F. Supp. 1283, 1285 (E.D. Pa. 1978) ("The sale or use of each machine in both countries represents potentially two separate torts against the plaintiff and infringes potentially on two separate sets of rights held by him .... The non-tortiousness of defendant's conduct in Italy cannot enter into an adjudication of the plaintiffs rights in this country.").
^ See, e.g., Jazz Photo Corp. v. ITC, 264 F.3d 1094 (Fed. Cir. 2001). See also Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. v. Jazz Photo Corp., 394 F.3d 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (in response to Jazz's argument that Fuji had already been adequately rewarded by its earnings on its sale of the product in Japan, the Federal Circuit said: "The patentee's authorization of an international first sale does not affect exhaustion of that patentee's rights in the United States. ...Moreover, Fuji's foreign sales can never occur under a United States patent because the United States patent system does not provide for extraterritorial effect.");accord Minebea Co., Ltd. v. Papst, 444 F. Supp. 2d 68, 140-41 (D.D.C. 2006).
^ Hecht, the German seller, had the right to make and sell the patented burners in Germany because under German law one "who, at the time of the patentee's application, ha already commenced to make use of the invention in the country..." had the right to continue selling the product despite the subsequent issuance of a German patent to Boesch. Boesch, 133 U.S. at 701.
^ This "double dipping" point is the basis of the current Japanese position on international exhaustion. In BBS Kraftfahrzeugtechnik AG v. Rashimekkusu Japan Co. Ltd. and JAP Auto Prod. Co., Ltd. (Sup. Ct. Japan July 1, 1997) (translated in 29 Int'l. Rev. Indus Prop & Copy. 331), the Japanese Supreme Court held that an overseas sale of hubcaps exhausted the seller's Japanese patent rights in Japan. BBS, a German manufacturer of aluminum hubcaps and the owner of the hubcap patent rights in both Germany and Japan, sold the hubcaps in Germany. Jap Auto Products and Raximex, Japanese companies, purchased the products in Germany and then imported them into Japan. The intermediate appellate patent court (Tokyo High Court) said, in reference to "double dipping":
he opportunity of the patent holder to receive compensation for the disclosure of the invention is limited to one opportunity. ...t does not make any particular difference whether the putting into circulation takes place within the country or abroad. For the mere fact that national borders are crossed does not constitute a sound reason why a second opportunity for compensation for the disclosure of the invention should be allowed." Jap Auto Products Kabushiki Kaisha and Another v. BBS Kraftfahrzeugtechnik AG; BBS v. Rashimex Japan Co. et al., Hanrei Jiho 3 (No. 1524) (March 23, 1995), reproduced in 27 IIC 550 (1996) - BBS Wheels H and 21 AIPPI (Japanese Gr. Journal) 36 (1/1996).
^ See, e.g., 35 U.S.C. § 271(f) and (g); Honeywell, Inc. v. Metz Aparatewerkex, 509 F.2d 1137, 1141 (7th Cir. 1975) ("although the patent laws of the United States do not have extra-territorial effect, 'active inducement' may be found in events outside the United States if they result in a direct infringement here."); Akzona Inc. v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 662 F. Supp. 603, 613 (D. Del. 1987) ("inducing activity may take place outside of the United States, so long as the direct infringement occurs within the United States").
^ See John A. Rothchild, Exhausting Extraterritoriality, 51 Santa Clara L. Rev. 1187, 1238-39 (2011).
^ Supra note _.
^ 133 S. Ct. 1351 (2013).
^ International patent exhaustion in Europe is discussed in Christopher Stothers, Patent Exhaustion: the UK perspective, 16th Annual Conference on Intellectual Property Law and Policy, Fordham University School of Law, 27 March 2008 Archived 2015-04-27 at the Wayback Machine. In the EU, member states recognize international exhaustion on a regional basis: a product first sold in an EU member state will exhaust the patent owner's rights in all other EU member states; but a sale in a non-EU country will not exhaust rights in any EU country. See Centrafarm BV v. Sterling Drug Inc, Case 15/74, 1974 E.C.R. 1147 ("bstacles to free movement may. be justifiable for reasons of
protection of industrial property when the protection is invoked against a product coming from a Member State in which it is not patentable and has been manufactured by third parties without the consent of the patentee or where the original patentees are legally and economically independent of-each other; the derogation to the principle of free movement of goods is not justified when the product has been lawfully put by the patentee himself or with his consent, on the market of the Member State from which it is being imported, e.g. in the case of a holder of parallel patents.").
^ Id. at 96. See also T. Syddall, Parallel Imports get Go-Ahead in New Zealand, MANAGING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (Oct. 1998).
^ TRIPS: Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, Apr. 15, 1994, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1C, THE LEGAL TEXTS: THE RESULTS OF THE URUGUAY ROUND OF MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS 320 (1999), 1869 U.N.T.S. 299, 33 I.L.M. 1197 (1994), at Art. 6.
^ WIPO Committee on Development and Intellectual Property (CDIP), Patent Related Flexibilities in the Multilateral Legal Framework and Their Legislative Implementation at the National and Regional Levels, (5th Sess.), CDIP/5/4 (Mar. 1, 2010).
^ According to the WIPO report, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, China, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Jordan, Kenya, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Paraguay, Philippines (for drugs and medicines), Singapore (with the exception of pharmaceutical products under certain conditions), South Africa, Uruguay, and Vietnam have statutory international exhaustion provisions. Id., ¶58 and Annex II(2). The Andean Community, like the EU, has exhaustion within the community. Id., Annex II(2). National exhaustion, however, obtains in "Ghana, Liberia, Madagascar, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Tunisia, Uganda, and a certain number of Asian countries, such as the Philippines." Marco Aleman, Paper delivered at WIPO Regional Seminar on the Effective Implementation and Use of Several Patent-Related Flexibilities, Patent Exhaustion (2011). See also Marco Aleman, Regional Seminar on the Effective Implementation and Use of Several Patent-Related Flexibilities, Topic 14: Exhaustion of Rights, Bangkok (Mar. 29, 2011).
^ Muniauction, Inc. v. Thomson Corp., 532 F. 3d 1318, 1329 (2008) (direct infringement under § 271(a) requires a single party to perform every step of a claimed method); see Limelight Networks, Inc. v. Akamai Technologies, Inc., 134 S. Ct. 2111 (2014) (Court said it was "assuming, but not deciding" that the Federal Circuit's rule requiring that all steps of a method patent be attributable to a single direct infringer was correct).
^ Limelight Networks, Inc. v. Akamai Technologies, Inc., 134 S. Ct. 2111 (2014).
^ Centillion Data Sys. LLC v. Qwest Comm. Int'l Inc., 631 F.3d 1279 (2011). Direct use infringement occurs when a part "put the invention into service, i.e., control the system as a whole and obtain benefit from it," even though different persons operate the different components of the system. Id. at 1284.
^ See Post Limelight v. Akamai, Are Multi-actor Method Patent Claims D.O.A.? (June 3, 2014).
^ 778 F.3d 1293 (Fed. Cir. 2015).
^ Main Br. 11.
^ But see the speech of Lord Bridges in British Leyland Motor Corp. v. Armstrong Patents Co., 1 All ER 850, AC 577 (H.L.), in which he said: "What the owner needs, if his right to repair is to be of value to him, is the freedom to acquire a previously manufactured replacement exhaust system in an unrestricted market." See also the similar US ruling in Aro Mfg. Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co., 365 U.S. 336 (1961). in which the US Supreme Court permitted a spare parts supplier to defend against a charge of patent infringement by asserting the right of automobile purchasers to refurbish their automobiles, a right deriving from the exhaustion doctrine. See Aro Mfg. Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co., 377 U.S. 476, 484 (1964) (citing Univis and Adams v. Burke, 84 U.S. (17 Wall.) 453 (1873). to support the right of repair).
^ Reply Br. 11.
^ British Leyland Motor Corp v Armstrong Patents Co, 1 All ER 850, AC 577 (H.L.).
^ 2 S.C.R. 129.
^ The court said: "If the patentee sells the patented article that he made, he transfers the ownership of that article to the purchaser. This means that, henceforth, the patentee no longer has any right with respect to the article which now belongs to the purchaser who, as the new owner, has the exclusive right to possess, use, enjoy, destroy or alienate it."
^ See the Quanta case, discussed earlier in this article, in which the U.S. Supreme Court held the purported restriction ineffective despite notice.
^ W. von Meibom and M. Meyer Archived 2016-07-01 at the Wayback Machine, Licensing and Patent Exhaustion (Nov. 5, 2008).
^ In 1902 the Reichsgericht held, "The proprietor who has manufactured the product and has put it on the market under this protection which excludes competition from other parties, has enjoyed advantages which the patent confers upon him and has thus exhausted his right." Guajakol Karbont51 RGZ 129 (Mar. 26, 1902).
^ GRUR 1980, 38.
^ GRUR 1997, 116, 117 (English translation published in IIC 1998, 207).
^ See W. von Meibom and M. Meyer Archived 2016-07-01 at the Wayback Machine, Licensing and Patent Exhaustion (Nov. 5, 2008).
^ Decision of Dec. 12, 2013 – Case 4b O 88/12 (Datenübertragungssystem/Data memory system).
External links
Box-wrap patent infringement
Quanta v. LG at scotuswiki.com.
Quanta Computer Inc v LGE Electronics Inc—Comments on the Reaffirmance of the Exhaustion Doctrine in the United States, Eur. Intell. Prop. Rev 527 Archived 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Machine
Oral argument in Federal Circuit en banc hearing on Mallinckrodt and Jazz Photo cases
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First-sale doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-sale_doctrine"},{"link_name":"Exhaustion of remedies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaustion_of_remedies"},{"link_name":"Exhaustion of intellectual property rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaustion_of_intellectual_property_rights"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"},{"link_name":"patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"affirmative defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_defense"},{"link_name":"post-sale restrictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-sale_restraint"},{"link_name":"Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanta_Computer,_Inc._v._LG_Electronics,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about the exhaustion doctrine, under U.S. law, as applied to patents. For the analogous doctrine applicable to copyright and trademark, see First-sale doctrine. For the doctrine requiring litigants to exhaust administrative remedies, see Exhaustion of remedies.See also Exhaustion of intellectual property rights for a general introduction not limited to U.S. law.The exhaustion doctrine, also referred to as the first sale doctrine,[1] is a U.S. common law patent doctrine that limits the extent to which patent holders can control an individual article of a patented product after a so-called authorized sale. Under the doctrine, once an authorized sale of a patented article occurs, the patent holder's exclusive rights to control the use and sale of that article are said to be \"exhausted,\" and the purchaser is free to use or resell that article without further restraint from patent law. However, under the repair and reconstruction doctrine, the patent owner retains the right to exclude purchasers of the articles from making the patented invention anew (i.e., making another article), unless it is specifically authorized by the patentee to do so.[2]Procedurally, the patent exhaustion doctrine operates as an affirmative defense, shielding authorized purchasers from infringement claims concerning the sale or use (including repair and modification) of a patented product after the patent owner authorized its sale.Because only an \"authorized\" sale triggers the doctrine, it may be difficult or at least controversial to determine whether the exhaustion doctrine applies in a particular case: for example, when the patentee purports to restrict or condition the use or resale of the patented article once purchased and in the hands of an end user (post-sale restrictions); or when the patentee licenses another to manufacture and use or sell the patented product only in a particular field. The 2008 Supreme Court decision in Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc., arguably leaves unclear the extent to which patentees can avoid the exhaustion doctrine by means of so-called limited licenses (licenses limited to a specified field of use). Since its development by the courts in the late 19th century,[3] the patent exhaustion doctrine has raised questions regarding the scope of exclusive rights granted by patents and the extent to which a patent owner may extend those rights to control downstream use and sales of patented articles.","title":"Exhaustion doctrine under U.S. law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"first-sale doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-sale_doctrine"},{"link_name":"common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"},{"link_name":"Adams v. Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_v._Burke"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A patent gives the patent owner the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering for sale, or importing into the U.S. the patented invention (i.e., a product embodying the invention) during the term of the patent.[4] The constitutional rationale behind providing these exclusive rights is to \"promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts\"[5] by providing inventors the incentive to invest their time, labor, and funds in researching and developing innovative technology.[6] Providing these protections, however, comes with social costs (monopoly rents) and limits the public's ability to freely alienate patented goods. Thus, public policy dictates that the patent owner's exclusive rights be limited in scope. Generally, when a patent owner receives compensation for the use of his or her invention through sale of a patented product, the purpose of patent law is fulfilled with respect to that product.[7] Upon receiving compensation, the patent owner's rights to exclude others are exhausted and \"the patent law affords no basis for restraining the use and enjoyment of the thing sold.\"[8] Accordingly, a patent owner's voluntary introduction of a patented product into commerce without restriction prevents the patent owner from exercising any claimed right to exclude others from using or reselling the sold product.[9]Unlike the analogous first-sale doctrine in copyright, the patent exhaustion doctrine has not been codified into the patent statute, and is thus still a common law doctrine. It was first explicitly recognized by the Supreme Court in 1873 in Adams v. Burke.[10] In that case, the patentee Adams assigned to another the right to make, use, and sell patented coffin lids only within a ten-mile radius of Boston. Burke (an undertaker), a customer of the assignee, bought the coffin lids from the manufacturer-assignee within the ten-mile radius, but later used (and effectively resold) the patented coffin lids outside of the ten-mile radius, in his trade in the course of burying a person. The patentee Adams sued the undertaker Burke for patent infringement, but the Supreme Court found no infringement liability: Once the coffin lids were lawfully made and sold, \"there is no restriction on their use to be implied for the benefit of the patentee or his assignees or licensees.\" Because the sale was authorized (bought from an authorized seller within the ten-mile radius), the defendant acquired the right to use the coffin lids free from any claim of the patentee, even though he carried it outside the ten-mile radius to use it.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"post-sale restraint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-sale_restraint"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The exhaustion doctrine is triggered only by a sale authorized by the patent holder.[11] Thus, there are circumstances where it may be difficult to determine whether the exhaustion doctrine is triggered, in light of restrictions that the patentee has purported to place on the sale or use of the patented invention. Two general questions arise in these situations: (1) Was the sale authorized by the patentee? This can often be a complex factual question. (2) Regardless of whether authorized by the patentee, are those restrictions valid and recognizable under the law?Generally, these cases involve one or more of the following scenarios: the patent owner: (1) sells one or more components of a multi-component patented product;[12] (2) licenses another to make and sell patented product with certain restrictions on field in which the sale may be made;[13] or (3) sells the article with restrictions directly on the purchasers or end-users (post-sale restraint).[14]","title":"Limitations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"United States v. Univis Lens Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Univis_Lens_Co."},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"method patents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_(patent)"},{"link_name":"LGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Electronics"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Sale of incomplete articles","text":"One scenario in which the exhaustion doctrine may or may not be triggered is when the patent holder sells an incomplete article or precursor or ingredient that does not directly practice or embody the patent in suit. In this situation, exhaustion is triggered by the authorized sale of the incomplete article if: (1) its \"only reasonable and intended use was to practice the patent, and (2) it \"embodies essential features\" of the patented invention.[15] Even if the exhaustion doctrine is applicable to the sale of an incomplete article, however, there is a separate analysis of whether the sale of that article was actually authorized, and therefore whether exhaustion was actually triggered.[16]The applicability of exhaustion to the sale of an incomplete article was recognized by the Supreme Court in 1942 in United States v. Univis Lens Co.. In that case, the patent holder sold lens blanks which had to be ground into finished lenses — the patented invention. The Court held that this sale exhausted the patents on the finished lenses because the lens blanks substantially \"embodi[ed] essential features of the patented device and [were] without utility until . . . ground and polished as the finished lens of the patent.\"[17] The Court noted that the grinding process was standard (conventional) and not central to the patents, indicating further that the lens blanks constituted a material part of the patented invention and all but completely practiced the patent, since only conventional further processing steps were needed to complete the invention.In Quanta, the Supreme Court applied the same test to determine whether exhaustion is triggered by the licensing of a portfolio of product and method patents. In that case, the patent holder (LGE) authorized the licensee (Intel) by cross-license to manufacture and sell microprocessors and chipsets that (unless licensed) would infringe LGE product and method patents, as well as patents on computer systems containing the licensed microprocessors and chipsets. The Court found that, even though these Intel products did not directly practice the system patents, they sufficiently embodied the inventions of those patents, making the exhaustion doctrine applicable. First, the Court found that there was no reasonable use for the Intel products other than incorporating them into a computer system that practiced the LGE system patents.[18] Second, the Intel products embodied essential features of the patented processes because the only necessary step to practice the patents was the addition of such standard computer parts as memories and buses.[19] In addition, there was nothing inventive about the systems other than that they contained the inventive microprocessors and chipsets.[20] Thus, under the Univis test, the Intel products sufficiently embodied the patents, making the exhaustion doctrine applicable.","title":"Limitations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"field-of-use limitations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-of-use_limitation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Talking_Pictures_Corp._v._Western_Electric_Co."},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Limitations on sale","text":"Another scenario in which it may be difficult to determine if the sale of a patented article was authorized, and therefore if exhaustion is triggered, occurs when the patentee grants a license to make and sell with specific limitations on the field in which the seller may operate, such as sales to particular types of customer, specified territories, or other field-of-use limitations. If these limitations (or \"restrictions\") have been imposed, the licensee's sale to a purchaser exhausts only the patentee's rights to restrict use and resale when the restrictions have not been exceeded (\"violated\").[21] The theory is that if Alice owns Blackacre but not Whiteacre, she cannot convey good title to Bob by purporting to sell him Whiteacre. She can sell only what she owns.[22] If the license limitations (\"restrictions\") are exceeded (\"violated\"), then exhaustion cannot occur and therefore is not triggered, and the patentee can successfully sue the licensee and any downstream customers for patent infringement.[23]The Supreme Court in General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co. has specifically upheld the legitimacy of field-of-use limitations in patent licenses to manufacture patented products. A licensee who exceeds (\"violates\") a field-of-use limitation by selling an article outside of the permissible field commits patent infringement. The exhaustion doctrine would provide no protection because the \"violation\" makes the sale \"unauthorized\" for the purposes of the exhaustion doctrine.[24]The field-of-use limitations on sale (those imposed on the licensee in selling the patented articles) are different from post-sale restrictions or limitations (those that purpose to restrict the use or sale of the patented article once purchased and in the hands of an end user). Patentees can avoid the exhaustion doctrine by imposing the former, but it is questionable that patentees can do so through the latter.[25]Limitations on sale must very explicitly bind the licensee or seller. For example, in Quanta, LGE licensed Intel to make products using LGE's patents. The license expressly stated that LGE was not licensing third parties to combine licensed products with any non-Intel products (i.e., microprocessors and chipsets purchased from a third party), and LGE required Intel to notify customers of that. Intel sold products to Quanta, who combined the Intel products with non-Intel products. LGE sued Quanta for patent infringement. The Supreme Court found that the licensing agreement failed to explicitly impose a field-of-use limitation, and therefore found that there were no conditions limiting to whom Intel could sell. The sale was thus \"authorized,\" and exhaustion was triggered. In the Court's words, \"The License Agreement authorized Intel to sell products that practiced the patents. No conditions limited Intel's authority to sell products substantially embodying the patents. . . . Intel's authorized sale to Quanta thus took its products outside the scope of the patent monopoly, and as a result, LGE can no longer assert its patent rights against Quanta.\"[26]Because the contractual documents in the Quanta case were insufficiently explicit, the Court applied the exhaustion doctrine, finding the sale \"authorized\" and unconditional, even though LGE attempted to impose some restrictions on use of the products. Therefore, purchasers of the patented product were free to use them without restrictions that the patentee sought to have imposed on them. The Court found that the licensing agreement did not impose any limitations on whom the licensee could sell to. The Quanta Court did not address, however, whether the restriction in the licensing agreement could be enforced by contract. In fact, the Court pointedly said it was not addressing that issue.","title":"Limitations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"post-sale restrictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-sale_restraint"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Federal Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Mallinckrodt, Inc. v. Medipart, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallinckrodt,_Inc._v._Medipart,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"General Talking Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Talking_Pictures_Corp._v._Western_Electric_Co."},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Post-sale limitations","text":"The most difficult and unsettled area of the law regarding patent exhaustion involves cases in which a patentee purports to impose post-sale restrictions. Post-sale restrictions are those that purport to restrict the use or sale of the patented article once purchased and in the hands of an end user customer, rather than similar limitations on a manufacturer-licensee. Common post-sale restrictions include \"single use only\" and \"refill only with proprietary ink\" notices. Whether violations of such restrictions make a sale \"unauthorized,\" and therefore make patent exhaustion inapplicable, is still unclear or at least controversial.[27]In 1992, the Federal Circuit approved the use of post-sale restrictions in Mallinckrodt, Inc. v. Medipart, Inc.. Specifically, the court held that patent owners could condition the sale of patented goods with a restrictive notice and thereby restrict the disposition of the goods by the purchasers, with the exception of such antitrust law violations as price-fixing and tie-in restrictions, or violations of \"some other law or policy.\"[28] The plaintiff in the case owned a patent on a medical device, which it sold to hospitals with a \"single use only\" notice label. The defendant purchased the used devices from hospitals, refurbished them, and resold them to hospitals. The Federal Circuit held that the single-use restriction was enforceable in accordance with the 1926 General Electric case,[29] because the restriction was \"reasonably within the patent grant. . . .\"[30]The Supreme Court did not discuss the Mallinckrodt case in Quanta. As one commentator noted: \"The Supreme Court, in Quanta, was widely expected to rule on whether Mallinckrodt was good law. But the Court sidestepped the issue by narrowly interpreting the license agreement so that it was not a conditional license. . . . Because the Supreme Court sidestepped the issue, it remains unclear to what extent a patentee can use a conditional license to impose restrictions on downstream purchasers.\"[31]At least two district courts have concluded that Mallinckrodt is no longer good law after Quanta.[32] In Static Control Components, Inc. v. Lexmark Int'l, Inc., the court concluded that the Supreme Court's Quanta decision implicitly overruled Mallinckrodt. At issue in Static Control was Lexmark's so called \"prebate\" program, in which customers could buy cartridges that were subject to a single use for a 20 percent discounted price. In its original order, before Quanta was decided, the court rejected Static Control's argument that Lexmark's patent rights were exhausted as a result of the authorized sale of the cartridges. Relying heavily on Mallinckrodt, the court found that the sales were valid post-sale restrictions that avoided exhaustion. After Quanta was decided, however, the court reversed its original order and concluded that Lexmark's single use restriction was not enforceable under patent law because the court was \"persuaded that Quanta overruled Mallinckrodt sub silentio.\"[33] The court explained, \"The Supreme Court's broad statement of the law of patent exhaustion simply cannot be squared with the position that the Quanta holding is limited to its specific facts. Further, the Federal Circuit relied in part on Mallinckrodt in reaching its decision in LG Electronics, Inc. v. Bizcom Electronics, Inc., 453 F.3d 1364, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2006), the decision the Supreme Court reversed in Quanta. It is also worth noting that the Quanta decision did not mention a single Federal Circuit case.\"[34]The district court's conclusion, however, that Quanta overruled Mallinckrodt reflects the ambiguity in Quanta itself. The Static Control court noted that \"[s]ales of Lexmark Prebate cartridges were unconditional\" because \"[n]o potential buyer was required to agree to abide by the Prebate terms before purchasing a cartridge. Thus, sales of Lexmark's Prebate toner cartridges were authorized and unconditional, just like sales of LGE's patented products in Quanta.\"[35]Therefore, both Quanta and Static Control can be seen as either cautionary tales[36] about failed attempts to comply with the General Talking Pictures doctrine[37] or to explicitly condition sales, without need to rule on whether the post-sale restrictions were valid, or as overruling Mallinckrodt's approval of post-sale restrictions. Which interpretation is correct remains to be seen. The Federal Circuit's decision in the en banc reargument of Lexmark Int'l v. Impression Prods. should provide a more definitive answer, subject of course to possible further review in the Supreme Court.[38]","title":"Limitations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtsaeng_v._John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Coke's Institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Lawes_of_England"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"An emerging issue is whether U.S. patent exhaustion is international or strictly national. Until recently, or at least since the formation of the Federal Circuit in 1982 until recently,[39] most U.S. courts simply assumed that a sale outside the United States, even if made by the U.S. patent owner or its parent, subsidiary, or affiliate, or by the U.S. patent owner's licensee, did not trigger the exhaustion doctrine within the United States. Usually, the basis for the assumption was (1) the Supreme Court allegedly so held in Boesch v. Graff;[40] (2) a foreign patent is a different property right that is not the same as a corresponding U.S. patent because foreign patent law is different from U.S. patent law and gives different scope to such a foreign patent;[41] and (3) many cases hold that U.S. patent law has no \"extraterritorial\" application.[42]None of these points is on firm, sound ground. In the Boesch case, a seller entirely unrelated to the U.S. patent owner made the sale in Germany; the German seller had a right to sell the product under German law because it had begun preparation to manufacture the product before the U.S. patent owner applied for its German patent.[43] The U.S. company (the patentee) had no complicity in the sale and did not profit from it, and could not possibly be accused of \"double dipping.\"[44] This is quite unlike the usual U.S. situation, such as that in the Lexmark and Jazz cases, in which the U.S. patent owner was responsible for the foreign sale, and therefore profited from it. The Boesch case is therefore not a proper precedent to support the general international exhaustion situation.Whether foreign patents are comparable to U.S. patents is a factual issue that may differ from case to case, or nation to nation, and cannot be assumed one way or the other. Furthermore, 35 U.S.C. § 119(a), the U.S. patent statute governing when a U.S. patent can be based on a filing of a foreign patent application, provides that the U.S. patent and the corresponding foreign patent must be \"for the same invention.\" Therefore, there may be far more similarity than the cases assume.Finally, the statement that U.S. patent law is without extraterritorial application occurs universally in cases holding that liability for patent infringement under U.S. law should not be based on acts and conduct occurring outside the United States. And even that generality is suspect, for sometimes patent infringement liability in the United States is based on conduct outside the United States.[45] Applying exhaustion on an international basis does not regulate acts and conduct performed outside the United States; it defines infringement remedies against importation into and sale in the United States on the basis of acts and conduct performed outside the United States.[46]The point is now pending decision in the Federal Circuit, because that court has ordered en banc rehearing on that issue in the Lexmark case.[47] The reason that the issue has come to the fore is that the Supreme Court, in its recent copyright decision in Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,[48] held that a foreign sale authorized by the copyright owners exhausts U.S. copyright. The Supreme Court rested its decision mainly on common-law authority, quoting extensively from Coke's Institutes (Coke on Littleton), and saying that this stated the general rule from which any exception must be proved. Some have thought, therefore, that the same principle applies at least as forcefully in patent law as in copyright law, so that patent exhaustion should be international just as copyright exhaustion is.In Europe[49] and Japan, a regime of absolute or modified international exhaustion of patent rights is followed. Australia,[citation needed] New Zealand, and Norway also adopt international patent exhaustion.[50]The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) explicitly leaves to each member state the freedom to address exhaustion of intellectual property.[51] A World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) report[52] in 2010 provides a listing of various countries' statutory provisions on international exhaustion.[53]","title":"International exhaustion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fact pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fact_pattern"},{"link_name":"set-top box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-top_box"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"text":"Another emerging issue under the exhaustion doctrine is what persons may assert the exhaustion doctrine as a defense to a claim of patent infringement. In most of the exhaustion cases discussed earlier in this article, the facts of the case follow what may be termed a \"straight line\" pattern: A patentee A (or its licensee) makes and sells a product a covered by patent P1 to customer C. C then does something with a that A has ordered (by some sort of agreement or putative agreement) C not to do. A patent infringement suit, A v. C, follows. Diagrammatically, this fact pattern may be represented as:A → a (P1) → C \n\nwhere a(P1) means that patent P1 covers product a and the → indicates a saleNew information-technology inventions can lead to exhaustion suits following a different fact pattern, because of peculiarities of information technology and present U.S. patent law. An information-technology invention may involve several aspects each of which has a separate stakeholder. For example, a smartphone, TV set, or set-top box may be economically important to both equipment manufacturers and content providers, as well as the end user public (i.e., consumers). A license or sale to one stakeholder may or may not trigger the exhaustion doctrine with respect to conduct by another stakeholder, perhaps depending on how relevant business transactions are structured.Under present U.S. patent law, a method claim of a patent is infringed only when a single actor performs each step of the claim.[54] Similarly, induced infringement of a method claim has the same requirement.[55] System claims raise more complicated issues. One can make the system only by placing each element into combination with the others, but it is possible to be liable for using a system invention merely by commercially exploiting the system.[56] Therefore, when both the relevant equipment manufacturer and content provider utilize aspects of the invention in a method claim, whether infringement liability attaches to them may depend on both how the relevant claim is written and how licenses or sales are structured. This is illustrated in pending smartphone litigation, in which structure dictated the legal outcome.[57]In Helferich Patent Licensing, LLC v. New York Times Co.,[58] the Federal Circuit overturned a district court's summary dismissal on exhaustion grounds of a patent infringement suit against content providers. The invention concerns methods and systems for alerting smartphone users to content that may be of interest to them, for example, breaking news stories. The way the invention works is along these lines: A content provider such as the New York Times sends a text message to its online subscribers' smartphones. The message might consist of a headline and the lead to a story, together with a hyperlink to the story as stored in the online database of the New York Times. A subscriber interested in reading the story clicks on the link and thus causes the browser for the smartphone to retrieve and display the story.The way the claims were drafted is very important to the outcome. There are two relevant types of claim, One set considers only smartphone manufacturers, and the claims describe only acts performed in the smartphone (receiving signals, clicking on hyperlinks, etc.). The other set of claims considers only acts that the content providers perform (sending the text message alert, storing the news story, sending it out over the Internet in response to a hyperlink click, etc.). Thus, it is possible to infringe one set of these single-actor claims without infringing the other.The patentee licensed substantially all smartphone manufacturers in the United States under the first set of patents. It then sought to license content providers. When some content providers, including the New York Times, refused to take licenses under the second set of patents, claiming that under the exhaustion doctrine they needed no licenses, the patentee sued them. Instead of the \"straight line\" fact pattern described above for prior exhaustion cases, this case has a different, bi-directional pattern. Diagrammatically, the fact pattern of this type of case is as follows:P → lic (P1) → A, a \n\nPatentee P licenses manufacturer A under patent P1 (the smartphone patents) to make smartphones a embodying the patented invention. A then sells smartphones a to consumers C.\n A → a (P1) → C ← i (P2) ← B \n\nContent provider B sends news alerts and content i to consumers C, thus practicing the method claimed in patent P2 (the content provider patents).On appeal from the district court's summary judgment ruling, the Federal Circuit held that the structure of the patent licensing arrangement avoided the exhaustion doctrine. The court ruled that the exhaustion doctrine may be asserted only by an \"authorized acquirer\" — one who purchases the patented article from the patentee or its authorized seller. The court further explained this, using slightly different terminology:[It is a] core notion that exhaustion lifts legal restrictions on an authorized acquirer. The doctrine has never applied unless, at a minimum, the patentee's allegations of infringement . . . entail infringement of the asserted claims by authorized acquirers . . . Here, as noted, that is not so, because infringement of the content claims has not been . . . shown to require that [the authorized] handset acquirers are practicing those claims.As the patentee put it in its brief, and the court accepted, \"the exhaustion doctrine protects only the ability of a purchaser (or other lawful possessor) of an article to use and sell the article.\"[59] The content providers were not parties to the transaction that triggered whatever exhaustion there was — that transaction was the sale of smartphones by manufacturers to consumers. The exhaustion doctrine exists to protect the interests of purchasers, not third parties.[60] The patentee told the Federal Circuit, and it apparently agreed, that the exhaustion doctrine does not immunize the conduct of the content providers, \"regardless of the effect on the amount of licensed content available to their subscribers' handsets.\"[61]Moreover, the patent claims licensed to the manufacturers (the P1 of the diagram above) are not infringed by the conduct of the content providers accused of infringement. Their conduct infringes the P2 patent claims that were not licensed to the manufacturers. The only sale in the case was by the licensed smartphone manufacturers to the consumer end users, and that sale exhausted only the P1 claims. The Federal Circuit said exhaustion cannot occur as to unrelated patent claims. The court added that the content providers had not shown that the licensed P1 claims embodied substantially the same invention as the P2 patent claims under which the content providers were sued, so that the doctrine of the Univis and Quanta cases did not apply to expand the scope of the exhaustion.There is another possible way to analyze cases of this type, but the parties did not raise it and the court did not address it. That would be to make an equitable estoppel analysis as to whether smartphone purchasers had reasonable expectations at the time of purchase and whether the result reached in the case unfairly and substantially derogated from the rights the purchasers expected to enjoy, as a result of conduct by the plaintiff. That is an approach similar to one of those that the House of Lords considered in the British Leyland case.[62]","title":"Standing or right to assert exhaustion"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Other countries recognize legal doctrines comparable to the exhaustion doctrine of U.S. patent law.","title":"Comparable doctrines outside U.S."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"In Eli Lilly and Co. v. Apotex Inc.,[63] the Supreme Court of Canada adopted the principle that sale of a patented article exhausts the patentee's right in that article.[64] In the Eli Lilly case the Supreme Court also took the position that subsequent purchasers are not bound by any contractual limitations imposed by the patentee, unless they are brought to their attention at the time of sale: \"restrictive conditions imposed by a patentee on a purchaser or licensee do not run with the goods unless they are brought to the attention of the [subsequent] purchaser at the time of their acquisition.\" This principle appears to differ somewhat from U.S. patent law, in which bringing the restriction to the attention of the purchaser is generally immaterial.[65]","title":"Comparable doctrines outside U.S."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"Approximately 60 percent of European patent litigation is in German courts.[66] German law has long recognized the exhaustion doctrine.[67] In the Fullplastverfahren case, the German Federal Supreme Court stated:The doctrine [of exhaustion] finds its justification in the argument that the holder of the rights who puts into circulation the product produced under the application of the protected procedure has had the opportunity to avail himself of the advantages granted by the patent.[68]A commentator asserts that the decision of the German Federal Supreme Court in the Brochure Rock case[69] would require a contrary result as to the fact pattern of the U.S. Quanta case (discussed above). The sale of the chips would not exhaust the patent rights to the computer systems containing the chips, so that LG in that case would have been entitled to a further royalty payment from Quanta despite LG's license to the chip manufacturer Intel.[70]A recent decision of the Düsseldorf District Court,[71] however, perhaps points to greater similarity between German and U.S.; patent law. The case had facts almost identical to those of the Quanta case. The court held that the sale of the component did not exhaust the patent rights on the system because, among other things, the components sold by the suppliers did not make use of the teachings of the system patent.As for using the doctrine of the U.S. Quanta case, the Düsseldorf District Court stated that the rationale for such an \"extended exhaustion doctrine\" could only be to prevent the patent owner from enjoying the advantages of the patent more than once, that is, \"double dipping\" or \"double charging.\" The court said that such a danger of double charging at different stages of the distribution chain and, thus, a rationale for an \"extended exhaustion doctrine,\" might exist if, in one and the same patent, there is a claim to the overall device and a claim to an individual component of the overall device. That was not the case here.A second basis for an \"extended exhaustion doctrine\" might exist if the overall device and its individual components are protected by different patents (as here), but only when the inventive concept of the two patents is the same and is substantially embodied in the component. But that was not true here, as it was in the Quanta case. This is the point of possible similarity to Quanta, but it is entirely in the form of obiter dicta,The court ruled that the fact that the component had no reasonable use except in making the patented system (which was so in the Quanta case) did not matter, because that raised an implied license issue rather than an exhaustion issue. The component manufacturer's license expressly disclaimed any such implied license as to the system (as in the Quanta case).","title":"Comparable doctrines outside U.S."}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/images/stories/opinions-orders/14-1617enbanc.pdf","external_links_name":"Lexmark Int'l, Inc. v. Impression Prods., Inc."},{"Link":"http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150507030828/http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/images/stories/opinions-orders/14-1617enbanc.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://docs.law.gwu.edu/facweb/claw/EIPR'Quanta.pdf","external_links_name":"Quanta Computer Inc v LGE Electronics Inc — Comments on the Reaffirmance of the Exhaustion Doctrine in the United States, [2008] Eur. Intell. Prop. Rev. 527"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090327090258/http://docs.law.gwu.edu/facweb/claw/EIPR%27Quanta.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.insidecounsel.com/2008/09/01/patent-predicament-","external_links_name":"Patent Predicament"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120722165618/http://www.insidecounsel.com/2008/09/01/patent-predicament-","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://fordhamipconference.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Christopher-Sothers-Patent-Exhaustion.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150427111423/http://fordhamipconference.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Christopher-Sothers-Patent-Exhaustion.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/patent_policy/en/wipo_ip_bkk_11/wipo_ip_bkk_11_ref_topic14.pdf","external_links_name":"Regional Seminar on the Effective Implementation and Use of Several Patent-Related Flexibilities"},{"Link":"http://www.dorsey.com/eu-post-limelight-akamai-multi-actor-patent-claims/","external_links_name":"Post Limelight v. Akamai, Are Multi-actor Method Patent Claims D.O.A.?"},{"Link":"http://www.twobirds.com/en/news/articles/2008/licensing--andpatent-exhaustion","external_links_name":"W. von Meibom and M. Meyer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160701092140/http://www.twobirds.com/en/news/articles/2008/licensing--andpatent-exhaustion","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.twobirds.com/en/news/articles/2008/licensing--andpatent-exhaustion","external_links_name":"W. von Meibom and M. Meyer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160701092140/http://www.twobirds.com/en/news/articles/2008/licensing--andpatent-exhaustion","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050911133427/http://www.corante.com/copyfight/archives/2005/09/02/the_latest_ip_crime_boxwrap_patent_infringement.php","external_links_name":"Box-wrap patent infringement"},{"Link":"http://scotuswiki.com/index.php?title=Quanta_v._LG","external_links_name":"Quanta v. LG"},{"Link":"http://docs.law.gwu.edu/facweb/claw/EIPR'Quanta.pdf","external_links_name":"Quanta Computer Inc v LGE Electronics Inc—Comments on the Reaffirmance of the Exhaustion Doctrine in the United States, [2008] Eur. Intell. Prop. Rev 527"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090327090258/http://docs.law.gwu.edu/facweb/claw/EIPR%27Quanta.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.717madisonplace.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2014-1617_1022015.mp3","external_links_name":"Oral argument"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISNS
|
Internet Storage Name Service
|
["1 Features","2 Components","3 Services","3.1 Name registration and storage resource discovery","3.2 Discovery domains and login control","3.3 State-change notification","3.4 Bidirectional mappings between Fibre Channel and iSCSI devices","4 References","5 External links"]
|
"ISNS" redirects here. For International school in Shenzhen, China, see International School of Nanshan Shenzhen.
In computing, the proposed Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS) protocol allows automated discovery, management and configuration of iSCSI and Fibre Channel devices (using iFCP gateways) on a TCP/IP network.
Features
iSNS provides management services similar to those found in Fibre Channel networks, allowing a standard IP network to operate in much the same way that a Fibre Channel storage area network does. Because iSNS is able to emulate Fibre Channel fabric services and manage both iSCSI and Fibre Channel devices, an iSNS server can be used as a consolidated configuration point for an entire storage network. However, the use of iSNS is optional for iSCSI while it is required for iFCP. Additionally, an iSNS implementation is not required by the standard to provide support for both of these protocols.
Components
The iSNS standard defines four components:
The iSNS Protocol
iSNSP is a protocol that specifies how iSNS clients and servers communicate. It is intended to be used by various platforms, including switches and targets as well as server hosts.
iSNS Clients
iSNS clients are part of iSNSP aware storage devices. iSNS clients initiate transactions with iSNS servers using the iSNSP, register device attribute information in a common Discovery Domain (DD), download information about other registered clients and receive asynchronous notification of events that occur in their DD(s).
iSNS Servers
iSNS servers respond to iSNS protocol queries and requests made by iSNS clients using the iSNSP. iSNS servers initiate iSNSP State Change Notifications and store properly authenticated information submitted by a registration request in an iSNS database.
iSNS Databases
iSNS databases are the information repositories for iSNS server(s). They maintain information about iSNS client attributes; while implementations will vary, a directory-enabled implementation of iSNS, for example, might store client attributes in an LDAP directory.
Services
An iSNS implementation provides four primary services:
Name registration and storage resource discovery
Discovery domains and login control
State-change notification
Bidirectional mappings between Fibre Channel and iSCSI devices
Name registration and storage resource discovery
iSNS implementations allow all entities in a storage network to register and query an iSNS database. Both targets and initiators can register with the iSNS database, and each entity can inquire about other initiators and targets. For example, a client initiator can obtain information about target devices from an iSNS server.
Discovery domains and login control
Administrators can use the discovery domains to divide storage nodes into manageable, non-exclusive groups. By grouping storage nodes, administrators are able to limit the login process of each host to the most appropriate subset of targets registered with the iSNS, which allows the storage network to scale by reducing the number of unnecessary logins and by limiting the amount of time each host spends establishing login relationships.
Each target is able to use login control to delegate their access control and authorization policies to an iSNS server. Such delegation is intended to promote centralized management.
State-change notification
The state-change notification (SCN) service allows an iSNS server to issue notifications about each event that affects storage nodes on the managed network. Each iSNS client may register for notifications on behalf of its storage nodes, and each client is expected to respond according to its own requirements and implementation.
Bidirectional mappings between Fibre Channel and iSCSI devices
Because the iSNS database stores naming and discovery information about both Fibre Channel and iSCSI devices, iSNS servers are able to store mappings of Fibre Channel devices to proxy iSCSI device images on the IP network. These mappings may also be made in the opposite direction, allowing iSNS servers to store mappings from iSCSI devices to proxy World Wide Names (WWNs).
References
^ Tseng, J.; Gibbons, K.; Travostino, F.; Du, C.; Souza, J. (2005). "RFC 4171: Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS)". doi:10.17487/RFC4171. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
External links
iSNS for Linux
iSNS in OpenSolaris Archived 2010-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
iSNS support in Solaris 10
ISNS in Windows
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International School of Nanshan Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_School_of_Nanshan_Shenzhen"},{"link_name":"computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing"},{"link_name":"iSCSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISCSI"},{"link_name":"Fibre Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_channel"},{"link_name":"iFCP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFCP"},{"link_name":"TCP/IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP"}],"text":"\"ISNS\" redirects here. For International school in Shenzhen, China, see International School of Nanshan Shenzhen.In computing, the proposed Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS) protocol allows automated discovery, management and configuration of iSCSI and Fibre Channel devices (using iFCP gateways) on a TCP/IP network.","title":"Internet Storage Name Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"storage area network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_area_network"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IETF-RFC-4171-1"}],"text":"iSNS provides management services similar to those found in Fibre Channel networks, allowing a standard IP network to operate in much the same way that a Fibre Channel storage area network does. Because iSNS is able to emulate Fibre Channel fabric services and manage both iSCSI and Fibre Channel devices, an iSNS server can be used as a consolidated configuration point for an entire storage network. However, the use of iSNS is optional for iSCSI while it is required for iFCP. Additionally, an iSNS implementation is not required by the standard to provide support for both of these protocols.[1]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The iSNS standard defines four components:The iSNS Protocol\niSNSP is a protocol that specifies how iSNS clients and servers communicate. It is intended to be used by various platforms, including switches and targets as well as server hosts.iSNS Clients\niSNS clients are part of iSNSP aware storage devices. iSNS clients initiate transactions with iSNS servers using the iSNSP, register device attribute information in a common Discovery Domain (DD), download information about other registered clients and receive asynchronous notification of events that occur in their DD(s).iSNS Servers\niSNS servers respond to iSNS protocol queries and requests made by iSNS clients using the iSNSP. iSNS servers initiate iSNSP State Change Notifications and store properly authenticated information submitted by a registration request in an iSNS database.iSNS Databases\niSNS databases are the information repositories for iSNS server(s). They maintain information about iSNS client attributes; while implementations will vary, a directory-enabled implementation of iSNS, for example, might store client attributes in an LDAP directory.","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"An iSNS implementation provides four primary services:Name registration and storage resource discovery\nDiscovery domains and login control\nState-change notification\nBidirectional mappings between Fibre Channel and iSCSI devices","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Name registration and storage resource discovery","text":"iSNS implementations allow all entities in a storage network to register and query an iSNS database. Both targets and initiators can register with the iSNS database, and each entity can inquire about other initiators and targets. For example, a client initiator can obtain information about target devices from an iSNS server.","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Discovery domains and login control","text":"Administrators can use the discovery domains to divide storage nodes into manageable, non-exclusive groups. By grouping storage nodes, administrators are able to limit the login process of each host to the most appropriate subset of targets registered with the iSNS, which allows the storage network to scale by reducing the number of unnecessary logins and by limiting the amount of time each host spends establishing login relationships.Each target is able to use login control to delegate their access control and authorization policies to an iSNS server. Such delegation is intended to promote centralized management.","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"State-change notification","text":"The state-change notification (SCN) service allows an iSNS server to issue notifications about each event that affects storage nodes on the managed network. Each iSNS client may register for notifications on behalf of its storage nodes, and each client is expected to respond according to its own requirements and implementation.","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Wide Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Name"}],"sub_title":"Bidirectional mappings between Fibre Channel and iSCSI devices","text":"Because the iSNS database stores naming and discovery information about both Fibre Channel and iSCSI devices, iSNS servers are able to store mappings of Fibre Channel devices to proxy iSCSI device images on the IP network. These mappings may also be made in the opposite direction, allowing iSNS servers to store mappings from iSCSI devices to proxy World Wide Names (WWNs).","title":"Services"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Tseng, J.; Gibbons, K.; Travostino, F.; Du, C.; Souza, J. (2005). \"RFC 4171: Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS)\". doi:10.17487/RFC4171.","urls":[{"url":"http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4171","url_text":"\"RFC 4171: Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC4171","url_text":"10.17487/RFC4171"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4171","external_links_name":"\"RFC 4171: Internet Storage Name Service (iSNS)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC4171","external_links_name":"10.17487/RFC4171"},{"Link":"http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxisns","external_links_name":"iSNS for Linux"},{"Link":"http://hub.opensolaris.org/bin/view/Project+isns/","external_links_name":"iSNS in OpenSolaris"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100220091347/http://hub.opensolaris.org/bin/view/Project+isns/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/doc/817-5093/gdgst?l=en&a=view","external_links_name":"iSNS support in Solaris 10"},{"Link":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/cc772568(v=ws.11)","external_links_name":"ISNS in Windows"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Trutnev
|
Ivan Trutnev
|
["1 Biography","1.1 Invitation to Vilnius","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]
|
Russian painter
Ivan TrutnevИван Петрович ТрутневTrutnev (1908)Born1827Likhvin, Kaluga Governorate, Russian EmpireDiedFebruary 5, 1912(1912-02-05) (aged 84–85)Vilnius, Vilna Governorate, Russian EmpireEducationMember Academy of Arts (1868)Alma materImperial Academy of ArtsKnown forPaintingAwards
Ivan Petrovich Trutnev (Russian: Ива́н Петро́вич Тру́тнев; 1827, in Likhvin – 18 February 1912, in Vilnius) was a Russian painter and art teacher.
Biography
He was born into a peasant family but, in 1845, was able to gain admission to the Stroganov Moscow State University of Arts and Industry. Four years later, he graduated with an art teaching certificate. From 1851 to 1858, he continued his studies at the Imperial Academy of Arts with Bogdan Willewalde. At an exhibition in 1854, one of his paintings was purchased by Tsar Nicholas I. He also acquired a patron; businessman and philanthropist Vasily Kokorev.
Village Procession of the Cross (1858)
His graduating piece, Village Procession of the Cross was awarded a gold medal. This came with a stipend to study abroad for up to six years. From 1860 to 1865, he travelled throughout Europe, visiting Vienna, Paris, Dresden and Amsterdam, while doing errands for the famous art collector Pavel Tretyakov. He spent two years in Rome, then grew tired of travelling and returned home.
Invitation to Vilnius
In 1866, he became a teacher of drawing and calligraphy at the Gymnasium in Vitebsk. Later that year, however, he was contacted by the trustees of the Vilnius School District and invited to organize an art school there. Apparently, it had been nearly impossible to find good, local, painters to do Eastern Orthodox Church icons and murals since Vilnius University was closed in 1831. He moved to Vilnius and immediately began teaching a wide variety of art-related topics at several schools. At that time, he also began participating in exhibitions held by the Peredvizhniki. In 1868, he became an Academician.
Jews at Prayer (1911)
Over the next few years, in addition to teaching, he created numerous religious works and portraits of well-known academics and politicians, together with a wide selection of genre scenes. In 1897, he collaborated with the sculptor Matvey Chizhov and the architectural historian Vasiliy Griaznov to create a monument for Mikhail Muravyov in Vilnius. He also created a large number of icons for nearby areas, as well as Minsk, Lublin and Warsaw.
By the time of his death, his art school had been attended by almost 4,000 students, 193 of whom graduated and went on to the Imperial Academy or other institutions in Russia and abroad. He was also active in cultural and philanthropical affairs and was the recipient of numerous state awards, such as the Orders of St. Vladimir and St. Anna. He painted very little during his last years, due to failing eyesight.
References
^ a b Brief biography @ Russian Painting.
^ a b Brief biography Archived 2018-04-04 at the Wayback Machine @ Vilnius Forum.
Further reading
Alexander Milovidov, Иван Петрович Трутнев, Русский Почин, 1908. Full text online Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
Jolanta Širkaitė, "Nepažįstamas Trutnevas" (The Unknown Trutnev), in Krantai, 1995. Nr. 70—72. P. 16—23.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ivan Trutnev.
Irena Arefyeva, Художник академик И. П. Трутнев @ живоӗ колос, an appreciation.
Fyodor Bulgakov, "Трутневъ, Иванъ Петровичъ" in Наши художники (Our Artists). Published by Aleksey Suvorin, 1890
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Artists
Scientific illustrators
People
Deutsche Biographie
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Likhvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chekalin"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"}],"text":"Ivan Petrovich Trutnev (Russian: Ива́н Петро́вич Тру́тнев; 1827, in Likhvin – 18 February 1912, in Vilnius) was a Russian painter and art teacher.","title":"Ivan Trutnev"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stroganov Moscow State University of Arts and Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroganov_Moscow_State_University_of_Arts_and_Industry"},{"link_name":"Imperial Academy of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Academy_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-1"},{"link_name":"Bogdan Willewalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Willewalde"},{"link_name":"Nicholas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Vasily Kokorev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Kokorev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivan_Trutnev_-_Cross_procession.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pavel Tretyakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Tretyakov"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R-1"}],"text":"He was born into a peasant family but, in 1845, was able to gain admission to the Stroganov Moscow State University of Arts and Industry. Four years later, he graduated with an art teaching certificate. From 1851 to 1858, he continued his studies at the Imperial Academy of Arts[1] with Bogdan Willewalde. At an exhibition in 1854, one of his paintings was purchased by Tsar Nicholas I. He also acquired a patron; businessman and philanthropist Vasily Kokorev.Village Procession of the Cross (1858)His graduating piece, Village Procession of the Cross was awarded a gold medal. This came with a stipend to study abroad for up to six years. From 1860 to 1865, he travelled throughout Europe, visiting Vienna, Paris, Dresden and Amsterdam, while doing errands for the famous art collector Pavel Tretyakov. He spent two years in Rome, then grew tired of travelling and returned home.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"calligraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)"},{"link_name":"Vitebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Vilnius University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius_University"},{"link_name":"Peredvizhniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peredvizhniki"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-V-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Jews_at_prayer_Trutnev.jpg"},{"link_name":"genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_art"},{"link_name":"Matvey Chizhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Chizhov"},{"link_name":"Vasiliy Griaznov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasiliy_Griaznov"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Muravyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Muravyov-Vilensky"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-V-2"},{"link_name":"Minsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin"},{"link_name":"St. Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Vladimir"},{"link_name":"St. Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna"}],"sub_title":"Invitation to Vilnius","text":"In 1866, he became a teacher of drawing and calligraphy at the Gymnasium in Vitebsk. Later that year, however, he was contacted by the trustees of the Vilnius School District and invited to organize an art school there. Apparently, it had been nearly impossible to find good, local, painters to do Eastern Orthodox Church icons and murals since Vilnius University was closed in 1831. He moved to Vilnius and immediately began teaching a wide variety of art-related topics at several schools. At that time, he also began participating in exhibitions held by the Peredvizhniki. In 1868, he became an Academician.[2]Jews at Prayer (1911)Over the next few years, in addition to teaching, he created numerous religious works and portraits of well-known academics and politicians, together with a wide selection of genre scenes. In 1897, he collaborated with the sculptor Matvey Chizhov and the architectural historian Vasiliy Griaznov to create a monument for Mikhail Muravyov in Vilnius. He also created a large number of icons for nearby areas,[2] as well as Minsk, Lublin and Warsaw.By the time of his death, his art school had been attended by almost 4,000 students, 193 of whom graduated and went on to the Imperial Academy or other institutions in Russia and abroad. He was also active in cultural and philanthropical affairs and was the recipient of numerous state awards, such as the Orders of St. Vladimir and St. Anna. He painted very little during his last years, due to failing eyesight.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Full text online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.russianresources.lt/archive/Milovidov/Milovidov_2.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150924092952/http://www.russianresources.lt/archive/Milovidov/Milovidov_2.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"Alexander Milovidov, Иван Петрович Трутнев, Русский Почин, 1908. Full text online Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine\nJolanta Širkaitė, \"Nepažįstamas Trutnevas\" (The Unknown Trutnev), in Krantai, 1995. Nr. 70—72. P. 16—23.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Village Procession of the Cross (1858)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ivan_Trutnev_-_Cross_procession.jpg/300px-Ivan_Trutnev_-_Cross_procession.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jews at Prayer (1911)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/The_Jews_at_prayer_Trutnev.jpg/300px-The_Jews_at_prayer_Trutnev.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.artsait.ru/art/t/trutnev/main.htm","external_links_name":"Brief biography"},{"Link":"http://wap.vilnius.borda.ru/?1-9-0-00000002-000-0-0-1344765858","external_links_name":"Brief biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073552/http://wap.vilnius.borda.ru/?1-9-0-00000002-000-0-0-1344765858","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.russianresources.lt/archive/Milovidov/Milovidov_2.html","external_links_name":"Full text online"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924092952/http://www.russianresources.lt/archive/Milovidov/Milovidov_2.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132312/http://www.kolos.lt/ru/russiantraces/149-2010-03-24-10-42-16","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://dlib.rsl.ru/viewer/01004964357#?page=213","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/47544837","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/117637173","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=7853","external_links_name":"Scientific illustrators"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117637173.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radfeld
|
Radfeld
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 47°26′46″N 11°54′41″E / 47.44611°N 11.91139°E / 47.44611; 11.91139Place in Tyrol, AustriaRadfeld
Coat of armsLocation within Kufstein districtRadfeldLocation within AustriaCoordinates: 47°26′46″N 11°54′41″E / 47.44611°N 11.91139°E / 47.44611; 11.91139CountryAustriaStateTyrolDistrictKufsteinGovernment • MayorJosef Auer (Zukunft für Radfeld)Area • Total14.32 km2 (5.53 sq mi)Elevation512 m (1,680 ft)Population (2018-01-01) • Total2,495 • Density170/km2 (450/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code6241Area code+43 5337Vehicle registrationKUWebsitewww.radfeld.tirol.gv.at
Radfeld is a municipality in the Kufstein district in the Austrian state of Tyrol located 1 km east of the town of Rattenberg, 13 km west of Wörgl, and 24 km southwest of Kufstein.
Radfeld, chapel: die Schützenkapelle Herz-Jesu in der Au
References
^ "Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
^ "Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Radfeld.
vteMunicipalities in the district of Kufstein
Alpbach
Angath
Angerberg
Bad Häring
Brandenberg
Breitenbach am Inn
Brixlegg
Ebbs
Ellmau
Erl
Kirchbichl
Kramsach
Kufstein
Kundl
Langkampfen
Mariastein
Münster
Niederndorf
Niederndorferberg
Radfeld
Rattenberg
Reith im Alpbachtal
Rettenschöss
Scheffau am Wilden Kaiser
Schwoich
Söll
Thiersee
Walchsee
Wildschönau
Wörgl
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
This Tyrol location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_(Austria)"},{"link_name":"Kufstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufstein_(district)"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrol_(state)"},{"link_name":"Rattenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattenberg"},{"link_name":"Wörgl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B6rgl"},{"link_name":"Kufstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufstein"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radfeld,_die_Sch%C3%BCtzenkapelle_Herz-Jesu_in_der_Au_Dm122287_foto8_2017-08-02_11.39.jpg"}],"text":"Place in Tyrol, AustriaRadfeld is a municipality in the Kufstein district in the Austrian state of Tyrol located 1 km east of the town of Rattenberg, 13 km west of Wörgl, and 24 km southwest of Kufstein.Radfeld, chapel: die Schützenkapelle Herz-Jesu in der Au","title":"Radfeld"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Radfeld, chapel: die Schützenkapelle Herz-Jesu in der Au","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Radfeld%2C_die_Sch%C3%BCtzenkapelle_Herz-Jesu_in_der_Au_Dm122287_foto8_2017-08-02_11.39.jpg/250px-Radfeld%2C_die_Sch%C3%BCtzenkapelle_Herz-Jesu_in_der_Au_Dm122287_foto8_2017-08-02_11.39.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/dauersiedlungsraum/index.html","url_text":"\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/gemeinden/index.html","url_text":"\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Radfeld¶ms=47_26_46_N_11_54_41_E_type:city(2495)_region:AT-7","external_links_name":"47°26′46″N 11°54′41″E / 47.44611°N 11.91139°E / 47.44611; 11.91139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Radfeld¶ms=47_26_46_N_11_54_41_E_type:city(2495)_region:AT-7","external_links_name":"47°26′46″N 11°54′41″E / 47.44611°N 11.91139°E / 47.44611; 11.91139"},{"Link":"http://www.radfeld.tirol.gv.at/","external_links_name":"www.radfeld.tirol.gv.at"},{"Link":"http://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/dauersiedlungsraum/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.statistik.at/web_de/klassifikationen/regionale_gliederungen/gemeinden/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/242318247","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4823657-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radfeld&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Seton_Hall_Pirates_men%27s_basketball_team
|
1999–2000 Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball team
|
["1 Roster","2 Schedule and results","3 Rankings","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American college basketball season
1999–2000 Seton Hall Pirates men's basketballNCAA tournament, Sweet SixteenConferenceBig East ConferenceRecord22–10 (10–6 Big East)Head coachTommy Amaker (3rd season)Home arenaContinental Airlines ArenaSeasons← 1998–992000–01 →
1999–2000 Big East men's basketball standings
vte
Conf
Overall
Team
W
L
PCT
W
L
PCT
No. 16 Syracuse
13
–
3
.813
26
–
6
.813
No. 23 Miami (FL)
13
–
3
.813
23
–
11
.676
No. 9 St. John's†
12
–
4
.750
25
–
8
.758
No. 20 Connecticut
10
–
6
.625
25
–
10
.714
Seton Hall
10
–
6
.625
22
–
10
.688
Villanova
8
–
8
.500
20
–
13
.606
Notre Dame
8
–
8
.500
22
–
15
.595
West Virginia
6
–
10
.375
14
–
14
.500
Georgetown
6
–
10
.375
19
–
15
.559
Rutgers
6
–
10
.375
15
–
16
.484
Pittsburgh
5
–
11
.313
13
–
15
.464
Providence
4
–
12
.250
11
–
19
.367
Boston College
3
–
13
.188
11
–
19
.367
† 2000 Big East tournament winnerAs of April 3, 2000Rankings from AP poll
The 1999–2000 Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball team represented Seton Hall University as a member of the Big East Conference during the 1999–2000 NCAA men's college basketball season. Led by head coach Tommy Amaker, the team played their home games at Continental Airlines Arena in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The Pirates received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament as No. 10 seed in the East region. After an opening round win over Oregon in overtime, Seton Hall upset No. 2 seed Temple to reach the Sweet Sixteen. The run would come to an end in the Regional semifinal as No. 3 seed Oklahoma State eliminated the Pirates, 68–66. The team finished the season with a record of 22–10 (10–6 Big East).
Roster
1999–2000 Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball team
Players
Coaches
Pos.
#
Name
Height
Weight
Year
Previous school
Hometown
G
0
Ty Shine
6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)
—
So
C
1
Samuel Dalembert
6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)
—
Fr
G
10
Shaheen Holloway
5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)
174 lb (79 kg)
Sr
G
15
Gary Saunders
6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
—
Sr
C
20
Al Harris
6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
—
Fr
G
21
Rimas Kaukenas
6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)
—
Sr
G
30
Darius Lane
6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)
—
So
F
31
Charles Manga
6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)
—
So
F
32
Reggie Garrett
6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
—
Jr
G
41
Brian Campbell
6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)
—
Sr
F
42
Kevin Wilkins
6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
—
Jr
F
50
Greg Morton
6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
—
Fr
Head coach
Tommy Amaker
Assistant coach(es)
Legend
(C) Team captain
(S) Suspended
(I) Ineligible
(W) Walk-on
Injured
Current redshirt
Roster Last update: 2016-Mar-02
Schedule and results
Datetime, TV
Rank#
Opponent#
Result
Record
Site city, state
Regular season
Nov 19, 1999*
Quinnipiac
W 91–55
1–0
Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford, NJ
Nov 27, 1999*
Drexel
W 69–65
2–0
Walsh Gymnasium South Orange, NJ
Nov 29, 1999*
Saint Peter's
W 79–65
3–0
Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford, NJ
Dec 4, 1999*
vs. George Washington BB&T Classic
L 63–72
3–1
MCI Center Washington, D.C.
Dec 5, 1999*
vs. No. 16 Illinois BB&T Classic
L 61–72
3–2
MCI Center Washington, D.C.
Dec 11, 1999*
at Florida State
W 79–56
4–2
Tallahassee-Leon County Civic Center Tallahassee, FL
Dec 13, 1998*
Columbia
W 60–58
5–2
Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford, NJ
Dec 20, 1999*
Army
W 77–56
6–2
Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford, NJ
Dec 23, 1999*
Stony Brook
W 70–50
7–2
Walsh Gymnasium South Orange, NJ
Dec 30, 1999
Wagner
W 92–77
8–2
Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford, NJ
Jan 4, 2000
Villanova
W 71–64
9–2(1–0)
Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford, NJ
Jan 8, 2000
at Georgetown
W 65–62 OT
10–2(2–0)
MCI Center Washington, D.C.
Jan 11, 2000
Miami (FL)
L 64–71
10–3(2–1)
Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford, NJ
Jan 16, 2000
at Pittsburgh
W 80–68
11–3(3–1)
Fitzgerald Field House Pittsburgh, PA
Jan 18, 2000
No. 19 St. John's
W 78–70
12–3(4–1)
Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford, NJ
Jan 26, 2000
at Boston College
W 74–65
13–3(5–1)
Conte Forum Chestnut Hill, MA
Jan 30, 2000
at No. 6 Connecticut
L 56–66
13–4(5–2)
Harry A. Gampel Pavilion Storrs, CT
Feb 1, 2000
Providence
W 82–67
14–4(6–2)
Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford, NJ
Feb 5, 2000
West Virginia
W 97–66
15–4(7–2)
Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford, NJ
Feb 7, 2000
at No. 4 Syracuse
W 69–67
16–4(8–2)
Carrier Dome Syracuse, NY
Feb 9, 2000
at Rutgers
W 65–63 OT
17–4(9–2)
Louis Brown Athletic Center Piscataway, NJ
Feb 12, 2000
Boston College
W 77–66
18–4(10–2)
Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford, NJ
Feb 14, 2000
No. 23
No. 18 Connecticut
L 50–59
18–5(10–3)
Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford, NJ
Feb 19, 2000
No. 23
Notre Dame
L 74–76
18–6(10–4)
Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford, NJ
Feb 23, 2000*
Minnesota
W 64–61
19–6
Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford, NJ
Feb 26, 2000
Villanova
L 74–87
19–7(10–5)
Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford, NJ
Feb 29, 2000
at St. John's
L 60–66
19–8(10–6)
Madison Square Garden New York, NY
Big East Tournament
Mar 8, 2000*
vs. Providence
W 85–65
20–8
Madison Square Garden New York, NY
Mar 9, 2000*
vs. No. 21 Connecticut
L 64–79
20–9
Madison Square Garden New York, NY
NCAA Tournament
Mar 17, 2000*
(10 E)
vs. (7 E) Oregon First round
W 72–71 OT
21–9
HSBC Arena Buffalo, New York
Mar 19, 2000*
(10 E)
vs. (2 E) No. 5 Temple Second Round
W 67–65 OT
22–9
HSBC Arena Buffalo, New York
Mar 24, 2000*
(10 E)
vs. (3 E) No. 14 Oklahoma State East Regional semifinal – Sweet Sixteen
L 66–68
22–10
Carrier Dome Syracuse, New York
*Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. E=East.
Rankings
Main article: 1999–2000 NCAA Division I men's basketball rankings
References
^ https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/conferences/big-east/2000.html
^ "Holloway's Full-Court Zip Lifts Seton Hall". The New York Times. March 18, 2000. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
^ "Seton Hall beats long odds, second-seeded Temple in OT". The Baltimore Sun. March 19, 2000. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
^ "Scrappy to the End, Seton Hall Finally Tumbles". The New York Times. March 25, 2000. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
^ "1999-00 Seton Hall Pirates Men's Schedule and Results". sports-reference.com. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
^ *ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia: The Complete History of the Men's Game. Random House. 2009. pp. 1084–1085. ISBN 978-0-345-51392-2.
External links
"1999-00 Seton Hall Basketball SEASON BOX SCORE - as of 03/24/00". shupirates.com. Archived from the original on April 18, 2001. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
vteSeton Hall Pirates men's basketballVenues
Walsh Gymnasium (1939–1982)
Continental Airlines Arena (1982–2007)
Prudential Center (2007–present)
Rivalries
Rutgers
Culture & lore
Gambling scandal
"Onward Setonia"
People
Head coaches
NBA draftees
Statistical leaders
Seasons
List of seasons
1903–04
1904–08
1908–09
1909–10
1910–11
1911–12
1912–13
1913–14
1914–15
1915–16
1916–17
1917–18
1918–19
1919–20
1920–21
1921–22
1922–23
1923–24
1924–25
1925–26
1926–27
1927–28
1928–29
1929–30
1930–31
1931–32
1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
NCAA Final Four appearance in italics
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seton Hall University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University"},{"link_name":"Big East Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_East_Conference"},{"link_name":"1999–2000 NCAA men's college basketball season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_season"},{"link_name":"Tommy Amaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Amaker"},{"link_name":"Continental Airlines Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Arena"},{"link_name":"East Rutherford, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Rutherford,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"NCAA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"}],"text":"The 1999–2000 Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball team represented Seton Hall University as a member of the Big East Conference during the 1999–2000 NCAA men's college basketball season. Led by head coach Tommy Amaker, the team played their home games at Continental Airlines Arena in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The Pirates received an at-large bid to the NCAA tournament as No. 10 seed in the East region. After an opening round win over Oregon in overtime, Seton Hall upset No. 2 seed Temple to reach the Sweet Sixteen. The run would come to an end in the Regional semifinal as No. 3 seed Oklahoma State eliminated the Pirates, 68–66. The team finished the season with a record of 22–10 (10–6 Big East).","title":"1999–2000 Seton Hall Pirates men's basketball team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"[5]","title":"Schedule and results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-6"}],"text":"[6]","title":"Rankings"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Holloway's Full-Court Zip Lifts Seton Hall\". The New York Times. March 18, 2000. Retrieved July 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/18/sports/college-basketball-ncaa-tournament-east-holloway-s-full-court-zip-lifts-seton.html","url_text":"\"Holloway's Full-Court Zip Lifts Seton Hall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Seton Hall beats long odds, second-seeded Temple in OT\". The Baltimore Sun. March 19, 2000. Retrieved July 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2000-03-20-0003200036-story.html","url_text":"\"Seton Hall beats long odds, second-seeded Temple in OT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun","url_text":"The Baltimore Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Scrappy to the End, Seton Hall Finally Tumbles\". The New York Times. March 25, 2000. Retrieved July 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/25/sports/ncaa-basketball-tournament-east-scrappy-to-the-end-seton-hall-finally-tumbles.html","url_text":"\"Scrappy to the End, Seton Hall Finally Tumbles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"1999-00 Seton Hall Pirates Men's Schedule and Results\". sports-reference.com. Retrieved April 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/schools/seton-hall/men/2000-schedule.html","url_text":"\"1999-00 Seton Hall Pirates Men's Schedule and Results\""}]},{"reference":"ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia: The Complete History of the Men's Game. Random House. 2009. pp. 1084–1085. ISBN 978-0-345-51392-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House","url_text":"Random House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51392-2","url_text":"978-0-345-51392-2"}]},{"reference":"\"1999-00 Seton Hall Basketball SEASON BOX SCORE - as of 03/24/00\". shupirates.com. Archived from the original on April 18, 2001. Retrieved April 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010418015910/http://www.shupirates.com/bko/bkc/9900seasonbox.html","url_text":"\"1999-00 Seton Hall Basketball SEASON BOX SCORE - as of 03/24/00\""},{"url":"http://www.shupirates.com/bko/bkc/9900seasonbox.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/schools/seton-hall/2000.html","external_links_name":"Roster"},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/conferences/big-east/2000.html","external_links_name":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/conferences/big-east/2000.html"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/18/sports/college-basketball-ncaa-tournament-east-holloway-s-full-court-zip-lifts-seton.html","external_links_name":"\"Holloway's Full-Court Zip Lifts Seton Hall\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2000-03-20-0003200036-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Seton Hall beats long odds, second-seeded Temple in OT\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/25/sports/ncaa-basketball-tournament-east-scrappy-to-the-end-seton-hall-finally-tumbles.html","external_links_name":"\"Scrappy to the End, Seton Hall Finally Tumbles\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/schools/seton-hall/men/2000-schedule.html","external_links_name":"\"1999-00 Seton Hall Pirates Men's Schedule and Results\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010418015910/http://www.shupirates.com/bko/bkc/9900seasonbox.html","external_links_name":"\"1999-00 Seton Hall Basketball SEASON BOX SCORE - as of 03/24/00\""},{"Link":"http://www.shupirates.com/bko/bkc/9900seasonbox.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Nisbet_Gibbs
|
Theodore Nisbet Gibbs
|
["1 References"]
|
Theodore Nisbet Gibbs (3 February 1896–15 July 1978) was a New Zealand law clerk, accountant, businessman and tax adviser. He was born in Whangaroa, Northland, New Zealand on 3 February 1896.
In 1953, Gibbs was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal.
References
^ Lineham, Peter J. "Theodore Nisbet Gibbs". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
^ Taylor, Alister; Coddington, Deborah (1994). Honoured by the Queen – New Zealand. Auckland: New Zealand Who's Who Aotearoa. p. 413. ISBN 0-908578-34-2.
This business-related New Zealand biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation_Medal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In 1953, Gibbs was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal.[2]","title":"Theodore Nisbet Gibbs"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Lineham, Peter J. \"Theodore Nisbet Gibbs\". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 23 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/5g7","url_text":"\"Theodore Nisbet Gibbs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of New Zealand Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage","url_text":"Ministry for Culture and Heritage"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Alister; Coddington, Deborah (1994). Honoured by the Queen – New Zealand. Auckland: New Zealand Who's Who Aotearoa. p. 413. ISBN 0-908578-34-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alister_Taylor","url_text":"Taylor, Alister"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Coddington","url_text":"Coddington, Deborah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908578-34-2","url_text":"0-908578-34-2"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/5g7","external_links_name":"\"Theodore Nisbet Gibbs\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Nisbet_Gibbs&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/347th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron
|
347th Tactical Airlift Squadron
|
["1 History","1.1 Reserve training and Korean War callup","1.2 Helicopter assault operations","1.3 Fixed wing airlift in the United States","2 Lineage","2.1 Assignments","2.2 Stations","2.3 Aircraft","2.4 Awards and campaigns","3 References","3.1 Bibliography","4 External links"]
|
347th Airlift Squadron
C-130 Hercules delivering materiel in Viet Nam using the Low Altitude Parachute Extraction SystemActive1949–1953; 1955–1956; 1956–1972Country United StatesBranch United States Air ForceRoleAirliftPart ofTactical Air CommandEngagementsVietnam WarDecorationsAir Force Outstanding Unit AwardVietnamese Gallantry Cross with PalmInsigniaPatch showing 347th Tactical Airlift Squadron emblemMilitary unit
The 347th Tactical Airlift Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force squadron that was last assigned to the 516th Tactical Airlift Wing at Dyess Air Force Base, Texas where it was inactivated in June 1972.
The squadron was first activated as the 347th Troop Carrier Squadron in the Air Force Reserve in 1949 and trained at Memphis Municipal Airport, Tennessee. In 1951 it was called to active duty for the Korean War and served until 1953.
In 1955 the unit was activated at Sewart Air Force Base, Tennessee as a rotary wing troop carrier assault unit in a test of the USAF's ability to support United States Army assault operations. It participated in Operation Sage Brush, which was, in part, a test of this concept. The squadron was inactivated the following year and its aircraft distributed to helicopter support organizations.
A few months later the squadron was activated as a fixed wing troop carrier assault unit at Sewart and equipped with Fairchild C-123 Provider aircraft. It moved to Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina in 1958 when Tactical Air Command consolidated its C-123 units there. The squadron continued to fly the Provider until 1963, when it moved on paper to Dyess Air Force Base and took over the Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft of the inactivating 18th Troop Carrier Squadron. The squadron frequently deployed to Europe and the Pacific until it was inactivated in 1972.
History
Reserve training and Korean War callup
Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar
The squadron was activated in the reserves at Memphis Municipal Airport, Tennessee in June 1949 when Continental Air Command implemented the wing base organization, in which combat groups and all supporting units on a base were assigned to a single wing, for its reserve units. At Memphis, it was assigned to the 516th Troop Carrier Group, which absorbed most of the reservists from the inactivating 95th Bombardment Group. The squadron trained under the supervision of the 2584th Air Force Reserve Training Center until April 1951. The 347th was called to active duty that month and, along with other reserve troop carrier organizations mobilized for Tactical Air Command during the Korean War, formed the new Eighteenth Air Force. It participated in tactical exercises and worldwide airlift. It converted from Curtiss C-46 Commando to Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar aircraft in 1952. The 347th was inactivated and replaced by the 774th Troop Carrier Squadron in January 1953.
Helicopter assault operations
Piasecki H-21 Workhorse
The squadron was reactivated in 1955 and assigned to the 516th Troop Carrier Group at Sewart Air Force Base, Tennessee as the 347th Troop Carrier Squadron, Assault, Rotary Wing in part to test the United States Air Force's ability to provide helicopter airlift to the Army. The 347th was initially equipped with Sikorsky H-19 helicopters, but soon replaced them with Piasecki H-21s. Its operations included participation in Operation Backlash II, which was a survey mission to fix the location of radar sites and support the construction of the Mid-Canada Line. The group also tested the evacuation of key high ranking personnel from Washington DC in the event of a nuclear attack.
The conflict between the Army and the Air Force concerning the use of Air Force helicopters to support Army assault operations was tested in Operation Sage Brush. The 347th operated as part of the aggressor force. The squadron's H-21s were dismantled and transported in Douglas C-124 Globemaster II aircraft in a test of air mobility. Following this test, the 347th was inactivated in July 1956. The helicopters of the squadron were transferred to the 24th Helicopter Squadron, whose mission was support for routine Air Force activities.
Fixed wing airlift in the United States
Fairchild C-123 Provider
Three months later, the squadron was reactivated at Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina as a Fairchild C-123 Provider unit. The squadron trained to airlift troops, equipment and supplies into combat zones, to resupply forces, and evacuate casualties. In 1958, the squadron and most of the C-123s at Sewart were transferred to Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina and the squadron's parent 513th Troop Carrier Wing was inactivated.
In July 1963 the squadron moved on paper to Dyess Air Force Base, Texas, where it replaced the 18th Troop Carrier Squadron and assumed its mission, equipment and personnel, when the 18th moved to Sewart. Until it was inactivated in 1972, the squadron participated in a constant stream of exercises and operations. The squadron frequently deployed its crews and aircraft to Europe and the Pacific.
Lineage
Constituted as the 347th Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium on 10 May 1949
Activated in the reserve on 26 June 1949
Ordered to active service on 16 April 1951
Inactivated on 16 January 1953
Redesignated 347th Troop Carrier Squadron, Assault, Rotary Wing on 8 December 1954
Activated on 8 March 1955
Inactivated on 9 July 1956
Redesignated 347th Troop Carrier Squadron, Assault, Fixed Wing on 27 July 1956
Activated on 8 October 1956
Redesignated 347th Troop Carrier Squadron, Assault on 1 July 1958
Redesignated 347th Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium on 1 July 1963
Redesignated 347th Troop Carrier Squadron on 1 March 1966
Redesignated 347th Tactical Airlift Squadron on 1 May 1967
Inactivated on 1 June 1972
Assignments
516th Troop Carrier Group, 26 June 1949 – 16 January 1953
516th Troop Carrier Group, 8 March 1955 – 9 July 1956
Eighteenth Air Force, 8 October 1956 (attached to 464th Troop Carrier Wing)
Ninth Air Force, 1 September 1957 (attached to 464th Troop Carrier Wing)
516th Troop Carrier Wing, 1 July 1963 – 1 June 1972 (attached to unknown, 28 May 1964 – c. 20 July 1964, 513th Troop Carrier Wing 22 June 1967 – 27 September 1967, unknown 17 January 1968 – 11 March 1968, 315th Air Division 18 June 1968 – 15 October 1968, 513th Tactical Airlift Wing, 13 June 1969 – 3 September 1969, 322d Air Division, 3 February 1970 – 10 April 1970, 513th Tactical Airlift Wing, 7 September 1970 – 11 November 1970. 322d Tactical Airlift Wing, 4 June 1971 – 10 August 1971, 4 February 1972 – 17 April 1972)
Stations
Memphis Municipal Airport, Tennessee, 26 June 1949 – 16 January 1953
Sewart Air Force Base, Tennessee, 8 March 1955 – 9 July 1956
Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina, 8 October 1956
Dyess Air Force Base, Texas, 1 July 1963 – 1 June 1972
Aircraft
Curtiss C-46 Commando, 1949–1952
Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar, 1952–1953
Sikorsky H-19, 1955
Piasecki H-21 Workhorse ("Flying Banana"), 1955–1956
Fairchild C-123B Provider, 1956–1963
Lockheed C-130 Hercules, 1963–1972
Awards and campaigns
Award streamer
Award
Dates
Notes
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
28 November 1961-1 May 1963
347th Troop Carrier Squadron
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
1 January 1964-31 December 1965
347th Troop Carrier Squadron
Vietnamese Gallantry Cross with Palm
15 June 1968-17 October 1968
347th Tactical Airlift Squadron
Campaign Streamer
Campaign
Dates
Notes
Vietnam Air Offensive, Phase III
15 June 1968 – 17 October 1968
347th Tactical Airlift Squadron
References
Notes
^ The full designation of the 24th was 24th Helicopter Squadron (Support). "Abstract, Vol. 1, History 314 Troop Carrier Wing Jan–Jun 1956". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 11 January 2014..
Citations
^ Ravenstein, p. xxi
^ Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 162–163 (inactivation of 94th); Ravenstein, pp. 283–284 (activation of 516th)
^ Cantwell, p. 97
^ "Abstract, History 516 Troop Carrier Wing Jul–Dec 1952". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
^ "Abstract, History 463 Troop Carrier Wing Jan–Jun 1953". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
^ See Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 338–339
^ a b c "Abstract, Initial History 516 Troop Carrier Group". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
^ a b "Abstract, History 314 Troop Carrier Wing Jul–Dec 1955". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
^ a b c Mueller, p. 485
^ "Abstract, History 513 Troop Carrier Wing Jul–Dec 1961". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
^ a b Mueller, p. 121
^ Robertson, Patsy (16 March 2015). "Factsheet 18 Air Refueling Squadron (AFRC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
^ a b Ravenstein, p. 284
^ a b Ravenstain, p. 259
^ a b Probably 322d Air Division
^ a b c Ravenstein, p. 280
^ "Factsheet 315 Air Division". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
^ Ravenstein, p. 174
^ a b c AF Pamphlet 900-2, 15 June 1971, p. 332
^ AF Pamphlet 900-2, Vol II, 30 September 1976, p. 61
Bibliography
Cantwell, Gerald T. (1997). Citizen Airmen: a History of the Air Force Reserve, 1946–1994. Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program. ISBN 0-16049-269-6.
Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) . Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. pp. 338–339. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.
Mueller, Robert (1989). Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6.
Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
AF Pamphlet 900-2, Unit Decorations, Awards and Campaign Participation Credits Archived 4 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine Department of the Air Force, Washington, DC, 15 June 1971
AF Pamphlet 900-2, Unit Decorations, Awards and Campaign Participation Credits, Vol II Archived 4 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine Department of the Air Force, Washington, DC, 30 September 1976
Further reading
Vaughan, David K. (1998). Runway Visions: An American C-130 Pilot's Memoir of Combat Airlift Operations in Southeast Asia 1967–1968. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-0488-4. (Capt Vaughan was a pilot with the 347th Tactical Airlift Squadron at Dyess)
External links
Dunn, Harry. "History of the 23rd Helicopter Squadron". Retrieved 11 January 2014.
"Classic Rotors". Retrieved 11 January 2014.
"C-130 Dyess timeline". Abilene Reporter-News. 23 April 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
vteUnited States Air ForceLeadership
Department of the Air Force
Secretary of the Air Force
Under Secretary of the Air Force
Air Staff
Chief of Staff
Vice Chief of Staff
Director of Staff
Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force
Four-star generals
Three-star generals
1940–1959
2000–2009
2010–2019
2020–present
House Armed Services Committee
House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces
House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces
Senate Committee on Armed Services
Senate Subcommittee on Airland
Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces
StructureCommands
Reserve
Air National Guard
Field Operating Agencies
Installations
Direct Reporting Units
District of Washington
Operational Test and Evaluation Center
USAF Academy
Major commands
ACC
AETC
AFGSC
AFMC
AFRC
AFSOC
AMC
PACAF
USAFE–AFAFRICA
Numbered Air Forces
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Seventh
Eighth
Ninth
Tenth
Eleventh
Twelfth
Thirteenth Expeditionary
Fifteenth
Sixteenth
Eighteenth
Nineteenth
Twentieth
Twenty-Second
Wings
ANG
Groups
ANG
Squadrons
ANG
Security Forces
Civilian auxiliary: Civil Air Patrol
Personnel and training
Personnel
Rank
officers
cadets
enlisted
Specialty Code
Aeronautical ratings
Judge Advocate General's Corps
RED HORSE
Security Forces
Medical Service
Chief of Chaplains
Chief Scientist
Training: Air Force Academy
Officer Training School
Reserve Officer Training Corps
Basic Training
Airman Leadership School
SERE
Fitness Assessment
Uniforms and equipment
Awards and decorations
Badges
Equipment
Aircraft
Uniforms
History and traditions
History
Aeronautical Division / Aviation Section / Division of Military Aeronautics / Army Air Service / Army Air Corps / Army Air Forces
"The U.S. Air Force"
Air Force Band
Airman's Creed
Core Values
Flag
Symbol
Memorial
National Museum
Women Airforce Service Pilots
Air Force One / Air Force Two
Honor Guard
Thunderbirds
Service numbers
Air & Space Forces Association
Category
vte Tactical Air Command (TAC)Air Forces
First
Ninth
Twelfth
Eighteenth
Nineteenth
Air Divisions
20th (ADTAC)
21st (ADTAC)
23d (ADTAC)
24th (ADTAC)
25th (ADTAC)
26th (ADTAC)
28th (ADTAC)
831st
832d
833d
834th
835th
836th
837th
838th
839th
840th
Named units
Air Forces Panama
Air Forces Iceland
Air Defense, Tactical Air Command
WingsTFW
1st
4th
12th
15th
20th
23d
27th
32d
33d
37th
50th
56th
312th
323d
347th
354th
355th
Other
1st SOW
57th FWW
63d TAW
64th TAW
67th TRW
75th TRW
85th TFTW
317th TAW
363d TRW
405th TFTW
461st TBW
4505th ARW
FormerbasesActive(MAJCOM)
Altus (AETC)
Brooks (AFMC)
Cannon (AFSOC)
Charleston (AMC)
Creech (ACC)
Davis–Monthan (ACC)
Dover (AMC)
Dyess (ACC)
Eglin (AFMC)
Hill (AMFC)
Holloman (ACC)
Hurlburt Field (AFSOC)
Langley (ACC)
Little Rock (AETC)
Luke (AETC)
MacDill (AMC)
McChord (AMC)
McConnell (AMC)
Moody (ACC)
Mountain Home (ACC)
Nellis (ACC)
Pope (AMC) Seymour Johnson (ACC)
Shaw (ACC)
Tonopah (ACC)
Tyndall (AETC)
Whiteman (ACC)
Inactive
Bergstrom
Blythville
Donaldson
England
Forbes
George
Howard
Grenier
Myrtle Beach
Orlando
Sewart
Turner
Williams
Inactive,but with a military presence
Bunker Hill
Biggs
Dow
Godman
Homestead
Lockbourne
March
Otis
Aircraft
A-1
A-7
A-10
A-37
AC-47
AC-119
AC-130
B-26
B-57
B-66
C-7
C-47
C-82
C-119
C-123
C-130
E-3
E-8
EF-111
EC-135
F-4
F-5
F-15
F-16
F-47
F-51
F-80
F-82
F-84
F-86
F-89
F-100
F-101
F-102
F-104
F-105
F-106
F-111
F-117
H-1
H-5
H-6
H-19
H-43
H-60
H-53
KB-29
KB-50
KC-97
O-1
O-2
OH-23
OV-10
P-40
P-38
R-4
S-62
T-6
T-28
T-29
T-33
T-38
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"516th Tactical Airlift Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/516th_Tactical_Airlift_Wing"},{"link_name":"Dyess Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyess_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Air Force Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Memphis Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Sewart Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewart_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Fairchild C-123 Provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_C-123_Provider"},{"link_name":"Pope Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Dyess Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyess_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-130 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"18th Troop Carrier Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron"}],"text":"Military unitThe 347th Tactical Airlift Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force squadron that was last assigned to the 516th Tactical Airlift Wing at Dyess Air Force Base, Texas where it was inactivated in June 1972.The squadron was first activated as the 347th Troop Carrier Squadron in the Air Force Reserve in 1949 and trained at Memphis Municipal Airport, Tennessee. In 1951 it was called to active duty for the Korean War and served until 1953.In 1955 the unit was activated at Sewart Air Force Base, Tennessee as a rotary wing troop carrier assault unit in a test of the USAF's ability to support United States Army assault operations. It participated in Operation Sage Brush, which was, in part, a test of this concept. The squadron was inactivated the following year and its aircraft distributed to helicopter support organizations.A few months later the squadron was activated as a fixed wing troop carrier assault unit at Sewart and equipped with Fairchild C-123 Provider aircraft. It moved to Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina in 1958 when Tactical Air Command consolidated its C-123 units there. The squadron continued to fly the Provider until 1963, when it moved on paper to Dyess Air Force Base and took over the Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft of the inactivating 18th Troop Carrier Squadron. The squadron frequently deployed to Europe and the Pacific until it was inactivated in 1972.","title":"347th Tactical Airlift Squadron"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C-119_Flying_Boxcar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Memphis Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"Continental Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"wing base organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobson_Plan"},{"link_name":"wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_(military_aviation_unit)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_reserve_force"},{"link_name":"516th Troop Carrier Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/516th_Troop_Carrier_Group"},{"link_name":"95th Bombardment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95th_Bombardment_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tactical Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Eighteenth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"exercises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_exercise"},{"link_name":"airlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlift"},{"link_name":"Curtiss C-46 Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_C-46_Commando"},{"link_name":"Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_C-119_Flying_Boxcar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-516TCW1952-4"},{"link_name":"774th Troop Carrier Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/774th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-463TCW-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Reserve training and Korean War callup","text":"Fairchild C-119 Flying BoxcarThe squadron was activated in the reserves at Memphis Municipal Airport, Tennessee in June 1949 when Continental Air Command implemented the wing base organization, in which combat groups and all supporting units on a base were assigned to a single wing,[1] for its reserve units. At Memphis, it was assigned to the 516th Troop Carrier Group, which absorbed most of the reservists from the inactivating 95th Bombardment Group.[2] The squadron trained under the supervision of the 2584th Air Force Reserve Training Center until April 1951. The 347th was called to active duty that month and, along with other reserve troop carrier organizations mobilized for Tactical Air Command during the Korean War, formed the new Eighteenth Air Force.[3] It participated in tactical exercises and worldwide airlift. It converted from Curtiss C-46 Commando to Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar aircraft in 1952.[4] The 347th was inactivated and replaced by the 774th Troop Carrier Squadron in January 1953.[5][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vertol_CH-21B_Workhorse_USAF.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sewart Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewart_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Sikorsky H-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_H-19"},{"link_name":"Piasecki H-21s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piasecki_H-21"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-516TCGinitial-7"},{"link_name":"Mid-Canada Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Canada_Line"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-516TCGinitial-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-314TCW1955-8"},{"link_name":"Washington DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_DC"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-516TCGinitial-7"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-124 Globemaster II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-124_Globemaster_II"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-314TCW1955-8"},{"link_name":"24th Helicopter Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_Helicopter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Helicopter assault operations","text":"Piasecki H-21 WorkhorseThe squadron was reactivated in 1955 and assigned to the 516th Troop Carrier Group at Sewart Air Force Base, Tennessee as the 347th Troop Carrier Squadron, Assault, Rotary Wing in part to test the United States Air Force's ability to provide helicopter airlift to the Army. The 347th was initially equipped with Sikorsky H-19 helicopters, but soon replaced them with Piasecki H-21s.[7] Its operations included participation in Operation Backlash II, which was a survey mission to fix the location of radar sites and support the construction of the Mid-Canada Line.[7][8] The group also tested the evacuation of key high ranking personnel from Washington DC in the event of a nuclear attack.[7]The conflict between the Army and the Air Force concerning the use of Air Force helicopters to support Army assault operations was tested in Operation Sage Brush. The 347th operated as part of the aggressor force. The squadron's H-21s were dismantled and transported in Douglas C-124 Globemaster II aircraft in a test of air mobility.[8] Following this test, the 347th was inactivated in July 1956. The helicopters of the squadron were transferred to the 24th Helicopter Squadron, whose mission was support for routine Air Force activities.[note 1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C-123-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Fairchild C-123 Provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_C-123_Provider"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller485-10"},{"link_name":"Pope Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"513th Troop Carrier Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/513th_Troop_Carrier_Wing"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Dyess Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyess_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller485-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller121-12"},{"link_name":"18th Troop Carrier Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"exercises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_exercise"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein-14"}],"sub_title":"Fixed wing airlift in the United States","text":"Fairchild C-123 ProviderThree months later, the squadron was reactivated at Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina as a Fairchild C-123 Provider unit.[9] The squadron trained to airlift troops, equipment and supplies into combat zones, to resupply forces, and evacuate casualties. In 1958, the squadron and most of the C-123s at Sewart were transferred to Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina and the squadron's parent 513th Troop Carrier Wing was inactivated.[10]In July 1963 the squadron moved on paper to Dyess Air Force Base, Texas,[9][11] where it replaced the 18th Troop Carrier Squadron and assumed its mission, equipment and personnel, when the 18th moved to Sewart.[12] Until it was inactivated in 1972, the squadron participated in a constant stream of exercises and operations. The squadron frequently deployed its crews and aircraft to Europe and the Pacific.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Constituted as the 347th Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium on 10 May 1949\nActivated in the reserve on 26 June 1949\nOrdered to active service on 16 April 1951\nInactivated on 16 January 1953Redesignated 347th Troop Carrier Squadron, Assault, Rotary Wing on 8 December 1954Activated on 8 March 1955\nInactivated on 9 July 1956Redesignated 347th Troop Carrier Squadron, Assault, Fixed Wing on 27 July 1956Activated on 8 October 1956Redesignated 347th Troop Carrier Squadron, Assault on 1 July 1958\nRedesignated 347th Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium on 1 July 1963\nRedesignated 347th Troop Carrier Squadron on 1 March 1966\nRedesignated 347th Tactical Airlift Squadron on 1 May 1967Inactivated on 1 June 1972","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"464th Troop Carrier Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/464th_Troop_Carrier_Wing"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein464-15"},{"link_name":"Ninth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"464th Troop Carrier Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/464th_Troop_Carrier_Wing"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein464-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unknown-16"},{"link_name":"513th Troop Carrier Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/513th_Troop_Carrier_Wing"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein513TAW-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unknown-16"},{"link_name":"315th Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/315th_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein513TAW-17"},{"link_name":"322d Air Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/322d_Air_Division"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein513TAW-17"},{"link_name":"322d Tactical Airlift Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/322d_Tactical_Airlift_Wing"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ravenstein-14"}],"sub_title":"Assignments","text":"516th Troop Carrier Group, 26 June 1949 – 16 January 1953\n516th Troop Carrier Group, 8 March 1955 – 9 July 1956\nEighteenth Air Force, 8 October 1956 (attached to 464th Troop Carrier Wing)[14]\nNinth Air Force, 1 September 1957 (attached to 464th Troop Carrier Wing)[14]\n516th Troop Carrier Wing, 1 July 1963 – 1 June 1972 (attached to unknown,[15] 28 May 1964 – c. 20 July 1964, 513th Troop Carrier Wing 22 June 1967 – 27 September 1967,[16] unknown[15] 17 January 1968 – 11 March 1968, 315th Air Division 18 June 1968 – 15 October 1968,[17] 513th Tactical Airlift Wing, 13 June 1969 – 3 September 1969,[16] 322d Air Division, 3 February 1970 – 10 April 1970, 513th Tactical Airlift Wing,[16] 7 September 1970 – 11 November 1970. 322d Tactical Airlift Wing,[18] 4 June 1971 – 10 August 1971, 4 February 1972 – 17 April 1972)[13]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller485-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mueller121-12"}],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Memphis Municipal Airport, Tennessee, 26 June 1949 – 16 January 1953\nSewart Air Force Base, Tennessee, 8 March 1955 – 9 July 1956\nPope Air Force Base, North Carolina, 8 October 1956[9]\nDyess Air Force Base, Texas, 1 July 1963 – 1 June 1972[11]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Aircraft","text":"Curtiss C-46 Commando, 1949–1952\nFairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar, 1952–1953\nSikorsky H-19, 1955\n\n\nPiasecki H-21 Workhorse (\"Flying Banana\"), 1955–1956\nFairchild C-123B Provider, 1956–1963\nLockheed C-130 Hercules, 1963–1972","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Awards and campaigns","title":"Lineage"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tactical_Air_Command.JPG/60px-Tactical_Air_Command.JPG"},{"image_text":"Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/C-119_Flying_Boxcar.jpg/220px-C-119_Flying_Boxcar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Piasecki H-21 Workhorse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Vertol_CH-21B_Workhorse_USAF.jpg/220px-Vertol_CH-21B_Workhorse_USAF.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fairchild C-123 Provider","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/C-123-2.jpg/220px-C-123-2.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Abstract, Vol. 1, History 314 Troop Carrier Wing Jan–Jun 1956\". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 11 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/455/361.xml","url_text":"\"Abstract, Vol. 1, History 314 Troop Carrier Wing Jan–Jun 1956\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abstract, History 516 Troop Carrier Wing Jul–Dec 1952\". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 11 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/459/497.xml","url_text":"\"Abstract, History 516 Troop Carrier Wing Jul–Dec 1952\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abstract, History 463 Troop Carrier Wing Jan–Jun 1953\". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 11 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/458/639.xml","url_text":"\"Abstract, History 463 Troop Carrier Wing Jan–Jun 1953\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abstract, Initial History 516 Troop Carrier Group\". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 11 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/436/256.xml","url_text":"\"Abstract, Initial History 516 Troop Carrier Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abstract, History 314 Troop Carrier Wing Jul–Dec 1955\". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 11 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/455/360.xml","url_text":"\"Abstract, History 314 Troop Carrier Wing Jul–Dec 1955\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abstract, History 513 Troop Carrier Wing Jul–Dec 1961\". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 16 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/459/429.xml","url_text":"\"Abstract, History 513 Troop Carrier Wing Jul–Dec 1961\""}]},{"reference":"Robertson, Patsy (16 March 2015). \"Factsheet 18 Air Refueling Squadron (AFRC)\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201619/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=9851","url_text":"\"Factsheet 18 Air Refueling Squadron (AFRC)\""},{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=9851","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Factsheet 315 Air Division\". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121030115737/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10131","url_text":"\"Factsheet 315 Air Division\""},{"url":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10131","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cantwell, Gerald T. (1997). Citizen Airmen: a History of the Air Force Reserve, 1946–1994. Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program. ISBN 0-16049-269-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/citizenairmenhis00cant","url_text":"Citizen Airmen: a History of the Air Force Reserve, 1946–1994"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16049-269-6","url_text":"0-16049-269-6"}]},{"reference":"Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. pp. 338–339. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. LCCN 61060979.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf","url_text":"Air Force Combat Units of World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-02-1","url_text":"0-912799-02-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/61060979","url_text":"61060979"}]},{"reference":"Mueller, Robert (1989). Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330255/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-026.pdf","url_text":"Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-53-6","url_text":"0-912799-53-6"}]},{"reference":"Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/airforcecombatwi0000rave","url_text":"Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-12-9","url_text":"0-912799-12-9"}]},{"reference":"Vaughan, David K. (1998). Runway Visions: An American C-130 Pilot's Memoir of Combat Airlift Operations in Southeast Asia 1967–1968. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-0488-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0488-4","url_text":"0-7864-0488-4"}]},{"reference":"Dunn, Harry. \"History of the 23rd Helicopter Squadron\". Retrieved 11 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://usafhpa.org/23rdHES/23rdhistory.html","url_text":"\"History of the 23rd Helicopter Squadron\""}]},{"reference":"\"Classic Rotors\". Retrieved 11 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rotors.org/h21/history.htm","url_text":"\"Classic Rotors\""}]},{"reference":"\"C-130 Dyess timeline\". Abilene Reporter-News. 23 April 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.reporternews.com/news/c-130-dyess-timeline-ep-387990524-350045651.html","url_text":"\"C-130 Dyess timeline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abilene_Reporter-News","url_text":"Abilene Reporter-News"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/455/361.xml","external_links_name":"\"Abstract, Vol. 1, History 314 Troop Carrier Wing Jan–Jun 1956\""},{"Link":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/459/497.xml","external_links_name":"\"Abstract, History 516 Troop Carrier Wing Jul–Dec 1952\""},{"Link":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/458/639.xml","external_links_name":"\"Abstract, History 463 Troop Carrier Wing Jan–Jun 1953\""},{"Link":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/436/256.xml","external_links_name":"\"Abstract, Initial History 516 Troop Carrier Group\""},{"Link":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/455/360.xml","external_links_name":"\"Abstract, History 314 Troop Carrier Wing Jul–Dec 1955\""},{"Link":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/459/429.xml","external_links_name":"\"Abstract, History 513 Troop Carrier Wing Jul–Dec 1961\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201619/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=9851","external_links_name":"\"Factsheet 18 Air Refueling Squadron (AFRC)\""},{"Link":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=9851","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121030115737/http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10131","external_links_name":"\"Factsheet 315 Air Division\""},{"Link":"http://www.afhra.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=10131","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/citizenairmenhis00cant","external_links_name":"Citizen Airmen: a History of the Air Force Reserve, 1946–1994"},{"Link":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf","external_links_name":"Air Force Combat Units of World War II"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/61060979","external_links_name":"61060979"},{"Link":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330255/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-026.pdf","external_links_name":"Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/airforcecombatwi0000rave","external_links_name":"Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977"},{"Link":"http://www.usafpatches.com/pubs/AFP900-2Vol1Bk2.pdf","external_links_name":"AF Pamphlet 900-2, Unit Decorations, Awards and Campaign Participation Credits"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150804134008/http://www.usafpatches.com/pubs/AFP900-2Vol1Bk2.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.usafpatches.com/pubs/AFP900-2Vol2.pdf","external_links_name":"AF Pamphlet 900-2, Unit Decorations, Awards and Campaign Participation Credits, Vol II"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150804124603/http://www.usafpatches.com/pubs/AFP900-2Vol2.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://usafhpa.org/23rdHES/23rdhistory.html","external_links_name":"\"History of the 23rd Helicopter Squadron\""},{"Link":"http://www.rotors.org/h21/history.htm","external_links_name":"\"Classic Rotors\""},{"Link":"http://archive.reporternews.com/news/c-130-dyess-timeline-ep-387990524-350045651.html","external_links_name":"\"C-130 Dyess timeline\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heer_(Netherlands)
|
Heer, Maastricht
|
["1 Impressions","2 References"]
|
Coordinates: 50°50′26″N 5°43′37″E / 50.84056°N 5.72694°E / 50.84056; 5.72694Neighbourhood & former municipality in Netherlands, Limburg, MaastrichtHeerneighbourhood & former municipalityLocation of Amby in MaastrichtMunicipalityMaastrichtProvinceLimburgCountryNetherlandsPopulation • Total7,615
Heer is a neighbourhood of Maastricht, in the Dutch province of Limburg. Heer is a former municipality and village, incorporated into Maastricht in 1970 and, until 1828, this municipality was called "Heer en Keer". The municipality covered the former villages of Heer and Scharn. It is located on the right bank of the river Meuse.
Impressions
National monument 506637, St Petrus Banden Church
National monument 506693, chapel of the Opveld convent
References
^ Ad van der Meer and Onno Boonstra, Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten, KNAW, 2011.
Neighbouring areas
Scharn
Scharn
Scharn
Randwyck
Heer
Eijsden-Margraten municipality (Bemelen section)
Randwyck
De Heeg / Vroendaal
Eijsden-Margraten municipality (Cadier en Keer section)
vteMaastricht and related topicsCultureGeneral
Flag
Coat of arms
Maastrichtian dialect
Museums in Maastricht
Sjeng
The European Fine Art Fair (TEFAF)
Education
Jan van Eyck Academie
Maastricht School of Management
Maastricht University (incl. University College Maastricht)
Zuyd University of Applied Sciences (incl. Maastricht Academy of Dramatic Arts
Maastricht Academy of Fine Arts
Maastricht Academy of Music)
Maastricht School of Hotel Management
History
First Siege (1579)
Capture of Maastricht (1632)
History of the Jews in Maastricht
Second Siege (1673)
Third Siege (1748)
Département de Meuse-Inférieure (1795-1814)
Battle of Maastricht (1940)
GeographyGeology & Hydrology
Juliana Canal
Maastrichtian (geological period)
Meuse
Mount Saint Peter
Zuid-Willemsvaart
Region / Urban area
Meuse-Rhine Euroregion
South Limburg
Lanaken (B)
Riemst (B) (Kanne)
Visé (B)
Neighbourhoods
Amby
Beatrixhaven
Belfort
Belvédère
Biesland
Binnenstad
Borgharen
Boschpoort
Boschstraatkwartier
Bosscherveld
Brusselsepoort
Caberg
Campagne
Daalhof
Dousberg-Hazendans
Frontenkwartier
De Heeg
Heer
Heugem
Heugemerveld
Itteren
Jekerdal
Jekerkwartier
Kommelkwartier
Lanakerveld
Limmel
Malberg
Malpertuis
Mariaberg
Meerssenhoven
Nazareth
Oud-Caberg
Pottenberg
Randwyck
Scharn
Sint Maartenspoort
Sint Pieter
Statenkwartier
Villapark
Vroendaal
Wittevrouwenveld
Wyck-Céramique
Wyckerpoort
PoliticsLocal politics
Historical mayors
Wim Hillenaar (current mayor)
International politics
Maastricht Treaty (1992)
Sports
Amstel Gold Race (cycling)
Maastricht Wildcats (American football)
MVV (football)
Ridderronde
Transportation
A2 motorway
Maastricht Aachen Airport (shared with Aachen, Germany)
Maastricht railway station
Maastricht Noord railway station
Maastricht Randwyck railway station
Hasselt – Maastricht tramway (cancelled)
capital of the Province of Limburg, Netherlands
Authority control databases
VIAF
50°50′26″N 5°43′37″E / 50.84056°N 5.72694°E / 50.84056; 5.72694
This Dutch Limburg location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Meuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse"}],"text":"Neighbourhood & former municipality in Netherlands, Limburg, MaastrichtHeer is a neighbourhood of Maastricht, in the Dutch province of Limburg. Heer is a former municipality and village, incorporated into Maastricht in 1970 and, until 1828, this municipality was called \"Heer en Keer\".[1] The municipality covered the former villages of Heer and Scharn. It is located on the right bank of the river Meuse.","title":"Heer, Maastricht"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_-_rijksmonument_506637_-_R.K._Kerk_St_Petrus_Banden_(Heer)_-_Dorpstraat_78_20110807.jpg"},{"link_name":"National monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksmonument"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maastricht_-_rijksmonument_506693_-_Kloosterkapel_Opveld_-_Veldstraat_20_20100903.jpg"}],"text":"National monument 506637, St Petrus Banden Church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNational monument 506693, chapel of the Opveld convent","title":"Impressions"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Heer,_Maastricht¶ms=50_50_26_N_5_43_37_E_region:NL_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"50°50′26″N 5°43′37″E / 50.84056°N 5.72694°E / 50.84056; 5.72694"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120306041851/http://www.dans.knaw.nl/content/categorieen/publicaties/dans-data-guide-2","external_links_name":"Repertorium van Nederlandse gemeenten"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/239191351","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Heer,_Maastricht¶ms=50_50_26_N_5_43_37_E_region:NL_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"50°50′26″N 5°43′37″E / 50.84056°N 5.72694°E / 50.84056; 5.72694"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heer,_Maastricht&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500th_anniversary_of_the_Zaporozhian_Sich
|
500th anniversary of the Zaporozhian Sich
|
["1 Background","2 Events","2.1 March in Zaporizhzhia","3 Legacy","4 References"]
|
1990 celebrations in Ukraine
500th anniversary of the Zaporozhian SichPart of dissolution of the Soviet UnionNative name 500-ліття Запорозького козацтваDate1–5 August 1990 (1990-08-01 – 1990-08-05)LocationDnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union(primarily Dnipropetrovsk, Khortytsia, Nikopol, and Zaporizhzhia)ThemeUkrainian nationalismOrganized by
Taras Shevchenko Society for the Ukrainian Language
People's Movement of Ukraine
(Ivan Drach, Mykhailo Horyn, Ivan Plyushch, Dmytro Pavlychko)
Participants300,000–500,000
The 500th anniversary of the Zaporozhian Sich (Ukrainian: 500-ліття Запорозького козацтва, romanized: 500-littia Zaporozkoho kozatstva) was a group of celebrations organised by the Taras Shevchenko Society for the Ukrainian Language and People's Movement of Ukraine and held in August 1990 to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the founding of the Zaporozhian Sich. The events, which were primarily organised by Ukrainian Sixtier poet Dmytro Pavlychko as well as other dissidents, took place in the southern Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts, and served as a form of demonstrating Ukrainian nationalism and support for Ukrainian independence from the Soviet Union.
Background
By 1990, assertions of Ukraine's separateness from Russia had become more overt. The dissident movement had formed into several organisations dedicated to strengthening Ukrainian culture (such as the Taras Shevchenko Society for the Ukrainian Language ) and increasing Ukrainian independence from the Soviet Union (such as the People's Movement of Ukraine). At the same time, the Soviet Union was beginning to collapse; the Baltic states and Georgia had declared independence. The Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine, adopted on 16 July 1990, gave the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic newfound separateness from the central Soviet government.
In 1990, the dissident movement was seeking something that could bring opponents of the Soviet Ukrainian government together. Seeing an opportunity to act without rejection from the government, they expressed their desire to organise events celebrating the 500th anniversary of the founding of the Zaporozhian Sich, a proposal which was accepted by the government.
Events
Though official celebrations began on 3 August 1990, informal activities had already begun three days prior. Celebrations on that day commemorated Ukrainian historian Dmytro Yavornytsky, who had studied the Zaporozhian Sich. This was followed the next day by a convocation of Cossacks from throughout Ukraine (including the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic). Official events on 3 and 4 August 1990 included a scientific conference dedicated to the history of the Zaporozhian Sich, commemorations of Cossack leader Ivan Sirko, and the placing of a memorial at Sirko's tomb.
In addition to dissident forces, other groups were involved in organising celebrations. Dissidents from the Baltic states played a role in organising awareness and support for the anniversary. Members of the Soviet government also gave their approval to the anniversary, with soldiers of the Soviet Army in one instance helping to install the flag of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army onto a monument and in other instances installing toilets and kitchens for participants in celebrations.
March in Zaporizhzhia
The largest and most significant part of the anniversary's celebration took place on 5 August 1990. Beginning on the island of Khortytsia, a march began travelling across the Dnipro Hydroelectric Station and into the city itself. An estimated 300,000 to 500,000 people took place in the march, including priests and Soviet dissidents. Other occasions which brought people to support the march were preservation of the Ukrainian language and environmentalism.
Zaporizhzhia March, 5 August 1990
March participants passing over the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station
Flags of various Cossack groups (along with the flag of Ukraine and the Belarusian white-red-white flag) being waved by marchers
Eastern Orthodox clergy participating in the march
Celebration organiser Dmytro Pavlychko (in centre, facing camera) marching alongside other participants
The march processing through the city of Zaporizhzhia
Legacy
A 1991 stamp of Ukraine commemorating the 500th anniversary of Ukrainian Cossacks
The events of the anniversary led to a renewed interest in the history of Ukrainian Cossacks. Since the anniversary, Ukraine's Cossack heritage has turned from a matter of debate among historians to something which is commonly-accepted. A number of Cossack societies have been founded in Ukraine since independence in 1991, owing partially to an atmosphere which was favourable to Cossacks brought about by the anniversary. The commemorations also led to the protection of Khortytsia's natural environment, with the island being granted the status of a national nature reserve in 1993.
Attempts at furthering the status of Cossacks within Ukrainian society after independence continued, though they failed to make significant progress. Proposals to integrate Cossacks into the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the presidencies of Leonid Kuchma and Viktor Yushchenko failed to come to fruition, and Cossacks fell into internal divisions between Russophile and anti-Russian Cossacks until the founding of the Kyiv Cossack Regiment in 2014 as part of the Russo-Ukrainian War.
References
^ a b "Про святкування 500-річчя запорозького козацтва" . Khortytsia Island (in Ukrainian). 3 August 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
^ a b c Andreieva, Natalia (5 August 2020). "5 серпня 1990 року у Запоріжжі до 500-ліття козацтва відбулася наймасштабніша хода патріотів України" . Suspilne (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 16 April 2023.
^ a b "Архівні фото відзначення у 1990 році 500-ліття Запорозького козацтва" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (in Ukrainian). 2 August 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
^ "Сучастність" . Zvytiaha (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 16 April 2023.
^ ЗАПОРІЗЬКИЙ ОБЛАСНИЙ ТУРИСТИЧНО-ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИЙ ЦЕНТР (in Ukrainian). Zaporozhye Regional Tourist Information Centre, National Park Khortytsia. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ Burda, Vladyslav. "Імперія завдає удару. Історія українського козацтва після зруйнування Січі" . CHAS.NEWS (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 16 April 2023.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"Taras Shevchenko Society for the Ukrainian Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras_Shevchenko_Society_for_the_Ukrainian_Language&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"People's Movement of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Zaporozhian Sich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporozhian_Sich"},{"link_name":"Sixtier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixtiers"},{"link_name":"Dmytro Pavlychko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmytro_Pavlychko"},{"link_name":"Dnipropetrovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia Oblasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"}],"text":"The 500th anniversary of the Zaporozhian Sich (Ukrainian: 500-ліття Запорозького козацтва, romanized: 500-littia Zaporozkoho kozatstva) was a group of celebrations organised by the Taras Shevchenko Society for the Ukrainian Language [uk] and People's Movement of Ukraine and held in August 1990 to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the founding of the Zaporozhian Sich. The events, which were primarily organised by Ukrainian Sixtier poet Dmytro Pavlychko as well as other dissidents, took place in the southern Dnipropetrovsk and Zaporizhzhia Oblasts, and served as a form of demonstrating Ukrainian nationalism and support for Ukrainian independence from the Soviet Union.","title":"500th anniversary of the Zaporozhian Sich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dissident movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_dissidents"},{"link_name":"Taras Shevchenko Society for the Ukrainian Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taras_Shevchenko_Society_for_the_Ukrainian_Language&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"People's Movement of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Baltic states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_states"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"By 1990, assertions of Ukraine's separateness from Russia had become more overt. The dissident movement had formed into several organisations dedicated to strengthening Ukrainian culture (such as the Taras Shevchenko Society for the Ukrainian Language [uk]) and increasing Ukrainian independence from the Soviet Union (such as the People's Movement of Ukraine). At the same time, the Soviet Union was beginning to collapse; the Baltic states and Georgia had declared independence. The Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine, adopted on 16 July 1990, gave the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic newfound separateness from the central Soviet government.[1]In 1990, the dissident movement was seeking something that could bring opponents of the Soviet Ukrainian government together. Seeing an opportunity to act without rejection from the government, they expressed their desire to organise events celebrating the 500th anniversary of the founding of the Zaporozhian Sich, a proposal which was accepted by the government.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dmytro Yavornytsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmytro_Yavornytsky"},{"link_name":"Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1991%E2%80%931992)"},{"link_name":"Ivan Sirko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Sirko"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Soviet Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Army"},{"link_name":"flag of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"text":"Though official celebrations began on 3 August 1990, informal activities had already begun three days prior. Celebrations on that day commemorated Ukrainian historian Dmytro Yavornytsky, who had studied the Zaporozhian Sich. This was followed the next day by a convocation of Cossacks from throughout Ukraine (including the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic). Official events on 3 and 4 August 1990 included a scientific conference dedicated to the history of the Zaporozhian Sich, commemorations of Cossack leader Ivan Sirko, and the placing of a memorial at Sirko's tomb.[3]In addition to dissident forces, other groups were involved in organising celebrations. Dissidents from the Baltic states played a role in organising awareness and support for the anniversary.[2] Members of the Soviet government also gave their approval to the anniversary, with soldiers of the Soviet Army in one instance helping to install the flag of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army onto a monument and in other instances installing toilets and kitchens for participants in celebrations.[3]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khortytsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khortytsia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%BC._%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B6%D1%8F._500_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83._1990._5.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dnieper Hydroelectric Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper_Hydroelectric_Station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%BC._%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B6%D1%8F._500_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83._1990._13.JPG"},{"link_name":"flag of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"white-red-white flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-red-white_flag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%BC._%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B6%D1%8F._500_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83._1990._14.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%BC._%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B6%D1%8F._500_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83._1990._15.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dmytro Pavlychko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmytro_Pavlychko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%BC._%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B6%D1%8F._500_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83._1990._16.JPG"}],"sub_title":"March in Zaporizhzhia","text":"The largest and most significant part of the anniversary's celebration took place on 5 August 1990. Beginning on the island of Khortytsia, a march began travelling across the Dnipro Hydroelectric Station and into the city itself. An estimated 300,000 to 500,000 people took place in the march, including priests and Soviet dissidents.[2] Other occasions which brought people to support the march were preservation of the Ukrainian language and environmentalism.[1]Zaporizhzhia March, 5 August 1990\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMarch participants passing over the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlags of various Cossack groups (along with the flag of Ukraine and the Belarusian white-red-white flag) being waved by marchers\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEastern Orthodox clergy participating in the march\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCelebration organiser Dmytro Pavlychko (in centre, facing camera) marching alongside other participants\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe march processing through the city of Zaporizhzhia","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stamp_of_Ukraine_s11.jpg"},{"link_name":"stamp of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Leonid Kuchma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Kuchma"},{"link_name":"Viktor Yushchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko"},{"link_name":"Kyiv Cossack Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyiv_Cossack_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"uk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA_%D1%96%D0%BC._%D0%A2._%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"Russo-Ukrainian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A 1991 stamp of Ukraine commemorating the 500th anniversary of Ukrainian CossacksThe events of the anniversary led to a renewed interest in the history of Ukrainian Cossacks. Since the anniversary, Ukraine's Cossack heritage has turned from a matter of debate among historians to something which is commonly-accepted. A number of Cossack societies have been founded in Ukraine since independence in 1991, owing partially to an atmosphere which was favourable to Cossacks brought about by the anniversary.[4] The commemorations also led to the protection of Khortytsia's natural environment, with the island being granted the status of a national nature reserve in 1993.[5]Attempts at furthering the status of Cossacks within Ukrainian society after independence continued, though they failed to make significant progress. Proposals to integrate Cossacks into the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the presidencies of Leonid Kuchma and Viktor Yushchenko failed to come to fruition, and Cossacks fell into internal divisions between Russophile and anti-Russian Cossacks until the founding of the Kyiv Cossack Regiment [uk] in 2014 as part of the Russo-Ukrainian War.[6]","title":"Legacy"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A 1991 stamp of Ukraine commemorating the 500th anniversary of Ukrainian Cossacks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Stamp_of_Ukraine_s11.jpg/135px-Stamp_of_Ukraine_s11.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Про святкування 500-річчя запорозького козацтва\" [On the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the Zaporozhian Cossacks]. Khortytsia Island (in Ukrainian). 3 August 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ostriv.org/pro-svjatkuvannja-500-richchja-zaporozkogo-kozactva/","url_text":"\"Про святкування 500-річчя запорозького козацтва\""}]},{"reference":"Andreieva, Natalia (5 August 2020). \"5 серпня 1990 року у Запоріжжі до 500-ліття козацтва відбулася наймасштабніша хода патріотів України\" [On 5 August 1990, the 500th anniversary of Cossacks, the largest march of Ukrainian patriots in Zaporozhzhia occurred]. Suspilne (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 16 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://suspilne.media/53171-5-serpna-1990-roku-u-zaporizzi-do-500-litta-kozactva-vidbulasa-najmasstabnisa-hoda-patriotiv-ukraini/","url_text":"\"5 серпня 1990 року у Запоріжжі до 500-ліття козацтва відбулася наймасштабніша хода патріотів України\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspilne","url_text":"Suspilne"}]},{"reference":"\"Архівні фото відзначення у 1990 році 500-ліття Запорозького козацтва\" [Archive photos of the 1990 commemoration of the 500th anniversary of Zaporozhian Cossacks]. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (in Ukrainian). 2 August 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/30762308.html","url_text":"\"Архівні фото відзначення у 1990 році 500-ліття Запорозького козацтва\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty","url_text":"Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty"}]},{"reference":"\"Сучастність\" [Present]. Zvytiaha (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 16 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://zvitiaga.org/catalog/layer/suchastnist1234","url_text":"\"Сучастність\""}]},{"reference":"ЗАПОРІЗЬКИЙ ОБЛАСНИЙ ТУРИСТИЧНО-ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИЙ ЦЕНТР (in Ukrainian). Zaporozhye Regional Tourist Information Centre, National Park Khortytsia. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180126083349/http://www.zotic.zp.ua/en/turobl/zaporozhye/khortitsa","url_text":"ЗАПОРІЗЬКИЙ ОБЛАСНИЙ ТУРИСТИЧНО-ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИЙ ЦЕНТР"},{"url":"http://www.zotic.zp.ua/en/turobl/zaporozhye/khortitsa","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Burda, Vladyslav. \"Імперія завдає удару. Історія українського козацтва після зруйнування Січі\" [The empire strikes back: History of Ukrainian Cossacks after destruction of the Sich]. CHAS.NEWS (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 16 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://chas.news/past/imperiya-zavdae-udaru-istoriya-ukrainskogo-kozatstva-pislya-zruinuvannya-sichi","url_text":"\"Імперія завдає удару. Історія українського козацтва після зруйнування Січі\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://ostriv.org/pro-svjatkuvannja-500-richchja-zaporozkogo-kozactva/","external_links_name":"\"Про святкування 500-річчя запорозького козацтва\""},{"Link":"https://suspilne.media/53171-5-serpna-1990-roku-u-zaporizzi-do-500-litta-kozactva-vidbulasa-najmasstabnisa-hoda-patriotiv-ukraini/","external_links_name":"\"5 серпня 1990 року у Запоріжжі до 500-ліття козацтва відбулася наймасштабніша хода патріотів України\""},{"Link":"https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/30762308.html","external_links_name":"\"Архівні фото відзначення у 1990 році 500-ліття Запорозького козацтва\""},{"Link":"https://zvitiaga.org/catalog/layer/suchastnist1234","external_links_name":"\"Сучастність\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180126083349/http://www.zotic.zp.ua/en/turobl/zaporozhye/khortitsa","external_links_name":"ЗАПОРІЗЬКИЙ ОБЛАСНИЙ ТУРИСТИЧНО-ІНФОРМАЦІЙНИЙ ЦЕНТР"},{"Link":"http://www.zotic.zp.ua/en/turobl/zaporozhye/khortitsa","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://chas.news/past/imperiya-zavdae-udaru-istoriya-ukrainskogo-kozatstva-pislya-zruinuvannya-sichi","external_links_name":"\"Імперія завдає удару. Історія українського козацтва після зруйнування Січі\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Sj%C3%B6stedt
|
Jonas Sjöstedt
|
["1 Personal life","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Swedish politician (born 1964)
Jonas SjöstedtVSjöstedt speaking at the International Workers' Day march of the Left Party in Gothenburg 2019Member of the European ParliamentIncumbentAssumed office 16 July 2024ConstituencySwedenIn office9 October 1995 – 26 September 2006ConstituencySwedenLeader of the Left PartyIn office6 January 2012 – 31 October 2020Preceded byLars OhlySucceeded byNooshi DadgostarMember of the RiksdagIn office4 October 2010 – 3 November 2020Succeeded byGudrun NordborgConstituencyVästerbotten County
Personal detailsBorn (1964-12-25) 25 December 1964 (age 59)Gothenburg, SwedenPolitical partyLeft PartyOther politicalaffiliationsSocialist Party USAProfessionMetalworker
Sjöstedt presenting himself at the Gothenburg book fair 2012
Jonas Sjöstedt (born 25 December 1964) is a Swedish politician who was the chairman of the Left Party from 2012 until 2020, and a former metalworker. He was also a member of the Swedish parliament between 2010 and 2020.
Sjöstedt was born in Gothenburg. He became politically active as a union leader in the Umeå Volvo plant in the early 1990s. Despite being opposed to Swedish membership of the European Union, he was elected Member of the European Parliament in 1995 for the Left Party as part of the European United Left-Nordic Green Left. He remained in that position until he stood down in September 2006. He was elected as a member in the Parliament of Sweden in 2010, representing Västerbotten. In the election, he was placed number one on the Left Party list (which generally receives one representative in this constituency), and was elected in a personal landslide of one third of all preference votes (a plurality above 8% being sufficient for a one seat-party).
In January 2020 Sjöstedt announced his intention to resign as the Left Party's leader at their congress in May, saying he wants to spend more time with his family who is currently living in Vietnam. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the congress was postponed, and Sjöstedt remained as party leader until the congress could be held on 31 October 2020, when Nooshi Dadgostar was elected as his successor.
Ahead of the 2024 European Parliament election, Sjöstedt was chosen as the lead candidate for the Left Party's list.
Personal life
Sjöstedt lived in New York City from 2006 to 2010, during which time he was an active member of the Socialist Party USA. He writes for Swedish leftist publications, radio, and print columns, as well as works of history and fiction. He is married to Swedish diplomat Ann Måwe, who was part of the Swedish delegation to the United Nations.
References
^ Valpresentation 2024 (Final results from European Parliament elections in Sweden 2024) Archived 14 June 2024 at the Wayback Machine Read 14 June 2024 (in Swedish)
^ Riksdagsförvaltningen. "Jonas Sjöstedt (V) – riksdagen.se". Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
^ "De ska leda Vänsterpartiet" (Press release) (in Swedish). Left Party. 6 January 2012. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
^ "Sjöstedt to be new Left Party leader – Radio Sweden – Sveriges Radio". Retrieved 13 September 2014.
^ "Jonas Sjöstedt avgår – ställer inte upp för omval" (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
^ "Nooshi Dadgostar is elected new V-leader". Nord News. 31 October 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
^ "Jonas Sjöstedt och Hanna Gedin i topp på Vänsterpartiets EU-lista". www.vansterpartiet.se (in Swedish). 20 January 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
^ Nilsson, Bengt (7 January 2012). "Jonas Sjöstedt ny vänsterledare". TTELA (in Swedish). Retrieved 22 May 2024.
External links
Media related to Jonas Sjöstedt at Wikimedia Commons
Bio at Radio UPF
EU Constitution: Political centralisation, economic liberalisation, austerity policy and militarization – not much left for the left in EU's constitution by Jonas Sjöstedt 20 February 2005.
Sjöstedt's website from his time as an MEP. (English Translation).
European Parliament Voting Record.
En vänsterman i New York Västerbottens-Kuriren, 3 December 2006. Interview on adjusting to life in New York City.
Party political offices
Preceded byLars Ohly
Chairman of the Left Party 2012–2020
Succeeded byNooshi Dadgostar
vteMembers of the Parliament of Sweden for the Left Party during 2010–2014
Ulla Andersson
Bengt Berg
Marianne Berg
Torbjörn Björlund
Josefin Brink
Rossana Dinamarca
Jens Holm
Siv Holma
Christina Höj Larsen
Wiwi-Anne Johansson
Jacob Johnson
Amineh Kakabaveh
Hans Linde
Lars Ohly
Eva Olofsson
Lena Olsson
Kent Persson
Jonas Sjöstedt
Mia Sydow Mölleby
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Sweden
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Left Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Party_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"metalworker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalworker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Umeå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ume%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"Volvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Member of the European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Left Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Party_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"European United Left-Nordic Green Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_United_Left_-_Nordic_Green_Left"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Västerbotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4sterbotten"},{"link_name":"preference votes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_list"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Nooshi Dadgostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nooshi_Dadgostar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"2024 European Parliament election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Sjöstedt presenting himself at the Gothenburg book fair 2012Jonas Sjöstedt (born 25 December 1964) is a Swedish politician who was the chairman of the Left Party from 2012 until 2020, and a former metalworker.[2][3] He was also a member of the Swedish parliament between 2010 and 2020.Sjöstedt was born in Gothenburg. He became politically active as a union leader in the Umeå Volvo plant in the early 1990s. Despite being opposed to Swedish membership of the European Union, he was elected Member of the European Parliament in 1995 for the Left Party as part of the European United Left-Nordic Green Left. He remained in that position until he stood down in September 2006. He was elected as a member in the Parliament of Sweden in 2010, representing Västerbotten. In the election, he was placed number one on the Left Party list (which generally receives one representative in this constituency), and was elected in a personal landslide of one third of all preference votes (a plurality above 8% being sufficient for a one seat-party).[4]In January 2020 Sjöstedt announced his intention to resign as the Left Party's leader at their congress in May, saying he wants to spend more time with his family who is currently living in Vietnam.[5] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the congress was postponed, and Sjöstedt remained as party leader until the congress could be held on 31 October 2020, when Nooshi Dadgostar was elected as his successor.[6]Ahead of the 2024 European Parliament election, Sjöstedt was chosen as the lead candidate for the Left Party's list.[7]","title":"Jonas Sjöstedt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Socialist Party USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ann Måwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann_M%C3%A5we&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Sjöstedt lived in New York City from 2006 to 2010, during which time he was an active member of the Socialist Party USA.[8] He writes for Swedish leftist publications, radio, and print columns, as well as works of history and fiction. He is married to Swedish diplomat Ann Måwe, who was part of the Swedish delegation to the United Nations.","title":"Personal life"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Sjöstedt presenting himself at the Gothenburg book fair 2012"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Riksdagsförvaltningen. \"Jonas Sjöstedt (V) – riksdagen.se\". Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140914001240/http://www.riksdagen.se/en/Members-and-parties/Members/Ledamoter/Sjstedt-Jonas-0383111552218/","url_text":"\"Jonas Sjöstedt (V) – riksdagen.se\""},{"url":"http://www.riksdagen.se/en/Members-and-parties/Members/Ledamoter/Sjstedt-Jonas-0383111552218/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"De ska leda Vänsterpartiet\" (Press release) (in Swedish). Left Party. 6 January 2012. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120120200113/http://www.vansterpartiet.se/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3724%3Ade-ska-leda-vaensterpartiet&catid=322%3Arigt&Itemid=800","url_text":"\"De ska leda Vänsterpartiet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Party_(Sweden)","url_text":"Left Party"},{"url":"http://www.vansterpartiet.se/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3724:de-ska-leda-vaensterpartiet&catid=322:rigt&Itemid=800","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sjöstedt to be new Left Party leader – Radio Sweden – Sveriges Radio\". Retrieved 13 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=4849990","url_text":"\"Sjöstedt to be new Left Party leader – Radio Sweden – Sveriges Radio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jonas Sjöstedt avgår – ställer inte upp för omval\" (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. Retrieved 15 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/jonas-sjostedt-avgar-staller-inte-upp-for-omval","url_text":"\"Jonas Sjöstedt avgår – ställer inte upp för omval\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Television","url_text":"Sveriges Television"}]},{"reference":"\"Nooshi Dadgostar is elected new V-leader\". Nord News. 31 October 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nord.news/2020/10/31/nooshi-dadgostar-is-elected-new-v-leader/","url_text":"\"Nooshi Dadgostar is elected new V-leader\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jonas Sjöstedt och Hanna Gedin i topp på Vänsterpartiets EU-lista\". www.vansterpartiet.se (in Swedish). 20 January 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vansterpartiet.se/nyheter/jonas-sjostedt-och-hanna-gedin-i-topp-pa-vansterpartiets-eu-lista/","url_text":"\"Jonas Sjöstedt och Hanna Gedin i topp på Vänsterpartiets EU-lista\""}]},{"reference":"Nilsson, Bengt (7 January 2012). \"Jonas Sjöstedt ny vänsterledare\". TTELA (in Swedish). Retrieved 22 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ttela.se/nyheter/vanersborg/jonas-sjostedt-ny-vansterledare.0ea5676d-a13f-4850-be74-2173a878acf4","url_text":"\"Jonas Sjöstedt ny vänsterledare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTELA","url_text":"TTELA"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://resultat.val.se/euval2024/EU?r=S&t=2","external_links_name":"Valpresentation 2024 (Final results from European Parliament elections in Sweden 2024)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240614181308/https://resultat.val.se/euval2024/EU?r=S&t=2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140914001240/http://www.riksdagen.se/en/Members-and-parties/Members/Ledamoter/Sjstedt-Jonas-0383111552218/","external_links_name":"\"Jonas Sjöstedt (V) – riksdagen.se\""},{"Link":"http://www.riksdagen.se/en/Members-and-parties/Members/Ledamoter/Sjstedt-Jonas-0383111552218/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120120200113/http://www.vansterpartiet.se/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3724%3Ade-ska-leda-vaensterpartiet&catid=322%3Arigt&Itemid=800","external_links_name":"\"De ska leda Vänsterpartiet\""},{"Link":"http://www.vansterpartiet.se/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3724:de-ska-leda-vaensterpartiet&catid=322:rigt&Itemid=800","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=4849990","external_links_name":"\"Sjöstedt to be new Left Party leader – Radio Sweden – Sveriges Radio\""},{"Link":"https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/jonas-sjostedt-avgar-staller-inte-upp-for-omval","external_links_name":"\"Jonas Sjöstedt avgår – ställer inte upp för omval\""},{"Link":"https://nord.news/2020/10/31/nooshi-dadgostar-is-elected-new-v-leader/","external_links_name":"\"Nooshi Dadgostar is elected new V-leader\""},{"Link":"https://www.vansterpartiet.se/nyheter/jonas-sjostedt-och-hanna-gedin-i-topp-pa-vansterpartiets-eu-lista/","external_links_name":"\"Jonas Sjöstedt och Hanna Gedin i topp på Vänsterpartiets EU-lista\""},{"Link":"https://www.ttela.se/nyheter/vanersborg/jonas-sjostedt-ny-vansterledare.0ea5676d-a13f-4850-be74-2173a878acf4","external_links_name":"\"Jonas Sjöstedt ny vänsterledare\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724235616/http://www.radioupf.se/?p=133","external_links_name":"Bio at Radio UPF"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070715091900/http://www.skog.de/writers/e050220.htm","external_links_name":"EU Constitution: Political centralisation, economic liberalisation, austerity policy and militarization – not much left for the left in EU's constitution"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081121075601/http://www.jonassjostedt.com/","external_links_name":"Sjöstedt's website from his time as an MEP"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011153009/http://www.vguengl.org/query%3Ainvoke/folderid%3A2111/method%3Adisplay/lang%3Aen/","external_links_name":"English Translation"},{"Link":"http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/public/inOut/viewOutgoing.do;jsessionid=323A059F1418D7722F77E28A869C4EBF.node2?language=EN&id=2268","external_links_name":"European Parliament Voting Record"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070128164049/http://www.vk.se/Article.jsp?article=91438","external_links_name":"En vänsterman i New York Västerbottens-Kuriren"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000059044527","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/86428737","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkp4cgjD4mrpPBYVbgBT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165587493","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165587493","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1154487628","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/wt7bg93f1q3t1f3","external_links_name":"Sweden"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuan_Peak
|
Mount Terror (Antarctica)
|
["1 Geology","2 Geography","3 Central features","3.1 Kienle Nunataks","3.2 Mount Sutherland","3.3 Rohnke Crests","3.4 Moore Peak","3.5 Ohau Peak","4 Giggenbach Ridge","4.1 Chuan Peak","4.2 Manahan Peak","4.3 Barker Peak","4.4 Joyce Peak","4.5 Kristin Peak","5 Eastern features","5.1 Tent Peak","5.2 The Tooth","5.3 Slattery Peak","5.4 Pönui Nunatak","5.5 Conical Hill","6 Cultural references","7 References","8 Sources","9 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 77°31′S 168°32′E / 77.517°S 168.533°E / -77.517; 168.533Shield volcano in Antarctica
Mount TerrorMount Terror (right, distant), Mount Erebus (left, nearer) seen from Hut Point Peninsula (foreground), the southernmost point on Ross Island.Highest pointElevation3,230 m (10,600 ft)Prominence1,728 m (5,669 ft)ListingUltraCoordinates77°31′S 168°32′E / 77.517°S 168.533°E / -77.517; 168.533GeographyMount TerrorRoss Island, Antarctica
GeologyAge of rock820,000–1.75 million yearsMountain typeShield volcano (extinct)Volcanic beltMcMurdo Volcanic GroupClimbingFirst ascent1959Easiest routesnow/ice climb
Mount Terror (77°31′S 168°32′E / 77.517°S 168.533°E / -77.517; 168.533) is an extinct volcano about 3,230 metres (10,600 ft) high on Ross Island, Antarctica, about 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) eastward of Mount Erebus.
Mount Terror was named in 1841 by polar explorer Sir James Clark Ross for his second ship, HMS Terror.
The captain of Terror was Francis Crozier, a close friend of Ross for whom the nearby Cape Crozier is named.
Geology
Mount Terror is a large shield volcano that forms the eastern part of Ross Island, Antarctica.
It has numerous cinder cones and domes on the flanks of the shield and is mostly under snow and ice. It is the second largest of the four volcanoes that make up Ross Island and is somewhat overshadowed by its neighbour, Mount Erebus, 30 kilometres (30,000 m) to the west.
Geography
The rocks at the summit have not been studied, but rocks from the lower areas range from 0.82 to 1.75 million years old, and Mount Terror shows no signs of more recent volcanic activity.
The first ascent of Mount Terror was made by a New Zealand party in 1959.
The mountain is to the west of Cape Crozier, and east of Mount Terra Nova and Mount Erebus.
Central features
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
Ross Island. Mount Terror is to the east
Kienle Nunataks
77°28′00″S 168°36′00″E / 77.4666667°S 168.6°E / -77.4666667; 168.6.
Three aligned nunataks to the north of Mount Terror in northeast Ross Island. The nunataks trend east-west for 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) and rise to about 1,700 metres (5,600 ft).
The central nunatak is 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km; 2.9 mi) north-northeast of the Mount Terror summit. At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Juergen Kienle (d.), Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, a United States Antarctic Project (USAP) team leader for the investigation of volcanic activity and seismicity on Mount Erebus in six field seasons, 1980-81 through 1985-86.
Mount Sutherland
77°30′00″S 168°28′00″E / 77.5°S 168.4666667°E / -77.5; 168.4666667.
A peak 1.4 nautical miles (2.6 km; 1.6 mi) west-northwest of the summit of Mount Terror on Ross Island. The feature rises to about 2,500 metres (8,200 ft).
Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after Alexander L. Sutherland, Jr., Ocean Projects Manager, OPP, NSF, with responsibility for directing operations and logistics for United States Antarctic Project (USAP) research vessels from 1989; responsible for acquisition of the Research Vessel/Ice Breakers Nathaniel B. Palmer and Laurence M. Gould.
Rohnke Crests
77°35′00″S 168°41′00″E / 77.5833333°S 168.6833333°E / -77.5833333; 168.6833333.
Two rock ridges, about 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) high, that are parallel and rise above the general ice mantle on the southeast slopes of Mount Terror.
This feature is east of the head of Eastwind Glacier and 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) northeast of Conical Hill. Names in association with Eastwind Glacier after Captain (later Rear Admiral) Oscar C. Rohnke, USCG, who commanded United States Coast Guard Cutter (USCGC) Eastwind in Ross Sea during United States Navy (United States Navy) Operation Deep Freeze (OpDFrz) I, 1955-56.
Moore Peak
77°31′00″S 168°27′00″E / 77.5166667°S 168.45°E / -77.5166667; 168.45.
A peak rising to 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) high on the west slope of Mount Terror, Ross Island. The peak is 1.6 nautical miles (3.0 km; 1.8 mi) west-southwest of the summit of Mount Terror and 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) south of Mount Sutherland. At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after James A. Moore, a member of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology team on Mount Erebus in the 1983–84 and 1985-86 field seasons. He completed his M.S. thesis on the geology of Mount Erebus.
Ohau Peak
77°30′S 168°42′E / 77.5°S 168.7°E / -77.5; 168.7.
A sharp rock peak 1.9 nautical miles (3.5 km; 2.2 mi) northeast of the summit of Mount Terror on Ross Island.
The feature rises to about 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) high and is central in three aligned summits 0.8 nautical miles (1.5 km; 0.92 mi) north of Mount McIntosh.
Named by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (2000) after a peak near the locality of Tekapo (see Tekapo Ridge), New Zealand.
Giggenbach Ridge
77°28′00″S 168°20′00″E / 77.4666667°S 168.3333333°E / -77.4666667; 168.3333333.
A north-south chain of summits, 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) long, located to the west and northwest of Mount Terror.
The ridge rises to about 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) west of Mount Terror, but descends to 1,320 metres (4,330 ft) at the north end.
Named at the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after Werner F. Giggenbach, Chemistry Division, DSIR, who worked in the NZAP at Mount Erebus in four field seasons during the 1970s.
He rappelled into the Inner Crater of Mount Erebus in 1978, but had to be pulled out when an eruption showered him and colleagues on the crater rim with volcanic bombs.
He was one of the leading volcanic gas geochemists of the period.
Chuan Peak
77°29′00″S 168°21′00″E / 77.4833333°S 168.35°E / -77.4833333; 168.35.
A peak, about 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) high, located 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) northeast of Barker Peak in the south part of Giggenbach Ridge, Ross Island.
At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after Raymond L. Chuan who, as a scientist with the Brunswick Corporation, Costa Mesa, CA, undertook many airborne surveys of volcanic aerosols from Mount Erebus and also did sampling at the crater rim, 1983–84 and 1986–87; investigator (with Julie Palais) on a project which examined aerosols between Mount Erebus and the South Pole.
Manahan Peak
77°29′00″S 168°26′00″E / 77.4833333°S 168.4333333°E / -77.4833333; 168.4333333.
A prominent peak 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) east of Giggenbach Ridge in northeast Ross Island. The peak rises to over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) high 2.6 nautical miles (4.8 km; 3.0 mi) northwest of the summit of Mount Terror. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after biologist Donal T. Manahan, who worked eight seasons in Antarctica from 1983; United States Antarctic Project (USAP) prinicipal investigator in study of early stages (embryos larvae) of marine animals; chair, Polar Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 2000.
Barker Peak
77°30′S 168°18′E / 77.5°S 168.3°E / -77.5; 168.3.
A peak 3.6 nautical miles (6.7 km; 4.1 mi) west-northwest of Mount Terror on Ross Island. The feature rises to about 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) high and is the western of two peaks near the south end of Giggenbach Ridge. Name by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (2000) after Major James R. M. Barker, officer in command at Scott Base, 1970–71; a NZAP manager, 1970-86.
Joyce Peak
77°28′00″S 168°12′00″E / 77.4666667°S 168.2°E / -77.4666667; 168.2.
A peak rising to over 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) high in the north-central part of Ross Island.
It stands west of the main summits of Giggenbach Ridge and 5.3 miles (8.5 km) south-southeast of Wyandot Point.
Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after Karen Joyce, a long-term ASA employee, who from 1990 made 10 deployments to McMurdo Station, including a winter-over; assisted with computers in the Crary Science and Engineering Center.
Kristin Peak
77°26′00″S 168°19′00″E / 77.4333333°S 168.3166667°E / -77.4333333; 168.3166667.
A peak rising to over 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) high at the north end of Giggenbach Ridge on Ross Island.
The feature is 4.5 nautical miles (8.3 km; 5.2 mi) south of Cape Tennyson.
Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after Kristin Larson, who has participated in support activities to United States Antarctic Project (USAP) from 1988, including two winters at McMurdo Station; supervisor, Eklund Biological Center and Thiel Labs, 1988 and 1992; supervisor, Crary Science and Engineering Center, 1992–95; editor, The Antarctican Society newsletter from 1996; later of staff of OPP, NSF.
Eastern features
Features to the east, towards the Kyle Hills, include:
Tent Peak
77°30′S 168°58′E / 77.500°S 168.967°E / -77.500; 168.967.
A tent-shaped peak rising to about 1,570 metres (5,150 ft) high midway between Mount Terror and Cape Crozier.
It was descriptively named by a party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE), 1958–59, which occupied the peak as an astronomical control station, January 5, 1959, and erected a tent below the peak.
The Tooth
77°31′S 168°59′E / 77.517°S 168.983°E / -77.517; 168.983.
A distinctive rock outcrop on the eastern slopes of Mount Terror at an elevation of about 1,400 metres (4,600 ft).
The feature lies 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) south-southeast of Tent Peak and is reported to resemble a fossilized shark's tooth.
Descriptively named by a party of the NZGSAE, 1958–59, working in eastern Ross Island.
Slattery Peak
77°34′00″S 168°59′00″E / 77.5666667°S 168.9833333°E / -77.5666667; 168.9833333.
A somewhat isolated rock peak, about 600 metres (2,000 ft) high, that rises above the ice mantle southeast of Mount Terror.
The peak position is additionally defined as 5.5 nautical miles (10.2 km; 6.3 mi) southwest of The Knoll and 3.8 nautical miles (7.0 km; 4.4 mi) east-northeast of Rohnke Crests.
Named after Leo Slattery, who wintered at Scott Base three times, twice as Officer in Charge; Post Clerk on Ross Island, summer 1973-74; Postmaster on Ross Island, summers 1979-80, 1981–82, and 1983–84.
Pönui Nunatak
77°35′00″S 169°01′00″E / 77.5833333°S 169.0166667°E / -77.5833333; 169.0166667.
A nunatak located 0.6 nautical miles (1.1 km; 0.69 mi) southeast of Slattery Peak and 5.6 nautical miles (10.4 km; 6.4 mi) southwest of The Knoll. The feature rises to 320 metres (1,050 ft) high near the juncture of the island and Ross Ice Shelf. The name Ponui (meaning south wind) is one of several Maori wind names applied by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) in this vicinity.
Conical Hill
77°39′S 168°34′E / 77.650°S 168.567°E / -77.650; 168.567.
A small but distinctive rock hill, 655 metres (2,149 ft) high, on the south slopes of Mount Terror, above Cape MacKay.
Given this descriptive name by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910–13, under Scott.
Cultural references
Mount Terror is the stronghold of Russian anarchist revolutionaries in the 1894 science fiction novel Olga Romanoff by George Griffith.
Mount Terror and Mount Erebus are mentioned in the 1936 novella At the Mountains of Madness by H.P. Lovecraft.
Mount Terror is used as a location in the 2004 novel State of Fear by Michael Crichton.
Mount Terror is referenced in Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas by the narrator Professor Arronax, after they arrive at the South Pole, in reference to two volcanic craters, the Erebus and Terror, in context to an earlier discovery by James Clark Ross.
References
^ a b c Alberts 1995, p. 740.
^ a b "Antarctica Ultra-Prominences" Peaklist.org. Retrieved 2012-09-05.
^ Ross Island USGS.
^ Kienle Nunataks USGS.
^ Mount Sutherland USGS.
^ Rohnke Crests USGS.
^ Moore Peak USGS.
^ Ohau Peak USGS.
^ Giggenbach Ridge USGS.
^ Chuan Peak USGS.
^ Manahan Peak USGS.
^ Barker Peak USGS.
^ Joyce Peak USGS.
^ Kristin Peak USGS.
^ Alberts 1995, p. 738.
^ Alberts 1995, p. 752.
^ Slattery Peak USGS.
^ Pönui Nunatak USGS.
^ Alberts 1995, p. 148.
Sources
Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), Geographic Names of the Antarctic (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 2024-01-30 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names.
"Barker Peak", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior
"Chuan Peak", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior
"Giggenbach Ridge", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior
"Joyce Peak", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior
"Kienle Nunataks", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior
"Kristin Peak", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior
"Manahan Peak", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior
"Moore Peak", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior
"Mount Sutherland", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior
"Ohau Peak", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior
"Pönui Nunatak", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior
"Rohnke Crests", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior
Ross Island, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-01-30
"Slattery Peak", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.
External links
"Terror". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
vteRoss IslandStructures and bases
Discovery Hut
Lower Erebus Hut
McMurdo Station
Scott Base
Scott's Hut
Shackleton's Hut
World Park Base
Elevated featuresMountains
Abbott Peak
Ainley Peak
Barker Peak
Beeby Peak
Caldwell Peak
Chuan Peak
Mount Cis
Coleman Peak
Coughran Peak
Detrick Peak
Dibble Peak
The Fang
Joyce Peak
Kristin Peak
Mount McIntosh
Manahan Peak
Mount Melton
Millennium Peak
Moore Peak
Nash Peak
Oamaru Peak
Ohau Peak
Parawera Cone
Scanniello Peak
Sherve Peak
Slattery Peak
Mount Sutherland
Tarakäkä Peak
Te Puna Roimata Peak
Tent Peak
Three Sisters Cones
Turret Cone
Wong Peak
Volcanoes
Mount Bird
Black Knob
Boulder Cones
Cinder Hill
Mount Erebus
First Crater
Gamble Cone
Half Moon Crater
Hoopers Shoulder
Inner Crater
Kyle Cone
Kyle Hills
Main Crater
Observation Hill
Second Crater
Sheppard Crater
Mount Terra Nova
Mount Terror
Topping Cone
Twin Crater
Hills
Alexander Hill
Black Knob
Cone Hill
Conical Hill
Fitzgerald Hill
Ford Rock
Inclusion Hill
Keys Hill
The Knoll
Lutz Hill
Observation Hill
Post Office Hill
Trachyte Hill
Nunataks
Allen Rocks
Castle Rock
Centipede Nunatak
Kaka Nunatak
Kakapo Nunatak
Kea Nunataks
Kienle Nunataks
Mümü Nunatak
Norman Crag
Pōnui Nunatak
Takahe Nunatak
Tazieff Rocks
The Tooth
Inland featuresCliffs
Arrival Heights
Esser Bluff
Grazyna Bluff
Helo Cliffs
Kaminuma Bluff
Krall Crags
Palais Bluff
Terrie Bluff
Vee Cliffs
Williams Cliff
Glaciers
Aurora Glacier
Barne Glacier
Eastwind Glacier
Endeavour Piedmont Glacier
Erebus Glacier
Erebus Glacier Tongue
Fang Glacier
Shell Glacier
Lakes
Algal Lake
Blue Lake
Clear Lake
Coast Lake
Deep Lake
Island Lake
Pony Lake
Skua Lake
Starr Lake
Sunk Lake
Terrace Lake
Ridges
Fang Ridge
Giggenbach Ridge
Glacier Ridge
Guardrail Ridge
Ice Tower Ridge
Panter Ridge
Rohnke Crests
Ruru Crests
Tech Crags
Tekapo Ridge
Tramway Ridge
Turks Head Ridge
Warren Ridge
Other inlandfeatures
Bird Saddle
Camp Slope
Crystal Slope
Fitzgerald Stream
Fortress Rocks
Harrison Stream
Lofty Promenade
New College Valley
Pakaru Icefalls
The Ramp
Robot Gully
Wilson Stream
CoastalfeaturesBays
Backdoor Bay
Erebus Bay
Fog Bay, Antarctica
Lewis Bay
Turks Head Bay
Windless Bight
Winter Quarters Bay
Wohlschlag Bay
Headlands
Cape Barne
Cape Bird
Cape Crozier
Dufek Head
Cape Evans
Flagstaff Point
Harrison Bluff
Hut Point Peninsula
Keys Point
Cape MacKay
Micou Point
Newport Point
Cape Royds
Cape Tennyson
Terror Point
Towle Point
Tryggve Point
Turks Head
Varcoe Headland
Wyandot Point
Other coastal features
Caughley Beach
McDonald Beach
McMurdo Ice Shelf
Waipuke Beach
Williamson Rock
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°31′S 168°32′E / 77.517°S 168.533°E / -77.517; 168.533","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77_31_S_168_32_E_"},{"link_name":"Ross Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Island"},{"link_name":"Mount Erebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995740-1"},{"link_name":"James Clark Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clark_Ross"},{"link_name":"HMS Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995740-1"},{"link_name":"Francis Crozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crozier"},{"link_name":"Cape Crozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Crozier"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Shield volcano in AntarcticaMount Terror (77°31′S 168°32′E / 77.517°S 168.533°E / -77.517; 168.533) is an extinct volcano about 3,230 metres (10,600 ft) high on Ross Island, Antarctica, about 20 nautical miles (37 km; 23 mi) eastward of Mount Erebus.[1]\nMount Terror was named in 1841 by polar explorer Sir James Clark Ross for his second ship, HMS Terror.[1]\nThe captain of Terror was Francis Crozier, a close friend of Ross for whom the nearby Cape Crozier is named.[citation needed]","title":"Mount Terror (Antarctica)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shield volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_volcano"},{"link_name":"Ross Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Island"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"cinder cones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinder_cone"},{"link_name":"snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow"},{"link_name":"ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice"},{"link_name":"Mount Erebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Mount Terror is a large shield volcano that forms the eastern part of Ross Island, Antarctica. \nIt has numerous cinder cones and domes on the flanks of the shield and is mostly under snow and ice. It is the second largest of the four volcanoes that make up Ross Island and is somewhat overshadowed by its neighbour, Mount Erebus, 30 kilometres (30,000 m) to the west.[citation needed]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cape Crozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Crozier"},{"link_name":"Mount Terra Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Terra_Nova"},{"link_name":"Mount Erebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss_Island_USGS-3"}],"text":"The rocks at the summit have not been studied, but rocks from the lower areas range from 0.82 to 1.75 million years old, and Mount Terror shows no signs of more recent volcanic activity.\nThe first ascent of Mount Terror was made by a New Zealand party in 1959.[citation needed]\nThe mountain is to the west of Cape Crozier, and east of Mount Terra Nova and Mount Erebus.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Mount_Terror_%28Antarctica%29"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ross_Island_Map_USGS_250k.png"}],"text":"Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)Ross Island. Mount Terror is to the east","title":"Central features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°28′00″S 168°36′00″E / 77.4666667°S 168.6°E / -77.4666667; 168.6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.4666667_S_168.6_E_"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienle_Nunataks_USGS-4"}],"sub_title":"Kienle Nunataks","text":"77°28′00″S 168°36′00″E / 77.4666667°S 168.6°E / -77.4666667; 168.6. \nThree aligned nunataks to the north of Mount Terror in northeast Ross Island. The nunataks trend east-west for 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) and rise to about 1,700 metres (5,600 ft). \nThe central nunatak is 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km; 2.9 mi) north-northeast of the Mount Terror summit. At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Juergen Kienle (d.), Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, a United States Antarctic Project (USAP) team leader for the investigation of volcanic activity and seismicity on Mount Erebus in six field seasons, 1980-81 through 1985-86.[4]","title":"Central features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°30′00″S 168°28′00″E / 77.5°S 168.4666667°E / -77.5; 168.4666667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.5_S_168.4666667_E_"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMount_Sutherland_USGS-5"}],"sub_title":"Mount Sutherland","text":"77°30′00″S 168°28′00″E / 77.5°S 168.4666667°E / -77.5; 168.4666667.\nA peak 1.4 nautical miles (2.6 km; 1.6 mi) west-northwest of the summit of Mount Terror on Ross Island. The feature rises to about 2,500 metres (8,200 ft). \nNamed by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after Alexander L. Sutherland, Jr., Ocean Projects Manager, OPP, NSF, with responsibility for directing operations and logistics for United States Antarctic Project (USAP) research vessels from 1989; responsible for acquisition of the Research Vessel/Ice Breakers Nathaniel B. Palmer and Laurence M. Gould.[5]","title":"Central features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°35′00″S 168°41′00″E / 77.5833333°S 168.6833333°E / -77.5833333; 168.6833333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.5833333_S_168.6833333_E_"},{"link_name":"Eastwind Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastwind_Glacier"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohnke_Crests_USGS-6"}],"sub_title":"Rohnke Crests","text":"77°35′00″S 168°41′00″E / 77.5833333°S 168.6833333°E / -77.5833333; 168.6833333. \nTwo rock ridges, about 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) high, that are parallel and rise above the general ice mantle on the southeast slopes of Mount Terror. \nThis feature is east of the head of Eastwind Glacier and 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) northeast of Conical Hill. Names in association with Eastwind Glacier after Captain (later Rear Admiral) Oscar C. Rohnke, USCG, who commanded United States Coast Guard Cutter (USCGC) Eastwind in Ross Sea during United States Navy (United States Navy) Operation Deep Freeze (OpDFrz) I, 1955-56.[6]","title":"Central features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°31′00″S 168°27′00″E / 77.5166667°S 168.45°E / -77.5166667; 168.45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.5166667_S_168.45_E_"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore_Peak_USGS-7"}],"sub_title":"Moore Peak","text":"77°31′00″S 168°27′00″E / 77.5166667°S 168.45°E / -77.5166667; 168.45.\nA peak rising to 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) high on the west slope of Mount Terror, Ross Island. The peak is 1.6 nautical miles (3.0 km; 1.8 mi) west-southwest of the summit of Mount Terror and 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) south of Mount Sutherland. At the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after James A. Moore, a member of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology team on Mount Erebus in the 1983–84 and 1985-86 field seasons. He completed his M.S. thesis on the geology of Mount Erebus.[7]","title":"Central features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°30′S 168°42′E / 77.5°S 168.7°E / -77.5; 168.7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.5_S_168.7_E_"},{"link_name":"Tekapo Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekapo_Ridge"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhau_Peak_USGS-8"}],"sub_title":"Ohau Peak","text":"77°30′S 168°42′E / 77.5°S 168.7°E / -77.5; 168.7.\nA sharp rock peak 1.9 nautical miles (3.5 km; 2.2 mi) northeast of the summit of Mount Terror on Ross Island. \nThe feature rises to about 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) high and is central in three aligned summits 0.8 nautical miles (1.5 km; 0.92 mi) north of Mount McIntosh. \nNamed by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (2000) after a peak near the locality of Tekapo (see Tekapo Ridge), New Zealand.[8]","title":"Central features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°28′00″S 168°20′00″E / 77.4666667°S 168.3333333°E / -77.4666667; 168.3333333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.4666667_S_168.3333333_E_"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiggenbach_Ridge_USGS-9"}],"text":"77°28′00″S 168°20′00″E / 77.4666667°S 168.3333333°E / -77.4666667; 168.3333333. \nA north-south chain of summits, 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) long, located to the west and northwest of Mount Terror. \nThe ridge rises to about 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) west of Mount Terror, but descends to 1,320 metres (4,330 ft) at the north end. \nNamed at the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after Werner F. Giggenbach, Chemistry Division, DSIR, who worked in the NZAP at Mount Erebus in four field seasons during the 1970s. \nHe rappelled into the Inner Crater of Mount Erebus in 1978, but had to be pulled out when an eruption showered him and colleagues on the crater rim with volcanic bombs.\nHe was one of the leading volcanic gas geochemists of the period.[9]","title":"Giggenbach Ridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°29′00″S 168°21′00″E / 77.4833333°S 168.35°E / -77.4833333; 168.35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.4833333_S_168.35_E_"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChuan_Peak_USGS-10"}],"sub_title":"Chuan Peak","text":"77°29′00″S 168°21′00″E / 77.4833333°S 168.35°E / -77.4833333; 168.35.\nA peak, about 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) high, located 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) northeast of Barker Peak in the south part of Giggenbach Ridge, Ross Island. \nAt the suggestion of P.R. Kyle, named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after Raymond L. Chuan who, as a scientist with the Brunswick Corporation, Costa Mesa, CA, undertook many airborne surveys of volcanic aerosols from Mount Erebus and also did sampling at the crater rim, 1983–84 and 1986–87; investigator (with Julie Palais) on a project which examined aerosols between Mount Erebus and the South Pole.[10]","title":"Giggenbach Ridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°29′00″S 168°26′00″E / 77.4833333°S 168.4333333°E / -77.4833333; 168.4333333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.4833333_S_168.4333333_E_"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManahan_Peak_USGS-11"}],"sub_title":"Manahan Peak","text":"77°29′00″S 168°26′00″E / 77.4833333°S 168.4333333°E / -77.4833333; 168.4333333.\nA prominent peak 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) east of Giggenbach Ridge in northeast Ross Island. The peak rises to over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) high 2.6 nautical miles (4.8 km; 3.0 mi) northwest of the summit of Mount Terror. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after biologist Donal T. Manahan, who worked eight seasons in Antarctica from 1983; United States Antarctic Project (USAP) prinicipal investigator in study of early stages (embryos larvae) of marine animals; chair, Polar Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 2000.[11]","title":"Giggenbach Ridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°30′S 168°18′E / 77.5°S 168.3°E / -77.5; 168.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.5_S_168.3_E_"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker_Peak_USGS-12"}],"sub_title":"Barker Peak","text":"77°30′S 168°18′E / 77.5°S 168.3°E / -77.5; 168.3.\nA peak 3.6 nautical miles (6.7 km; 4.1 mi) west-northwest of Mount Terror on Ross Island. The feature rises to about 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) high and is the western of two peaks near the south end of Giggenbach Ridge. Name by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) (2000) after Major James R. M. Barker, officer in command at Scott Base, 1970–71; a NZAP manager, 1970-86.[12]","title":"Giggenbach Ridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°28′00″S 168°12′00″E / 77.4666667°S 168.2°E / -77.4666667; 168.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.4666667_S_168.2_E_"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyce_Peak_USGS-13"}],"sub_title":"Joyce Peak","text":"77°28′00″S 168°12′00″E / 77.4666667°S 168.2°E / -77.4666667; 168.2.\nA peak rising to over 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) high in the north-central part of Ross Island. \nIt stands west of the main summits of Giggenbach Ridge and 5.3 miles (8.5 km) south-southeast of Wyandot Point. \nNamed by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after Karen Joyce, a long-term ASA employee, who from 1990 made 10 deployments to McMurdo Station, including a winter-over; assisted with computers in the Crary Science and Engineering Center.[13]","title":"Giggenbach Ridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°26′00″S 168°19′00″E / 77.4333333°S 168.3166667°E / -77.4333333; 168.3166667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.4333333_S_168.3166667_E_"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristin_Peak_USGS-14"}],"sub_title":"Kristin Peak","text":"77°26′00″S 168°19′00″E / 77.4333333°S 168.3166667°E / -77.4333333; 168.3166667.\nA peak rising to over 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) high at the north end of Giggenbach Ridge on Ross Island. \nThe feature is 4.5 nautical miles (8.3 km; 5.2 mi) south of Cape Tennyson. \nNamed by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) (2000) after Kristin Larson, who has participated in support activities to United States Antarctic Project (USAP) from 1988, including two winters at McMurdo Station; supervisor, Eklund Biological Center and Thiel Labs, 1988 and 1992; supervisor, Crary Science and Engineering Center, 1992–95; editor, The Antarctican Society newsletter from 1996; later of staff of OPP, NSF.[14]","title":"Giggenbach Ridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyle Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Hills"}],"text":"Features to the east, towards the Kyle Hills, include:","title":"Eastern features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°30′S 168°58′E / 77.500°S 168.967°E / -77.500; 168.967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77_30_S_168_58_E_"},{"link_name":"Cape Crozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Crozier"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Geological_Survey_Antarctic_Expedition"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995738-15"}],"sub_title":"Tent Peak","text":"77°30′S 168°58′E / 77.500°S 168.967°E / -77.500; 168.967. \nA tent-shaped peak rising to about 1,570 metres (5,150 ft) high midway between Mount Terror and Cape Crozier. \nIt was descriptively named by a party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE), 1958–59, which occupied the peak as an astronomical control station, January 5, 1959, and erected a tent below the peak.[15]","title":"Eastern features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°31′S 168°59′E / 77.517°S 168.983°E / -77.517; 168.983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77_31_S_168_59_E_"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995752-16"}],"sub_title":"The Tooth","text":"77°31′S 168°59′E / 77.517°S 168.983°E / -77.517; 168.983. \nA distinctive rock outcrop on the eastern slopes of Mount Terror at an elevation of about 1,400 metres (4,600 ft). \nThe feature lies 1 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) south-southeast of Tent Peak and is reported to resemble a fossilized shark's tooth. \nDescriptively named by a party of the NZGSAE, 1958–59, working in eastern Ross Island.[16]","title":"Eastern features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°34′00″S 168°59′00″E / 77.5666667°S 168.9833333°E / -77.5666667; 168.9833333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.5666667_S_168.9833333_E_"},{"link_name":"The Knoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Knoll"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlattery_Peak_USGS-17"}],"sub_title":"Slattery Peak","text":"77°34′00″S 168°59′00″E / 77.5666667°S 168.9833333°E / -77.5666667; 168.9833333. \nA somewhat isolated rock peak, about 600 metres (2,000 ft) high, that rises above the ice mantle southeast of Mount Terror. \nThe peak position is additionally defined as 5.5 nautical miles (10.2 km; 6.3 mi) southwest of The Knoll and 3.8 nautical miles (7.0 km; 4.4 mi) east-northeast of Rohnke Crests. \nNamed after Leo Slattery, who wintered at Scott Base three times, twice as Officer in Charge; Post Clerk on Ross Island, summer 1973-74; Postmaster on Ross Island, summers 1979-80, 1981–82, and 1983–84.[17]","title":"Eastern features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°35′00″S 169°01′00″E / 77.5833333°S 169.0166667°E / -77.5833333; 169.0166667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.5833333_S_169.0166667_E_"},{"link_name":"The Knoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Knoll"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEP%C3%B6nui_Nunatak_USGS-18"}],"sub_title":"Pönui Nunatak","text":"77°35′00″S 169°01′00″E / 77.5833333°S 169.0166667°E / -77.5833333; 169.0166667. \nA nunatak located 0.6 nautical miles (1.1 km; 0.69 mi) southeast of Slattery Peak and 5.6 nautical miles (10.4 km; 6.4 mi) southwest of The Knoll. The feature rises to 320 metres (1,050 ft) high near the juncture of the island and Ross Ice Shelf. The name Ponui (meaning south wind) is one of several Maori wind names applied by New Zealand Geographic Board (NZGB) in this vicinity.[18]","title":"Eastern features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"77°39′S 168°34′E / 77.650°S 168.567°E / -77.650; 168.567","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77_39_S_168_34_E_"},{"link_name":"Cape MacKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_MacKay"},{"link_name":"British Antarctic Expedition, 1910–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Antarctic_Expedition,_1910%E2%80%9313"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberts1995148-19"}],"sub_title":"Conical Hill","text":"77°39′S 168°34′E / 77.650°S 168.567°E / -77.650; 168.567. \nA small but distinctive rock hill, 655 metres (2,149 ft) high, on the south slopes of Mount Terror, above Cape MacKay. \nGiven this descriptive name by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910–13, under Scott.[19]","title":"Eastern features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olga Romanoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Romanoff"},{"link_name":"George Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Griffith"},{"link_name":"Mount Erebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Erebus"},{"link_name":"At the Mountains of Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Mountains_of_Madness"},{"link_name":"H.P. Lovecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Lovecraft"},{"link_name":"State of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Fear"},{"link_name":"Michael Crichton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Crichton"},{"link_name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne"},{"link_name":"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Seas"},{"link_name":"James Clark Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clark_Ross"}],"text":"Mount Terror is the stronghold of Russian anarchist revolutionaries in the 1894 science fiction novel Olga Romanoff by George Griffith.\nMount Terror and Mount Erebus are mentioned in the 1936 novella At the Mountains of Madness by H.P. Lovecraft.\nMount Terror is used as a location in the 2004 novel State of Fear by Michael Crichton.\nMount Terror is referenced in Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas by the narrator Professor Arronax, after they arrive at the South Pole, in reference to two volcanic craters, the Erebus and Terror, in context to an earlier discovery by James Clark Ross.","title":"Cultural references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geographic Names of the Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubs.usgs.gov/fedgov/70039167/report.pdf"},{"link_name":"United States Board on Geographic Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names"},{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Board on Geographic Names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names"},{"link_name":"\"Barker Peak\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7844"},{"link_name":"Geographic Names Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"\"Chuan Peak\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7907"},{"link_name":"Geographic Names Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"\"Giggenbach Ridge\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17843"},{"link_name":"Geographic Names Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"\"Joyce Peak\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7842"},{"link_name":"Geographic Names Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"\"Kienle Nunataks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17865"},{"link_name":"Geographic Names Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"\"Kristin Peak\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7845"},{"link_name":"Geographic Names Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"\"Manahan Peak\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7846"},{"link_name":"Geographic Names Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"\"Moore Peak\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7864"},{"link_name":"Geographic Names Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"\"Mount Sutherland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7863"},{"link_name":"Geographic Names Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"\"Ohau Peak\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7866"},{"link_name":"Geographic Names Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"\"Pönui Nunatak\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17880"},{"link_name":"Geographic Names Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"\"Rohnke Crests\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17738"},{"link_name":"Geographic Names Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"Ross Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RossIslandMap.jpg"},{"link_name":"\"Slattery Peak\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7739"},{"link_name":"Geographic Names Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Geological Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"}],"text":"Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), Geographic Names of the Antarctic (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 2024-01-30 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names.\n\"Barker Peak\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior\n\"Chuan Peak\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior\n\"Giggenbach Ridge\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior\n\"Joyce Peak\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior\n\"Kienle Nunataks\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior\n\"Kristin Peak\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior\n\"Manahan Peak\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior\n\"Moore Peak\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior\n\"Mount Sutherland\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior\n\"Ohau Peak\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior\n\"Pönui Nunatak\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior\n\"Rohnke Crests\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior\nRoss Island, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-01-30\n\"Slattery Peak\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the InteriorThis article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Ross Island. Mount Terror is to the east","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ross_Island_Map_USGS_250k.png/220px-Ross_Island_Map_USGS_250k.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), Geographic Names of the Antarctic (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 2024-01-30","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fedgov/70039167/report.pdf","url_text":"Geographic Names of the Antarctic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names","url_text":"United States Board on Geographic Names"}]},{"reference":"\"Barker Peak\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7844","url_text":"\"Barker Peak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Chuan Peak\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7907","url_text":"\"Chuan Peak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Giggenbach Ridge\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17843","url_text":"\"Giggenbach Ridge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Joyce Peak\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7842","url_text":"\"Joyce Peak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Kienle Nunataks\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17865","url_text":"\"Kienle Nunataks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Kristin Peak\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7845","url_text":"\"Kristin Peak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Manahan Peak\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7846","url_text":"\"Manahan Peak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Moore Peak\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7864","url_text":"\"Moore Peak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Sutherland\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7863","url_text":"\"Mount Sutherland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Ohau Peak\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7866","url_text":"\"Ohau Peak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Pönui Nunatak\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17880","url_text":"\"Pönui Nunatak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Rohnke Crests\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17738","url_text":"\"Rohnke Crests\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"Ross Island, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 2024-01-30","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RossIslandMap.jpg","url_text":"Ross Island"}]},{"reference":"\"Slattery Peak\", Geographic Names Information System, United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7739","url_text":"\"Slattery Peak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Terror\". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2021-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=390813","url_text":"\"Terror\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program","url_text":"Global Volcanism Program"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution","url_text":"Smithsonian Institution"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77_31_S_168_32_E_type:mountain_scale:100000","external_links_name":"77°31′S 168°32′E / 77.517°S 168.533°E / -77.517; 168.533"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77_31_S_168_32_E_type:mountain_scale:100000","external_links_name":"77°31′S 168°32′E / 77.517°S 168.533°E / -77.517; 168.533"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77_31_S_168_32_E_","external_links_name":"77°31′S 168°32′E / 77.517°S 168.533°E / -77.517; 168.533"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Mount_Terror_%28Antarctica%29","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.4666667_S_168.6_E_","external_links_name":"77°28′00″S 168°36′00″E / 77.4666667°S 168.6°E / -77.4666667; 168.6"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.5_S_168.4666667_E_","external_links_name":"77°30′00″S 168°28′00″E / 77.5°S 168.4666667°E / -77.5; 168.4666667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.5833333_S_168.6833333_E_","external_links_name":"77°35′00″S 168°41′00″E / 77.5833333°S 168.6833333°E / -77.5833333; 168.6833333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.5166667_S_168.45_E_","external_links_name":"77°31′00″S 168°27′00″E / 77.5166667°S 168.45°E / -77.5166667; 168.45"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.5_S_168.7_E_","external_links_name":"77°30′S 168°42′E / 77.5°S 168.7°E / -77.5; 168.7"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.4666667_S_168.3333333_E_","external_links_name":"77°28′00″S 168°20′00″E / 77.4666667°S 168.3333333°E / -77.4666667; 168.3333333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.4833333_S_168.35_E_","external_links_name":"77°29′00″S 168°21′00″E / 77.4833333°S 168.35°E / -77.4833333; 168.35"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.4833333_S_168.4333333_E_","external_links_name":"77°29′00″S 168°26′00″E / 77.4833333°S 168.4333333°E / -77.4833333; 168.4333333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.5_S_168.3_E_","external_links_name":"77°30′S 168°18′E / 77.5°S 168.3°E / -77.5; 168.3"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.4666667_S_168.2_E_","external_links_name":"77°28′00″S 168°12′00″E / 77.4666667°S 168.2°E / -77.4666667; 168.2"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.4333333_S_168.3166667_E_","external_links_name":"77°26′00″S 168°19′00″E / 77.4333333°S 168.3166667°E / -77.4333333; 168.3166667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77_30_S_168_58_E_","external_links_name":"77°30′S 168°58′E / 77.500°S 168.967°E / -77.500; 168.967"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77_31_S_168_59_E_","external_links_name":"77°31′S 168°59′E / 77.517°S 168.983°E / -77.517; 168.983"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.5666667_S_168.9833333_E_","external_links_name":"77°34′00″S 168°59′00″E / 77.5666667°S 168.9833333°E / -77.5666667; 168.9833333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77.5833333_S_169.0166667_E_","external_links_name":"77°35′00″S 169°01′00″E / 77.5833333°S 169.0166667°E / -77.5833333; 169.0166667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)¶ms=77_39_S_168_34_E_","external_links_name":"77°39′S 168°34′E / 77.650°S 168.567°E / -77.650; 168.567"},{"Link":"http://www.peaklist.org/WWlists/ultras/antarctica.html","external_links_name":"\"Antarctica Ultra-Prominences\""},{"Link":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fedgov/70039167/report.pdf","external_links_name":"Geographic Names of the Antarctic"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7844","external_links_name":"\"Barker Peak\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7907","external_links_name":"\"Chuan Peak\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17843","external_links_name":"\"Giggenbach Ridge\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7842","external_links_name":"\"Joyce Peak\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17865","external_links_name":"\"Kienle Nunataks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7845","external_links_name":"\"Kristin Peak\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7846","external_links_name":"\"Manahan Peak\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7864","external_links_name":"\"Moore Peak\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7863","external_links_name":"\"Mount Sutherland\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7866","external_links_name":"\"Ohau Peak\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17880","external_links_name":"\"Pönui Nunatak\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:17738","external_links_name":"\"Rohnke Crests\""},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RossIslandMap.jpg","external_links_name":"Ross Island"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:7739","external_links_name":"\"Slattery Peak\""},{"Link":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=390813","external_links_name":"\"Terror\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Murdoch_Trial
|
The Murdoch Trial
|
["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"]
|
1914 British filmThe Murdoch TrialDirected byLaurence TrimbleStarringFlorence TurnerFrank TennantRichard NortonProductioncompanyFlorence Turner ProductionsDistributed byHepworth PicturesRelease date
March 1914 (1914-03)
Running time4 reelsCountryUnited KingdomLanguagesSilentEnglish intertitles
The Murdoch Trial is a 1914 British silent drama film directed by Laurence Trimble and starring Florence Turner, Frank Tennant and Richard Norton. It was shot at Walton Studios.
Cast
Florence Turner as Helen Story
Frank Tennant as Lionel Mann
Richard Norton as Henry Murdock
William Felton as The Butler
G.C. Colonna as The Nephew
John Kelt as The Prosecution
Alfred Phillips as The Defense
Lucy Sibley as The Housekeeper
Laurence Trimble as A Butler
References
^ Low p.304
Bibliography
Low, Rachael. The History of the British Film: 1906-1914. Allen & Unwin, 1973.
External links
The Murdoch Trial at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Laurence Trimble
The Murdoch Trial (1914)
Far from the Madding Crowd (1915)
My Old Dutch (1915)
Lost and Won (1915)
Grim Justice (1916)
A Place in the Sun (1916)
Sally in Our Alley (1916)
The Auction Block (1917)
The Spreading Dawn (1917)
Fool's Gold (1919)
Spotlight Sadie (1919)
Darling Mine (1920)
The Woman God Sent (1920)
Everybody's Sweetheart (1920)
The Silent Call (1921)
Brawn of the North (1922)
Sundown (1924)
The Love Master (1924)
White Fang (1925)
My Old Dutch (1926)
This article related to a British silent film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Laurence Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Trimble"},{"link_name":"Florence Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Turner"},{"link_name":"Frank Tennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tennant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Walton Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_Studios"}],"text":"1914 British filmThe Murdoch Trial is a 1914 British silent drama film directed by Laurence Trimble and starring Florence Turner, Frank Tennant and Richard Norton.[1] It was shot at Walton Studios.","title":"The Murdoch Trial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florence Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Turner"},{"link_name":"Frank Tennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tennant"},{"link_name":"William Felton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Felton_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"G.C. Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G.C._Colonna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Kelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Kelt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alfred Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Phillips_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lucy Sibley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucy_Sibley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laurence Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Trimble"}],"text":"Florence Turner as Helen Story\nFrank Tennant as Lionel Mann\nRichard Norton as Henry Murdock\nWilliam Felton as The Butler\nG.C. Colonna as The Nephew\nJohn Kelt as The Prosecution\nAlfred Phillips as The Defense\nLucy Sibley as The Housekeeper\nLaurence Trimble as A Butler","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Low, Rachael. The History of the British Film: 1906-1914. Allen & Unwin, 1973.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0004368/","external_links_name":"The Murdoch Trial"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Murdoch_Trial&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Stuart_White
|
Equestrian statue of George Stuart White
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 51°31′15″N 0°08′43″W / 51.5208°N 0.1453°W / 51.5208; -0.14531922 Statue by John Tweed
Equestrian statue of George Stuart WhiteThe statue in 2014ArtistJohn TweedYear1922 (1922)MediumBronzeSubjectGeorge Stuart WhiteDesignationGrade II listedLocationPortland Place, LondonCoordinates51°31′15″N 0°08′43″W / 51.5208°N 0.1453°W / 51.5208; -0.1453
The equestrian statue of George Stuart White is a Grade II listed outdoor bronze sculpture depicting
Field Marshal Sir George Stuart White, an officer of the British Army, located in Portland Place, London, England. The sculptor was John Tweed and the statue was unveiled in 1922.
An inscription on each side of the plinth reads:
Field-Marshal Sir George Stuart White, V.C., G.C.B., O.M., G.C.S.I., G.C.M.G., G.C.I.E., G.C.V.O. Born 1835. Died, 1912.
The statue appeared in an exterior shot of Portland Place from Alfred Hitchcock's 1947 American courtroom drama, The Paradine Case, which was set in England.
References
^ a b Historic England. "Statue of Sir George Stuart White (1227090)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
^ "Statue: Sir George White". London Remembers. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
^ "Sir George Stuart White – Portland Place, London, UK". Waymarking. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
^ Steven Jacobs (2007). The Wrong House: The Architecture of Alfred Hitchcock. 010 Publishers. p. 244. ISBN 978-90-6450-637-6.
External links
Media related to Equestrian statue of Field Marshal Sir George Stuart White at Wikimedia Commons
vtePublic art and memorials in LondonPortrait sculptureBritish/Englishroyalty
Boudica
Alfred the Great
Richard I
Queen Eleanor (Charing Cross)
Edward VI
St Thomas' Hospital: bronze
stone
Charles I
(Interregnum: Oliver Cromwell)
Charles II
Chelsea
Soho
Stocks Market†
James II
William III
Kensington Palace
St James's
Anne
St Paul's
Westminster
George III
George IV
King's Cross†
Trafalgar Square
Duke of York
Duke of Kent
Duke of Cambridge
Victoria
Kensington Palace
Victoria Memorial
Prince Albert
Albert Memorial
Memorial to the Great Exhibition
George V
George VI and Queen Elizabeth
Arts
John Betjeman
Marc Bolan
Robert Burns
Thomas Carlyle
Charlie Chaplin
Geoffrey Chaucer†
Agatha Christie
John Donne
Henry Irving
Michael Jackson†
John Milton†
George Orwell
Joshua Reynolds
William Shakespeare
Heminges and Condell Memorial
Leicester Square
Park Lane†
Arthur Sullivan
Oscar Wilde
Amy Winehouse
Explorers
James Cook
Yuri Gagarin
Merchants
John Cass†
Thomas Guy
Quintin Hogg
Robert Milligan†
Hugh Myddelton
Military
Lord Alanbrooke
Lord Baden-Powell
Ferdinand Foch
Charles George Gordon
Earl Haig
Henry Havelock
Lord Kitchener
Lord Montgomery
Lord Mountbatten
Charles James Napier
Admiral Lord Nelson (Nelson's Column)
James Outram
Lord Roberts
Viscount Slim
Duke of Wellington
City
Hyde Park Corner
George Stuart White
Lord Wolseley
Nurses
Edith Cavell
Florence Nightingale
Mary Seacole
PoliticsBritishPrime ministers
Clement Attlee
George Canning
Winston Churchill
Parliament Square
Woodford
Lord Derby
Benjamin Disraeli
David Lloyd George
William Ewart Gladstone
Lord Palmerston
Robert Peel
Other politicians
Robert Clayton
Robert Clive
Duke of Devonshire
Charles James Fox
Henry Bartle Frere
Sidney Herbert
Wilfrid Lawson
Simon Milton (Paddington, St James's, Southwark)
Marquess of Westminster
International
Simón Bolívar
Mahatma Gandhi
Bloomsbury
Westminster
Charles de Gaulle
Haile Selassie†
John F. Kennedy†
Abraham Lincoln
Nelson Mandela
Karl Marx
Peter the Great
José de San Martín
Jan Smuts
Trajan
Volodymyr
George Washington
Religion
Thomas Becket
John Henry Newman
John Wesley
St Paul's
Shoreditch
Science andengineering
Joseph Bazalgette
Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Sigmund Freud
James Henry Greathead
Nigel Gresley
Edward Jenner
Joseph Lister
Isaac Newton
Robert Stephenson
Social reformersand humanitarians
Thomas Barnardo
Millicent Fawcett
Margaret MacDonald
Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst
Sylvia Pankhurst
Robert Raikes
Raoul Wallenberg
Sport
Harry Kane (planned)
Bobby Moore
Upton Park—with Geoff Hurst, Martin Peters and Ray Wilson
Wembley
Fictionalcharacters
Paddington Bear
Peter Pan
Sherlock Holmes
See also
Talking Statues
Statues in London on Wikimedia Commons
Other monuments and memorials
7 July bombings
Queen Alexandra
Anti–air war
Bali bombings
Lady Burdett-Coutts
Lord Cheylesmore
Cleopatra's Needle
Conscientious objectors
COVID-19 pandemic
Michael Faraday
Firefighters
W. G. Grace
Great Fire of London
Golden Boy of Pye Corner
The Monument
Heroic self-sacrifice
Journalists
Police
Queen Elizabeth Gate
Silver Jubilee Crystal Crown
Star and Garter Home
Stratford Martyrs
Suffragettes
Virginia Quay Settlers Monument
Wellington Arch
Wellington Monument
Whittington Stone
Windrush generation
Custard Apple (Annonaceae), Breadfruit (Moraceae) and Soursop (Annonaceae)
National Windrush Monument
Mary Wollstonecraft
War memorialsPre-C20
Animals in War
Guards Brigade (Crimean War)
Gurkhas (1816–)
Marble Arch
New Zealand Campaign (1863–1864)
Siege of Cádiz
Westminster School
Boer Wars
61st Battery Royal Field Artillery (Woolwich)
Barnet Boys School
Royal Artillery (The Mall)
Royal Marines
WWI · WWII
The Cenotaph
Africa and the Caribbean
Australia
Battle of Britain
Belgium
Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red
Burma Railway
Canada
La Délivrance
Flanders Fields Memorial Garden
Malta
Memorial Gates
Merchant Navy
Ships named on the memorial
New Zealand
Poland
South Africa
Submarines
Women of World War II
Regimental
24th Division
Cavalry
Chindits
Civil Service Rifles
Eagle Squadrons
Fleet Air Arm
Guards Brigade
Imperial Camel Corps
Machine Gun Corps
Rifle Brigade
Royal Air Force
RAF Bomber Command
Royal Artillery
Royal Fusiliers
Royal Naval Division
Royal Tank Regiment
Local
London Troops
Arkley
Bromley
parish
Chingford
Chipping Barnet
Cockfosters
Croydon
East Barnet
Enfield Town (3 memorials)
Finchley
Friern Barnet (parish)
Fulham
Golders Green
Hampstead
Hampton Wick
Hendon
Hornsey
Islington
Kingston
Monken Hadley
New Barnet
New Malden
Paddington
Poplar
Rainham
Richmond
St Michael, Cornhill (parish)
St Saviour, Southwark (parish)
Silvertown
Streatham
Twickenham
Wood Green
Corporate
Baltic Exchange
Bank of England
British Medical Association
Dulwich College
Old
New
Great Eastern Railway
Great Western Railway
Lincoln's Inn
London and North Western Railway
London, Brighton and South Coast Railway
Pearl Assurance †
South Suburban Gas Company
Holocaust
Victoria Tower Gardens (planned)
Hyde Park
Kindertransport
Post-WWII
Victims of Communism
Korean War
Iraq and Afghanistan
Blue plaques
Camden
Kensington and Chelsea
City of Westminster
Other worksSculptures
Atalanta
The Barbican Muse
Bellerophon Taming Pegasus
The Bermondsey Lion
Big 4
Bull
The Burghers of Calais
Christ Child
Cornerstone
Crystal Palace Dinosaurs
The Diver
Dolphin lamp standards
Dragon boundary marks
Elfin Oak
Enwrought Light
Father Time
Fulcrum
The Gold Smelters
Gorilla
The Hampstead Figure
Homage to Leonardo
Icarus
Labyrinth
Liberty Clock
London Noses
London Pride
The Meeting Place
The Messenger
Millennium Dial
Monolith and Shadow
The Naked Ladies
The Neighbours
Nelson's Ship in a Bottle
Nike
Paternoster Vents
Peckham Arch
Physical Energy
Platforms Piece
Pope's Urn
Putney Sculpture Trail
The Queen's Beasts
The Rush of Green
St Paul's Cross
Skylon†
Slipstream
South Bank Lion
Still Water
Tortoises with Triangle and Time
Traffic Light Tree
Union (Horse with Two Discs)
The Watchers
The World Turned Upside Down
The Young Lovers
Fourth plinth, Trafalgar Square
The End
Hahn/Cock
Nelson's Ship in a Bottle
One & Other
Elisabeth Frink
Blind Beggar and his Dog
Horse and Rider
Paternoster
Barbara Hepworth
Meridian†
Single Form (Memorial)
Two Forms (Divided Circle)†
Winged Figure
Henry Moore
The Arch 1979–1980
Draped Seated Woman 1957–58
Knife Edge Two Piece 1962–65
Large Standing Figure (Knife Edge)
Locking Piece
Three Standing Figures 1947
Eduardo Paolozzi
The Artist as Hephaestus†
Piscator
The Line
ArcelorMittal Orbit
Here
Quantum Cloud
Liberty Grip
A Slice of Reality
Fountains
Buxton Memorial
Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain
Diana Fountain, Bushy Park
Diana Fountain, Green Park
Edward VII Jewish Memorial Fountain
Henry Fawcett Memorial
The Horses of Helios
Guilford Place
Matilda Fountain
Poets' Fountain†
Readymoney Drinking Fountain
Revolving Torsion
Roehampton
St Lawrence Jewry and St Mary Magdalene
Shaftesbury Memorial ("Eros")
Lady Henry Somerset Memorial
Victoria Park
Murals
Brixton
Children at Play
Cable Street
Dulwich
Old Kent Road
National Covid Memorial Wall
Poplar Rates Rebellion
Poured Lines
Sutton twin towns
Sutton Heritage Mosaic
Banksy
From this moment despair ends and tactics begin
Girl with Balloon†
One Nation Under CCTV†
Pulp Fiction†
Slave Labour†
Land art
Northala Fields
See also
Art on the Underground
Tube map covers
Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm
London Mural Preservation Society
Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association
By location
City of London
Barking and Dagenham
Barnet
Bexley
Brent
Bromley
Camden
Croydon
Ealing
Enfield
Greenwich
Hackney
Hammersmith and Fulham
Haringey
Harrow
Havering
Hillingdon
Hounslow
Islington
Kensington and Chelsea
Kingston
Lambeth
Lewisham
Merton
Newham
Redbridge
Richmond
Southwark
Sutton
Tower Hamlets
Waltham Forest
Wandsworth
City of Westminster
Belgravia1
Covent Garden2
Green Park
Hyde Park
Kensington1
Kensington Gardens1
Knightsbridge1
Mayfair
Millbank
Paddington
Pimlico
St James's
St Marylebone
Soho
Strand
Trafalgar Square
Victoria
Victoria Embankment3
Westminster
Whitehall
1 Partly in Kensington and Chelsea
2 Partly in Camden
3 Partly in the City of London
Key: † No longer extant, on public display or in London (see List of public art formerly in London)
Portals: London Visual arts
This London-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a sculpture in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Field Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Sir George Stuart White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_White_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Portland Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Place"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-1"},{"link_name":"John Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tweed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"courtroom drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_drama"},{"link_name":"The Paradine Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paradine_Case"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"1922 Statue by John TweedThe equestrian statue of George Stuart White is a Grade II listed outdoor bronze sculpture depicting \nField Marshal Sir George Stuart White, an officer of the British Army, located in Portland Place, London, England.[1] The sculptor was John Tweed and the statue was unveiled in 1922.[1]An inscription on each side of the plinth reads:[2][3]Field-Marshal Sir George Stuart White, V.C., G.C.B., O.M., G.C.S.I., G.C.M.G., G.C.I.E., G.C.V.O. Born 1835. Died, 1912.The statue appeared in an exterior shot of Portland Place from Alfred Hitchcock's 1947 American courtroom drama, The Paradine Case, which was set in England.[4]","title":"Equestrian statue of George Stuart White"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Historic England. \"Statue of Sir George Stuart White (1227090)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1227090","url_text":"\"Statue of Sir George Stuart White (1227090)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Statue: Sir George White\". London Remembers. Retrieved 23 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/sir-george-white","url_text":"\"Statue: Sir George White\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sir George Stuart White – Portland Place, London, UK\". Waymarking. Retrieved 23 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMHXRZ_Sir_George_Stuart_White_Portland_Place_London_UK","url_text":"\"Sir George Stuart White – Portland Place, London, UK\""}]},{"reference":"Steven Jacobs (2007). The Wrong House: The Architecture of Alfred Hitchcock. 010 Publishers. p. 244. ISBN 978-90-6450-637-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rIDVqjD6SZIC&pg=PA244","url_text":"The Wrong House: The Architecture of Alfred Hitchcock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6450-637-6","url_text":"978-90-6450-637-6"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Equestrian_statue_of_George_Stuart_White¶ms=51.5208_N_0.1453_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°31′15″N 0°08′43″W / 51.5208°N 0.1453°W / 51.5208; -0.1453"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Equestrian_statue_of_George_Stuart_White¶ms=51.5208_N_0.1453_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°31′15″N 0°08′43″W / 51.5208°N 0.1453°W / 51.5208; -0.1453"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1227090","external_links_name":"\"Statue of Sir George Stuart White (1227090)\""},{"Link":"http://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/sir-george-white","external_links_name":"\"Statue: Sir George White\""},{"Link":"http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMHXRZ_Sir_George_Stuart_White_Portland_Place_London_UK","external_links_name":"\"Sir George Stuart White – Portland Place, London, UK\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rIDVqjD6SZIC&pg=PA244","external_links_name":"The Wrong House: The Architecture of Alfred Hitchcock"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrian_statue_of_George_Stuart_White&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equestrian_statue_of_George_Stuart_White&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_My_Word
|
Man of My Word
|
["1 Chart performance","1.1 Charts","1.2 Year-end charts","2 References"]
|
For the Lil Baby and Lil Durk song, see The Voice of the Heroes.
1994 single by Collin Raye"Man Of My Word"Single by Collin Rayefrom the album Extremes B-side"Nothin' a Little Love Won't Cure"ReleasedAugust 2, 1994Recorded1993GenreCountryLength3:23LabelEpicSongwriter(s)Gary BurrAllen ShamblinProducer(s)John Hobbs, Ed Seay, Paul WorleyCollin Raye singles chronology
"Little Rock" (1994)
"Man Of My Word" (1994)
"My Kind of Girl" (1994)
"Man Of My Word" is a song written by Gary Burr and Allen Shamblin, and recorded by American country music singer Collin Raye that reached the Top Ten on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It was released in August 1994 as the third single from his CD Extremes.
Chart performance
The song debuted at number 68 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart dated August 6, 1994. It charted for 20 weeks on that chart, and peaked at number 8 on the chart dated November 5, 1994.
Charts
Chart (1994)
Peakposition
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)
5
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)
8
Year-end charts
Chart (1994)
Position
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)
96
References
^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2.
^ "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 2653." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. November 14, 1994. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
^ "Collin Raye Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
^ "RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1994". RPM. December 12, 1994. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
vteCollin RayeStudio albums
All I Can Be
In This Life
Extremes
I Think About You
Christmas: The Gift
The Walls Came Down
Counting Sheep
Tracks
Can't Back Down
Twenty Years and Change
Never Going Back
Compilation albums
The Best of Collin Raye: Direct Hits
Notable singles
"All I Can Be (Is a Sweet Memory)"
"Love, Me"
"Every Second"
"In This Life"
"I Want You Bad (And That Ain't Good)"
"Somebody Else's Moon"
"That Was a River"
"That's My Story"
"Little Rock"
"Man of My Word"
"My Kind of Girl"
"If I Were You"
"One Boy, One Girl"
"Not That Different"
"I Think About You"
"Love Remains"
"What If Jesus Comes Back Like That"
"On the Verge"
"What the Heart Wants"
"The Gift"
"Little Red Rodeo"
"I Can Still Feel You"
"Someone You Used to Know"
"Anyone Else"
"Start Over Georgia"
"Couldn't Last a Moment"
Related articles
Discography
The Wrays
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Voice of the Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_of_the_Heroes"},{"link_name":"Gary Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Burr"},{"link_name":"Allen Shamblin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Shamblin"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Collin Raye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collin_Raye"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Singles & Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Singles_%26_Tracks"},{"link_name":"Extremes.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremes_(album)"}],"text":"For the Lil Baby and Lil Durk song, see The Voice of the Heroes.1994 single by Collin Raye\"Man Of My Word\" is a song written by Gary Burr and Allen Shamblin, and recorded by American country music singer Collin Raye that reached the Top Ten on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It was released in August 1994 as the third single from his CD Extremes.","title":"Man of My Word"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hot Country Singles & Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Singles_%26_Tracks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whitburn-1"}],"text":"The song debuted at number 68 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart dated August 6, 1994. It charted for 20 weeks on that chart, and peaked at number 8 on the chart dated November 5, 1994.[1]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Charts","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end charts","title":"Chart performance"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89820-177-2","url_text":"978-0-89820-177-2"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1994\". RPM. December 12, 1994. Retrieved August 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2685&type=1&interval=24","url_text":"\"RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1994\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.2653&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.2653.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.2653","external_links_name":"Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 2653"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Collin-Raye/chart-history/CSI","external_links_name":"\"Collin Raye Chart History (Hot Country Songs)\""},{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2685&type=1&interval=24","external_links_name":"\"RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1994\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Cause_Mobile
|
Just Cause (video game series)
|
["1 Overview","2 Games","2.1 Just Cause (2006)","2.2 Just Cause 2 (2010)","2.3 Just Cause 3 (2015)","2.4 Just Cause 4 (2018)","2.5 Just Cause Mobile (cancelled)","3 Reception","4 Film adaptation","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Action-adventure video game series
Video game seriesJust CauseLogoGenre(s)Action-adventure, third-person shooterDeveloper(s)Avalanche StudiosPublisher(s)Square EnixEidos Interactive (2006–2010)Platform(s)Microsoft WindowsPlayStation 2PlayStation 3PlayStation 4XboxXbox 360Xbox OneFirst releaseJust CauseSeptember 22, 2006Latest releaseJust Cause 4December 4, 2018
Just Cause is an action-adventure video game series created by Avalanche Studios. Originally published by Eidos Interactive and after 2009 by Square Enix's External Studios. The series consists of Just Cause, Just Cause 2, Just Cause 3, and Just Cause 4. The games are open world and take place in islands and archipelagos. Each game in the series tasks the player to overthrow the governing body of the game's setting. By June 2018, the series had shipped over 15 million copies worldwide.
The series directly draws its name from the real-life United States invasion of Panama, code-named "Operation Just Cause".
Overview
Each installment in the series takes place on a different fictional island nation, where the player plays the character Rico Rodriguez, a secret agent who originally hails from the fictional nation of Medici (featured in the third game). On foot, Rico can walk, swim, jump, and operate weapons. Players can also take control of vehicles found in the world and perform stunts while driving them. From the third game onwards, players can also utilize Rico's parachute, grappling hook and wingsuit to travel around the map.
During the game, the player is given a main storyline as well as several side missions. Side missions may include liberating a village or taking over a drug cartel's villa. In Just Cause, these side missions are repetitive but necessary to gain points with certain factions. In Just Cause 2, the side missions became unique and more complex.
When not playing story or side missions, the player can free-roam in the open world. However, committing certain aggressive acts will attract a "heat" level (similar to Grand Theft Auto's wanted level), which will then increase the strength and number of enemy NPCs spawned seeking to kill the player.
Games
Release timeline2006Just Cause 2007200820092010Just Cause 220112012201320142015Just Cause 3201620172018Just Cause 4
Just Cause (2006)
Main article: Just Cause (video game)
The core gameplay consists of elements of a third-person shooter and a driving game, with a large open environment to move around in. On foot, the player's character is capable of walking, swimming and jumping, as well as utilizing weapons and basic hand-to-hand combat. Players can take control of a variety of vehicles, including cars, boats, airplanes, helicopters and motorcycles. Players can also perform stunts with their cars. Other key features of the game include parasailing (grappling onto a moving vehicle while utilizing a parachute) and skydiving. Just Cause is set on the island nation of San Esperito (inspired by the Caribbean).
Just Cause 2 (2010)
Main article: Just Cause 2
Just Cause 2 is an action-adventure game with a large open-world sandbox map. The game is set on the fictional country of Panau (which is off of Southeast Asia), an archipelago ruled by Pandak 'Baby' Panay.
Originally set to be released in 2008, it was pushed back multiple times until it was released in North America on March 23, 2010, and in Europe on March 26, 2010.
Just Cause 3 (2015)
Main article: Just Cause 3
Just Cause 3 was released worldwide on December 1, 2015. The game is set on the fictional Mediterranean island of Medici, where it is run by dictator Di Ravello. Along with a larger map than Just Cause 2, there is the added feature of a wingsuit to be used by the main character, Rico Rodriguez.
The main storyline is longer than that of Just Cause 2, but the game does not feature faction side-missions, replacing them with 'random encounters' and a greater variety of races and other challenges. The game also allows players to shoot their way through walls, and expands destruction features.
Just Cause 4 (2018)
Main article: Just Cause 4
Just Cause 4 is the latest PC and console game in the Just Cause series, released on December 4, 2018. The game is set in the fictional South American country of Solís. The new dynamic weather systems expand upon the function of the wingsuit introduced in Just Cause 3 and are the focus of the storyline.
In comparison to Just Cause 3, the map is much larger and more diverse, however, the removal of its liberation mechanic does reduce the need to visit large portions of the map.
Just Cause Mobile (cancelled)
Just Cause Mobile was officially announced by Square Enix during The Game Awards for iOS and Android mobile devices. It is a free-to-play action shooter game set in the Just Cause universe featuring single-player and multiplayer four player co-op and PvP gameplay for up to thirty players. While the console and PC games are third-person affairs, the mobile take on the franchise will feature a top-down isometric perspective. It received an early access release in Singapore in November 2021. The game was scheduled to globally release in 2022. It was cancelled in July 2023.
Reception
The Just Cause series has received a mixed reception from critics, but audiences generally have given the series a positive reception. Critics and audiences alike praise the series for its innovative gameplay, open-world design, set-pieces and non-linear approach to mission structure, however it is generally criticised for its generic storyline and cliché characters.
Film adaptation
In 2010, it was reported that a film adaptation of Just Cause, titled Just Cause: Scorpion Rising, was in production, written by comic book writer Bryan Edward Hill. Nothing came of these plans, and Hill's Just Cause: Scorpion Rising was never produced.
In 2015, Adrian Askarieh, producer of the Hitman films, stated that he hoped to oversee a shared universe of Square Enix films with Just Cause, Hitman, Tomb Raider, Deus Ex, and Thief, but admitted that he does not have the rights to Tomb Raider. He also stated, at that time, that the latest outlook for the Just Cause film was that it would be based on the third release of the video game series. In May 2017, the Game Central reporters at Metro UK suggested that the shared universe was unlikely, pointing out that no progress had been made on any Just Cause, Deus Ex nor Thief films.
In March 2017, it was announced that Jason Momoa would play Rico Rodriguez and Brad Peyton would direct the film. As of April 2018, Peyton admitted that no script existed yet, and that he and Momoa already had full schedules well into 2019. On May 21, 2019, it was announced that Derek Kolstad would write the film. On July 15, 2020, it was announced that Michael Dowse would direct the film, which is produced by Constantin Film and Askarieh's Prime Universe and distributed by Universal Pictures.
In May 2024, it was announced that Ángel Manuel Soto would direct the film, with David Leitch and Kelly McCormick producing film is distributed Universal Pictures.
See also
Operation "Just Cause"
List of Square Enix video game franchises
References
^ "Delivering unforgettable experiences" (PDF). Square Enix. October 31, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 31, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2023.
^ a b Wales, Matt (July 3, 2023). "Square Enix's long-delayed Just Cause: Mobile officially cancelled". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
^ Sholtz, Matthew (July 14, 2021). "Just Cause: Mobile delayed until 2022, possibly to add more crazy explosions". Android Police. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
^ Goldman, Eric (December 13, 2011). "New Writer for Just Cause Movie". IGN. Retrieved September 22, 2013.
^ Krupa, Daniel (September 9, 2015). "Hitman producer dreams of shared Square Enix movie universe". IGN. Archived from the original on July 20, 2017. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
^ "Thief 5 and movie adaptation in development claims film company". MetroUK. May 12, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
^ Bezanidis, Michael. "'Aquaman' Star Jason Momoa Signs On For 'Just Cause' Film Adaptation". Heroic Hollywood. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
^ Radish, Christina (April 10, 2018). "'Rampage' Director Brad Peyton on Dwayne Johnson, 'Just Cause', and Wanting to Make a Marvel Movie". Collider. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
^ Tyler, Jacob (May 21, 2019). "'Just Cause' Feature Film Enlists Writer Derek Kolstad ('John Wick')". The GWW. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
^ Kit, Borys (July 15, 2020). "'Stuber' Director Michael Dowse Tackling 'Just Cause' Video Game Adaptation". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
^ Kit, Borys (May 29, 2024). "'Just Cause' Movie in the Works from 'Blue Beetle' Director Ángel Manuel Soto, 87North". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Just Cause (video game series).
Official website
"Just Cause Franchise" on Steam
vteJust Cause seriesGames
Just Cause
Just Cause 2
Just Cause 3
Just Cause 4
Companies
Square Enix
Avalanche Studios Group
vteSquare Enix video game franchisesSquare Enix
Bravely
Chaos Rings
Chocobo
Code Age
Chrono
The Diofield Chronicle
Dragon Quest
Drakengard
Final Fantasy
Front Mission
Hanjuku Hero
Itadaki Street
Kingdom Hearts
Lord of Vermilion
Mana
Million Arthur
Octopath Traveler
Ogre
SaGa
Schoolgirl Strikers
Star Ocean
Valkyrie Profile
Voice of Cards
The World Ends with You
Square Enix Europe
Championship Manager
Gex
Just Cause
Life Is Strange
Taito
Arkanoid
Battle Gear
Bubble Bobble
Darius
Densha de Go!
Groove Coaster
Gunslinger Stratos
Lufia
Sonic Blast Man
Space Invaders
vteAvalanche Studios GroupJust Cause series
Just Cause
Just Cause 2
Just Cause 3
Just Cause 4
Other games
theHunter
Renegade Ops
Mad Max
Rage 2
Generation Zero
Second Extinction
Related companies
Bethesda Softworks
Eidos Interactive
id Software
Nordisk Film
Sega
Square Enix
Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action-adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action-adventure_game"},{"link_name":"video game series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_series"},{"link_name":"Avalanche Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_Studios"},{"link_name":"Eidos Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidos_Interactive"},{"link_name":"Square Enix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Enix"},{"link_name":"External Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Enix_External_Studios"},{"link_name":"Just Cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Cause_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Just Cause 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Cause_2"},{"link_name":"Just Cause 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Cause_3"},{"link_name":"Just Cause 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Cause_4"},{"link_name":"open world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_world"},{"link_name":"archipelagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United States invasion of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama"}],"text":"Video game seriesJust Cause is an action-adventure video game series created by Avalanche Studios. Originally published by Eidos Interactive and after 2009 by Square Enix's External Studios. The series consists of Just Cause, Just Cause 2, Just Cause 3, and Just Cause 4. The games are open world and take place in islands and archipelagos. Each game in the series tasks the player to overthrow the governing body of the game's setting. By June 2018, the series had shipped over 15 million copies worldwide.[1]The series directly draws its name from the real-life United States invasion of Panama, code-named \"Operation Just Cause\".","title":"Just Cause (video game series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parachute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachute"},{"link_name":"grappling hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grappling_hook"},{"link_name":"wingsuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingsuit_flying"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto's wanted level)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto#Common_elements"}],"text":"Each installment in the series takes place on a different fictional island nation, where the player plays the character Rico Rodriguez, a secret agent who originally hails from the fictional nation of Medici (featured in the third game). On foot, Rico can walk, swim, jump, and operate weapons. Players can also take control of vehicles found in the world and perform stunts while driving them. From the third game onwards, players can also utilize Rico's parachute, grappling hook and wingsuit to travel around the map.During the game, the player is given a main storyline as well as several side missions. Side missions may include liberating a village or taking over a drug cartel's villa. In Just Cause, these side missions are repetitive but necessary to gain points with certain factions. In Just Cause 2, the side missions became unique and more complex.When not playing story or side missions, the player can free-roam in the open world. However, committing certain aggressive acts will attract a \"heat\" level (similar to Grand Theft Auto's wanted level), which will then increase the strength and number of enemy NPCs spawned seeking to kill the player.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parasailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasailing"},{"link_name":"skydiving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachuting"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"}],"sub_title":"Just Cause (2006)","text":"The core gameplay consists of elements of a third-person shooter and a driving game, with a large open environment to move around in. On foot, the player's character is capable of walking, swimming and jumping, as well as utilizing weapons and basic hand-to-hand combat. Players can take control of a variety of vehicles, including cars, boats, airplanes, helicopters and motorcycles. Players can also perform stunts with their cars. Other key features of the game include parasailing (grappling onto a moving vehicle while utilizing a parachute) and skydiving. Just Cause is set on the island nation of San Esperito (inspired by the Caribbean).","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"}],"sub_title":"Just Cause 2 (2010)","text":"Just Cause 2 is an action-adventure game with a large open-world sandbox map. The game is set on the fictional country of Panau (which is off of Southeast Asia), an archipelago ruled by Pandak 'Baby' Panay.Originally set to be released in 2008, it was pushed back multiple times until it was released in North America on March 23, 2010, and in Europe on March 26, 2010.","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"}],"sub_title":"Just Cause 3 (2015)","text":"Just Cause 3 was released worldwide on December 1, 2015. The game is set on the fictional Mediterranean island of Medici, where it is run by dictator Di Ravello. Along with a larger map than Just Cause 2, there is the added feature of a wingsuit to be used by the main character, Rico Rodriguez.The main storyline is longer than that of Just Cause 2, but the game does not feature faction side-missions, replacing them with 'random encounters' and a greater variety of races and other challenges. The game also allows players to shoot their way through walls, and expands destruction features.","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"}],"sub_title":"Just Cause 4 (2018)","text":"Just Cause 4 is the latest PC and console game in the Just Cause series, released on December 4, 2018. The game is set in the fictional South American country of Solís. The new dynamic weather systems expand upon the function of the wingsuit introduced in Just Cause 3 and are the focus of the storyline.In comparison to Just Cause 3, the map is much larger and more diverse, however, the removal of its liberation mechanic does reduce the need to visit large portions of the map.","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Square Enix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Enix"},{"link_name":"The Game Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_Awards_2020"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"free-to-play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-play"},{"link_name":"early access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_access"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurogamer-cancellation-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurogamer-cancellation-2"}],"sub_title":"Just Cause Mobile (cancelled)","text":"Just Cause Mobile was officially announced by Square Enix during The Game Awards for iOS and Android mobile devices. It is a free-to-play action shooter game set in the Just Cause universe featuring single-player and multiplayer four player co-op and PvP gameplay for up to thirty players. While the console and PC games are third-person affairs, the mobile take on the franchise will feature a top-down isometric perspective. It received an early access release in Singapore in November 2021.[2] The game was scheduled to globally release in 2022.[3] It was cancelled in July 2023.[2]","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cliché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clich%C3%A9"}],"text":"The Just Cause series has received a mixed reception from critics, but audiences generally have given the series a positive reception. Critics and audiences alike praise the series for its innovative gameplay, open-world design, set-pieces and non-linear approach to mission structure, however it is generally criticised for its generic storyline and cliché characters.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitman_(franchise)#Films"},{"link_name":"films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitman_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"shared universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_universe"},{"link_name":"Square Enix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Enix"},{"link_name":"Tomb Raider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tomb_Raider_media#Films"},{"link_name":"Deus Ex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_Ex#Related_media"},{"link_name":"Thief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thief_(series)#Film"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Metro UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_UK"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jason Momoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Momoa"},{"link_name":"Brad Peyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Peyton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Cause_(video_game_series)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Derek Kolstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Kolstad"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Michael Dowse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dowse"},{"link_name":"Constantin Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Film"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ángel Manuel Soto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Manuel_Soto"},{"link_name":"David Leitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Leitch"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 2010, it was reported that a film adaptation of Just Cause, titled Just Cause: Scorpion Rising, was in production, written by comic book writer Bryan Edward Hill.[4] Nothing came of these plans, and Hill's Just Cause: Scorpion Rising was never produced.In 2015, Adrian Askarieh, producer of the Hitman films, stated that he hoped to oversee a shared universe of Square Enix films with Just Cause, Hitman, Tomb Raider, Deus Ex, and Thief, but admitted that he does not have the rights to Tomb Raider.[5] He also stated, at that time, that the latest outlook for the Just Cause film was that it would be based on the third release of the video game series. In May 2017, the Game Central reporters at Metro UK suggested that the shared universe was unlikely, pointing out that no progress had been made on any Just Cause, Deus Ex nor Thief films.[6]In March 2017, it was announced that Jason Momoa would play Rico Rodriguez and Brad Peyton would direct the film.[7] As of April 2018[update], Peyton admitted that no script existed yet, and that he and Momoa already had full schedules well into 2019.[8] On May 21, 2019, it was announced that Derek Kolstad would write the film.[9] On July 15, 2020, it was announced that Michael Dowse would direct the film, which is produced by Constantin Film and Askarieh's Prime Universe and distributed by Universal Pictures.[10]In May 2024, it was announced that Ángel Manuel Soto would direct the film, with David Leitch and Kelly McCormick producing film is distributed Universal Pictures.[11]","title":"Film adaptation"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Operation \"Just Cause\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_%22Just_Cause%22"},{"title":"List of Square Enix video game franchises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Square_Enix_video_game_franchises"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Delivering unforgettable experiences\" (PDF). Square Enix. October 31, 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 31, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181031133013/https://www.hd.square-enix.com/jpn/ir/library/pdf/ar_2018_06feature.pdf","url_text":"\"Delivering unforgettable experiences\""},{"url":"https://www.hd.square-enix.com/jpn/ir/library/pdf/ar_2018_06feature.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wales, Matt (July 3, 2023). \"Square Enix's long-delayed Just Cause: Mobile officially cancelled\". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Retrieved July 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/square-enixs-long-delayed-just-cause-mobile-officially-cancelled","url_text":"\"Square Enix's long-delayed Just Cause: Mobile officially cancelled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamer_Network","url_text":"Gamer Network"}]},{"reference":"Sholtz, Matthew (July 14, 2021). \"Just Cause: Mobile delayed until 2022, possibly to add more crazy explosions\". Android Police. Retrieved March 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.androidpolice.com/2021/07/14/just-cause-mobile-android/","url_text":"\"Just Cause: Mobile delayed until 2022, possibly to add more crazy explosions\""}]},{"reference":"Goldman, Eric (December 13, 2011). \"New Writer for Just Cause Movie\". IGN. Retrieved September 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.ign.com/articles/2011/12/14/new-writer-for-just-cause-movie","url_text":"\"New Writer for Just Cause Movie\""}]},{"reference":"Krupa, Daniel (September 9, 2015). \"Hitman producer dreams of shared Square Enix movie universe\". IGN. Archived from the original on July 20, 2017. Retrieved June 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/09/09/hitman-producer-dreams-of-shared-square-enix-movie-universe","url_text":"\"Hitman producer dreams of shared Square Enix movie universe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170720151342/http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/09/09/hitman-producer-dreams-of-shared-square-enix-movie-universe","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Thief 5 and movie adaptation in development claims film company\". MetroUK. May 12, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.co.uk/2017/05/12/thief-5-and-movie-adaptation-in-development-claims-film-company-6632761/","url_text":"\"Thief 5 and movie adaptation in development claims film company\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)","url_text":"MetroUK"}]},{"reference":"Bezanidis, Michael. \"'Aquaman' Star Jason Momoa Signs On For 'Just Cause' Film Adaptation\". Heroic Hollywood. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170308133900/http://heroichollywood.com/jason-momoa-just-cause-film-adaptation/","url_text":"\"'Aquaman' Star Jason Momoa Signs On For 'Just Cause' Film Adaptation\""},{"url":"http://heroichollywood.com/jason-momoa-just-cause-film-adaptation/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Radish, Christina (April 10, 2018). \"'Rampage' Director Brad Peyton on Dwayne Johnson, 'Just Cause', and Wanting to Make a Marvel Movie\". Collider. Retrieved December 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://collider.com/brad-peyton-interview-rampage/","url_text":"\"'Rampage' Director Brad Peyton on Dwayne Johnson, 'Just Cause', and Wanting to Make a Marvel Movie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"}]},{"reference":"Tyler, Jacob (May 21, 2019). \"'Just Cause' Feature Film Enlists Writer Derek Kolstad ('John Wick')\". The GWW. Retrieved May 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://thegww.com/just-cause-feature-film-enlists-writer-derek-kolstad-john-wick/","url_text":"\"'Just Cause' Feature Film Enlists Writer Derek Kolstad ('John Wick')\""}]},{"reference":"Kit, Borys (July 15, 2020). \"'Stuber' Director Michael Dowse Tackling 'Just Cause' Video Game Adaptation\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/stuber-director-michael-dowse-tackling-just-cause-video-game-adaptation-1303238","url_text":"\"'Stuber' Director Michael Dowse Tackling 'Just Cause' Video Game Adaptation\""}]},{"reference":"Kit, Borys (May 29, 2024). \"'Just Cause' Movie in the Works from 'Blue Beetle' Director Ángel Manuel Soto, 87North\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/just-cause-movie-in-the-works-1235910913/","url_text":"\"'Just Cause' Movie in the Works from 'Blue Beetle' Director Ángel Manuel Soto, 87North\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Cause_(video_game_series)&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181031133013/https://www.hd.square-enix.com/jpn/ir/library/pdf/ar_2018_06feature.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Delivering unforgettable experiences\""},{"Link":"https://www.hd.square-enix.com/jpn/ir/library/pdf/ar_2018_06feature.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.eurogamer.net/square-enixs-long-delayed-just-cause-mobile-officially-cancelled","external_links_name":"\"Square Enix's long-delayed Just Cause: Mobile officially cancelled\""},{"Link":"https://www.androidpolice.com/2021/07/14/just-cause-mobile-android/","external_links_name":"\"Just Cause: Mobile delayed until 2022, possibly to add more crazy explosions\""},{"Link":"http://uk.ign.com/articles/2011/12/14/new-writer-for-just-cause-movie","external_links_name":"\"New Writer for Just Cause Movie\""},{"Link":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/09/09/hitman-producer-dreams-of-shared-square-enix-movie-universe","external_links_name":"\"Hitman producer dreams of shared Square Enix movie universe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170720151342/http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/09/09/hitman-producer-dreams-of-shared-square-enix-movie-universe","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://metro.co.uk/2017/05/12/thief-5-and-movie-adaptation-in-development-claims-film-company-6632761/","external_links_name":"\"Thief 5 and movie adaptation in development claims film company\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170308133900/http://heroichollywood.com/jason-momoa-just-cause-film-adaptation/","external_links_name":"\"'Aquaman' Star Jason Momoa Signs On For 'Just Cause' Film Adaptation\""},{"Link":"http://heroichollywood.com/jason-momoa-just-cause-film-adaptation/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://collider.com/brad-peyton-interview-rampage/","external_links_name":"\"'Rampage' Director Brad Peyton on Dwayne Johnson, 'Just Cause', and Wanting to Make a Marvel Movie\""},{"Link":"https://thegww.com/just-cause-feature-film-enlists-writer-derek-kolstad-john-wick/","external_links_name":"\"'Just Cause' Feature Film Enlists Writer Derek Kolstad ('John Wick')\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/stuber-director-michael-dowse-tackling-just-cause-video-game-adaptation-1303238","external_links_name":"\"'Stuber' Director Michael Dowse Tackling 'Just Cause' Video Game Adaptation\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/just-cause-movie-in-the-works-1235910913/","external_links_name":"\"'Just Cause' Movie in the Works from 'Blue Beetle' Director Ángel Manuel Soto, 87North\""},{"Link":"http://www.justcause.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://store.steampowered.com/curator/36149224","external_links_name":"\"Just Cause Franchise\" on Steam"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krista_Errickson
|
Krista Errickson
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Professional life","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American actress and writer
This article is about the American actress. For the Canadian journalist, see Krista Erickson.
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Krista Errickson" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
Krista ErricksonBornKrista Anne Errickson (1964-05-08) May 8, 1964 (age 60)Abington, Pennsylvania, United StatesOccupation(s)Journalist, documentary filmmaker, writer, producer, actressYears active1979–2009Known forLittle DarlingsHello, Larry
Krista Anne Errickson (born May 8, 1964) is an American actress, journalist, and documentary filmmaker, writer and producer who appeared in films and television productions in the 1980s and 1990s. As a teen actress, she is most recognized for her role as teen antagonist Cinder in the 1980 movie Little Darlings and the TV series Hello, Larry. As an adult, she is best known for her work as a journalist with RAI (RadioTelevisioneItaliana).
Early life and education
Krista Errickson was born in Abington, Pennsylvania. She is the granddaughter of Broadway set designer Jo Mielziner. Errickson is a goddaughter of director, writer, and producer Elia Kazan.
Professional life
She began acting in 1978 and is a lifetime member of the Actors Studio.
As a teenager, Errickson began appearing in television and film projects. She replaced Donna Wilkes in the role of Diane Alder on the second season of the TV series Hello, Larry and on four episodes of Diff'rent Strokes.
Errickson continued acting until 1994, appearing in movies and guest starring in shows such as Fame, Mr. Belvedere, 21 Jump Street, and Beverly Hills, 90210.
Her journalism career began at RAI's Channel 1 in Rome before becoming a host for RAI International and RAISAT. She became senior producer and journalist reporting on current events and international politics, with a focus on Middle East relations. Some of her more well-known programs were The Yellowcake Uranium Scandal, RAWA’s Meena: The Story of a Revolutionary, and In the Name of God, about Iran’s Islamic fundamentalism.
She was the first female journalist to interview Sheikh Nasrallah (for her documentary, Inside the Hezbollah, which later became the subject of a book she co-authored). For CBS and the Discovery Channel, she was co-executive producer for The Mysterious Man of The Shroud; The Genetic Revolution, a four-part series which in part exposed secret genetic experiments that were conducted by Monsanto Corporation; The Science of Human Cloning, and the program, Inside The Vatican.
In 2007, she was part of a team sent to Pakistan and Afghanistan, successfully negotiating the release of a kidnapped Italian journalist from the Taliban. In 2008, she successfully aided a recently released political prisoner leave Iran and return to the United States.
Filmography
Diff'rent Strokes (TV series; 1979; 4 episodes) as Diane Alder
Hello, Larry (TV series; 1979–80) as Diane Alder
Little Darlings (1980) as Cinder Carlson
Making the Grade (TV series; 1982; 1 episode)
Jekyll and Hyde... Together Again (1982) as Ivy
Fame (TV series; 1982; 1 Episode) as Diana
The First Time (1982 TV movie) as Karen
The Powers of Matthew Star (TV series; 1982; 1 episode) as Lisa
Deadly Lessons (1983 TV movie) as Tember Logan
The First Time (1983) as Dana
The Best of Times (TV series; 1983) as Robin Dupree
The Doors: Dance on Fire (Video; 1985; "L.A. Woman" segment)
The New Gidget (TV series; 1986; 1 episode) as Karen
Mr. Belvedere (TV series; 1988; 1 episode) as Amy Nelson
Tour of Duty (TV series; 1989; 2 episodes) as Stacy Bridger
Mama's Family (TV series; 1989; 1 episode) as Bunny Vanderhaus
21 Jump Street (TV series; 1989; 1 episode) as Christine
Mortal Passions (1990)) as Emily
Killer Image (1992) as Shelley
Beverly Hills, 90210 (TV series; 1992; 3 episodes) as Maggie
Martial Outlaw (Direct-to-video; 1993) as Lori White
Jailbait (Direct-to-video; 1993) as Merci Cooper
The Paperboy (1994) as Diana
MLK: A Life (RAI; 1996) - executive producer, writer
The Genetic Revolution (RAI; 1996) - executive producer, writer
In The Name of God (RAI; 1997) - executive producer, co-producer, writer
Mysterious Man of the Shroud (CBS; 1998)
You2: The Science of Human Cloning (RAI; 2000) - executive producer, writer
Inside The Hezbollah (RAI; 2000) - executive producer, writer
Inside The Vatican (RAI; 2001) - executive producer, writer
RAWA's Meena: The Story of a Revolutionary (RAI; 2002) - executive producer, writer
The Yellowcake Uranium Scandal (RAI; 2005) - executive producer, writer
I Am Iran (RAI; 2009) - executive producer, writer
References
^ Santora, Marc (August 11, 2008). "After Four Years in Iranian Custody, a Queens Man Is Almost Home". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
^ Van Gelder, Lawrence (2012). "Krista Errickson: Filmography". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
^ Profile at TV Guide's website
External links
Krista Errickson at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krista Erickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krista_Erickson"},{"link_name":"documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary"},{"link_name":"Little Darlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Darlings"},{"link_name":"Hello, Larry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Larry"},{"link_name":"RAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAI"}],"text":"This article is about the American actress. For the Canadian journalist, see Krista Erickson.Krista Anne Errickson (born May 8, 1964) is an American actress, journalist, and documentary filmmaker, writer and producer who appeared in films and television productions in the 1980s and 1990s. As a teen actress, she is most recognized for her role as teen antagonist Cinder in the 1980 movie Little Darlings and the TV series Hello, Larry. As an adult, she is best known for her work as a journalist with RAI (RadioTelevisioneItaliana).","title":"Krista Errickson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abington_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theater"},{"link_name":"Jo Mielziner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Mielziner"},{"link_name":"goddaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddaughter"},{"link_name":"Elia Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elia_Kazan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Krista Errickson was born in Abington, Pennsylvania. She is the granddaughter of Broadway set designer Jo Mielziner. Errickson is a goddaughter of director, writer, and producer Elia Kazan.[citation needed]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Actors Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actors_Studio"},{"link_name":"Donna Wilkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Wilkes"},{"link_name":"Hello, Larry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Larry"},{"link_name":"Diff'rent Strokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diff%27rent_Strokes"},{"link_name":"Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fame_(1982_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Mr. Belvedere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Belvedere"},{"link_name":"21 Jump Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Jump_Street"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hills, 90210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_90210"},{"link_name":"RAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAI"},{"link_name":"RAI International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAI_International"},{"link_name":"Yellowcake Uranium Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_uranium_forgeries"},{"link_name":"RAWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Association_of_the_Women_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Islamic fundamentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Nasrallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Nasrallah"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Discovery Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Channel"},{"link_name":"Monsanto Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsanto_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Human Cloning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cloning"},{"link_name":"The Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"She began acting in 1978 and is a lifetime member of the Actors Studio.As a teenager, Errickson began appearing in television and film projects. She replaced Donna Wilkes in the role of Diane Alder on the second season of the TV series Hello, Larry and on four episodes of Diff'rent Strokes.Errickson continued acting until 1994, appearing in movies and guest starring in shows such as Fame, Mr. Belvedere, 21 Jump Street, and Beverly Hills, 90210.Her journalism career began at RAI's Channel 1 in Rome before becoming a host for RAI International and RAISAT. She became senior producer and journalist reporting on current events and international politics, with a focus on Middle East relations. Some of her more well-known programs were The Yellowcake Uranium Scandal, RAWA’s Meena: The Story of a Revolutionary, and In the Name of God, about Iran’s Islamic fundamentalism.She was the first female journalist to interview Sheikh Nasrallah (for her documentary, Inside the Hezbollah, which later became the subject of a book she co-authored). For CBS and the Discovery Channel, she was co-executive producer for The Mysterious Man of The Shroud; The Genetic Revolution, a four-part series which in part exposed secret genetic experiments that were conducted by Monsanto Corporation; The Science of Human Cloning, and the program, Inside The Vatican.In 2007, she was part of a team sent to Pakistan and Afghanistan, successfully negotiating the release of a kidnapped Italian journalist from the Taliban. In 2008, she successfully aided a recently released political prisoner leave Iran and return to the United States.[1]","title":"Professional life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diff'rent Strokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diff%27rent_Strokes"},{"link_name":"Hello, Larry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Larry"},{"link_name":"Little Darlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Darlings"},{"link_name":"Making the Grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_the_Grade_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jekyll and Hyde... Together Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jekyll_and_Hyde..._Together_Again"},{"link_name":"Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fame_(1982_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Powers of Matthew Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Powers_of_Matthew_Star"},{"link_name":"Deadly Lessons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadly_Lessons"},{"link_name":"The Best of Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_Times_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The New Gidget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Gidget"},{"link_name":"Mr. Belvedere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Belvedere"},{"link_name":"Tour of Duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Duty_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Mama's Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama%27s_Family"},{"link_name":"21 Jump Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Jump_Street"},{"link_name":"Mortal Passions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_Passions"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT_profile-2"},{"link_name":"Killer Image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Image_(1992_film)"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hills, 90210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_90210"},{"link_name":"Martial Outlaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_Outlaw"},{"link_name":"The Paperboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paperboy_(1994_film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"MLK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."}],"text":"Diff'rent Strokes (TV series; 1979; 4 episodes) as Diane Alder\nHello, Larry (TV series; 1979–80) as Diane Alder\nLittle Darlings (1980) as Cinder Carlson\nMaking the Grade (TV series; 1982; 1 episode)\nJekyll and Hyde... Together Again (1982) as Ivy\nFame (TV series; 1982; 1 Episode) as Diana\nThe First Time (1982 TV movie) as Karen\nThe Powers of Matthew Star (TV series; 1982; 1 episode) as Lisa\nDeadly Lessons (1983 TV movie) as Tember Logan\nThe First Time (1983) as Dana\nThe Best of Times (TV series; 1983) as Robin Dupree\nThe Doors: Dance on Fire (Video; 1985; \"L.A. Woman\" segment)\nThe New Gidget (TV series; 1986; 1 episode) as Karen\nMr. Belvedere (TV series; 1988; 1 episode) as Amy Nelson\nTour of Duty (TV series; 1989; 2 episodes) as Stacy Bridger\nMama's Family (TV series; 1989; 1 episode) as Bunny Vanderhaus\n21 Jump Street (TV series; 1989; 1 episode) as Christine\nMortal Passions (1990)[2]) as Emily\nKiller Image (1992) as Shelley\nBeverly Hills, 90210 (TV series; 1992; 3 episodes) as Maggie\nMartial Outlaw (Direct-to-video; 1993) as Lori White\nJailbait (Direct-to-video; 1993) as Merci Cooper\nThe Paperboy (1994)[3] as Diana\nMLK: A Life (RAI; 1996) - executive producer, writer\nThe Genetic Revolution (RAI; 1996) - executive producer, writer\nIn The Name of God (RAI; 1997) - executive producer, co-producer, writer\nMysterious Man of the Shroud (CBS; 1998)\nYou2: The Science of Human Cloning (RAI; 2000) - executive producer, writer\nInside The Hezbollah (RAI; 2000) - executive producer, writer\nInside The Vatican (RAI; 2001) - executive producer, writer\nRAWA's Meena: The Story of a Revolutionary (RAI; 2002) - executive producer, writer\nThe Yellowcake Uranium Scandal (RAI; 2005) - executive producer, writer\nI Am Iran (RAI; 2009) - executive producer, writer","title":"Filmography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Santora, Marc (August 11, 2008). \"After Four Years in Iranian Custody, a Queens Man Is Almost Home\". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/11/nyregion/11iran.html","url_text":"\"After Four Years in Iranian Custody, a Queens Man Is Almost Home\""}]},{"reference":"Van Gelder, Lawrence (2012). \"Krista Errickson: Filmography\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Van_Gelder","url_text":"Van Gelder, Lawrence"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093524/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/208278/Krista-Errickson/filmography","url_text":"\"Krista Errickson: Filmography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://movies.nytimes.com/person/208278/Krista-Errickson/filmography","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Krista+Errickson%22","external_links_name":"\"Krista Errickson\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Krista+Errickson%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Krista+Errickson%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Krista+Errickson%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Krista+Errickson%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Krista+Errickson%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/11/nyregion/11iran.html","external_links_name":"\"After Four Years in Iranian Custody, a Queens Man Is Almost Home\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093524/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/208278/Krista-Errickson/filmography","external_links_name":"\"Krista Errickson: Filmography\""},{"Link":"https://movies.nytimes.com/person/208278/Krista-Errickson/filmography","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/krista-errickson/160940","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0259799/","external_links_name":"Krista Errickson"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000036730145X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/232582453","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmHJqh7W3t3fwq9689CcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1737414","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14045893s","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14045893s","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1262359651","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2016164580","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat_Amateur_Athletic_Association
|
Montserrat Amateur Athletic Association
|
["1 History","2 Affiliations","3 National records","4 See also","5 References"]
|
Montserrat Amateur Athletic AssociationSportAthleticsJurisdictionAssociationAbbreviationMAAAFounded1971 (1971)AffiliationIAAFAffiliation date1974 (1974)Regional affiliationNACACHeadquartersBradesPresidentBruce FararaSecretaryStephen Mendes
The Montserrat Amateur Athletic Association (MAAA) is the governing body for the sport of athletics in Montserrat. Current president is Bruce Farara. It is also the body responsible for Montserrat's representation at the Commonwealth Games.
History
MAAA was founded in 1971 and was affiliated to the IAAF in 1974.
Affiliations
MAAA is the national member federation for Montserrat in the following international organisations:
International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)
North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association (NACAC)
Association of Panamerican Athletics (APA)
Central American and Caribbean Athletic Confederation (CACAC)
Leeward Islands Athletics Association (LIAA)
National records
MAAA maintains the Montserrat records in athletics.
See also
Montserrat at the Commonwealth Games
References
^
Montserrat Amateur Athletic Association, IAAF, retrieved January 4, 2013
^ "Montserrat at the Commonwealth Games". Commonwealth Games Federation. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
^
ASOCIACIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE FEDERACIONES DE ATLETISMO - CONSTITUCIÓN EN VIGOR A PARTIR DEL 1 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 2011 (PDF) (in Spanish), IAAF, p. 60, retrieved October 13, 2012
vteNational members of World AthleticsAfrica(CAA)Central (Congo)
Burundi
Cameroon
Central African Rep.
Chad
Congo
Congo DR
Gabon
Equatorial Guinea
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Eastern (Nile)
Djibouti
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Kenya
Somalia
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Uganda
Northern (Sahara)
Algeria
Libya
Morocco
Tunisia
Southern (Kalahari)
Angola
Botswana
Comoros
Eswatini
Lesotho
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Seychelles
South Africa
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Western (Niger)
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cape Verde
Côte d'Ivoire
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Liberia
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Togo
Asia(AAA)
Afghanistan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Chinese Taipei
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Macau
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
North Korea
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Korea
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
Europe(EAA)
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Gibraltar
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russiaǂ
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
North America(NACAC)
Anguilla
Antigua & Barbuda
Aruba
The Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
British Virgin Islands
Canada
Cayman Islands
Costa Rica
Cuba
Curaçao†
Dominica
Dominican Rep.
El Salvador
French Guyana†
Grenada
Guadeloupe†
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Martinique†
Mexico
Montserrat
Nicaragua
Puerto Rico
Saint Kitts & Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent & The Grenadines
Sint Maarten†
Trinidad & Tobago
Turks & Caicos Islands
United States
U.S. Virgin Islands
Oceania(OAA)
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Isl.
Fiji
French Polynesia
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Isl.
F.S. Micronesia
Nauru
New Caledonia †
New Zealand
Niue†
Norfolk Isl.
Northern Mariana Isl.
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Isl.
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Wallis et Futuna†
South America(CONSUDATLE)
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Sport of athletics portal • † NACAC and OAA associate member • ǂ Suspended by the decision of the World Athletics Council or OAA Council.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat"},{"link_name":"Bruce Farara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Farara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_1-1"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Montserrat Amateur Athletic Association (MAAA) is the governing body for the sport of athletics in Montserrat. Current president is Bruce Farara.[1] It is also the body responsible for Montserrat's representation at the Commonwealth Games.[2]","title":"Montserrat Amateur Athletic Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iaaf_2-3"}],"text":"MAAA was founded in 1971 and was affiliated to the IAAF in 1974.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat"},{"link_name":"International Association of Athletics Federations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Athletics_Federations"},{"link_name":"North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American,_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Association of Panamerican Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Panamerican_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Central American and Caribbean Athletic Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Athletic_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Leeward Islands Athletics Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeward_Islands_Championships_in_Athletics#Leeward_Islands_Athletics_Association"}],"text":"MAAA is the national member federation for Montserrat in the following international organisations:International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)\nNorth American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association (NACAC)\nAssociation of Panamerican Athletics (APA)\nCentral American and Caribbean Athletic Confederation (CACAC)\nLeeward Islands Athletics Association (LIAA)","title":"Affiliations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montserrat records in athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat_records_in_athletics"}],"text":"MAAA maintains the Montserrat records in athletics.","title":"National records"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Montserrat at the Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat_at_the_Commonwealth_Games"}]
|
[{"reference":"Montserrat Amateur Athletic Association, IAAF, retrieved January 4, 2013","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/about-iaaf/structure/member-federations/northcentral-americac#MNT","url_text":"Montserrat Amateur Athletic Association"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF","url_text":"IAAF"}]},{"reference":"\"Montserrat at the Commonwealth Games\". Commonwealth Games Federation. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140626021836/http://thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=MSR","url_text":"\"Montserrat at the Commonwealth Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games_Federation","url_text":"Commonwealth Games Federation"},{"url":"http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=MSR","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"ASOCIACIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE FEDERACIONES DE ATLETISMO - CONSTITUCIÓN EN VIGOR A PARTIR DEL 1 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 2011 (PDF) (in Spanish), IAAF, p. 60, retrieved October 13, 2012","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/06/28/25/62825_PDF_Spanish.pdf","url_text":"ASOCIACIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE FEDERACIONES DE ATLETISMO - CONSTITUCIÓN EN VIGOR A PARTIR DEL 1 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 2011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF","url_text":"IAAF"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/about-iaaf/structure/member-federations/northcentral-americac#MNT","external_links_name":"Montserrat Amateur Athletic Association"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140626021836/http://thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=MSR","external_links_name":"\"Montserrat at the Commonwealth Games\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=MSR","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/06/28/25/62825_PDF_Spanish.pdf","external_links_name":"ASOCIACIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE FEDERACIONES DE ATLETISMO - CONSTITUCIÓN EN VIGOR A PARTIR DEL 1 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 2011"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Pabst
|
Theo Pabst
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Later life","4 Selected works","5 References"]
|
German architect (1905–1979)
Theo PabstBorn(1905-01-15)15 January 1905Passau, German EmpireDied4 October 1979(1979-10-04) (aged 74)Munich, West GermanyAlma materTechnical University of MunichOccupationsArchitectcivil servantprofessor
Theodor Pabst (15 January 1905 – 4 October 1979) was a German architect, civil servant and professor.
Early life and education
Theodor Pabst was born in Passau, the son of Royal Bavarian State Railways surveyor Theodor Pabst. In 1910, his father was transferred to Regensburg, where the family would experience World War I and the post-war period. In 1921, the family moved to Munich.
In the winter of 1924, Pabst began studying architecture at the Technical University of Munich under professors Theodor Fischer and German Bestelmeyer. He graduated in 1929.
Career
After graduating, Pabst worked as a construction trainee at the Munich Oberpostdirektion under Oberbaurat Franz Holzhammer . There he completed the government builder state exam in 1931. Unable to find work, he moved to the office of his fellow student Albert Heinrich Steiner in Zürich.
On May 1, 1933, Pabst joined the Nazi Party, allegedly to be able to participate in competitions and improve his chances of finding employment. He was a caretaker and block helper for the National Socialist People's Welfare. He was drafted into military service several times in World War II. From 1941 to 1945, he was a major in the Luftwaffe Building Council in Russia. In his memoirs, Pabst did not speak on his exact activities as a construction officer for the Luftwaffe.
Later life
In 1948, on the recommendation of Ernst Neufert, Pabst became a substitute architecture professor at the Technische Universität Darmstadt. He received a full time teaching position on 17 June 1949, and taught at the TU Darmstadt until 1972.
Pabst died in Munich on 4 October 1979.
Selected works
Neue Maxburg in Munich
1933–1934: Fliegerhorst Göppingen
1934: Nazi Mustersiedlung in Munich
1954–1955: Institut für Massivbau at the Technische Universität Darmstadt
1950–1951: Merckhaus in Darmstadt
1950–1951: Galeria Kaufhof in Munich
1953: Haus Schlotter in Darmstadt
1953–1957: Neue Maxburg in Munich (with Sep Ruf)
1956–1957: Kunsthalle Darmstadt
1960–1965: Neustädter Rathaus in Hanau
1964–1966: Mannheimer Kunstverein
References
^ a b c d Stephan, Regina (February 2021). "Der Abriss des Wohnhauses Theo und Grete Pabst in Darmstadt". Bauwelt (in German).
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Theo Pabst" (PDF). Sep Ruf Gesellschaft e.V. (in German).
^ a b c "Wohnhaus Theo Pabst". Sep Ruf Gesellschaft e.V. (in German). January 2021.
^ "75 Jahre Mustersiedlung Ramersdorf". Hallo München (in German). 16 April 2009.
^ a b Fütterer, Michael (9 August 2008). "Fantastische Häuser". Frankfurter Rundschau (in German).
^ Rosenfeld, Gavriel D. (2000). Munich and Memory: Architecture, Monuments, and the Legacy of the Third Reich. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520219106.
^ "Geschichte". Kunsthalle Darmstadt (in German).
^ Kurz, Werner (16 December 2018). "Das Neustädter Rathaus hat eine bewegte Geschichte". Hanauer Anzeiger (in German).
^ "Der Kunstverein". Mannheimer Kunstverein (in German).
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Artists
ULAN
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Theodor Pabst (15 January 1905 – 4 October 1979) was a German architect, civil servant and professor.","title":"Theo Pabst"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Passau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauwelt-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Bavarian State Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bavarian_State_Railways"},{"link_name":"Regensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regensburg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sep_Ruf_PDF-2"},{"link_name":"Technical University of Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"Theodor Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fischer"},{"link_name":"German Bestelmeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Bestelmeyer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sep_Ruf-3"}],"text":"Theodor Pabst was born in Passau,[1] the son of Royal Bavarian State Railways surveyor Theodor Pabst. In 1910, his father was transferred to Regensburg, where the family would experience World War I and the post-war period. In 1921, the family moved to Munich.[2]In the winter of 1924, Pabst began studying architecture at the Technical University of Munich under professors Theodor Fischer and German Bestelmeyer. He graduated in 1929.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oberpostdirektion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oberpostdirektion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberpostdirektion"},{"link_name":"Franz Holzhammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Holzhammer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Holzhammer"},{"link_name":"Albert Heinrich Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Heinrich_Steiner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Heinrich_Steiner"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sep_Ruf_PDF-2"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"National Socialist People's Welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialist_People%27s_Welfare"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sep_Ruf_PDF-2"}],"text":"After graduating, Pabst worked as a construction trainee at the Munich Oberpostdirektion [de] under Oberbaurat Franz Holzhammer [de]. There he completed the government builder state exam in 1931. Unable to find work, he moved to the office of his fellow student Albert Heinrich Steiner [de] in Zürich.[2]On May 1, 1933, Pabst joined the Nazi Party, allegedly to be able to participate in competitions and improve his chances of finding employment. He was a caretaker and block helper for the National Socialist People's Welfare. He was drafted into military service several times in World War II. From 1941 to 1945, he was a major in the Luftwaffe Building Council in Russia. In his memoirs, Pabst did not speak on his exact activities as a construction officer for the Luftwaffe.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ernst Neufert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Neufert"},{"link_name":"Technische Universität Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauwelt-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sep_Ruf-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauwelt-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sep_Ruf_PDF-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bauwelt-1"}],"text":"In 1948, on the recommendation of Ernst Neufert, Pabst became a substitute architecture professor at the Technische Universität Darmstadt.[1][3] He received a full time teaching position on 17 June 1949, and taught at the TU Darmstadt until 1972.[1][2]Pabst died in Munich on 4 October 1979.[1]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maxburg_0439.JPG"},{"link_name":"Neue Maxburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzog-Max-Burg#Neue_Maxburg"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Göppingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ppingen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sep_Ruf_PDF-2"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sep_Ruf_PDF-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Technische Universität Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Futterer-5"},{"link_name":"Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sep_Ruf_PDF-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Futterer-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sep_Ruf-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sep_Ruf_PDF-2"},{"link_name":"Neue Maxburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzog-Max-Burg#Neue_Maxburg"},{"link_name":"Sep Ruf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sep_Ruf"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rosenfeld-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sep_Ruf_PDF-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hanau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sep_Ruf_PDF-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mannheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sep_Ruf_PDF-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Neue Maxburg in Munich1933–1934: Fliegerhorst Göppingen[2]\n1934: Nazi Mustersiedlung in Munich[2][4]\n1954–1955: Institut für Massivbau at the Technische Universität Darmstadt[5]\n1950–1951: Merckhaus in Darmstadt[2][5]\n1950–1951: Galeria Kaufhof in Munich[3]\n1953: Haus Schlotter in Darmstadt[2]\n1953–1957: Neue Maxburg in Munich (with Sep Ruf)[6]\n1956–1957: Kunsthalle Darmstadt[2][7]\n1960–1965: Neustädter Rathaus in Hanau[2][8]\n1964–1966: Mannheimer Kunstverein[2][9]","title":"Selected works"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Neue Maxburg in Munich","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Maxburg_0439.JPG/220px-Maxburg_0439.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Stephan, Regina (February 2021). \"Der Abriss des Wohnhauses Theo und Grete Pabst in Darmstadt\". Bauwelt (in German).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Theo Pabst\" (PDF). Sep Ruf Gesellschaft e.V. (in German).","urls":[{"url":"https://seprufgesellschaft.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Vorwort_und_Innenteil.pdf","url_text":"\"Theo Pabst\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wohnhaus Theo Pabst\". Sep Ruf Gesellschaft e.V. (in German). January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://seprufgesellschaft.org/wohnhaus-theo-pabst/","url_text":"\"Wohnhaus Theo Pabst\""}]},{"reference":"\"75 Jahre Mustersiedlung Ramersdorf\". Hallo München (in German). 16 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hallo-muenchen.de/muenchen/ramersdorf-perlach-berg-am-laim/jahre-mustersiedlung-ramersdorf-2422819.html","url_text":"\"75 Jahre Mustersiedlung Ramersdorf\""}]},{"reference":"Fütterer, Michael (9 August 2008). \"Fantastische Häuser\". Frankfurter Rundschau (in German).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fr.de/rhein-main/darmstadt/fantastische-haeuser-11568319.html","url_text":"\"Fantastische Häuser\""}]},{"reference":"Rosenfeld, Gavriel D. (2000). Munich and Memory: Architecture, Monuments, and the Legacy of the Third Reich. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520219106.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520219106","url_text":"978-0520219106"}]},{"reference":"\"Geschichte\". Kunsthalle Darmstadt (in German).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kunsthalle-darmstadt.de/Geschichte_25_0.html","url_text":"\"Geschichte\""}]},{"reference":"Kurz, Werner (16 December 2018). \"Das Neustädter Rathaus hat eine bewegte Geschichte\". Hanauer Anzeiger (in German).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hanauer.de/hanau/neustaedter-rathaus-eine-bewegte-geschichte-13341323.html","url_text":"\"Das Neustädter Rathaus hat eine bewegte Geschichte\""}]},{"reference":"\"Der Kunstverein\". Mannheimer Kunstverein (in German).","urls":[{"url":"https://mannheimer-kunstverein.de/der-kunstverein/","url_text":"\"Der Kunstverein\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://seprufgesellschaft.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Vorwort_und_Innenteil.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Theo Pabst\""},{"Link":"https://seprufgesellschaft.org/wohnhaus-theo-pabst/","external_links_name":"\"Wohnhaus Theo Pabst\""},{"Link":"http://www.hallo-muenchen.de/muenchen/ramersdorf-perlach-berg-am-laim/jahre-mustersiedlung-ramersdorf-2422819.html","external_links_name":"\"75 Jahre Mustersiedlung Ramersdorf\""},{"Link":"https://www.fr.de/rhein-main/darmstadt/fantastische-haeuser-11568319.html","external_links_name":"\"Fantastische Häuser\""},{"Link":"https://www.kunsthalle-darmstadt.de/Geschichte_25_0.html","external_links_name":"\"Geschichte\""},{"Link":"https://www.hanauer.de/hanau/neustaedter-rathaus-eine-bewegte-geschichte-13341323.html","external_links_name":"\"Das Neustädter Rathaus hat eine bewegte Geschichte\""},{"Link":"https://mannheimer-kunstverein.de/der-kunstverein/","external_links_name":"\"Der Kunstverein\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000066894167","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/80460505","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkp4fwrbbCvGhxcMGGbVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/136050662","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500048271","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd136050662.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/138777381","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_like_a_Woman_(1992_film)
|
Just like a Woman (1992 film)
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
1992 British filmJust Like a WomanTheatrical release posterDirected byChristopher MongerWritten byNicholas EvansBased onGeraldine, For the Love of a Transvestiteby Monica JayProduced byNicholas EvansStarringJulie WaltersAdrian PasdarPaul FreemanCinematographyAlan HumeEdited byNicolas GasterMusic byMichael StoreyProductioncompaniesRank OrganisationZenith EntertainmentDistributed byThe Samuel Goldwyn CompanyRelease date
25 September 1992 (1992-09-25)
Running time106 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishBox office£0.3 million (UK)
Just Like a Woman is a 1992 British comedy-drama film directed by Christopher Monger, and starring Julie Walters, Adrian Pasdar and Paul Freeman. The screenplay by Nicholas Evans is based on the 1985 novel Geraldine, For the Love of a Transvestite by Monica Jay. One of few "cross-dressing" films in which the hero is actually a transvestite, therefore having pure intentions, unlike Some Like It Hot, Tootsie, Mrs. Doubtfire and others in which the cross-dresser has an ulterior motive, the film was a modest commercial and critical success.
Plot
Gerald Tilson, a finance executive, finds himself thrown out by his wife when she discovers women's underwear in their flat; in fact the clothes belong to him. He takes lodgings with Monica, who gradually discovers his alter ego, "Geraldine". A subplot deals with his boss' plan to defraud their Japanese clients, and how the couple thwart it.
Cast
Julie Walters as Monica
Adrian Pasdar as Gerald Tilson/Geraldine
Paul Freeman as Miles Millichamp
Susan Wooldridge as Louisa
Gordon Kennedy as C.J.
Ian Redford as Tom Braxton
Shelley Thompson as Eleanor Tilson
Togo Igawa as Akira Watanabe
Jill Spurrier as Daphne
Corey Cowper as Erika Tilson
Mark Hadfield as Dennis
Joseph Bennett as Jocelyn
Production
The film's title is taken from the song "Just Like a Woman" by Bob Dylan.
See also
Transgender in film and television
Cross-dressing in film and television
References
^ "JUST LIKE A WOMAN (15)". British Board of Film Classification. 17 June 1992. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
^ "Top 10 Rank films in UK 1992". Screen International. 11 April 1997. p. 16.
External links
Just Like a Woman at IMDb
Just Like a Woman at AllMovie
Just Like a Woman at Rotten Tomatoes
Article about the book Gerald/ine at OutPost Press
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy-drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"Christopher Monger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Monger"},{"link_name":"Julie Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Walters"},{"link_name":"Adrian Pasdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Pasdar"},{"link_name":"Paul Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Freeman_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Evans"},{"link_name":"cross-dressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-dressing"},{"link_name":"transvestite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvestite"},{"link_name":"Some Like It Hot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Like_It_Hot"},{"link_name":"Tootsie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tootsie"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Doubtfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Doubtfire"}],"text":"1992 British filmJust Like a Woman is a 1992 British comedy-drama film directed by Christopher Monger, and starring Julie Walters, Adrian Pasdar and Paul Freeman. The screenplay by Nicholas Evans is based on the 1985 novel Geraldine, For the Love of a Transvestite by Monica Jay. One of few \"cross-dressing\" films in which the hero is actually a transvestite, therefore having pure intentions, unlike Some Like It Hot, Tootsie, Mrs. Doubtfire and others in which the cross-dresser has an ulterior motive, the film was a modest commercial and critical success.","title":"Just like a Woman (1992 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subplot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subplot"}],"text":"Gerald Tilson, a finance executive, finds himself thrown out by his wife when she discovers women's underwear in their flat; in fact the clothes belong to him. He takes lodgings with Monica, who gradually discovers his alter ego, \"Geraldine\". A subplot deals with his boss' plan to defraud their Japanese clients, and how the couple thwart it.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julie Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Walters"},{"link_name":"Adrian Pasdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Pasdar"},{"link_name":"Paul Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Freeman_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Susan Wooldridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Wooldridge"},{"link_name":"Gordon Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Kennedy_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ian Redford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Redford_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Shelley Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Togo Igawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo_Igawa"},{"link_name":"Mark Hadfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hadfield"},{"link_name":"Joseph Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_A._Bennett"}],"text":"Julie Walters as Monica\nAdrian Pasdar as Gerald Tilson/Geraldine\nPaul Freeman as Miles Millichamp\nSusan Wooldridge as Louisa\nGordon Kennedy as C.J.\nIan Redford as Tom Braxton\nShelley Thompson as Eleanor Tilson\nTogo Igawa as Akira Watanabe\nJill Spurrier as Daphne\nCorey Cowper as Erika Tilson\nMark Hadfield as Dennis\nJoseph Bennett as Jocelyn","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Just Like a Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Like_a_Woman_(song)"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"}],"text":"The film's title is taken from the song \"Just Like a Woman\" by Bob Dylan.","title":"Production"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Transgender in film and television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_in_film_and_television"},{"title":"Cross-dressing in film and television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-dressing_in_film_and_television"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"JUST LIKE A WOMAN (15)\". British Board of Film Classification. 17 June 1992. Retrieved 11 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bbfc.co.uk/AFF063759/","url_text":"\"JUST LIKE A WOMAN (15)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification","url_text":"British Board of Film Classification"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Rank films in UK 1992\". Screen International. 11 April 1997. p. 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_International","url_text":"Screen International"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.bbfc.co.uk/AFF063759/","external_links_name":"\"JUST LIKE A WOMAN (15)\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0104576/","external_links_name":"Just Like a Woman"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v154141","external_links_name":"Just Like a Woman"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/just_like_a_woman","external_links_name":"Just Like a Woman"},{"Link":"http://www.outpostpress.com/geraldne.html","external_links_name":"Article about the book Gerald/ine"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Kok
|
Melanie Kok
|
["1 Biography","2 International career","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Melanie KokKok holding her bronze medal for lightweight double sculls at the 2008 Summer Olympics in BeijingPersonal informationFull nameMelanie KokNationality CanadaBorn (1983-11-04) November 4, 1983 (age 40)Thunder Bay, Ontario, CanadaHome townSt. Catharines, OntarioHeight5 ft 6 in (168 cm)Weight59 kg/130 lbSportCollege teamUniversity of VirginiaClubRidley Graduate Boat Club
Medal record
Olympic Games
2008 Beijing
Lwt double sculls
World Rowing Championships
2005 Kaizu
Lwt quadruple sculls
2007 Munich
Lwt single sculls
Pan American Games
2011 Guadalajara
Quadruple sculls
Melanie Kok (born November 4, 1983, in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian rower and neuroscientist. Kok won a bronze team medal in the Women's Lightweight Double Sculls at the 2008 Summer Olympics with Tracy Cameron.
Biography
Kok earned a B.A. at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia, where she rowed as a varsity athlete for each of her four years as an undergraduate. Kok, a two-time team captain at UVa, earned All-American honours twice (2006, 2007). She was also named to the All-South Region and All-ACC teams. She went on to complete her master's degree in 2010 at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario in the MiNDS Graduate Neuroscience Program. Kok went on to complete her PhD in neuroscience at the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario.
International career
Kok is a five-time member of the Canadian National Rowing team. She has won two World Rowing Championships medals: a gold in Gifu, JAP (2005) in the Lightweight Quadruple Sculls with Tracy Cameron, Mara Jones and Elizabeth Urbach, and a bronze in Munich, GER (2007) in the Lightweight Single Sculls.
She has also won two World Cup medals: a gold in Poznan, POL, and a bronze in Lucerne, SUI, both in 2008.
Kok competed at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics in the Women's Lightweight Doubles with Tracy Cameron and won a bronze team medal.
Kok was named the City of St. Catharines Athlete of the Year in 2005, and in 2008, as a co-winner with Olympic wrestler Tonya Verbeek.
At the 2011 Pan American Games, Kok won a silver team medal in the women's quadruple sculls.
References
^ The Canadian Press (2008-08-18). "Double Bronze in Rowing". TSN.ca. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
External links
Profile at Rowing Canada
Profile at Virginiasports.com
vteWorld champions – Lightweight women's quadruple sculls
1997: (Christiane Brand, Nicole Faust, Christine Morawitz, Gunda Reimers)
1998: (Nicole Faust, Anna Kleinz, Christine Morawitz, Valerie Viehoff)
1999: (Molly Brock, Mary Angie Cummins, Sara Den Besten, Sherri Kiklas)
2000: (Maja Darmstadt, Michelle Darvill, Anna Kleinz, Karin Stephan)
2001: (Catriona Roach, Sally Causby, Amber Halliday, Josephine Lips)
2002: (Zita van de Walle, Marguerite Houston, Miranda Bennett, Hannah Every-Hall)
2003: (Li Quan, Deng Yanping, Tan Meiyun, Zhou Weijuan)
2004: (Wang Yanni, Deng Yanping, Tan Meiyun, Zhou Weijuan)
2005: (Tracy Cameron, Mara Jones, Elizabeth Urbach, Melanie Kok)
2006: (Yu Hua, Chen Haixia, Fan Xuefei, Liu Jing)
2007: (Bronwen Watson, Miranda Bennett, Alice McNamara, Tara Kelly)
2008: (Ingrid Fenger, Bronwen Watson, Miranda Bennett, Alice McNamara)
2009: (Lena Müller, Helke Nieschlag, Laura Tibitanzl, Julia Kroeger)
2010: (Lena Müller, Daniela Reimer, Anja Noske, Marie-Louise Dräger)
2011: (Stephanie Cullen, Imogen Walsh, Kathryn Twyman, Andrea Dennis)
2012: (Magdalena Kemnitz, Jaclyn Halko, Agnieszka Renc, Weronika Deresz)
2013: (Mirte Kraaijkamp, Maaike Head, Rianne Sigmond, Marie-Anne Frenken)
2014: (Mirte Kraaijkamp, Elisabeth Woerner, Maaike Head, Ilse Paulis)
2015: (Katrin Thoma, Leonie Pieper, Lena Müller, Anja Noske)
2016: (Brianna Stubbs, Emily Craig, Imogen Walsh, Eleanor Piggott)
2017: (Asja Maregotto, Paola Piazzolla, Federica Cesarini, Giovanna Schettino)
2018: (Wu Qiang, Liang Guoru, Chen Fang, Pan Dandan)
2019: (Giulia Mignemi, Greta Martinelli,Silvia Crosio, Arianna Noseda)
2022: (Ilaria Corazza, Giulia Mignemi, Silvia Crosio, Arianna Noseda)
This biographical article relating to Canadian rowing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thunder Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"rower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Tracy Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Cameron"}],"text":"Melanie Kok [pronounced \"Cook\"] (born November 4, 1983, in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian rower and neuroscientist. Kok won a bronze team medal in the Women's Lightweight Double Sculls at the 2008 Summer Olympics with Tracy Cameron.","title":"Melanie Kok"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"McMaster University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMaster_University"},{"link_name":"Hamilton, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulich_School_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry"},{"link_name":"University of Western Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario"},{"link_name":"London, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Ontario"}],"text":"Kok earned a B.A. at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia, where she rowed as a varsity athlete for each of her four years as an undergraduate. Kok, a two-time team captain at UVa, earned All-American honours twice (2006, 2007). She was also named to the All-South Region and All-ACC teams. She went on to complete her master's degree in 2010 at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario in the MiNDS Graduate Neuroscience Program. Kok went on to complete her PhD in neuroscience at the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Rowing Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Tracy Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Mara Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_Jones"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Urbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Urbach&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Tracy Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Cameron"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tonya Verbeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya_Verbeek"},{"link_name":"2011 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Pan_American_Games"}],"text":"Kok is a five-time member of the Canadian National Rowing team. She has won two World Rowing Championships medals: a gold in Gifu, JAP (2005) in the Lightweight Quadruple Sculls with Tracy Cameron, Mara Jones and Elizabeth Urbach, and a bronze in Munich, GER (2007) in the Lightweight Single Sculls.She has also won two World Cup medals: a gold in Poznan, POL, and a bronze in Lucerne, SUI, both in 2008.Kok competed at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics in the Women's Lightweight Doubles with Tracy Cameron and won a bronze team medal.[1]Kok was named the City of St. Catharines Athlete of the Year in 2005, and in 2008, as a co-winner with Olympic wrestler Tonya Verbeek.At the 2011 Pan American Games, Kok won a silver team medal in the women's quadruple sculls.","title":"International career"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"The Canadian Press (2008-08-18). \"Double Bronze in Rowing\". TSN.ca. Retrieved 2008-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsn.ca/olympics/story/?id=246638&lid=headline&lpos=secStory_main","url_text":"\"Double Bronze in Rowing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sports_Network","url_text":"TSN.ca"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.tsn.ca/olympics/story/?id=246638&lid=headline&lpos=secStory_main","external_links_name":"\"Double Bronze in Rowing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080821161639/http://www.rowingcanada.org/national_team/bios/lightweight_women08/","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120312093842/http://www.virginiasports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=17800&ATCLID=1133297%2F","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melanie_Kok&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics
|
Puerto Rico at the 1968 Summer Olympics
|
["1 Athletics","2 Basketball","3 Boxing","4 Cycling","5 Diving","6 Fencing","7 Sailing","8 Shooting","9 Swimming","10 Tennis","11 Weightlifting","12 References","13 External links"]
|
Sporting event delegationPuerto Rico at the1968 Summer OlympicsIOC codePURNOCPuerto Rico Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.copur.pr (in Spanish)in Mexico CityCompetitors58 in 10 sportsFlag bearerJaime FronteraMedals
Gold
0
Silver
0
Bronze
0
Total
0
Summer Olympics appearances (overview)19481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024
Puerto Rican athletes at the 1968 Olympic Village, Mexico City.
Puerto Rico competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico. 58 competitors, 54 men and 4 women, took part in 54 events in 10 sports.
Athletics
Main article: Athletics at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Men's 100 metres
Jorge Vizcarondo
Round 1 — 10.7 s (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)
Men's 800 metres
Carlos Baez
Round 1 — 1:52.6 min (→ 8th in heat, did not advance)
Men's 1500 metres
Willie Rios
Round 1 — 4:14.4 min (→ 10th in heat, did not advance)
Men's 110 metres hurdles
Arnaldo Bristol
Round 1 — 13.9 s (→ 3rd in heat, advanced to semi final)
Semi final — 14.1 s (→ 8th in heat, did not advance)
Men's 4x100 metres relay
Round 1 — DNS
Men's triple jump
Hector Serrate
Round 1 — 15.09 m (→ did not advance)
Basketball
Main article: Basketball at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Men's team competition
Preliminary Round (Group A)
Puerto Rico – Senegal 69-26
Puerto Rico – Yugoslavia 72-93
Puerto Rico – Italy 65-68
Puerto Rico – Spain 62-86
Puerto Rico – Philippines 89-65
Puerto Rico – Panama 80-69
Puerto Rico – USA 56-61
→ 5th in group, advanced to playoff
9th-12th placement game
Puerto Rico – Cuba 71-65
9th-10th placement game
Puerto Rico – Bulgaria 67-57
→ 9th place
Team roster
( 4.) Bill McCadney
( 5.) Joe Hatton
( 6.) Adolfo Porrata
( 7.) Angel Cancel
( 8.) Rubén Adorno
( 9.) Alberto Zamot
(10.) Raymond Dalmau
(11.) Jaime Frontera
(12.) Francisco Córdova
(13.) Teófilo Cruz
(14.) Tomás Gutiérrez
(15.) Mariano Ortiz
Boxing
Main article: Boxing at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Flyweight (51 kg)
Heriberto Cintrón
Round 1 — Lost to Artur Olech of Poland
Bantamweight (54 kg)
Andrés Torres
Round 2 — Lost to Giuseppe Mura of Italy
Featherweight (57 kg)
Reinaldo Mercado
Round 1 — Lost to Jovan Pajkovic of Yugoslavia
Lightweight (60 kg)
Eugenio Febus
Round 1 — Lost to Abdel Sheed of Sudan
Light welterweight (63.5 kg)
Adalberto Siebens
Round 1 — Lost to Habib Galhia of Tunisia
Middleweight (75 kg)
Saulo Hernández
Round 1 — Lost to Raúl Marrero of Cuba
Light heavyweight (81 kg)
Jorge Clemente
Round of 16 — Lost to Stanislaw Dragan of Poland
Cycling
Main article: Cycling at the 1968 Summer Olympics
1000 metres time trial
Edwin Torres — 1:07.65 min (→ 20th place)
Sprint
Edwin Torres
Round 1 — 3rd in heat (→ advanced to repechage)
Repechage — 2nd in heat (→ did not advance)
Individual pursuit
Edwin Torres
Heats — failed to depart (→ no ranking)
Diving
Main article: Diving at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Men's 3 metre springboard
Jerry Anderson (→ 27th place)
Héctor Bas (→ 28th place)
Men's 10 metre platform
Jerry Anderson (→ 34th place)
Héctor Bas (→ 35th place)
Fencing
Main article: Fencing at the 1968 Summer Olympics
One fencer represented Puerto Rico in 1968.
Men's foil
José Miguel Pérez — defeated in first round
First round — 6th place in group C with 0 wins and 5 losses (→ did not advance)
lost to Witold Woyda (POL)
lost to German Sveshnikov (URS)
lost to Gerry Wiedel (CAN)
lost to Moustapha Sohem (EGY)
lost to Alberto Varela (URU)
Men's épée
José Miguel Pérez — defeated in first round
First round — 7th place in group D with 0 wins and 6 losses (→ did not advance)
lost to Csaba Fenyvesi (HUN)
lost to Gianfranco Paolucci (ITA)
lost to Valeriano Pérez (MEX)
lost to Ștefan Haukler (ROU)
lost to Russell Hobby (AUS)
lost to Francisco da Silva (POR)
Sailing
Main article: Sailing at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Flying Dutchman class
Juan Torruella, Radamés Torruella (→ 28th place)
Star class
Gary Hoyt (→ 10th place)
5.5 metre class
Lee Gentil, (James Fairbank, Hovey Freeman) (→ 14th place)
Shooting
Main article: Shooting at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Nine shooters, all male, represented Puerto Rico in 1968.
25 m pistol
Fernando Miranda — 558 pts (→ 50th place)
50 m pistol
José González — 511 pts (→ 63rd place)
Miguel Barasorda — 481 pts (→ 69th place)
50 m rifle, prone
Ralph Rodríguez — 588 pts (→ 47th place)
Alberto Santiago — 582 pts (→ 70th place)
Trap
George Silvernail — 188 pts (→ 31st place)
Ángel Marchand — 156 pts (→ 53rd place)
Skeet
Rafael Batista — 187 pts (→ 27th place)
Alberto Guerrero — 174 pts (→ 45th place)
Swimming
Main article: Swimming at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Men's 100 metres freestyle
Gary Goodner
Heats — 55.7 s (→ 3rd in heat, advanced to semi final)
Semi final — 55.8 s (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)
Michael Goodner
Heats — 58.2 s (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)
José Ferriouli
Heats — 56.1 s (→ 5th in heat, did not advance)
Women's 100 metres freestyle
Ana Marcial
Heats — 1:10.1 min (→ 8th in heat, did not advance)
Lorna Blake
Heats — 1:13.2 min (→ 8th in heat, did not advance)
Kristina Moir
Heats — 1:07.9 min (→ 8th in heat, did not advance)
Men's 200 metres freestyle
Gary Goodner
Heats — 2:06.6 min (→ 5th in heat, did not advance)
Jorge González
Heats — 2:09.1 min (→ 4th in heat, did not advance)
José Ferriouli
Heats — DNS (→ no ranking)
Women's 200 metres freestyle
Lorna Blake
Heats — 2:43.8 min (→ 8th in heat, did not advance)
Kristina Moir
Heats — 2:23.1 min (→ 5th in heat, did not advance)
Ana Marcial
Heats — DNS (→ no ranking)
Men's 400 metres freestyle
Michael Goodner
Heats — 5:00.2 min (→ 6th in heat, did not advance)
Jorge González
Heats — 4:38.1 min (→ 5th in heat, did not advance)
Women's 400 metres freestyle
Lorna Blake
Heats — 5:54.7 min (→ 6th in heat, did not advance)
Kristina Moir
Heats — 4:57.7 min (→ 3rd in heat, did not advance)
Ana Marcial
Heats — DNS (→ no ranking)
Women's 800 metres freestyle
Kristina Moir
Heats — 10:24.5 min (→ 4th in heat, did not advance)
Lorna Blake
Heats — DNS (→ no ranking)
Ana Marcial
Heats — DNS (→ no ranking)
Men's 1500 metres freestyle
Jorge González
Heats — 19:06.0 min (→ 5th in heat, did not advance)
Women's 100 metres breaststroke
Liana Vicens
Heats — 1:25.2 min (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)
Women's 200 metres breaststroke
Liana Vicens
Heats — 3:16.2 min (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)
Men's 100 metres backstroke
Gary Goodner
Heats — 1:06.3 min (→ 6th in heat, did not advance)
Francisco Ramis
Heats — 1:07.2 min (→ 6th in heat, did not advance)
Men's 200 metres backstroke
Francisco Ramis
Heats — 2:30.4 min (→ 8th in heat, did not advance)
Men's 100 metres butterfly
José Ferriouli
Heats — 1:00.6 min (→ 3rd in heat, advanced to semi final)
Semi final — 1:00.9 min (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)
Gary Goodner
Heats — 1:00.3 min (→ 2nd in heat, advanced to semi final)
Semi final — 1:00.1 min (→ 6th in heat, did not advance)
Women's 100 metres butterfly
Ana Marcial
Heats — 1:17.1 min (→ 6th in heat, did not advance)
Kristina Moir
Heats — DNS (→ no ranking)
Men's 200 metres butterfly
José Ferriouli
Heats — 2:23.4 min (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)
Women's 200 metres butterfly
Kristina Moir
Heats — 2:51.1 min (→ 6th in heat, did not advance)
Ana Marcial
Heats — DNS (→ no ranking)
Men's 200 metres individual medley
José Ferriouli
Heats — DNS (→ no ranking)
Women's 200 metres individual medley
Liana Vicens
Heats — 2:57.0 min (→ 6th in heat, did not advance)
Kristina Moir
Heats — 2:42.8 min (→ 5th in heat, did not advance)
Ana Marcial
Heats — DNS (→ no ranking)
Men's 400 metres individual medley
Francisco Ramis
Heats — 5:30.9 min (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)
Women's 400 metres individual medley
Kristina Moir
Heats — DNS (→ no ranking)
Men's 4x100 metres freestyle relay
Jorge González, Michael Goodner, Gary Goodner, José Ferriouli
Heats — 3:47.0 min (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)
Men's 4x200 metres freestyle relay
José Ferriouli, Gary Goodner, Michael Goodner, Jorge González
Heats — 8:40.2 min (→ 6th in heat, did not advance)
Men's 4x100 metres medley relay
Francisco Ramis, Gary Goodner, José Ferriouli, Jorge González
Heats — 4:27.6 min (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)
Women's 4x100 metres medley relay
Ana Marcial, Kristina Moir, Liana Vicens, Lorna Blake
Heats — 5:18.2 min (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)
Tennis
Main article: Tennis at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Men's singles
Antonio Ortíz
Round 1 — Lost to Miguel Olvera of Ecuador
Alberto Carrero
Round 1 — Lost to Pierre Darmon of France
Stanley Pasarell
Round 1 — Lost to Rafael Osuna of Mexico
Men's doubles
Stanley Pasarell, Alberto Carrero
Round 1 — Beat Humberto Camarotti and Juan Brito of Cuba
Quarter-final — Lost to Joaquín Loyo and Pierre Darmon of Mexico and France
Weightlifting
Main article: Weightlifting at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Featherweight
Enrique Hernández
Press — 115.0 kg
Snatch — 100.0 kg
Jerk — 130.0 kg
Total — 345.0 kg (→ 13th place)
Pedro Serrano
Press — 97.5 kg
Snatch — 97.5 kg
Jerk — 127.5 kg
Total — 322.5 kg (→ 17th place)
Bantamweight
Fernando Báez
Press — 120.0 kg
Snatch — 92.5 kg
Jerk — 132.5 kg
Total — 345.0 kg (→ 6th place)
Light heavyweight
Angel Pagán
Press — 145.0 kg
Snatch — 130.0 kg
Jerk — 160.0 kg
Total — 435.0 kg (→ 9th place)
José Figueroa
Press — 137.5 kg
Snatch — 120.0 kg
Jerk — 152.5 kg
Total — 410.0 kg (→ 20th place)
Middle heavyweight
Fernando Torres
Press — 135.0 kg
Snatch — 115.0 kg
Jerk — 155.0 kg
Total — 405.0 kg (→ 22nd place)
References
^ "Jaime Frontera". olympedia.org. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
^ "Puerto Rico at the 1968 Mexico City Summer Games". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
External links
Official Olympic Reports
Part Three: Results
vte National Olympic Committees at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, MexicoAfrica
Algeria
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo-Kinshasa
Ethiopia
Ghana
Guinea
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Libya
Madagascar
Mali
Morocco
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Sudan
Tanzania
Tunisia
Uganda
United Arab Republic
Zambia
America
Argentina
Bahamas
Barbados
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
British Honduras
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
Suriname
Trinidad-Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Virgin Islands
Asia
Afghanistan
Burma
Ceylon
Republic of China
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
South Korea
Kuwait
Lebanon
Malaysia
Mongolia
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Syria
Thailand
Vietnam
Europe
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Finland
France
East Germany
West Germany
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Malta
Monaco
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
San Marino
Soviet Union
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Yugoslavia
Oceania
Australia
Fiji
New Zealand
Puerto Rico portalOlympics portal
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:010896-R577-06-005_(46122816531).jpg"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"1968 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports-reference-2"}],"text":"Sporting event delegationPuerto Rican athletes at the 1968 Olympic Village, Mexico City.Puerto Rico competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico. 58 competitors, 54 men and 4 women, took part in 54 events in 10 sports.[2]","title":"Puerto Rico at the 1968 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jorge Vizcarondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Vizcarondo"},{"link_name":"Carlos Baez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_B%C3%A1ez_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"Willie Rios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Rios"},{"link_name":"Arnaldo Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaldo_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Hector Serrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Serrate"}],"text":"Men's 100 metresJorge VizcarondoRound 1 — 10.7 s (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)Men's 800 metresCarlos BaezRound 1 — 1:52.6 min (→ 8th in heat, did not advance)Men's 1500 metresWillie RiosRound 1 — 4:14.4 min (→ 10th in heat, did not advance)Men's 110 metres hurdlesArnaldo BristolRound 1 — 13.9 s (→ 3rd in heat, advanced to semi final)\nSemi final — 14.1 s (→ 8th in heat, did not advance)Men's 4x100 metres relayRound 1 — DNSMen's triple jumpHector SerrateRound 1 — 15.09 m (→ did not advance)","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Bill McCadney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_McCadney"},{"link_name":"Joe Hatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Hatton"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Porrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Porrata"},{"link_name":"Angel Cancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Cancel"},{"link_name":"Rubén Adorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Adorno"},{"link_name":"Alberto Zamot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Zamot"},{"link_name":"Raymond Dalmau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Dalmau"},{"link_name":"Jaime Frontera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Frontera"},{"link_name":"Francisco Córdova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_C%C3%B3rdova_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Teófilo Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Tomás Gutiérrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez"},{"link_name":"Mariano Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Ortiz"}],"text":"Men's team competitionPreliminary Round (Group A)Puerto Rico – Senegal 69-26\nPuerto Rico – Yugoslavia 72-93\nPuerto Rico – Italy 65-68\nPuerto Rico – Spain 62-86\nPuerto Rico – Philippines 89-65\nPuerto Rico – Panama 80-69\nPuerto Rico – USA 56-61\n→ 5th in group, advanced to playoff9th-12th placement gamePuerto Rico – Cuba 71-659th-10th placement gamePuerto Rico – Bulgaria 67-57\n→ 9th placeTeam roster( 4.) Bill McCadney\n( 5.) Joe Hatton\n( 6.) Adolfo Porrata\n( 7.) Angel Cancel\n( 8.) Rubén Adorno\n( 9.) Alberto Zamot\n(10.) Raymond Dalmau\n(11.) Jaime Frontera\n(12.) Francisco Córdova\n(13.) Teófilo Cruz\n(14.) Tomás Gutiérrez\n(15.) Mariano Ortiz","title":"Basketball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heriberto Cintrón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heriberto_Cintr%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Artur Olech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Olech"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Andrés Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Torres_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Mura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Mura"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Reinaldo Mercado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinaldo_Mercado"},{"link_name":"Jovan Pajkovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Pajkovic"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Eugenio Febus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_Febus"},{"link_name":"Abdel Sheed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Sheed"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Adalberto Siebens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalberto_Siebens"},{"link_name":"Habib Galhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Galhia"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Saulo Hernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saulo_Hern%C3%A1ndez"},{"link_name":"Raúl Marrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Marrero"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Jorge Clemente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Clemente_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Stanislaw Dragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislaw_Dragan"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"Flyweight (51 kg)Heriberto CintrónRound 1 — Lost to Artur Olech of PolandBantamweight (54 kg)Andrés TorresRound 2 — Lost to Giuseppe Mura of ItalyFeatherweight (57 kg)Reinaldo MercadoRound 1 — Lost to Jovan Pajkovic of YugoslaviaLightweight (60 kg)Eugenio FebusRound 1 — Lost to Abdel Sheed of SudanLight welterweight (63.5 kg)Adalberto SiebensRound 1 — Lost to Habib Galhia of TunisiaMiddleweight (75 kg)Saulo HernándezRound 1 — Lost to Raúl Marrero of CubaLight heavyweight (81 kg)Jorge ClementeRound of 16 — Lost to Stanislaw Dragan of Poland","title":"Boxing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edwin Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Torres_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Edwin Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Torres_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Edwin Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Torres_(cyclist)"}],"text":"1000 metres time trialEdwin Torres — 1:07.65 min (→ 20th place)SprintEdwin TorresRound 1 — 3rd in heat (→ advanced to repechage)\nRepechage — 2nd in heat (→ did not advance)Individual pursuitEdwin TorresHeats — failed to depart (→ no ranking)","title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerry Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Anderson_(diver)"},{"link_name":"Héctor Bas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Bas"},{"link_name":"Jerry Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Anderson_(diver)"},{"link_name":"Héctor Bas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Bas"}],"text":"Men's 3 metre springboardJerry Anderson (→ 27th place)\nHéctor Bas (→ 28th place)Men's 10 metre platformJerry Anderson (→ 34th place)\nHéctor Bas (→ 35th place)","title":"Diving"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Men's foil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil"},{"link_name":"José Miguel Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_P%C3%A9rez_(fencer)"},{"link_name":"Witold Woyda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold_Woyda"},{"link_name":"POL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"German Sveshnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Sveshnikov"},{"link_name":"URS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Gerry Wiedel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Wiedel"},{"link_name":"CAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Moustapha Sohem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moustapha_Sohem"},{"link_name":"EGY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Alberto Varela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Varela"},{"link_name":"URU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Men's épée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"José Miguel Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_P%C3%A9rez_(fencer)"},{"link_name":"Csaba Fenyvesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csaba_Fenyvesi"},{"link_name":"HUN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Gianfranco Paolucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_Paolucci"},{"link_name":"ITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Valeriano Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriano_P%C3%A9rez"},{"link_name":"MEX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Ștefan Haukler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Haukler"},{"link_name":"ROU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Russell Hobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Hobby_(fencer)"},{"link_name":"AUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Francisco da Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_da_Silva_(fencer)"},{"link_name":"POR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"One fencer represented Puerto Rico in 1968.Men's foilJosé Miguel Pérez — defeated in first roundFirst round — 6th place in group C with 0 wins and 5 losses (→ did not advance)\nlost to Witold Woyda (POL)\nlost to German Sveshnikov (URS)\nlost to Gerry Wiedel (CAN)\nlost to Moustapha Sohem (EGY)\nlost to Alberto Varela (URU)Men's épéeJosé Miguel Pérez — defeated in first roundFirst round — 7th place in group D with 0 wins and 6 losses (→ did not advance)\nlost to Csaba Fenyvesi (HUN)\nlost to Gianfranco Paolucci (ITA)\nlost to Valeriano Pérez (MEX)\nlost to Ștefan Haukler (ROU)\nlost to Russell Hobby (AUS)\nlost to Francisco da Silva (POR)","title":"Fencing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juan Torruella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Torruella_(sailor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Radamés Torruella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radam%C3%A9s_Torruella"},{"link_name":"Gary Hoyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_Hoyt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lee Gentil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Gentil"},{"link_name":"James Fairbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fairbank"},{"link_name":"Hovey Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovey_Freeman"}],"text":"Flying Dutchman classJuan Torruella, Radamés Torruella (→ 28th place)Star classGary Hoyt (→ 10th place)5.5 metre classLee Gentil, (James Fairbank, Hovey Freeman) (→ 14th place)","title":"Sailing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"25 m pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Mixed_25_metre_rapid_fire_pistol"},{"link_name":"Fernando Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Miranda_(sport_shooter)"},{"link_name":"50 m pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Mixed_50_metre_pistol"},{"link_name":"José González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(Puerto_Rican_sport_shooter)"},{"link_name":"Miguel Barasorda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Barasorda"},{"link_name":"50 m rifle, prone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Mixed_50_metre_rifle,_prone"},{"link_name":"Ralph Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"Alberto Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Mixed_trap"},{"link_name":"George Silvernail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Silvernail"},{"link_name":"Ángel Marchand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_M._Marchand"},{"link_name":"Skeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Mixed_skeet"},{"link_name":"Rafael Batista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Batista_(sport_shooter)"},{"link_name":"Alberto Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Guerrero_(sport_shooter)"}],"text":"Nine shooters, all male, represented Puerto Rico in 1968.25 m pistolFernando Miranda — 558 pts (→ 50th place)50 m pistolJosé González — 511 pts (→ 63rd place)\nMiguel Barasorda — 481 pts (→ 69th place)50 m rifle, proneRalph Rodríguez — 588 pts (→ 47th place)\nAlberto Santiago — 582 pts (→ 70th place)TrapGeorge Silvernail — 188 pts (→ 31st place)\nÁngel Marchand — 156 pts (→ 53rd place)SkeetRafael Batista — 187 pts (→ 27th place)\nAlberto Guerrero — 174 pts (→ 45th place)","title":"Shooting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Goodner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Goodner"},{"link_name":"Michael Goodner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Goodner"},{"link_name":"José Ferriouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferriouli"},{"link_name":"Ana Marcial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Marcial"},{"link_name":"Kristina Moir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Moir"},{"link_name":"Gary Goodner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Goodner"},{"link_name":"Jorge González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"José Ferriouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferriouli"},{"link_name":"Kristina Moir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Moir"},{"link_name":"Ana Marcial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Marcial"},{"link_name":"Michael Goodner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Goodner"},{"link_name":"Jorge González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Kristina Moir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Moir"},{"link_name":"Ana Marcial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Marcial"},{"link_name":"Kristina Moir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Moir"},{"link_name":"Ana Marcial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Marcial"},{"link_name":"Jorge González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Liana Vicens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana_Vicens"},{"link_name":"Liana Vicens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana_Vicens"},{"link_name":"Gary Goodner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Goodner"},{"link_name":"Francisco Ramis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ramis"},{"link_name":"Francisco Ramis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ramis"},{"link_name":"José Ferriouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferriouli"},{"link_name":"Gary Goodner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Goodner"},{"link_name":"Ana Marcial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Marcial"},{"link_name":"Kristina Moir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Moir"},{"link_name":"José Ferriouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferriouli"},{"link_name":"Kristina Moir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Moir"},{"link_name":"Ana Marcial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Marcial"},{"link_name":"José Ferriouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferriouli"},{"link_name":"Liana Vicens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana_Vicens"},{"link_name":"Kristina Moir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Moir"},{"link_name":"Ana Marcial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Marcial"},{"link_name":"Francisco Ramis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ramis"},{"link_name":"Kristina Moir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Moir"},{"link_name":"Jorge González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Michael Goodner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Goodner"},{"link_name":"Gary Goodner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Goodner"},{"link_name":"José Ferriouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferriouli"},{"link_name":"José Ferriouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferriouli"},{"link_name":"Gary Goodner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Goodner"},{"link_name":"Michael Goodner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Goodner"},{"link_name":"Jorge González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Francisco Ramis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ramis"},{"link_name":"Gary Goodner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Goodner"},{"link_name":"José Ferriouli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferriouli"},{"link_name":"Jorge González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Ana Marcial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Marcial"},{"link_name":"Kristina Moir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Moir"},{"link_name":"Liana Vicens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana_Vicens"}],"text":"Men's 100 metres freestyleGary GoodnerHeats — 55.7 s (→ 3rd in heat, advanced to semi final)\nSemi final — 55.8 s (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)Michael GoodnerHeats — 58.2 s (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)José FerriouliHeats — 56.1 s (→ 5th in heat, did not advance)Women's 100 metres freestyleAna MarcialHeats — 1:10.1 min (→ 8th in heat, did not advance)Lorna BlakeHeats — 1:13.2 min (→ 8th in heat, did not advance)Kristina MoirHeats — 1:07.9 min (→ 8th in heat, did not advance)Men's 200 metres freestyleGary GoodnerHeats — 2:06.6 min (→ 5th in heat, did not advance)Jorge GonzálezHeats — 2:09.1 min (→ 4th in heat, did not advance)José FerriouliHeats — DNS (→ no ranking)Women's 200 metres freestyleLorna BlakeHeats — 2:43.8 min (→ 8th in heat, did not advance)Kristina MoirHeats — 2:23.1 min (→ 5th in heat, did not advance)Ana MarcialHeats — DNS (→ no ranking)Men's 400 metres freestyleMichael GoodnerHeats — 5:00.2 min (→ 6th in heat, did not advance)Jorge GonzálezHeats — 4:38.1 min (→ 5th in heat, did not advance)Women's 400 metres freestyleLorna BlakeHeats — 5:54.7 min (→ 6th in heat, did not advance)Kristina MoirHeats — 4:57.7 min (→ 3rd in heat, did not advance)Ana MarcialHeats — DNS (→ no ranking)Women's 800 metres freestyleKristina MoirHeats — 10:24.5 min (→ 4th in heat, did not advance)Lorna BlakeHeats — DNS (→ no ranking)Ana MarcialHeats — DNS (→ no ranking)Men's 1500 metres freestyleJorge GonzálezHeats — 19:06.0 min (→ 5th in heat, did not advance)Women's 100 metres breaststrokeLiana VicensHeats — 1:25.2 min (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)Women's 200 metres breaststrokeLiana VicensHeats — 3:16.2 min (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)Men's 100 metres backstrokeGary GoodnerHeats — 1:06.3 min (→ 6th in heat, did not advance)Francisco RamisHeats — 1:07.2 min (→ 6th in heat, did not advance)Men's 200 metres backstrokeFrancisco RamisHeats — 2:30.4 min (→ 8th in heat, did not advance)Men's 100 metres butterflyJosé FerriouliHeats — 1:00.6 min (→ 3rd in heat, advanced to semi final)\nSemi final — 1:00.9 min (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)Gary GoodnerHeats — 1:00.3 min (→ 2nd in heat, advanced to semi final)\nSemi final — 1:00.1 min (→ 6th in heat, did not advance)Women's 100 metres butterflyAna MarcialHeats — 1:17.1 min (→ 6th in heat, did not advance)Kristina MoirHeats — DNS (→ no ranking)Men's 200 metres butterflyJosé FerriouliHeats — 2:23.4 min (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)Women's 200 metres butterflyKristina MoirHeats — 2:51.1 min (→ 6th in heat, did not advance)Ana MarcialHeats — DNS (→ no ranking)Men's 200 metres individual medleyJosé FerriouliHeats — DNS (→ no ranking)Women's 200 metres individual medleyLiana VicensHeats — 2:57.0 min (→ 6th in heat, did not advance)Kristina MoirHeats — 2:42.8 min (→ 5th in heat, did not advance)Ana MarcialHeats — DNS (→ no ranking)Men's 400 metres individual medleyFrancisco RamisHeats — 5:30.9 min (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)Women's 400 metres individual medleyKristina MoirHeats — DNS (→ no ranking)Men's 4x100 metres freestyle relayJorge González, Michael Goodner, Gary Goodner, José FerriouliHeats — 3:47.0 min (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)Men's 4x200 metres freestyle relayJosé Ferriouli, Gary Goodner, Michael Goodner, Jorge GonzálezHeats — 8:40.2 min (→ 6th in heat, did not advance)Men's 4x100 metres medley relayFrancisco Ramis, Gary Goodner, José Ferriouli, Jorge GonzálezHeats — 4:27.6 min (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)Women's 4x100 metres medley relayAna Marcial, Kristina Moir, Liana Vicens, Lorna BlakeHeats — 5:18.2 min (→ 7th in heat, did not advance)","title":"Swimming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonio Ortíz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Ort%C3%ADz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Miguel Olvera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Olvera"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Alberto Carrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Carrero"},{"link_name":"Pierre Darmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Darmon"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Stanley Pasarell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Pasarell"},{"link_name":"Rafael Osuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Osuna"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Stanley Pasarell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Pasarell"},{"link_name":"Alberto Carrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Carrero"},{"link_name":"Humberto Camarotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humberto_Camarotti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juan Brito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Brito_(tennis)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Joaquín Loyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joaqu%C3%ADn_Loyo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pierre Darmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Darmon"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"Men's singlesAntonio OrtízRound 1 — Lost to Miguel Olvera of EcuadorAlberto CarreroRound 1 — Lost to Pierre Darmon of FranceStanley PasarellRound 1 — Lost to Rafael Osuna of MexicoMen's doublesStanley Pasarell, Alberto CarreroRound 1 — Beat Humberto Camarotti and Juan Brito of Cuba\nQuarter-final — Lost to Joaquín Loyo and Pierre Darmon of Mexico and France","title":"Tennis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enrique Hernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Hern%C3%A1ndez_(weightlifter)"},{"link_name":"Pedro Serrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Serrano_(weightlifter)"},{"link_name":"Fernando Báez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_B%C3%A1ez_(weightlifter)"},{"link_name":"Angel Pagán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angel_Pag%C3%A1n_(weightlifter)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Figueroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Figueroa_(weightlifter)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fernando Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Torres_(weightlifter)"}],"text":"FeatherweightEnrique HernándezPress — 115.0 kg\nSnatch — 100.0 kg\nJerk — 130.0 kg\nTotal — 345.0 kg (→ 13th place)Pedro SerranoPress — 97.5 kg\nSnatch — 97.5 kg\nJerk — 127.5 kg\nTotal — 322.5 kg (→ 17th place)BantamweightFernando BáezPress — 120.0 kg\nSnatch — 92.5 kg\nJerk — 132.5 kg\nTotal — 345.0 kg (→ 6th place)Light heavyweightAngel PagánPress — 145.0 kg\nSnatch — 130.0 kg\nJerk — 160.0 kg\nTotal — 435.0 kg (→ 9th place)José FigueroaPress — 137.5 kg\nSnatch — 120.0 kg\nJerk — 152.5 kg\nTotal — 410.0 kg (→ 20th place)Middle heavyweightFernando TorresPress — 135.0 kg\nSnatch — 115.0 kg\nJerk — 155.0 kg\nTotal — 405.0 kg (→ 22nd place)","title":"Weightlifting"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Puerto Rican athletes at the 1968 Olympic Village, Mexico City.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/010896-R577-06-005_%2846122816531%29.jpg/220px-010896-R577-06-005_%2846122816531%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Jaime Frontera\". olympedia.org. Retrieved 5 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/6135","url_text":"\"Jaime Frontera\""}]},{"reference":"\"Puerto Rico at the 1968 Mexico City Summer Games\". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417092908/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/PUR/summer/1968/","url_text":"\"Puerto Rico at the 1968 Mexico City Summer Games\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/PUR/summer/1968/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.copur.pr/","external_links_name":"www.copur.pr"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/6135","external_links_name":"\"Jaime Frontera\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417092908/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/PUR/summer/1968/","external_links_name":"\"Puerto Rico at the 1968 Mexico City Summer Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/PUR/summer/1968/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070612020125/http://www.la84foundation.org/5va/reports_frmst.htm","external_links_name":"Official Olympic Reports"},{"Link":"http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1968/1968v3.pdf","external_links_name":"Part Three: Results"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Rodier
|
Denis Rodier
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Denis Rodier photographed in Montréal, Québec, Canada inside the bookstore Planète BD
Denis RodierNationalityCanadianArea(s)Artist, Inker, ColouristNotable worksAction Comics, The Demon
Denis Rodier is a comic book illustrator; he has worked for multiple companies including DC Comics, Milestone Media, and Marvel Comics.
In 1986, Denis Rodier began a career as an illustrator which would transform him, two years later, into a comic book artist. Among his first work for DC Comics was a Batman story published as a Bonus Book in Detective Comics #589 (August 1988). Rodier has worked on such world-famous characters as Batman, Captain America and Wonder Woman. It was his work on Superman that garnered Rodier his greatest acclaim, especially on the award-winning "The Death of Superman" story arc.
As a painter, his work has been seen in such publications as the illustration compilation ARZACH MADE IN U.S.A.; Shoes for Amelie a picture book which received the McNally Robinson Book for Young People Award; and covers for The Demon (another comic title), Newstime Magazine and many others. Rodier made frequent contributions to SAFARIR as well as freelance work for such clients as Tony Levin (Peter Gabriel's band), Pat Mastelotto (King Crimson) and Suzanne Vega.
He lives in Quebec's Laurentian region, where he paints, draws comics for the French market and plays music.
References
^ Denis Rodier at the Grand Comics Database
External links
http://www.podgallery.com/index.cfm/hurl/action=artistInfo/msgId=824
http://www.rodierstudio.com/
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Other
SNAC
IdRef
This profile of a Canadian comics creator, writer, or artist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"illustrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrator"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Milestone Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milestone_Media"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Bonus Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics_Bonus_Book"},{"link_name":"Detective Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detective_Comics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Captain America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America"},{"link_name":"Wonder Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"The Death of Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_Superman"},{"link_name":"McNally Robinson Book for Young People Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McNally_Robinson_Book_for_Young_People_Award"},{"link_name":"Peter Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"King Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Crimson"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Vega"}],"text":"Denis Rodier is a comic book illustrator; he has worked for multiple companies including DC Comics, Milestone Media, and Marvel Comics.In 1986, Denis Rodier began a career as an illustrator which would transform him, two years later, into a comic book artist. Among his first work for DC Comics was a Batman story published as a Bonus Book in Detective Comics #589 (August 1988).[1] Rodier has worked on such world-famous characters as Batman, Captain America and Wonder Woman. It was his work on Superman that garnered Rodier his greatest acclaim, especially on the award-winning \"The Death of Superman\" story arc.As a painter, his work has been seen in such publications as the illustration compilation ARZACH MADE IN U.S.A.; Shoes for Amelie a picture book which received the McNally Robinson Book for Young People Award; and covers for The Demon (another comic title), Newstime Magazine and many others. Rodier made frequent contributions to SAFARIR as well as freelance work for such clients as Tony Levin (Peter Gabriel's band), Pat Mastelotto (King Crimson) and Suzanne Vega.He lives in Quebec's Laurentian region, where he paints, draws comics for the French market and plays music.","title":"Denis Rodier"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Denis Rodier photographed in Montréal, Québec, Canada inside the bookstore Planète BD","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Denis_Rodier_au_librairie_Plan%C3%A8te_BD.jpg/220px-Denis_Rodier_au_librairie_Plan%C3%A8te_BD.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.comics.org/credit/name/Denis%20Rodier/sort/chrono/","external_links_name":"Denis Rodier"},{"Link":"http://www.podgallery.com/index.cfm/hurl/action=artistInfo/msgId=824","external_links_name":"http://www.podgallery.com/index.cfm/hurl/action=artistInfo/msgId=824"},{"Link":"http://www.rodierstudio.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.rodierstudio.com/"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078487243","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/335444","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwxHhcRFVD6HDpCdY7mBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb156306872","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb156306872","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1173279423","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267262105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14216837","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012090683","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0247909&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p32283239X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810685828705606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mg9wmg","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/137418205","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denis_Rodier&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_of_Songs_(1918_film)
|
The Song of Songs (1918 film)
|
["1 Plot summary","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
|
1918 American filmThe Song of SongsFilm stillDirected byJoseph KaufmanWritten byCharles Maigne (scenario)Based onnovel Das hohe Lied by Hermann Sudermann and play The Song of Songs by Edward SheldonProduced byAdolph ZukorJesse L. LaskyStarringElsie FergusonCinematographyWilliam MarshallProductioncompanyFamous Players–Lasky / ArtcraftDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease date
February 18, 1918 (1918-02-18)
Running time5 reelsCountryUnited StatesLanguageSilent (English intertitles)
The Song of Songs is a 1918 American silent drama film produced by Famous Players–Lasky and based on a 1914 stage play version by Edward Sheldon of the 1908 novel by Hermann Sudermann, The Song of Songs. This picture was directed by Joseph Kaufman and stars Elsie Ferguson. This was Kaufman's last film before his death on February 1, 1918, very early on during the 1918 flu pandemic.
This film is now considered a lost film.
The story was remade as Lily of the Dust (1924) with Pola Negri and Ben Lyon. Marlene Dietrich starred in the first sound version The Song of Songs (1933).
Plot summary
Lily, an innocent young girl, is convinced to pose nude for a young sculptor. They fall in love, but the sculptor fears the effect of marriage on his work and neglects Lily. Ultimately, in despair, she marries a wealthy older man but does not find happiness there. Only near-tragedy and scandal are able, ironically, to bring her that happiness.
Cast
Elsie Ferguson as Lily Kardos
Frank Losee as Senator Calkins
Crauford Kent as Dick Laird
Cecil Fletcher as Stephen Bennett
Gertrude Berkeley as Mrs. Kardos
Corene Uzzell as Ann Merkle (credited as Corinne Usell)
Charles Wellesley as Mrs. Atwell
Henry Leone as Anslem Kardos
Robert Cummings as Phineas Bennett
Ned Burton (unknown role)
Reception
Like many American films of the time, The Song of Songs was subject to cuts and restrictions by city and state film censorship boards. For example, the Chicago Board of Censors issued the film an Adults Only permit.
References
^ Progressive Silent Film List: The Song of Songs at silentera.com
^ The Song of Songs as produced on Broadway at the Eltinge 42nd Street Theatre, December 22, 1914 to June 1915, 191 performances; IBDb.com
^ "Official Cut-Outs by the Chicago Board of Censors". Exhibitors Herald. 6 (12). New York City: Exhibitors Herald Company: 29. March 16, 1918.
External links
The Song of Songs at IMDb
Synopsis at AllMovie
Film still
kinotv
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Famous Players–Lasky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_Players%E2%80%93Lasky"},{"link_name":"stage play version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_of_Songs_(play)"},{"link_name":"Edward Sheldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sheldon"},{"link_name":"Hermann Sudermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Sudermann"},{"link_name":"The Song of Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_of_Songs_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kaufman_(director)"},{"link_name":"Elsie Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsie_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"1918 flu pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic"},{"link_name":"lost film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lily of the Dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_of_the_Dust"},{"link_name":"Pola Negri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pola_Negri"},{"link_name":"Ben Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Lyon"},{"link_name":"Marlene Dietrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich"},{"link_name":"The Song of Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_of_Songs_(1933_film)"}],"text":"The Song of Songs is a 1918 American silent drama film produced by Famous Players–Lasky and based on a 1914 stage play version by Edward Sheldon of the 1908 novel by Hermann Sudermann, The Song of Songs. This picture was directed by Joseph Kaufman and stars Elsie Ferguson. This was Kaufman's last film before his death on February 1, 1918, very early on during the 1918 flu pandemic.This film is now considered a lost film.[1][2]The story was remade as Lily of the Dust (1924) with Pola Negri and Ben Lyon. Marlene Dietrich starred in the first sound version The Song of Songs (1933).","title":"The Song of Songs (1918 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lily, an innocent young girl, is convinced to pose nude for a young sculptor. They fall in love, but the sculptor fears the effect of marriage on his work and neglects Lily. Ultimately, in despair, she marries a wealthy older man but does not find happiness there. Only near-tragedy and scandal are able, ironically, to bring her that happiness.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elsie Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsie_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Frank Losee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Losee"},{"link_name":"Crauford Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crauford_Kent"},{"link_name":"Corene Uzzell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corene_Uzzell"},{"link_name":"Charles Wellesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wellesley"}],"text":"Elsie Ferguson as Lily Kardos\nFrank Losee as Senator Calkins\nCrauford Kent as Dick Laird\nCecil Fletcher as Stephen Bennett\nGertrude Berkeley as Mrs. Kardos\nCorene Uzzell as Ann Merkle (credited as Corinne Usell)\nCharles Wellesley as Mrs. Atwell\nHenry Leone as Anslem Kardos\nRobert Cummings as Phineas Bennett\nNed Burton (unknown role)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"city and state film censorship boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_censorship_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Like many American films of the time, The Song of Songs was subject to cuts and restrictions by city and state film censorship boards. For example, the Chicago Board of Censors issued the film an Adults Only permit.[3]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Official Cut-Outs by the Chicago Board of Censors\". Exhibitors Herald. 6 (12). New York City: Exhibitors Herald Company: 29. March 16, 1918.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/exhibitorsherald06exhi#page/n522/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Official Cut-Outs by the Chicago Board of Censors\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/S/SongOfSongs1918.html","external_links_name":"Progressive Silent Film List: The Song of Songs"},{"Link":"http://ibdb.com/production.php?id=8107","external_links_name":"The Song of Songs as produced on Broadway at the Eltinge 42nd Street Theatre, December 22, 1914 to June 1915, 191 performances; IBDb.com"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/exhibitorsherald06exhi#page/n522/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Official Cut-Outs by the Chicago Board of Censors\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0009632/","external_links_name":"The Song of Songs"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v228672","external_links_name":"Synopsis"},{"Link":"http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/sayre&CISOPTR=13220&CISOBOX=1&REC=12","external_links_name":"Film still"},{"Link":"http://kinotv.com/page/film.php?filmcode=82960&q=0&l=en","external_links_name":"kinotv"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Werner_(composer)
|
Heinrich Werner (composer)
|
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
|
German composer and choir director (1800–1833)
Heinrich Werner (2 October 1800 – 3 March 1833) was a German composer.
Biography
Heinrich Werner (1833)
Werner was born into a musical family in Kirchohmfeld in the Eichsfeld district of Thuringia, then part of the Holy Roman Empire. Initially trained at home, he played the organ for the local church at the age of 11 and became a choral singer at Sankt Andreasberg at 15. His older brother in Braunschweig had him study music and attend the Gymnasium there. Starting in 1821, he studied in Erfurt and took the teaching examination the next year; he then led the chorus at the city's opera house and taught music students. From 1825, he was choral director at the court theatre at Braunschweig.
He is said to have written 84 compositions, mostly songs, including a setting of Goethe's poem Heidenröslein. It was first publicly performed in 1829, under his direction, and bore as title the first line, "Sah ein Knab' ein Röslein stehn" ("A boy saw a little rose standing"). It was seen as superior to all the roughly 100 versions that had preceded his, and became the outstanding popular-song version (although the Schubert art-song setting, published in 1821, has outlasted it).
He died at the age of 32 in Braunschweig in 1833, having become ill with tuberculosis the previous year.
References
^ Friedheilm Brusniak: "Werner, Heinrich", in: Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart, biographical part, vol. 17 (Kassel: Bärenreiter, 2007), columns 793–4.
^ Brusniak (2007).
External links
Free scores by Heinrich Werner in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
The Mutopia Project has compositions by Heinrich Werner
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Germany
Italy
Finland
United States
Korea
Netherlands
Artists
MusicBrainz
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
RISM
IdRef
This article about a German composer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Heinrich Werner (2 October 1800 – 3 March 1833) was a German composer.","title":"Heinrich Werner (composer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heinrich_Werner_1833.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kirchohmfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinefelde-Worbis"},{"link_name":"Eichsfeld district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eichsfeld_(district)"},{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sankt Andreasberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Andreasberg"},{"link_name":"Braunschweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig"},{"link_name":"Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)"},{"link_name":"Erfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt"},{"link_name":"Braunschweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Goethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe"},{"link_name":"Heidenröslein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidenr%C3%B6slein"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"popular-song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"Schubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Schubert"},{"link_name":"art-song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_song"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"}],"text":"Heinrich Werner (1833)Werner was born into a musical family in Kirchohmfeld in the Eichsfeld district of Thuringia, then part of the Holy Roman Empire.[1] Initially trained at home, he played the organ for the local church at the age of 11 and became a choral singer at Sankt Andreasberg at 15. His older brother in Braunschweig had him study music and attend the Gymnasium there. Starting in 1821, he studied in Erfurt and took the teaching examination the next year; he then led the chorus at the city's opera house and taught music students. From 1825, he was choral director at the court theatre at Braunschweig.[2]He is said [who?] to have written 84 compositions[citation needed], mostly songs, including a setting of Goethe's poem Heidenröslein. It was first publicly performed in 1829, under his direction, and bore as title the first line, \"Sah ein Knab' ein Röslein stehn\" (\"A boy saw a little rose standing\"). It was seen as superior[citation needed] to all the roughly 100 versions that had preceded his, and became the outstanding popular-song version[original research?] (although the Schubert art-song setting, published in 1821, has outlasted it).He died at the age of 32 in Braunschweig in 1833, having become ill with tuberculosis the previous year.","title":"Biography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Heinrich Werner (1833)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Heinrich_Werner_1833.jpg/220px-Heinrich_Werner_1833.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=WernerH","external_links_name":"Heinrich Werner"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/362517/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000008137125X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/57505741","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvt4WfFcwyXRw7Dwc7mBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1569203","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/122840313","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/USMV967905","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000188396","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no95044720","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199639579","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p140754970","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3e72114c-a1d6-4429-9fb0-d17b3ed811c9","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd122840313.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/1969109","external_links_name":"RISM"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/168532980","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Werner_(composer)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Municipality_of_Kr%C5%A1ko
|
Urban Municipality of Krško
|
["1 History","2 Main sights","3 Economy","4 Settlements","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 45°57′N 15°29′E / 45.950°N 15.483°E / 45.950; 15.483Municipality of Slovenia
Municipality in SloveniaUrban Municipality of Krško
Mestna občina KrškoMunicipality
Coat of armsLocation of the Urban Municipality of Krško in SloveniaCoordinates: 45°57′N 15°29′E / 45.950°N 15.483°E / 45.950; 15.483Country SloveniaGovernment • MayorMiran StankoArea • Total286.5 km2 (110.6 sq mi)Elevation163 m (535 ft)Population (2023) • Total25,982 • Density91/km2 (230/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02 (CEST)Postal code8270Area code(+386) 07Vehicle registrationKKWebsitewww.krsko.si
The Urban Municipality of Krško (pronounced ⓘ; Slovene: Mestna občina Krško) is an urban municipality in eastern Slovenia. Its seat is the town of Krško. The area is traditionally divided between Lower Styria (territory on the left bank of the Sava) and Lower Carniola (territory on the right bank of the Sava). The entire municipality is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region. Krško received the status of an urban municipality in December 2021. It borders Croatia.
History
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)
Archaeological evidence shows that the area was settled in prehistoric times. Along the Sava River, numerous Bronze and Iron Age sites as well as Roman finds show continuous occupation. After the Medieval period the area was a Habsburg possession. It was affected by Ottoman raids from the 15th to the 17th centuries.
Main sights
Sights in the municipality include the Krško parish church, the Videm-Krško parish church, a church on the right bank of the Sava, a Capuchin monastery, and Krško Castle. Further to the south is Šrajbarski Turn Castle, built in the 16th century. Natural sights in the municipality include Kostanjevica Cave at the foot of the Gorjanci Mountains and the Krakovo Forest, the only virgin forest in Slovenia where pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) grows and provides a habitat for several rare and endangered animal species.
Economy
Industries of the Urban Municipality of Krško include construction, metalworking, paper, textiles, wood processing, agriculture, trade, and transportation, while tourism continues to develop. The fertile flatlands southeast of the town of Krško along the banks of the Sava, known as the Krško-Brežice Plain (Krško - brežiško polje), are used for vineyards as well as apple, pear, peach, apricot, and plum orchards. Local vineyards produce wines such as Cviček, Laški Rizling, and Modra Frankinja, as well as less well-known local wines such as white and red Sremičan and others matured in local wine cellars.
Settlements
In addition to the municipal seat of Krško, the municipality also includes the following settlements:
Anovec
Anže
Apnenik pri Velikem Trnu
Ardro pod Velikim Trnom
Ardro pri Raki
Armeško
Brege
Brestanica
Brezje pri Dovškem
Brezje pri Raki
Brezje pri Senušah
Brezje v Podbočju
Brezovica v Podbočju
Brezovska Gora
Brlog
Brod v Podbočju
Bučerca
Celine
Cesta
Cirje
Črešnjice nad Pijavškim
Čretež pri Krškem
Dalce
Dedni Vrh
Dobrava ob Krki
Dobrava pod Rako
Dobrova
Dol
Dolenja Lepa Vas
Dolenja Vas pri Krškem
Dolenja Vas pri Raki
Dolenji Leskovec
Dolga Raka
Dovško
Drenovec pri Leskovcu
Drnovo
Dunaj
Frluga
Gmajna
Golek
Goli Vrh
Gora
Gorenja Lepa Vas
Gorenja Vas pri Leskovcu
Gorenje Dole
Gorenji Leskovec
Gorica
Gorica pri Raztezu
Gornje Pijavško
Gradec
Gradišče pri Raki
Gradnje
Gržeča Vas
Gunte
Hrastek
Ivandol
Jelenik
Jelše
Jelševec
Kalce
Kalce–Naklo
Kališovec
Kerinov Grm
Kobile
Kočno
Koprivnica
Koritnica
Kostanjek
Kremen
Kržišče
Leskovec pri Krškem
Libelj
Libna
Loke
Lokve
Lomno
Mali Kamen
Mali Koren
Mali Podlog
Mali Trn
Malo Mraševo
Mikote
Mladje
Mrčna Sela
Mrtvice
Nemška Gora
Nemška Vas
Nova Gora
Osredek pri Trški Gori
Pesje
Pijana Gora
Planina pri Raki
Planina v Podbočju
Pleterje
Podbočje
Podlipa
Podulce
Površje
Premagovce
Presladol
Pristava ob Krki
Pristava pod Rako
Pristava pri Leskovcu
Prušnja Vas
Raka
Ravne pri Zdolah
Ravni
Ravno
Raztez
Reštanj
Rožno
Šedem
Sela pri Raki
Selce pri Leskovcu
Selo
Senovo
Senožete
Senuše
Slivje
Smečice
Smednik
Spodnja Libna
Spodnje Dule
Spodnje Pijavško
Spodnji Stari Grad
Srednje Arto
Srednje Pijavško
Sremič
Stari Grad
Stari Grad v Podbočju
Stolovnik
Stranje
Straža pri Krškem
Straža pri Raki
Strmo Rebro
Šutna
Trška Gora
Velika Vas pri Krškem
Veliki Dol
Veliki Kamen
Veliki Koren
Veliki Podlog
Veliki Trn
Veliko Mraševo
Veniše
Videm
Vihre
Volovnik
Vrbina
Vrh pri Površju
Vrhulje
Žabjek v Podbočju
Zabukovje pri Raki
Žadovinek
Zaloke
Zdole
Ženje
See also
Speedway Grand Prix of Slovenia
Brežice
References
^ "Prebivalstvo po spolu in po starosti, naselja, Slovenija, letno". stat.si (in Slovenian). Statistical Office of Slovenia. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
^ Krško municipal site
^ "Občina Krško od danes Mestna občina Krško". Dnevnik (in Slovenian). 4 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
^ Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage reference number 1950
^ Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage reference numbers 3485 & 3486
^ Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage reference number 305
^ Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage reference number 10286
External links
Media related to City Municipality of Krško at Wikimedia Commons
Urban Municipality of Krško on Geopedia
Krško municipal website (in Slovene)
Places adjacent to Urban Municipality of Krško
Šentjur
Kozje
SevnicaŠkocjan
Krško
Brežice
Šentjernej / Kostanjevica na Krki
Samobor
vteCity Municipality of KrškoSettlementsAdministrative seat: Krško
Current
Anovec
Anže
Apnenik pri Velikem Trnu
Ardro pod Velikim Trnom
Ardro pri Raki
Armeško
Brege
Brestanica
Brezje pri Dovškem
Brezje pri Raki
Brezje pri Senušah
Brezje v Podbočju
Brezovica v Podbočju
Brezovska Gora
Brlog
Brod v Podbočju
Bučerca
Celine
Cesta
Cirje
Črešnjice nad Pijavškim
Čretež pri Krškem
Dalce
Dedni Vrh
Dobrava ob Krki
Dobrava pod Rako
Dobrova
Dol
Dolenja Lepa Vas
Dolenja Vas pri Krškem
Dolenja Vas pri Raki
Dolenji Leskovec
Dolga Raka
Dovško
Drenovec pri Leskovcu
Drnovo
Dunaj
Frluga
Gmajna
Golek
Goli Vrh
Gora
Gorenja Lepa Vas
Gorenja Vas pri Leskovcu
Gorenje Dole
Gorenji Leskovec
Gorica
Gorica pri Raztezu
Gornje Pijavško
Gradec
Gradišče pri Raki
Gradnje
Gržeča Vas
Gunte
Hrastek
Ivandol
Jelenik
Jelše
Jelševec
Kalce
Kalce–Naklo
Kališovec
Kerinov Grm
Kobile
Kočno
Koprivnica
Koritnica
Kostanjek
Kremen
Kržišče
Leskovec pri Krškem
Libelj
Libna
Loke
Lokve
Lomno
Mali Kamen
Mali Koren
Mali Podlog
Mali Trn
Malo Mraševo
Mikote
Mladje
Mrčna Sela
Mrtvice
Nemška Gora
Nemška Vas
Nova Gora
Osredek pri Trški Gori
Pesje
Pijana Gora
Planina pri Raki
Planina v Podbočju
Pleterje
Podbočje
Podlipa
Podulce
Površje
Premagovce
Presladol
Pristava ob Krki
Pristava pod Rako
Pristava pri Leskovcu
Prušnja Vas
Raka
Ravne pri Zdolah
Ravni
Ravno
Raztez
Reštanj
Rožno
Šedem
Sela pri Raki
Selce pri Leskovcu
Selo
Senovo
Senožete
Senuše
Slivje
Smečice
Smednik
Spodnja Libna
Spodnje Dule
Spodnje Pijavško
Spodnji Stari Grad
Srednje Arto
Srednje Pijavško
Sremič
Stari Grad
Stari Grad v Podbočju
Stolovnik
Stranje
Straža pri Krškem
Straža pri Raki
Strmo Rebro
Šutna
Trška Gora
Velika Vas pri Krškem
Veliki Dol
Veliki Kamen
Veliki Koren
Veliki Podlog
Veliki Trn
Veliko Mraševo
Veniše
Videm
Vihre
Volovnik
Vrbina
Vrh pri Površju
Vrhulje
Žabjek v Podbočju
Zabukovje pri Raki
Žadovinek
Zaloke
Zdole
Ženje
Former
Beli Breg
Dolenje
Kolarica
Prevole
Savinjek
Stara Vas
Trebelnik
Videm ob Savi
Vrbinska Vas
Znanovce
Landmarks
Brestanica Castle
Krško Capuchin Monastery
Krško Castle
Krško Nuclear Power Plant
Leskovec Castle
Leskovec Parish Church
Neviodunum
Raka Castle
Notable people
Adam Bohorič
Jurij Dalmatin
Damjan Kozole
Johann Weikhard von Valvasor
vteMunicipalities of SloveniaUrban municipalities
Celje
Koper
Kranj
Krško
Ljubljana
Maribor
Murska Sobota
Nova Gorica
Novo Mesto
Ptuj
Slovenj Gradec
Velenje
Non-urban municipalities
Ajdovščina
Ankaran
Apače
Beltinci
Benedikt
Bistrica ob Sotli
Bled
Bloke
Bohinj
Borovnica
Bovec
Braslovče
Brda
Brežice
Brezovica
Cankova
Cerklje na Gorenjskem
Cerknica
Cerkno
Cerkvenjak
Cirkulane
Črenšovci
Črna na Koroškem
Črnomelj
Destrnik
Divača
Dobje
Dobrepolje
Dobrna
Dobrova–Polhov Gradec
Dobrovnik
Dol pri Ljubljani
Dolenjske Toplice
Domžale
Dornava
Dravograd
Duplek
Gorenja Vas–Poljane
Gorišnica
Gorje
Gornja Radgona
Gornji Grad
Gornji Petrovci
Grad
Grosuplje
Hajdina
Hoče-Slivnica
Hodoš
Horjul
Hrastnik
Hrpelje-Kozina
Idrija
Ig
Ilirska Bistrica
Ivančna Gorica
Izola
Jesenice
Jezersko
Juršinci
Kamnik
Kanal ob Soči
Kidričevo
Kobarid
Kobilje
Kočevje
Komen
Komenda
Kostanjevica na Krki
Kostel
Kozje
Kranjska Gora
Križevci
Kungota
Kuzma
Laško
Lenart
Lendava
Litija
Ljubno
Ljutomer
Log-Dragomer
Logatec
Loška Dolina
Loški Potok
Lovrenc na Pohorju
Luče
Lukovica
Majšperk
Makole
Markovci
Medvode
Mengeš
Metlika
Mežica
Miklavž na Dravskem Polju
Miren-Kostanjevica
Mirna
Mirna Peč
Mislinja
Mokronog-Trebelno
Moravče
Moravske Toplice
Mozirje
Muta
Naklo
Nazarje
Odranci
Oplotnica
Ormož
Osilnica
Pesnica
Piran
Pivka
Podčetrtek
Podlehnik
Podvelka
Poljčane
Polzela
Postojna
Prebold
Preddvor
Prevalje
Puconci
Rače-Fram
Radeče
Radenci
Radlje ob Dravi
Radovljica
Ravne na Koroškem
Razkrižje
Rečica ob Savinji
Renče–Vogrsko
Ribnica
Ribnica na Pohorju
Rogaška Slatina
Rogašovci
Rogatec
Ruše
Šalovci
Selnica ob Dravi
Semič
Šempeter-Vrtojba
Šenčur
Šentilj
Šentjernej
Šentjur
Šentrupert
Sevnica
Sežana
Škocjan
Škofja Loka
Škofljica
Slovenska Bistrica
Slovenske Konjice
Šmarje pri Jelšah
Šmarješke Toplice
Šmartno pri Litiji
Šmartno ob Paki
Sodražica
Solčava
Šoštanj
Središče ob Dravi
Starše
Štore
Straža
Sveta Ana
Sveta Trojica v Slovenskih Goricah
Sveti Andraž v Slovenskih Goricah
Sveti Jurij ob Ščavnici
Sveti Jurij v Slovenskih Goricah
Sveti Tomaž
Tabor
Tišina
Tolmin
Trbovlje
Trebnje
Trnovska Vas
Tržič
Trzin
Turnišče
Velika Polana
Velike Lašče
Veržej
Videm
Vipava
Vitanje
Vodice
Vojnik
Vransko
Vrhnika
Vuzenica
Zagorje ob Savi
Žalec
Zavrč
Železniki
Žetale
Žiri
Žirovnica
Zreče
Žužemberk
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈkə́ɾʃkɔ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/Sl-Krsko.ogg/Sl-Krsko.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sl-Krsko.ogg"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"urban municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Krško","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Lower Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Styria"},{"link_name":"Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava"},{"link_name":"Lower Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Lower Sava Statistical Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Sava_Statistical_Region"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"}],"text":"Municipality of SloveniaMunicipality in SloveniaThe Urban Municipality of Krško (pronounced [ˈkə́ɾʃkɔ] ⓘ; Slovene: Mestna občina Krško) is an urban municipality in eastern Slovenia. Its seat is the town of Krško. The area is traditionally divided between Lower Styria (territory on the left bank of the Sava) and Lower Carniola (territory on the right bank of the Sava). The entire municipality is now included in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.[2] Krško received the status of an urban municipality in December 2021.[3] It borders Croatia.","title":"Urban Municipality of Krško"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archaeological evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_record"},{"link_name":"Bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Ottoman raids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Wars_in_Europe"}],"text":"Archaeological evidence shows that the area was settled in prehistoric times. Along the Sava River, numerous Bronze and Iron Age sites as well as Roman finds show continuous occupation. After the Medieval period the area was a Habsburg possession. It was affected by Ottoman raids from the 15th to the 17th centuries.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Capuchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin"},{"link_name":"monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Krško Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1ko_Castle"},{"link_name":"Šrajbarski Turn Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0rajbarski_Turn_Castle"},{"link_name":"Kostanjevica Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kostanjevica_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gorjanci Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDumberak_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Krakovo Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krakovo_Forest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pedunculate oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_robur"}],"text":"Sights in the municipality include the Krško parish church,[4] the Videm-Krško parish church,[5] a church on the right bank of the Sava,[6] a Capuchin monastery,[7] and Krško Castle. Further to the south is Šrajbarski Turn Castle, built in the 16th century. Natural sights in the municipality include Kostanjevica Cave at the foot of the Gorjanci Mountains and the Krakovo Forest, the only virgin forest in Slovenia where pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) grows and provides a habitat for several rare and endangered animal species.","title":"Main sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction"},{"link_name":"metalworking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalworking"},{"link_name":"paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper"},{"link_name":"textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiles"},{"link_name":"wood processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_processing"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade"},{"link_name":"transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation"},{"link_name":"tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyards"},{"link_name":"apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"pear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear"},{"link_name":"peach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach"},{"link_name":"apricot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apricot"},{"link_name":"plum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum"},{"link_name":"Cviček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvi%C4%8Dek"},{"link_name":"Laški Rizling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welschriesling"},{"link_name":"Modra Frankinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaufr%C3%A4nkisch"}],"text":"Industries of the Urban Municipality of Krško include construction, metalworking, paper, textiles, wood processing, agriculture, trade, and transportation, while tourism continues to develop. The fertile flatlands southeast of the town of Krško along the banks of the Sava, known as the Krško-Brežice Plain (Krško - brežiško polje), are used for vineyards as well as apple, pear, peach, apricot, and plum orchards. Local vineyards produce wines such as Cviček, Laški Rizling, and Modra Frankinja, as well as less well-known local wines such as white and red Sremičan and others matured in local wine cellars.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anovec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anovec"},{"link_name":"Anže","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C5%BEe,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Apnenik pri Velikem Trnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apnenik_pri_Velikem_Trnu"},{"link_name":"Ardro pod Velikim Trnom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardro_pod_Velikim_Trnom"},{"link_name":"Ardro pri Raki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardro_pri_Raki"},{"link_name":"Armeško","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arme%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Brege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brege"},{"link_name":"Brestanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brestanica"},{"link_name":"Brezje pri Dovškem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezje_pri_Dov%C5%A1kem"},{"link_name":"Brezje pri Raki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezje_pri_Raki"},{"link_name":"Brezje pri Senušah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezje_pri_Senu%C5%A1ah"},{"link_name":"Brezje v Podbočju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezje_v_Podbo%C4%8Dju"},{"link_name":"Brezovica v Podbočju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezovica_v_Podbo%C4%8Dju"},{"link_name":"Brezovska Gora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezovska_Gora"},{"link_name":"Brlog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brlog,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Brod v Podbočju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brod_v_Podbo%C4%8Dju"},{"link_name":"Bučerca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C4%8Derca"},{"link_name":"Celine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Cesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesta,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Cirje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirje"},{"link_name":"Črešnjice nad Pijavškim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cre%C5%A1njice_nad_Pijav%C5%A1kim"},{"link_name":"Čretež pri Krškem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crete%C5%BE_pri_Kr%C5%A1kem"},{"link_name":"Dalce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalce"},{"link_name":"Dedni Vrh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedni_Vrh,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Dobrava ob Krki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrava_ob_Krki"},{"link_name":"Dobrava pod Rako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrava_pod_Rako"},{"link_name":"Dobrova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrova,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Dol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dol,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Dolenja Lepa Vas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolenja_Lepa_Vas"},{"link_name":"Dolenja Vas pri Krškem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolenja_Vas_pri_Kr%C5%A1kem"},{"link_name":"Dolenja Vas pri Raki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolenja_Vas_pri_Raki"},{"link_name":"Dolenji Leskovec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolenji_Leskovec"},{"link_name":"Dolga Raka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolga_Raka"},{"link_name":"Dovško","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dov%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Drenovec pri Leskovcu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drenovec_pri_Leskovcu"},{"link_name":"Drnovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drnovo"},{"link_name":"Dunaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunaj,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Frluga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frluga"},{"link_name":"Gmajna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmajna,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Golek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golek,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Goli Vrh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goli_Vrh,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Gora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gora,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Gorenja Lepa Vas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorenja_Lepa_Vas"},{"link_name":"Gorenja Vas pri Leskovcu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorenja_Vas_pri_Leskovcu"},{"link_name":"Gorenje Dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorenje_Dole,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Gorenji Leskovec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorenji_Leskovec"},{"link_name":"Gorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorica,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Gorica pri Raztezu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorica_pri_Raztezu"},{"link_name":"Gornje Pijavško","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gornje_Pijav%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Gradec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradec,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Gradišče pri Raki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradi%C5%A1%C4%8De_pri_Raki"},{"link_name":"Gradnje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradnje,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Gržeča Vas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C5%BEe%C4%8Da_Vas"},{"link_name":"Gunte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunte"},{"link_name":"Hrastek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrastek"},{"link_name":"Ivandol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivandol,_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Jelenik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelenik"},{"link_name":"Jelše","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jel%C5%A1e,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Jelševec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jel%C5%A1evec,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Kalce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalce,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Kalce–Naklo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalce%E2%80%93Naklo"},{"link_name":"Kališovec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali%C5%A1ovec"},{"link_name":"Kerinov Grm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerinov_Grm"},{"link_name":"Kobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobile"},{"link_name":"Kočno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C4%8Dno,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Koprivnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koprivnica,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Koritnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koritnica,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Kostanjek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostanjek"},{"link_name":"Kremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremen,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Kržišče","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%BEi%C5%A1%C4%8De,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Leskovec pri Krškem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leskovec_pri_Kr%C5%A1kem"},{"link_name":"Libelj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libelj"},{"link_name":"Libna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libna"},{"link_name":"Loke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loke,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Lokve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokve,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Lomno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomno,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Mali Kamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Kamen"},{"link_name":"Mali Koren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Koren"},{"link_name":"Mali Podlog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Podlog"},{"link_name":"Mali Trn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Trn"},{"link_name":"Malo Mraševo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Mra%C5%A1evo"},{"link_name":"Mikote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikote"},{"link_name":"Mladje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mladje"},{"link_name":"Mrčna Sela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr%C4%8Dna_Sela"},{"link_name":"Mrtvice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrtvice,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Nemška Gora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C5%A1ka_Gora"},{"link_name":"Nemška Vas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C5%A1ka_Vas,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Nova Gora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Gora,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Osredek pri Trški Gori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osredek_pri_Tr%C5%A1ki_Gori"},{"link_name":"Pesje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesje"},{"link_name":"Pijana Gora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijana_Gora"},{"link_name":"Planina pri Raki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planina_pri_Raki"},{"link_name":"Planina v Podbočju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planina_v_Podbo%C4%8Dju"},{"link_name":"Pleterje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleterje,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Podbočje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podbo%C4%8Dje"},{"link_name":"Podlipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podlipa,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Podulce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podulce"},{"link_name":"Površje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povr%C5%A1je,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Premagovce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premagovce"},{"link_name":"Presladol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presladol"},{"link_name":"Pristava ob Krki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristava_ob_Krki"},{"link_name":"Pristava pod Rako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristava_pod_Rako"},{"link_name":"Pristava pri Leskovcu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristava_pri_Leskovcu"},{"link_name":"Prušnja Vas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pru%C5%A1nja_Vas"},{"link_name":"Raka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raka,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Ravne pri Zdolah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravne_pri_Zdolah"},{"link_name":"Ravni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravni,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Ravno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravno,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Raztez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raztez"},{"link_name":"Reštanj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C5%A1tanj"},{"link_name":"Rožno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%BEno"},{"link_name":"Šedem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0edem"},{"link_name":"Sela pri Raki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sela_pri_Raki"},{"link_name":"Selce pri Leskovcu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selce_pri_Leskovcu"},{"link_name":"Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selo,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Senovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senovo,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Senožete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seno%C5%BEete,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Senuše","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senu%C5%A1e"},{"link_name":"Slivje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slivje,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Smečice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sme%C4%8Dice"},{"link_name":"Smednik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smednik"},{"link_name":"Spodnja Libna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodnja_Libna"},{"link_name":"Spodnje Dule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodnje_Dule"},{"link_name":"Spodnje Pijavško","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodnje_Pijav%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Spodnji Stari Grad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spodnji_Stari_Grad"},{"link_name":"Srednje Arto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednje_Arto"},{"link_name":"Srednje Pijavško","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednje_Pijav%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Sremič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sremi%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Stari Grad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_Grad,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Stari Grad v Podbočju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stari_Grad_v_Podbo%C4%8Dju"},{"link_name":"Stolovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolovnik"},{"link_name":"Stranje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranje,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Straža pri Krškem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stra%C5%BEa_pri_Kr%C5%A1kem"},{"link_name":"Straža pri Raki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stra%C5%BEa_pri_Raki"},{"link_name":"Strmo Rebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strmo_Rebro"},{"link_name":"Šutna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0utna,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Trška Gora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C5%A1ka_Gora,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Velika Vas pri Krškem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_Vas_pri_Kr%C5%A1kem"},{"link_name":"Veliki Dol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Dol,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Veliki Kamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Kamen"},{"link_name":"Veliki Koren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Koren"},{"link_name":"Veliki Podlog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Podlog"},{"link_name":"Veliki Trn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Trn"},{"link_name":"Veliko Mraševo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliko_Mra%C5%A1evo"},{"link_name":"Veniše","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veni%C5%A1e"},{"link_name":"Videm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videm,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Vihre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihre"},{"link_name":"Volovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volovnik"},{"link_name":"Vrbina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrbina"},{"link_name":"Vrh pri Površju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrh_pri_Povr%C5%A1ju"},{"link_name":"Vrhulje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrhulje"},{"link_name":"Žabjek v Podbočju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDabjek_v_Podbo%C4%8Dju"},{"link_name":"Zabukovje pri Raki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabukovje_pri_Raki"},{"link_name":"Žadovinek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDadovinek"},{"link_name":"Zaloke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaloke"},{"link_name":"Zdole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdole,_Kr%C5%A1ko"},{"link_name":"Ženje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDenje"}],"text":"In addition to the municipal seat of Krško, the municipality also includes the following settlements:Anovec\nAnže\nApnenik pri Velikem Trnu\nArdro pod Velikim Trnom\nArdro pri Raki\nArmeško\nBrege\nBrestanica\nBrezje pri Dovškem\nBrezje pri Raki\nBrezje pri Senušah\nBrezje v Podbočju\nBrezovica v Podbočju\nBrezovska Gora\nBrlog\nBrod v Podbočju\nBučerca\nCeline\nCesta\nCirje\nČrešnjice nad Pijavškim\nČretež pri Krškem\nDalce\nDedni Vrh\nDobrava ob Krki\nDobrava pod Rako\nDobrova\nDol\nDolenja Lepa Vas\nDolenja Vas pri Krškem\nDolenja Vas pri Raki\nDolenji Leskovec\nDolga Raka\nDovško\nDrenovec pri Leskovcu\nDrnovo\nDunaj\nFrluga\nGmajna\nGolek\nGoli Vrh\nGora\nGorenja Lepa Vas\nGorenja Vas pri Leskovcu\nGorenje Dole\nGorenji Leskovec\nGorica\nGorica pri Raztezu\nGornje Pijavško\nGradec\nGradišče pri Raki\nGradnje\nGržeča Vas\nGunte\nHrastek\nIvandol\nJelenik\nJelše\nJelševec\nKalce\nKalce–Naklo\nKališovec\nKerinov Grm\nKobile\nKočno\nKoprivnica\nKoritnica\nKostanjek\nKremen\nKržišče\nLeskovec pri Krškem\nLibelj\nLibna\nLoke\nLokve\nLomno\nMali Kamen\nMali Koren\nMali Podlog\nMali Trn\nMalo Mraševo\nMikote\nMladje\nMrčna Sela\nMrtvice\nNemška Gora\nNemška Vas\nNova Gora\nOsredek pri Trški Gori\nPesje\nPijana Gora\nPlanina pri Raki\nPlanina v Podbočju\nPleterje\nPodbočje\nPodlipa\nPodulce\nPovršje\nPremagovce\nPresladol\nPristava ob Krki\nPristava pod Rako\nPristava pri Leskovcu\nPrušnja Vas\nRaka\nRavne pri Zdolah\nRavni\nRavno\nRaztez\nReštanj\nRožno\nŠedem\nSela pri Raki\nSelce pri Leskovcu\nSelo\nSenovo\nSenožete\nSenuše\nSlivje\nSmečice\nSmednik\nSpodnja Libna\nSpodnje Dule\nSpodnje Pijavško\nSpodnji Stari Grad\nSrednje Arto\nSrednje Pijavško\nSremič\nStari Grad\nStari Grad v Podbočju\nStolovnik\nStranje\nStraža pri Krškem\nStraža pri Raki\nStrmo Rebro\nŠutna\nTrška Gora\nVelika Vas pri Krškem\nVeliki Dol\nVeliki Kamen\nVeliki Koren\nVeliki Podlog\nVeliki Trn\nVeliko Mraševo\nVeniše\nVidem\nVihre\nVolovnik\nVrbina\nVrh pri Površju\nVrhulje\nŽabjek v Podbočju\nZabukovje pri Raki\nŽadovinek\nZaloke\nZdole\nŽenje","title":"Settlements"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Speedway Grand Prix of Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedway_Grand_Prix_of_Slovenia"},{"title":"Brežice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bre%C5%BEice"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Prebivalstvo po spolu in po starosti, naselja, Slovenija, letno\". stat.si (in Slovenian). Statistical Office of Slovenia. Retrieved 4 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pxweb.stat.si/SiStatData/pxweb/sl/Data/-/05C5003S.px","url_text":"\"Prebivalstvo po spolu in po starosti, naselja, Slovenija, letno\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Office_of_Slovenia","url_text":"Statistical Office of Slovenia"}]},{"reference":"\"Občina Krško od danes Mestna občina Krško\". Dnevnik (in Slovenian). 4 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnevnik.si/1042978438","url_text":"\"Občina Krško od danes Mestna občina Krško\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnevnik_(Slovenia)","url_text":"Dnevnik"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Urban_Municipality_of_Kr%C5%A1ko¶ms=45_57_N_15_29_E_region:SI_type:city(25982)","external_links_name":"45°57′N 15°29′E / 45.950°N 15.483°E / 45.950; 15.483"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Urban_Municipality_of_Kr%C5%A1ko¶ms=45_57_N_15_29_E_region:SI_type:city(25982)","external_links_name":"45°57′N 15°29′E / 45.950°N 15.483°E / 45.950; 15.483"},{"Link":"https://www.krsko.si/","external_links_name":"www.krsko.si"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban_Municipality_of_Kr%C5%A1ko&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://pxweb.stat.si/SiStatData/pxweb/sl/Data/-/05C5003S.px","external_links_name":"\"Prebivalstvo po spolu in po starosti, naselja, Slovenija, letno\""},{"Link":"http://www.krsko.si/","external_links_name":"Krško municipal site"},{"Link":"https://www.dnevnik.si/1042978438","external_links_name":"\"Občina Krško od danes Mestna občina Krško\""},{"Link":"http://rkd.situla.org/","external_links_name":"Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage"},{"Link":"http://rkd.situla.org/","external_links_name":"Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage"},{"Link":"http://rkd.situla.org/","external_links_name":"Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage"},{"Link":"http://rkd.situla.org/","external_links_name":"Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage"},{"Link":"https://www.geopedia.world/#T12_L362_F2463:128_x1720140.810852893_y5771766.854699704_s11_b2345","external_links_name":"Urban Municipality of Krško on Geopedia"},{"Link":"http://www.krsko.si/","external_links_name":"Krško municipal website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000403980817","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/136242396","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7853698-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007482566105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2003121255","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/8ac66c61-0f98-46b2-bd2d-9f2d5a0c58ae","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophytes
|
Storage organ
|
["1 Relationship to perennating organ","2 Underground storage organ","3 Other storage organs","4 Notes and references"]
|
Part of a plant specifically modified for storage of energy or water
A storage organ is a part of a plant specifically modified for storage of energy
(generally in the form of carbohydrates) or water. Storage organs often grow underground, where they are better protected from attack by herbivores. Plants that have an underground storage organ are called geophytes in the Raunkiær plant life-form classification system. Storage organs often, but not always, act as perennating organs which enable plants to survive adverse conditions (such as cold, excessive heat, lack of light or drought).
Relationship to perennating organ
Storage organs may act as perennating organs ('perennating' as in perennial, meaning "through the year", used in the sense of continuing beyond the year and in due course lasting for multiple years). These are used by plants to survive adverse periods in the plant's life-cycle (e.g. caused by cold, excessive heat, lack of light or drought). During these periods, parts of the plant die and then when conditions become favourable again, re-growth occurs from buds in the perennating organs. For example, geophytes growing in woodland under deciduous trees (e.g. bluebells, trilliums) die back to underground storage organs during summer when tree leaf cover restricts light and water is less available.
However, perennating organs need not be storage organs. After losing their leaves, deciduous trees grow them again from 'resting buds', which are the perennating organs of phanerophytes in the Raunkiær classification, but which do not specifically act as storage organs. Equally, storage organs need not be perennating organs. Many succulents have leaves adapted for water storage, which they retain in adverse conditions.
Underground storage organ
In common parlance, underground storage organs may be generically called roots, tubers, or bulbs, but to the botanist there is more specific technical nomenclature:
A harvested ginger rhizome
True roots:
Storage taproot – e.g. carrot
Tuberous root or root tuber – e.g. Dahlia
Modified stems:
Bulb (a short stem that produces fleshy scale leaves or modified leaf bases) – e.g. Lilium, Narcissus, onion
Caudex – e.g. Adenium (desert-rose)
Corm – e.g. Crocus
Pseudobulb – e.g. Pleione (windowsill orchid)
Rhizome – e.g. Iris pseudacorus (yellow flag iris)
Stem tuber – e.g. Zantedeschia (arum lily), potato
Trophopod (the persistent petiole base of several fern genera) – e.g. Diplazium, Onoclea sensibilis
Others:
Storage hypocotyl (the stem of a seedling) – sometimes called a tuber, as in Cyclamen
Some of the above, particularly pseudobulbs and caudices, may occur wholly or partially above ground. Intermediates and combinations of the above are also found, making classification difficult. As an example of an intermediate, the tuber of Cyclamen arises from the stem of the seedling, which forms the junction of the roots and stem of the mature plant. In some species (e.g. Cyclamen coum) roots come from the bottom of the tuber, suggesting that it is a stem tuber; in others (e.g. Cyclamen hederifolium) roots come largely from the top of the tuber, suggesting that it is a root tuber. As an example of a combination, juno irises have both bulbs and storage roots.
Underground storage organs used for food may be generically called root vegetables, although this phrase should not be taken to imply that the class only includes true roots.
Other storage organs
Crassula arborescens, a leaf succulent
Succulents are plants which are adapted to withstand periods of drought by their ability to store moisture in specialized storage organs.
Leaf succulents store water in their leaves, which are thus thickened, fleshy and typically covered with a waxy coating or fine hairs to reduce evaporation. They may also contain mucilaginous compounds. Some leaf succulents have leaves which are distributed along the stem in a similar fashion to non-succulent species (e.g. Crassula, Kalanchoe); their stems may also be succulent. In others, the leaves are more compact, forming a rosette (e.g. Echeveria, Aloe). Pebble-plants or living stones (e.g. Lithops, Conophytum) have reduced their leaves to just two, forming a fleshy body, only the top of which may be visible above ground.
Ferocactus pilosus (Mexican lime cactus), a stem succulent
Stem succulents are generally either leafless or have leaves which can be quickly shed in the event of drought. Photosynthesis is then taken over by the stems. As with leaf succulents, stems may be covered with a waxy coating or fine hairs to reduce evaporation. The ribbed bodies of cacti may be an adaption to allow shrinkage and expansion with the amount of water stored. Plants of the same general form as cacti are found in other families (e.g. Euphorbia canariensis (family Euphorbiaceae), Stapelia (family Apocynaceae)).
Notes and references
^ "the definition of storage organ". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
^ The underground storage organ itself is sometimes called a geophyte, but this is not the original usage of the term in the Raunkiær plant life-form classification.
^ Raunkiær, Christen (1934), The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography, trans. Gilbert-Carter, H.; Fausbøll, A. & Tansley, A.G., Oxford: Clarendon Press, OCLC 4300750; reprinted (1977) in History of ecology series, New York: Arno Press, ISBN 978-0-405-10418-3
^ Examples mainly taken from Rix, M. (1983), Growing bulbs, Beckenham, Kent: Croom Helm, ISBN 978-0-7099-2248-3, pp. 5–12
^ Johnson, David M. (January–March 1986). "Trophopods in North American Species of Athyrium (Aspleniaceae)". Systematic Botany. 12 (1). American Society of Plant Taxonomists: 26–31. doi:10.2307/2418941. JSTOR 2418941. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
^ Grey-Wilson, C. (1988), The Genus Cyclamen, Bromley, UK: Christopher Helm, ISBN 978-0-7470-1221-4
^ Köhlein, Fritz (1987), Iris, translated by M.C. Peters from German original published in 1981, London: Christopher Helm, ISBN 978-0-7470-1803-2, pp. 257ff.
^ Information in this section taken from Innes, Clive & Wall, Bill (1995), Cacti, Succulents and Bromeliads, London: Cassell Educational (for Royal Horticultural Society), ISBN 978-0-304-32076-9, pp. 75–6
vteBotany
History
Outline
Subdisciplines
Archaeobotany
Astrobotany
Bryology
Dendrology
Ethnobotany
Paleobotany
Phycology
Phytochemistry
Phytogeography
Geobotany
Plant anatomy
Plant ecology
Plant pathology
Plant groups
Algae
Archaeplastida
Bryophyte
Non-vascular plants
Vascular plants
Fern
Lycophyte
Spermatophytes
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
Plant anatomy Plant morphology(glossary)Plant cells
Cell wall
Phragmoplast
Plastid
Plasmodesma
Vacuole
Tissues
Cork
Ground tissue
Mesophyll
Meristem
Storage organs
Vascular tissue
Vascular bundle
Wood
Vegetative
Bulb
Root
Rhizoid
Rhizome
Shoot
Bud
Leaf
Cataphyll
Petiole
Sessility
Stem
Reproductive(incl. Flower)
Archegonium
Antheridium
Androecium
Pollen
Stamen
Staminode
Tapetum
Flower
Aestivation
Flower development
Floral diagram
Floral formula
Floral symmetry
Whorl
Fruit
Anatomy
Berry
Capsule
Nut
Pyrena
Seed
Dispersal
Endosperm
Gametophyte
Gynandrium
Gynoecium
Ovary
Locule
Ovule
Stigma
Hypanthium (Floral cup)
Inflorescence
Bract
Pedicellate
Raceme
Umbel
Perianth
Tepal
Petal
Sepal
Plant embryo
Receptacle
Sporophyll
Sporophyte
Surface structures
Cuticle
Epicuticular wax
Epidermis
Nectar
Stoma
Thorns, spines, and prickles
Trichome
Plant physiologyMaterials
Aleurone
Apical dominance
Bulk flow
Cellulose
Nutrition
Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
Phytomelanin
Plant hormones
Respiration
Gas Exchange
Cellular respiration
Sap
Starch
Sugar
Transpiration
Turgor pressure
Plant growthand habit
Habit
Cushion plants
Rosettes
Shrubs
Prostrate shrubs
Subshrubs
Succulent plants
Trees
Vines
Lianas
Herbaceous plants
Secondary growth
Woody plants
Reproduction EvolutionEcology
Alternation of generations
Double fertilization
Evolutionary development
Evolutionary history
timeline
Flora
Germination
Pollination
Artificial
Pollinators
Pollen tube
Self
Sporangium
Microsporangia
Microspore
Megasporangium
Megaspore
Spore
Plant taxonomy
Biological classification
Botanical nomenclature
Botanical name
Correct name
Author citation
International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
Cultivated plant taxonomy
Citrus taxonomy
Cultigen
Cultivar
Group
Grex
History of plant systematics
Herbarium
International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)
Plant taxonomy systems
Taxonomic rank
Practice
Agronomy
Floriculture
Forestry
Horticulture
Phytochemical
ListsRelated topics
Botanical terms
Botanists
by author abbreviation
Botanical expeditions
Individual trees
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carbohydrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"herbivores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore"},{"link_name":"Raunkiær plant life-form classification system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raunki%C3%A6r_plant_life-form"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raunkiaer_1934-3"},{"link_name":"perennating organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennating_organ"}],"text":"A storage organ is a part of a plant specifically modified for storage of energy \n(generally in the form of carbohydrates) or water.[1] Storage organs often grow underground, where they are better protected from attack by herbivores. Plants that have an underground storage organ are called geophytes in the Raunkiær plant life-form classification system.[2][3] Storage organs often, but not always, act as perennating organs which enable plants to survive adverse conditions (such as cold, excessive heat, lack of light or drought).","title":"Storage organ"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"perennating organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennating_organ"},{"link_name":"perennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant"},{"link_name":"buds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buds"},{"link_name":"bluebells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyacinthoides_non-scripta"},{"link_name":"trilliums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilliums"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Raunkiær classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raunki%C3%A6r_plant_life-form"},{"link_name":"succulents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent_plant"}],"text":"Storage organs may act as perennating organs ('perennating' as in perennial, meaning \"through the year\", used in the sense of continuing beyond the year and in due course lasting for multiple years). These are used by plants to survive adverse periods in the plant's life-cycle (e.g. caused by cold, excessive heat, lack of light or drought). During these periods, parts of the plant die and then when conditions become favourable again, re-growth occurs from buds in the perennating organs. For example, geophytes growing in woodland under deciduous trees (e.g. bluebells, trilliums) die back to underground storage organs during summer when tree leaf cover restricts light and water is less available.[citation needed]However, perennating organs need not be storage organs. After losing their leaves, deciduous trees grow them again from 'resting buds', which are the perennating organs of phanerophytes in the Raunkiær classification, but which do not specifically act as storage organs. Equally, storage organs need not be perennating organs. Many succulents have leaves adapted for water storage, which they retain in adverse conditions.","title":"Relationship to perennating organ"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tubers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuber"},{"link_name":"botanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanist"},{"link_name":"nomenclature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gingembre.jpg"},{"link_name":"ginger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger"},{"link_name":"roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root"},{"link_name":"taproot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taproot"},{"link_name":"carrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot"},{"link_name":"Tuberous root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberous_root"},{"link_name":"Dahlia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"stems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_stem"},{"link_name":"Bulb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulb"},{"link_name":"Lilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilium"},{"link_name":"Narcissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Caudex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudex"},{"link_name":"Adenium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenium"},{"link_name":"Corm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corm"},{"link_name":"Crocus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocus"},{"link_name":"Pseudobulb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudobulb"},{"link_name":"Pleione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleione_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Rhizome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome"},{"link_name":"Iris pseudacorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_pseudacorus"},{"link_name":"Stem tuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_tuber"},{"link_name":"Zantedeschia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zantedeschia"},{"link_name":"potato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato"},{"link_name":"petiole base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Diplazium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplazium"},{"link_name":"Onoclea sensibilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onoclea_sensibilis#Description"},{"link_name":"hypocotyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocotyl"},{"link_name":"tuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuber"},{"link_name":"Cyclamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamen"},{"link_name":"Cyclamen coum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamen_coum"},{"link_name":"Cyclamen hederifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclamen_hederifolium"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"root vegetables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_vegetable"}],"text":"In common parlance, underground storage organs may be generically called roots, tubers, or bulbs, but to the botanist there is more specific technical nomenclature:A harvested ginger rhizomeTrue roots:\nStorage taproot – e.g. carrot\nTuberous root or root tuber – e.g. Dahlia[4]\nModified stems:\nBulb (a short stem that produces fleshy scale leaves or modified leaf bases) – e.g. Lilium, Narcissus, onion\nCaudex – e.g. Adenium (desert-rose)\nCorm – e.g. Crocus\nPseudobulb – e.g. Pleione (windowsill orchid)\nRhizome – e.g. Iris pseudacorus (yellow flag iris)\nStem tuber – e.g. Zantedeschia (arum lily), potato\nTrophopod (the persistent petiole base of several fern genera)[5] – e.g. Diplazium, Onoclea sensibilis\nOthers:\nStorage hypocotyl (the stem of a seedling) – sometimes called a tuber, as in CyclamenSome of the above, particularly pseudobulbs and caudices, may occur wholly or partially above ground. Intermediates and combinations of the above are also found, making classification difficult. As an example of an intermediate, the tuber of Cyclamen arises from the stem of the seedling, which forms the junction of the roots and stem of the mature plant. In some species (e.g. Cyclamen coum) roots come from the bottom of the tuber, suggesting that it is a stem tuber; in others (e.g. Cyclamen hederifolium) roots come largely from the top of the tuber, suggesting that it is a root tuber.[6] As an example of a combination, juno irises have both bulbs and storage roots.[7]Underground storage organs used for food may be generically called root vegetables, although this phrase should not be taken to imply that the class only includes true roots.","title":"Underground storage organ"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cookie_Tree_Jade.JPG"},{"link_name":"Crassula arborescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassula_arborescens"},{"link_name":"Succulents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Crassula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crassula"},{"link_name":"Kalanchoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalanchoe"},{"link_name":"Echeveria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echeveria"},{"link_name":"Aloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe"},{"link_name":"Lithops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithops"},{"link_name":"Conophytum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conophytum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferocactus_pilosus1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ferocactus pilosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferocactus"},{"link_name":"Stem succulents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_succulent"},{"link_name":"cacti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacti"},{"link_name":"Euphorbia canariensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_canariensis"},{"link_name":"Euphorbiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbiaceae"},{"link_name":"Stapelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapelia"},{"link_name":"Apocynaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae"}],"text":"Crassula arborescens, a leaf succulentSucculents are plants which are adapted to withstand periods of drought by their ability to store moisture in specialized storage organs.[8]Leaf succulents store water in their leaves, which are thus thickened, fleshy and typically covered with a waxy coating or fine hairs to reduce evaporation. They may also contain mucilaginous compounds. Some leaf succulents have leaves which are distributed along the stem in a similar fashion to non-succulent species (e.g. Crassula, Kalanchoe); their stems may also be succulent. In others, the leaves are more compact, forming a rosette (e.g. Echeveria, Aloe). Pebble-plants or living stones (e.g. Lithops, Conophytum) have reduced their leaves to just two, forming a fleshy body, only the top of which may be visible above ground.Ferocactus pilosus (Mexican lime cactus), a stem succulentStem succulents are generally either leafless or have leaves which can be quickly shed in the event of drought. Photosynthesis is then taken over by the stems. As with leaf succulents, stems may be covered with a waxy coating or fine hairs to reduce evaporation. The ribbed bodies of cacti may be an adaption to allow shrinkage and expansion with the amount of water stored. Plants of the same general form as cacti are found in other families (e.g. Euphorbia canariensis (family Euphorbiaceae), Stapelia (family Apocynaceae)).","title":"Other storage organs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"the definition of storage organ\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dictionary.com/browse/storage-organ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Raunkiær plant life-form classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raunki%C3%A6r_plant_life-form"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Raunkiaer_1934_3-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4300750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4300750"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-405-10418-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-10418-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7099-2248-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-2248-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Trophopods in North American Species of Athyrium (Aspleniaceae)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2418941"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2418941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2418941"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2418941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2418941"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Christopher Helm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Helm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7470-1221-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7470-1221-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7470-1803-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7470-1803-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-304-32076-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-32076-9"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Botany"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Botany"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Botany"},{"link_name":"Botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_botany"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_botany"},{"link_name":"Subdisciplines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branches_of_botany"},{"link_name":"Archaeobotany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeobotany"},{"link_name":"Astrobotany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobotany"},{"link_name":"Bryology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryology"},{"link_name":"Dendrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrology"},{"link_name":"Ethnobotany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnobotany"},{"link_name":"Paleobotany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobotany"},{"link_name":"Phycology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycology"},{"link_name":"Phytochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochemistry"},{"link_name":"Phytogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytogeography"},{"link_name":"Geobotany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting"},{"link_name":"Plant anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_anatomy"},{"link_name":"Plant ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_ecology"},{"link_name":"Plant pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_pathology"},{"link_name":"Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"Algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"Archaeplastida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeplastida"},{"link_name":"Bryophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyte"},{"link_name":"Non-vascular plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-vascular_plant"},{"link_name":"Vascular plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant"},{"link_name":"Fern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"Lycophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycophyte"},{"link_name":"Spermatophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatophyte"},{"link_name":"Gymnosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperm"},{"link_name":"Angiosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Plant anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_anatomy"},{"link_name":"Plant morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_morphology"},{"link_name":"glossary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology"},{"link_name":"Plant cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_cell"},{"link_name":"Cell wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall"},{"link_name":"Phragmoplast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmoplast"},{"link_name":"Plastid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid"},{"link_name":"Plasmodesma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodesma"},{"link_name":"Vacuole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuole"},{"link_name":"Tissues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_cambium"},{"link_name":"Ground tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_tissue"},{"link_name":"Mesophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll"},{"link_name":"Meristem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristem"},{"link_name":"Storage organs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Vascular tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissue"},{"link_name":"Vascular bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_bundle"},{"link_name":"Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"Bulb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulb"},{"link_name":"Root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root"},{"link_name":"Rhizoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizoid"},{"link_name":"Rhizome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome"},{"link_name":"Shoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Bud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud"},{"link_name":"Leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"Cataphyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataphyll"},{"link_name":"Petiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Sessility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessility_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_stem"},{"link_name":"Reproductive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology"},{"link_name":"Archegonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archegonium"},{"link_name":"Antheridium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antheridium"},{"link_name":"Androecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen"},{"link_name":"Pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen"},{"link_name":"Stamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen"},{"link_name":"Staminode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staminode"},{"link_name":"Tapetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"link_name":"Aestivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Flower development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development"},{"link_name":"Floral diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_diagram"},{"link_name":"Floral formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_formula"},{"link_name":"Floral symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_symmetry"},{"link_name":"Whorl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whorl_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_anatomy"},{"link_name":"Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Capsule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"Nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"Pyrena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrena"},{"link_name":"Seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed"},{"link_name":"Dispersal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_dispersal"},{"link_name":"Endosperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosperm"},{"link_name":"Gametophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametophyte"},{"link_name":"Gynandrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Gynoecium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynoecium"},{"link_name":"Ovary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Locule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locule"},{"link_name":"Ovule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovule"},{"link_name":"Stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Hypanthium (Floral cup)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypanthium"},{"link_name":"Inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"Bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract"},{"link_name":"Pedicellate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Raceme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raceme"},{"link_name":"Umbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbel"},{"link_name":"Perianth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perianth"},{"link_name":"Tepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepal"},{"link_name":"Petal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petal"},{"link_name":"Sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepal"},{"link_name":"Plant embryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos"},{"link_name":"Receptacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Sporophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporophyll"},{"link_name":"Sporophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporophyte"},{"link_name":"Cuticle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_cuticle"},{"link_name":"Epicuticular wax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicuticular_wax"},{"link_name":"Epidermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Nectar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar"},{"link_name":"Stoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoma"},{"link_name":"Thorns, spines, and prickles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles"},{"link_name":"Trichome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichome"},{"link_name":"Plant physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_physiology"},{"link_name":"Aleurone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleurone"},{"link_name":"Apical dominance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apical_dominance"},{"link_name":"Bulk flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_movement"},{"link_name":"Cellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose"},{"link_name":"Nutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_nutrition"},{"link_name":"Photosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis"},{"link_name":"Chlorophyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll"},{"link_name":"Phytomelanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytomelanin"},{"link_name":"Plant hormones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_hormone"},{"link_name":"Respiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants"},{"link_name":"Gas Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants"},{"link_name":"Cellular respiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration"},{"link_name":"Sap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sap"},{"link_name":"Starch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch"},{"link_name":"Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar"},{"link_name":"Transpiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration"},{"link_name":"Turgor pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgor_pressure"},{"link_name":"Habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure"},{"link_name":"Cushion plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushion_plant"},{"link_name":"Rosettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosette_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Shrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"},{"link_name":"Prostrate shrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostrate_shrub"},{"link_name":"Subshrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subshrub"},{"link_name":"Succulent plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent_plant"},{"link_name":"Trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree"},{"link_name":"Vines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine"},{"link_name":"Lianas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana"},{"link_name":"Herbaceous plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous_plant"},{"link_name":"Secondary growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_growth"},{"link_name":"Woody plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_plant"},{"link_name":"Reproduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_reproduction"},{"link_name":"Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_evolution"},{"link_name":"Ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_ecology"},{"link_name":"Alternation of generations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternation_of_generations"},{"link_name":"Double fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_fertilization"},{"link_name":"Evolutionary development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology"},{"link_name":"Evolutionary history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants"},{"link_name":"timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution"},{"link_name":"Flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora"},{"link_name":"Germination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germination"},{"link_name":"Pollination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination"},{"link_name":"Artificial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_pollination"},{"link_name":"Pollinators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator"},{"link_name":"Pollen tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_tube"},{"link_name":"Self","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-pollination"},{"link_name":"Sporangium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporangium"},{"link_name":"Microsporangia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsporangia"},{"link_name":"Microspore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microspore"},{"link_name":"Megasporangium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporangium"},{"link_name":"Megaspore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaspore"},{"link_name":"Spore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore"},{"link_name":"Plant taxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_taxonomy"},{"link_name":"Biological classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Botanical nomenclature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"Botanical name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"Correct name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correct_name"},{"link_name":"Author citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants"},{"link_name":"ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants"},{"link_name":"Cultivated plant taxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy"},{"link_name":"Citrus taxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy"},{"link_name":"Cultigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultigen"},{"link_name":"Cultivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar_group"},{"link_name":"Grex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)"},{"link_name":"History of plant systematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics"},{"link_name":"Herbarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbarium"},{"link_name":"International Association for Plant Taxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy"},{"link_name":"Plant taxonomy systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy"},{"link_name":"Taxonomic rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomic_rank"},{"link_name":"Agronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomy"},{"link_name":"Floriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriculture"},{"link_name":"Forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry"},{"link_name":"Horticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture"},{"link_name":"Phytochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochemical"},{"link_name":"Botanical terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms"},{"link_name":"Botanists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists"},{"link_name":"by author abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)"},{"link_name":"Botanical expeditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_expeditions"},{"link_name":"Individual trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_individual_trees"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Botany"}],"text":"^ \"the definition of storage organ\". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2 September 2016.\n\n^ The underground storage organ itself is sometimes called a geophyte, but this is not the original usage of the term in the Raunkiær plant life-form classification.\n\n^ Raunkiær, Christen (1934), The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography, trans. Gilbert-Carter, H.; Fausbøll, A. & Tansley, A.G., Oxford: Clarendon Press, OCLC 4300750; reprinted (1977) in History of ecology series, New York: Arno Press, ISBN 978-0-405-10418-3\n\n^ Examples mainly taken from Rix, M. (1983), Growing bulbs, Beckenham, Kent: Croom Helm, ISBN 978-0-7099-2248-3, pp. 5–12\n\n^ Johnson, David M. (January–March 1986). \"Trophopods in North American Species of Athyrium (Aspleniaceae)\". Systematic Botany. 12 (1). American Society of Plant Taxonomists: 26–31. doi:10.2307/2418941. JSTOR 2418941. Retrieved 31 March 2022.\n\n^ Grey-Wilson, C. (1988), The Genus Cyclamen, Bromley, UK: Christopher Helm, ISBN 978-0-7470-1221-4\n\n^ Köhlein, Fritz (1987), Iris, translated by M.C. Peters from German original published in 1981, London: Christopher Helm, ISBN 978-0-7470-1803-2, pp. 257ff.\n\n^ Information in this section taken from Innes, Clive & Wall, Bill (1995), Cacti, Succulents and Bromeliads, London: Cassell Educational (for Royal Horticultural Society), ISBN 978-0-304-32076-9, pp. 75–6vteBotany\nHistory\nOutline\nSubdisciplines\nArchaeobotany\nAstrobotany\nBryology\nDendrology\nEthnobotany\nPaleobotany\nPhycology\nPhytochemistry\nPhytogeography\nGeobotany\nPlant anatomy\nPlant ecology\nPlant pathology\nPlant groups\nAlgae\nArchaeplastida\nBryophyte\nNon-vascular plants\nVascular plants\nFern\nLycophyte\nSpermatophytes\nGymnosperm\nAngiosperm\nPlant anatomy Plant morphology(glossary)Plant cells\nCell wall\nPhragmoplast\nPlastid\nPlasmodesma\nVacuole\nTissues\nCork\nGround tissue\nMesophyll\nMeristem\nStorage organs\nVascular tissue\nVascular bundle\nWood\nVegetative\nBulb\nRoot\nRhizoid\nRhizome\nShoot\nBud\nLeaf\nCataphyll\nPetiole\nSessility\nStem\nReproductive(incl. Flower)\nArchegonium\nAntheridium\nAndroecium\nPollen\nStamen\nStaminode\nTapetum\nFlower\nAestivation\nFlower development\nFloral diagram\nFloral formula\nFloral symmetry\nWhorl\nFruit\nAnatomy\nBerry\nCapsule\nNut\nPyrena\nSeed\nDispersal\nEndosperm\nGametophyte\nGynandrium\nGynoecium\nOvary\nLocule\nOvule\nStigma\nHypanthium (Floral cup)\nInflorescence\nBract\nPedicellate\nRaceme\nUmbel\nPerianth\nTepal\nPetal\nSepal\nPlant embryo\nReceptacle\nSporophyll\nSporophyte\nSurface structures\nCuticle\nEpicuticular wax\nEpidermis\nNectar\nStoma\nThorns, spines, and prickles\nTrichome\nPlant physiologyMaterials\nAleurone\nApical dominance\nBulk flow\nCellulose\nNutrition\nPhotosynthesis\nChlorophyll\nPhytomelanin\nPlant hormones\nRespiration\nGas Exchange\nCellular respiration\nSap\nStarch\nSugar\nTranspiration\nTurgor pressure\nPlant growthand habit\nHabit\nCushion plants\nRosettes\nShrubs\nProstrate shrubs\nSubshrubs\nSucculent plants\nTrees\nVines\nLianas\nHerbaceous plants\nSecondary growth\nWoody plants\nReproduction EvolutionEcology\nAlternation of generations\nDouble fertilization\nEvolutionary development\nEvolutionary history\ntimeline\nFlora\nGermination\nPollination\nArtificial\nPollinators\nPollen tube\nSelf\nSporangium\nMicrosporangia\nMicrospore\nMegasporangium\nMegaspore\nSpore\nPlant taxonomy\nBiological classification\nBotanical nomenclature\nBotanical name\nCorrect name\nAuthor citation\nInternational Code of Nomenclature (ICN)\nICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)\nCultivated plant taxonomy\nCitrus taxonomy\nCultigen\nCultivar\nGroup\nGrex\nHistory of plant systematics\nHerbarium\nInternational Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)\nPlant taxonomy systems\nTaxonomic rank\nPractice\nAgronomy\nFloriculture\nForestry\nHorticulture\nPhytochemical\nListsRelated topics\nBotanical terms\nBotanists\nby author abbreviation\nBotanical expeditions\nIndividual trees\n\n Category","title":"Notes and references"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A harvested ginger rhizome","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gingembre.jpg/220px-Gingembre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crassula arborescens, a leaf succulent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cookie_Tree_Jade.JPG/220px-Cookie_Tree_Jade.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ferocactus pilosus (Mexican lime cactus), a stem succulent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ferocactus_pilosus1.jpg/220px-Ferocactus_pilosus1.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"the definition of storage organ\". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dictionary.com/browse/storage-organ","url_text":"\"the definition of storage organ\""}]},{"reference":"Raunkiær, Christen (1934), The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography, trans. Gilbert-Carter, H.; Fausbøll, A. & Tansley, A.G., Oxford: Clarendon Press, OCLC 4300750","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4300750","url_text":"4300750"}]},{"reference":"Rix, M. (1983), Growing bulbs, Beckenham, Kent: Croom Helm, ISBN 978-0-7099-2248-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-2248-3","url_text":"978-0-7099-2248-3"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, David M. (January–March 1986). \"Trophopods in North American Species of Athyrium (Aspleniaceae)\". Systematic Botany. 12 (1). American Society of Plant Taxonomists: 26–31. doi:10.2307/2418941. JSTOR 2418941. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2418941","url_text":"\"Trophopods in North American Species of Athyrium (Aspleniaceae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2418941","url_text":"10.2307/2418941"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2418941","url_text":"2418941"}]},{"reference":"Grey-Wilson, C. (1988), The Genus Cyclamen, Bromley, UK: Christopher Helm, ISBN 978-0-7470-1221-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Helm","url_text":"Christopher Helm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7470-1221-4","url_text":"978-0-7470-1221-4"}]},{"reference":"Köhlein, Fritz (1987), Iris, translated by M.C. Peters from German original published in 1981, London: Christopher Helm, ISBN 978-0-7470-1803-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7470-1803-2","url_text":"978-0-7470-1803-2"}]},{"reference":"Innes, Clive & Wall, Bill (1995), Cacti, Succulents and Bromeliads, London: Cassell Educational (for Royal Horticultural Society), ISBN 978-0-304-32076-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-32076-9","url_text":"978-0-304-32076-9"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.dictionary.com/browse/storage-organ","external_links_name":"\"the definition of storage organ\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4300750","external_links_name":"4300750"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2418941","external_links_name":"\"Trophopods in North American Species of Athyrium (Aspleniaceae)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2418941","external_links_name":"10.2307/2418941"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2418941","external_links_name":"2418941"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Smith_(historian_of_science)
|
Charles H. Smith (historian)
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
American historian
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Charles H. Smith" historian – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Charles H. Smith" historian – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
(Learn how and when to remove this message)
Charles H. Smith (born September 30, 1950) is Professor Emeritus at Western Kentucky University (WKU). He is best known for his work as a biogeographer, historian/philosopher and bibliographer of science, especially for his expertise on the career of Alfred Russel Wallace.
Smith was born in Winsted, Connecticut, and grew up in the nearby town of New Hartford. Since his undergraduate college years he has lived in Georgia, Connecticut, Indiana, Illinois, Australia, Pennsylvania, and, from 1995, Bowling Green, Kentucky.
He created and maintains the website The Alfred Russel Wallace Page hosted by WKU and devoted to Wallace scholarship, which includes a comprehensive bibliography of Wallace's publications and interviews, texts of Wallace's works, and writings on Wallace by Smith and others. Smith has also produced a number of conventional writings on Wallace including the anthology Alfred Russel Wallace: An Anthology of His Shorter Writings published in 1991, a three-volume collection Alfred Russel Wallace: Writings on Evolution, 1843–1912 published in 2004, an edited collection of writings Natural Selection and Beyond: The Intellectual Legacy of Alfred Russel Wallace published in 2008, Alfred Russel Wallace's 1886–1887 Travel Diary: The North American Lecture Tour published in 2013, Enquête sur un Aventurier de l'Esprit: Le Véritable Alfred Russel Wallace (translated by Antoine Guillemain) published in 2013, Dear Sir: Sixty-Nine Years of Alfred Russel Wallace Letters to the Editor published in 2014, An Alfred Russel Wallace Companion published in 2019, and about seventy journal articles, including many in the series Alfred Russel Wallace Notes (of which he is the Editor).
Smith was originally trained as a biogeographer and has produced written work in that and cognate fields, including the bibliographic compilation Biodiversity Studies: A Bibliographic Review published in 2000, and journal-based philosophical, historical and empirical studies; he additionally hosts several related websites. He has also created and maintains three well known sites on music education hosted by WKU: The 111 Greatest Acts of the Anglo-American Folk Music Tradition, The Classical Music Navigator, and Malvina Reynolds: Song Lyrics and Poems.
In April 2013 Smith was a recipient of the national President's Call to Service Award, given to individuals who over their lifetime have volunteered at least 4000 hours of their time to public service, for his "website development for global awareness and education." In 2020 he issued a novel, Many Miles Away. In 2023 he was the recipient of the silver Wallace Medal, awarded by The Alfred Russel Wallace Memorial Fund.
Smith received a B.A. (1972) in Geology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut; M.A. (1980), in Geography, Indiana University; Ph.D. (1984), in Geography (emphasis: Biogeography; minor: History & Philosophy of Science), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; M.L.S. (1995), University of Pittsburgh.
References
^ "Charles H. Smith's Home Page".
External links
The Alfred Russel Wallace Page
Smith's WKU page and bibliography
The 111 Greatest Acts of the Anglo-American Folk Music Tradition
The Classical Music Navigator
Malvina Reynolds: Song Lyrics and Poems
Some Biogeographers, Evolutionists and Ecologists: Chrono-Biographical Sketches
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Israel
Czech Republic
Other
SNAC
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Kentucky University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kentucky_University"},{"link_name":"Alfred Russel Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Winsted, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsted,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"New Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"biogeographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography"},{"link_name":"Malvina Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvina_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Wesleyan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_University"},{"link_name":"Middletown, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign"},{"link_name":"University of Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Charles H. Smith (born September 30, 1950) is Professor Emeritus at Western Kentucky University (WKU). He is best known for his work as a biogeographer, historian/philosopher and bibliographer of science, especially for his expertise on the career of Alfred Russel Wallace.Smith was born in Winsted, Connecticut, and grew up in the nearby town of New Hartford. Since his undergraduate college years he has lived in Georgia, Connecticut, Indiana, Illinois, Australia, Pennsylvania, and, from 1995, Bowling Green, Kentucky.He created and maintains the website The Alfred Russel Wallace Page hosted by WKU and devoted to Wallace scholarship, which includes a comprehensive bibliography of Wallace's publications and interviews, texts of Wallace's works, and writings on Wallace by Smith and others. Smith has also produced a number of conventional writings on Wallace including the anthology Alfred Russel Wallace: An Anthology of His Shorter Writings published in 1991, a three-volume collection Alfred Russel Wallace: Writings on Evolution, 1843–1912 published in 2004, an edited collection of writings Natural Selection and Beyond: The Intellectual Legacy of Alfred Russel Wallace published in 2008, Alfred Russel Wallace's 1886–1887 Travel Diary: The North American Lecture Tour published in 2013, Enquête sur un Aventurier de l'Esprit: Le Véritable Alfred Russel Wallace (translated by Antoine Guillemain) published in 2013, Dear Sir: Sixty-Nine Years of Alfred Russel Wallace Letters to the Editor published in 2014, An Alfred Russel Wallace Companion published in 2019, and about seventy journal articles, including many in the series Alfred Russel Wallace Notes (of which he is the Editor).Smith was originally trained as a biogeographer and has produced written work in that and cognate fields, including the bibliographic compilation Biodiversity Studies: A Bibliographic Review published in 2000, and journal-based philosophical, historical and empirical studies; he additionally hosts several related websites. He has also created and maintains three well known sites on music education hosted by WKU: The 111 Greatest Acts of the Anglo-American Folk Music Tradition, The Classical Music Navigator, and Malvina Reynolds: Song Lyrics and Poems.In April 2013 Smith was a recipient of the national President's Call to Service Award, given to individuals who over their lifetime have volunteered at least 4000 hours of their time to public service, for his \"website development for global awareness and education.\" In 2020 he issued a novel, Many Miles Away. In 2023 he was the recipient of the silver Wallace Medal, awarded by The Alfred Russel Wallace Memorial Fund.Smith received a B.A. (1972) in Geology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut; M.A. (1980), in Geography, Indiana University; Ph.D. (1984), in Geography (emphasis: Biogeography; minor: History & Philosophy of Science), University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; M.L.S. (1995), University of Pittsburgh.[1]","title":"Charles H. Smith (historian)"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Charles H. Smith's Home Page\".","urls":[{"url":"http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/","url_text":"\"Charles H. Smith's Home Page\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Charles+H.+Smith%22+historian","external_links_name":"\"Charles H. Smith\" historian"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Charles+H.+Smith%22+historian+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Charles+H.+Smith%22+historian&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Charles+H.+Smith%22+historian+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Charles+H.+Smith%22+historian","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Charles+H.+Smith%22+historian&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Charles+H.+Smith%22+historian","external_links_name":"\"Charles H. Smith\" historian"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Charles+H.+Smith%22+historian+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Charles+H.+Smith%22+historian&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Charles+H.+Smith%22+historian+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Charles+H.+Smith%22+historian","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Charles+H.+Smith%22+historian&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/","external_links_name":"\"Charles H. Smith's Home Page\""},{"Link":"http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/index1.htm","external_links_name":"The Alfred Russel Wallace Page"},{"Link":"http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/index.html","external_links_name":"Smith's WKU page and bibliography"},{"Link":"http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/essays/FOLK111.htm","external_links_name":"The 111 Greatest Acts of the Anglo-American Folk Music Tradition"},{"Link":"http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/music","external_links_name":"The Classical Music Navigator"},{"Link":"http://www.malvinareynolds.com/","external_links_name":"Malvina Reynolds: Song Lyrics and Poems"},{"Link":"http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/chronob/homelist.htm","external_links_name":"Some Biogeographers, Evolutionists and Ecologists: Chrono-Biographical Sketches"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000116901936","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/95339044","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007439218405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20090814019&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wb80pb","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/069178097","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Denton
|
Pepa (rapper)
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Discography","5 Filmography","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Jamaican-born American rapper
PepaPepa performing with Salt-N-Pepa at the Canberra Theatre, Australia, 2013BornSandra Jacqueline Denton (1964-11-09) November 9, 1964 (age 59)Kingston, JamaicaOther namesPepaSandy DentonPepSandiOccupationsRappersingeractressYears active1985–presentSpouse
Treach
(m. 1999; div. 2001)Children2Musical careerOriginQueens, New York City, U.S.GenresHip hopdancepopInstrument(s)VocalsLabelsNext PlateauLondonPolyGramRed Ant
Musical artist
Sandra Jacqueline Denton (born 9 November 1964 or 1969), better known by her stage name Pepa or Pep, is a Jamaican-American rapper, best known for her work as a member of the female rap trio Salt-N-Pepa. Denton starred in The Salt-N-Pepa Show, a reality TV series focusing on reforming the group which aired on the VH1 network in 2008. Since January 2016, Denton has appeared as a supporting cast member on the music reality television show Growing Up Hip Hop which airs on We TV.
Early life
Sandra Jacqueline Denton was born in Kingston, Jamaica to Charles and Enid Denton (née Hyacinth), the youngest of eight children. Denton lived on a farm in Jamaica with her grandmother until she was six years old. Denton's family moved to Queens, New York, when she was three; and she later joined them. Denton has been a performer since childhood. Denton was molested as a child. Denton released a book about her life in 2008 entitled Let's Talk About Pep in which she talked about being molested, her many abusive relationships, and how Salt-N-Pepa formed.
In 1979, 15-year-old Denton was sent to live with her elder sister Patsy in Logan, Utah, when her family home in Queens caught fire and so she could have a better life. According to Denton, she was the only Black student attending Logan High School during that time. Denton became inspired by rock music; citing AC/DC and Led Zeppelin as her inspirations during her time in Utah. After a year in Utah, Denton returned to New York, later graduating from Springfield Gardens High School.
Denton worked as telephone solicitors at a Sears in College Point. She met Cheryl James in the Sears lunchroom. They both were also enrolled as nursing students at Queensborough Community College.
Career
With the production by Hurby "Luv Bug" Azor whom she and James met while working as customer service representatives at Sears, James and Denton released a single called "The Showstopper" which became a moderate R&B hit in late 1985. They were joined with Latoya Hanson who was the original DJ of the group. Shortly after in 1986, Deidra "Spinderella" Roper joined as the group's DJ as a full-length debut album, Hot, Cool & Vicious, was being released. The trio released a total of five studio albums: Hot, Cool, and Vicious (1986), A Salt with a Deadly Pepa (1988), Blacks' Magic (1990), Very Necessary (1993), and Brand New (1997), plus several greatest hits albums. Salt-N-Pepa disbanded in 2002, several months after their Brand New album was released on Red Ant Records. Denton's co-group member Cheryl James had stated she was ready to leave the music industry. The trio reunited for a performance on VH1's Hip Hop Honors program on 22 September 2005. In 2005, Denton was a cast member of VH1's The Surreal Life (season 5).
Denton's acting credits also include the motion picture Joe's Apartment, an appearance in the HBO movie First Time Felon, and a stint as Officer Andrea Phelan on the HBO drama, Oz. She starred on The Surreal Life: Fame Games. Salt-N-Pepa reformed in 2008, and are still in the process of releasing an album since reforming as they work out past issues. Denton teamed up with James for VH1's The Salt-N-Pepa Show. She starred in her own reality show on the network entitled Let's Talk About Pep, word-play on the group's hit song "Let's Talk About Sex". She can be heard speaking Jamaican Patois in the song "Need U Bad" by Jazmine Sullivan. In August 2008, Denton released her autobiography, which was also entitled Let's Talk About Pep. It was co-written by Karen Hunter, and it offered a look behind the fame, family, failures, and successes of her life in one of hip-hop's most successful groups. It features an introduction by Queen Latifah, and an epilogue by Missy Elliott. To accommodate the book, Pepa launched her own social network for her fans. On 23 October 2008, Salt-N-Pepa performed at the BET Hip Hop Awards. In January 2011, Denton appeared in an episode of the TBS sitcom Are We There Yet? as Tammy, a woman who falls for the Terry Crews character of Nick. Denton joined the reality television show Growing Up Hip Hop as a supporting cast member in January 2016 along with her daughter Egypt (a main cast member) and niece Tahira Francis.
Personal life
Denton once dated and was engaged to rapper Prince Markie Dee sometime during the mid-1980s. She also briefly dated actor Will Smith. On 6 July 1990, Denton gave birth to her first child, a son she had with New York rapper Tyran "Tah-Tah" Moore whom she named Tyran Denton Jr. She made a guest appearance on Ricki Lake in 1994, teaching teenage girls the responsibilities of being a mother. Denton was the owner of HollyHood, a retail clothing store in the Buckhead section of Atlanta, Georgia, which opened in November 1995. On 2 April 1999, Denton married Treach (whose real name is Anthony Criss) of the rap group Naughty by Nature at a Kansas City tattoo parlor after dating on and off for seven years. Their wedding ceremony was held at their home in Morristown, New Jersey, on 24 July 1999. Denton and Treach had one daughter, Egypt Jahnari Criss (born 2 September 1998). After allegations of physical abuse inflicted by Treach, they divorced in 2001.
Discography
Main article: Salt-N-Pepa discography
Studio albums
Hot, Cool & Vicious (1986)
A Salt with a Deadly Pepa (1988)
Blacks' Magic (1990)
Very Necessary (1993)
Brand New (1997)
Filmography
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1992
Stay Tuned
Herself (with Salt-N-Pepa)
1993
Who's the Man?
Sherise
1994
Jason's Lyric
Sandy
1996
Joe's Apartment
Blank
1997
First Time Felon
Laverne
1997
Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child
Little Kitten (Voice)
Episode: Mother Goose
2000
Linc's
Herself
Episode: "The Music In Me"
2000–2003
Oz
Officer Andrea Phelan
6 episodes
2001
3 A.M.
Ellen
2002
Love and a Bullet
Female with cue stick
2002
Book of Love
Herself
2007
The Perfect Holiday
V-Jay
2010
Let's Talk About Pep
Herself
8 episodes
2011
Are We There Yet?
Tammy
Episode: "The Oh No She Di-in't Episode"
2011
Queen of Media
Herself
2014
Sharknado 2: The Second One
Polly
2015
Family Time
Herself
Episode: "Salt N' Spice N' Pepa"
2015
Cookin' with Salt-N-Pepa
Herself
7 episodes
2015
Lip Sync Battle
Herself
Episode: "Sandra Denton vs. Cheryl James"
2017
Sandy Wexler
Testimonial
References
^ "Salt N' Pepa: Take Control Of Their Careers With New Business Ventures". JET Magazine. Johnson Publishing Company. 3 April 1995. Retrieved 17 December 2017 – via Google Books.
^ Company, Johnson Publishing (3 May 1999). "Jet". Johnson Publishing Company – via Google Books.
^ Hess, Mickey (2009). Hip Hop in America: A Regional Guide. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-34321-6.
^ Hicks, Jonathan P. (9 November 2013). "This Day in Black History: Nov. 9, 1964". bet.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014.
^ Worldcat – Denton, Sandra 1969 -
^ Price, Emmett George; Iber, Jorge (2006). Hip Hop Culture. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-867-5.
^ Betts, Graham (2006). Complete UK Hit Singles 1952-2006. Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-720077-1.
^ "Salt-N-Pepa Makes a Cameo in Sneak Peek of 'Growing Up Hip Hop' Season Three" (video). Entertainment Tonight. 19 July 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
^ "Master P Gets Flirty With Sandy 'Pepa' Denton on 'Growing Up Hip Hop'". Entertainment Tonight. 27 July 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
^ Bynoe, Yvonne (2006). Encyclopedia of Rap and Hip-hop Culture. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33058-2. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
^ Magazine, Vibe (2001). Hip-Hop Divas. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-609-80836-8. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
^ Magazine, Vibe (2001). Hip-Hop Divas. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-609-80836-8. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
^ "Wedding Of The Decade (Pepa & Treach Wed In Star Studded Ceremony)". Ebony Magazine. Johnson Publishing Company. October 1999 – via Google Books.
^ "Sandra "Pepa" Denton". Biography. 25 January 2021.
^ a b "Behind The Music – Salt 'n' Pepa: Behind the Music #145 – VH1". VH1. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017.
^ Denton, Sandy (26 August 2008). Let's Talk About Pep. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-2660-8.
^ a b c Bonfante, Lisa; Resnick, Jill; Scolavine, Vanessa; Sullivan, Matthew (January 13, 1990). "'Queens from Queens' rap about life". Kennebec Journal (Augusta, Maine). p. B-8.
^ Dickie, George (January 17, 2021). "Lifetime spotlights a pioneering rap act in 'Salt-N-Pepa'". The Sacramento Bee. p. T27.
^ Hook, Sue Vander (6 February 2018). Hip-Hop Fashion. Capstone. ISBN 978-1-4296-4017-6 – via Google Books.
^ Hess, Mickey (2007). Icons of Hip Hop: An Encyclopedia of the Movement, Music, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-33902-8 – via Google Books.
^ "Growing Up Hip-Hop: Meet The Cast". WE tv. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
^ "IS PEPA'S NEW HOUSE HAUNTED? SEASON 3, EPISODE 2". WE tv. 27 July 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
^ "Salt 'n Pepa Shake It Up, Laying a Cold Rap on Men".
^ Bell, Sadie (28 December 2023). "Will Smith Says 'Most Terrified' He's Ever Been Was on His 'One and Only Date' with Pepa of Salt-N-Pepa". Peoplemag. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
^ Pepa D, Sandra. "Wishing my son, my first born a HAPPY BIRTHDAY! I can't wait until your back back in LA and we celebrate! As Mama Says All the Best! Love you Ty ! @tysensei07". Instagram.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
^ "Rapper's life story, Pepa'd with violence". New York Daily News.
^ "Pepa's Hollyhood". Vibe Magazine. 1 March 1996. Retrieved 17 December 2017 – via Google Books.
^ "Strictly Business: Rappers Get Entrepreneurial Itch". Vibe Magazine. 1 November 1996. Retrieved 17 December 2017 – via Google Books.
^ "Signing In". JET Magazine. Johnson Publishing Company. 18 December 1995. Retrieved 17 December 2017 – via Google Books.
^ "Lovers". Vibe Magazine. Vibe Media. December 1996 – January 1997. p. 115. Retrieved 28 November 2017 – via Internet Archive. Pepa and treach.
^ Icons of Hip Hop: 1. ABC-CLIO. 2007. ISBN 978-0-313-33902-8. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
^ Brady, Lois (1 August 1999). "VOWS; Sandra Denton and Anthony Criss". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
^ "Sandy "Pepa" Denton: Pep Talk". Essence. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
^ "Sandy 'Pepa' Denton Keeps an Open Dialogue with Kids".
External links
Official website
Pepa on X
Sandra Denton at IMDb
vteSalt-N-Pepa
Cheryl "Salt" James
Sandra "Pepa" Denton
Deidra "DJ Spinderella" Roper
Studio albums
Hot, Cool & Vicious
A Salt with a Deadly Pepa
Blacks' Magic
Very Necessary
Brand New
Compilation albums
A Blitz of Salt-N-Pepa Hits
The Greatest Hits
Rapped in Remixes: The Greatest Hits Remixed
The Best of Salt-N-Pepa
Singles
"Tramp"
"Push It"
"Shake Your Thang"
"Twist and Shout"
"Expression"
"Do You Want Me"
"Let's Talk About Sex"
"You Showed Me"
"Start Me Up"
"Shoop"
"Whatta Man"
"None of Your Business"
"Heaven 'n Hell"
"Champagne"
"R U Ready"
"Gitty Up"
"The Brick Track Versus Gitty Up"
Related topics
Discography
The Salt-N-Pepa Show
Hurby "Luv Bug" Azor
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
People
Deutsche Synchronkartei
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Salt-N-Pepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt-N-Pepa"},{"link_name":"The Salt-N-Pepa Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salt-N-Pepa_Show"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"reality television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"Growing Up Hip Hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_Up_Hip_Hop"},{"link_name":"We TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_TV"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Sandra Jacqueline Denton (born 9 November 1964[3][4] or 1969[5][6][7]), better known by her stage name Pepa or Pep, is a Jamaican-American rapper, best known for her work as a member of the female rap trio Salt-N-Pepa. Denton starred in The Salt-N-Pepa Show, a reality TV series focusing on reforming the group which aired on the VH1 network in 2008. Since January 2016, Denton has appeared as a supporting cast member on the music reality television show Growing Up Hip Hop which airs on We TV.[8][9]","title":"Pepa (rapper)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kingston, Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VH1145-15"},{"link_name":"Logan, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan,_Utah"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VH1145-15"},{"link_name":"Logan High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_High_School_(Utah)"},{"link_name":"rock music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"AC/DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC/DC"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Springfield Gardens High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Gardens_High_School"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears"},{"link_name":"College Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Point,_Queens"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboutlife-17"},{"link_name":"Cheryl James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboutlife-17"},{"link_name":"Queensborough Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensborough_Community_College"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aboutlife-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Sandra Jacqueline Denton[10][11] was born in Kingston, Jamaica to Charles and Enid Denton (née Hyacinth),[12][13] the youngest of eight children. Denton lived on a farm in Jamaica with her grandmother until she was six years old.[14] Denton's family moved to Queens, New York, when she was three; and she later joined them. Denton has been a performer since childhood. Denton was molested as a child. Denton released a book about her life in 2008 entitled Let's Talk About Pep in which she talked about being molested, her many abusive relationships, and how Salt-N-Pepa formed.[citation needed]In 1979, 15-year-old[15] Denton was sent to live with her elder sister Patsy in Logan, Utah, when her family home in Queens caught fire and so she could have a better life.[16][15] According to Denton, she was the only Black student attending Logan High School during that time. Denton became inspired by rock music; citing AC/DC and Led Zeppelin as her inspirations during her time in Utah. After a year in Utah, Denton returned to New York, later graduating from Springfield Gardens High School.[citation needed]Denton worked as telephone solicitors at a Sears in College Point.[17] She met Cheryl James in the Sears lunchroom.[17] They both were also enrolled as nursing students at Queensborough Community College.[17][18]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hurby \"Luv Bug\" Azor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurby_Azor"},{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Latoya Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latoya_Hanson"},{"link_name":"Deidra \"Spinderella\" Roper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Spinderella"},{"link_name":"Hot, Cool & Vicious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot,_Cool_%26_Vicious"},{"link_name":"A Salt with a Deadly Pepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Salt_with_a_Deadly_Pepa"},{"link_name":"Blacks' Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacks%27_Magic"},{"link_name":"Very Necessary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_Necessary"},{"link_name":"Brand New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_New_(Salt-n-Pepa_album)"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"Hip Hop Honors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_Hop_Honors"},{"link_name":"The Surreal Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Surreal_Life"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Joe's Apartment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%27s_Apartment"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Andrea Phelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Phelan"},{"link_name":"Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Surreal Life: Fame Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Surreal_Life:_Fame_Games"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Salt-N-Pepa Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salt-N-Pepa_Show"},{"link_name":"Let's Talk About Pep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Talk_About_Pep"},{"link_name":"Let's Talk About Sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Talk_About_Sex"},{"link_name":"Need U Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_U_Bad"},{"link_name":"Jazmine Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazmine_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Karen Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Queen Latifah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Latifah"},{"link_name":"Missy Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"TBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBS_(U.S._TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Are We There Yet?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_We_There_Yet%3F_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Terry Crews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Crews"},{"link_name":"Growing Up Hip Hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_Up_Hip_Hop"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"With the production by Hurby \"Luv Bug\" Azor whom she and James met while working as customer service representatives at Sears, James and Denton released a single called \"The Showstopper\" which became a moderate R&B hit in late 1985.[19][20] They were joined with Latoya Hanson who was the original DJ of the group. Shortly after in 1986, Deidra \"Spinderella\" Roper joined as the group's DJ as a full-length debut album, Hot, Cool & Vicious, was being released. The trio released a total of five studio albums: Hot, Cool, and Vicious (1986), A Salt with a Deadly Pepa (1988), Blacks' Magic (1990), Very Necessary (1993), and Brand New (1997), plus several greatest hits albums. Salt-N-Pepa disbanded in 2002, several months after their Brand New album was released on Red Ant Records. Denton's co-group member Cheryl James had stated she was ready to leave the music industry. The trio reunited for a performance on VH1's Hip Hop Honors program on 22 September 2005. In 2005, Denton was a cast member of VH1's The Surreal Life (season 5).[citation needed]Denton's acting credits also include the motion picture Joe's Apartment, an appearance in the HBO movie First Time Felon, and a stint as Officer Andrea Phelan on the HBO drama, Oz. She starred on The Surreal Life: Fame Games. Salt-N-Pepa reformed in 2008, and are still[when?] in the process of releasing an album since reforming as they work out past issues.[citation needed] Denton teamed up with James for VH1's The Salt-N-Pepa Show. She starred in her own reality show on the network entitled Let's Talk About Pep, word-play on the group's hit song \"Let's Talk About Sex\". She can be heard speaking Jamaican Patois in the song \"Need U Bad\" by Jazmine Sullivan. In August 2008, Denton released her autobiography, which was also entitled Let's Talk About Pep. It was co-written by Karen Hunter, and it offered a look behind the fame, family, failures, and successes of her life in one of hip-hop's most successful groups. It features an introduction by Queen Latifah, and an epilogue by Missy Elliott. To accommodate the book, Pepa launched her own social network for her fans. On 23 October 2008, Salt-N-Pepa performed at the BET Hip Hop Awards. In January 2011, Denton appeared in an episode of the TBS sitcom Are We There Yet? as Tammy, a woman who falls for the Terry Crews character of Nick. Denton joined the reality television show Growing Up Hip Hop as a supporting cast member in January 2016 along with her daughter Egypt (a main cast member) and niece Tahira Francis.[21][22]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince Markie Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Markie_Dee"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Will Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Smith"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BN-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Ricki Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricki_Lake_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Treach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treach"},{"link_name":"Naughty by Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naughty_by_Nature"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Morristown, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morristown,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Denton once dated and was engaged to rapper Prince Markie Dee sometime during the mid-1980s.[23] She also briefly dated actor Will Smith.[24] On 6 July 1990, Denton gave birth to her first child, a son she had with New York rapper Tyran \"Tah-Tah\" Moore[25][26] whom she named Tyran Denton Jr. She made a guest appearance on Ricki Lake in 1994, teaching teenage girls the responsibilities of being a mother. Denton was the owner of HollyHood, a retail clothing store in the Buckhead section of Atlanta, Georgia, which opened in November 1995.[27][28][29] On 2 April 1999, Denton married Treach (whose real name is Anthony Criss) of the rap group Naughty by Nature at a Kansas City tattoo parlor after dating on and off for seven years.[30][31] Their wedding ceremony was held at their home in Morristown, New Jersey, on 24 July 1999.[32] Denton and Treach had one daughter, Egypt Jahnari Criss (born 2 September 1998). After allegations of physical abuse inflicted by Treach, they divorced in 2001.[33][34]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hot, Cool & Vicious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot,_Cool_%26_Vicious"},{"link_name":"A Salt with a Deadly Pepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Salt_with_a_Deadly_Pepa"},{"link_name":"Blacks' Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacks%27_Magic"},{"link_name":"Very Necessary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_Necessary"},{"link_name":"Brand New","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_New_(Salt-n-Pepa_album)"}],"text":"Studio albumsHot, Cool & Vicious (1986)\nA Salt with a Deadly Pepa (1988)\nBlacks' Magic (1990)\nVery Necessary (1993)\nBrand New (1997)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Salt N' Pepa: Take Control Of Their Careers With New Business Ventures\". JET Magazine. Johnson Publishing Company. 3 April 1995. Retrieved 17 December 2017 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ajkDAAAAMBAJ&q=Sandi+Denton&pg=PA54","url_text":"\"Salt N' Pepa: Take Control Of Their Careers With New Business Ventures\""}]},{"reference":"Company, Johnson Publishing (3 May 1999). \"Jet\". Johnson Publishing Company – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjsDAAAAMBAJ&q=Treach+pepa&pg=PA15","url_text":"\"Jet\""}]},{"reference":"Hess, Mickey (2009). Hip Hop in America: A Regional Guide. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-34321-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XkCncJ7j744C&dq=sandra+denton+1964&pg=PA60","url_text":"Hip Hop in America: A Regional Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34321-6","url_text":"978-0-313-34321-6"}]},{"reference":"Hicks, Jonathan P. (9 November 2013). \"This Day in Black History: Nov. 9, 1964\". bet.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140122222034/http://www.bet.com/news/national/2013/11/09/this-day-in-black-history-nov-9-1964.html","url_text":"\"This Day in Black History: Nov. 9, 1964\""},{"url":"http://www.bet.com/news/national/2013/11/09/this-day-in-black-history-nov-9-1964.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Price, Emmett George; Iber, Jorge (2006). Hip Hop Culture. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-867-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q84TiHcqDqcC&dq=sandra+denton+1969&pg=PA185","url_text":"Hip Hop Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-867-5","url_text":"978-1-85109-867-5"}]},{"reference":"Betts, Graham (2006). Complete UK Hit Singles 1952-2006. Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-720077-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FAo5AQAAIAAJ&q=sandra+denton+1969","url_text":"Complete UK Hit Singles 1952-2006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-720077-1","url_text":"978-0-00-720077-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Salt-N-Pepa Makes a Cameo in Sneak Peek of 'Growing Up Hip Hop' Season Three\" (video). Entertainment Tonight. 19 July 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etonline.com/tv/221929_exclusive_salt_n_pepa_makes_a_cameo_sneak_peek_of_growing_up_hip_hop_season_three_watch","url_text":"\"Salt-N-Pepa Makes a Cameo in Sneak Peek of 'Growing Up Hip Hop' Season Three\""}]},{"reference":"\"Master P Gets Flirty With Sandy 'Pepa' Denton on 'Growing Up Hip Hop'\". Entertainment Tonight. 27 July 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etonline.com/tv/222567_exclusive_master_p_gets_flirty_with_sandy_pepa_denton_on_growing_up_hip_hop","url_text":"\"Master P Gets Flirty With Sandy 'Pepa' Denton on 'Growing Up Hip Hop'\""}]},{"reference":"Bynoe, Yvonne (2006). Encyclopedia of Rap and Hip-hop Culture. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33058-2. Retrieved 16 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ioKfAAAAMAAJ&q=sandra+jacqueline+denton","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Rap and Hip-hop Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33058-2","url_text":"978-0-313-33058-2"}]},{"reference":"Magazine, Vibe (2001). Hip-Hop Divas. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-609-80836-8. Retrieved 16 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fmyx52UuMjAC&q=sandra+jacqueline+denton","url_text":"Hip-Hop Divas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-609-80836-8","url_text":"978-0-609-80836-8"}]},{"reference":"Magazine, Vibe (2001). Hip-Hop Divas. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-609-80836-8. Retrieved 22 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fmyx52UuMjAC&q=enid+denton","url_text":"Hip-Hop Divas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-609-80836-8","url_text":"978-0-609-80836-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Wedding Of The Decade (Pepa & Treach Wed In Star Studded Ceremony)\". Ebony Magazine. Johnson Publishing Company. October 1999 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DpntcE26NMgC&q=enid+denton&pg=PA114","url_text":"\"Wedding Of The Decade (Pepa & Treach Wed In Star Studded Ceremony)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sandra \"Pepa\" Denton\". Biography. 25 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biography.com/people/sandra-pepa-denton-21262655","url_text":"\"Sandra \"Pepa\" Denton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Behind The Music – Salt 'n' Pepa: Behind the Music #145 – VH1\". VH1. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170731191733/http://www.vh1.com/episodes/vsyrsw/behind-the-music-salt-n-pepa-behind-the-music-145-season-1-ep-145","url_text":"\"Behind The Music – Salt 'n' Pepa: Behind the Music #145 – VH1\""},{"url":"http://www.vh1.com/episodes/vsyrsw/behind-the-music-salt-n-pepa-behind-the-music-145-season-1-ep-145","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Denton, Sandy (26 August 2008). Let's Talk About Pep. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-2660-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_EmoPe7YXMwC&q=Utah","url_text":"Let's Talk About Pep"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-2660-8","url_text":"978-1-4391-2660-8"}]},{"reference":"Hook, Sue Vander (6 February 2018). Hip-Hop Fashion. Capstone. ISBN 978-1-4296-4017-6 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2Z7DRO5BygC&q=The+showstopper+salt+n+pepa+1985&pg=PT21","url_text":"Hip-Hop Fashion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4296-4017-6","url_text":"978-1-4296-4017-6"}]},{"reference":"Hess, Mickey (2007). Icons of Hip Hop: An Encyclopedia of the Movement, Music, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-33902-8 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LldOLnIQ66cC&q=The+showstopper+salt+n+pepa+1985&pg=PA198","url_text":"Icons of Hip Hop: An Encyclopedia of the Movement, Music, and Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33902-8","url_text":"978-0-313-33902-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Growing Up Hip-Hop: Meet The Cast\". WE tv. Retrieved 17 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wetv.com/shows/growing-up-hip-hop/meet-the-cast","url_text":"\"Growing Up Hip-Hop: Meet The Cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"IS PEPA'S NEW HOUSE HAUNTED? SEASON 3, EPISODE 2\". WE tv. 27 July 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wetv.com/shows/growing-up-hip-hop/videos/season-03/bad-and-boogie/is-pepas-new-house-haunted","url_text":"\"IS PEPA'S NEW HOUSE HAUNTED? SEASON 3, EPISODE 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Salt 'n Pepa Shake It Up, Laying a Cold Rap on Men\".","urls":[{"url":"http://people.com/archive/salt-n-pepa-shake-it-up-laying-a-cold-rap-on-men-vol-29-no-15/","url_text":"\"Salt 'n Pepa Shake It Up, Laying a Cold Rap on Men\""}]},{"reference":"Bell, Sadie (28 December 2023). \"Will Smith Says 'Most Terrified' He's Ever Been Was on His 'One and Only Date' with Pepa of Salt-N-Pepa\". Peoplemag. Retrieved 20 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/will-smith-reflects-on-salt-n-pepa-sandra-denton-date-class-of-88-podcast-8420759","url_text":"\"Will Smith Says 'Most Terrified' He's Ever Been Was on His 'One and Only Date' with Pepa of Salt-N-Pepa\""}]},{"reference":"Pepa D, Sandra. \"Wishing my son, my first born a HAPPY BIRTHDAY! I can't wait until your back back in LA and we celebrate! As Mama Says All the Best! Love you Ty ! @tysensei07\". Instagram.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/Bk6UEVcjnJf","url_text":"\"Wishing my son, my first born a HAPPY BIRTHDAY! I can't wait until your back back in LA and we celebrate! As Mama Says All the Best! Love you Ty ! @tysensei07\""},{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/Bk6UEVcjnJf/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rapper's life story, Pepa'd with violence\". New York Daily News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/rapper-life-story-pepa-violence-article-1.319765","url_text":"\"Rapper's life story, Pepa'd with violence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"Pepa's Hollyhood\". Vibe Magazine. 1 March 1996. Retrieved 17 December 2017 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jCwEAAAAMBAJ&q=Hollyhood+atlanta+pepa&pg=PA116","url_text":"\"Pepa's Hollyhood\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strictly Business: Rappers Get Entrepreneurial Itch\". Vibe Magazine. 1 November 1996. Retrieved 17 December 2017 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7SsEAAAAMBAJ&q=Hollyhood+atlanta+pepa&pg=PA46","url_text":"\"Strictly Business: Rappers Get Entrepreneurial Itch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Signing In\". JET Magazine. Johnson Publishing Company. 18 December 1995. Retrieved 17 December 2017 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MTsDAAAAMBAJ&q=Hollyhood+atlanta+pepa&pg=PA45","url_text":"\"Signing In\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lovers\". Vibe Magazine. Vibe Media. December 1996 – January 1997. p. 115. Retrieved 28 November 2017 – via Internet Archive. Pepa and treach.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QSwEAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"\"Lovers\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QSwEAAAAMBAJ/page/n38","url_text":"115"}]},{"reference":"Icons of Hip Hop: 1. ABC-CLIO. 2007. ISBN 978-0-313-33902-8. Retrieved 28 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LldOLnIQ66cC&q=Pepa+and+treach&pg=PA212","url_text":"Icons of Hip Hop: 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33902-8","url_text":"978-0-313-33902-8"}]},{"reference":"Brady, Lois (1 August 1999). \"VOWS; Sandra Denton and Anthony Criss\". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/01/style/vows-sandra-denton-and-anthony-criss.html","url_text":"\"VOWS; Sandra Denton and Anthony Criss\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sandy \"Pepa\" Denton: Pep Talk\". Essence. Retrieved 28 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.essence.com/2008/08/27/sandy-pepa-denton-pep-talk","url_text":"\"Sandy \"Pepa\" Denton: Pep Talk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sandy 'Pepa' Denton Keeps an Open Dialogue with Kids\".","urls":[{"url":"http://celebritybabies.people.com/2008/08/29/sandy-pepa-dent/","url_text":"\"Sandy 'Pepa' Denton Keeps an Open Dialogue with Kids\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ajkDAAAAMBAJ&q=Sandi+Denton&pg=PA54","external_links_name":"\"Salt N' Pepa: Take Control Of Their Careers With New Business Ventures\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjsDAAAAMBAJ&q=Treach+pepa&pg=PA15","external_links_name":"\"Jet\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XkCncJ7j744C&dq=sandra+denton+1964&pg=PA60","external_links_name":"Hip Hop in America: A Regional Guide"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140122222034/http://www.bet.com/news/national/2013/11/09/this-day-in-black-history-nov-9-1964.html","external_links_name":"\"This Day in Black History: Nov. 9, 1964\""},{"Link":"http://www.bet.com/news/national/2013/11/09/this-day-in-black-history-nov-9-1964.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2001068506/","external_links_name":"Worldcat – Denton, Sandra 1969 -"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Q84TiHcqDqcC&dq=sandra+denton+1969&pg=PA185","external_links_name":"Hip Hop Culture"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FAo5AQAAIAAJ&q=sandra+denton+1969","external_links_name":"Complete UK Hit Singles 1952-2006"},{"Link":"http://www.etonline.com/tv/221929_exclusive_salt_n_pepa_makes_a_cameo_sneak_peek_of_growing_up_hip_hop_season_three_watch","external_links_name":"\"Salt-N-Pepa Makes a Cameo in Sneak Peek of 'Growing Up Hip Hop' Season Three\""},{"Link":"http://www.etonline.com/tv/222567_exclusive_master_p_gets_flirty_with_sandy_pepa_denton_on_growing_up_hip_hop","external_links_name":"\"Master P Gets Flirty With Sandy 'Pepa' Denton on 'Growing Up Hip Hop'\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ioKfAAAAMAAJ&q=sandra+jacqueline+denton","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Rap and Hip-hop Culture"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fmyx52UuMjAC&q=sandra+jacqueline+denton","external_links_name":"Hip-Hop Divas"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fmyx52UuMjAC&q=enid+denton","external_links_name":"Hip-Hop Divas"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DpntcE26NMgC&q=enid+denton&pg=PA114","external_links_name":"\"Wedding Of The Decade (Pepa & Treach Wed In Star Studded Ceremony)\""},{"Link":"https://www.biography.com/people/sandra-pepa-denton-21262655","external_links_name":"\"Sandra \"Pepa\" Denton\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170731191733/http://www.vh1.com/episodes/vsyrsw/behind-the-music-salt-n-pepa-behind-the-music-145-season-1-ep-145","external_links_name":"\"Behind The Music – Salt 'n' Pepa: Behind the Music #145 – VH1\""},{"Link":"http://www.vh1.com/episodes/vsyrsw/behind-the-music-salt-n-pepa-behind-the-music-145-season-1-ep-145","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_EmoPe7YXMwC&q=Utah","external_links_name":"Let's Talk About Pep"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/859391783/","external_links_name":"'Queens from Queens' rap about life"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/707096409/","external_links_name":"Lifetime spotlights a pioneering rap act in 'Salt-N-Pepa'"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2Z7DRO5BygC&q=The+showstopper+salt+n+pepa+1985&pg=PT21","external_links_name":"Hip-Hop Fashion"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LldOLnIQ66cC&q=The+showstopper+salt+n+pepa+1985&pg=PA198","external_links_name":"Icons of Hip Hop: An Encyclopedia of the Movement, Music, and Culture"},{"Link":"http://www.wetv.com/shows/growing-up-hip-hop/meet-the-cast","external_links_name":"\"Growing Up Hip-Hop: Meet The Cast\""},{"Link":"http://www.wetv.com/shows/growing-up-hip-hop/videos/season-03/bad-and-boogie/is-pepas-new-house-haunted","external_links_name":"\"IS PEPA'S NEW HOUSE HAUNTED? SEASON 3, EPISODE 2\""},{"Link":"http://people.com/archive/salt-n-pepa-shake-it-up-laying-a-cold-rap-on-men-vol-29-no-15/","external_links_name":"\"Salt 'n Pepa Shake It Up, Laying a Cold Rap on Men\""},{"Link":"https://people.com/will-smith-reflects-on-salt-n-pepa-sandra-denton-date-class-of-88-podcast-8420759","external_links_name":"\"Will Smith Says 'Most Terrified' He's Ever Been Was on His 'One and Only Date' with Pepa of Salt-N-Pepa\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/Bk6UEVcjnJf","external_links_name":"\"Wishing my son, my first born a HAPPY BIRTHDAY! I can't wait until your back back in LA and we celebrate! As Mama Says All the Best! Love you Ty ! @tysensei07\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/Bk6UEVcjnJf/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/rapper-life-story-pepa-violence-article-1.319765","external_links_name":"\"Rapper's life story, Pepa'd with violence\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jCwEAAAAMBAJ&q=Hollyhood+atlanta+pepa&pg=PA116","external_links_name":"\"Pepa's Hollyhood\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7SsEAAAAMBAJ&q=Hollyhood+atlanta+pepa&pg=PA46","external_links_name":"\"Strictly Business: Rappers Get Entrepreneurial Itch\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MTsDAAAAMBAJ&q=Hollyhood+atlanta+pepa&pg=PA45","external_links_name":"\"Signing In\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QSwEAAAAMBAJ","external_links_name":"\"Lovers\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QSwEAAAAMBAJ/page/n38","external_links_name":"115"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LldOLnIQ66cC&q=Pepa+and+treach&pg=PA212","external_links_name":"Icons of Hip Hop: 1"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/01/style/vows-sandra-denton-and-anthony-criss.html","external_links_name":"\"VOWS; Sandra Denton and Anthony Criss\""},{"Link":"http://www.essence.com/2008/08/27/sandy-pepa-denton-pep-talk","external_links_name":"\"Sandy \"Pepa\" Denton: Pep Talk\""},{"Link":"http://celebritybabies.people.com/2008/08/29/sandy-pepa-dent/","external_links_name":"\"Sandy 'Pepa' Denton Keeps an Open Dialogue with Kids\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080830040329/http://www.letstalkaboutpep.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://x.com/darealpepa","external_links_name":"Pepa"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0004869/","external_links_name":"Sandra Denton"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1932528/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000007882553X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/14423958","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxCBD6gwdCbPhCbKVF7pP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/136424635","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2001068506","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e2b27930-5f92-4ac2-9270-21289ef6662a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.synchronkartei.de/person/0XdPnNuBb","external_links_name":"Deutsche Synchronkartei"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scillium
|
Scillium
|
["1 History","2 Sources","3 Note","4 References"]
|
Coordinates: 35°10′00″N 8°50′00″E / 35.166667°N 8.833333°E / 35.166667; 8.833333Ancient Roman city in present-day Kasserine Governorate, Tunisia
ScilliumShown within TunisiaLocationTunisiaRegionKasserine GovernorateCoordinates35°10′00″N 8°50′00″E / 35.166667°N 8.833333°E / 35.166667; 8.833333
Scillium is an ancient city in the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis, Scillium must not be confounded with Silli, or Sililli, in Numidia, the situation of which is unknown nor, as Battandier does, identified with Kasrin, which is Cillium, a see of Byzantium. Its episcopal see was a suffragan of the see of Carthage, capital of the province.
History
On 17 July, 180, six martyrs (Scillitan Martyrs) suffered for the Faith at Scillium; later, a basilica in which St. Augustine preached was dedicated to them (near Douar esh-Shott, west of the town). The Greek version of their Acts, in an addition which is later, says they were natives of "Ischle, Ischle, in Numidia". This name is a Greek transcription of Scillium. The tradition is already recorded in the primitive calendar of Carthage. The Greek compiler intended possibly to speak not of the Province of Numidia, but of the Numidian country and so would have placed Scillium in Proconsular Numidia. An epitaph of Simitthu, now Chemtou, mentions Iscilitana; Simitthu was certainly in Proconsular Numidia, it is unclear if Scillium was near it.
Two of its bishops are mentioned: Squillacius, present at the Conference of Carthage in 411; and Pariator, who signed the letter addressed in 646 by the council of the proconsulate to the Patriarch Paul of Constantinople against the monothelites.
The town is mentioned in the seventh century by Georgius Cyprius under the name of Schele.
Scillium was the native place of St. Cucuphas, martyred at Barcelona, and of St. Felix, martyred at Girona.
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Scillium". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Note
The above is taken from the entry "Scillium" by Sophrone Pétridès in the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1912. Scilium is the spelling that appears in the 2013 edition of the Annuario Pontificio and some other recent sources. Other sources also report the Scilitan or Scillitan Martyrs not as six but as twelve and as having been tried and executed in Carthage.
References
^ Gabriel Camps (2007). Les Berbères, Mémoires et Identité. p. 240.
^ "Annuaire pontifical catholique", Paris, 1910.
^ Victor Vitensis, Persecut. Vandal. I, 3, 9; August, Serm. 155, ed. Migne.
^ XVI K. Aug. ss. Scilitanorum (see Martyrolog. Hieronym.", ed. Duchesne and de Rossi, pp. lxx and 92.
^ "Descriptio orbis romani", 662, ed. Heinrich Gelzer, Leipzig, 1890, pp. 34, 106.
^ feast on 25 July; cf. Acta Sanctorum, July VI, 149.
^ feast on 1 August; cf. Acta SS., August, I, 22.
^ Sophrone Pétridès, "Scillium" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1912)
^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 966
^ For example,| Daniel Bühler, "Die Jesus-Verschwörung" in Der Tagesspiegel, 7 December 2012
^ For example, Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2000, ISBN 978-88-209-7210-3), p. 374
vteRomano-Berber cities in Roman North AfricaSorted by contemporary national bordersMorocco
Anfa
Cotta
Exilissa
Iulia Constantia Zilil
Iulia Valentia Banasa
Iulia Campestris Babba
Lixus 2
Mogador
Oppidum Novum (Tingitana)
Sala 1
Tamuda 1
Thamusida
Tingis
Volubilis 1
Algeria
Aquae Calidae
Albulae
Altava
Auzia
Calama
Caesarea
Cartennas
Castellum Dimmidi
Castellum Tingitanum
Castra Nova
Cirta
Civitas Popthensis
Collo
Cohors Breucorum
Cuicul 1
Diana Veteranorum
Gemellae
Gunugus
Hippo Regius
Icosium 1
Igilgili
Iomnium
Lamasba
Lambaesis
Madauros
Mascula
Mesarfelta
Milevum
Oppidum Novum (Caesariensis)
Parthenia
Pomaria
Portus Divinus
Portus Magnus
Quiza Xenitana
Rapidum
Rusguniae
Rusucurru
Saldae
Setifis
Siga
Thagaste
Thamugadi 1
Theveste
Thibilis
Thubursicum
Tiddis
Tingartia
Tipasa 1
Tubusuctu
Tubunae
Unica Colonia
Uzinaza
Vescera
Zaraï
Zuccabar
Tunisia
Althiburos
Bulla Regia
Capsa
Carthago 1
Cillium
Dougga 1
Gightis
Hadrumetum 1
Hippo Diarrhytus
Kelibia
Leptis Parva
Mactaris
Pheradi Majus
Pupput
Rucuma
Ruspae
Scillium
Sicca
Simitthus
Sufetula
Tacapae
Taparura
Sufes
Thabraca
Thanae
Thapsus
Thuburbo Majus
Thuburnica
Thysdrus
Turris Tamalleni
Utica
Uthina
Vaga
Zama Regia
Egypt
Siwa
Qara
Farafra
Spain
Septem
Rusadir
Kingdomsand provinces
Mauretania
Mauretania Tingitana
Mauretania Caesariensis
Numidia
Roman Africa
Creta et Cyrenaica
Roman Egypt
Diocese of Africa
Zeugitana
Byzacena
Vandal Kingdom
Praetorian prefecture of Africa
Exarchate of Africa
Related articles
North Africa during classical antiquity
African Romance
Limes Tripolitanus
Christianity in the Roman Africa province
Early African Church
Church of Carthage
Roman colonies in Berber Africa
1 UNESCO World Heritage Sites 2 Proposed
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"Africa Proconsularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Proconsularis"},{"link_name":"Silli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silli"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camps-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kasrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasserine"},{"link_name":"episcopal see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"suffragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"}],"text":"Ancient Roman city in present-day Kasserine Governorate, TunisiaScillium is an ancient city in the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis, Scillium must not be confounded with Silli, or Sililli, in Numidia, the situation of which is unknown[1] nor, as Battandier does,[2] identified with Kasrin, which is Cillium, a see of Byzantium. Its episcopal see was a suffragan of the see of Carthage, capital of the province.","title":"Scillium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scillitan Martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scillitan_Martyrs"},{"link_name":"basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica"},{"link_name":"St. Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chemtou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemtou"},{"link_name":"Conference of Carthage in 411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conference_of_Carthage_(411)"},{"link_name":"monothelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monothelites"},{"link_name":"Georgius Cyprius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Cyprius"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"St. Cucuphas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Cucuphas"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"St. Felix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_of_Girona"},{"link_name":"Girona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girona"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"On 17 July, 180, six martyrs (Scillitan Martyrs) suffered for the Faith at Scillium; later, a basilica in which St. Augustine preached[3] was dedicated to them (near Douar esh-Shott, west of the town). The Greek version of their Acts, in an addition which is later, says they were natives of \"Ischle, Ischle, in Numidia\". This name is a Greek transcription of Scillium. The tradition is already recorded in the primitive calendar of Carthage.[4] The Greek compiler intended possibly to speak not of the Province of Numidia, but of the Numidian country and so would have placed Scillium in Proconsular Numidia. An epitaph of Simitthu, now Chemtou, mentions Iscilitana; Simitthu was certainly in Proconsular Numidia, it is unclear if Scillium was near it.Two of its bishops are mentioned: Squillacius, present at the Conference of Carthage in 411; and Pariator, who signed the letter addressed in 646 by the council of the proconsulate to the Patriarch Paul of Constantinople against the monothelites.The town is mentioned in the seventh century by Georgius Cyprius[5] under the name of Schele.Scillium was the native place of St. Cucuphas, martyred at Barcelona,[6] and of St. Felix, martyred at Girona.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Scillium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Scillium"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newadvent.org/cathen/13609a.htm"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Scillium\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. [1]","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Annuario Pontificio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Scillitan Martyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scillitan_Martyrs"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The above is taken from the entry \"Scillium\" by Sophrone Pétridès in the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1912.[8] Scilium is the spelling that appears in the 2013 edition of the Annuario Pontificio[9] and some other recent sources.[10] Other sources also report the Scilitan or Scillitan Martyrs not as six but as twelve and as having been tried and executed in Carthage.[11]","title":"Note"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Scillium\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Scillium","url_text":"Scillium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel Camps (2007). Les Berbères, Mémoires et Identité. p. 240.","urls":[]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Scillium¶ms=35.166667_N_8.833333_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"35°10′00″N 8°50′00″E / 35.166667°N 8.833333°E / 35.166667; 8.833333"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Scillium¶ms=35.166667_N_8.833333_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"35°10′00″N 8°50′00″E / 35.166667°N 8.833333°E / 35.166667; 8.833333"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13609a.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13609a.htm","external_links_name":"Sophrone Pétridès, \"Scillium\" in Catholic Encyclopedia (New York 1912)"},{"Link":"http://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/religion-die-jesus-verschwoerung/7493586.html","external_links_name":"\"Die Jesus-Verschwörung\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_N175
|
Ensign Racing
|
["1 Formula One","2 Complete Formula One World Championship results","2.1 Results of other Ensign cars","2.2 Non-championship results","3 References"]
|
Auto racing team
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ensign Racing" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
EnsignFull nameEnsign Racing TeamBaseBurntwood, United KingdomFounder(s)Mo NunnNoted drivers Clay Regazzoni Chris Amon Marc Surer Jacky Ickx Nelson Piquet Jan Lammers Rikky von Opel Gijs van Lennep Roelof Wunderink
Tiff NeedellFormula One World Championship careerFirst entry1973 French Grand PrixRaces entered134 (98 starts)Constructors'Championships0Drivers'Championships0Race victories0Pole positions0Fastest laps1Final entry1982 Caesars Palace Grand Prix
Ensign was a Formula One constructor from Britain. They participated in 133 grands prix, entering a total of 155 cars. Ensign scored 19 championship points and no podium finishes. The best result was a 4th place at the 1981 Brazilian Grand Prix by Marc Surer, who also took fastest lap of the race.
Ensign was founded by Morris Nunn who also carried out design duties during the first two seasons of the team's existence. Nunn would later go on to be a prominent chief engineer in the American-based Champ Car series, winning championships with drivers Alex Zanardi and Juan Pablo Montoya in the late 1990s.
Formula One
The N173, Ensign's first Formula One car, being driven at Silverstone in 2012.
An Ensign N177 being raced in a Historic Grand Prix at the Lime Rock Park circuit in 2009.
Ensign entered Formula One in 1973, with backing from pay driver, Rikky von Opel. Von Opel had driven for the team in Formula Three in 1972 and won the Lombard North Central, British Formula Three Championship that year. Based upon that success, von Opel commissioned a Formula One chassis. Their first season was not successful, von Opel only finished two races and the team's best result that season was 13th at the 1973 British Grand Prix. However, the partnership continued into 1974, but von Opel left after the first race of the season, having been offered a works Brabham drive. He was replaced at Ensign by Vern Schuppan whose only finish was 15th at the Belgian Grand Prix and was later himself replaced by Mike Wilds. Wilds only qualified in America; he finished the race after a pit stop for fuel but was not classified, nine laps behind.
For 1975 Ensign was sponsored by HB Bewaking (a Dutch company) leading them to sign Dutch drivers. Roelof Wunderink and Gijs van Lennep. Wunderink did not have much success, qualifying for three races and finishing one. Gijs van Lennep qualified for all his races and took sixth place in Germany, securing the first points for Ensign in Formula One. Chris Amon also raced for the team in Austria and Italy finishing 12th both times. In 1976 Amon stayed with Ensign having great qualifying results. He qualified third in Sweden and sixth in Britain but only took points in Spain where he finished in fifth place. Patrick Nève replaced Amon in France and Hans Binder replaced Amon in Austria. Jacky Ickx would race the rest of the season for Ensign.
In 1977 Clay Regazzoni raced for Ensign, scoring five points with best finishes of fifth in Italy and America. In 1978 the team entered cars for Danny Ongais and Lamberto Leoni, but Ongais left after two races and Leoni after four races. Jacky Ickx contested the next four races and Derek Daly raced the rest of the season scoring a point in Canada. Also in 1978 Nelson Piquet made his debut in Formula 1 at the German Grand Prix at the Hockenheimring driving an Ensign. In 1979 Daly stayed with Ensign but he left after the Monaco Grand Prix and was replaced by Patrick Gaillard. Gaillard only qualified at two out of five races and was replaced by Marc Surer for the final three races of the season.
The N180 at the Pavilion Kuala Lumpur
In 1980 Clay Regazzoni again joined Ensign but at Long Beach Regazzoni's brake pedal broke causing him to go straight on at the Queen's Hairpin crashing into the parked car of Ricardo Zunino leaving him paralyzed. Tiff Needell raced in Belgium, but failed to qualify for the Monaco Grand Prix. Jan Lammers raced the rest of the season.
Marc Surer raced for Ensign in 1981 and finished in fourth place in Brazil where he also took fastest lap of the race. Surer also finished sixth in Monaco. Eliseo Salazar replaced Surer from Spain onwards. Salazar finished sixth in the Netherlands. In 1982 Roberto Guerrero raced for Ensign. He only finished in two races.
Meanwhile, the team was also involved in the last year of British F1 Championship, winning the championship with the old MN180B cars and Jim Crawford as driver.
After the 1982 season, Ensign was merged into the Theodore team, which it had previous ties to via financier Teddy Yip and took that team's name. During many seasons, the connection between Ensign and Theodore was so great that in some years they used almost the same car, much as Red Bull Racing has a second but separate team, Toro Rosso, in more recent times.
Ensign driver Roberto Guerrero continued on with the newly merged team for 1983, as did the team's main car designer.
The Theodore F1 team did not last the 1983 season, though, and shut down late in the year.
Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)
Year
Chassis
Engines
Tyres
Drivers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Points
WCC
1973
N173
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
F
ARG
BRA
RSA
ESP
BEL
MON
SWE
FRA
GBR
NED
GER
AUT
ITA
CAN
USA
0
NC
Rikky von Opel
15
13
DNS
Ret
Ret
NC
Ret
1974
N174
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
F
ARG
BRA
RSA
ESP
BEL
MON
SWE
NED
FRA
GBR
GER
AUT
ITA
CAN
USA
0
NC
Rikky von Opel
DNS
Vern Schuppan
15
Ret
DSQ
DSQ
DNQ
DNQ
Ret
Mike Wilds
DNQ
DNQ
DNQ
NC
1975
N174N175
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
G
ARG
BRA
RSA
ESP
MON
BEL
SWE
NED
FRA
GBR
GER
AUT
ITA
USA
1
12th
Roelof Wunderink
Ret
DNQ
DNQ
NC
DNQ
Ret
Gijs van Lennep
10
15
6
Chris Amon
12
12
1976
N174N176
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
G
BRA
RSA
USW
ESP
BEL
MON
SWE
FRA
GBR
GER
AUT
NED
ITA
CAN
USA
JPN
2
12th
Chris Amon
14
8
5
Ret
13
Ret
Ret
Ret
Patrick Nève
18
Hans Binder
Ret
Jacky Ickx
Ret
10
13
Ret
1977
N177
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
G
ARG
BRA
RSA
USW
ESP
MON
BEL
SWE
FRA
GBR
GER
AUT
NED
ITA
USA
CAN
JPN
10*
10th*
Clay Regazzoni
6
Ret
9
Ret
Ret
DNQ
Ret
7
7
DNQ
Ret
Ret
Ret
5
5
Ret
Ret
Jacky Ickx
10
1978
N177
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
G
ARG
BRA
RSA
USW
MON
BEL
ESP
SWE
FRA
GBR
GER
AUT
NED
ITA
USA
CAN
1
13th
Danny Ongais
Ret
Ret
Jacky Ickx
Ret
12
Ret
DNQ
Derek Daly
DNQ
Ret
DSQ
Ret
10
8
6
Nelson Piquet
Ret
Lamberto Leoni
Ret
DNS
DNQ
DNQ
Bernard de Dryver
DNP
Brett Lunger
13
1979
N177N179
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
G
ARG
BRA
RSA
USW
ESP
BEL
MON
FRA
GBR
GER
AUT
NED
ITA
CAN
USA
0
NC
Derek Daly
11
13
DNQ
Ret
DNQ
DNQ
DNQ
Patrick Gaillard
DNQ
13
DNQ
Ret
DNQ
Marc Surer
DNQ
DNQ
Ret
1980
N180
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
G
ARG
BRA
RSA
USW
BEL
MON
FRA
GBR
GER
AUT
NED
ITA
CAN
USA
0
NC
Clay Regazzoni
NC
Ret
9
Ret
Tiff Needell
Ret
DNQ
Jan Lammers
DNQ
DNQ
14
DNQ
DNQ
DNQ
12
Ret
Geoff Lees
Ret
DNQ
1981
N180B
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
MA
USW
BRA
ARG
SMR
BEL
MON
ESP
FRA
GBR
GER
AUT
NED
ITA
CAN
CPL
5
11th
Marc Surer
Ret
4F
Ret
9
11
6
Ricardo Londoño
DNP
Eliseo Salazar
14
Ret
DNQ
NC
Ret
6
Ret
Ret
NC
1982
N180BN181
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
PA
RSA
BRA
USW
SMR
BEL
MON
DET
CAN
NED
GBR
FRA
GER
AUT
SUI
ITA
CPL
0
NC
Roberto Guerrero
WD
DNQ
Ret
DNQ
DNQ
Ret
Ret
DNQ
Ret
DNQ
8
Ret
Ret
NC
DNS
* Includes five points scored by Patrick Tambay in an Ensign N177 entered by Theodore Racing (see below).
Results of other Ensign cars
(key)
Year
Entrant
Chassis
Engine
Tyres
Driver
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1977
Theodore Racing Hong Kong
N177
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
G
ARG
BRA
RSA
USW
ESP
MON
BEL
SWE
FRA
GBR
GER
AUT
NED
ITA
USA
CAN
JPN
Patrick Tambay
Ret
6
Ret
5
Ret
DNQ
5
Ret
1978
Mario Deliotti Racing
N175
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
G
ARG
BRA
RSA
USW
MON
BEL
ESP
SWE
FRA
GBR
GER
AUT
NED
ITA
USA
CAN
Geoff Lees
DNQ
Sachs Racing
N177
Harald Ertl
11
Ret
DNPQ
DNPQ
Non-championship results
(key)
Year
Entrant
Chassis
Engine
Driver
1
2
3
1974
Team Ensign
N174
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
PRE
ROC
INT
Rikky von Opel
DNS
Brian Redman
8
1975
Bewaking Team Ensign
N174
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
ROC
INT
SUI
Roelof Wunderink
10
Ret
N175
Chris Amon
9
1976
Team Ensign
N174
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
ROC
INT
Chris Amon
5
N176
Ret
1977
Team Ensign
N177
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
ROC
Clay Regazzoni
13
1978
Tissot Ensign
N177
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
INT
Jacky Ickx
Ret
Lamberto Leoni
DNA
1979
Smith & Jones
N174
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
ROC
GNM
DIN
Robin Smith
Ret
1980
Unipart Racing Team
N180
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
ESP
Patrick Gaillard
6
?
Brian Henton
DNA
1981
Ensign Racing
N180B
Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8
RSA
Marc Surer
Ret
References
^ a b c Small, Steve (1994). The Guinness Complete Grand Prix Who's Who. Guinness. p. 273. ISBN 0851127029.
^ a b Small, Steve (1994). The Guinness Complete Grand Prix Who's Who. Guinness. p. 272. ISBN 0851127029.
^ Small, Steve (1994). The Guinness Complete Grand Prix Who's Who. Guinness. p. 344. ISBN 0851127029.
^ Small, Steve (1994). The Guinness Complete Grand Prix Who's Who. Guinness. p. 401. ISBN 0851127029.
^ a b Roberto Guerrero – Biography Archived 16 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
vte EnsignFounder
Mo Nunn
Personnel
Shahab Armed
Dave Baldwin
Ralph Bellamy
Nigel Bennett
Mark Williams
Notable drivers
Rikky von Opel
Vern Schuppan
Mike Wilds
Roelof Wunderink
Gijs van Lennep
Chris Amon
Patrick Nève
Hans Binder
Clay Regazzoni
Danny Ongais
Derek Daly
Nelson Piquet
Lamberto Leoni
Bernard de Dryver
Brett Lunger
Patrick Gaillard
Marc Surer
Tiff Needell
Jan Lammers
Geoff Lees
Eliseo Salazar
Roberto Guerrero
Formula One cars
N173
N174
N175
N176
N177
N179
N180
N180B
N181
vteFormula One constructors2024 season
Alpine
Aston Martin
Ferrari (results)
Haas
McLaren (results)
Mercedes (results)
RB
Red Bull (results)
Sauber (results)
Williams (results)
Former
AFM
AGS
Alfa Romeo (results)
AlphaTauri
Alta
Amon
Andrea Moda
Apollon
Arrows (results)
Arzani-Volpini
Aston-Butterworth
ATS (Italy)
ATS (Germany)
BAR
Behra-Porsche
Bellasi
Benetton (results)
BMW (results)
Boro
Brabham (results)
Brawn
BRM (results)
BRP
Bugatti (results)
Caterham
Cisitalia
Coloni
Connaught
Connew
Cooper (results)
Dallara
De Tomaso
Derrington-Francis
Eagle
Eifelland
Emeryson
EMW
ENB
Ensign
ERA
EuroBrun
Ferguson
Fittipaldi
Fondmetal
Footwork
Force India (results)
Force India (Racing Point)
Forti (results)
Frazer Nash
Fry
Gilby
Gordini
Greifzu
Hesketh
Hill
Honda (results)
HRT
HWM
Jaguar
JBW
Jordan (results)
Kauhsen
Klenk
Kojima
Kurtis Kraft
Lancia
Larrousse
LDS
LEC
Leyton House
Life
Ligier
Lola
Lola (Haas)
Lola (MasterCard)
Lotus (1958–1994) (results)
Lotus (2010–2011)
Lotus (2012–2015)
Lyncar
Maki
March (results)
Martini
Marussia
Maserati (results)
Matra
MBM
McGuire
Merzario
Midland
Milano
Minardi
Modena
MRT
Onyx
OSCA
Osella
Pacific
Parnelli
Penske (results)
Porsche (results)
Prost
Protos
Racing Point
RAM
Realpha
Rebaque
Renault (results)
Reynard
Rial
Scarab
Scirocco
Shadow
Shannon
Simtek
Spirit
Spyker
Stebro
Stewart
Super Aguri
Surtees
SVA
Talbot-Lago
Tec-Mec
Tecno
Theodore
Toro Rosso (results)
Token
Toleman
Toyota
Trojan
Tyrrell (results)
Vanwall
Veritas
Virgin
Williams (FWRC)
Wolf
Zakspeed
Proposed
Andretti-Cadillac
Audi
Bravo F1
DAMS
Direxiv
Dome
FIRST
Hitech GP
Phoenix
Prodrive
Stefan
US F1
Although World Championship races held in 1952 and 1953 were run to Formula Two regulations, constructors who only participated during this period are included herein to maintain Championship continuity.Constructors whose only participation in the World Championship was in the Indianapolis 500 races between 1950 and 1960 are not listed.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"1981 Brazilian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Marc Surer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Surer"},{"link_name":"Morris Nunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Nunn"},{"link_name":"Champ Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_Car"},{"link_name":"Alex Zanardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Zanardi"},{"link_name":"Juan Pablo Montoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Montoya"}],"text":"Ensign was a Formula One constructor from Britain. They participated in 133 grands prix, entering a total of 155 cars. Ensign scored 19 championship points and no podium finishes. The best result was a 4th place at the 1981 Brazilian Grand Prix by Marc Surer, who also took fastest lap of the race.Ensign was founded by Morris Nunn who also carried out design duties during the first two seasons of the team's existence. Nunn would later go on to be a prominent chief engineer in the American-based Champ Car series, winning championships with drivers Alex Zanardi and Juan Pablo Montoya in the late 1990s.","title":"Ensign Racing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ensign_at_Silverstone_Classic_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Silverstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverstone_Circuit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ensign_N177_2009_Lime_Rock.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ensign N177","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_N177"},{"link_name":"Lime Rock Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_Rock_Park"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"pay driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_driver"},{"link_name":"Rikky von Opel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikky_von_Opel"},{"link_name":"Formula Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Three"},{"link_name":"Lombard North Central, British Formula Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Formula_3_International_Series"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Small272-2"},{"link_name":"1973 British Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Small272-2"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"Brabham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brabham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"},{"link_name":"Vern Schuppan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vern_Schuppan"},{"link_name":"Belgian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Belgian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mike Wilds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Wilds"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Roelof Wunderink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roelof_Wunderink"},{"link_name":"Gijs van Lennep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gijs_van_Lennep"},{"link_name":"Gijs van Lennep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gijs_van_Lennep"},{"link_name":"Chris Amon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Amon"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Austrian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Patrick Nève","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_N%C3%A8ve"},{"link_name":"Hans Binder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Binder"},{"link_name":"Jacky Ickx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacky_Ickx"},{"link_name":"Clay Regazzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Regazzoni"},{"link_name":"Danny Ongais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Ongais"},{"link_name":"Lamberto Leoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamberto_Leoni"},{"link_name":"Derek Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Daly"},{"link_name":"Nelson Piquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Piquet"},{"link_name":"German Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Hockenheimring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockenheimring"},{"link_name":"Patrick Gaillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Gaillard"},{"link_name":"Marc Surer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Surer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ensign_N180_front-right_2010_Pavilion_Pit_Stop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pavilion Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilion_Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Tiff Needell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiff_Needell"},{"link_name":"Jan Lammers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Lammers"},{"link_name":"Eliseo Salazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliseo_Salazar"},{"link_name":"Roberto Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"British F1 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Formula_One_Championship"},{"link_name":"Jim Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crawford_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Formula_One_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Theodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Racing"},{"link_name":"Teddy Yip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Yip_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Red Bull Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing"},{"link_name":"Toro Rosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toro_Rosso"},{"link_name":"Roberto Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Formula_One_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F1rejects-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F1rejects-5"}],"text":"The N173, Ensign's first Formula One car, being driven at Silverstone in 2012.An Ensign N177 being raced in a Historic Grand Prix at the Lime Rock Park circuit in 2009.Ensign entered Formula One in 1973, with backing from pay driver, Rikky von Opel. Von Opel had driven for the team in Formula Three in 1972 and won the Lombard North Central, British Formula Three Championship that year.[1] Based upon that success, von Opel commissioned a Formula One chassis.[1] Their first season was not successful, von Opel only finished two races[2] and the team's best result that season was 13th at the 1973 British Grand Prix.[2] However, the partnership continued into 1974, but von Opel left after the first race of the season, having been offered a works Brabham drive.[1] He was replaced at Ensign by Vern Schuppan whose only finish was 15th at the Belgian Grand Prix[3] and was later himself replaced by Mike Wilds. Wilds only qualified in America; he finished the race after a pit stop for fuel but was not classified, nine laps behind.[4]For 1975 Ensign was sponsored by HB Bewaking (a Dutch company) leading them to sign Dutch drivers. Roelof Wunderink and Gijs van Lennep. Wunderink did not have much success, qualifying for three races and finishing one. Gijs van Lennep qualified for all his races and took sixth place in Germany, securing the first points for Ensign in Formula One. Chris Amon also raced for the team in Austria and Italy finishing 12th both times. In 1976 Amon stayed with Ensign having great qualifying results. He qualified third in Sweden and sixth in Britain but only took points in Spain where he finished in fifth place. Patrick Nève replaced Amon in France and Hans Binder replaced Amon in Austria. Jacky Ickx would race the rest of the season for Ensign.In 1977 Clay Regazzoni raced for Ensign, scoring five points with best finishes of fifth in Italy and America. In 1978 the team entered cars for Danny Ongais and Lamberto Leoni, but Ongais left after two races and Leoni after four races. Jacky Ickx contested the next four races and Derek Daly raced the rest of the season scoring a point in Canada. Also in 1978 Nelson Piquet made his debut in Formula 1 at the German Grand Prix at the Hockenheimring driving an Ensign. In 1979 Daly stayed with Ensign but he left after the Monaco Grand Prix and was replaced by Patrick Gaillard. Gaillard only qualified at two out of five races and was replaced by Marc Surer for the final three races of the season.The N180 at the Pavilion Kuala LumpurIn 1980 Clay Regazzoni again joined Ensign but at Long Beach Regazzoni's brake pedal broke causing him to go straight on at the Queen's Hairpin crashing into the parked car of Ricardo Zunino leaving him paralyzed. Tiff Needell raced in Belgium, but failed to qualify for the Monaco Grand Prix. Jan Lammers raced the rest of the season.Marc Surer raced for Ensign in 1981 and finished in fourth place in Brazil where he also took fastest lap of the race. Surer also finished sixth in Monaco. Eliseo Salazar replaced Surer from Spain onwards. Salazar finished sixth in the Netherlands. In 1982 Roberto Guerrero raced for Ensign. He only finished in two races.Meanwhile, the team was also involved in the last year of British F1 Championship, winning the championship with the old MN180B cars and Jim Crawford as driver.After the 1982 season, Ensign was merged into the Theodore team, which it had previous ties to via financier Teddy Yip and took that team's name. During many seasons, the connection between Ensign and Theodore was so great that in some years they used almost the same car, much as Red Bull Racing has a second but separate team, Toro Rosso, in more recent times.Ensign driver Roberto Guerrero continued on with the newly merged team for 1983, as did the team's main car designer.[5]\nThe Theodore F1 team did not last the 1983 season, though, and shut down late in the year.[5]","title":"Formula One"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:F1_driver_results_legend_5"},{"link_name":"Points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_World_Championship_points_scoring_systems"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"N173","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_N173"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestone_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"ARG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Argentine_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"RSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_South_African_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ESP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Spanish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Belgian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"MON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Monaco_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"SWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Swedish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"FRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_French_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"NED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Dutch_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"AUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Austrian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"CAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_United_States_Grand_Prix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Rikky von Opel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikky_von_Opel"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"N174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_N174"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestone_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"ARG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Argentine_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"RSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_South_African_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ESP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Spanish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Belgian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"MON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Monaco_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"SWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Swedish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"NED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Dutch_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"FRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_French_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"AUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Austrian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"CAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_United_States_Grand_Prix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Rikky von Opel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikky_von_Opel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Vern Schuppan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vern_Schuppan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Mike Wilds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Wilds"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"N174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_N174"},{"link_name":"N175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_N175"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"ARG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Argentine_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"RSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_South_African_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ESP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Spanish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"MON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Monaco_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Belgian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"SWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Swedish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"NED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Dutch_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"FRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_French_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"AUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Austrian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_United_States_Grand_Prix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Roelof Wunderink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roelof_Wunderink"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Gijs van Lennep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gijs_van_Lennep"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Chris Amon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Amon"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"N174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_N174"},{"link_name":"N176","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_N176"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"BRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"RSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_South_African_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"USW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_Grand_Prix_West"},{"link_name":"ESP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Spanish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Belgian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"MON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Monaco_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"SWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Swedish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"FRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_French_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"AUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Austrian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"NED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Dutch_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"CAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"JPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Japanese_Grand_Prix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Chris Amon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Amon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Patrick Nève","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_N%C3%A8ve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Hans Binder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Binder"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Jacky Ickx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacky_Ickx"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"N177","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_N177"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"ARG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Argentine_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"RSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_South_African_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"USW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_United_States_Grand_Prix_West"},{"link_name":"ESP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Spanish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"MON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Monaco_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Belgian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"SWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Swedish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"FRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_French_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"AUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Austrian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"NED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Dutch_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_United_States_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"CAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"JPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Japanese_Grand_Prix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Clay Regazzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Regazzoni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Jacky Ickx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacky_Ickx"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"N177","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_N177"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"ARG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Argentine_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"RSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_South_African_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"USW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_United_States_Grand_Prix_West"},{"link_name":"MON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Monaco_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Belgian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ESP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Spanish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"SWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Swedish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"FRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_French_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"AUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Austrian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"NED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Dutch_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_United_States_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"CAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Danny Ongais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Ongais"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Jacky Ickx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacky_Ickx"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Derek Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Daly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Nelson Piquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Piquet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Lamberto Leoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamberto_Leoni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bernard de Dryver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_de_Dryver"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Brett Lunger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Lunger"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"N177","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_N177"},{"link_name":"N179","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_N179"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"ARG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Argentine_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"RSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_South_African_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"USW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_United_States_Grand_Prix_West"},{"link_name":"ESP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Spanish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Belgian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"MON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Monaco_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"FRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_French_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"AUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Austrian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"NED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Dutch_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"CAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_United_States_Grand_Prix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Derek Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Daly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Patrick Gaillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Gaillard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Marc Surer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Surer"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"N180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_N180"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"ARG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Argentine_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"RSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_South_African_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"USW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_Grand_Prix_West"},{"link_name":"BEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Belgian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"MON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Monaco_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"FRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_French_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"AUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Austrian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"NED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Dutch_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"CAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_Grand_Prix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Clay Regazzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Regazzoni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Tiff Needell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiff_Needell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Jan Lammers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Lammers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Geoff Lees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Lees_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Formula_One_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"N180B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_N180"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_Tyres"},{"link_name":"USW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_United_States_Grand_Prix_West"},{"link_name":"BRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ARG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Argentine_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"SMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_San_Marino_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Belgian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"MON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Monaco_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ESP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Spanish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"FRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_French_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"AUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Austrian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"NED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Dutch_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"CAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"CPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Caesars_Palace_Grand_Prix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Marc Surer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Surer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Londoño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Londo%C3%B1o"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Eliseo Salazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliseo_Salazar"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Formula_One_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"N180B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_N180"},{"link_name":"N181","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_N181"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirelli"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_Tyres"},{"link_name":"RSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_South_African_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"USW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_United_States_Grand_Prix_West"},{"link_name":"SMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_San_Marino_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Belgian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"MON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Monaco_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"DET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Detroit_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"CAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"NED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Dutch_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"FRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_French_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"AUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Austrian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"SUI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Swiss_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"CPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Caesars_Palace_Grand_Prix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Roberto Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Patrick Tambay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Tambay"},{"link_name":"Theodore Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Racing"}],"text":"(key)\n\n\n\nYear\n\nChassis\n\nEngines\n\nTyres\n\nDrivers\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\nPoints\n\nWCC\n\n\n1973\n\nN173\n\nFord Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8\n\nF\n\n\n\nARG\n\nBRA\n\nRSA\n\nESP\n\nBEL\n\nMON\n\nSWE\n\nFRA\n\nGBR\n\nNED\n\nGER\n\nAUT\n\nITA\n\nCAN\n\nUSA\n\n\n\n\n\n0\n\nNC\n\n\n Rikky von Opel\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n15\n\n13\n\nDNS\n\n\n\nRet\n\nRet\n\nNC\n\nRet\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1974\n\nN174\n\nFord Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8\n\nF\n\n\n\nARG\n\nBRA\n\nRSA\n\nESP\n\nBEL\n\nMON\n\nSWE\n\nNED\n\nFRA\n\nGBR\n\nGER\n\nAUT\n\nITA\n\nCAN\n\nUSA\n\n\n\n\n\n0\n\nNC\n\n\n Rikky von Opel\n\nDNS\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Vern Schuppan\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n15\n\nRet\n\nDSQ\n\nDSQ\n\nDNQ\n\nDNQ\n\nRet\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Mike Wilds\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDNQ\n\nDNQ\n\nDNQ\n\nNC\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1975\n\nN174N175\n\nFord Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8\n\nG\n\n\n\nARG\n\nBRA\n\nRSA\n\nESP\n\nMON\n\nBEL\n\nSWE\n\nNED\n\nFRA\n\nGBR\n\nGER\n\nAUT\n\nITA\n\nUSA\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n12th\n\n\n Roelof Wunderink\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRet\n\nDNQ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDNQ\n\n\n\nNC\n\nDNQ\n\nRet\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Gijs van Lennep\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10\n\n15\n\n\n\n6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Chris Amon\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n12\n\n12\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1976\n\nN174N176\n\nFord Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8\n\nG\n\n\n\nBRA\n\nRSA\n\nUSW\n\nESP\n\nBEL\n\nMON\n\nSWE\n\nFRA\n\nGBR\n\nGER\n\nAUT\n\nNED\n\nITA\n\nCAN\n\nUSA\n\nJPN\n\n\n\n2\n\n12th\n\n\n Chris Amon\n\n\n\n14\n\n8\n\n5\n\nRet\n\n13\n\nRet\n\n\n\nRet\n\nRet\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Patrick Nève\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n18\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Hans Binder\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRet\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Jacky Ickx\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRet\n\n10\n\n13\n\nRet\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1977\n\nN177\n\nFord Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8\n\nG\n\n\n\nARG\n\nBRA\n\nRSA\n\nUSW\n\nESP\n\nMON\n\nBEL\n\nSWE\n\nFRA\n\nGBR\n\nGER\n\nAUT\n\nNED\n\nITA\n\nUSA\n\nCAN\n\nJPN\n\n10*\n\n10th*\n\n\n Clay Regazzoni\n\n6\n\nRet\n\n9\n\nRet\n\nRet\n\nDNQ\n\nRet\n\n7\n\n7\n\nDNQ\n\nRet\n\nRet\n\nRet\n\n5\n\n5\n\nRet\n\nRet\n\n\n Jacky Ickx\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n10\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1978\n\nN177\n\nFord Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8\n\nG\n\n\n\nARG\n\nBRA\n\nRSA\n\nUSW\n\nMON\n\nBEL\n\nESP\n\nSWE\n\nFRA\n\nGBR\n\nGER\n\nAUT\n\nNED\n\nITA\n\nUSA\n\nCAN\n\n\n\n1\n\n13th\n\n\n Danny Ongais\n\nRet\n\nRet\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Jacky Ickx\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRet\n\n12\n\nRet\n\nDNQ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Derek Daly\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDNQ\n\nRet\n\n\n\nDSQ\n\nRet\n\n10\n\n8\n\n6\n\n\n\n\n Nelson Piquet\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRet\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Lamberto Leoni\n\nRet\n\nDNS\n\nDNQ\n\nDNQ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Bernard de Dryver\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDNP\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Brett Lunger\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n13\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1979\n\nN177N179\n\nFord Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8\n\nG\n\n\n\nARG\n\nBRA\n\nRSA\n\nUSW\n\nESP\n\nBEL\n\nMON\n\nFRA\n\nGBR\n\nGER\n\nAUT\n\nNED\n\nITA\n\nCAN\n\nUSA\n\n\n\n\n\n0\n\nNC\n\n\n Derek Daly\n\n11\n\n13\n\nDNQ\n\nRet\n\nDNQ\n\nDNQ\n\nDNQ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Patrick Gaillard\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDNQ\n\n13\n\nDNQ\n\nRet\n\nDNQ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Marc Surer\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDNQ\n\nDNQ\n\nRet\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1980\n\nN180\n\nFord Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8\n\nG\n\n\n\nARG\n\nBRA\n\nRSA\n\nUSW\n\nBEL\n\nMON\n\nFRA\n\nGBR\n\nGER\n\nAUT\n\nNED\n\nITA\n\nCAN\n\nUSA\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n0\n\nNC\n\n\n Clay Regazzoni\n\nNC\n\nRet\n\n9\n\nRet\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Tiff Needell\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRet\n\nDNQ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Jan Lammers\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDNQ\n\nDNQ\n\n14\n\nDNQ\n\nDNQ\n\nDNQ\n\n12\n\nRet\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Geoff Lees\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRet\n\nDNQ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1981\n\nN180B\n\nFord Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8\n\nMA\n\n\n\nUSW\n\nBRA\n\nARG\n\nSMR\n\nBEL\n\nMON\n\nESP\n\nFRA\n\nGBR\n\nGER\n\nAUT\n\nNED\n\nITA\n\nCAN\n\nCPL\n\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n11th\n\n\n Marc Surer\n\nRet\n\n4F\n\nRet\n\n9\n\n11\n\n6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Ricardo Londoño\n\n\n\nDNP\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Eliseo Salazar\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n14\n\nRet\n\nDNQ\n\nNC\n\nRet\n\n6\n\nRet\n\nRet\n\nNC\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1982\n\nN180BN181\n\nFord Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8\n\nPA\n\n\n\nRSA\n\nBRA\n\nUSW\n\nSMR\n\nBEL\n\nMON\n\nDET\n\nCAN\n\nNED\n\nGBR\n\nFRA\n\nGER\n\nAUT\n\nSUI\n\nITA\n\nCPL\n\n\n\n0\n\nNC\n\n\n Roberto Guerrero\n\nWD\n\nDNQ\n\nRet\n\n\n\nDNQ\n\nDNQ\n\nRet\n\nRet\n\nDNQ\n\nRet\n\nDNQ\n\n8\n\nRet\n\nRet\n\nNC\n\nDNS* Includes five points scored by Patrick Tambay in an Ensign N177 entered by Theodore Racing (see below).","title":"Complete Formula One World Championship results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:F1_driver_results_legend_5"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"Theodore Racing Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Racing"},{"link_name":"N177","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_N177"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"ARG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Argentine_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"RSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_South_African_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"USW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_United_States_Grand_Prix_West"},{"link_name":"ESP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Spanish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"MON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Monaco_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Belgian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"SWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Swedish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"FRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_French_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"AUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Austrian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"NED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Dutch_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_United_States_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"CAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"JPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Japanese_Grand_Prix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Patrick Tambay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Tambay"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Formula_One_season"},{"link_name":"N175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_N175"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"V8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_engine"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"ARG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Argentine_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"RSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_South_African_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"USW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_United_States_Grand_Prix_West"},{"link_name":"MON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Monaco_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"BEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Belgian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ESP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Spanish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"SWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Swedish_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"FRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_French_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_British_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_German_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"AUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Austrian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"NED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Dutch_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"ITA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_United_States_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"CAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Canadian_Grand_Prix"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Geoff Lees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Lees_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"N177","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_N177"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Harald Ertl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Ertl"}],"sub_title":"Results of other Ensign cars","text":"(key)\n\n\n\nYear\n\nEntrant\n\nChassis\n\nEngine\n\nTyres\n\nDriver\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n\n1977\n\nTheodore Racing Hong Kong\n\nN177\n\nFord Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8\n\nG\n\n\n\nARG\n\nBRA\n\nRSA\n\nUSW\n\nESP\n\nMON\n\nBEL\n\nSWE\n\nFRA\n\nGBR\n\nGER\n\nAUT\n\nNED\n\nITA\n\nUSA\n\nCAN\n\nJPN\n\n\n Patrick Tambay\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRet\n\n6\n\nRet\n\n5\n\nRet\n\nDNQ\n\n5\n\nRet\n\n\n1978\n\nMario Deliotti Racing\n\nN175\n\nFord Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8\n\nG\n\n\n\nARG\n\nBRA\n\nRSA\n\nUSW\n\nMON\n\nBEL\n\nESP\n\nSWE\n\nFRA\n\nGBR\n\nGER\n\nAUT\n\nNED\n\nITA\n\nUSA\n\nCAN\n\n\n\n\n Geoff Lees\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDNQ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSachs Racing\n\nN177\n\n Harald Ertl\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n11\n\nRet\n\nDNPQ\n\nDNPQ","title":"Complete Formula One World Championship results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:F1_driver_results_legend_3"}],"sub_title":"Non-championship results","text":"(key)","title":"Complete Formula One World Championship results"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The N173, Ensign's first Formula One car, being driven at Silverstone in 2012.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ensign_at_Silverstone_Classic_2012.jpg/220px-Ensign_at_Silverstone_Classic_2012.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Ensign N177 being raced in a Historic Grand Prix at the Lime Rock Park circuit in 2009.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ensign_N177_2009_Lime_Rock.jpg/220px-Ensign_N177_2009_Lime_Rock.jpg"},{"image_text":"The N180 at the Pavilion Kuala Lumpur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ensign_N180_front-right_2010_Pavilion_Pit_Stop.jpg/220px-Ensign_N180_front-right_2010_Pavilion_Pit_Stop.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Small, Steve (1994). The Guinness Complete Grand Prix Who's Who. Guinness. p. 273. ISBN 0851127029.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851127029","url_text":"0851127029"}]},{"reference":"Small, Steve (1994). The Guinness Complete Grand Prix Who's Who. Guinness. p. 272. ISBN 0851127029.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851127029","url_text":"0851127029"}]},{"reference":"Small, Steve (1994). The Guinness Complete Grand Prix Who's Who. Guinness. p. 344. ISBN 0851127029.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851127029","url_text":"0851127029"}]},{"reference":"Small, Steve (1994). The Guinness Complete Grand Prix Who's Who. Guinness. p. 401. ISBN 0851127029.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851127029","url_text":"0851127029"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ensign+Racing%22","external_links_name":"\"Ensign Racing\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ensign+Racing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ensign+Racing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ensign+Racing%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ensign+Racing%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ensign+Racing%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.f1rejects.com/drivers/guerrero/biography.html","external_links_name":"Roberto Guerrero – Biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071116224905/http://www.f1rejects.com/drivers/guerrero/biography.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._National_Guard
|
National Guard (United States)
|
["1 Origins","2 Organization","2.1 Territorial organization","2.2 National Guard Bureau","2.3 Constitutional basis","2.4 Proposed Space National Guard","3 Standards","4 Other organizations","4.1 State defense forces","4.2 Naval militias","5 Duties and administrative organization","6 National Guard active duty character","6.1 State and territory duty","6.2 Federal duty","7 History","7.1 Colonial history","7.2 American Revolutionary War","7.3 Nineteenth century","7.4 Industrialization and labor unrest","7.5 Twentieth century","7.6 Twenty-first century","8 Relevant laws","9 Defend the Guard","10 Notable members","10.1 Presidents","10.2 Other notable members","11 Number of guardsmen by state, territory and D.C.","11.1 Sortable table","12 See also","13 Notes","14 References","15 Further reading","16 External links"]
|
This article is about one of the United States military reserve forces. For other countries that have a National Guard, see National Guard. For other United States military reserves, see Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces. For the general idea of militas in the United States, see Militia (United States).
National GuardSealActiveEnglish colonial militia: since December 13, 1636
As "National Guard": since 1824 in New York, since 1903 nationwide
Dual state-federal reserve forces: since 1933
Country United StatesAllegianceFederal (10 U.S.C. § E)State and territorial (32 U.S.C.)Branch U.S. Army U.S. Air ForceTypeReserve forceMilitiaSize443,543Part of National Guard BureauGarrison/HQAll 50 U.S. states, and organized U.S. territories, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the District of ColumbiaNickname(s)"Air Guard", "Army Guard"Motto(s)"Always Ready, Always There!"MarchAlways Ready, Always ThereWebsitenationalguard.milCommandersCommander-in-Chief President Joe BidenChief GEN Daniel R. Hokanson, USAVice Chief Lt Gen Marc H. Sasseville, USAFSenior Enlisted Advisor SEANGB Tony L. Whitehead, USAFInsigniaSeal of the Army National GuardSeal of the Air National GuardMilitary unit
The National Guard is a state-based military force that becomes part of the U.S. military's reserve components of the U.S. Army and the U.S. Air Force when activated for federal missions. It is a military reserve force composed of National Guard military members or units of each state and the territories of Guam, the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia, for a total of 54 separate organizations. It is officially created under Congress's Article 1 Section 8 ability to "raise and support armies". All members of the National Guard are also members of the organized militia of the United States as defined by 10 U.S.C. § 246. National Guard units are under the dual control of state governments and the federal government.
The majority of National Guard soldiers and airmen hold a civilian job full-time while serving part-time as a National Guard member. These part-time guardsmen are augmented by a full-time cadre of Active Guard & Reserve (AGR) personnel in both the Army National Guard and Air National Guard, plus Army Reserve Technicians in the Army National Guard and Air Reserve Technicians (ART) in the Air National Guard.
The National Guard is a joint activity of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) composed of reserve components of the United States Army and the United States Air Force: the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard, respectively.
Colonial militias were formed during the British colonization of the Americas from the 17th century onward. The first colony-wide militia was formed by Massachusetts in 1636 by merging small, older local units, and several National Guard units can be traced back to this militia. The various colonial militias became state militias when the United States became independent. The title "National Guard" was used in 1824 by some New York State militia units, named after the French National Guard in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette. "National Guard" became a standard nationwide militia title in 1903, and has specifically indicated reserve forces under mixed state and federal control since 1933.
Origins
1953 postage stamp
On December 13, 1636, the first militia regiments in North America were organized in Massachusetts. Based upon an order of the Massachusetts Bay Colony's General Court, the colony's militia was organized into three permanent regiments to better defend the colony. Today, the descendants of these first regiments - the 181st Infantry, the 182nd Infantry, the 101st Field Artillery, and the 101st Engineer Battalion of the Massachusetts Army National Guard – share the distinction of being the oldest units in the U.S. military. December 13, 1636, thus marks the beginning of the organized militia, and the birth of the National Guard's oldest organized units is symbolic of the founding of all the state, territory, and District of Columbia militias that collectively make up today's National Guard.
Previous to this, unregulated militias were mustered sporadically in Spanish and English colonies. On September 16, 1565, in the newly established Spanish town of St. Augustine, militia were assigned to guard the expedition's supplies while their leader, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, took the regular troops north to attack the French settlement at Fort Caroline on the St. Johns River. This Spanish militia tradition and the tradition that was established in England's North American colonies provided the basic nucleus for Colonial defense in the New World.
The militia tradition continued with the New World's first permanent English settlements. Jamestown Colony (established in 1607) and Plymouth Colony (established in 1620) both had militia forces, which initially consisted of every able-bodied adult male. By the mid-1600s every town had at least one militia company (usually commanded by an officer with the rank of captain), and the militia companies of a county formed a regiment (usually commanded by an officer with the rank of major in the 1600s or a colonel in the 1700s). The first federal laws regulating the militia were the Militia acts of 1792.
From the nation's founding through the early 1900s, the United States maintained only a minimal army and relied on state militias, directly related to the earlier Colonial militias to supply the majority of its troops. As a result of the Spanish–American War, Congress was called upon to reform and regulate state militias' training and qualification.
U.S. Senator Charles W. F. Dick, a Major General in the Ohio National Guard and the chair of the Committee on the Militia, sponsored the 1903 Dick Act towards the end of the 57th U.S. Congress. Under this legislation, passed 21 January 1903, the organized militia of the states were given federal funding and required to conform to Regular Army organization within five years. The act also required National Guard units to attend twenty four drills and five days annual training a year, and, for the first time, provided for pay for annual training. In return for the increased federal funding which the act made available, militia units were subject to inspection by Regular Army officers, and had to meet certain standards.
It required the states to divide their militias into two sections. The law recommended the title "National Guard" for the first section, known as the organized militia, and "Reserve Militia" for all others.
During World War I, Congress passed the National Defense Act of 1916, which required the use of the term "National Guard" for the state militias and further regulated them. Congress also authorized the states to maintain Home Guards, which were reserve forces outside the National Guards deployed by the federal government.
In 1933, with the passage of the National Guard Mobilization Act, Congress finalized the split between the National Guard and the traditional state militias by mandating that all federally funded soldiers take a dual enlistment/commission and thus enter both the state National Guard and the National Guard of the United States, a newly created federal reserve force. The National Defense Act of 1947 created the Air Force as a separate branch of the Armed Forces and concurrently created the Air National Guard of the United States as one of its reserve components, mirroring the Army's structure.
Organization
Territorial organization
The National Guard of the several states, territories, and the District of Columbia serves as part of the first line of defense for the United States. The state National Guard is organized into units stationed in each of the 50 states, three territories, and the District of Columbia, and operates under their respective state or territorial governor, except in the instance of Washington, D.C., where the National Guard operates under the President of the United States or his designee. The governors exercise control through the state adjutants general. Governors may call up the National Guard for active duty to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes.
National Guard Bureau
Seal of the National Guard Bureau, 2013 to present
Main article: National Guard Bureau
The National Guard is administered by the National Guard Bureau, a joint activity of the Army and Air Force under the Department of Defense. The National Guard Bureau provides a communication channel for state National Guards to the DoD. The National Guard Bureau also provides policies and requirements for training and funds for state Army National Guard and state Air National Guard units, the allocation of federal funds to the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard, and other administrative responsibilities prescribed under 10 U.S.C. § 10503. The National Guard Bureau is headed by the Chief of the National Guard Bureau (CNGB), who is a four-star general in the Army or Air Force and is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
The National Guard Bureau is headquartered in Arlington County, Virginia, and is a joint activity of the Department of Defense to conduct all the administrative matters pertaining to the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard. The chief is either an Army or an Air Force four-star general officer, and is the senior uniformed National Guard officer, and is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In this capacity, he serves as a military adviser to the President, the Secretary of Defense, the National Security Council and is the Department of Defense's official channel of communication to the Governors and to State Adjutants General on all matters pertaining to the National Guard. He is responsible for ensuring that the more than half a million Army and Air National Guard personnel are accessible, capable, and ready to protect the homeland and to provide combat resources to the Army and the Air Force. He is appointed by the President in his capacity as Commander in Chief.
Constitutional basis
The respective state National Guards are authorized by the Constitution of the United States. As originally drafted, the Constitution recognized the existing state militias, and gave them vital roles to fill: "to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasion." (Article I, Section 8, Clause 15). The Constitution distinguished "militias," which were state entities, from "Troops," which were unlawful for states to maintain without Congressional approval. (Article I, Section 10, Clause 3). Under current law, the respective state National Guards and the State Defense Forces are authorized by Congress to the states and are referred to as "troops." 32 U.S.C. § 109.
Although originally state entities, the Constitutional "Militia of the Several States" were not entirely independent because they could be federalized. According to Article I, Section 8; Clause 15, the United States Congress is given the power to pass laws for "calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions." Congress is also empowered to come up with the guidelines "for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress" (clause 16). The President of the United States is the commander-in-chief of the state militias "when called into the actual Service of the United States." (Article II, Section 2).
The traditional state militias were redefined and recreated as the "organized militia"—the National Guard, via the Militia Act of 1903. They were now subject to an increasing amount of federal control, including having arms and accoutrements supplied by the central government, federal funding, and numerous closer ties to the Regular Army.
Proposed Space National Guard
Main article: Space National Guard
Proposals for the establishment of a National Guard component for the United States Space Force has existed for years, even as early as 2018.
A report by the Congressional Budget Office indicated that the creation of a Space National Guard, as proposed by the National Guard Bureau, would cost an additional $100 million per year in operations and support costs, with a onetime cost of $20 million in the construction of new facilities. This report directly contradicted the statement by the National Guard Bureau that a Space National Guard would only have a onetime cost at creation, and then be cost-neutral.
The report also analyzed the cost of the creation of a larger Space National Guard, which would be ~33% of the Space Force, calculating that the annual operating cost would be $385 million to $490 million per year.
However, several states already have existing National Guard space operations, including Alaska, California, Colorado, Florida, New York, Arkansas, and Ohio; there is also a space component in the Guam Air National Guard.
Standards
Both the Army National Guard and Air National Guard are expected to adhere to the same moral and physical standards as their "full-time" active duty and "part-time" reserve federal counterparts. The same ranks and insignia of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force are used by the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard, respectively, and National Guard members are eligible to receive all United States military awards. The respective state National Guards also bestow state awards for services rendered both at home and abroad. Under Army and Air Force regulations, these awards may be worn while in state, but not federal, duty status. Regular Army and Army Reserve soldiers are also authorized to accept these awards, but are not authorized to wear them.
Army National Guard recruits arriving at Fort Jackson for basic training
Army National Guard soldiers at New York City's Penn Station in 2004
Other organizations
State defense forces
Main article: State defense force
Many states also maintain their own state defense forces. Although not federal entities like the National Guard of the United States, these forces are components of the state militias like the individual state National Guards.
These forces were created by Congress in 1917 as a result of the state National Guards' being deployed and were known as Home Guards. In 1940, with the onset of World War II and as a result of its federalizing the National Guard, Congress amended the National Defense Act of 1916, and authorized the states to maintain "military forces other than National Guard." This law authorized the War Department to train and arm the new military forces that became known as State Guards. In 1950, with the outbreak of the Korean War and at the urging of the National Guard, Congress reauthorized the separate state military forces for a time period of two years. These state military forces were authorized military training at federal expense, and "arms, ammunition, clothing, and equipment," as deemed necessary by the Secretary of the Army. In 1956, Congress finally revised the law and authorized "State defense forces" permanently under Title 32, Section 109, of the United States Code.
Naval militias
Main article: Naval militias in the United States
Although there are no Naval or Marine Corps components of the National Guard of the United States, there is a Naval Militia authorized under federal law.10 U.S.C. § 8901. Like the soldiers and airmen in the National Guard of the United States, members of the Naval Militia are authorized federal appointments or enlistments at the discretion of the Secretary of the Navy.10 U.S.C. § 7852. To receive federal funding and equipment, a state naval militia must be composed of at least 95% of Navy, Coast Guard, or Marine Corps Reservists. As such, some states maintain such units. Some states also maintain naval components of their State Defense Force. Recently, Alaska, California, New Jersey, New York, South Carolina, Texas and Ohio have had or currently maintain naval militias. Other states have laws authorizing them but do not currently have them organized. To receive federal funding, as is the case in the National Guard, a state must meet specific requirements such as having a set percentage of its members in the federal reserves.10 U.S.C. § 7851.
Duties and administrative organization
National Guard units can be mobilized for federal active duty to supplement regular armed forces during times of war or national emergency declared by Congress, the President or the Secretary of Defense. They can also be activated for service in their respective states upon declaration of a state of emergency by the governor of the state or territory where they serve, or in the case of Washington, D.C., by the Commanding General. Unlike U.S. Army Reserve members, National Guard members cannot be mobilized individually, except through voluntary transfers and Temporary Duty Assignments (TDY). The types of activation are as follows:
State active duty
Title 32
Title 10
Command and control (C2)
Governor
Governor
President
Military C2
Adjutant general
Adjutant general
Combatant commander
Duty assignments
In accordance with state law
U.S.
Worldwide
Pay
State
Federal
Federal
Domestic law enforcement powers
Yes
Yes
No
Missions examples
Civil support;
law enforcement;
others as determined
by governor
Training;
civil support;
law enforcement;
counter drug;
WMD response;
Overseas training;
expeditionary
missions; civil
support and
law enforcement
Activation examples
Oklahoma City bombing;
Kansas tornadoes;
California wildfires;
various hurricanes
Border security;
post-9/11 airport security;
SLC Olympics;
Hurricane Katrina
Bosnia; Afghanistan;
Cuba; Iraq;
1992 Los Angeles riots
^ Unless the Insurrection Act is invoked.
^ Title 10 is rarely used for domestic operations.
^ The Insurrection Act was invoked.
National Guard active duty character
The term "activated" simply means that a unit or individual of the reserve components has been placed on orders. The purpose and authority for that activation determine limitations and duration of the activation. The Army and Air National Guard may be activated in a number of ways as prescribed by public law. Broadly, under federal law, there are two titles in the United States Code under which units and troops may be activated: as federal soldiers or airmen under Title 10 ("Armed Forces") and as state soldiers or airmen performing a federally-funded mission under Title 32 ("National Guard"). Outside federal activation, the Army and Air National Guard may be activated under state law. This is known as state active duty (SAD).
State and territory duty
When National Guard units are not under federal control, the governor is the commander-in-chief of the units of his or her respective state or territory (such as Puerto Rico, Guam and the Virgin Islands). The President of the United States commands the District of Columbia National Guard, though this command is routinely delegated to the Commanding General of the DC National Guard. States are free to employ their National Guard forces under state control for state purposes and at state expense as provided in the state's constitution and statutes. In doing so, governors, as commanders-in-chief, can directly access and utilize the Guard's federally assigned aircraft, vehicles and other equipment so long as the federal government is reimbursed for the use of fungible equipment and supplies such as fuel, food stocks, etc. This is the authority under which governors activate and deploy National Guard forces in response to natural disasters. It is also the authority under which governors deploy National Guard forces in response to human-made emergencies such as riots and civil unrest, or terrorist attacks.
The Governor can activate National Guard personnel to "State Active Duty" in response to natural or human-made disasters or Homeland Defense missions. State Active Duty is based on State statute and policy and on State funds. Soldiers and Airmen remain under the command and control of the Governor. The federal Posse Comitatus Act (PCA) does not apply under state active duty status or Title 32 status.
Title 32 Full-Time National Guard Duty. (Federally funded, but command and control remains with the State Governor through his Adjutant General.) Title 32 activation can only be done by the President or SECDEF with the approval and consent of the state Governor.
Federal duty
Title 10 service means full-time duty in the active military service of the United States. The term used is federalized. Federalized National Guard forces have been ordered by the President to active duty either in their reserve component status or by calling them into Federal service in their militia status.
There are several forms:
Voluntary Order to Active Duty.
Federalized with the soldier's or airman's consent and the consent of their Governor.
Partial Mobilization.
In time of national emergency declared by the President for any unit or any member for not more than 24 consecutive months.
Presidential Reserve Call Up.
When the President determines that it is necessary to augment the active forces for any operational mission for any unit or any member for not more than 270 days.
Federal Aid for State Governments.
Whenever an insurrection occurs in any state against its government, the President may, upon the request of its legislature or of its governor call into Federal service such of the militia of the other states. This is a statutory exception to the PCA
Use of Militia and Armed Forces to Enforce Federal Authority.
Whenever the President considers that unlawful obstructions, assemblages, or rebellion make it impracticable to enforce the laws of the United States in any state or territory, he may call into Federal service such of the militia of any state. This is another statutory exception to the PCA.
Interference with State and Federal law.
The President, by using the militia or the armed forces, or both, or by any other means, shall take such measures as he considers necessary to suppress, in a state, any insurrection, domestic violence, unlawful combination, or conspiracy.
Air and Army National Guard.
Air and Army National Guard can specifically be called into Federal service in case of invasion, rebellion, or inability to execute Federal law with active forces.
In the categories listed above, Army and Air National Guard units or individuals may also be mobilized for non-combat purposes such as the State Partnership Program, humanitarian missions, counter-drug operations, and peacekeeping or peace enforcement missions.
History
Colonial history
First muster of the East Regiment (present-day Massachusetts Army National Guard) in Salem, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Spring 1637
On December 13, 1636, the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony ordered that the Colony's scattered militia companies be organized into North, South and East Regiments—with the goal of increasing accountability to the colonial government and responsiveness during conflicts with indigenous Pequot Indians. Under this act, white males between the ages of 16 and 60 were obligated to possess arms and to take part in the defense of their communities by serving in nightly guard details and participating in weekly drills. The modern-day 101st Field Artillery Regiment, 182nd Infantry Regiment, 101st Engineer Battalion and 181st Infantry Regiment of the Massachusetts Army National Guard are directly descended from the original colonial regiments formed in 1636.
American Revolutionary War
The Massachusetts militia began the American Revolutionary War at the Battles of Lexington and Concord, The Massachusetts militia units were mobilized either during or shortly after the above battles and used to form, along with units from Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire, the Army of Observation during the Siege of Boston. On July 3, 1775, General George Washington, under the authority of the Continental Congress, assumed command of the Army of Observation and the new organization became the Continental Army from which the United States Army traces its origins.
Throughout the war, militia units were mobilized when British forces entered their geographic areas and participated in most of the battles fought during the war.
Nineteenth century
The early United States distrusted a standing army - in emulation of a long-standing British distrust - and kept the number of professional soldiers small. During the Northwest Indian War, the majority of soldiers were provided by state militias. There are nineteen Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812.
The Marquis de Lafayette visited the U.S. in 1824–25. The 2nd Battalion, 11th New York Artillery, was one of many militia commands who turned out in welcome. This unit decided to adopt the title "National Guard," in honor of Lafayette's French National Guard. The Battalion, later the 7th Regiment, was prominent in the line of march on the occasion of Lafayette's final passage through New York en route home to France. Taking note of the troops named for his old command, Lafayette alighted from his carriage, walked down the line, clasping each officer by the hand as he passed.
Militia units provided 70% of the soldiers that fought in the Mexican–American War, and also provided the majority of soldiers in the early months of the American Civil War The majority of soldiers in the Spanish–American War were from the National Guard.
Industrialization and labor unrest
Labor unrest in the industrial and mining sections of the Northeast and Midwest led to demands for a stronger military force within the states.
On July 14, 1877, workers on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) began to stop trains in Martinsburg, West Virginia in response to wage cuts. This protest developed into the national Great Railroad Strike of 1877. West Virginia governor Henry M. Mathews was the first state commander-in-chief to send in troops to break-up the protests, and this action has been viewed in retrospect as an incident that would transform the National Guard.
After the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, calls for military suppression of labor strikes grew louder, and National Guard units proliferated. In many states, large and elaborate armories, often built to resemble medieval castles, were constructed to house militia units. Businessmen and business associations donated monies for the construction of armories and to supplement funds of the local National Guard units. National Guard officers also came from the middle and upper classes.
National Guard troops were deployed to suppress strikers in some of the bloodiest and most significant conflicts of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the Homestead Strike, the Pullman Strike of 1894, and the Colorado Labor Wars.
Twentieth century
A National Guardsman in 1917
Throughout the 19th century the Regular U.S. Army was small, and the state militias provided the majority of the troops during the Mexican–American War, the American Civil War, and the Spanish–American War. With the Militia Act of 1903, the militia was more organized and the name "National Guard" recommended. In 1908, the prohibition on National Guard units serving overseas was dropped. This resulted in constitutional debates within the U.S. government surrounding the legality of the use of the National Guard overseas, culminating in 1912 when U.S. Attorney General George W. Wickersham declared the 1908 amendment to be unconstitutional. The National Defense Act of 1916 contained a provision whereby the president could discharge National Guard members from the militia and draft them into the Army in the event of a war, allowing for their use overseas. This resulted in former National Guard members being discharged from the Army entirely (also losing their status as state troops) when they left service, so the 1920 amendments to the act defined the National Guard's dual role as a state and federal reserve force; the "National Guard while in the service of the United States" as a component of the Army of the United States could be ordered to active duty by the president, be deployed overseas if they so wished, and the Guardsmen would then revert to their status as state troops. The dual state and federal status proved confusing, so in 1933, the National Defense Act of 1916 was amended again. It finally severed the National Guard's traditional connection with the militia clause of the Constitution, providing for a new component called the "National Guard of the United States" that was to be a reserve component of the Army of the United States at all times. This is the beginning of the present legal basis of the National Guard. In World War I, National Guard soldiers made up 40 percent of the men in U.S. combat divisions in France. In World War II, the National Guard made up 18 divisions.
National Guard training, 1941.
One hundred forty thousand Guardsmen were mobilized during the Korean War and over 63,000 for Operation Desert Storm. They have also participated in U.S. peacekeeping operations in Somalia, Haiti, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bosnia, and Kosovo and for natural disasters, strikes, riots and security for the Olympic Games when they have been in the States.
Following World War II, the National Guard aviation units that had previously been part of the U.S. Army Air Corps and its successor organization, the U.S. Army Air Forces, became the Air National Guard (ANG), one of two reserve components of the newly established United States Air Force.
On September 24, 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower federalized the entire Arkansas National Guard to ensure the safe entry of the Little Rock Nine to Little Rock Central High School the following day. Governor Orval Faubus had previously used members of the guard to deny the students entry to the school.
The New York National Guard were ordered by Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller to respond to the Rochester 1964 race riot in July of that year. The California Army National Guard were mobilized by the Governor of California Edmund Gerald Brown Sr. during the Watts Riots, in August 1965, to provide security and help restore order.
Elements of the Ohio Army National Guard were ordered to Kent State University by Ohio's governor Jim Rhodes to quell anti-Vietnam War protests, culminating in their shooting into a crowd of students on May 4, 1970, killing four and injuring nine. The massacre was followed by the Student strike of 1970.
During the Vietnam War, service in the National Guard was highly sought after, as an enlistment in the Guard generally prevented a person from being sent to combat; only a handful of Guard units were ever deployed to Vietnam. In 1968, the National Guard had only 1.26% Black soldiers.
During the Vietnam War, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara created the Selective Reserve Force (SRF) in October 1965. Since funding was not available to train and equip the entire National Guard adequately, the SRF would be a core group of 150,000 National Guardsmen available and ready for immediate overseas deployment if needed. SRF units were supposed to be authorized at 100% strength, receive priority training funds and modern equipment, and have more training and do 58 hours of drills of four hours each a year rather than the standard 48 hours of drills.
The 2nd Battalion 138th Field Artillery of the Kentucky Army National Guard was ordered to service in Vietnam in late 1968. The unit served in support of the regular 101st Airborne Division. The Battalion's C Battery lost nine men killed and thirty-two wounded when North Vietnamese troops overran Fire Base Tomahawk on June 19, 1969.
During the early 1980s, the governors of California and Maine refused to allow deployment of their states' National Guard units to Central America. In 1986, Congress passed the Montgomery Amendment, which prohibited state governors from withholding their consent. In 1990, the Supreme Court ruled against the governor of Minnesota, who had sued over the deployment of the state's National Guard units to Central America.
During the 1992 Los Angeles Riots, when portions of south central Los Angeles erupted in chaos, overwhelming the Los Angeles Police Department's ability to contain the violence, the California Army National Guard and selected units of the California Air National Guard was mobilized to help restore order. The National Guard were attributed with five shootings of people suspected of violating the curfew order placed on the city.
Following the 1992 Los Angeles riots, 4,000 National Guardsmen patrolled the city.
During the 1993 Waco siege of the Branch Davidians, elements of the Alabama and Texas Army National Guard were called in to assist the ATF and the follow on effort by the Federal Bureau of Investigation; the National Guard's involvement was limited to several specific areas; surveillance and reconnaissance, transport, maintenance and repairs, training and instruction, helicopters, unarmed tactical ground vehicles. The Army National Guard helicopters were also used to do photographic reconnaissance work. Training for ATF agents included such subjects as Close Quarters Combat, and combat medical instruction, and a mock up of the Mount Carmel complex was constructed at Fort Hood, Texas for rehearsals. ATF also received several surplus helmets, flack vests, canteens, first aid dressings, empty magazines, and some night-vision equipment, in addition to MREs and diesel fuel. The FBI would request and receive the use of Bradley Armored Fighting Vehicles, and tank retrieval vehicles, as well as overflights by UH-1 and CH-47 helicopters.
As a result of the Bottom Up Review and post-Cold War force cutbacks, the Army National Guard maneuver force was reduced to eight divisions (from ten; the 26th Infantry and 50th Armored were consolidated in the northeastern states) and fifteen 'enhanced brigades,' which were supposed to be ready for combat operations, augmenting the active force, within 90 days.
Twenty-first century
The National Guard Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.
A South Carolina Army National Guard CH-47 Chinook supporting the South Carolina Forestry Commission to contain a remote fire near the top of Pinnacle Mountain in Pickens County, South Carolina, November 17, 2016
National Guard units played a major role in providing security and assisting recovery efforts in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in 2001 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005.
In 2005, National Guard members and reservists were said to comprise a larger percentage of frontline fighting forces than in any war in U.S. history (about 43 percent in Iraq and 55 percent in Afghanistan). There were more than 183,366 National Guard members and reservists on active duty nationwide who left behind about 300,000 dependents, according to U.S. Defense Department statistics. In 2011, Army Chief of Staff Gen. George W. Casey Jr. stated that "Every Guard brigade has deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan, and over 300,000 Guardsmen have deployed in this war."
In January and February 2007, National Guard troops from 8 states were activated to go help shovel snow, drop hay for starving cattle, deliver food and necessities to stranded people in their houses, and help control traffic and rescue stranded motorists in blizzards dropping feet of snow across the country.
In the first quarter of 2007, United States Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates announced changes to the Guard deployment policy aimed at shorter and more predictable deployments for National Guard troops. "Gates said his goal is for Guard members to serve a one-year deployment no more than every five years... Gates is imposing a one-year limit to the length of deployment for National Guard Soldiers, effective immediately." Prior to this time, Guard troops deployed for a standard one-year deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan would serve for 18 or more months including training and transit time. During the transition to the new policy for all troops in the pipeline, deployed or soon to be deployed, some will face deployments faster than every five years. "The one-to-five year cycle does not include activations for state emergencies."
An Army National Guardsman of the 1st Battalion, 151st Infantry Regiment in Parun, Afghanistan. He is wearing a 10th Mountain Division Former Wartime Service SSI.
An Air National Guardsman guarding the World War II Memorial in Washington, D.C. during the George Floyd riots of June 2020.
Prior to the attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001, the National Guard's general policy regarding mobilization was that Guardsmen would be required to serve no more than one year cumulative on active duty (with no more than six months overseas) for each five years of regular drill. Due to strains placed on active duty units following the attacks, the possible mobilization time was increased to 18 months (with no more than one year overseas). Additional strains placed on military units as a result of the invasion of Iraq further increased the amount of time a Guardsman could be mobilized to 24 months. Current Department of Defense policy is that no Guardsman is involuntarily activated for more than 24 months (cumulative) in one six-year enlistment period.
Traditionally, most National Guard personnel serve "One weekend a month, two weeks a year", although personnel in highly operational or high demand units serve far more frequently. Typical examples are pilots, navigators and aircrewmen in active flying assignments, primarily in the Air National Guard, and to a lesser extent in the Army National Guard, and special operations airmen and soldiers in both. A significant number also serve in a full-time capacity in roles such as Active Guard and Reserve (AGR) or Air Reserve Technician or Army Reserve Technician (ART).
The "One weekend a month, two weeks a year" slogan has lost most of its relevance since the Iraq War, when nearly 28% of total U.S. forces in Iraq and Afghanistan at the end of 2007 consisted of mobilized personnel of the National Guard and other Reserve components. In July 2012, the Army's top general stated his intention to increase the annual drill requirement from two weeks per year to up to seven weeks per year.
Prior to 2008, the functions of Agricultural Development Teams were within Provincial Reconstruction Teams of the U.S. government. Today, ADTs consist of soldiers and airmen from the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard. Today, ADTs bring "an effective platform for enhanced dialogue, building confidence, sharing interests, and increasing cooperation amongst the disparate peoples and tribes of Afghanistan." These teams are not only affiliated with the military, they frequently work across agencies, for example with USAID and the Department of State. ADTs provide education and expertise on the ground, while also providing security and order that is traditionally affiliated with the military. These teams have been essential to the counterinsurgency efforts in Afghanistan as a public diplomacy tool to build relations with the local people in the tribes and provinces of the country.
ADTs provide classroom instruction and teachings to Afghans about how to improve their farming practices during non-seasonal growing months, which allows the farmers to use skills in the winter to prepare for farming in the summer and fall. This enhances agricultural production and the Afghan economy as a whole. Agricultural education also improves lines of communication and builds trust between the people, the U.S. government, and the Host Nation. Additionally, through word of mouth in the provinces ideas are spread that inform others about these farming techniques, that may not have had direct interaction with the ADTs. The National Guard ADTs also introduce their U.S. civilian colleagues to the Afghan University personnel, which further strengthens relations and trust in the U.S. efforts in Afghanistan.
ADTs also enhance public diplomacy in Afghanistan by providing security to the local provinces they are working within. This tool has provided the teams with the civilian-military partnership that is needed to conduct public diplomacy and defeat the insurgents in Afghanistan. President Barack Obama said that the U.S. will enhance agricultural development instead of big reconstruction projects to build Afghanistan's economy, to have an immediate impact on the Afghan people. Today, these projects include "...basic gardening practices, to large watershed and irrigation projects. There are also projects that teach bee keeping and livestock production: all of which will have a positive impact on unemployment, hunger, and the ability to sustain future generations.
More and more Afghan tribal leaders have been requesting additional ADTs, which illustrates how important the use of public diplomacy has been in the efforts to win the trust of the Afghan people. The case study from Nangarhar Province in Afghanistan serves as an excellent example. This province is one of the most stable and secure provinces in Afghanistan. For example, over 100,000 Afghans have returned to province; the province has also been declared poppy-free in 2007 by the UN. Additionally, most districts within the province have all-weather paved roads and it is also one of the most productive agricultural regions in Afghanistan.
In 2006, Congress considered giving the president the full authority to mobilize National Guard units within the U.S. without the consent of state governors. However, this was met with resistance from states governors and members of the National Guard. The act was eventually passed, but instead, the president's authority was expanded to mobilize the reserve components for domestic operations without the consent of the governor, only during a natural disaster, terrorist attack, epidemic or other public health emergency. The following year, that authority was repealed.
In 2020, the National Guard was activated for 11,000,000 "man days" in support of natural disasters, civil unrest, food distribution at food banks, and COVID-19 testing and vaccination. This was the highest number of activation days since World War II.
Relevant laws
The United States Congress has enacted various laws that control the National Guard:
The Militia Acts of 1792
Providing for the authority of the President to call out the Militia, and providing federal standards for the organization of the Militia.
For the 111 years that the Militia Act of 1792 remained in effect, it defined the position of the militia in relation to the federal government. The War of 1812 tested this uniquely American defense establishment. To fight the War of 1812, the republic formed a small regular military and trained it to protect the frontiers and coastlines. Although it performed poorly in the offensive against Canada, the small force of regulars backed by a well-armed militia, accomplished its defensive mission well. Generals like Andrew Jackson proved that, just as they had in the Revolution, regulars and militia could be effective when employed as a team.
The Insurrection Act
The Militia Act of 1862
Providing for the service of persons of African descent in the Militia, and the emancipation of slaves owned by Confederates.
Title 18, U.S. Code, Section 1385: The Posse Comitatus Act of June 18, 1878
Reaction in Congress against the Reconstruction-era suspensions of Southern states' rights to organize militias led to the passage of the Posse Comitatus Act, restricting any person's use of the U.S. Army and, as later amended, the U.S. Air Force in domestic law enforcement (use of the Navy and Marine Corps, being uniformed services within the Department of Defense, is similarly restricted by statute). The U.S. Coast Guard, in its peacetime role within the Department of Homeland Security, and the National Guard, when not in Federal Service, are specifically not limited by this act.
The States revise the military codes – 1881 to 1892
The Militia Act of 1903
Established the creation of the National Guard of the United States as the primary organized reserve force for the U.S. armed forces.
National Defense Act of 1916
This act abandoned the idea of an expandable Regular Army and firmly established the traditional concept of the citizens' army as the keystone of the United States defense forces. It established the concept of merging the National Guard, the Army Reserve, and the Regular Army into the Army of the United States in time of war. The act further expanded the National Guard's role, and guaranteed the State militias' status as the Army's primary reserve force. The law mandated use of the term "National Guard" for that force, and the President was given authority, in case of war or national emergency, to mobilize the National Guard for the duration of the emergency. The number of yearly drills increased from 24 to 48 and annual training from five to 15 days. Drill pay was authorized for the first time.
The National Defense Act Amendments of 1920
This act established that the chief of the Militia Bureau (later the National Guard Bureau) would be a National Guard officer, that National Guard officers would be assigned to the general staff and that the divisions, as used by the Guard in World War I, would be reorganized.
The National Guard Mobilization Act, 1933
Made the National Guard a component of the Army.
The National Defense Act of 1947
Section 207 (f) established the Air National Guard of the United States, under the National Guard Bureau.
The Total Force Policy, 1973
Requires all active and reserve military organizations be treated as a single force.
The Montgomery Amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987
provides that a governor cannot withhold consent with regard to active duty outside the United States because of any objection to the location, purpose, type, or schedule of such duty. This law was challenged and upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1990 in Perpich v. Department of Defense.
The John Warner Defense Authorization Act of 2007 Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 109–364 (text) (PDF)
Federal law was changed in section 1076 so that the Governor of a state is no longer the sole commander in chief of their state's National Guard during emergencies within the state. The President of the United States could then take total control of a state's National Guard units without the governor's consent. In a letter to Congress, all 50 governors opposed the increase in power of the President over the National Guard.
The National Defense Authorization Act of 2008 Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 110–181 (text) (PDF)
Repeals provisions in section 1076 in Pub.L. 109-364 but still enables the President to call up the National Guard of the United States for active federal military service during Congressionally sanctioned national emergency or war. Places the National Guard Bureau directly under the Department of Defense as a joint activity. Promoted the Chief of the National Guard Bureau from a three-star to a four-star general.
The National Defense Authorization Act of 2012 Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 115–91 (text) (PDF)
Added the Chief, National Guard Bureau to the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Defend the Guard
Defend the Guard is state-level legislative initiative which would require Congress to make an official declaration of war before National Guard troops can be transferred from state control to federal active duty combat. Supporters of the bill claim that this law would pressure Congress to conform to the Constitution and declare war when American soldiers are sent overseas to perform military actions. This bill has been introduced in many states and in 2024 passed the New Hampshire House with bipartisan support.
In 2024, over 80% of Texas GOP voters voted in favor of a Defend the Guard non-binding ballot measure which stated, “The Texas Legislature should prohibit the deployment of the Texas National Guard to a foreign conflict unless Congress first formally declares war.” In 2024, the New Hampshire GOP added a Defend the Guard plank to the Federalism section of its platform which states, "(We) Demand that Congress exercise their sole authority over war declarations and protect the New Hampshire National Guard by requiring a Congressional declaration of war prior to any National Guardsman deployment to overseas combat zones."
Notable members
Presidents
Militia service was a common trait among presidents of the United States, 18 of whom have served in colonial or state militias and two have served in the National Guard since it was established in 1903. Among these, three served in colonial militias (George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison), 15 served in state militias (James Monroe, Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester A. Arthur, William Henry Harrison, William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt), one in the Army National Guard (Harry S. Truman) and one (George W. Bush) served in the Air National Guard.
Other notable members
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "National Guard" United States – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
John R. Bolton, former United States Representative to the United Nations and National Security Advisor
Scott Philip Brown, former United States Senator from Massachusetts
William J. Donovan, founder of the Office of Strategic Services
Joe Foss, Governor of South Dakota, Medal of Honor recipient in World War II
Lindsey Graham, Senator from South Carolina
Ralph Haben, former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives
Ken Holtzman, two-time major league baseball All Star pitcher
Brock Lesnar, professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist
Audie Murphy, highly decorated soldier from WWII, prolific 1950s actor
Dan Quayle, 44th Vice President of the United States
Cazzie Russell, former New York Knicks basketball player
Babe Ruth, former Major League Baseball player
Tom Selleck, actor, Magnum, P.I.
Rick Story, mixed martial artist in the UFC
Tim Walz, Governor of Minnesota, former United States Representative from Minnesota
Tulsi Gabbard, former United States Representative from Hawaii
Trent Kelly, United States Representative from Mississippi
Number of guardsmen by state, territory and D.C.
A member of the National Guard, often called a "guardsman," is a person who has signed an Enlistment Contract and has subscribed to an Enlistment Oath, is still alive, or has not yet been discharged. The subscription to the oath (typically a recitation) and the signature must be witnessed by a person, typically a Guard officer, authorized as an official witness. The term of the enlistment, or membership, runs from the date on the contract through the date on the discharge or the death certificate.
The "number of guardsmen" is a statistic generated by the Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC), an agency of the DoD tasked with tracking the identities of all persons in the active military, its reserves, and civilians employed by it. Membership in the Guard may be regarded as an independent variable. It changes constantly. Its value at any instant cannot be known exactly. It can, however, be estimated from the records of the DMDC. Its data and reports are for the most part inaccessible to the general public, but it does make available some reports under the category "DoD Personal, Workforce Reports & Publications."
The series "Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country (Updated Quarterly)," containing the statistics on membership in the National Guard by state, territory, and D.C., is updated every 3rd month at the end of the month. For example, one was generated on June 30, 2017. Like all statistics, these numbers of guardsmen are a sample culled according to a certain method. The report states that it uses the sources: "Active Duty Master File, RCCPDS, APF Civilian Master, CTS Deployment File, Civilian Deployment." The probabilities of the statistics being accurate to various percentages are not stated.
Below is a sample summary of a profile of National Guard membership as of September 30, 2020. Only the non-total columns come from the source. The totals are calculated from the data.
Sortable table
State/Territory
Army National Guard
Air National Guard
Total
Alabama
9,755
2,444
12,199
Alaska
1,649
2,158
3,807
Arizona
5,345
2,570
7,910
Arkansas
6,556
1,953
8,509
California
13,240
4,896
18,136
Colorado
3,778
1,802
5,580
Connecticut
3,664
1,171
4,835
Delaware
1,686
1,056
2,742
Florida
9,830
2,118
11,948
Georgia
11,294
2,844
14,138
Hawaii
2,911
2,318
5,229
Idaho
3,185
1,336
4,521
Illinois
10,469
2,911
13,380
Indiana
10,491
1,945
12,436
Iowa
6,829
1,923
8,752
Kansas
4,446
2,180
6,626
Kentucky
6,577
1,260
7,837
Louisiana
9,959
1,529
11,488
Maine
1,842
1,075
2,917
Maryland
4,586
1,840
6,426
Massachusetts
5,880
2,064
7,944
Michigan
8,378
2,448
10,826
Minnesota
10,901
2,269
13,170
Mississippi
9,060
2,637
11,697
Missouri
9,355
2,244
11,599
Montana
2,408
932
3,340
Nebraska
3,244
1,005
4,249
Nevada
3,302
1,199
4,501
New Hampshire
1,642
937
2,579
New Jersey
6,113
2,373
8,486
New Mexico
2,875
989
3,864
New York
10,420
5,685
16,105
North Carolina
9,721
1,467
11,188
North Dakota
2,990
1,163
4,153
Ohio
11,321
5,092
16,413
Oklahoma
6,398
2,225
8,623
Oregon
5,504
2,391
7,895
Pennsylvania
13,806
4,069
17,875
Rhode Island
2,049
1,019
3,068
South Carolina
9,270
1,250
10,520
South Dakota
3,149
1,112
4,261
Tennessee
9,256
3,490
12,746
Texas
18,617
3,390
22,007
Utah
5,666
1,473
7,139
Vermont
2,229
1,000
3,229
Virginia
7,127
1,469
8,596
Washington
5,538
2,005
7,543
West Virginia
4,052
2,125
6,177
Wisconsin
7,219
2,333
9,552
Wyoming
1,586
1,250
2,836
Puerto Rico
5,909
1,062
6,971
Guam
1,182
377
1,559
District of Columbia
1,281
1,289
2,570
Virgin Islands
594
61
655
Totals
336,129
107,414
443,543
See also
Army National Guard – land warfare component of the National Guard
Air National Guard – air warfare component of the National Guard
Space National Guard – proposed space warfare component of the National Guard
National Guard Bureau – federal agency responsible for the administration of the National Guard
State defense force – military units under the sole authority of individual U.S. states
Naval militias – naval military units under the sole authority of individual U.S. states
19th Special Forces Group – National Guard unit of the U.S. Army Special Forces
20th Special Forces Group – National Guard unit of the U.S. Army Special Forces
Minutemen
Youth Challenge Program
National Guard Memorial Museum
Notes
^ The fifteen enhanced brigades included the 27th (NY), 29th (HI), 32nd (WI), 41st (OR), 45th (OK), 48th (GA), 53rd (FL), 76th (IN), 81st (WA), 256th (LA), 116th Cavalry Brigade (ID), 155th (MS), 218th (SC), and the 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment (TN).
^ The National Guard enlistment oath is: "I do hereby acknowledge to have voluntarily enlisted this __ day of ____, ____, in the ______ National Guard of the State of ______ for a period of __ year(s) under the conditions prescribed by law, unless sooner discharged by proper authority. I, ________, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States and of the State of ______ against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to them; and that I will obey the orders of the President of the United States and the Governor of ______ and the orders of the officers appointed over me, according to law and regulations. So help me God."
References
^ a b "National Guard: FAQ". United States National Guard. Accessed February 2, 2022.
^ Perpich v. Department of Defense, 496 U.S. 334 (U.S. 1990) ("The District Court rejected the Governor's challenge, holding that the Federal Guard was created pursuant to Congress' Article I, 8, power to raise and support armies").
^ a b c 32 U.S.C. § 101 Definitions (National Guard)
^ 10 U.S.C. § 12401 Army and Air National Guard of the United States: status
^ "NATIONAL GUARD". uscode.house.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
^ "Four-and-a-half centuries of militia tradition". Florida Department of Military Affairs. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
^ Halbrook, Stephen P. (2008). The Founders' Second Amendment: Origins of the Right to Bear Arms. pp. 299–309. ISBN 9781566637923.
^ United States Congress. "National Guard (id: D000302)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.. Retrieved 13 September 2009
^ 32 Stat. 775 (1903)
^ 40 Stat. 181 (1917)
^ 32 U.S.C. § 102 General policy
^ a b "Military Reserves Federal Call Up Authority". Usmilitary.about.com. April 9, 2012.
^ "Graphics". National Guard. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
^ a b Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 110–181: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (text) (PDF)
^ Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 110–181 (text) (PDF) Sec. 1812, Establishment of National Guard Bureau as Joint Activity of the Department of Defense
^ 10 U.S.C. § 10501 National Guard Bureau
^ a b 10 U.S.C. § 10503 Functions of National Guard Bureau: charter from Secretaries of the Army and Air Force
^ "Chief, National Guard Bureau". National Guard Bureau. Archived from the original on June 24, 2012.
^ a b 10 U.S.C. §§ 10501–10503
^ Dunbar, Donald (September 30, 2018). "The nation needs the Guard in space". Air Force Times. Retrieved September 2, 2019.
^ a b Erwin, Sandra (June 2, 2020). "Congressional report refutes claim that a Space National Guard would be 'cost neutral'". SpaceNews.
^ Maucione, Scott (May 21, 2019). "You've heard of space force, but what about Space National Guard?". Federal News Network. Retrieved September 2, 2019.
^ Whitman, Frank (November 6, 2022). "Disagreement over Space Force National Guard affects Guam". Pacific Island Times. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
^ "Army National Guard — Today's Military". www.todaysmilitary.com. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
^ "FAQ Page". Air National Guard. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
^ "U.S. Army Ranks". www.army.mil. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
^ "Guard Pay". Recruiting. November 28, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
^ 54 Stat. 1206 (1940)
^ 64 Stat. 1073 (1950)
^ 70A Stat. 600 (1956)
^ a b 10 U.S.C. § 12302 Ready Reserve
^ 10 U.S.C. § 12301 Reserve components generally
^ Poynton, Aaron. "The Duel Over Duality: Effects of Federalism on the United States National Guard's Emergency Response Mission" (PDF).
^ a b c d Renaud, John. "National Guard Fact Sheet Army National Guard (FY2005)" (PDF). Army National Guard, G5, Chief, Strategic Plans and Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2012.
^ Lowenburg, Timothy. "The Role of the National Guard in National Defense and Homeland Security" (PDF). National Guard Association of the United States. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2009.
^ A.P. (August 20, 2010). "Salem declared National Guard's birthplace". Boston Herald. Associated Press. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
^ Boehm, Bill (December 12, 2011). "Born from humble beginnings, the National Guard celebrates its 375th birthday". National Guard Bureau. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
^ a b "How We Began". Nationalguard.mil. Arlington, VA: National Guard Bureau. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
^ Boehm, Bill (December 13, 2011). "National Guard marks its 375th birthday". Army.mil. Washington, DC.
^ Durr, Eric (December 14, 2007). "NY National Guard marks National Guard Birthday". Nationalguard.mil. Arlington, VA.
^ a b c "About the Army National Guard". National Guard Bureau. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
^ U.S. Military History Retrieved 4 September 2023
^ Washington PapersThe American Revolution Retrieved 15 January 2023
^ Retrieved15January 2023
^ Camp Edwards Training Site Retrieved 15 January 2023
^ National Guard Retrieved 15 January 2023
^ National Guard Birth Date Retrieved 15 January 2023
^ By an officer in the late army Retrieved 15 January 2023
^ "About the National Guard". Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
^ Haskell, Bob (July 2014). "Off the Rails". National Guard Magazine. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
^ Painter, Nell (1987). Standing at Armageddon. W.W. Norton. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9780393305883.
^ "Army National Guard size WW2" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
^ Gregory, Hamilton (June 22, 2015). McNamara's Folly: The Use of Low-IQ Troops in the Vietnam War (Kindle ed.). Infinity Publishing.
^ "Pages – Vietnam".
^ p.1311 Hearings, Volume 1 United States. Congress. House, United States. Congress. Joint Committee ...
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967
^ "Kentucky: National Guard History eMuseum – Summary". Kynghistory.ky.gov. Archived from the original on April 9, 2015.
^ Evans, David (June 12, 1990). "Supreme Court Confirms U.S. Control Over Guard". Chicago Tribune.
^ "Military Assistance Provided at Branch Davidian Incident" (PDF). United States General Accounting Office. August 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2015.
^ Government Accounting Office, Army National Guard: Enhanced Brigades Readiness Improving But Personnel and Workload Are Problems, June 2000, record accessed at DTIC, May 2009.
^ "Nationwide Grassroots Drive To Aid Military Families Picks Up Steam". Illinois.gov – Illinois Government News Network (IGNN). March 22, 2005.
^ Salzer, Darron. "Casey: National Guard very different today than 30 years ago". National Guard Bureau. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
^ FindLaw (February 14, 2007)."National Guard to Rescue in 8 States". FindLaw. Retrieved on February 14, 2007.
^ "Gates Promises Predictable Deployments". GX – the Guard Experience. 4 (3): 22. April 2007.
^ "NBC News. Health. Mental Health. Most vet suicides among Guard, Reserve troops. New government report raises alarm, calls for long-term mental services. Associated Press. February 12, 2008". NBC News. October 7, 2001.
^ "Army to expand citizen soldiers' training periods". USA Today. July 30, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
^ "AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT TEAMS AND THE COUNTERINSURGENCY EFFORT IN AFGHANISTAN" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019.
^ "U.S. Army Agriculture Development Teams". Science & Diplomacy. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
^ "TheNationalGuard" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 6, 2011.
^ a b "AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT TEAMS AND THE COUNTERINSURGENCY EFFORT IN AFGHANISTAN" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019.
^ Melnyk, Les (October 18, 2006). "New defense laws show Guard the road ahead for 2007" (Press release). National Guard.
^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (August 15, 2006). "Governors Resist Shifting Authority Over Guard". The New York Times.
^ Les', Melnyk (October 18, 2006). "New defense laws show Guard the road ahead for 2007". National Guard. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
^ Skelton, Ike (January 28, 2008). "H.R.4986 - 110th Congress (2007-2008): National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008". www.congress.gov. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
^ Reiley, Laura (June 22, 2021). "The rising cost of being in the National Guard: Reservists and guardsmen are twice as likely to be hungry as other American groups". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
^ 10 U.S.C. § 375 Restriction on direct participation by military personnel
^
"PERPICH v. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, 496 U.S. 334 (1990)". FindLaw. June 27, 2004. Retrieved May 13, 2006.
^ "Governors lose in power struggle over National Guard". Stateline.org.
^ National Governors Association Archived June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ 10 U.S.C. § 151(a)
^ a b McElhinny, Brad (February 21, 2021). "'Defend the Guard' gets a national legislative effort and another uphill battle at W.Va. Statehouse". WV MetroNews. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
^ "House wants Congress to act before deploying NH National Guard". nashuatelegraph.com. Retrieved February 7, 2024.
^ Nieberg, Patty (March 6, 2024). "Texas GOP voters want limits on National Guard deployments". Task & Purpose. Archived from the original on March 17, 2024. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
^ "Our Platform". New Hampshire Republican Party. Archived from the original on April 17, 2024. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
^ "The National Guard – Image Gallery – Presidential Series". Ngb.army.mil. Archived from the original on July 11, 2007.
^ 32 U.S.C. § 304: Enlistment oath
^ "DoD Personnel, Workforce Reports & Publications". DMDC. DoD. Retrieved September 25, 2017.
Further reading
Mahon, John K. (1983). History of the militia and the National Guard. New York: Macmillan. OCLC 9110954.
Russell, Henry Dozier; Kaplan, Lawrence M (2014). The purge of the Thirtieth Division. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
Vest, Bonnie, M (2013). "Citizen, Soldier, or Citizen-Soldier? Negotiating Identity in the U.S. National Guard". Armed Forces & Society. 39 (4): 602–627. doi:10.1177/0095327X12457725. S2CID 145213718.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
National Guard (United States) at Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from CommonsData from Wikidata
Official website of the National Guard
Omicron slammed essential workers. So the National Guard became teachers, janitors and more, The Washington Post
Thumbnails of the current National Guard Heritage Collection, a series of original paintings commissioned by the Bureau showing scenes from the Guard's past
vteUnited States Armed Forces
Legend
A = Army
MC = Marine Corps
N = Navy
AF = Air Force
SF = Space Force
CG = Coast Guard
Leadership
President of the United States
Secretary of Defense
Deputy Secretary of Defense
Secretary of Homeland Security
Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security
Joint Chiefs of Staff:
Chairman
Vice Chairman
Committees on Armed Services
Senate
House
Active duty four-star officers
Active duty three-star officers
United States military seniority
National Security Act of 1947
Goldwater–Nichols Act
OrganizationMilitary departments
Department of Defense
Secretary
Department of the Army
Secretary
Department of the Navy
Secretary
Department of the Air Force
Secretary
Department of Homeland Security
Secretary
Service branches and heads
Chief of Staff of the United States Army
Commandant of the Marine Corps
Chief of Naval Operations
Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force
Chief of Space Operations
Commandant of the Coast Guard
Reserve components
Reserves:
A
MC
N
AF
CG
National Guard:
A
AF
Civilian auxiliaries
Military Auxiliary Radio System
Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary
Merchant Marine
Civil Air Patrol
Coast Guard Auxiliary
Unified combatant command
Africa
Central
European
Indo-Pacific
Northern
Southern
Space
Cyber
Special Operations
Strategic
Transportation
Structure
United States Code
Title 10
Title 14
Title 32
Title 50
The Pentagon
Installations
Units:
A
MC
N
AF
SF
CG
Logistics
Media
Unit mottoes
Operationsand historyHistory
A
MC
N
AF
SF
CG
Timeline
Colonial
World War II
By ancestry
African Americans
Asian Americans
Buddhist Americans
Jewish Americans
Muslim Americans
Sikh Americans
Hispanic Americans
Civil War
Air Force
Coast Guard
Marine Corps
Navy
Academy
History centers
Army Center of Military History
Marine Corps History Division
Naval History and Heritage Command
Air Force Historical Research Agency
War artists
Army Art Program
Air Force Art Program
PersonnelTraining
Service academies:
A (prep)
MC/N (prep)
AF/SF (prep)
CG
Merchant Marine
ROTC
A
MC/N
AF/SF
Officer candidate/training school:
A
MC
N
AF/SF
Warrant officer:
A
MEPS
ASVAB
The Basic School (MC)
Enlisted recruit training:
A
MC
N
AF/SF
CG
Other education
Uniforms
Uniforms:
A
MC
N
AF
SF
Awards & decorations:
Inter-service
A
MC/N
AF/SF
CG
Foreign
International
Devices
Badges:
Identification
A
MC
N
AF
SF
CG
Ranks
Officer:
A
MC
N
AF
SF
CG
Warrant officers
Enlisted:
A
MC
N
AF
SF
CG
Other
Oath:
Enlistment
Officer
Creeds & Codes:
Code of Conduct
NCO
A
MC
N
AF
CG
Service numbers:
A
MC
N
AF
CG
Military Occupational Specialty/Rating/Air Force Specialty Code
Pay
Uniform Code of Military Justice
Judge Advocate General's Corps
Military Health System/Tricare
Separation
Veterans Affairs
Conscription
Chiefs of Chaplains:
A
MC
N
AF
CG
Equipment
A (Designations)
MC:
vehicles
weapons
other
N
AF
CG
Land
Individual weapons
Crew-served weapons
Vehicles (active)
Sea
All watercraft
Ships:
A
N
active
future
AF
CG
MSC
Weapons:
N
Reactors
Air
Aircraft
World War I
active
Aircraft designation
Helicopter arms
Other
WWII equipment
Nuclear football
Electronics (designations)
Flags:
A
MC
N
AF
SF
CG
Ensign
Jack
Guidons
Food
WMDs:
Nuclear
Biological
Chemical
Category
A
MC
N
AF
SF
CG
Navboxes
A
MC
N
AF
SF
CG
Articles related to the National Guard of the United States
vte National Guard: Army National Guard and Air National GuardStates
Alabama (Army/Air)
Alaska (Army/Air)
Arizona (Army/Air)
Arkansas (Army/Air)
California (Army/Air)
Colorado (Army/Air)
Connecticut (Army/Air)
Delaware (Army/Air)
Florida (Army/Air)
Georgia (Army/Air)
Hawaii (Army/Air)
Idaho (Army/Air)
Illinois (Army/Air)
Indiana (Army/Air)
Iowa (Army/Air)
Kansas (Army/Air)
Kentucky (Army/Air)
Louisiana (Army/Air)
Maine (Army/Air)
Maryland (Army/Air)
Massachusetts (Army/Air)
Michigan (Army/Air)
Minnesota (Army/Air)
Mississippi (Army/Air)
Missouri (Army/Air)
Montana (Army/Air)
Nebraska (Army/Air)
Nevada (Army/Air)
New Hampshire (Army/Air)
New Jersey (Army/Air)
New Mexico (Army/Air)
New York (Army/Air)
North Carolina (Army/Air)
North Dakota (Army/Air)
Ohio (Army/Air)
Oklahoma (Army/Air)
Oregon (Army/Air)
Pennsylvania (Army/Air)
Rhode Island (Army/Air)
South Carolina (Army/Air)
South Dakota (Army/Air)
Tennessee (Army/Air)
Texas (Army/Air)
Utah (Army/Air)
Vermont (Army/Air)
Virginia (Army/Air)
Washington (Army/Air)
West Virginia (Army/Air)
Wisconsin (Army/Air)
Wyoming (Army/Air)
Seal of the Army National GuardSeal of the Air National GuardFederal districtand territories
District of Columbia (Army/Air)
Guam (Army/Air)
Puerto Rico (Army/Air)
U.S. Virgin Islands (Army/Air)
Northern Mariana Islands (proposed)
American Samoa (none)
Philippines (inactivated)
vteUnited States ArmyLeadership
Secretary of the Army
Under Secretary of the Army
Chief of Staff
Vice Chief of Staff
4-star generals
3-star generals
1798–1959
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–2019
2020–present
Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer
Sergeant Major of the Army
House Armed Services Committee (House Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces)
Senate Committee on Armed Services (Senate Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces)
Componentsandcommands
Regular Army
Army Reserve
Army National Guard
Active Units
Reorganization plan of United States Army
Commands
Forces
Futures
Materiel
Training and Doctrine
Service components
Central
Europe–Africa
Pacific
North
South
Special Operations
Surface Deployment and Distribution
Space and Missile Defense
Cyber Command
Direct reportingunits
Second Army
Medical
Intelligence and Security
Criminal Investigation Division
Corps of Engineers
Military District of Washington
Test and Evaluation
Military Academy
Reserve
Acquisition Support Center
Installation Management
War College
Field armies
First
Third
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
Eighth
Ninth
Branches
Acquisition Corps
Adjutant General's Corps
Air Defense Artillery Branch
Armor Branch
Aviation Branch
Army Band
Chaplain Corps
Chemical Corps
Civil Affairs Corps
Corps of Engineers
Cyber Branch
Dental Corps
Field Artillery Branch
Finance Corps
Infantry Branch
Inspector General's Corps
Judge Advocate General's Corps
Logistics Branch
Medical Corps
Medical Service Corps
Medical Specialist Corps
Military Intelligence Corps
Military Police Corps
Nurse Corps
Ordnance Corps
Psychological operations
Quartermaster Corps
Signal Corps
Special Forces
Transportation Corps
Veterinary Corps
Installations
United States and overseas
Germany
Japan
Kuwait
South Korea
Training
Basic Training
BOLC
ROTC (ECP)
OCS
WOBC
WOCS
Military Academy (West Point)
MOS
Uniforms andinsignia
Awards and decorations
Badges
Branch
Officer
Warrant
Enlisted
World War I
World War II
Uniforms
Equipment
Individual weapons
Crew-served weapons
Vehicles
Premierensembles
Army Field Band
Army Band
Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps
West Point Band
History and traditions
History
Continental Army
Union Army
National Army
Army of the United States
Center of Military History
Institute of Heraldry
America's Army
Army Art Program
Flag
National Museum
West Point Museum
Rangers
U.S. Army Regimental System
Soldier's Creed
"The Army Goes Rolling Along"
Division nicknames
Draft
Service numbers
Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra
Historical
Buffalo Soldiers
Army Air Forces
Army Service Forces
Women's Army Corps
Rough Riders
U.S. Cavalry
United States Colored Troops
United States Army Hospital Corps
U.S. Sanitary Commission
Category
vteUnited States Air ForceLeadership
Department of the Air Force
Secretary of the Air Force
Under Secretary of the Air Force
Air Staff
Chief of Staff
Vice Chief of Staff
Director of Staff
Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force
Four-star generals
Three-star generals
1940–1959
2000–2009
2010–2019
2020–present
House Armed Services Committee
House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces
House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces
Senate Committee on Armed Services
Senate Subcommittee on Airland
Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces
StructureCommands
Reserve
Air National Guard
Field Operating Agencies
Installations
Direct Reporting Units
District of Washington
Operational Test and Evaluation Center
USAF Academy
Major commands
ACC
AETC
AFGSC
AFMC
AFRC
AFSOC
AMC
PACAF
USAFE–AFAFRICA
Numbered Air Forces
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Seventh
Eighth
Ninth
Tenth
Eleventh
Twelfth
Thirteenth Expeditionary
Fifteenth
Sixteenth
Eighteenth
Nineteenth
Twentieth
Twenty-Second
Wings
ANG
Groups
ANG
Squadrons
ANG
Security Forces
Civilian auxiliary: Civil Air Patrol
Personnel and training
Personnel
Rank
officers
cadets
enlisted
Specialty Code
Aeronautical ratings
Judge Advocate General's Corps
RED HORSE
Security Forces
Medical Service
Chief of Chaplains
Chief Scientist
Training: Air Force Academy
Officer Training School
Reserve Officer Training Corps
Basic Training
Airman Leadership School
SERE
Fitness Assessment
Uniforms and equipment
Awards and decorations
Badges
Equipment
Aircraft
Uniforms
History and traditions
History
Aeronautical Division / Aviation Section / Division of Military Aeronautics / Army Air Service / Army Air Corps / Army Air Forces
"The U.S. Air Force"
Air Force Band
Airman's Creed
Core Values
Flag
Symbol
Memorial
National Museum
Women Airforce Service Pilots
Air Force One / Air Force Two
Honor Guard
Thunderbirds
Service numbers
Air & Space Forces Association
Category
vteUnited States Armed Forces
Legend
A = Army
MC = Marine Corps
N = Navy
AF = Air Force
SF = Space Force
CG = Coast Guard
Leadership
President of the United States
Secretary of Defense
Deputy Secretary of Defense
Secretary of Homeland Security
Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security
Joint Chiefs of Staff:
Chairman
Vice Chairman
Committees on Armed Services
Senate
House
Active duty four-star officers
Active duty three-star officers
United States military seniority
National Security Act of 1947
Goldwater–Nichols Act
OrganizationMilitary departments
Department of Defense
Secretary
Department of the Army
Secretary
Department of the Navy
Secretary
Department of the Air Force
Secretary
Department of Homeland Security
Secretary
Service branches and heads
Chief of Staff of the United States Army
Commandant of the Marine Corps
Chief of Naval Operations
Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force
Chief of Space Operations
Commandant of the Coast Guard
Reserve components
Reserves:
A
MC
N
AF
CG
National Guard:
A
AF
Civilian auxiliaries
Military Auxiliary Radio System
Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary
Merchant Marine
Civil Air Patrol
Coast Guard Auxiliary
Unified combatant command
Africa
Central
European
Indo-Pacific
Northern
Southern
Space
Cyber
Special Operations
Strategic
Transportation
Structure
United States Code
Title 10
Title 14
Title 32
Title 50
The Pentagon
Installations
Units:
A
MC
N
AF
SF
CG
Logistics
Media
Unit mottoes
Operationsand historyHistory
A
MC
N
AF
SF
CG
Timeline
Colonial
World War II
By ancestry
African Americans
Asian Americans
Buddhist Americans
Jewish Americans
Muslim Americans
Sikh Americans
Hispanic Americans
Civil War
Air Force
Coast Guard
Marine Corps
Navy
Academy
History centers
Army Center of Military History
Marine Corps History Division
Naval History and Heritage Command
Air Force Historical Research Agency
War artists
Army Art Program
Air Force Art Program
PersonnelTraining
Service academies:
A (prep)
MC/N (prep)
AF/SF (prep)
CG
Merchant Marine
ROTC
A
MC/N
AF/SF
Officer candidate/training school:
A
MC
N
AF/SF
Warrant officer:
A
MEPS
ASVAB
The Basic School (MC)
Enlisted recruit training:
A
MC
N
AF/SF
CG
Other education
Uniforms
Uniforms:
A
MC
N
AF
SF
Awards & decorations:
Inter-service
A
MC/N
AF/SF
CG
Foreign
International
Devices
Badges:
Identification
A
MC
N
AF
SF
CG
Ranks
Officer:
A
MC
N
AF
SF
CG
Warrant officers
Enlisted:
A
MC
N
AF
SF
CG
Other
Oath:
Enlistment
Officer
Creeds & Codes:
Code of Conduct
NCO
A
MC
N
AF
CG
Service numbers:
A
MC
N
AF
CG
Military Occupational Specialty/Rating/Air Force Specialty Code
Pay
Uniform Code of Military Justice
Judge Advocate General's Corps
Military Health System/Tricare
Separation
Veterans Affairs
Conscription
Chiefs of Chaplains:
A
MC
N
AF
CG
Equipment
A (Designations)
MC:
vehicles
weapons
other
N
AF
CG
Land
Individual weapons
Crew-served weapons
Vehicles (active)
Sea
All watercraft
Ships:
A
N
active
future
AF
CG
MSC
Weapons:
N
Reactors
Air
Aircraft
World War I
active
Aircraft designation
Helicopter arms
Other
WWII equipment
Nuclear football
Electronics (designations)
Flags:
A
MC
N
AF
SF
CG
Ensign
Jack
Guidons
Food
WMDs:
Nuclear
Biological
Chemical
Category
A
MC
N
AF
SF
CG
Navboxes
A
MC
N
AF
SF
CG
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Japan
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_components_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Militia (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"state-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"U.S. military's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"reserve components","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_components_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NG-FAQ-1"},{"link_name":"military reserve force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_reserve_force"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Congress's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raise_and_Support_Armies-2"},{"link_name":"organized militia of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"10 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 246","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/246"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NG-FAQ-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Guard-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Active Guard & Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Guard_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Air Reserve Technicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Reserve_Technician_Program"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Guard-3"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Guard-3"},{"link_name":"militias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"British colonization of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"New York State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State"},{"link_name":"French National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Marquis de Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette"}],"text":"This article is about one of the United States military reserve forces. For other countries that have a National Guard, see National Guard. For other United States military reserves, see Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces. For the general idea of militas in the United States, see Militia (United States).Military unitThe National Guard is a state-based military force that becomes part of the U.S. military's reserve components of the U.S. Army and the U.S. Air Force when activated for federal missions.[1] It is a military reserve force composed of National Guard military members or units of each state and the territories of Guam, the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia, for a total of 54 separate organizations. It is officially created under Congress's Article 1 Section 8 ability to \"raise and support armies\".[2] All members of the National Guard are also members of the organized militia of the United States as defined by 10 U.S.C. § 246. National Guard units are under the dual control of state governments and the federal government.[1]The majority of National Guard soldiers and airmen hold a civilian job full-time while serving part-time as a National Guard member.[3][4] These part-time guardsmen are augmented by a full-time cadre of Active Guard & Reserve (AGR) personnel in both the Army National Guard and Air National Guard, plus Army Reserve Technicians in the Army National Guard and Air Reserve Technicians (ART) in the Air National Guard.The National Guard is a joint activity of the United States Department of Defense (DoD) composed of reserve components of the United States Army and the United States Air Force: the Army National Guard[3] and the Air National Guard, respectively.[3]Colonial militias were formed during the British colonization of the Americas from the 17th century onward. The first colony-wide militia was formed by Massachusetts in 1636 by merging small, older local units, and several National Guard units can be traced back to this militia. The various colonial militias became state militias when the United States became independent. The title \"National Guard\" was used in 1824 by some New York State militia units, named after the French National Guard in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette. \"National Guard\" became a standard nationwide militia title in 1903, and has specifically indicated reserve forces under mixed state and federal control since 1933.","title":"National Guard (United States)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Guard_3c_1953_issue_U.S._stamp.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"St. Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Pedro Menéndez de Avilés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Fort Caroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Caroline"},{"link_name":"St. Johns River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Johns_River"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jamestown Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_Colony"},{"link_name":"Plymouth Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Colony"},{"link_name":"Militia acts of 1792","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_Acts_of_1792"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Charles W. F. Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._F._Dick"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"Ohio National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Committee on the Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Militia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dick Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Act"},{"link_name":"57th U.S. Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"National Defense Act of 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Act_of_1916"},{"link_name":"Home Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"National Defense Act of 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Act_of_1947"}],"text":"1953 postage stampOn December 13, 1636,[5] the first militia regiments in North America were organized in Massachusetts. Based upon an order of the Massachusetts Bay Colony's General Court, the colony's militia was organized into three permanent regiments to better defend the colony. Today, the descendants of these first regiments - the 181st Infantry, the 182nd Infantry, the 101st Field Artillery, and the 101st Engineer Battalion of the Massachusetts Army National Guard – share the distinction of being the oldest units in the U.S. military. December 13, 1636, thus marks the beginning of the organized militia, and the birth of the National Guard's oldest organized units is symbolic of the founding of all the state, territory, and District of Columbia militias that collectively make up today's National Guard.Previous to this, unregulated militias were mustered sporadically in Spanish and English colonies. On September 16, 1565, in the newly established Spanish town of St. Augustine, militia were assigned to guard the expedition's supplies while their leader, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, took the regular troops north to attack the French settlement at Fort Caroline on the St. Johns River.[6] This Spanish militia tradition and the tradition that was established in England's North American colonies provided the basic nucleus for Colonial defense in the New World.The militia tradition continued with the New World's first permanent English settlements. Jamestown Colony (established in 1607) and Plymouth Colony (established in 1620) both had militia forces, which initially consisted of every able-bodied adult male. By the mid-1600s every town had at least one militia company (usually commanded by an officer with the rank of captain), and the militia companies of a county formed a regiment (usually commanded by an officer with the rank of major in the 1600s or a colonel in the 1700s). The first federal laws regulating the militia were the Militia acts of 1792.From the nation's founding through the early 1900s, the United States maintained only a minimal army and relied on state militias, directly related to the earlier Colonial militias to supply the majority of its troops.[7] As a result of the Spanish–American War, Congress was called upon to reform and regulate state militias' training and qualification.U.S. Senator Charles W. F. Dick, a Major General in the Ohio National Guard and the chair of the Committee on the Militia,[8] sponsored the 1903 Dick Act towards the end of the 57th U.S. Congress. Under this legislation, passed 21 January 1903, the organized militia of the states were given federal funding and required to conform to Regular Army organization within five years. The act also required National Guard units to attend twenty four drills and five days annual training a year, and, for the first time, provided for pay for annual training. In return for the increased federal funding which the act made available, militia units were subject to inspection by Regular Army officers, and had to meet certain standards.It required the states to divide their militias into two sections. The law recommended the title \"National Guard\" for the first section, known as the organized militia, and \"Reserve Militia\" for all others.[9]During World War I, Congress passed the National Defense Act of 1916, which required the use of the term \"National Guard\" for the state militias and further regulated them. Congress also authorized the states to maintain Home Guards, which were reserve forces outside the National Guards deployed by the federal government.[10]In 1933, with the passage of the National Guard Mobilization Act, Congress finalized the split between the National Guard and the traditional state militias by mandating that all federally funded soldiers take a dual enlistment/commission and thus enter both the state National Guard and the National Guard of the United States, a newly created federal reserve force. The National Defense Act of 1947 created the Air Force as a separate branch of the Armed Forces and concurrently created the Air National Guard of the United States as one of its reserve components, mirroring the Army's structure.","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"state or territorial governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"state adjutants general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_adjutant_general"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Call_up-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Call_up-12"}],"sub_title":"Territorial organization","text":"The National Guard of the several states, territories, and the District of Columbia serves as part of the first line of defense for the United States.[11] The state National Guard is organized into units stationed in each of the 50 states, three territories, and the District of Columbia, and operates under their respective state or territorial governor, except in the instance of Washington, D.C., where the National Guard operates under the President of the United States or his designee. The governors exercise control through the state adjutants general.[12] Governors may call up the National Guard for active duty to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes.[12]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NGB-seal-high.png"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"National Guard Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pl110-181-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Guard_Bureau-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Guard_Bureau-17"},{"link_name":"10 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 10503","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/10503"},{"link_name":"Chief of the National Guard Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_National_Guard_Bureau"},{"link_name":"general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pl110-181-14"},{"link_name":"Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"general officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_officer"},{"link_name":"Commander in Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_in_Chief"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10_USC_10501-10503-19"}],"sub_title":"National Guard Bureau","text":"Seal of the National Guard Bureau, 2013 to present[13]The National Guard is administered by the National Guard Bureau, a joint activity of the Army and Air Force under the Department of Defense.[14][15] The National Guard Bureau provides a communication channel for state National Guards to the DoD.[16] The National Guard Bureau also provides policies and requirements for training and funds for state Army National Guard and state Air National Guard units,[17] the allocation of federal funds to the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard,[17] and other administrative responsibilities prescribed under 10 U.S.C. § 10503. The National Guard Bureau is headed by the Chief of the National Guard Bureau (CNGB), who is a four-star general[14] in the Army or Air Force and is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.The National Guard Bureau is headquartered in Arlington County, Virginia, and is a joint activity of the Department of Defense to conduct all the administrative matters pertaining to the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard. The chief is either an Army or an Air Force four-star general officer, and is the senior uniformed National Guard officer, and is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In this capacity, he serves as a military adviser to the President, the Secretary of Defense, the National Security Council and is the Department of Defense's official channel of communication to the Governors and to State Adjutants General on all matters pertaining to the National Guard. He is responsible for ensuring that the more than half a million Army and Air National Guard personnel are accessible, capable, and ready to protect the homeland and to provide combat resources to the Army and the Air Force. He is appointed by the President in his capacity as Commander in Chief.[18][19]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitution of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"32 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_32_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"state militias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Guard"},{"link_name":"Militia Act of 1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1903"}],"sub_title":"Constitutional basis","text":"The respective state National Guards are authorized by the Constitution of the United States. As originally drafted, the Constitution recognized the existing state militias, and gave them vital roles to fill: \"to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasion.\" (Article I, Section 8, Clause 15). The Constitution distinguished \"militias,\" which were state entities, from \"Troops,\" which were unlawful for states to maintain without Congressional approval. (Article I, Section 10, Clause 3). Under current law, the respective state National Guards and the State Defense Forces are authorized by Congress to the states and are referred to as \"troops.\" 32 U.S.C. § 109.Although originally state entities, the Constitutional \"Militia of the Several States\" were not entirely independent because they could be federalized. According to Article I, Section 8; Clause 15, the United States Congress is given the power to pass laws for \"calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions.\" Congress is also empowered to come up with the guidelines \"for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress\" (clause 16). The President of the United States is the commander-in-chief of the state militias \"when called into the actual Service of the United States.\" (Article II, Section 2).The traditional state militias were redefined and recreated as the \"organized militia\"—the National Guard, via the Militia Act of 1903. They were now subject to an increasing amount of federal control, including having arms and accoutrements supplied by the central government, federal funding, and numerous closer ties to the Regular Army.","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Space Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Space_Force"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Congressional Budget Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office"},{"link_name":"National Guard Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-21"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Guam Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Proposed Space National Guard","text":"Proposals for the establishment of a National Guard component for the United States Space Force has existed for years, even as early as 2018.[20]A report by the Congressional Budget Office indicated that the creation of a Space National Guard, as proposed by the National Guard Bureau, would cost an additional $100 million per year in operations and support costs, with a onetime cost of $20 million in the construction of new facilities. This report directly contradicted the statement by the National Guard Bureau that a Space National Guard would only have a onetime cost at creation, and then be cost-neutral.[21]The report also analyzed the cost of the creation of a larger Space National Guard, which would be ~33% of the Space Force, calculating that the annual operating cost would be $385 million to $490 million per year.[21]However, several states already have existing National Guard space operations, including Alaska, California, Colorado, Florida, New York, Arkansas, and Ohio;[22] there is also a space component in the Guam Air National Guard.[23]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"United States military awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_military"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"state awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Fort Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Jackson_(South_Carolina)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Homeland_security_at_Penn_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Penn Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(New_York_City)"}],"text":"Both the Army National Guard and Air National Guard are expected to adhere to the same moral and physical standards as their \"full-time\" active duty and \"part-time\" reserve federal counterparts.[24][25] The same ranks and insignia of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force are used by the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard, respectively, and National Guard members are eligible to receive all United States military awards.[26][27] The respective state National Guards also bestow state awards for services rendered both at home and abroad. Under Army and Air Force regulations, these awards may be worn while in state, but not federal, duty status. Regular Army and Army Reserve soldiers are also authorized to accept these awards, but are not authorized to wear them.Army National Guard recruits arriving at Fort Jackson for basic trainingArmy National Guard soldiers at New York City's Penn Station in 2004","title":"Standards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state defense forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_defense_force"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"National Defense Act of 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Act_of_1916"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"War Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Army"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"State defense forces","text":"Many states also maintain their own state defense forces. Although not federal entities like the National Guard of the United States, these forces are components of the state militias like the individual state National Guards.These forces were created by Congress in 1917 as a result of the state National Guards' being deployed and were known as Home Guards. In 1940, with the onset of World War II and as a result of its federalizing the National Guard, Congress amended the National Defense Act of 1916, and authorized the states to maintain \"military forces other than National Guard.\"[28] This law authorized the War Department to train and arm the new military forces that became known as State Guards. In 1950, with the outbreak of the Korean War and at the urging of the National Guard, Congress reauthorized the separate state military forces for a time period of two years. These state military forces were authorized military training at federal expense, and \"arms, ammunition, clothing, and equipment,\" as deemed necessary by the Secretary of the Army.[29] In 1956, Congress finally revised the law and authorized \"State defense forces\" permanently under Title 32, Section 109, of the United States Code.[30]","title":"Other organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"10 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 8901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/8901"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"10 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 7852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/7852"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Naval_Militia"},{"link_name":"naval militias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Militia"},{"link_name":"10 U.S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code"},{"link_name":"§ 7851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/7851"}],"sub_title":"Naval militias","text":"Although there are no Naval or Marine Corps components of the National Guard of the United States, there is a Naval Militia authorized under federal law.10 U.S.C. § 8901. Like the soldiers and airmen in the National Guard of the United States, members of the Naval Militia are authorized federal appointments or enlistments at the discretion of the Secretary of the Navy.10 U.S.C. § 7852. To receive federal funding and equipment, a state naval militia must be composed of at least 95% of Navy, Coast Guard, or Marine Corps Reservists. As such, some states maintain such units. Some states also maintain naval components of their State Defense Force. Recently, Alaska, California, New Jersey, New York, South Carolina, Texas and Ohio have had or currently maintain naval militias. Other states have laws authorizing them but do not currently have them organized. To receive federal funding, as is the case in the National Guard, a state must meet specific requirements such as having a set percentage of its members in the federal reserves.10 U.S.C. § 7851.","title":"Other organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_unit"},{"link_name":"national emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency#United_States"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ready_reserve-31"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ready_reserve-31"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"state of emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-act1_34-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-act2_35-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-act3_36-0"}],"text":"National Guard units can be mobilized for federal active duty to supplement regular armed forces during times of war or national emergency declared by Congress,[31] the President[31] or the Secretary of Defense.[32] They can also be activated for service in their respective states upon declaration of a state of emergency by the governor of the state or territory where they serve, or in the case of Washington, D.C., by the Commanding General. Unlike U.S. Army Reserve members, National Guard members cannot be mobilized individually, except through voluntary transfers and Temporary Duty Assignments (TDY). The types of activation are as follows:[33]^ Unless the Insurrection Act is invoked.\n\n^ Title 10 is rarely used for domestic operations.\n\n^ The Insurrection Act was invoked.","title":"Duties and administrative organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Renaud-37"}],"text":"The term \"activated\" simply means that a unit or individual of the reserve components has been placed on orders. The purpose and authority for that activation determine limitations and duration of the activation. The Army and Air National Guard may be activated in a number of ways as prescribed by public law. Broadly, under federal law, there are two titles in the United States Code under which units and troops may be activated: as federal soldiers or airmen under Title 10 (\"Armed Forces\") and as state soldiers or airmen performing a federally-funded mission under Title 32 (\"National Guard\").[34] Outside federal activation, the Army and Air National Guard may be activated under state law. This is known as state active duty (SAD).","title":"National Guard active duty character"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Renaud-37"},{"link_name":"fungible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungibility"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Posse Comitatus Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_Act"}],"sub_title":"State and territory duty","text":"When National Guard units are not under federal control, the governor is the commander-in-chief of the units of his or her respective state or territory (such as Puerto Rico, Guam and the Virgin Islands). The President of the United States commands the District of Columbia National Guard, though this command is routinely delegated to the Commanding General of the DC National Guard.[34] States are free to employ their National Guard forces under state control for state purposes and at state expense as provided in the state's constitution and statutes. In doing so, governors, as commanders-in-chief, can directly access and utilize the Guard's federally assigned aircraft, vehicles and other equipment so long as the federal government is reimbursed for the use of fungible equipment and supplies such as fuel, food stocks, etc. This is the authority under which governors activate and deploy National Guard forces in response to natural disasters. It is also the authority under which governors deploy National Guard forces in response to human-made emergencies such as riots and civil unrest, or terrorist attacks.[35]The Governor can activate National Guard personnel to \"State Active Duty\" in response to natural or human-made disasters or Homeland Defense missions. State Active Duty is based on State statute and policy and on State funds. Soldiers and Airmen remain under the command and control of the Governor. The federal Posse Comitatus Act (PCA) does not apply under state active duty status or Title 32 status.\nTitle 32 Full-Time National Guard Duty. (Federally funded, but command and control remains with the State Governor through his Adjutant General.) Title 32 activation can only be done by the President or SECDEF with the approval and consent of the state Governor.","title":"National Guard active duty character"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Renaud-37"},{"link_name":"State Partnership Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Partnership_Program"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Renaud-37"}],"sub_title":"Federal duty","text":"Title 10 service means full-time duty in the active military service of the United States. The term used is federalized. Federalized National Guard forces have been ordered by the President to active duty either in their reserve component status or by calling them into Federal service in their militia status.[34]\nThere are several forms:Voluntary Order to Active Duty.Federalized with the soldier's or airman's consent and the consent of their Governor.Partial Mobilization.In time of national emergency declared by the President for any unit or any member for not more than 24 consecutive months.Presidential Reserve Call Up.When the President determines that it is necessary to augment the active forces for any operational mission for any unit or any member for not more than 270 days.Federal Aid for State Governments.Whenever an insurrection occurs in any state against its government, the President may, upon the request of its legislature or of its governor call into Federal service such of the militia of the other states. This is a statutory exception to the PCAUse of Militia and Armed Forces to Enforce Federal Authority.Whenever the President considers that unlawful obstructions, assemblages, or rebellion make it impracticable to enforce the laws of the United States in any state or territory, he may call into Federal service such of the militia of any state. This is another statutory exception to the PCA.Interference with State and Federal law.The President, by using the militia or the armed forces, or both, or by any other means, shall take such measures as he considers necessary to suppress, in a state, any insurrection, domestic violence, unlawful combination, or conspiracy.Air and Army National Guard.Air and Army National Guard can specifically be called into Federal service in case of invasion, rebellion, or inability to execute Federal law with active forces.In the categories listed above, Army and Air National Guard units or individuals may also be mobilized for non-combat purposes such as the State Partnership Program, humanitarian missions, counter-drug operations, and peacekeeping or peace enforcement missions.[34]","title":"National Guard active duty character"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_Muster_1637.jpg"},{"link_name":"muster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muster_(military)"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Bay Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-founding_1-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Bay Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony"},{"link_name":"Pequot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pequot"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Began-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birthday-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY-43"},{"link_name":"101st Field Artillery Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101st_Field_Artillery_Regiment"},{"link_name":"182nd Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/182nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"101st Engineer Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101st_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"181st Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/181st_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Began-41"}],"sub_title":"Colonial history","text":"First muster of the East Regiment (present-day Massachusetts Army National Guard) in Salem, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Spring 1637On December 13, 1636,[36][37] the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony ordered that the Colony's scattered militia companies be organized into North, South and East Regiments—with the goal of increasing accountability to the colonial government and responsiveness during conflicts with indigenous Pequot Indians.[38][39] Under this act, white males between the ages of 16 and 60 were obligated to possess arms and to take part in the defense of their communities by serving in nightly guard details and participating in weekly drills.[40] The modern-day 101st Field Artillery Regiment, 182nd Infantry Regiment, 101st Engineer Battalion and 181st Infantry Regiment of the Massachusetts Army National Guard are directly descended from the original colonial regiments formed in 1636.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Battles of Lexington and Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abtarng-44"},{"link_name":"Army of Observation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Observation"},{"link_name":"Siege of Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Boston"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Continental Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Congress"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"American Revolutionary War","text":"The Massachusetts militia began the American Revolutionary War at the Battles of Lexington and Concord,[41] The Massachusetts militia units were mobilized either during or shortly after the above battles and used to form, along with units from Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire, the Army of Observation during the Siege of Boston. On July 3, 1775, General George Washington, under the authority of the Continental Congress, assumed command of the Army of Observation and the new organization became the Continental Army from which the United States Army traces its origins.[42][43]Throughout the war, militia units were mobilized when British forces entered their geographic areas and participated in most of the battles fought during the war.[44][45]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a standing army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_army#United_States"},{"link_name":"Northwest Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War"},{"link_name":"Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_National_Guard_units_with_campaign_credit_for_the_War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"visited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visit_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"French National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abtarng-44"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abtarng-44"}],"sub_title":"Nineteenth century","text":"The early United States distrusted a standing army - in emulation of a long-standing British distrust - and kept the number of professional soldiers small. During the Northwest Indian War, the majority of soldiers were provided by state militias. There are nineteen Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812.[46][47]The Marquis de Lafayette visited the U.S. in 1824–25. The 2nd Battalion, 11th New York Artillery, was one of many militia commands who turned out in welcome. This unit decided to adopt the title \"National Guard,\" in honor of Lafayette's French National Guard. The Battalion, later the 7th Regiment, was prominent in the line of march on the occasion of Lafayette's final passage through New York en route home to France. Taking note of the troops named for his old command, Lafayette alighted from his carriage, walked down the line, clasping each officer by the hand as he passed.[48]Militia units provided 70% of the soldiers that fought in the Mexican–American War,[41] and also provided the majority of soldiers in the early months of the American Civil War[49] The majority of soldiers in the Spanish–American War were from the National Guard.[41]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltimore and Ohio Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Martinsburg, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Great Railroad Strike of 1877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877"},{"link_name":"Henry M. Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_M._Mathews"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Homestead Strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Strike"},{"link_name":"Pullman Strike of 1894","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullman_Strike_of_1894"},{"link_name":"Colorado Labor Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Labor_Wars"}],"sub_title":"Industrialization and labor unrest","text":"Labor unrest in the industrial and mining sections of the Northeast and Midwest led to demands for a stronger military force within the states.On July 14, 1877, workers on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) began to stop trains in Martinsburg, West Virginia in response to wage cuts. This protest developed into the national Great Railroad Strike of 1877. West Virginia governor Henry M. Mathews was the first state commander-in-chief to send in troops to break-up the protests, and this action has been viewed in retrospect as an incident that would transform the National Guard.[50]After the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, calls for military suppression of labor strikes grew louder, and National Guard units proliferated. In many states, large and elaborate armories, often built to resemble medieval castles, were constructed to house militia units. Businessmen and business associations donated monies for the construction of armories and to supplement funds of the local National Guard units. National Guard officers also came from the middle and upper classes.[51]\nNational Guard troops were deployed to suppress strikers in some of the bloodiest and most significant conflicts of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the Homestead Strike, the Pullman Strike of 1894, and the Colorado Labor Wars.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Guardsman_NGM-v31-p347.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Militia Act of 1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1903"},{"link_name":"George W. Wickersham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Wickersham"},{"link_name":"National Defense Act of 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Act_of_1916"},{"link_name":"1920 amendments to the act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Act_of_1920"},{"link_name":"Army of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Guard_Mobilization_of_1940-41.jpg"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Operation Desert Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Little Rock Nine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine"},{"link_name":"Little Rock Central High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock_Central_High_School"},{"link_name":"Orval Faubus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orval_Faubus"},{"link_name":"Nelson A. Rockefeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_A._Rockefeller"},{"link_name":"Rochester 1964 race riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Rochester_race_riot"},{"link_name":"California Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Edmund Gerald Brown Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Brown"},{"link_name":"Watts Riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts_Riots"},{"link_name":"Ohio Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Kent State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_University"},{"link_name":"Jim Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"shooting into a crowd of students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_shootings"},{"link_name":"Student strike of 1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_strike_of_1970"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gregory-Folly-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"101st Airborne Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-David_Evans-60"},{"link_name":"1992 Los Angeles Riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_Riots"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"California Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"California Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"curfew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curfew"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ANG40InfantryDivisionLosAngelesRiot1992.jpg"},{"link_name":"1992 Los Angeles riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots"},{"link_name":"Waco siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_siege"},{"link_name":"Branch Davidians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_Davidian"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"ATF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Fort Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hood"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"26th Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"50th Armored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_Armored_Division"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Twentieth century","text":"A National Guardsman in 1917Throughout the 19th century the Regular U.S. Army was small, and the state militias provided the majority of the troops during the Mexican–American War, the American Civil War, and the Spanish–American War. With the Militia Act of 1903, the militia was more organized and the name \"National Guard\" recommended. In 1908, the prohibition on National Guard units serving overseas was dropped. This resulted in constitutional debates within the U.S. government surrounding the legality of the use of the National Guard overseas, culminating in 1912 when U.S. Attorney General George W. Wickersham declared the 1908 amendment to be unconstitutional. The National Defense Act of 1916 contained a provision whereby the president could discharge National Guard members from the militia and draft them into the Army in the event of a war, allowing for their use overseas. This resulted in former National Guard members being discharged from the Army entirely (also losing their status as state troops) when they left service, so the 1920 amendments to the act defined the National Guard's dual role as a state and federal reserve force; the \"National Guard while in the service of the United States\" as a component of the Army of the United States could be ordered to active duty by the president, be deployed overseas if they so wished, and the Guardsmen would then revert to their status as state troops. The dual state and federal status proved confusing, so in 1933, the National Defense Act of 1916 was amended again. It finally severed the National Guard's traditional connection with the militia clause of the Constitution, providing for a new component called the \"National Guard of the United States\" that was to be a reserve component of the Army of the United States at all times. This is the beginning of the present legal basis of the National Guard. In World War I, National Guard soldiers made up 40 percent of the men in U.S. combat divisions in France. In World War II, the National Guard made up 18 divisions.[52]National Guard training, 1941.One hundred forty thousand Guardsmen were mobilized during the Korean War and over 63,000 for Operation Desert Storm. They have also participated in U.S. peacekeeping operations in Somalia, Haiti, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bosnia, and Kosovo and for natural disasters, strikes, riots and security for the Olympic Games when they have been in the States.Following World War II, the National Guard aviation units that had previously been part of the U.S. Army Air Corps and its successor organization, the U.S. Army Air Forces, became the Air National Guard (ANG), one of two reserve components of the newly established United States Air Force.On September 24, 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower federalized the entire Arkansas National Guard to ensure the safe entry of the Little Rock Nine to Little Rock Central High School the following day. Governor Orval Faubus had previously used members of the guard to deny the students entry to the school.The New York National Guard were ordered by Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller to respond to the Rochester 1964 race riot in July of that year. The California Army National Guard were mobilized by the Governor of California Edmund Gerald Brown Sr. during the Watts Riots, in August 1965, to provide security and help restore order.Elements of the Ohio Army National Guard were ordered to Kent State University by Ohio's governor Jim Rhodes to quell anti-Vietnam War protests, culminating in their shooting into a crowd of students on May 4, 1970, killing four and injuring nine. The massacre was followed by the Student strike of 1970.During the Vietnam War, service in the National Guard was highly sought after, as an enlistment in the Guard generally prevented a person from being sent to combat; only a handful of Guard units were ever deployed to Vietnam. In 1968, the National Guard had only 1.26% Black soldiers.[53]During the Vietnam War, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara created the Selective Reserve Force (SRF) in October 1965. Since funding was not available to train and equip the entire National Guard adequately, the SRF would be a core group of 150,000 National Guardsmen available and ready for immediate overseas deployment if needed. SRF units were supposed to be authorized at 100% strength, receive priority training funds and modern equipment,[54] and have more training and do 58 hours of drills of four hours each a year rather than the standard 48 hours of drills.[55]The 2nd Battalion 138th Field Artillery of the Kentucky Army National Guard was ordered to service in Vietnam in late 1968. The unit served in support of the regular 101st Airborne Division. The Battalion's C Battery lost nine men killed and thirty-two wounded when North Vietnamese troops overran Fire Base Tomahawk on June 19, 1969.[56]During the early 1980s, the governors of California and Maine refused to allow deployment of their states' National Guard units to Central America. In 1986, Congress passed the Montgomery Amendment, which prohibited state governors from withholding their consent. In 1990, the Supreme Court ruled against the governor of Minnesota, who had sued over the deployment of the state's National Guard units to Central America.[57]During the 1992 Los Angeles Riots, when portions of south central Los Angeles erupted in chaos, overwhelming the Los Angeles Police Department's ability to contain the violence, the California Army National Guard and selected units of the California Air National Guard was mobilized to help restore order. The National Guard were attributed with five shootings of people suspected of violating the curfew order placed on the city.[citation needed]Following the 1992 Los Angeles riots, 4,000 National Guardsmen patrolled the city.During the 1993 Waco siege of the Branch Davidians, elements of the Alabama and Texas Army National Guard were called in to assist the ATF and the follow on effort by the Federal Bureau of Investigation; the National Guard's involvement was limited to several specific areas; surveillance and reconnaissance, transport, maintenance and repairs, training and instruction, helicopters, unarmed tactical ground vehicles. The Army National Guard helicopters were also used to do photographic reconnaissance work. Training for ATF agents included such subjects as Close Quarters Combat, and combat medical instruction, and a mock up of the Mount Carmel complex was constructed at Fort Hood, Texas for rehearsals. ATF also received several surplus helmets, flack vests, canteens, first aid dressings, empty magazines, and some night-vision equipment, in addition to MREs and diesel fuel. The FBI would request and receive the use of Bradley Armored Fighting Vehicles, and tank retrieval vehicles, as well as overflights by UH-1 and CH-47 helicopters.[58]As a result of the Bottom Up Review and post-Cold War force cutbacks, the Army National Guard maneuver force was reduced to eight divisions (from ten; the 26th Infantry and 50th Armored were consolidated in the northeastern states) and fifteen 'enhanced brigades,' which were supposed to be ready for combat operations, augmenting the active force, within 90 days.[note 1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Guard_Memorial_Museum_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:161117-Z-II459-011_(30807248800).jpg"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Robert M. Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Gates"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M249_with_Mk46_stock.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Guard_Supports_Local_Authorities_with_White_House_Protest.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War II Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_Memorial"},{"link_name":"George Floyd riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"September 11, 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"the invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Iraqi_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"One weekend a month, two weeks a year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_weekend_a_month,_two_weeks_a_year"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"up to seven weeks per year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_weekend_a_month,_two_weeks_a_year#Army's_future_annual_drill_plans"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Provincial Reconstruction Teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Reconstruction_Team"},{"link_name":"Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"USAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development"},{"link_name":"Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"counterinsurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterinsurgency"},{"link_name":"public diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_diplomacy"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-73"},{"link_name":"Nangarhar Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangarhar_Province"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-73"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"civil unrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_United_States_racial_unrest"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Twenty-first century","text":"The National Guard Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.A South Carolina Army National Guard CH-47 Chinook supporting the South Carolina Forestry Commission to contain a remote fire near the top of Pinnacle Mountain in Pickens County, South Carolina, November 17, 2016National Guard units played a major role in providing security and assisting recovery efforts in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in 2001 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005.In 2005, National Guard members and reservists were said to comprise a larger percentage of frontline fighting forces than in any war in U.S. history (about 43 percent in Iraq and 55 percent in Afghanistan).[60] There were more than 183,366 National Guard members and reservists on active duty nationwide who left behind about 300,000 dependents, according to U.S. Defense Department statistics. In 2011, Army Chief of Staff Gen. George W. Casey Jr. stated that \"Every Guard brigade has deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan, and over 300,000 Guardsmen have deployed in this war.\"[61]In January and February 2007, National Guard troops from 8 states were activated to go help shovel snow, drop hay for starving cattle, deliver food and necessities to stranded people in their houses, and help control traffic and rescue stranded motorists in blizzards dropping feet of snow across the country.[62]In the first quarter of 2007, United States Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates announced changes to the Guard deployment policy aimed at shorter and more predictable deployments for National Guard troops. \"Gates said his goal is for Guard members to serve a one-year deployment no more than every five years... Gates is imposing a one-year limit to the length of deployment for National Guard Soldiers, effective immediately.\" Prior to this time, Guard troops deployed for a standard one-year deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan would serve for 18 or more months including training and transit time. During the transition to the new policy for all troops in the pipeline, deployed or soon to be deployed, some will face deployments faster than every five years. \"The one-to-five year cycle does not include activations for state emergencies.\"[63]An Army National Guardsman of the 1st Battalion, 151st Infantry Regiment in Parun, Afghanistan. He is wearing a 10th Mountain Division Former Wartime Service SSI.An Air National Guardsman guarding the World War II Memorial in Washington, D.C. during the George Floyd riots of June 2020.Prior to the attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001, the National Guard's general policy regarding mobilization was that Guardsmen would be required to serve no more than one year cumulative on active duty (with no more than six months overseas) for each five years of regular drill. Due to strains placed on active duty units following the attacks, the possible mobilization time was increased to 18 months (with no more than one year overseas). Additional strains placed on military units as a result of the invasion of Iraq further increased the amount of time a Guardsman could be mobilized to 24 months. Current Department of Defense policy is that no Guardsman is involuntarily activated for more than 24 months (cumulative) in one six-year enlistment period.[citation needed]Traditionally, most National Guard personnel serve \"One weekend a month, two weeks a year\", although personnel in highly operational or high demand units serve far more frequently. Typical examples are pilots, navigators and aircrewmen in active flying assignments, primarily in the Air National Guard, and to a lesser extent in the Army National Guard, and special operations airmen and soldiers in both. A significant number also serve in a full-time capacity in roles such as Active Guard and Reserve (AGR) or Air Reserve Technician or Army Reserve Technician (ART).The \"One weekend a month, two weeks a year\" slogan has lost most of its relevance since the Iraq War, when nearly 28% of total U.S. forces in Iraq and Afghanistan at the end of 2007 consisted of mobilized personnel of the National Guard and other Reserve components.[64] In July 2012, the Army's top general stated his intention to increase the annual drill requirement from two weeks per year to up to seven weeks per year.[65]Prior to 2008, the functions of Agricultural Development Teams were within Provincial Reconstruction Teams of the U.S. government. Today, ADTs consist of soldiers and airmen from the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard. Today, ADTs bring \"an effective platform for enhanced dialogue, building confidence, sharing interests, and increasing cooperation amongst the disparate peoples and tribes of Afghanistan.\"[66] These teams are not only affiliated with the military, they frequently work across agencies, for example with USAID and the Department of State. ADTs provide education and expertise on the ground, while also providing security and order that is traditionally affiliated with the military. These teams have been essential to the counterinsurgency efforts in Afghanistan as a public diplomacy tool to build relations with the local people in the tribes and provinces of the country.ADTs provide classroom instruction and teachings to Afghans about how to improve their farming practices during non-seasonal growing months, which allows the farmers to use skills in the winter to prepare for farming in the summer and fall. This enhances agricultural production and the Afghan economy as a whole. Agricultural education also improves lines of communication and builds trust between the people, the U.S. government, and the Host Nation.[67] Additionally, through word of mouth in the provinces ideas are spread that inform others about these farming techniques, that may not have had direct interaction with the ADTs. The National Guard ADTs also introduce their U.S. civilian colleagues to the Afghan University personnel, which further strengthens relations and trust in the U.S. efforts in Afghanistan.[68]ADTs also enhance public diplomacy in Afghanistan by providing security to the local provinces they are working within. This tool has provided the teams with the civilian-military partnership that is needed to conduct public diplomacy and defeat the insurgents in Afghanistan. President Barack Obama said that the U.S. will enhance agricultural development instead of big reconstruction projects to build Afghanistan's economy, to have an immediate impact on the Afghan people. Today, these projects include \"...basic gardening practices, to large watershed and irrigation projects. There are also projects that teach bee keeping and livestock production: all of which will have a positive impact on unemployment, hunger, and the ability to sustain future generations.[69]More and more Afghan tribal leaders have been requesting additional ADTs, which illustrates how important the use of public diplomacy has been in the efforts to win the trust of the Afghan people. The case study from Nangarhar Province in Afghanistan serves as an excellent example. This province is one of the most stable and secure provinces in Afghanistan. For example, over 100,000 Afghans have returned to province; the province has also been declared poppy-free in 2007 by the UN. Additionally, most districts within the province have all-weather paved roads and it is also one of the most productive agricultural regions in Afghanistan.[69]In 2006, Congress considered giving the president the full authority to mobilize National Guard units within the U.S. without the consent of state governors.[70] However, this was met with resistance from states governors and members of the National Guard.[71] The act was eventually passed, but instead, the president's authority was expanded to mobilize the reserve components for domestic operations without the consent of the governor, only during a natural disaster, terrorist attack, epidemic or other public health emergency.[72] The following year, that authority was repealed.[73]In 2020, the National Guard was activated for 11,000,000 \"man days\" in support of natural disasters, civil unrest, food distribution at food banks, and COVID-19 testing and vaccination. This was the highest number of activation days since World War II.[74]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Militia Acts of 1792","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_Acts_of_1792"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Insurrection Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection_Act"},{"link_name":"Militia Act of 1862","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1862"},{"link_name":"Posse Comitatus Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_Act"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Militia Act of 1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_Act_of_1903"},{"link_name":"National Defense Act of 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Act_of_1916"},{"link_name":"National Guard Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_Bureau"},{"link_name":"National Defense Act of 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Act_of_1947"},{"link_name":"Air National Guard of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"National Guard Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Total Force Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Force_Policy"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Perpich v. Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpich_v._Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dodge-80"},{"link_name":"John Warner Defense Authorization Act of 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Warner_National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2007"},{"link_name":"Pub. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Law_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"109–364 (text)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/109/public/364?link-type=html"},{"link_name":"(PDF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/109/public/364?link-type=pdf&.pdf"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"National Defense Authorization Act of 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2008"},{"link_name":"Pub. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Law_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"110–181 (text)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/110/public/181?link-type=html"},{"link_name":"(PDF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/110/public/181?link-type=pdf&.pdf"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10_USC_10501-10503-19"},{"link_name":"National Defense Authorization Act of 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2012"},{"link_name":"Pub. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Law_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"115–91 (text)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/115/public/91?link-type=html"},{"link_name":"(PDF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/115/public/91?link-type=pdf&.pdf"},{"link_name":"Joint Chiefs of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"text":"The United States Congress has enacted various laws that control the National Guard:The Militia Acts of 1792\nProviding for the authority of the President to call out the Militia, and providing federal standards for the organization of the Militia.\nFor the 111 years that the Militia Act of 1792 remained in effect, it defined the position of the militia in relation to the federal government. The War of 1812 tested this uniquely American defense establishment. To fight the War of 1812, the republic formed a small regular military and trained it to protect the frontiers and coastlines. Although it performed poorly in the offensive against Canada, the small force of regulars backed by a well-armed militia, accomplished its defensive mission well. Generals like Andrew Jackson proved that, just as they had in the Revolution, regulars and militia could be effective when employed as a team.\nThe Insurrection Act\nThe Militia Act of 1862\nProviding for the service of persons of African descent in the Militia, and the emancipation of slaves owned by Confederates.\nTitle 18, U.S. Code, Section 1385: The Posse Comitatus Act of June 18, 1878\nReaction in Congress against the Reconstruction-era suspensions of Southern states' rights to organize militias led to the passage of the Posse Comitatus Act, restricting any person's use of the U.S. Army and, as later amended, the U.S. Air Force in domestic law enforcement (use of the Navy and Marine Corps, being uniformed services within the Department of Defense, is similarly restricted by statute).[75] The U.S. Coast Guard, in its peacetime role within the Department of Homeland Security, and the National Guard, when not in Federal Service, are specifically not limited by this act.\nThe States revise the military codes – 1881 to 1892\nThe Militia Act of 1903\nEstablished the creation of the National Guard of the United States as the primary organized reserve force for the U.S. armed forces.\nNational Defense Act of 1916\nThis act abandoned the idea of an expandable Regular Army and firmly established the traditional concept of the citizens' army as the keystone of the United States defense forces. It established the concept of merging the National Guard, the Army Reserve, and the Regular Army into the Army of the United States in time of war. The act further expanded the National Guard's role, and guaranteed the State militias' status as the Army's primary reserve force. The law mandated use of the term \"National Guard\" for that force, and the President was given authority, in case of war or national emergency, to mobilize the National Guard for the duration of the emergency. The number of yearly drills increased from 24 to 48 and annual training from five to 15 days. Drill pay was authorized for the first time.\nThe National Defense Act Amendments of 1920\nThis act established that the chief of the Militia Bureau (later the National Guard Bureau) would be a National Guard officer, that National Guard officers would be assigned to the general staff and that the divisions, as used by the Guard in World War I, would be reorganized.\nThe National Guard Mobilization Act, 1933\nMade the National Guard a component of the Army.\nThe National Defense Act of 1947\nSection 207 (f) established the Air National Guard of the United States, under the National Guard Bureau.\nThe Total Force Policy, 1973\nRequires all active and reserve military organizations be treated as a single force.\nThe Montgomery Amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987\nprovides that a governor cannot withhold consent with regard to active duty outside the United States because of any objection to the location, purpose, type, or schedule of such duty. This law was challenged and upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1990 in Perpich v. Department of Defense.[76]\nThe John Warner Defense Authorization Act of 2007 Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 109–364 (text) (PDF)\nFederal law was changed in section 1076 so that the Governor of a state is no longer the sole commander in chief of their state's National Guard during emergencies within the state. The President of the United States could then take total control of a state's National Guard units without the governor's consent.[77] In a letter to Congress, all 50 governors opposed the increase in power of the President over the National Guard.[78]\nThe National Defense Authorization Act of 2008 Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 110–181 (text) (PDF)\nRepeals provisions in section 1076 in Pub.L. 109-364 but still enables the President to call up the National Guard of the United States for active federal military service during Congressionally sanctioned national emergency or war. Places the National Guard Bureau directly under the Department of Defense as a joint activity. Promoted the Chief of the National Guard Bureau from a three-star to a four-star general.[19]\nThe National Defense Authorization Act of 2012 Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 115–91 (text) (PDF)\nAdded the Chief, National Guard Bureau to the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[79]","title":"Relevant laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"declaration of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_war"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McElhinny-84"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McElhinny-84"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Texas GOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire GOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_GOP"},{"link_name":"Federalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"text":"Defend the Guard is state-level legislative initiative which would require Congress to make an official declaration of war before National Guard troops can be transferred from state control to federal active duty combat.[80] Supporters of the bill claim that this law would pressure Congress to conform to the Constitution and declare war when American soldiers are sent overseas to perform military actions.[80] This bill has been introduced in many states and in 2024 passed the New Hampshire House with bipartisan support.[81]In 2024, over 80% of Texas GOP voters voted in favor of a Defend the Guard non-binding ballot measure which stated, “The Texas Legislature should prohibit the deployment of the Texas National Guard to a foreign conflict unless Congress first formally declares war.”[82] In 2024, the New Hampshire GOP added a Defend the Guard plank to the Federalism section of its platform which states, \"(We) Demand that Congress exercise their sole authority over war declarations and protect the New Hampshire National Guard by requiring a Congressional declaration of war prior to any National Guardsman deployment to overseas combat zones.\"[83]","title":"Defend the Guard"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"presidents of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"James Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison"},{"link_name":"James Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"William Henry Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Millard Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"James Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Rutherford B. Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes"},{"link_name":"James Garfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield"},{"link_name":"Chester A. Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur"},{"link_name":"William Henry Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison"},{"link_name":"William McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McKinley"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"}],"sub_title":"Presidents","text":"Militia service was a common trait among presidents of the United States, 18 of whom have served in colonial or state militias and two have served in the National Guard since it was established in 1903. Among these, three served in colonial militias (George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison), 15 served in state militias (James Monroe, Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester A. Arthur, William Henry Harrison, William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt), one in the Army National Guard (Harry S. Truman) and one (George W. Bush) served in the Air National Guard.[84]","title":"Notable members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John R. Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Bolton"},{"link_name":"United States Representative to the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Representative_to_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"National Security Advisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Scott Philip Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brown_(politician)"},{"link_name":"William J. Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Donovan"},{"link_name":"Office of Strategic Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services"},{"link_name":"Joe Foss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Foss"},{"link_name":"Governor of South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Lindsey Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey_Graham"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senator"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Ralph Haben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Haben"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Florida_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Ken Holtzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Holtzman"},{"link_name":"Brock Lesnar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock_Lesnar"},{"link_name":"Audie Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audie_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Dan Quayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Quayle"},{"link_name":"Cazzie Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazzie_Russell"},{"link_name":"New York Knicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Knicks"},{"link_name":"Babe Ruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_Ruth"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Tom Selleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Selleck"},{"link_name":"Magnum, P.I.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum,_P.I."},{"link_name":"Rick Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Story"},{"link_name":"UFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"Tim Walz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Walz"},{"link_name":"Governor of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"United States Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Representative"},{"link_name":"Tulsi Gabbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard"},{"link_name":"United States Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Representative"},{"link_name":"Trent Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Kelly"},{"link_name":"United States Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Representative"}],"sub_title":"Other notable members","text":"John R. Bolton, former United States Representative to the United Nations and National Security Advisor\nScott Philip Brown, former United States Senator from Massachusetts\nWilliam J. Donovan, founder of the Office of Strategic Services\nJoe Foss, Governor of South Dakota, Medal of Honor recipient in World War II\nLindsey Graham, Senator from South Carolina\nRalph Haben, former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives\nKen Holtzman, two-time major league baseball All Star pitcher\nBrock Lesnar, professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist\nAudie Murphy, highly decorated soldier from WWII, prolific 1950s actor\nDan Quayle, 44th Vice President of the United States\nCazzie Russell, former New York Knicks basketball player\nBabe Ruth, former Major League Baseball player\nTom Selleck, actor, Magnum, P.I.\nRick Story, mixed martial artist in the UFC\nTim Walz, Governor of Minnesota, former United States Representative from Minnesota\nTulsi Gabbard, former United States Representative from Hawaii\nTrent Kelly, United States Representative from Mississippi","title":"Notable members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"statistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistic"},{"link_name":"Defense Manpower Data Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Manpower_Data_Center"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"sample","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_(statistics)"}],"text":"A member of the National Guard, often called a \"guardsman,\" is a person who has signed an Enlistment Contract and has subscribed to an Enlistment Oath, is still alive, or has not yet been discharged. The subscription to the oath (typically a recitation) and the signature must be witnessed by a person, typically a Guard officer, authorized as an official witness. The term of the enlistment, or membership, runs from the date on the contract through the date on the discharge or the death certificate.[note 2]The \"number of guardsmen\" is a statistic generated by the Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC), an agency of the DoD tasked with tracking the identities of all persons in the active military, its reserves, and civilians employed by it. Membership in the Guard may be regarded as an independent variable. It changes constantly. Its value at any instant cannot be known exactly. It can, however, be estimated from the records of the DMDC. Its data and reports are for the most part inaccessible to the general public, but it does make available some reports under the category \"DoD Personal, Workforce Reports & Publications.\"[86]The series \"Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country (Updated Quarterly),\" containing the statistics on membership in the National Guard by state, territory, and D.C., is updated every 3rd month at the end of the month. For example, one was generated on June 30, 2017. Like all statistics, these numbers of guardsmen are a sample culled according to a certain method. The report states that it uses the sources: \"Active Duty Master File, RCCPDS, APF Civilian Master, CTS Deployment File, Civilian Deployment.\" The probabilities of the statistics being accurate to various percentages are not stated.Below is a sample summary of a profile of National Guard membership as of September 30, 2020. Only the non-total columns come from the source. The totals are calculated from the data.","title":"Number of guardsmen by state, territory and D.C."},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sortable table","title":"Number of guardsmen by state, territory and D.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"278th Armored Cavalry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/278th_Armored_Cavalry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-90"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"text":"^ The fifteen enhanced brigades included the 27th (NY), 29th (HI), 32nd (WI), 41st (OR), 45th (OK), 48th (GA), 53rd (FL), 76th (IN), 81st (WA), 256th (LA), 116th Cavalry Brigade (ID), 155th (MS), 218th (SC), and the 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment (TN).[59]\n\n^ The National Guard enlistment oath is: \"I do hereby acknowledge to have voluntarily enlisted this __ day of ____, ____, in the ______ National Guard of the State of ______ for a period of __ year(s) under the conditions prescribed by law, unless sooner discharged by proper authority. I, ________, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States and of the State of ______ against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to them; and that I will obey the orders of the President of the United States and the Governor of ______ and the orders of the officers appointed over me, according to law and regulations. So help me God.\"[85]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9110954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/9110954"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces & Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_%26_Society"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/0095327X12457725","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327X12457725"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"145213718","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145213718"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"}],"text":"Mahon, John K. (1983). History of the militia and the National Guard. New York: Macmillan. OCLC 9110954.\nRussell, Henry Dozier; Kaplan, Lawrence M (2014). The purge of the Thirtieth Division. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.\nVest, Bonnie, M (2013). \"Citizen, Soldier, or Citizen-Soldier? Negotiating Identity in the U.S. National Guard\". Armed Forces & Society. 39 (4): 602–627. doi:10.1177/0095327X12457725. S2CID 145213718.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"1953 postage stamp","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/National_Guard_3c_1953_issue_U.S._stamp.jpg/260px-National_Guard_3c_1953_issue_U.S._stamp.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seal of the National Guard Bureau, 2013 to present[13]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/NGB-seal-high.png/170px-NGB-seal-high.png"},{"image_text":"Army National Guard recruits arriving at Fort Jackson for basic training"},{"image_text":"Army National Guard soldiers at New York City's Penn Station in 2004","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Homeland_security_at_Penn_Station.jpg/220px-Homeland_security_at_Penn_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"First muster of the East Regiment (present-day Massachusetts Army National Guard) in Salem, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Spring 1637","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/First_Muster_1637.jpg/220px-First_Muster_1637.jpg"},{"image_text":"A National Guardsman in 1917","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/National_Guardsman_NGM-v31-p347.jpg/220px-National_Guardsman_NGM-v31-p347.jpg"},{"image_text":"National Guard training, 1941.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/National_Guard_Mobilization_of_1940-41.jpg/300px-National_Guard_Mobilization_of_1940-41.jpg"},{"image_text":"Following the 1992 Los Angeles riots, 4,000 National Guardsmen patrolled the city.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/ANG40InfantryDivisionLosAngelesRiot1992.jpg/220px-ANG40InfantryDivisionLosAngelesRiot1992.jpg"},{"image_text":"The National Guard Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/National_Guard_Memorial_Museum_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/220px-National_Guard_Memorial_Museum_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg"},{"image_text":"A South Carolina Army National Guard CH-47 Chinook supporting the South Carolina Forestry Commission to contain a remote fire near the top of Pinnacle Mountain in Pickens County, South Carolina, November 17, 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/161117-Z-II459-011_%2830807248800%29.jpg/220px-161117-Z-II459-011_%2830807248800%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Army National Guardsman of the 1st Battalion, 151st Infantry Regiment in Parun, Afghanistan. He is wearing a 10th Mountain Division Former Wartime Service SSI.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/M249_with_Mk46_stock.jpg/220px-M249_with_Mk46_stock.jpg"},{"image_text":"An Air National Guardsman guarding the World War II Memorial in Washington, D.C. during the George Floyd riots of June 2020.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/National_Guard_Supports_Local_Authorities_with_White_House_Protest.jpg/220px-National_Guard_Supports_Local_Authorities_with_White_House_Protest.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seal of the Army National Guard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Seal_of_the_United_States_Army_National_Guard.svg/69px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Army_National_Guard.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Seal of the Air National Guard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/US-AirNationalGuard-2007Emblem.svg/69px-US-AirNationalGuard-2007Emblem.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Army National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_National_Guard"},{"title":"Air National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_National_Guard"},{"title":"Space National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_National_Guard"},{"title":"National Guard Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_Bureau"},{"title":"State defense force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_defense_force"},{"title":"Naval militias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_militias_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"19th Special Forces Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Special_Forces_Group"},{"title":"20th Special Forces Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Special_Forces_Group"},{"title":"Minutemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutemen"},{"title":"Youth Challenge Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Challenge_Program"},{"title":"National Guard Memorial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_Memorial_Museum"}]
|
[{"reference":"Perpich v. Department of Defense","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpich_v._Department_of_Defense","url_text":"Perpich v. Department of Defense"}]},{"reference":"\"NATIONAL GUARD\". uscode.house.gov. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title32&edition=prelim","url_text":"\"NATIONAL GUARD\""}]},{"reference":"\"Four-and-a-half centuries of militia tradition\". Florida Department of Military Affairs. Retrieved April 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://dma.myflorida.com/four-half-centuries-militia-tradition/","url_text":"\"Four-and-a-half centuries of militia tradition\""}]},{"reference":"Halbrook, Stephen P. (2008). The Founders' Second Amendment: Origins of the Right to Bear Arms. pp. 299–309. ISBN 9781566637923.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NdcVAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Founders' Second Amendment: Origins of the Right to Bear Arms"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781566637923","url_text":"9781566637923"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"National Guard (id: D000302)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000302","url_text":"\"National Guard (id: D000302)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"Military Reserves Federal Call Up Authority\". Usmilitary.about.com. April 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://usmilitary.about.com/cs/guardandreserve/a/reservecallup.htm","url_text":"\"Military Reserves Federal Call Up Authority\""}]},{"reference":"\"Graphics\". National Guard. Retrieved July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalguard.mil/Resources/Image-Gallery/Graphics/","url_text":"\"Graphics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chief, National Guard Bureau\". National Guard Bureau. Archived from the original on June 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120624065918/http://www.nationalguard.mil/leaders/","url_text":"\"Chief, National Guard Bureau\""},{"url":"http://www.nationalguard.mil/leaders/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dunbar, Donald (September 30, 2018). \"The nation needs the Guard in space\". Air Force Times. Retrieved September 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.airforcetimes.com/opinion/commentary/2018/09/30/the-nation-needs-the-guard-in-space/","url_text":"\"The nation needs the Guard in space\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Times","url_text":"Air Force Times"}]},{"reference":"Erwin, Sandra (June 2, 2020). \"Congressional report refutes claim that a Space National Guard would be 'cost neutral'\". SpaceNews.","urls":[{"url":"https://spacenews.com/congressional-report-refutes-claim-that-a-space-national-guard-would-be-cost-neutral/","url_text":"\"Congressional report refutes claim that a Space National Guard would be 'cost neutral'\""}]},{"reference":"Maucione, Scott (May 21, 2019). \"You've heard of space force, but what about Space National Guard?\". Federal News Network. Retrieved September 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://federalnewsnetwork.com/defense-main/2019/05/youve-heard-of-space-force-but-what-about-space-national-guard/","url_text":"\"You've heard of space force, but what about Space National Guard?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_News_Network","url_text":"Federal News Network"}]},{"reference":"Whitman, Frank (November 6, 2022). \"Disagreement over Space Force National Guard affects Guam\". Pacific Island Times. Retrieved April 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pacificislandtimes.com/post/disagreement-over-space-force-national-guard-affects-guam","url_text":"\"Disagreement over Space Force National Guard affects Guam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Army National Guard — Today's Military\". www.todaysmilitary.com. Retrieved April 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.todaysmilitary.com/about-military/service-branches/army-national-guard","url_text":"\"Army National Guard — Today's Military\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAQ Page\". Air National Guard. Retrieved April 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://goang.com/faq.html","url_text":"\"FAQ Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Army Ranks\". www.army.mil. Retrieved April 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.army.mil/ranks","url_text":"\"U.S. Army Ranks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guard Pay\". Recruiting. November 28, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://njarmyguard.com/guardpay/","url_text":"\"Guard Pay\""}]},{"reference":"Poynton, Aaron. \"The Duel Over Duality: Effects of Federalism on the United States National Guard's Emergency Response Mission\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://mdsoar.org/bitstream/handle/11603/3697/UB_2010_Poynton_A.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"The Duel Over Duality: Effects of Federalism on the United States National Guard's Emergency Response Mission\""}]},{"reference":"Renaud, John. \"National Guard Fact Sheet Army National Guard (FY2005)\" (PDF). Army National Guard, G5, Chief, Strategic Plans and Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120812205138/http://www.arng.army.mil/SiteCollectionDocuments/Publications/News%20Media%20Factsheets/ARNG_Factsheet_May_06%20ARNG%20fact%20Sheet.pdf","url_text":"\"National Guard Fact Sheet Army National Guard (FY2005)\""},{"url":"http://www.arng.army.mil/SiteCollectionDocuments/Publications/News%20Media%20Factsheets/ARNG_Factsheet_May_06%20ARNG%20fact%20Sheet.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lowenburg, Timothy. \"The Role of the National Guard in National Defense and Homeland Security\" (PDF). National Guard Association of the United States. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090511112002/http://www.ngaus.org/ngaus/files/ccLibraryFiles/Filename/000000000457/primer%20fin.pdf","url_text":"\"The Role of the National Guard in National Defense and Homeland Security\""},{"url":"http://www.ngaus.org/ngaus/files/ccLibraryFiles/Filename/000000000457/primer%20fin.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"A.P. (August 20, 2010). \"Salem declared National Guard's birthplace\". Boston Herald. Associated Press. Retrieved August 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bostonherald.com/news/regional/view.bg?articleid=1275983","url_text":"\"Salem declared National Guard's birthplace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Herald","url_text":"Boston Herald"}]},{"reference":"Boehm, Bill (December 12, 2011). \"Born from humble beginnings, the National Guard celebrates its 375th birthday\". National Guard Bureau. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130117043205/http://www.ng.mil/news/archives/2011/12/121211-Born.aspx","url_text":"\"Born from humble beginnings, the National Guard celebrates its 375th birthday\""},{"url":"http://www.ng.mil/news/archives/2011/12/121211-Born.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"How We Began\". Nationalguard.mil. Arlington, VA: National Guard Bureau. Retrieved January 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalguard.mil/about-the-guard/how-we-began/","url_text":"\"How We Began\""}]},{"reference":"Boehm, Bill (December 13, 2011). \"National Guard marks its 375th birthday\". Army.mil. Washington, DC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.army.mil/article/70758/national_guard_marks_its_375th_birthday","url_text":"\"National Guard marks its 375th birthday\""}]},{"reference":"Durr, Eric (December 14, 2007). \"NY National Guard marks National Guard Birthday\". Nationalguard.mil. Arlington, VA.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article/573133/ny-national-guard-marks-national-guard-birthday/","url_text":"\"NY National Guard marks National Guard Birthday\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Army National Guard\". National Guard Bureau. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130117043040/http://www.ng.mil/about/arng.aspx","url_text":"\"About the Army National Guard\""},{"url":"http://www.ng.mil/about/arng.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About the National Guard\". Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130117043307/http://www.ng.mil/About/default.aspx","url_text":"\"About the National Guard\""},{"url":"http://www.ng.mil/About/default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Haskell, Bob (July 2014). \"Off the Rails\". National Guard Magazine. Retrieved July 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://nationalguardmagazine.com/articles/off-the-rails","url_text":"\"Off the Rails\""}]},{"reference":"Painter, Nell (1987). Standing at Armageddon. W.W. Norton. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9780393305883.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5_gB8ABKAx0C&q=national+guard+armories+businessmen+donations&pg=PA21","url_text":"Standing at Armageddon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393305883","url_text":"9780393305883"}]},{"reference":"\"Army National Guard size WW2\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Documents/About/Publications/Documents/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20National%20Guard%20In%20World%20War%20II.pdf","url_text":"\"Army National Guard size WW2\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Documents/About/Publications/Documents/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20National%20Guard%20In%20World%20War%20II.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gregory, Hamilton (June 22, 2015). McNamara's Folly: The Use of Low-IQ Troops in the Vietnam War (Kindle ed.). Infinity Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Pages – Vietnam\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iowanationalguard.com/History/History/Pages/Vietnam.aspx","url_text":"\"Pages – Vietnam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kentucky: National Guard History eMuseum – Summary\". Kynghistory.ky.gov. Archived from the original on April 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150409012932/http://kynghistory.ky.gov/history/4qtr/","url_text":"\"Kentucky: National Guard History eMuseum – Summary\""},{"url":"http://kynghistory.ky.gov/history/4qtr/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Evans, David (June 12, 1990). \"Supreme Court Confirms U.S. Control Over Guard\". Chicago Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-06-12-9002170920-story.html","url_text":"\"Supreme Court Confirms U.S. Control Over Guard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Military Assistance Provided at Branch Davidian Incident\" (PDF). United States General Accounting Office. August 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved April 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gao.gov/assets/230/227938.pdf","url_text":"\"Military Assistance Provided at Branch Davidian Incident\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.gao.gov/assets/230/227938.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nationwide Grassroots Drive To Aid Military Families Picks Up Steam\". Illinois.gov – Illinois Government News Network (IGNN). March 22, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www3.illinois.gov/PressReleases/showpressrelease.cfm?recnum=3783&subjectid=39","url_text":"\"Nationwide Grassroots Drive To Aid Military Families Picks Up Steam\""}]},{"reference":"Salzer, Darron. \"Casey: National Guard very different today than 30 years ago\". National Guard Bureau. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722212113/http://www.ng.mil/news/archives/2011/03/030411-Casey.aspx","url_text":"\"Casey: National Guard very different today than 30 years ago\""},{"url":"http://www.ng.mil/news/archives/2011/03/030411-Casey.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gates Promises Predictable Deployments\". GX – the Guard Experience. 4 (3): 22. April 2007.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"NBC News. Health. Mental Health. Most vet suicides among Guard, Reserve troops. New government report raises alarm, calls for long-term mental services. Associated Press. February 12, 2008\". NBC News. October 7, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/23132421","url_text":"\"NBC News. Health. Mental Health. Most vet suicides among Guard, Reserve troops. New government report raises alarm, calls for long-term mental services. Associated Press. February 12, 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"Army to expand citizen soldiers' training periods\". USA Today. July 30, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/military/story/2012-07-30/army-guard-reserve-training/56595948/1","url_text":"\"Army to expand citizen soldiers' training periods\""}]},{"reference":"\"AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT TEAMS AND THE COUNTERINSURGENCY EFFORT IN AFGHANISTAN\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a521790.pdf","url_text":"\"AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT TEAMS AND THE COUNTERINSURGENCY EFFORT IN AFGHANISTAN\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190412183708/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a521790.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Army Agriculture Development Teams\". Science & Diplomacy. Retrieved April 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2014/us-army-agriculture-development-teams","url_text":"\"U.S. Army Agriculture Development Teams\""}]},{"reference":"\"TheNationalGuard\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 6, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111106133154/http://www.ng.mil/Images1/docs/Value_of_the_National_Guard.pdf","url_text":"\"TheNationalGuard\""},{"url":"http://www.ng.mil/Images1/docs/Value_of_the_National_Guard.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT TEAMS AND THE COUNTERINSURGENCY EFFORT IN AFGHANISTAN\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a521790.pdf","url_text":"\"AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT TEAMS AND THE COUNTERINSURGENCY EFFORT IN AFGHANISTAN\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190412183708/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a521790.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Melnyk, Les (October 18, 2006). \"New defense laws show Guard the road ahead for 2007\" (Press release). National Guard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article/572792/new-defense-laws-show-guard-the-road-ahead-for-2007/","url_text":"\"New defense laws show Guard the road ahead for 2007\""}]},{"reference":"Steinhauer, Jennifer (August 15, 2006). \"Governors Resist Shifting Authority Over Guard\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/us/15governors.html","url_text":"\"Governors Resist Shifting Authority Over Guard\""}]},{"reference":"Les', Melnyk (October 18, 2006). \"New defense laws show Guard the road ahead for 2007\". National Guard. Retrieved May 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article/572792/new-defense-laws-show-guard-the-road-ahead-for-2007/","url_text":"\"New defense laws show Guard the road ahead for 2007\""}]},{"reference":"Skelton, Ike (January 28, 2008). \"H.R.4986 - 110th Congress (2007-2008): National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008\". www.congress.gov. Retrieved May 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-bill/4986","url_text":"\"H.R.4986 - 110th Congress (2007-2008): National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008\""}]},{"reference":"Reiley, Laura (June 22, 2021). \"The rising cost of being in the National Guard: Reservists and guardsmen are twice as likely to be hungry as other American groups\". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved June 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stripes.com/theaters/us/2021-06-22/Reservists-and-guardsmen-are-twice-as-likely-to-be-hungry-as-other-American-groups-1772013.html","url_text":"\"The rising cost of being in the National Guard: Reservists and guardsmen are twice as likely to be hungry as other American groups\""}]},{"reference":"\"PERPICH v. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, 496 U.S. 334 (1990)\". FindLaw. June 27, 2004. Retrieved May 13, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://laws.findlaw.com/us/496/334.html","url_text":"\"PERPICH v. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, 496 U.S. 334 (1990)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Governors lose in power struggle over National Guard\". Stateline.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stateline.org/live/details/story?contentId=170453","url_text":"\"Governors lose in power struggle over National Guard\""}]},{"reference":"McElhinny, Brad (February 21, 2021). \"'Defend the Guard' gets a national legislative effort and another uphill battle at W.Va. Statehouse\". WV MetroNews. Retrieved February 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://wvmetronews.com/2021/02/21/defend-the-guard-gets-a-national-legislative-effort/","url_text":"\"'Defend the Guard' gets a national legislative effort and another uphill battle at W.Va. Statehouse\""}]},{"reference":"\"House wants Congress to act before deploying NH National Guard\". nashuatelegraph.com. Retrieved February 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nashuatelegraph.com/news/local-news/2024/01/05/house-wants-congress-to-act-before-deploying-nh-national-guard/","url_text":"\"House wants Congress to act before deploying NH National Guard\""}]},{"reference":"Nieberg, Patty (March 6, 2024). \"Texas GOP voters want limits on National Guard deployments\". Task & Purpose. Archived from the original on March 17, 2024. Retrieved April 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240317152936/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/texas-gop-declaration-war/","url_text":"\"Texas GOP voters want limits on National Guard deployments\""},{"url":"https://taskandpurpose.com/news/texas-gop-declaration-war/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Platform\". New Hampshire Republican Party. Archived from the original on April 17, 2024. Retrieved April 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240417133216/https://nh.gop/platform/","url_text":"\"Our Platform\""},{"url":"https://nh.gop/platform/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The National Guard – Image Gallery – Presidential Series\". Ngb.army.mil. Archived from the original on July 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070711052143/http://www.ngb.army.mil/resources/photo_gallery/presidential/index.htm","url_text":"\"The National Guard – Image Gallery – Presidential Series\""},{"url":"http://www.ngb.army.mil/resources/photo_gallery/presidential/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DoD Personnel, Workforce Reports & Publications\". DMDC. DoD. Retrieved September 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/dwp/dwp_reports.jsp","url_text":"\"DoD Personnel, Workforce Reports & Publications\""}]},{"reference":"Mahon, John K. (1983). History of the militia and the National Guard. New York: Macmillan. OCLC 9110954.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9110954","url_text":"9110954"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Henry Dozier; Kaplan, Lawrence M (2014). The purge of the Thirtieth Division. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vest, Bonnie, M (2013). \"Citizen, Soldier, or Citizen-Soldier? Negotiating Identity in the U.S. National Guard\". Armed Forces & Society. 39 (4): 602–627. doi:10.1177/0095327X12457725. S2CID 145213718.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_%26_Society","url_text":"Armed Forces & Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327X12457725","url_text":"10.1177/0095327X12457725"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145213718","url_text":"145213718"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.nationalguard.mil/","external_links_name":"nationalguard.mil"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/246","external_links_name":"§ 246"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/10503","external_links_name":"§ 10503"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/109","external_links_name":"§ 109"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/8901","external_links_name":"§ 8901"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/7852","external_links_name":"§ 7852"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/7851","external_links_name":"§ 7851"},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/109/public/364?link-type=html","external_links_name":"109–364 (text)"},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/109/public/364?link-type=pdf&.pdf","external_links_name":"(PDF)"},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/110/public/181?link-type=html","external_links_name":"110–181 (text)"},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/110/public/181?link-type=pdf&.pdf","external_links_name":"(PDF)"},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/115/public/91?link-type=html","external_links_name":"115–91 (text)"},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/115/public/91?link-type=pdf&.pdf","external_links_name":"(PDF)"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22National+Guard%22+United+States","external_links_name":"\"National Guard\" United States"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22National+Guard%22+United+States+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22National+Guard%22+United+States&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22National+Guard%22+United+States+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22National+Guard%22+United+States","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22National+Guard%22+United+States&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Army-National-Guard/FAQ/","external_links_name":"National Guard: FAQ"},{"Link":"https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/us-supreme-court/496/334.html","external_links_name":"496 U.S. 334"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/101","external_links_name":"§ 101"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/12401","external_links_name":"§ 12401"},{"Link":"https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title32&edition=prelim","external_links_name":"\"NATIONAL GUARD\""},{"Link":"http://dma.myflorida.com/four-half-centuries-militia-tradition/","external_links_name":"\"Four-and-a-half centuries of militia tradition\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NdcVAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Founders' Second Amendment: Origins of the Right to Bear Arms"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000302","external_links_name":"\"National Guard (id: D000302)\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/102","external_links_name":"§ 102"},{"Link":"http://usmilitary.about.com/cs/guardandreserve/a/reservecallup.htm","external_links_name":"\"Military Reserves Federal Call Up Authority\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalguard.mil/Resources/Image-Gallery/Graphics/","external_links_name":"\"Graphics\""},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/110/public/181?link-type=html","external_links_name":"110–181: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (text)"},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/110/public/181?link-type=pdf&.pdf","external_links_name":"(PDF)"},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/110/public/181?link-type=html","external_links_name":"110–181 (text)"},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/110/public/181?link-type=pdf&.pdf","external_links_name":"(PDF)"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/10501","external_links_name":"§ 10501"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/10503","external_links_name":"§ 10503"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120624065918/http://www.nationalguard.mil/leaders/","external_links_name":"\"Chief, National Guard Bureau\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalguard.mil/leaders/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/10501","external_links_name":"§§ 10501"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/10503","external_links_name":"10503"},{"Link":"https://www.airforcetimes.com/opinion/commentary/2018/09/30/the-nation-needs-the-guard-in-space/","external_links_name":"\"The nation needs the Guard in space\""},{"Link":"https://spacenews.com/congressional-report-refutes-claim-that-a-space-national-guard-would-be-cost-neutral/","external_links_name":"\"Congressional report refutes claim that a Space National Guard would be 'cost neutral'\""},{"Link":"https://federalnewsnetwork.com/defense-main/2019/05/youve-heard-of-space-force-but-what-about-space-national-guard/","external_links_name":"\"You've heard of space force, but what about Space National Guard?\""},{"Link":"https://www.pacificislandtimes.com/post/disagreement-over-space-force-national-guard-affects-guam","external_links_name":"\"Disagreement over Space Force National Guard affects Guam\""},{"Link":"https://www.todaysmilitary.com/about-military/service-branches/army-national-guard","external_links_name":"\"Army National Guard — Today's Military\""},{"Link":"https://goang.com/faq.html","external_links_name":"\"FAQ Page\""},{"Link":"https://www.army.mil/ranks","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Army Ranks\""},{"Link":"http://njarmyguard.com/guardpay/","external_links_name":"\"Guard Pay\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/12302","external_links_name":"§ 12302"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/12301","external_links_name":"§ 12301"},{"Link":"https://mdsoar.org/bitstream/handle/11603/3697/UB_2010_Poynton_A.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","external_links_name":"\"The Duel Over Duality: Effects of Federalism on the United States National Guard's Emergency Response Mission\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120812205138/http://www.arng.army.mil/SiteCollectionDocuments/Publications/News%20Media%20Factsheets/ARNG_Factsheet_May_06%20ARNG%20fact%20Sheet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"National Guard Fact Sheet Army National Guard (FY2005)\""},{"Link":"http://www.arng.army.mil/SiteCollectionDocuments/Publications/News%20Media%20Factsheets/ARNG_Factsheet_May_06%20ARNG%20fact%20Sheet.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090511112002/http://www.ngaus.org/ngaus/files/ccLibraryFiles/Filename/000000000457/primer%20fin.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Role of the National Guard in National Defense and Homeland Security\""},{"Link":"http://www.ngaus.org/ngaus/files/ccLibraryFiles/Filename/000000000457/primer%20fin.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bostonherald.com/news/regional/view.bg?articleid=1275983","external_links_name":"\"Salem declared National Guard's birthplace\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130117043205/http://www.ng.mil/news/archives/2011/12/121211-Born.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Born from humble beginnings, the National Guard celebrates its 375th birthday\""},{"Link":"http://www.ng.mil/news/archives/2011/12/121211-Born.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nationalguard.mil/about-the-guard/how-we-began/","external_links_name":"\"How We Began\""},{"Link":"https://www.army.mil/article/70758/national_guard_marks_its_375th_birthday","external_links_name":"\"National Guard marks its 375th birthday\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article/573133/ny-national-guard-marks-national-guard-birthday/","external_links_name":"\"NY National Guard marks National Guard Birthday\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130117043040/http://www.ng.mil/about/arng.aspx","external_links_name":"\"About the Army National Guard\""},{"Link":"http://www.ng.mil/about/arng.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.military.com/history","external_links_name":"U.S. Military History"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/collections/george-washington-papers/articles-and-essaystimelinethe-american-revolution/George","external_links_name":"Washington PapersThe American Revolution"},{"Link":"https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/7814","external_links_name":"https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/7814"},{"Link":"https://campedwards.ng.mil/About-Us/History/","external_links_name":"Camp Edwards Training Site"},{"Link":"https://www.nationalguard.mil/About-the-Guard/Today-in-Guard-History/July/","external_links_name":"National Guard"},{"Link":"https://www.nationalguard.mil/about-the-guard/how-we-began/","external_links_name":"National Guard Birth Date"},{"Link":"https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/,1825.","external_links_name":"By an officer in the late army"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130117043307/http://www.ng.mil/About/default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"About the National Guard\""},{"Link":"http://www.ng.mil/About/default.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nationalguardmagazine.com/articles/off-the-rails","external_links_name":"\"Off the Rails\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5_gB8ABKAx0C&q=national+guard+armories+businessmen+donations&pg=PA21","external_links_name":"Standing at Armageddon"},{"Link":"https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Documents/About/Publications/Documents/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20National%20Guard%20In%20World%20War%20II.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Army National Guard size WW2\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Documents/About/Publications/Documents/Fact%20Sheet%20-%20National%20Guard%20In%20World%20War%20II.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.iowanationalguard.com/History/History/Pages/Vietnam.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Pages – Vietnam\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150409012932/http://kynghistory.ky.gov/history/4qtr/","external_links_name":"\"Kentucky: National Guard History eMuseum – Summary\""},{"Link":"http://kynghistory.ky.gov/history/4qtr/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-06-12-9002170920-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Supreme Court Confirms U.S. Control Over Guard\""},{"Link":"http://www.gao.gov/assets/230/227938.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Military Assistance Provided at Branch Davidian Incident\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.gao.gov/assets/230/227938.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717062723/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA378276","external_links_name":"Army National Guard: Enhanced Brigades Readiness Improving But Personnel and Workload Are Problems"},{"Link":"http://www3.illinois.gov/PressReleases/showpressrelease.cfm?recnum=3783&subjectid=39","external_links_name":"\"Nationwide Grassroots Drive To Aid Military Families Picks Up Steam\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722212113/http://www.ng.mil/news/archives/2011/03/030411-Casey.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Casey: National Guard very different today than 30 years ago\""},{"Link":"http://www.ng.mil/news/archives/2011/03/030411-Casey.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123036858","external_links_name":"\"National Guard to Rescue in 8 States\""},{"Link":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/23132421","external_links_name":"\"NBC News. Health. Mental Health. Most vet suicides among Guard, Reserve troops. New government report raises alarm, calls for long-term mental services. Associated Press. February 12, 2008\""},{"Link":"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/military/story/2012-07-30/army-guard-reserve-training/56595948/1","external_links_name":"\"Army to expand citizen soldiers' training periods\""},{"Link":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a521790.pdf","external_links_name":"\"AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT TEAMS AND THE COUNTERINSURGENCY EFFORT IN AFGHANISTAN\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190412183708/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a521790.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2014/us-army-agriculture-development-teams","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Army Agriculture Development Teams\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111106133154/http://www.ng.mil/Images1/docs/Value_of_the_National_Guard.pdf","external_links_name":"\"TheNationalGuard\""},{"Link":"http://www.ng.mil/Images1/docs/Value_of_the_National_Guard.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a521790.pdf","external_links_name":"\"AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT TEAMS AND THE COUNTERINSURGENCY EFFORT IN AFGHANISTAN\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190412183708/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a521790.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article/572792/new-defense-laws-show-guard-the-road-ahead-for-2007/","external_links_name":"\"New defense laws show Guard the road ahead for 2007\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/us/15governors.html","external_links_name":"\"Governors Resist Shifting Authority Over Guard\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article/572792/new-defense-laws-show-guard-the-road-ahead-for-2007/","external_links_name":"\"New defense laws show Guard the road ahead for 2007\""},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-bill/4986","external_links_name":"\"H.R.4986 - 110th Congress (2007-2008): National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008\""},{"Link":"https://www.stripes.com/theaters/us/2021-06-22/Reservists-and-guardsmen-are-twice-as-likely-to-be-hungry-as-other-American-groups-1772013.html","external_links_name":"\"The rising cost of being in the National Guard: Reservists and guardsmen are twice as likely to be hungry as other American groups\""},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/375","external_links_name":"§ 375"},{"Link":"http://laws.findlaw.com/us/496/334.html","external_links_name":"\"PERPICH v. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, 496 U.S. 334 (1990)\""},{"Link":"http://www.stateline.org/live/details/story?contentId=170453","external_links_name":"\"Governors lose in power struggle over National Guard\""},{"Link":"http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.cb6e7818b34088d18a278110501010a0/?vgnextoid=0a05e362c5f5d010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD","external_links_name":"National Governors Association"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629120829/http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.cb6e7818b34088d18a278110501010a0/?vgnextoid=0a05e362c5f5d010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/151#a","external_links_name":"§ 151(a)"},{"Link":"https://wvmetronews.com/2021/02/21/defend-the-guard-gets-a-national-legislative-effort/","external_links_name":"\"'Defend the Guard' gets a national legislative effort and another uphill battle at W.Va. Statehouse\""},{"Link":"https://www.nashuatelegraph.com/news/local-news/2024/01/05/house-wants-congress-to-act-before-deploying-nh-national-guard/","external_links_name":"\"House wants Congress to act before deploying NH National Guard\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240317152936/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/texas-gop-declaration-war/","external_links_name":"\"Texas GOP voters want limits on National Guard deployments\""},{"Link":"https://taskandpurpose.com/news/texas-gop-declaration-war/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240417133216/https://nh.gop/platform/","external_links_name":"\"Our Platform\""},{"Link":"https://nh.gop/platform/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070711052143/http://www.ngb.army.mil/resources/photo_gallery/presidential/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"The National Guard – Image Gallery – Presidential Series\""},{"Link":"http://www.ngb.army.mil/resources/photo_gallery/presidential/index.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/32/304","external_links_name":"§ 304"},{"Link":"https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/appj/dwp/dwp_reports.jsp","external_links_name":"\"DoD Personnel, Workforce Reports & Publications\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9110954","external_links_name":"9110954"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327X12457725","external_links_name":"10.1177/0095327X12457725"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145213718","external_links_name":"145213718"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalguard.mil/","external_links_name":"Official website of the National Guard"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/02/17/national-guard-covid/","external_links_name":"Omicron slammed essential workers. So the National Guard became teachers, janitors and more"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalguard.mil/Resources/Image-Gallery/Historical-Paintings/Heritage-Paintings/","external_links_name":"Thumbnails of the current National Guard Heritage Collection, a series of original paintings commissioned by the Bureau showing scenes from the Guard's past"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000404050734","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1208154441723235460004","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2018163093","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572371","external_links_name":"Japan"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satisfaction_Equilibrium
|
Satisfaction equilibrium
|
["1 History","2 Games in Satisfaction Form","2.1 Satisfaction Equilibrium","2.2 Satisfaction Equilibrium in Mixed Strategies","2.3 ε-Satisfaction Equilibrium","3 Equilibrium Selection","4 Generalizations","5 References"]
|
Solution Concept for Noncooperative games
Satisfaction EquilibriumA solution concept in game theoryRelationshipSubset ofsolution conceptSuperset ofNon-cooperative game theorySignificanceUsed forAll non-cooperative games
In game theory, a satisfaction equilibrium is a solution concept for a class of non-cooperative games, namely games in satisfaction form. Games in satisfaction form model situations in which players aim at satisfying a given individual constraint, e.g., a performance metric must be smaller or bigger than a given threshold. When a player satisfies its own constraint, the player is said to be satisfied. A satisfaction equilibrium, if it exists, arises when all players in the game are satisfied.
History
The term Satisfaction equilibrium (SE) was first used to refer to the stable point of a dynamic interaction between players that are learning an equilibrium by taking actions and observing their own payoffs. The equilibrium lies on the satisfaction principle, which stipulates that an agent that is satisfied with its current payoff does not change its current action.
Later, the notion of satisfaction equilibrium was introduced as a solution concept for Games in satisfaction form.
Such solution concept was introduced in the realm of electrical engineering for the analysis of quality of service (QoS) in Wireless ad hoc networks. In this context, radio devices (network components) are modelled as players that decide upon their own operating configurations in order to satisfy some targeted QoS.
Games in satisfaction form and the notion of satisfaction equilibrium have been used in the context of the fifth generation of cellular communications (5G) for tackling the problem of energy efficiency,
spectrum sharing
and transmit power control.
In the smart grid, games in satisfaction form have been used for modelling the problem of data injection attacks.
Games in Satisfaction Form
In static games of complete, perfect information, a satisfaction-form representation of a game is a specification of the set of players, the players' action sets and their preferences. The preferences for a given player are determined by a mapping, often referred to as the preference mapping, from the Cartesian product of all the other players' action sets to the given player's power set of actions. That is, given the actions adopted by all the other players, the preference mapping determines the subset of actions with which the player is satisfied.
Definition ]
A game in satisfaction form is described by a tuple
(
K
,
{
A
k
}
k
∈
K
,
{
f
k
}
k
∈
K
)
,
{\displaystyle \left({\mathcal {K}},\left\lbrace {\mathcal {A}}_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}},\left\lbrace f_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}}\right),}
where, the set
K
=
{
1
,
…
,
K
}
⊂
N
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}=\lbrace 1,\ldots ,K\rbrace \subset \mathrm {N} }
, with
0
<
K
<
+
∞
{\displaystyle 0<K<+\infty }
, represents the set of players; the set
A
k
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}_{k}}
, with
k
∈
K
{\displaystyle k\in {\mathcal {K}}}
and
0
<
|
A
k
|
<
+
∞
{\displaystyle 0<|{\mathcal {A}}_{k}|<+\infty }
, represents the set of actions that player
k
{\displaystyle k}
can play. The preference mapping
f
k
:
A
1
×
…
×
A
k
−
1
×
A
k
+
1
×
…
,
×
A
K
→
2
A
k
{\displaystyle f_{k}:{\mathcal {A}}_{1}\times \ldots \times {\mathcal {A}}_{k-1}\times {\mathcal {A}}_{k+1}\times \ldots ,\times {\mathcal {A}}_{K}\rightarrow 2^{{\mathcal {A}}_{k}}}
determines the set of actions with which player
k
{\displaystyle k}
is satisfied given the actions played by all the other players. The set
2
A
k
{\displaystyle 2^{{\mathcal {A}}_{k}}}
is the power set of
A
k
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}_{k}}
.
In contrast to other existing game formulations, e.g., normal form and normal form with constrained action sets, the notion of performance optimization, i.e., utility maximization or cost minimization, is not present. Games in satisfaction-form model the case in which players adopt their actions aiming to satisfy a specific individual constraint given the actions adopted by all the other players. An important remark is that, players are assumed to be careless of whether other players can satisfy or not their individual constraints.
Satisfaction Equilibrium
An action profile is a tuple
a
=
(
a
1
,
…
,
a
K
)
∈
A
1
×
…
×
A
K
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {a}}=\left(a_{1},\ldots ,a_{K}\right)\in {\mathcal {A}}_{1}\times \ldots \times {\mathcal {A}}_{K}}
. The action profile in which all players are satisfied is an equilibrium of the corresponding game in satisfaction form. At a satisfaction equilibrium, players do not exhibit a particular interest in changing its current action.
Definition ]
The action profile
a
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {a}}}
is a satisfaction equilibrium in pure strategies for the game
(
K
,
{
A
k
}
k
∈
K
,
{
f
k
}
k
∈
K
)
,
{\displaystyle \left({\mathcal {K}},\left\lbrace {\mathcal {A}}_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}},\left\lbrace f_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}}\right),}
if for all
k
∈
K
{\displaystyle k\in {\mathcal {K}}}
,
a
k
∈
f
k
(
a
1
,
…
,
a
k
−
1
,
a
k
+
1
,
…
,
a
K
)
{\displaystyle a_{k}\in f_{k}\left(a_{1},\ldots ,a_{k-1},a_{k+1},\ldots ,a_{K}\right)}
.
Satisfaction Equilibrium in Mixed Strategies
For all
k
∈
K
{\displaystyle k\in {\mathcal {K}}}
, denote the set of all possible probability distributions over the set
A
k
=
{
A
k
,
1
,
A
k
,
2
,
…
,
A
k
,
N
k
}
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}_{k}=\lbrace A_{k,1},A_{k,2},\ldots ,A_{k,N_{k}}\rbrace }
by
△
(
A
k
)
{\displaystyle \triangle \left({\mathcal {A}}_{k}\right)}
, with
N
k
=
|
A
k
|
{\displaystyle N_{k}=|{\mathcal {A}}_{k}|}
. Denote by
π
k
=
(
π
k
,
1
,
π
k
,
2
,
…
,
π
k
,
N
k
)
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{k}=\left(\pi _{k,1},\pi _{k,2},\ldots ,\pi _{k,N_{k}}\right)}
the probability distribution (mixed strategy) adopted by player
k
{\displaystyle k}
to choose its actions. For all
j
∈
{
1
,
…
,
N
k
}
{\displaystyle j\in \lbrace 1,\ldots ,N_{k}\rbrace }
,
π
k
,
j
{\displaystyle \pi _{k,j}}
represents the probability with which player
k
{\displaystyle k}
chooses action
A
k
,
j
∈
A
k
{\displaystyle A_{k,j}\in {\mathcal {A}}_{k}}
. The notation
π
−
k
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{-k}}
represents the mixed strategies of all players except that of player
k
{\displaystyle k}
.
Definition ]
The extension in mixed strategies of the game
(
K
,
{
A
k
}
k
∈
K
,
{
f
k
}
k
∈
K
)
{\displaystyle \left({\mathcal {K}},\left\lbrace {\mathcal {A}}_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}},\left\lbrace f_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}}\right)}
is described by the tuple
(
K
,
{
A
k
}
k
∈
K
,
{
f
¯
k
}
k
∈
K
)
{\displaystyle \left({\mathcal {K}},\left\lbrace {\mathcal {A}}_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}},\left\lbrace {\bar {f}}_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}}\right)}
,
where the correspondence
f
¯
k
:
∏
j
∈
K
∖
{
k
}
△
(
A
j
)
→
2
△
(
A
k
)
{\displaystyle {\bar {f}}_{k}:\prod _{j\in {\mathcal {K}}\setminus \lbrace k\rbrace }\triangle \left({\mathcal {A}}_{j}\right)\rightarrow 2^{\triangle \left({\mathcal {A}}_{k}\right)}}
determines the set of all possible probability distributions that allow player
k
{\displaystyle k}
to choose an action that satisfies its individual conditions with probability one, that is,
f
¯
k
(
π
−
k
)
=
{
π
k
∈
△
(
A
k
)
:
P
r
(
a
k
∈
f
k
(
a
−
k
)
|
a
k
∼
π
k
,
a
−
k
∼
π
−
k
)
=
1
}
.
{\displaystyle {\bar {f}}_{k}\left({\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{-k}\right)=\left\lbrace {\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{k}\in \triangle \left({\mathcal {A}}_{k}\right):\mathrm {Pr} \left(a_{k}\in f_{k}\left({\boldsymbol {a}}_{-k}\right)|a_{k}\sim {\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{k},{\boldsymbol {a}}_{-k}\sim {\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{-k}\right)=1\right\rbrace .}
A satisfaction equilibrium in mixed strategies is defined as follows.
Definition ]
The mixed strategy profile
π
∗
∈
△
(
A
1
)
×
…
×
△
(
A
K
)
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\pi }}^{*}\in \triangle \left({\mathcal {A}}_{1}\right)\times \ldots \times \triangle \left({\mathcal {A}}_{K}\right)}
is an SE in mixed strategies if for all
k
∈
K
{\displaystyle k\in {\mathcal {K}}}
,
π
k
∗
∈
f
¯
k
(
π
−
k
∗
)
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{k}^{*}\in {\bar {f}}_{k}\left({\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{-k}^{*}\right)}
.
Let the
j
{\displaystyle j}
-th action of player
k
{\displaystyle k}
, i.e.,
A
k
,
j
{\displaystyle A_{k,j}}
, be associated with the unitary vector
e
j
=
(
e
1
,
e
2
…
,
e
N
k
)
∈
R
N
k
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {e}}_{j}=\left(e_{1},e_{2}\ldots ,e_{N_{k}}\right)\in \mathrm {R} ^{N_{k}}}
, where, all the components are zero except its
j
{\displaystyle j}
-th component, which is equal to one. The vector
e
j
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {e}}_{j}}
represents a degenerated probability distribution, where the action
A
k
,
j
{\displaystyle A_{k,j}}
is deterministically chosen. Using this argument, it becomes clear that every satisfaction equilibrium in pure strategies of the game
(
K
,
{
A
k
}
k
∈
K
,
{
f
k
}
k
∈
K
)
{\displaystyle \left({\mathcal {K}},\left\lbrace {\mathcal {A}}_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}},\left\lbrace f_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}}\right)}
is also a satisfaction equilibrium in mixed strategies of the game
(
K
,
{
A
k
}
k
∈
K
,
{
f
¯
k
}
k
∈
K
)
{\displaystyle \left({\mathcal {K}},\left\lbrace {\mathcal {A}}_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}},\left\lbrace {\bar {f}}_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}}\right)}
.
At an SE of the game
(
K
,
{
A
k
}
k
∈
K
,
{
f
k
}
k
∈
K
)
{\displaystyle \left({\mathcal {K}},\left\lbrace {\mathcal {A}}_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}},\left\lbrace f_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}}\right)}
,
players choose their actions following a probability distribution such that only action profiles that allow all players to simultaneously satisfy their individual conditions with probability one are played with positive probability. Hence, in the case in which one SE in pure strategies does not exist, then, it does not exist a SE in mixed strategies in the game
(
K
,
{
A
k
}
k
∈
K
,
{
f
¯
k
}
k
∈
K
)
{\displaystyle \left({\mathcal {K}},\left\lbrace {\mathcal {A}}_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}},\left\lbrace {\bar {f}}_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}}\right)}
.
ε-Satisfaction Equilibrium
Under certain conditions, it is always possible to build mixed strategies that allow players to be satisfied with probability
1
−
ϵ
{\displaystyle 1-\epsilon }
, for some
ϵ
>
0
{\displaystyle \epsilon >0}
. This observation leads to the definition of a solution concept known as
ϵ
{\displaystyle \epsilon }
-satisfaction equilibrium (
ϵ
{\displaystyle \epsilon }
-SE).
Definition: ]
Let
ϵ
{\displaystyle \epsilon }
satisfy
ϵ
∈
]
0
,
1
]
{\displaystyle \epsilon \in \left]0,1\right]}
. The mixed strategy profile
π
∗
∈
△
(
A
1
)
×
△
(
A
2
)
×
…
×
△
(
A
K
)
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\pi }}^{*}\in \triangle \left({\mathcal {A}}_{1}\right)\times \triangle \left({\mathcal {A}}_{2}\right)\times \ldots \times \triangle \left({\mathcal {A}}_{K}\right)}
is an epsilon-satisfaction equilibrium (
ϵ
{\displaystyle \epsilon }
-SE) of the game
(
K
,
{
A
k
}
k
∈
K
,
{
f
¯
k
}
k
∈
K
)
{\displaystyle \left({\mathcal {K}},\left\lbrace {\mathcal {A}}_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}},\left\lbrace {\bar {f}}_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}}\right)}
,
if for all
k
∈
K
{\displaystyle k\in {\mathcal {K}}}
, it follows that
π
k
∗
∈
f
¯
¯
k
(
π
−
k
∗
)
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{k}^{*}\in {\bar {\bar {f}}}_{k}\left({\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{-k}^{*}\right)}
,
where
f
¯
¯
k
(
π
−
k
∗
)
=
{
π
k
∈
△
(
A
k
)
:
P
r
(
a
k
∈
f
k
(
a
−
k
)
|
a
k
∼
π
k
,
a
−
k
∼
π
−
k
∗
)
⩾
1
−
ϵ
}
.
{\displaystyle {\bar {\bar {f}}}_{k}\left({\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{-k}^{*}\right)=\left\lbrace {\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{k}\in \triangle \left({\mathcal {A}}_{k}\right):\mathrm {Pr} \left(a_{k}\in f_{k}\left({\boldsymbol {a}}_{-k}\right)|a_{k}\sim {\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{k},{\boldsymbol {a}}_{-k}\sim {\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{-k}^{*}\right)\geqslant 1-\epsilon \right\rbrace .}
From the definition above, it can be implied that if the mixed strategy profile
π
∗
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\pi }}^{*}}
is an
ϵ
{\displaystyle \epsilon }
-SE, it holds that,
P
r
(
a
k
∈
f
k
(
a
−
k
)
|
a
k
∼
π
k
∗
,
a
−
k
∼
π
−
k
∗
)
⩾
1
−
ϵ
.
{\displaystyle \mathrm {Pr} \left(a_{k}\in f_{k}\left({\boldsymbol {a}}_{-k}\right)|a_{k}\sim {\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{k}^{*},{\boldsymbol {a}}_{-k}\sim {\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{-k}^{*}\right)\geqslant 1-\epsilon .}
That is, players are unsatisfied with probability
ϵ
{\displaystyle \epsilon }
. The relevance of the
ϵ
{\displaystyle \epsilon }
-SE is that it models the fact that players can be tolerant a certain unsatisfaction level. At a given
ϵ
{\displaystyle \epsilon }
-SE, none of the players is interested in changing its mixed strategy profile as long as it is satisfied with a probability higher than or equal to
1
−
ϵ
{\displaystyle 1-\epsilon }
, for some
ϵ
>
0
{\displaystyle \epsilon >0}
.
In contrast to the conditions for the existence of a SE in either pure or mixed strategies, the conditions for the existence of an
ϵ
{\displaystyle \epsilon }
-SE are mild.
Proposition [Existence of an
ϵ
{\displaystyle \epsilon }
-SE]
Let
(
K
,
{
A
k
}
k
∈
K
,
{
f
k
}
k
∈
K
)
{\displaystyle \left({\mathcal {K}},\left\lbrace {\mathcal {A}}_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}},\left\lbrace f_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}}\right)}
,
be a finite game in satisfaction form. Then, if for all
k
∈
K
{\displaystyle k\in {\mathcal {K}}}
, there always exists an action profile
a
∈
A
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {a}}\in {\mathcal {A}}}
such that
a
k
∈
f
k
(
a
−
k
)
{\displaystyle a_{k}\in f_{k}\left({\boldsymbol {a}}_{-k}\right)}
,
then there always exists a strategy profile
π
∗
∈
△
(
A
1
)
×
△
(
A
2
)
×
…
×
△
(
A
K
)
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\pi }}^{*}\in \triangle \left({\mathcal {A}}_{1}\right)\times \triangle \left({\mathcal {A}}_{2}\right)\times \ldots \times \triangle \left({\mathcal {A}}_{K}\right)}
and a real
ϵ
{\displaystyle \epsilon }
, with
1
>
ϵ
>
0
{\displaystyle 1>\epsilon >0}
, such that,
π
⋆
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\pi }}^{\star }}
is an
ϵ
{\displaystyle \epsilon }
-SE.
Equilibrium Selection
Games in satisfaction form might exhibit several satisfaction equilibria. In such a case, players might associate to each of their own actions a value representing the effort or cost to play such action. From this perspective, if several SEs exist, players might prefer the one that requires the lowest (global or individual) effort or cost.
To model this preference, games in satisfaction form might be equipped with cost functions for each of the players.
For all
k
∈
K
{\displaystyle k\in {\mathcal {K}}}
, let the function
c
k
:
A
k
→
[
0
,
1
]
{\displaystyle c_{k}:{\mathcal {A}}_{k}\rightarrow \left}
determine the effort or cost paid by player
k
{\displaystyle k}
for using each of its actions. More specifically, given a pair of actions
(
a
k
,
a
k
′
)
∈
A
k
2
{\displaystyle (a_{k},a_{k}')\in {\mathcal {A}}_{k}^{2}}
, the action
a
k
{\displaystyle a_{k}}
is preferred against
a
k
′
{\displaystyle a_{k}'}
by player
k
{\displaystyle k}
if
c
k
(
a
k
)
<
c
k
(
a
k
′
)
,
{\displaystyle c_{k}\left(a_{k}\right)<c_{k}\left(a_{k}'\right),}
Note that this preference for player
k
{\displaystyle k}
is independent of the actions adopted by all the other players.
Definition:
Let
S
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}}
be the set of satisfaction equilibria in pure strategies of the game in satisfaction form
(
K
,
{
A
k
}
k
∈
K
,
{
f
k
}
k
∈
K
)
{\displaystyle \left({\mathcal {K}},\left\lbrace {\mathcal {A}}_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}},\left\lbrace f_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}}\right)}
.
The strategy profile
a
⋆
=
(
a
1
⋆
,
a
2
⋆
,
…
,
a
K
⋆
)
∈
A
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {a}}^{\star }=\left(a_{1}^{\star },a_{2}^{\star },\ldots ,a_{K}^{\star }\right)\in {\mathcal {A}}}
is an efficient satisfaction equilibrium
if for all
a
∈
A
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {a}}\in {\mathcal {A}}}
, it follows that
∑
k
=
1
K
c
k
(
a
k
⋆
)
⩽
∑
k
=
1
K
c
k
(
a
k
)
{\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{K}c_{k}\left(a_{k}^{\star }\right)\leqslant \sum _{k=1}^{K}c_{k}\left(a_{k}\right)}
.
In the trivial case in which for all
k
∈
K
{\displaystyle k\in {\mathcal {K}}}
the function
c
k
{\displaystyle c_{k}}
is a constant function, the set of ESE and the set of SE are identical. This highlights the relevance of the ability of players to differentiate the effort of playing one action or another in order to select one (satisfaction) equilibrium among all the existing equilibria.
In games in satisfaction form with nonempty sets of satisfaction equilibria, when all players assign different costs to its actions, i.e., for all
k
∈
K
{\displaystyle k\in {\mathcal {K}}}
and for all
(
a
,
a
′
)
∈
A
k
×
A
k
{\displaystyle (a,a')\in {\mathcal {A}}_{k}\times {\mathcal {A}}_{k}}
, it holds that
c
k
(
a
)
≠
c
k
(
a
′
)
{\displaystyle c_{k}(a)\neq c_{k}(a')}
, there always exists an ESE. Nonetheless, it is not necessarily unique, which implies that there still exists room for other equilibrium refinements beyond the notion of individual cost functions.
Generalizations
Games in satisfaction form for which it does not exists an action profile in which all players are satisfied are said not to possess a satisfaction equilibrium. In this case, an action profile induces a partition of the set
K
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}}
formed by the sets
K
s
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}_{\mathrm {s} }}
and
K
u
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}_{\mathrm {u} }}
. On one hand, the players in
K
s
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}_{\mathrm {s} }}
are satisfied. On the other hand, players in
K
u
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}_{\mathrm {u} }}
are unsatisfied. If players in the set
K
u
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}_{\mathrm {u} }}
cannot be satisfied by any of its actions given the actions of all the other players, these players are not interested in changing its current action. This implies that action profiles that satisfy this condition are also equilibria. This is because none of the players is particularly interested in changing their current actions, even those that are unsatisfied. This reasoning led to another solution concept known as generalized satisfaction equilibrium (GSE).
This generalization is proposed in the context of a novel game formulation, namely the generalized satisfaction form.
Definition:
A game in generalized satisfaction form is described by a tuple
(
K
,
{
A
k
}
k
∈
K
,
{
g
k
}
k
∈
K
)
{\displaystyle \left({\mathcal {K}},\left\lbrace {\mathcal {A}}_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}},\left\lbrace g_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}}\right)}
,
where, the set
K
=
{
1
,
…
,
K
}
⊂
N
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}=\lbrace 1,\ldots ,K\rbrace \subset \mathrm {N} }
, with
0
<
K
<
+
∞
{\displaystyle 0<K<+\infty }
, represents the set of players; the set
A
k
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}_{k}}
, with
k
∈
K
{\displaystyle k\in {\mathcal {K}}}
and
0
<
|
A
k
|
<
+
∞
{\displaystyle 0<|{\mathcal {A}}_{k}|<+\infty }
, represents the set of actions that player
k
{\displaystyle k}
can play; and the preference mapping
g
k
:
∏
j
∈
K
∖
{
k
}
△
(
A
j
)
→
2
△
(
A
k
)
{\displaystyle g_{k}:\prod _{j\in {\mathcal {K}}\setminus \lbrace k\rbrace }\triangle \left({\mathcal {A}}_{j}\right)\rightarrow 2^{\triangle \left({\mathcal {A}}_{k}\right)}}
,
determines the set of probability mass functions (mixed strategies) with support
A
k
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}_{k}}
that satisfy player
k
{\displaystyle k}
given the mixed strategies adopted by all the other players.
The generalized satisfaction equilibrium is defined as follows.
Definition: ]
The mixed strategy profile
π
∗
∈
△
(
A
1
)
×
…
×
△
(
A
K
)
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\pi }}^{*}\in \triangle \left({\mathcal {A}}_{1}\right)\times \ldots \times \triangle \left({\mathcal {A}}_{K}\right)}
is a generalized satisfaction equilibrium of the game in generalized satisfaction form
(
K
,
{
A
k
}
k
∈
K
,
{
g
k
}
k
∈
K
)
{\displaystyle \left({\mathcal {K}},\left\lbrace {\mathcal {A}}_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}},\left\lbrace g_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}}\right)}
if there exists a partition of the set
K
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}}
formed by the sets
K
s
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}_{\mathrm {s} }}
and
K
u
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}_{\mathrm {u} }}
and the following holds:
(i) For all
k
∈
K
s
{\displaystyle k\in {\mathcal {K}}_{\mathrm {s} }}
,
π
k
∈
g
k
(
π
−
k
)
{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{k}\in g_{k}\left({\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{-k}\right)}
; and
(ii)For all
k
∈
K
u
{\displaystyle k\in {\mathcal {K}}_{\mathrm {u} }}
,
g
k
(
π
−
k
)
=
∅
.
{\displaystyle g_{k}\left({\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{-k}\right)=\emptyset .}
Note that the GSE boils down to the notion of
ϵ
{\displaystyle \epsilon }
-SE of the game in satisfaction form
(
K
,
{
A
k
}
k
∈
K
,
{
f
¯
k
}
k
∈
K
)
,
{\displaystyle \left({\mathcal {K}},\left\lbrace {\mathcal {A}}_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}},\left\lbrace {\bar {f}}_{k}\right\rbrace _{k\in {\mathcal {K}}}\right),}
when,
K
u
=
∅
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}_{\mathrm {u} }=\emptyset }
and for all
k
∈
K
{\displaystyle k\in {\mathcal {K}}}
, the correspondence
g
k
{\displaystyle g_{k}}
is chosen to be
g
(
a
−
k
)
=
f
¯
¯
k
(
π
−
k
∗
)
,
{\displaystyle g({\boldsymbol {a}}_{-k})={\bar {\bar {f}}}_{k}\left({\boldsymbol {\pi }}_{-k}^{*}\right),}
with
ϵ
>
0
{\displaystyle \epsilon >0}
.
Similarly, the GSE boils down to the notion of SE in mixed strategies when
ϵ
=
0
{\displaystyle \epsilon =0}
and
K
u
=
∅
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {K}}_{\mathrm {u} }=\emptyset }
.
Finally, note that any SE is a GSE, but the converse is not true.
References
^ Ross, S.; Chaib-draa, B. (May 2006). "Satisfaction Equilibrium: Achieving Cooperation in Incomplete Information Games". Proceedings of the Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Ottawa, ON, Canada. doi:10.1007/11766247_6.
^ a b c d e f g Perlaza, S.; Tembine, H.; Lasaulce, S.; Debbah, M. (April 2012). "Quality-Of-Service Provisioning in Decentralized Networks: A Satisfaction Equilibrium Approach". IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing. 6 (2): 104–116. arXiv:1112.1730. Bibcode:2012ISTSP...6..104P. doi:10.1109/JSTSP.2011.2180507. S2CID 9567688.
^ Elhammouti, H.; Sabir, E.; Benjillali, M.; Echabbi, L.; Tembine, H. (September 2017). "Self-Organized Connected Objects: Rethinking QoS Provisioning for IoT Services". IEEE Communications Magazine. 55 (9): 41–47. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600614. S2CID 27329276.
^ Southwell, R.; Chen, X.; Huang, J. (March 2014). "Quality of Service Games for Spectrum Sharing". IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 32 (3): 589–600. arXiv:1310.2354. doi:10.1109/JSAC.2014.1403008. S2CID 9227076.
^ a b Promponas, P.; Tsiropoulou, E-E.; Papavassiliou, S. (May 2021). "Rethinking Power Control in Wireless Networks: The Perspective of Satisfaction Equilibrium". IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems. 8 (4): 1680–1691. doi:10.1109/TCNS.2021.3078123. S2CID 236728675.
^ a b Promponas, P.; Pelekis, C.; Tsiropoulou, E-E.; Papavassiliou, S. (July 2021). "Games in Normal and Satisfaction Form for Efficient Transmission Power Allocation Under Dual 5G Wireless Multiple Access Paradigm". IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking. 29 (6): 2574–2587. doi:10.1109/TNET.2021.3095351. S2CID 237965568.
^ Sanjab, A.; Saad, W. (July 2016). "Data Injection Attacks on Smart Grids With Multiple Adversaries: A Game-Theoretic Perspective". IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 7 (4): 2038–2049. arXiv:1604.00118. doi:10.1109/TSG.2016.2550218. S2CID 14309194.
^ Debreu, G. (October 1952). "A Social Equilibrium Existence Theorem" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 38 (10): 886–893. Bibcode:1952PNAS...38..886D. doi:10.1073/pnas.38.10.886. PMC 1063675. PMID 16589195.
^ a b Goonewardena, M.; Perlaza, S.; Yadav, A.; Ajib, W. (June 2017). "Generalized Satisfaction Equilibrium for Service-Level Provisioning in Wireless Networks". IEEE Transactions on Communications. 65 (6): 2427–2437. doi:10.1109/TCOMM.2017.2662701. S2CID 25391577.
vteTopics of game theoryDefinitions
Congestion game
Cooperative game
Determinacy
Escalation of commitment
Extensive-form game
First-player and second-player win
Game complexity
Graphical game
Hierarchy of beliefs
Information set
Normal-form game
Preference
Sequential game
Simultaneous game
Simultaneous action selection
Solved game
Succinct game
Mechanism design
Equilibriumconcepts
Bayes correlated equilibrium
Bayesian Nash equilibrium
Berge equilibrium
Core
Correlated equilibrium
Coalition-proof Nash equilibrium
Epsilon-equilibrium
Evolutionarily stable strategy
Gibbs equilibrium
Mertens-stable equilibrium
Markov perfect equilibrium
Nash equilibrium
Pareto efficiency
Perfect Bayesian equilibrium
Proper equilibrium
Quantal response equilibrium
Quasi-perfect equilibrium
Risk dominance
Satisfaction equilibrium
Self-confirming equilibrium
Sequential equilibrium
Shapley value
Strong Nash equilibrium
Subgame perfection
Trembling hand equilibrium
Strategies
Appeasement
Backward induction
Bid shading
Collusion
Cheap talk
De-escalation
Deterrence
Escalation
Forward induction
Grim trigger
Markov strategy
Dominant strategies
Pure strategy
Mixed strategy
Strategy-stealing argument
Tit for tat
Classesof games
Auction
Bargaining problem
Global game
Intransitive game
Mean-field game
n-player game
Perfect information
Large Poisson game
Potential game
Repeated game
Screening game
Signaling game
Strictly determined game
Stochastic game
Symmetric game
Zero-sum game
Games
Go
Chess
Infinite chess
Checkers
All-pay auction
Prisoner's dilemma
Gift-exchange game
Optional prisoner's dilemma
Traveler's dilemma
Coordination game
Chicken
Centipede game
Lewis signaling game
Volunteer's dilemma
Dollar auction
Battle of the sexes
Stag hunt
Matching pennies
Ultimatum game
Rock paper scissors
Pirate game
Dictator game
Public goods game
Blotto game
War of attrition
El Farol Bar problem
Fair division
Fair cake-cutting
Bertrand competition
Cournot competition
Stackelberg competition
Deadlock
Diner's dilemma
Guess 2/3 of the average
Kuhn poker
Nash bargaining game
Induction puzzles
Trust game
Princess and monster game
Rendezvous problem
Theorems
Aumann's agreement theorem
Folk theorem
Minimax theorem
Nash's theorem
Negamax theorem
Purification theorem
Revelation principle
Sprague–Grundy theorem
Zermelo's theorem
Keyfigures
Albert W. Tucker
Amos Tversky
Antoine Augustin Cournot
Ariel Rubinstein
Claude Shannon
Daniel Kahneman
David K. Levine
David M. Kreps
Donald B. Gillies
Drew Fudenberg
Eric Maskin
Harold W. Kuhn
Herbert Simon
Hervé Moulin
John Conway
Jean Tirole
Jean-François Mertens
Jennifer Tour Chayes
John Harsanyi
John Maynard Smith
John Nash
John von Neumann
Kenneth Arrow
Kenneth Binmore
Leonid Hurwicz
Lloyd Shapley
Melvin Dresher
Merrill M. Flood
Olga Bondareva
Oskar Morgenstern
Paul Milgrom
Peyton Young
Reinhard Selten
Robert Axelrod
Robert Aumann
Robert B. Wilson
Roger Myerson
Samuel Bowles
Suzanne Scotchmer
Thomas Schelling
William Vickrey
Miscellaneous
Alpha–beta pruning
Bounded rationality
Combinatorial game theory
Confrontation analysis
Coopetition
Evolutionary game theory
Glossary of game theory
List of game theorists
List of games in game theory
No-win situation
Topological game
Tragedy of the commons
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"solution concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_concept"},{"link_name":"non-cooperative games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cooperative_game_theory"}],"text":"In game theory, a satisfaction equilibrium is a solution concept for a class of non-cooperative games, namely games in satisfaction form. Games in satisfaction form model situations in which players aim at satisfying a given individual constraint, e.g., a performance metric must be smaller or bigger than a given threshold. When a player satisfies its own constraint, the player is said to be satisfied. A satisfaction equilibrium, if it exists, arises when all players in the game are satisfied.","title":"Satisfaction equilibrium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"solution concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_concept"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perlaza-JSTSP-2012-2"},{"link_name":"solution concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_concept"},{"link_name":"electrical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"quality of service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_service"},{"link_name":"Wireless ad hoc networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_ad_hoc_network"},{"link_name":"the fifth generation of cellular communications (5G)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Promponas-ITCNS-2021a-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Promponas-ITCNS-2021b-6"},{"link_name":"smart grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_grid"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The term Satisfaction equilibrium (SE) was first used to refer to the stable point of a dynamic interaction between players that are learning an equilibrium by taking actions and observing their own payoffs. The equilibrium lies on the satisfaction principle, which stipulates that an agent that is satisfied with its current payoff does not change its current action.\n[1]Later, the notion of satisfaction equilibrium was introduced as a solution concept for Games in satisfaction form.[2]\nSuch solution concept was introduced in the realm of electrical engineering for the analysis of quality of service (QoS) in Wireless ad hoc networks. In this context, radio devices (network components) are modelled as players that decide upon their own operating configurations in order to satisfy some targeted QoS.Games in satisfaction form and the notion of satisfaction equilibrium have been used in the context of the fifth generation of cellular communications (5G) for tackling the problem of energy efficiency,\n[3] \nspectrum sharing\n[4]\nand transmit power control.\n[5]\n[6]\nIn the smart grid, games in satisfaction form have been used for modelling the problem of data injection attacks.\n[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"complete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_information"},{"link_name":"perfect information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_information"},{"link_name":"power set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_set"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perlaza-JSTSP-2012-2"},{"link_name":"power set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_set"},{"link_name":"normal form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal-form_game"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In static games of complete, perfect information, a satisfaction-form representation of a game is a specification of the set of players, the players' action sets and their preferences. The preferences for a given player are determined by a mapping, often referred to as the preference mapping, from the Cartesian product of all the other players' action sets to the given player's power set of actions. That is, given the actions adopted by all the other players, the preference mapping determines the subset of actions with which the player is satisfied.Definition [Games in Satisfaction Form[2]]\nA game in satisfaction form is described by a tuple(\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n f\n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\mathcal {K}},\\left\\lbrace {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}},\\left\\lbrace f_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\\right),}where, the set \n \n \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n =\n {\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n K\n }\n ⊂\n \n N\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {K}}=\\lbrace 1,\\ldots ,K\\rbrace \\subset \\mathrm {N} }\n \n, with \n \n \n \n 0\n <\n K\n <\n +\n ∞\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0<K<+\\infty }\n \n, represents the set of players; the set \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}}\n \n, with \n \n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n 0\n <\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n |\n \n <\n +\n ∞\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0<|{\\mathcal {A}}_{k}|<+\\infty }\n \n, represents the set of actions that player \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n can play. The preference mappingf\n \n k\n \n \n :\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n ×\n …\n ×\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n ×\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n ×\n …\n ,\n ×\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n →\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{k}:{\\mathcal {A}}_{1}\\times \\ldots \\times {\\mathcal {A}}_{k-1}\\times {\\mathcal {A}}_{k+1}\\times \\ldots ,\\times {\\mathcal {A}}_{K}\\rightarrow 2^{{\\mathcal {A}}_{k}}}determines the set of actions with which player \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n is satisfied given the actions played by all the other players. The set \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{{\\mathcal {A}}_{k}}}\n \n is the power set of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}}\n \n.In contrast to other existing game formulations, e.g., normal form and normal form with constrained action sets,[8] the notion of performance optimization, i.e., utility maximization or cost minimization, is not present. Games in satisfaction-form model the case in which players adopt their actions aiming to satisfy a specific individual constraint given the actions adopted by all the other players. An important remark is that, players are assumed to be careless of whether other players can satisfy or not their individual constraints.","title":"Games in Satisfaction Form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perlaza-JSTSP-2012-2"}],"sub_title":"Satisfaction Equilibrium","text":"An action profile is a tuple \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n =\n \n (\n \n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n a\n \n K\n \n \n \n )\n \n ∈\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n ×\n …\n ×\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {a}}=\\left(a_{1},\\ldots ,a_{K}\\right)\\in {\\mathcal {A}}_{1}\\times \\ldots \\times {\\mathcal {A}}_{K}}\n \n. The action profile in which all players are satisfied is an equilibrium of the corresponding game in satisfaction form. At a satisfaction equilibrium, players do not exhibit a particular interest in changing its current action.Definition [Satisfaction Equilibrium in Pure Strategies[2]]\nThe action profile \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {a}}}\n \n is a satisfaction equilibrium in pure strategies for the game \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n f\n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\mathcal {K}},\\left\\lbrace {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}},\\left\\lbrace f_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\\right),}\n \n if for all \n \n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\n \n,a\n \n k\n \n \n ∈\n \n f\n \n k\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n a\n \n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n a\n \n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n a\n \n K\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{k}\\in f_{k}\\left(a_{1},\\ldots ,a_{k-1},a_{k+1},\\ldots ,a_{K}\\right)}\n \n.","title":"Games in Satisfaction Form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixed strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_(game_theory)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perlaza-JSTSP-2012-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perlaza-JSTSP-2012-2"}],"sub_title":"Satisfaction Equilibrium in Mixed Strategies","text":"For all \n \n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\n \n, denote the set of all possible probability distributions over the set \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n =\n {\n \n A\n \n k\n ,\n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n A\n \n k\n ,\n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n A\n \n k\n ,\n \n N\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}=\\lbrace A_{k,1},A_{k,2},\\ldots ,A_{k,N_{k}}\\rbrace }\n \n by \n \n \n \n △\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\triangle \\left({\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\right)}\n \n, with \n \n \n \n \n N\n \n k\n \n \n =\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle N_{k}=|{\\mathcal {A}}_{k}|}\n \n. Denote by \n \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n k\n \n \n =\n \n (\n \n \n π\n \n k\n ,\n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n π\n \n k\n ,\n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n π\n \n k\n ,\n \n N\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{k}=\\left(\\pi _{k,1},\\pi _{k,2},\\ldots ,\\pi _{k,N_{k}}\\right)}\n \n the probability distribution (mixed strategy) adopted by player \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n to choose its actions. For all \n \n \n \n j\n ∈\n {\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n \n N\n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j\\in \\lbrace 1,\\ldots ,N_{k}\\rbrace }\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n k\n ,\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{k,j}}\n \n represents the probability with which player \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n chooses action \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n k\n ,\n j\n \n \n ∈\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{k,j}\\in {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}}\n \n. The notation \n \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{-k}}\n \n represents the mixed strategies of all players except that of player \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n.Definition [Extension to Mixed Strategies of the Satisfaction Form [2]]\nThe extension in mixed strategies of the game \n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n f\n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\mathcal {K}},\\left\\lbrace {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}},\\left\\lbrace f_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\\right)}\n \n is described by the tuple \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n \n f\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\mathcal {K}},\\left\\lbrace {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}},\\left\\lbrace {\\bar {f}}_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\\right)}\n \n, \nwhere the correspondencef\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n :\n \n ∏\n \n j\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n ∖\n {\n k\n }\n \n \n △\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n j\n \n \n )\n \n →\n \n 2\n \n △\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {f}}_{k}:\\prod _{j\\in {\\mathcal {K}}\\setminus \\lbrace k\\rbrace }\\triangle \\left({\\mathcal {A}}_{j}\\right)\\rightarrow 2^{\\triangle \\left({\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\right)}}determines the set of all possible probability distributions that allow player \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n to choose an action that satisfies its individual conditions with probability one, that is,f\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n π\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n {\n \n \n \n π\n \n \n k\n \n \n ∈\n △\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n )\n \n :\n \n P\n r\n \n \n (\n \n \n a\n \n k\n \n \n ∈\n \n f\n \n k\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n a\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n a\n \n k\n \n \n ∼\n \n \n π\n \n \n k\n \n \n ,\n \n \n a\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n ∼\n \n \n π\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n 1\n \n }\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {f}}_{k}\\left({\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{-k}\\right)=\\left\\lbrace {\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{k}\\in \\triangle \\left({\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\right):\\mathrm {Pr} \\left(a_{k}\\in f_{k}\\left({\\boldsymbol {a}}_{-k}\\right)|a_{k}\\sim {\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{k},{\\boldsymbol {a}}_{-k}\\sim {\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{-k}\\right)=1\\right\\rbrace .}A satisfaction equilibrium in mixed strategies is defined as follows.Definition [Satisfaction Equilibrium in Mixed Strategies[2]]\nThe mixed strategy profile \n \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n ∈\n △\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n ×\n …\n ×\n △\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}^{*}\\in \\triangle \\left({\\mathcal {A}}_{1}\\right)\\times \\ldots \\times \\triangle \\left({\\mathcal {A}}_{K}\\right)}\n \n is an SE in mixed strategies if for all \n \n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\n \n,π\n \n \n k\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n ∈\n \n \n \n \n f\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n π\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{k}^{*}\\in {\\bar {f}}_{k}\\left({\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{-k}^{*}\\right)}\n \n.Let the \n \n \n \n j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j}\n \n-th action of player \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n, i.e., \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n k\n ,\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{k,j}}\n \n, be associated with the unitary vector \n \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n \n j\n \n \n =\n \n (\n \n \n e\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n e\n \n 2\n \n \n …\n ,\n \n e\n \n \n N\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n ∈\n \n \n R\n \n \n \n N\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {e}}_{j}=\\left(e_{1},e_{2}\\ldots ,e_{N_{k}}\\right)\\in \\mathrm {R} ^{N_{k}}}\n \n, where, all the components are zero except its \n \n \n \n j\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j}\n \n-th component, which is equal to one. The vector \n \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n \n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {e}}_{j}}\n \n represents a degenerated probability distribution, where the action \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n k\n ,\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A_{k,j}}\n \n is deterministically chosen. Using this argument, it becomes clear that every satisfaction equilibrium in pure strategies of the game \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n f\n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\mathcal {K}},\\left\\lbrace {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}},\\left\\lbrace f_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\\right)}\n \n is also a satisfaction equilibrium in mixed strategies of the game \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n \n f\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\mathcal {K}},\\left\\lbrace {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}},\\left\\lbrace {\\bar {f}}_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\\right)}\n \n.At an SE of the game \n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n f\n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\mathcal {K}},\\left\\lbrace {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}},\\left\\lbrace f_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\\right)}\n \n, \nplayers choose their actions following a probability distribution such that only action profiles that allow all players to simultaneously satisfy their individual conditions with probability one are played with positive probability. Hence, in the case in which one SE in pure strategies does not exist, then, it does not exist a SE in mixed strategies in the game \n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n \n f\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\mathcal {K}},\\left\\lbrace {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}},\\left\\lbrace {\\bar {f}}_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\\right)}\n \n.","title":"Games in Satisfaction Form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solution concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_concept"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perlaza-JSTSP-2012-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perlaza-JSTSP-2012-2"}],"sub_title":"ε-Satisfaction Equilibrium","text":"Under certain conditions, it is always possible to build mixed strategies that allow players to be satisfied with probability \n \n \n \n 1\n −\n ϵ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1-\\epsilon }\n \n, for some \n \n \n \n ϵ\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon >0}\n \n. This observation leads to the definition of a solution concept known as \n \n \n \n ϵ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon }\n \n-satisfaction equilibrium (\n \n \n \n ϵ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon }\n \n-SE).Definition: [ε-Satisfaction Equilibrium[2]]\nLet \n \n \n \n ϵ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon }\n \n satisfy \n \n \n \n ϵ\n ∈\n \n ]\n \n 0\n ,\n 1\n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon \\in \\left]0,1\\right]}\n \n. The mixed strategy profile \n \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n ∈\n △\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n ×\n △\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n ×\n …\n ×\n △\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}^{*}\\in \\triangle \\left({\\mathcal {A}}_{1}\\right)\\times \\triangle \\left({\\mathcal {A}}_{2}\\right)\\times \\ldots \\times \\triangle \\left({\\mathcal {A}}_{K}\\right)}\n \n \nis an epsilon-satisfaction equilibrium (\n \n \n \n ϵ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon }\n \n-SE) of the game \n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n \n f\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\mathcal {K}},\\left\\lbrace {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}},\\left\\lbrace {\\bar {f}}_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\\right)}\n \n, \nif for all \n \n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\n \n, it follows thatπ\n \n \n k\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n ∈\n \n \n \n \n \n \n f\n ¯\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n π\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{k}^{*}\\in {\\bar {\\bar {f}}}_{k}\\left({\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{-k}^{*}\\right)}\n \n,wheref\n ¯\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n π\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n {\n \n \n \n π\n \n \n k\n \n \n ∈\n △\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n )\n \n :\n \n P\n r\n \n \n (\n \n \n a\n \n k\n \n \n ∈\n \n f\n \n k\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n a\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n a\n \n k\n \n \n ∼\n \n \n π\n \n \n k\n \n \n ,\n \n \n a\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n ∼\n \n \n π\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n )\n \n ⩾\n 1\n −\n ϵ\n \n }\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {\\bar {f}}}_{k}\\left({\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{-k}^{*}\\right)=\\left\\lbrace {\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{k}\\in \\triangle \\left({\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\right):\\mathrm {Pr} \\left(a_{k}\\in f_{k}\\left({\\boldsymbol {a}}_{-k}\\right)|a_{k}\\sim {\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{k},{\\boldsymbol {a}}_{-k}\\sim {\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{-k}^{*}\\right)\\geqslant 1-\\epsilon \\right\\rbrace .}From the definition above, it can be implied that if the mixed strategy profile \n \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}^{*}}\n \n is an \n \n \n \n ϵ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon }\n \n-SE, it holds that,P\n r\n \n \n (\n \n \n a\n \n k\n \n \n ∈\n \n f\n \n k\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n a\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n a\n \n k\n \n \n ∼\n \n \n π\n \n \n k\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n ,\n \n \n a\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n ∼\n \n \n π\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n )\n \n ⩾\n 1\n −\n ϵ\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {Pr} \\left(a_{k}\\in f_{k}\\left({\\boldsymbol {a}}_{-k}\\right)|a_{k}\\sim {\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{k}^{*},{\\boldsymbol {a}}_{-k}\\sim {\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{-k}^{*}\\right)\\geqslant 1-\\epsilon .}That is, players are unsatisfied with probability \n \n \n \n ϵ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon }\n \n. The relevance of the \n \n \n \n ϵ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon }\n \n-SE is that it models the fact that players can be tolerant a certain unsatisfaction level. At a given \n \n \n \n ϵ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon }\n \n-SE, none of the players is interested in changing its mixed strategy profile as long as it is satisfied with a probability higher than or equal to \n \n \n \n 1\n −\n ϵ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1-\\epsilon }\n \n, for some \n\n \n \n \n ϵ\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon >0}\n \n.In contrast to the conditions for the existence of a SE in either pure or mixed strategies, the conditions for the existence of an \n \n \n \n ϵ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon }\n \n-SE are mild.Proposition [Existence of an \n \n \n \n ϵ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon }\n \n-SE[2]]\nLet \n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n f\n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\mathcal {K}},\\left\\lbrace {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}},\\left\\lbrace f_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\\right)}\n \n, \nbe a finite game in satisfaction form. Then, if for all \n \n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\n \n, there always exists an action profile \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ∈\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {a}}\\in {\\mathcal {A}}}\n \n such thata\n \n k\n \n \n ∈\n \n f\n \n k\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n a\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{k}\\in f_{k}\\left({\\boldsymbol {a}}_{-k}\\right)}\n \n,then there always exists a strategy profile\n\n \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n ∈\n △\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n ×\n △\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n ×\n …\n ×\n △\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}^{*}\\in \\triangle \\left({\\mathcal {A}}_{1}\\right)\\times \\triangle \\left({\\mathcal {A}}_{2}\\right)\\times \\ldots \\times \\triangle \\left({\\mathcal {A}}_{K}\\right)}\n \n and a real \n \n \n \n ϵ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon }\n \n, with \n \n \n \n 1\n >\n ϵ\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1>\\epsilon >0}\n \n, such that, \n \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n ⋆\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}^{\\star }}\n \n is an \n \n \n \n ϵ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon }\n \n-SE.","title":"Games in Satisfaction Form"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Promponas-ITCNS-2021a-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Promponas-ITCNS-2021b-6"}],"text":"Games in satisfaction form might exhibit several satisfaction equilibria. In such a case, players might associate to each of their own actions a value representing the effort or cost to play such action. From this perspective, if several SEs exist, players might prefer the one that requires the lowest (global or individual) effort or cost. \nTo model this preference, games in satisfaction form might be equipped with cost functions for each of the players.For all \n \n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\n \n, let the function \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n k\n \n \n :\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n →\n \n [\n \n 0\n ,\n 1\n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{k}:{\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\rightarrow \\left[0,1\\right]}\n \n determine the effort or cost paid by player \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n for using each of its actions. More specifically, given a pair of actions \n \n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n k\n \n \n ,\n \n a\n \n k\n \n ′\n \n )\n ∈\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (a_{k},a_{k}')\\in {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}^{2}}\n \n, the action \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{k}}\n \n is preferred against \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n k\n \n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{k}'}\n \n by player \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n ifc\n \n k\n \n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n k\n \n \n )\n \n <\n \n c\n \n k\n \n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n k\n \n ′\n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{k}\\left(a_{k}\\right)<c_{k}\\left(a_{k}'\\right),}Note that this preference for player \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n is independent of the actions adopted by all the other players.Definition: [Efficient Satisfaction Equilibrium (ESE)]\nLet \n \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {S}}}\n \n be the set of satisfaction equilibria in pure strategies of the game in satisfaction form\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n f\n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\mathcal {K}},\\left\\lbrace {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}},\\left\\lbrace f_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\\right)}\n \n. \nThe strategy profile \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n ⋆\n \n \n =\n \n (\n \n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ⋆\n \n \n ,\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n ⋆\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n a\n \n K\n \n \n ⋆\n \n \n \n )\n \n ∈\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {a}}^{\\star }=\\left(a_{1}^{\\star },a_{2}^{\\star },\\ldots ,a_{K}^{\\star }\\right)\\in {\\mathcal {A}}}\n \n \nis an efficient satisfaction equilibrium \nif for all \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n ∈\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {a}}\\in {\\mathcal {A}}}\n \n, it follows that∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n c\n \n k\n \n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n k\n \n \n ⋆\n \n \n )\n \n ⩽\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n c\n \n k\n \n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{k=1}^{K}c_{k}\\left(a_{k}^{\\star }\\right)\\leqslant \\sum _{k=1}^{K}c_{k}\\left(a_{k}\\right)}\n \n.In the trivial case in which for all \n \n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\n \n the function \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{k}}\n \n is a constant function, the set of ESE and the set of SE are identical. This highlights the relevance of the ability of players to differentiate the effort of playing one action or another in order to select one (satisfaction) equilibrium among all the existing equilibria.In games in satisfaction form with nonempty sets of satisfaction equilibria, when all players assign different costs to its actions, i.e., for all \n \n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\n \n and for all \n \n \n \n (\n a\n ,\n \n a\n ′\n \n )\n ∈\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n ×\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (a,a')\\in {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\times {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}}\n \n, it holds that \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n k\n \n \n (\n a\n )\n ≠\n \n c\n \n k\n \n \n (\n \n a\n ′\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{k}(a)\\neq c_{k}(a')}\n \n, there always exists an ESE. Nonetheless, it is not necessarily unique, which implies that there still exists room for other equilibrium refinements beyond the notion of individual cost functions. [5] [6]","title":"Equilibrium Selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solution concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_concept"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goonewardena-TCOM-2017-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goonewardena-TCOM-2017-9"}],"text":"Games in satisfaction form for which it does not exists an action profile in which all players are satisfied are said not to possess a satisfaction equilibrium. In this case, an action profile induces a partition of the set \n \n \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {K}}}\n \n formed by the sets \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {K}}_{\\mathrm {s} }}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {K}}_{\\mathrm {u} }}\n \n. On one hand, the players in \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {K}}_{\\mathrm {s} }}\n \n are satisfied. On the other hand, players in \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {K}}_{\\mathrm {u} }}\n \n are unsatisfied. If players in the set \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {K}}_{\\mathrm {u} }}\n \n cannot be satisfied by any of its actions given the actions of all the other players, these players are not interested in changing its current action. This implies that action profiles that satisfy this condition are also equilibria. This is because none of the players is particularly interested in changing their current actions, even those that are unsatisfied. This reasoning led to another solution concept known as generalized satisfaction equilibrium (GSE).\nThis generalization is proposed in the context of a novel game formulation, namely the generalized satisfaction form.\n[9]Definition: [Generalized Satisfaction Form]\nA game in generalized satisfaction form is described by a tuple\n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n g\n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\mathcal {K}},\\left\\lbrace {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}},\\left\\lbrace g_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\\right)}\n \n,\nwhere, the set \n \n \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n =\n {\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n K\n }\n ⊂\n \n N\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {K}}=\\lbrace 1,\\ldots ,K\\rbrace \\subset \\mathrm {N} }\n \n, with \n \n \n \n 0\n <\n K\n <\n +\n ∞\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0<K<+\\infty }\n \n, represents the set of players; the set \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}}\n \n, with \n \n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n 0\n <\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n |\n \n <\n +\n ∞\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0<|{\\mathcal {A}}_{k}|<+\\infty }\n \n, represents the set of actions that player \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n can play; and the preference mappingg\n \n k\n \n \n :\n \n ∏\n \n j\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n ∖\n {\n k\n }\n \n \n △\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n j\n \n \n )\n \n →\n \n 2\n \n △\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle g_{k}:\\prod _{j\\in {\\mathcal {K}}\\setminus \\lbrace k\\rbrace }\\triangle \\left({\\mathcal {A}}_{j}\\right)\\rightarrow 2^{\\triangle \\left({\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\right)}}\n \n,determines the set of probability mass functions (mixed strategies) with support \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}}\n \n that satisfy player \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n given the mixed strategies adopted by all the other players.The generalized satisfaction equilibrium is defined as follows.Definition: [Generalized Satisfaction Equilibrium (GSE)[9]]\nThe mixed strategy profile \n \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n ∈\n △\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n ×\n …\n ×\n △\n \n (\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}^{*}\\in \\triangle \\left({\\mathcal {A}}_{1}\\right)\\times \\ldots \\times \\triangle \\left({\\mathcal {A}}_{K}\\right)}\n \n is a generalized satisfaction equilibrium of the game in generalized satisfaction form \n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n g\n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\mathcal {K}},\\left\\lbrace {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}},\\left\\lbrace g_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\\right)}\n \n \nif there exists a partition of the set \n \n \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {K}}}\n \n formed by the sets \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {K}}_{\\mathrm {s} }}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {K}}_{\\mathrm {u} }}\n \n and the following holds:\n(i) For all \n \n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}_{\\mathrm {s} }}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n \n k\n \n \n ∈\n \n g\n \n k\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n π\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{k}\\in g_{k}\\left({\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{-k}\\right)}\n \n; and \n(ii)For all \n \n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}_{\\mathrm {u} }}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n k\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n π\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n )\n \n =\n ∅\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g_{k}\\left({\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{-k}\\right)=\\emptyset .}Note that the GSE boils down to the notion of \n \n \n \n ϵ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon }\n \n-SE of the game in satisfaction form \n\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n K\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n \n f\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n }\n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left({\\mathcal {K}},\\left\\lbrace {\\mathcal {A}}_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}},\\left\\lbrace {\\bar {f}}_{k}\\right\\rbrace _{k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\\right),}\n \n \nwhen, \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n \n =\n ∅\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {K}}_{\\mathrm {u} }=\\emptyset }\n \n and for all \n \n \n \n k\n ∈\n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\in {\\mathcal {K}}}\n \n, the correspondence \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle g_{k}}\n \n is chosen to beg\n (\n \n \n a\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n )\n =\n \n \n \n \n \n \n f\n ¯\n \n \n ¯\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n π\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g({\\boldsymbol {a}}_{-k})={\\bar {\\bar {f}}}_{k}\\left({\\boldsymbol {\\pi }}_{-k}^{*}\\right),}with \n \n \n \n ϵ\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon >0}\n \n.\nSimilarly, the GSE boils down to the notion of SE in mixed strategies when \n \n \n \n ϵ\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon =0}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n \n =\n ∅\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {K}}_{\\mathrm {u} }=\\emptyset }\n \n. \nFinally, note that any SE is a GSE, but the converse is not true.","title":"Generalizations"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Ross, S.; Chaib-draa, B. (May 2006). \"Satisfaction Equilibrium: Achieving Cooperation in Incomplete Information Games\". Proceedings of the Canadian Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Ottawa, ON, Canada. doi:10.1007/11766247_6.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/11766247_6","url_text":"\"Satisfaction Equilibrium: Achieving Cooperation in Incomplete Information Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F11766247_6","url_text":"10.1007/11766247_6"}]},{"reference":"Perlaza, S.; Tembine, H.; Lasaulce, S.; Debbah, M. (April 2012). \"Quality-Of-Service Provisioning in Decentralized Networks: A Satisfaction Equilibrium Approach\". IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing. 6 (2): 104–116. arXiv:1112.1730. Bibcode:2012ISTSP...6..104P. doi:10.1109/JSTSP.2011.2180507. S2CID 9567688.","urls":[{"url":"https://hal-supelec.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00769411/document","url_text":"\"Quality-Of-Service Provisioning in Decentralized Networks: A Satisfaction Equilibrium Approach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.1730","url_text":"1112.1730"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ISTSP...6..104P","url_text":"2012ISTSP...6..104P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJSTSP.2011.2180507","url_text":"10.1109/JSTSP.2011.2180507"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9567688","url_text":"9567688"}]},{"reference":"Elhammouti, H.; Sabir, E.; Benjillali, M.; Echabbi, L.; Tembine, H. (September 2017). \"Self-Organized Connected Objects: Rethinking QoS Provisioning for IoT Services\". IEEE Communications Magazine. 55 (9): 41–47. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600614. S2CID 27329276.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8030483","url_text":"\"Self-Organized Connected Objects: Rethinking QoS Provisioning for IoT Services\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCOM.2017.1600614","url_text":"10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600614"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27329276","url_text":"27329276"}]},{"reference":"Southwell, R.; Chen, X.; Huang, J. (March 2014). \"Quality of Service Games for Spectrum Sharing\". IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. 32 (3): 589–600. arXiv:1310.2354. doi:10.1109/JSAC.2014.1403008. S2CID 9227076.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6746252","url_text":"\"Quality of Service Games for Spectrum Sharing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1310.2354","url_text":"1310.2354"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJSAC.2014.1403008","url_text":"10.1109/JSAC.2014.1403008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9227076","url_text":"9227076"}]},{"reference":"Promponas, P.; Tsiropoulou, E-E.; Papavassiliou, S. (May 2021). \"Rethinking Power Control in Wireless Networks: The Perspective of Satisfaction Equilibrium\". IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems. 8 (4): 1680–1691. doi:10.1109/TCNS.2021.3078123. S2CID 236728675.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9425432","url_text":"\"Rethinking Power Control in Wireless Networks: The Perspective of Satisfaction Equilibrium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCNS.2021.3078123","url_text":"10.1109/TCNS.2021.3078123"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236728675","url_text":"236728675"}]},{"reference":"Promponas, P.; Pelekis, C.; Tsiropoulou, E-E.; Papavassiliou, S. (July 2021). \"Games in Normal and Satisfaction Form for Efficient Transmission Power Allocation Under Dual 5G Wireless Multiple Access Paradigm\". IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking. 29 (6): 2574–2587. doi:10.1109/TNET.2021.3095351. S2CID 237965568.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9492283","url_text":"\"Games in Normal and Satisfaction Form for Efficient Transmission Power Allocation Under Dual 5G Wireless Multiple Access Paradigm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTNET.2021.3095351","url_text":"10.1109/TNET.2021.3095351"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237965568","url_text":"237965568"}]},{"reference":"Sanjab, A.; Saad, W. (July 2016). \"Data Injection Attacks on Smart Grids With Multiple Adversaries: A Game-Theoretic Perspective\". IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 7 (4): 2038–2049. arXiv:1604.00118. doi:10.1109/TSG.2016.2550218. S2CID 14309194.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7446354","url_text":"\"Data Injection Attacks on Smart Grids With Multiple Adversaries: A Game-Theoretic Perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.00118","url_text":"1604.00118"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTSG.2016.2550218","url_text":"10.1109/TSG.2016.2550218"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14309194","url_text":"14309194"}]},{"reference":"Debreu, G. (October 1952). \"A Social Equilibrium Existence Theorem\" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 38 (10): 886–893. Bibcode:1952PNAS...38..886D. doi:10.1073/pnas.38.10.886. PMC 1063675. PMID 16589195.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/38/10/886.full.pdf","url_text":"\"A Social Equilibrium Existence Theorem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952PNAS...38..886D","url_text":"1952PNAS...38..886D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.38.10.886","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.38.10.886"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063675","url_text":"1063675"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16589195","url_text":"16589195"}]},{"reference":"Goonewardena, M.; Perlaza, S.; Yadav, A.; Ajib, W. (June 2017). \"Generalized Satisfaction Equilibrium for Service-Level Provisioning in Wireless Networks\". IEEE Transactions on Communications. 65 (6): 2427–2437. doi:10.1109/TCOMM.2017.2662701. S2CID 25391577.","urls":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7839271","url_text":"\"Generalized Satisfaction Equilibrium for Service-Level Provisioning in Wireless Networks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCOMM.2017.2662701","url_text":"10.1109/TCOMM.2017.2662701"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25391577","url_text":"25391577"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/11766247_6","external_links_name":"\"Satisfaction Equilibrium: Achieving Cooperation in Incomplete Information Games\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F11766247_6","external_links_name":"10.1007/11766247_6"},{"Link":"https://hal-supelec.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00769411/document","external_links_name":"\"Quality-Of-Service Provisioning in Decentralized Networks: A Satisfaction Equilibrium Approach\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.1730","external_links_name":"1112.1730"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ISTSP...6..104P","external_links_name":"2012ISTSP...6..104P"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJSTSP.2011.2180507","external_links_name":"10.1109/JSTSP.2011.2180507"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9567688","external_links_name":"9567688"},{"Link":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8030483","external_links_name":"\"Self-Organized Connected Objects: Rethinking QoS Provisioning for IoT Services\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCOM.2017.1600614","external_links_name":"10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600614"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27329276","external_links_name":"27329276"},{"Link":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6746252","external_links_name":"\"Quality of Service Games for Spectrum Sharing\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1310.2354","external_links_name":"1310.2354"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJSAC.2014.1403008","external_links_name":"10.1109/JSAC.2014.1403008"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9227076","external_links_name":"9227076"},{"Link":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9425432","external_links_name":"\"Rethinking Power Control in Wireless Networks: The Perspective of Satisfaction Equilibrium\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCNS.2021.3078123","external_links_name":"10.1109/TCNS.2021.3078123"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236728675","external_links_name":"236728675"},{"Link":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9492283","external_links_name":"\"Games in Normal and Satisfaction Form for Efficient Transmission Power Allocation Under Dual 5G Wireless Multiple Access Paradigm\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTNET.2021.3095351","external_links_name":"10.1109/TNET.2021.3095351"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237965568","external_links_name":"237965568"},{"Link":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7446354","external_links_name":"\"Data Injection Attacks on Smart Grids With Multiple Adversaries: A Game-Theoretic Perspective\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.00118","external_links_name":"1604.00118"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTSG.2016.2550218","external_links_name":"10.1109/TSG.2016.2550218"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14309194","external_links_name":"14309194"},{"Link":"https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/38/10/886.full.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Social Equilibrium Existence Theorem\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952PNAS...38..886D","external_links_name":"1952PNAS...38..886D"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.38.10.886","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.38.10.886"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063675","external_links_name":"1063675"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16589195","external_links_name":"16589195"},{"Link":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7839271","external_links_name":"\"Generalized Satisfaction Equilibrium for Service-Level Provisioning in Wireless Networks\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCOMM.2017.2662701","external_links_name":"10.1109/TCOMM.2017.2662701"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25391577","external_links_name":"25391577"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89chirolles
|
Échirolles
|
["1 History","2 Population","3 Personalities","4 International relations","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 45°08′37″N 5°43′06″E / 45.1436°N 5.7183°E / 45.1436; 5.7183
Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceÉchirollesCommuneÉchirolles town hall with Eugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People reproduced on its façade
Coat of armsLocation of Échirolles
ÉchirollesShow map of FranceÉchirollesShow map of Auvergne-Rhône-AlpesCoordinates: 45°08′37″N 5°43′06″E / 45.1436°N 5.7183°E / 45.1436; 5.7183CountryFranceRegionAuvergne-Rhône-AlpesDepartmentIsèreArrondissementGrenobleCantonÉchirollesIntercommunalityGrenoble-Alpes MétropoleGovernment • Mayor (2023–2026) Amandine DemoreArea18 km2 (3 sq mi)Population (2021)36,849 • Density4,600/km2 (12,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code38151 /38130Elevation217–395 m (712–1,296 ft) (avg. 237 m or 778 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Échirolles (French pronunciation: ⓘ; Arpitan: Ècherôles) is a commune in the Isère department, southeastern France. Part of the Grenoble urban unit (agglomeration), it is the second-largest suburb of the city of Grenoble, which is immediately to its north.
History
A former industrial village had the majority of its inhabitants work in the viscose factories, a fabric that was invented in Échirolles in 1884 by the French scientist and industrial Hilaire de Chardonnet, before becoming universally famous. The process for manufacturing viscose was then patented by three British scientists, Charles Frederick Cross, Edward John Bevan and Clayton Beadle, in 1891.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1836 735— 1841 702−0.91%1846 715+0.37%1851 639−2.22%1856 634−0.16%1861 615−0.61%1866 642+0.86%1872 652+0.26%1876 682+1.13%1881 619−1.92%1886 679+1.87%1891 633−1.39%1896 600−1.07%1901 574−0.88%1906 582+0.28%1911 572−0.35%YearPop.±% p.a.1921 597+0.43%1926 838+7.02%1931 2,765+26.97%1936 2,520−1.84%1946 2,825+1.15%1954 3,762+3.65%1962 7,111+8.28%1968 15,429+13.78%1975 33,288+11.61%1982 37,360+1.66%1990 34,435−1.01%1999 32,806−0.54%2007 35,383+0.95%2012 35,826+0.25%2017 36,840+0.56%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968–2017)
Personalities
Thernand Bakouboula footballer
Seynabou Benga handball player
Stephane Biakolo footballer
Talel Chedly (b. 1978), footballer
Vincent Clerc (b. 1981), rugby footballer of Stade Toulousain and of the France national team.
Mélissa Theuriau (b. 1978), journalist and television producer.
Calogero (b. 1971), pop/rock singer, composer and songwriter.
Laure Péquegnot (b. 1975), skier.
Gérald Hustache-Mathieu (b. 1968), film director and scenarist.
David di Tommaso (1979–2005), football player.
Sami Bouajila (b. 1966), actor.
Guilbaut Colas (b. 18 June 1983), freestyle skier.
David Lazzaroni (b. 4 February 1985), ski jumper.
Sandrine Aubert (b. 6 October 1982), alpine skier.
Jonathan Tinhan (b. 1 June 1989), footballer.
Kévin Aymoz (b. 1 August 1997), figure skater
Matteo Tomasi (b. 16 October 1998), footballer.
International relations
Échirolles is twinned with:
Grugliasco, Italy
Honhoue, Benin
Novovolynsk, Ukraine
Kimberley, England
See also
Musée Géo-Charles
Cellatex
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 16 April 2024.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Unité urbaine 2020 de Grenoble (38701), INSEE
^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Échirolles, EHESS (in French).
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Échirolles.
Official website
Official website of the Paroisse Charles de Foucauld in Échirolles
Museum of viscose in Échirolles
vte Communes of the Isère department
Les Abrets en Dauphiné
Les Adrets
Agnin
L'Albenc
Allemond
Allevard
Ambel
Anjou
Annoisin-Chatelans
Anthon
Aoste
Apprieu
Arandon-Passins
Artas
Assieu
Auberives-en-Royans
Auberives-sur-Varèze
Auris
Autrans-Méaudre-en-Vercors
Les Avenières-Veyrins-Thuellin
Avignonet
La Balme-les-Grottes
Barraux
La Bâtie-Montgascon
Beaucroissant
Beaufin
Beaufort
Beaulieu
Beaurepaire
Beauvoir-de-Marc
Beauvoir-en-Royans
Bellegarde-Poussieu
Belmont
Bernin
Besse
Bessins
Bévenais
Bilieu
Biol
Biviers
Bizonnes
Blandin
Bonnefamille
Bossieu
Le Bouchage
Bougé-Chambalud
Le Bourg-d'Oisans
Bourgoin-Jallieu
Bouvesse-Quirieu
Brangues
Bressieux
Bresson
Brézins
Brié-et-Angonnes
Brion
La Buisse
La Buissière
Burcin
Cessieu
Châbons
Chalon
Chamagnieu
Champagnier
Champier
Le Champ-près-Froges
Champ-sur-Drac
Chamrousse
Chanas
Chantepérier
Chantesse
Chapareillan
La Chapelle-de-la-Tour
La Chapelle-de-Surieu
La Chapelle-du-Bard
Charancieu
Charantonnay
Charavines
Charette
Charnècles
Charvieu-Chavagneux
Chasse-sur-Rhône
Chasselay
Chassignieu
Château-Bernard
Châteauvilain
Châtel-en-Trièves
Châtelus
Châtenay
Châtonnay
Chatte
Chavanoz
Chélieu
Chevrières
Le Cheylas
Cheyssieu
Chèzeneuve
Chichilianne
Chimilin
Chirens
Cholonge
Chonas-l'Amballan
Choranche
Chozeau
Chuzelles
Claix
Clavans-en-Haut-Oisans
Clelles
Clonas-sur-Varèze
Cognet
Cognin-les-Gorges
Colombe
La Combe-de-Lancey
Corbelin
Corenc
Cornillon-en-Trièves
Corps
Corrençon-en-Vercors
La Côte-Saint-André
Les Côtes-d'Arey
Les Côtes-de-Corps
Coublevie
Cour-et-Buis
Courtenay
Crachier
Cras
Crémieu
Crêts en Belledonne
Creys-Mépieu
Crolles
Culin
Les Deux Alpes
Diémoz
Dizimieu
Doissin
Dolomieu
Domarin
Domène
Échirolles
Eclose-Badinières
Engins
Entraigues
Entre-deux-Guiers
Les Éparres
Estrablin
Eybens
Eydoche
Eyzin-Pinet
Faramans
Faverges-de-la-Tour
La Flachère
Flachères
Fontaine
Fontanil-Cornillon
La Forteresse
Four
Le Freney-d'Oisans
La Frette
Froges
Frontonas
La Garde
Gières
Gillonnay
Goncelin
Le Grand-Lemps
Granieu
Grenay
Grenoblepref
Gresse-en-Vercors
Le Gua
Le Haut-Bréda
Herbeys
Heyrieux
Hières-sur-Amby
Huez
Hurtières
L'Isle-d'Abeau
Izeaux
Izeron
Janneyrias
Jarcieu
Jardin
Jarrie
Laffrey
Lalley
Lans-en-Vercors
Lavaldens
Laval-en-Belledonne
Lavars
Lentiol
Leyrieu
Lieudieu
Livet-et-Gavet
Longechenal
Lumbin
Luzinay
Malleval-en-Vercors
Marcieu
Marcilloles
Marcollin
Marnans
Massieu
Maubec
Mayres-Savel
Mens
Merlas
Meylan
Meyrié
Meyrieu-les-Étangs
Meyssiez
Miribel-Lanchâtre
Miribel-les-Échelles
Mizoën
Moidieu-Détourbe
Moirans
Moissieu-sur-Dolon
Monestier-d'Ambel
Monestier-de-Clermont
Monestier-du-Percy
Monsteroux-Milieu
Montagne
Montagnieu
Montalieu-Vercieu
Montaud
Montbonnot-Saint-Martin
Montcarra
Montchaboud
Monteynard
Montfalcon
Montferrat
Montrevel
Mont-Saint-Martin
Montseveroux
Moras
Morestel
Morette
La Morte
La Motte-d'Aveillans
La Motte-Saint-Martin
Mottier
Le Moutaret
La Mure
La Murette
Murianette
Murinais
Nantes-en-Ratier
Nivolas-Vermelle
Notre-Dame-de-Commiers
Notre-Dame-de-l'Osier
Notre-Dame-de-Mésage
Notre-Dame-de-Vaulx
Noyarey
Optevoz
Oris-en-Rattier
Ornacieux-Balbins
Ornon
Oulles
Oyeu
Oytier-Saint-Oblas
Oz
Pact
Pajay
Panossas
Parmilieu
Le Passage
Le Péage-de-Roussillon
Pellafol
Penol
Le Percy
La Pierre
Pierre-Châtel
Pisieu
Plan
Plateau-des-Petites-Roches
Poisat
Poliénas
Pommier-de-Beaurepaire
Ponsonnas
Pontcharra
Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin
Pont-de-Chéruy
Le Pont-de-Claix
Pont-en-Royans
Pont-Évêque
Porcieu-Amblagnieu
Porte-des-Bonnevaux
Prébois
Presles
Pressins
Primarette
Proveysieux
Prunières
Quaix-en-Chartreuse
Quet-en-Beaumont
Quincieu
Réaumont
Renage
Rencurel
Revel
Revel-Tourdan
Reventin-Vaugris
Rives
La Rivière
Roche
Les Roches-de-Condrieu
Rochetoirin
Roissard
Romagnieu
Roussillon
Rovon
Royas
Roybon
Ruy-Montceau
Sablons
Saint-Agnin-sur-Bion
Saint-Alban-de-Roche
Saint-Alban-du-Rhône
Saint-Albin-de-Vaulserre
Saint-Andéol
Saint-André-en-Royans
Saint-André-le-Gaz
Saint Antoine l'Abbaye
Saint-Appolinard
Saint-Arey
Saint-Aupre
Saint-Barthélemy
Saint-Barthélemy-de-Séchilienne
Saint-Baudille-de-la-Tour
Saint-Baudille-et-Pipet
Saint-Blaise-du-Buis
Saint-Bonnet-de-Chavagne
Saint-Bueil
Saint-Cassien
Saint-Chef
Saint-Christophe-en-Oisans
Saint-Christophe-sur-Guiers
Saint-Clair-de-la-Tour
Saint-Clair-du-Rhône
Saint-Clair-sur-Galaure
Saint-Didier-de-Bizonnes
Saint-Didier-de-la-Tour
Sainte-Agnès
Sainte-Anne-sur-Gervonde
Sainte-Blandine
Saint-Égrève
Sainte-Luce
Sainte-Marie-d'Alloix
Sainte-Marie-du-Mont
Saint-Étienne-de-Crossey
Saint-Étienne-de-Saint-Geoirs
Saint-Geoire-en-Valdaine
Saint-Geoirs
Saint-Georges-de-Commiers
Saint-Georges-d'Espéranche
Saint-Gervais
Saint-Guillaume
Saint-Hilaire-de-Brens
Saint-Hilaire-de-la-Côte
Saint-Hilaire-du-Rosier
Saint-Honoré
Saint-Ismier
Saint-Jean-d'Avelanne
Saint-Jean-de-Bournay
Saint-Jean-de-Moirans
Saint-Jean-de-Soudain
Saint-Jean-de-Vaulx
Saint-Jean-d'Hérans
Saint-Jean-le-Vieux
Saint-Joseph-de-Rivière
Saint-Julien-de-l'Herms
Saint-Just-Chaleyssin
Saint-Just-de-Claix
Saint-Lattier
Saint-Laurent-du-Pont
Saint-Laurent-en-Beaumont
Saint-Marcel-Bel-Accueil
Saint-Marcellin
Saint-Martin-de-Clelles
Saint-Martin-de-la-Cluze
Saint-Martin-de-Vaulserre
Saint-Martin-d'Hères
Saint-Martin-d'Uriage
Saint-Martin-le-Vinoux
Saint-Maurice-en-Trièves
Saint-Maurice-l'Exil
Saint-Maximin
Saint-Michel-de-Saint-Geoirs
Saint-Michel-en-Beaumont
Saint-Michel-les-Portes
Saint-Mury-Monteymond
Saint-Nazaire-les-Eymes
Saint-Nicolas-de-Macherin
Saint-Nizier-du-Moucherotte
Saint-Ondras
Saint-Paul-de-Varces
Saint-Paul-d'Izeaux
Saint-Paul-lès-Monestier
Saint-Pierre-de-Bressieux
Saint-Pierre-de-Chartreuse
Saint-Pierre-de-Chérennes
Saint-Pierre-de-Méaroz
Saint-Pierre-de-Mésage
Saint-Pierre-d'Entremont
Saint-Prim
Saint-Quentin-Fallavier
Saint-Quentin-sur-Isère
Saint-Romain-de-Jalionas
Saint-Romain-de-Surieu
Saint-Romans
Saint-Sauveur
Saint-Savin
Saint-Siméon-de-Bressieux
Saint-Sorlin-de-Morestel
Saint-Sorlin-de-Vienne
Saint-Sulpice-des-Rivoires
Saint-Théoffrey
Saint-Vérand
Saint-Victor-de-Cessieu
Saint-Victor-de-Morestel
Saint-Vincent-de-Mercuze
Salagnon
Salaise-sur-Sanne
La Salette-Fallavaux
La Salle-en-Beaumont
Le Sappey-en-Chartreuse
Sarcenas
Sardieu
Sassenage
Satolas-et-Bonce
Savas-Mépin
Séchilienne
Septème
Sérézin-de-la-Tour
Sermérieu
Serpaize
Serre-Nerpol
Seyssinet-Pariset
Seyssins
Seyssuel
Siccieu-Saint-Julien-et-Carisieu
Siévoz
Sillans
Sinard
Soleymieu
La Sône
Sonnay
Sousville
Succieu
La Sure en Chartreuse
Susville
Têche
Tencin
La Terrasse
Theys
Thodure
Tignieu-Jameyzieu
Torchefelon
La Tour-du-Pinsubpr
Le Touvet
Tramolé
Treffort
Tréminis
Trept
La Tronche
Tullins
Valbonnais
Val-de-Virieu
Valencin
Valencogne
La Valette
Valjouffrey
Varacieux
Varces-Allières-et-Risset
Vasselin
Vatilieu
Vaujany
Vaulnaveys-le-Bas
Vaulnaveys-le-Haut
Vaulx-Milieu
Velanne
Vénérieu
Venon
Vernas
Vernioz
La Verpillière
Le Versoud
Vertrieu
Veurey-Voroize
Veyssilieu
Vézeronce-Curtin
Viennesubpr
Vif
Vignieu
Villages du Lac de Paladru
Villard-Bonnot
Villard-de-Lans
Villard-Notre-Dame
Villard-Reculas
Villard-Reymond
Villard-Saint-Christophe
Villefontaine
Villemoirieu
Villeneuve-de-Marc
Ville-sous-Anjou
Villette-d'Anthon
Villette-de-Vienne
Vinay
Viriville
Vizille
Voiron
Voissant
Voreppe
Vourey
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
Other
IdRef
This Isère geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[eʃiʁɔl]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Eric.LEWIN-%C3%89chirolles.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Eric.LEWIN-%C3%89chirolles.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Eric.LEWIN-%C3%89chirolles.wav"},{"link_name":"Arpitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpitan_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Isère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Grenoble urban unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble_urban_unit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Grenoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble"}],"text":"Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceÉchirolles (French pronunciation: [eʃiʁɔl] ⓘ; Arpitan: Ècherôles) is a commune in the Isère department, southeastern France. Part of the Grenoble urban unit (agglomeration),[3] it is the second-largest suburb of the city of Grenoble, which is immediately to its north.","title":"Échirolles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"viscose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscose"},{"link_name":"Hilaire de Chardonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilaire_de_Chardonnet"},{"link_name":"Charles Frederick Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Cross"},{"link_name":"Edward John Bevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_John_Bevan"},{"link_name":"Clayton Beadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clayton_Beadle&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"A former industrial village had the majority of its inhabitants work in the viscose factories, a fabric that was invented in Échirolles in 1884 by the French scientist and industrial Hilaire de Chardonnet, before becoming universally famous. The process for manufacturing viscose was then patented by three British scientists, Charles Frederick Cross, Edward John Bevan and Clayton Beadle, in 1891.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thernand Bakouboula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thernand_Bakouboula"},{"link_name":"Seynabou Benga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seynabou_Benga"},{"link_name":"Stephane Biakolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephane_Biakolo"},{"link_name":"Talel Chedly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talel_Chedly"},{"link_name":"Vincent Clerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Clerc"},{"link_name":"Stade Toulousain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Toulousain"},{"link_name":"France national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Mélissa Theuriau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9lissa_Theuriau"},{"link_name":"Calogero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calogero_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Laure Péquegnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laure_P%C3%A9quegnot"},{"link_name":"Gérald Hustache-Mathieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rald_Hustache-Mathieu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David di Tommaso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_di_Tommaso"},{"link_name":"Sami Bouajila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_Bouajila"},{"link_name":"Guilbaut Colas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilbaut_Colas"},{"link_name":"David Lazzaroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lazzaroni"},{"link_name":"Sandrine Aubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandrine_Aubert"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Tinhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Tinhan"},{"link_name":"Kévin Aymoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9vin_Aymoz"},{"link_name":"Matteo Tomasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matteo_Tomasi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Thernand Bakouboula footballer\nSeynabou Benga handball player\nStephane Biakolo footballer\nTalel Chedly (b. 1978), footballer\nVincent Clerc (b. 1981), rugby footballer of Stade Toulousain and of the France national team.\nMélissa Theuriau (b. 1978), journalist and television producer.\nCalogero (b. 1971), pop/rock singer, composer and songwriter.\nLaure Péquegnot (b. 1975), skier.\nGérald Hustache-Mathieu (b. 1968), film director and scenarist.\nDavid di Tommaso (1979–2005), football player.\nSami Bouajila (b. 1966), actor.\nGuilbaut Colas (b. 18 June 1983), freestyle skier.\nDavid Lazzaroni (b. 4 February 1985), ski jumper.\nSandrine Aubert (b. 6 October 1982), alpine skier.\nJonathan Tinhan (b. 1 June 1989), footballer.\nKévin Aymoz (b. 1 August 1997), figure skater\nMatteo Tomasi (b. 16 October 1998), footballer.","title":"Personalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Grugliasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grugliasco"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"Honhoue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honhoue"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Novovolynsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novovolynsk"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Kimberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley,_Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"Échirolles is twinned with:Grugliasco, Italy\n Honhoue, Benin\n Novovolynsk, Ukraine\n Kimberley, England","title":"International relations"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Musée Géo-Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_G%C3%A9o-Charles"},{"title":"Cellatex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellatex"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 16 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-38151","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C3%89chirolles¶ms=45.1436_N_5.7183_E_type:city(36849)_region:FR-ARA","external_links_name":"45°08′37″N 5°43′06″E / 45.1436°N 5.7183°E / 45.1436; 5.7183"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C3%89chirolles¶ms=45.1436_N_5.7183_E_type:city(36849)_region:FR-ARA","external_links_name":"45°08′37″N 5°43′06″E / 45.1436°N 5.7183°E / 45.1436; 5.7183"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-38151","external_links_name":"38151"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-38151","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/cog/unite-urbaine/UU202038701-grenoble","external_links_name":"Unité urbaine 2020 de Grenoble (38701)"},{"Link":"http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=12421","external_links_name":"Commune data sheet Échirolles"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-38151#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"http://www.ville-echirolles.fr/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061125050326/http://charlesdefoucauld-cathisere.cef.fr/","external_links_name":"Official website of the Paroisse Charles de Foucauld in Échirolles"},{"Link":"http://www.ville-echirolles.fr/sortir/viscose/viscose.html","external_links_name":"Museum of viscose in Échirolles"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/152583665","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtMrmHVfmXtjbXYKwYpT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15257973m","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15257973m","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4240404-6","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567641605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91121318","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/66c24039-c08a-4ba4-bcd6-caff26a64bc3","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029463858","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89chirolles&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_curve
|
Track geometry
|
["1 Layout","1.1 Horizontal layout","1.2 Vertical layout","1.3 Reference rail","2 Track gauge","3 Transverse elevation","3.1 Crosslevel","3.2 Warp","4 Longitudinal elevation","4.1 Track gradient","4.2 Vertical curve","5 Curvature","5.1 Cant","5.2 Cant gradient","5.3 Cant deficiency","6 Alignment","7 See also","8 References"]
|
Three-dimensional geometry of track layouts and associated measurements
Track gauge
By transport mode
Tram
Rapid transit
Miniature
Scale model
By size (list)
Minimum
Minimum
Fifteen inch
381 mm
(15 in)
Narrow
600 mm
Two foot
Two foot three inch
600 mm
610 mm
686 mm
(1 ft 11+5⁄8 in)
(2 ft)
(2 ft 3 in)
750 mm
Bosnian gauge
Two foot six inch
750 mm
760 mm
762 mm
(2 ft 5+1⁄2 in)
(2 ft 5+15⁄16 in)
(2 ft 6 in)
Swedish three foot
900 mm
Three foot
Italian metre
891 mm
900 mm
914 mm
950 mm
(2 ft 11+3⁄32 in)
(2 ft 11+7⁄16 in)
(3 ft)
(3 ft1+13⁄32 in)
Metre
1,000 mm
(3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)
Three foot six inch
1,067 mm
(3 ft 6 in)
Four foot
1,219 mm
(4 ft)
Four foot six inch
1,372 mm
(4 ft 6 in)
1432 mm
1,432 mm
(4 ft 8+3⁄8 in)
Standard
1,435 mm
(4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Broad
Italian broad gauge
Dresden gauge
1,445 mm
1,450 mm
(4 ft 8+7⁄8 in)
(4 ft 9+3⁄32 in)
Leipzig gauge
1,458 mm
(4 ft 9+13⁄32 in)
Toronto gauge
1,495 mm
(4 ft 10+7⁄8 in)
1520 mm
Five foot
1,520 mm
1,524 mm
(4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
(5 ft)
Pennsylvania gauge
Pennsylvania gauge
Five foot three inch
1,581 mm
1,588 mm
1,600 mm
(5 ft 2+1⁄4 in)
(5 ft 2+1⁄2 in)
(5 ft 3 in)
Baltimore gauge
1,638 mm
(5 ft 4+1⁄2 in)
Iberian gauge
Five foot six inch
1,668 mm
1,676 mm
(5 ft 5+21⁄32 in)
(5 ft 6 in)
Six foot
1,829 mm
(6 ft)
Brunel
2,140 mm
(7 ft 1⁄4 in)
Breitspurbahn
3,000 mm
(9 ft 101⁄8 in)
Change of gauge
Break-of-gauge
Dual gauge
Conversion
list
Bogie exchange
Variable gauge
By location
North America
South America
Europe
Australia
Track geometry is concerned with the properties and relations of points, lines, curves, and surfaces in the three-dimensional positioning of railroad track. The term is also applied to measurements used in design, construction and maintenance of track. Track geometry involves standards, speed limits and other regulations in the areas of track gauge, alignment, elevation, curvature and track surface. Standards are usually separately expressed for horizontal and vertical layouts although track geometry is three-dimensional.
Layout
Horizontal layout
Tangent track in blue with transition spiral in red and curved track in green.
Horizontal layout is the track layout on the horizontal plane. This can be thought of as the plan view which is a view of a 3-dimensional track from the position above the track. In track geometry, the horizontal layout involves the layout of three main track types: tangent track (straight line), curved track, and track transition curve (also called transition spiral or spiral) which connects between a tangent and a curved track. Curved track can also be categorized into three types. The first type is simple curve which has the same radius throughout that curved track. The second type is compound curve which comprises two or more simple curves of different radii that have the same direction of curvature. The third type is reverse curve which comprises two or more simple curves that has the opposite direction of curvature (sometime known as "S" curve or serpentine curve).
In Australia, there is a special definition for a bend (or a horizontal bend) which is a connection between two tangent tracks at almost 180 degrees (with deviation not more than 1 degree 50 minutes) without an intermediate curve. There is a set of speed limits for the bends separately from normal tangent track.
Vertical layout
Vertical layout is the track layout on the vertical plane. This can be thought of as the elevation view which is the side view of the track to show track elevation. In track geometry, the vertical layout involves concepts such as crosslevel, cant and gradient.
Reference rail
The reference rail is the base rail that is used as a reference point for the measurement. It can vary in different countries. Most countries use one of the rails as the reference rail. For example, North America uses the reference rail as the line rail which is the east rail of tangent track running north and south, the north rail of tangent track running east and west, the outer rail (the rail that is further away from the center) on curves, or the outside rails in multiple track territory. For Swiss railroad, the reference rail for tangent track is the center line between two rails, but it is the outside rail for curved track.
Track gauge
Main article: Track gauge
Track gauge or rail gauge (also known as track gage in North America) is the distance between the inner sides (gauge sides) of the heads of the two load bearing rails that make up a single railway line. Each country uses different gauges for different types of trains. However, the 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge is the basis of 60% of the world's railways.
Transverse elevation
Crosslevel
The measurement of crosslevel between two rails
Crosslevel (or 'cross level') is the measurement of the difference in elevation (height) between the top surface of the two rails at any point of railroad track. The two points (each at the head of each rail) are measured at by the right angles to the reference rail. Since the rail can slightly move up and down, the measurement should be done under load.
It is said to be zero crosslevel when there is no difference in elevation of both rails. It is said to be reverse crosslevel when the outside rail of curved track has lower elevation than the inside rail. Otherwise, the crosslevel is expressed in the unit of height.
The speed limits are governed by the crosslevel of the track. In tangent track, it is desired to have zero crosslevel. However, the deviation from zero can take place. Many regulations have specification related to speed limits of certain segment of the track based on the crosslevel.
For curved track, most countries use the term cant or superelevation to express the difference in elevation and related regulations.
Warp
Warp is the difference in crosslevel of any two points within the specific distance along the track. The warp parameter in the track geometry is used to specify the maximum in the crosslevel difference of the track in any segment (tangents, curves and spirals).
Without the maximum warp parameter, the regulation on crosslevel alone may not be sufficient. Consider rails with a positive crosslevel followed by a negative crosslevel followed by a sequence of alternating positive and negative crosslevels. Although, all of those crosslevels are in permissible parameter, when operating a train along such track, the motion will be rocking left and right. Therefore, the maximum warp parameter is used to prevent the critical harmonic rock-off condition that may result in the trains rocking back and forth and derailing following wheel climb.
In North America, the specific distance used for measurement to ensure that the difference in crosslevel of the track is within the permissible warp parameter is 62 feet. The design warp is zero for both tangent and curved track. That means, ideally, the crosslevel should not change between any two points within 62 feet. There are some deviations to allow crosslevels along the track to change (such as change for superelevation in curves). Different levels of those deviations from the zero warp specify the speed limits.
The specification that focuses on the rate of change in crosslevels of curved track is contained within the area related to cant gradient.
Longitudinal elevation
Track gradient
d: distance traveled horizontallyΔh: risel: slope lengthα: angle of inclination
Main article: Grade (slope) § Railways
Further information: Ruling gradient
The term track gradient is relative elevation of the two rails along the track. This can be expressed in the distance traveled horizontally for a rise of one unit, or in terms of an angle of inclination or a percentage difference in elevation for a given distance of the track.
The allowable gradients may be based on the ruling gradient which is the maximum gradient over which a tonnage train can be hauled with one locomotive. In some countries, momentum gradient which is a steeper but shorter gradient may be allowed. This is usually when a track gradient connects to a leveled tangent track long enough and with no signal between them such that a train can build momentum to push through a steeper grade than it can without the momentum gained on the leveled tangent track.
In curved track (with or without cant), there will be curve resistance to push the trains through the curve. The allowable gradients may be reduced on curves to compensate for the extra curve resistance. The gradient should be uniform along the track.
Vertical curve
Vertical curve is the curve in vertical layout to connect two track gradients together whether it is for changing from an upgrade to a downgrade (summit), changing from a downgrade to an upgrade (sag or valley), changing in two levels of upgrades or changing in two levels of downgrades.
Some countries do not have specification on the exact geometry of vertical curves beyond general specification on vertical alignment. Australia has specification that the shape of vertical curves should be based on quadratic parabola but the length of a given vertical curve is calculated based on circular curve.
Curvature
Curve with superelevation of tracks on the Keystone Corridor near Rosemont, PennsylvaniaIn most countries, the measurement of curvature of curved track is expressed in radius. The shorter the radius, the sharper the curve is. For sharper curves, the speed limits are lower to prevent an outward horizontal centrifugal force to overturn the trains by directing its weight toward the outside rail. Cant may be used to allow higher speeds over the same curve.
In North America, the measurement of curvature is expressed in degree of curvature. This is done by having a chord of 100 feet (30.48 m) connecting to two points on an arc of the reference rail, then drawing radii from the center to each of the chord end points. The angle between the radii lines is the degree of curvature. The degree of curvature is inverse of radius. The larger the degree of curvature, the sharper the curve is. Expressing the curve in this way allows surveyors to use estimation and simpler tools in curve measurement. This can be done by using a 62-foot (18.90 m) string line to be a chord to connect the arc at the gauge side of the reference rail. Then at the midpoint of the string line (at the 31st foot), a measurement is taken from the string line to the gauge of the reference rail. The number of inches in that measurement is approximated to be the number of degrees of curvature.
Due to the limitation of how specific train equipment can make a turn at maximum speeds, there is a limitation of minimum curve radius to control the sharpness of all curves along a given route. Although most countries use radius for measurement of curvature, the term maximum degree of curvature is still used outside North America such as in India, but with the radius as the unit.
Cant
Main article: Cant (road/rail)
Railroad track spirit level in place indicating 5 in (130 mm) of superelevation between the inside and outside rails of a curve along the Keystone Corridor near Narberth, PennsylvaniaIn curved track, it is usually designed to raise the outer rail, providing a banked turn, thus allowing trains to maneuver through the curve at higher speeds that would otherwise be not possible if the surface was flat or level. It also helps a train steer around a curve, keeping the wheel flanges from pressing the rails, minimizing friction and wear. The measurement of the difference in elevation between the outer rail and the inner rail is called cant in most countries. Sometime the cant is measured in term of angle instead of height difference. In North America, it is measured in height difference and called crosslevel, even for the curved track.
When the outside rail is at higher elevation than the inside rail, it is called positive cant. This is normally the desired layout for curved track. Most counties achieve the desired level of positive cant by raising the outside rail to that level which is called superelevation. For Swiss railroads, the cant is done by rotating at the track axis (center of the two rails) to have outside rail super elevated (raised) at the half rate of the desired cant and the inside rail under elevated (lowered) at the same half rate of the desired cant.
When the outside rail is at lower elevation than the inside rail, it is called negative cant (or reverse crosslevel in North America). This is not usually a desired layout but it may be unavoidable in some situations such as curves involving turnouts.
There are regulations which limit the maximum cant. This is to control the unloading of the wheels on the outside rail (high rail), especially at low speeds.
Cant gradient
Cant gradient is the amount by which cant is increased or decreased in a given length of track. The change in cant is required in order to connect a tangent track (no cant) to a curved track (with cant) through a transition curve. The rate of change of cant is used to determine the suitable cant gradient for a given design speed. Track twist may also be used to describe cant gradient which may be expressed in percentage of cant change per length unit. However, in the UK, the term track twist is normally used in the context of cant gradient with higher values which are considered to be faults.
In North America, the required cant gradient on a transition curve to achieve smooth connection between superelevation of curved track and the zero crosslevel of tangent track is called superelevation runoff. In addition to the runoff specification, the regulations related to allowable rate of change in the cant is also part of the general specification on the rate of change in crosslevel called warp parameter. The warp parameter and superelevation runoff help calculate the required length of the runoff for a transition curve.
Cant deficiency
Main article: Cant deficiency
As described, cant may be used to reduce lateral acceleration on trains traveling on curved track. This is to balance the centrifugal force (force pushing outward the curve) and centripetal force (force pushing inward the curve). At a higher speed, the centrifugal force is higher. On the contrary, higher cant creates the higher centripetal force. The calculation for this assumes a constant train speed on a constant radius curve.
When the speed of the train and the amount of cant are in balance (centrifugal matches centripetal), it is called equilibrium. This would make the components of wheel to rail force normal to the plane of the track having the same in aggregate for the outside rail as for the inside rail. This would also make the passengers in the train not to perceive any lateral acceleration (a push toward sideway).
For a fixed amount of cant, the speed that creates balance is called equilibrium speed. For a constant speed of a running train, the amount of required cant to achieve the balance is called equilibrium cant.
In practice, trains are not running on equilibrium cants at curves. The situation is called unbalance, which can be in one of the two following ways. For a given speed, if the actual cant is less than the equilibrium cant, the amount of cant difference is called cant deficiency. In the other word, it is the amount of missing cant to achieve the balance. On the contrary, for a given speed, if the actual cant is higher than the equilibrium cant, the amount of over cant from the balance is called cant excess.
In a shared track configuration for trains with different operating speeds such as freight and higher-speed rail passenger services, the cant on a curve should be considered for both high and low speeds. The higher-speed trains would experience cant deficiency and the lower-speed trains would experience cant excess. These parameters have a significant effect on curve performance which includes safety, passenger comfort, and wear and tear of equipment and rails.
Alignment
The term alignment is used in both horizontal and vertical layouts to describe the line uniformity (straightness) of the rails.
The horizontal alignment (or alinement in the United States) is done by using a predefined length of string line (such as 62-foot in the US and 20 meters in Australia) to measure along the gauge side of the reference rail. It is the distance (in inches or millimeters) from the midpoint of the string line to the gauge of the reference rail. The design horizontal alignment for tangent track is zero (perfect straight line on the horizontal layout). The design horizontal alignment on the curved track in North America is 1 inch for each degree of curvature. Any other readings indicate deviations.
The vertical alignment (or profile in North America, but not to be confused with rail profile) is the surface uniformity in the vertical plane. The measurement of uniformity is done using a predefined length of string line (normally the same length used in horizontal alignment) along the track. If the midpoint of the measurement has higher elevation, it is called hump deviation. On the other hand, if the midpoint has lower elevation, it is called dip deviation.
These deviations from design alignment are used as parameters to assign speed limits.
See also
Geometric design of roads
Jim crow, a tool for bending rails
Track geometry car
References
^ "geometry". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
^ "Federal Railroad Administration Federal Track Safety Standards Fact Sheet" (PDF). Federal Railroad Administration. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
^ Mundrey (2000). Railway Track Engineering. McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 164–179. ISBN 9780074637241.
^ Duggal, S. K. (2004). Surveying (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. pp. 480–481. ISBN 9780070534704. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
^ a b c d PART 1025 Track Geometry (Issue 2 – 07/10/08 ed.). Department of Planning Transport, and Infrastructure - Government of South Australia. 2008.
^ "Railroad Glossary and Definitions". Allen Railroad. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
^ a b Glaus, Ralph (2006). "2". The Swiss Trolley – A Modular System for Track Surveying (PDF). ISBN 3-908440-13-0.
^ a b c d "12". Railroad Track Standards (TM 5-628/AFR 91-44) (PDF). United States Army and United States Air Force. April 1991. pp. 12-1–12-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
^ a b c d "5". Federal Railroad Administration Track Safety Standards Compliance Manual (PDF). Federal Railroad Administration. 1 April 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
^ "Measuring track curvature". ASK TRAINS. Trains magazine. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
^ Mundrey, J.S. (2000). Railway track engineering (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-07-463724-1. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
^ a b c Track Standards Manual - Section 8: Track Geometry (PDF). Railtrack PLC. December 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-31. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
^ Klauser, Peter (October 2005). "Operating at High Cant Deficiency". Interface - the Journal of Wheel/Rail Interaction.
vteRailway track layoutsRailway track
Single track
Passing loop
Double track
Quadruple track
Crossover
Rail sidings
Balloon loop
Headshunt
Pocket track
Refuge siding
Rail yard
Classification yard
Junctions
Flying junction
Level junction
Double junction
Facing and trailing
Grand union
Grand circle / roundabout
Wye
Switch / turnout / points
Swingnose crossing
Level crossing
Stations
Railway platform
Bay
Island
Side
Split
Terminal station
Balloon loop
Spanish solution
Cross-platform interchange
Interchange station
Infill station
Hillclimbing
Horseshoe curve
Zig Zag / Switchback
Spiral
Track geometry
Track gauge
Ruling gradient
Minimum curve radius
Cant
Cant deficiency
vteRail infrastructureTracks (history)
Axe ties
Ballast
Baulk road
Breather switch
Cant
Clip and scotch
Date nail
Fastening system
Fishplate
Ladder track
Minimum radius
Profile
Tie/Sleeper
Transition curve
Trackwork
Balloon loop
Classification yard
Headshunt
Pocket track
Junction
Gauntlet track
Guide bar
Passing loop
Track gauge
dual gauge
Rail track
tramway track
Rail yard
Railway electrification
overhead lines
third rail
ground-level power supply
Railway turntable
Transfer table (traverser)
Roll way
Siding
refuge siding
Switch
Track geometry
Water crane
Water trough
Wye
Signallingand safety
Anti-trespass panels
Block post
Buffer stop
Catch points
Defect detector
Derailer
Guard rail
Interlocking
Level crossing
Loading gauge
Platform screen doors
Railway signal
Signalling control
Structure gauge
Signal bridge
Tell-tale
Train stop
Wayside horn
Structures
Coaling tower
Motive power depot/Railway workshop
Platform
Roundhouse
Shed
for trains
for goods
Station
building
clock
ghost
list
Water stop
Types
Industrial
Military
Private
station
list
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad"},{"link_name":"track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"track gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_gauge"},{"link_name":"curvature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fra-sheet-2"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"horizontal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_plane"},{"link_name":"vertical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_direction"}],"text":"Track geometry is concerned with the properties and relations of points, lines, curves, and surfaces[1] in the three-dimensional positioning of railroad track. The term is also applied to measurements used in design, construction and maintenance of track. Track geometry involves standards, speed limits and other regulations in the areas of track gauge, alignment, elevation, curvature and track surface.[2][failed verification] Standards are usually separately expressed for horizontal and vertical layouts although track geometry is three-dimensional.","title":"Track geometry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Easement_curve.svg"},{"link_name":"plan view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiview_orthographic_projection#Plan"},{"link_name":"track transition curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_transition_curve"},{"link_name":"reverse curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_curve"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_of_arc"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-5"}],"sub_title":"Horizontal layout","text":"Tangent track in blue with transition spiral in red and curved track in green.Horizontal layout is the track layout on the horizontal plane. This can be thought of as the plan view which is a view of a 3-dimensional track from the position above the track. In track geometry, the horizontal layout involves the layout of three main track types: tangent track (straight line), curved track, and track transition curve (also called transition spiral or spiral) which connects between a tangent and a curved track. Curved track can also be categorized into three types. The first type is simple curve which has the same radius throughout that curved track. The second type is compound curve which comprises two or more simple curves of different radii that have the same direction of curvature. The third type is reverse curve which comprises two or more simple curves that has the opposite direction of curvature (sometime known as \"S\" curve or serpentine curve).[3][4]In Australia, there is a special definition for a bend (or a horizontal bend) which is a connection between two tangent tracks at almost 180 degrees (with deviation not more than 1 degree 50 minutes) without an intermediate curve. There is a set of speed limits for the bends separately from normal tangent track.[5]","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elevation view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiview_orthographic_projection#Elevation"}],"sub_title":"Vertical layout","text":"Vertical layout is the track layout on the vertical plane. This can be thought of as the elevation view which is the side view of the track to show track elevation. In track geometry, the vertical layout involves concepts such as crosslevel, cant and gradient.","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swiss-7"}],"sub_title":"Reference rail","text":"The reference rail is the base rail that is used as a reference point for the measurement. It can vary in different countries. Most countries use one of the rails as the reference rail. For example, North America uses the reference rail as the line rail which is the east rail of tangent track running north and south, the north rail of tangent track running east and west, the outer rail (the rail that is further away from the center) on curves, or the outside rails in multiple track territory.[6] For Swiss railroad, the reference rail for tangent track is the center line between two rails, but it is the outside rail for curved track.[7]","title":"Layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usarmy-8"},{"link_name":"load bearing rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_profile"}],"text":"Track gauge or rail gauge (also known as track gage in North America[8]) is the distance between the inner sides (gauge sides) of the heads of the two load bearing rails that make up a single railway line. Each country uses different gauges for different types of trains. However, the 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge is the basis of 60% of the world's railways.","title":"Track gauge"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transverse elevation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crosslevel_in_track_geometry.svg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usarmy-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fra-9"},{"link_name":"cant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)"}],"sub_title":"Crosslevel","text":"The measurement of crosslevel between two railsCrosslevel (or 'cross level') is the measurement of the difference in elevation (height) between the top surface of the two rails at any point of railroad track. The two points (each at the head of each rail) are measured at by the right angles to the reference rail. Since the rail can slightly move up and down, the measurement should be done under load.It is said to be zero crosslevel when there is no difference in elevation of both rails. It is said to be reverse crosslevel when the outside rail of curved track has lower elevation than the inside rail. Otherwise, the crosslevel is expressed in the unit of height.The speed limits are governed by the crosslevel of the track. In tangent track, it is desired to have zero crosslevel. However, the deviation from zero can take place. Many regulations have specification related to speed limits of certain segment of the track based on the crosslevel.[8][9]For curved track, most countries use the term cant or superelevation to express the difference in elevation and related regulations.","title":"Transverse elevation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"harmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic"},{"link_name":"derailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derailment"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fra-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usarmy-8"}],"sub_title":"Warp","text":"Warp is the difference in crosslevel of any two points within the specific distance along the track. The warp parameter in the track geometry is used to specify the maximum in the crosslevel difference of the track in any segment (tangents, curves and spirals).Without the maximum warp parameter, the regulation on crosslevel alone may not be sufficient. Consider rails with a positive crosslevel followed by a negative crosslevel followed by a sequence of alternating positive and negative crosslevels. Although, all of those crosslevels are in permissible parameter, when operating a train along such track, the motion will be rocking left and right. Therefore, the maximum warp parameter is used to prevent the critical harmonic rock-off condition that may result in the trains rocking back and forth and derailing following wheel climb.[9]In North America, the specific distance used for measurement to ensure that the difference in crosslevel of the track is within the permissible warp parameter is 62 feet. The design warp is zero for both tangent and curved track. That means, ideally, the crosslevel should not change between any two points within 62 feet. There are some deviations to allow crosslevels along the track to change (such as change for superelevation in curves). Different levels of those deviations from the zero warp specify the speed limits.[8]The specification that focuses on the rate of change in crosslevels of curved track is contained within the area related to cant gradient.","title":"Transverse elevation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Longitudinal elevation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Track_gradient.svg"},{"link_name":"Ruling gradient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruling_gradient"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-5"}],"sub_title":"Track gradient","text":"d: distance traveled horizontallyΔh: risel: slope lengthα: angle of inclinationFurther information: Ruling gradientThe term track gradient is relative elevation of the two rails along the track. This can be expressed in the distance traveled horizontally for a rise of one unit, or in terms of an angle of inclination or a percentage difference in elevation for a given distance of the track.The allowable gradients may be based on the ruling gradient which is the maximum gradient over which a tonnage train can be hauled with one locomotive. In some countries, momentum gradient which is a steeper but shorter gradient may be allowed. This is usually when a track gradient connects to a leveled tangent track long enough and with no signal between them such that a train can build momentum to push through a steeper grade than it can without the momentum gained on the leveled tangent track.In curved track (with or without cant), there will be curve resistance to push the trains through the curve. The allowable gradients may be reduced on curves to compensate for the extra curve resistance.[5] The gradient should be uniform along the track.","title":"Longitudinal elevation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"upgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)"},{"link_name":"quadratic parabola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabola"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-5"}],"sub_title":"Vertical curve","text":"Vertical curve is the curve in vertical layout to connect two track gradients together whether it is for changing from an upgrade to a downgrade (summit), changing from a downgrade to an upgrade (sag or valley), changing in two levels of upgrades or changing in two levels of downgrades.Some countries do not have specification on the exact geometry of vertical curves beyond general specification on vertical alignment. Australia has specification that the shape of vertical curves should be based on quadratic parabola but the length of a given vertical curve is calculated based on circular curve.[5]","title":"Longitudinal elevation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amtrak_Keystone_Corridor_Rosemont_Curve.jpg"},{"link_name":"Keystone Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_Corridor"},{"link_name":"curvature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvature"},{"link_name":"radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius"},{"link_name":"centrifugal force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_force"},{"link_name":"degree of curvature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_curvature"},{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"inverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_function"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usarmy-8"},{"link_name":"minimum curve radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_railway_curve_radius"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Curve with superelevation of tracks on the Keystone Corridor near Rosemont, PennsylvaniaIn most countries, the measurement of curvature of curved track is expressed in radius. The shorter the radius, the sharper the curve is. For sharper curves, the speed limits are lower to prevent an outward horizontal centrifugal force to overturn the trains by directing its weight toward the outside rail. Cant may be used to allow higher speeds over the same curve.In North America, the measurement of curvature is expressed in degree of curvature. This is done by having a chord of 100 feet (30.48 m) connecting to two points on an arc of the reference rail, then drawing radii from the center to each of the chord end points. The angle between the radii lines is the degree of curvature.[10] The degree of curvature is inverse of radius. The larger the degree of curvature, the sharper the curve is. Expressing the curve in this way allows surveyors to use estimation and simpler tools in curve measurement. This can be done by using a 62-foot (18.90 m) string line to be a chord to connect the arc at the gauge side of the reference rail. Then at the midpoint of the string line (at the 31st foot), a measurement is taken from the string line to the gauge of the reference rail. The number of inches in that measurement is approximated to be the number of degrees of curvature.[8]Due to the limitation of how specific train equipment can make a turn at maximum speeds, there is a limitation of minimum curve radius to control the sharpness of all curves along a given route. Although most countries use radius for measurement of curvature, the term maximum degree of curvature is still used outside North America such as in India, but with the radius as the unit.[11]","title":"Curvature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5_inch_track_superelevation.jpg"},{"link_name":"Keystone Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Narberth, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narberth,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"banked turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banked_turn"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-12"},{"link_name":"turnouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_switch"}],"sub_title":"Cant","text":"Railroad track spirit level in place indicating 5 in (130 mm) of superelevation between the inside and outside rails of a curve along the Keystone Corridor near Narberth, PennsylvaniaIn curved track, it is usually designed to raise the outer rail, providing a banked turn, thus allowing trains to maneuver through the curve at higher speeds that would otherwise be not possible if the surface was flat or level. It also helps a train steer around a curve, keeping the wheel flanges from pressing the rails, minimizing friction and wear. The measurement of the difference in elevation between the outer rail and the inner rail is called cant in most countries. Sometime the cant is measured in term of angle instead of height difference.[12] In North America, it is measured in height difference and called crosslevel, even for the curved track.When the outside rail is at higher elevation than the inside rail, it is called positive cant. This is normally the desired layout for curved track. Most counties achieve the desired level of positive cant by raising the outside rail to that level which is called superelevation. For Swiss railroads, the cant is done by rotating at the track axis (center of the two rails) to have outside rail super elevated (raised) at the half rate of the desired cant and the inside rail under elevated (lowered) at the same half rate of the desired cant.When the outside rail is at lower elevation than the inside rail, it is called negative cant (or reverse crosslevel in North America). This is not usually a desired layout but it may be unavoidable in some situations such as curves involving turnouts.There are regulations which limit the maximum cant. This is to control the unloading of the wheels on the outside rail (high rail), especially at low speeds.","title":"Curvature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swiss-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fra-9"}],"sub_title":"Cant gradient","text":"Cant gradient is the amount by which cant is increased or decreased in a given length of track. The change in cant is required in order to connect a tangent track (no cant) to a curved track (with cant) through a transition curve. The rate of change of cant is used to determine the suitable cant gradient for a given design speed. Track twist may also be used to describe cant gradient which may be expressed in percentage of cant change per length unit.[7] However, in the UK, the term track twist is normally used in the context of cant gradient with higher values which are considered to be faults.[12]In North America, the required cant gradient on a transition curve to achieve smooth connection between superelevation of curved track and the zero crosslevel of tangent track is called superelevation runoff. In addition to the runoff specification, the regulations related to allowable rate of change in the cant is also part of the general specification on the rate of change in crosslevel called warp parameter. The warp parameter and superelevation runoff help calculate the required length of the runoff for a transition curve.[9]","title":"Curvature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"centrifugal force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_force"},{"link_name":"centripetal force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centripetal_force"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-12"},{"link_name":"higher-speed rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_speed_rail"},{"link_name":"wear and tear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wear_and_tear"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interface-13"}],"sub_title":"Cant deficiency","text":"As described, cant may be used to reduce lateral acceleration on trains traveling on curved track. This is to balance the centrifugal force (force pushing outward the curve) and centripetal force (force pushing inward the curve). At a higher speed, the centrifugal force is higher. On the contrary, higher cant creates the higher centripetal force. The calculation for this assumes a constant train speed on a constant radius curve.When the speed of the train and the amount of cant are in balance (centrifugal matches centripetal), it is called equilibrium. This would make the components of wheel to rail force normal to the plane of the track having the same in aggregate for the outside rail as for the inside rail. This would also make the passengers in the train not to perceive any lateral acceleration (a push toward sideway).For a fixed amount of cant, the speed that creates balance is called equilibrium speed. For a constant speed of a running train, the amount of required cant to achieve the balance is called equilibrium cant.[12]In practice, trains are not running on equilibrium cants at curves. The situation is called unbalance, which can be in one of the two following ways. For a given speed, if the actual cant is less than the equilibrium cant, the amount of cant difference is called cant deficiency. In the other word, it is the amount of missing cant to achieve the balance. On the contrary, for a given speed, if the actual cant is higher than the equilibrium cant, the amount of over cant from the balance is called cant excess.In a shared track configuration for trains with different operating speeds such as freight and higher-speed rail passenger services, the cant on a curve should be considered for both high and low speeds. The higher-speed trains would experience cant deficiency and the lower-speed trains would experience cant excess. These parameters have a significant effect on curve performance which includes safety, passenger comfort, and wear and tear of equipment and rails.[13]","title":"Curvature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-5"},{"link_name":"rail profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_profile"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fra-9"}],"text":"The term alignment is used in both horizontal and vertical layouts to describe the line uniformity (straightness) of the rails.The horizontal alignment (or alinement in the United States) is done by using a predefined length of string line (such as 62-foot in the US and 20 meters in Australia[5]) to measure along the gauge side of the reference rail. It is the distance (in inches or millimeters) from the midpoint of the string line to the gauge of the reference rail. The design horizontal alignment for tangent track is zero (perfect straight line on the horizontal layout). The design horizontal alignment on the curved track in North America is 1 inch for each degree of curvature. Any other readings indicate deviations.The vertical alignment (or profile in North America, but not to be confused with rail profile) is the surface uniformity in the vertical plane. The measurement of uniformity is done using a predefined length of string line (normally the same length used in horizontal alignment) along the track. If the midpoint of the measurement has higher elevation, it is called hump deviation. On the other hand, if the midpoint has lower elevation, it is called dip deviation.[9]These deviations from design alignment are used as parameters to assign speed limits.","title":"Alignment"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Tangent track in blue with transition spiral in red and curved track in green.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Easement_curve.svg/240px-Easement_curve.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The measurement of crosslevel between two rails","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Crosslevel_in_track_geometry.svg/350px-Crosslevel_in_track_geometry.svg.png"},{"image_text":"d: distance traveled horizontallyΔh: risel: slope lengthα: angle of inclination","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Track_gradient.svg/250px-Track_gradient.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Curve with superelevation of tracks on the Keystone Corridor near Rosemont, Pennsylvania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Amtrak_Keystone_Corridor_Rosemont_Curve.jpg/300px-Amtrak_Keystone_Corridor_Rosemont_Curve.jpg"},{"image_text":"Railroad track spirit level in place indicating 5 in (130 mm) of superelevation between the inside and outside rails of a curve along the Keystone Corridor near Narberth, Pennsylvania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/5_inch_track_superelevation.jpg/300px-5_inch_track_superelevation.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Geometric design of roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_design_of_roads"},{"title":"Jim crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_crow_(tool)"},{"title":"Track geometry car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_geometry_car"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"geometry\". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/geometry","url_text":"\"geometry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federal Railroad Administration Federal Track Safety Standards Fact Sheet\" (PDF). Federal Railroad Administration. Retrieved 8 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/PubAffairs/Track_Standards_fact_sheet_FINAL.pdf","url_text":"\"Federal Railroad Administration Federal Track Safety Standards Fact Sheet\""}]},{"reference":"Mundrey (2000). Railway Track Engineering. McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 164–179. ISBN 9780074637241.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PzA3N6eP4TYC&pg=PA164","url_text":"Railway Track Engineering"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Education","url_text":"McGraw-Hill Education"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780074637241","url_text":"9780074637241"}]},{"reference":"Duggal, S. K. (2004). Surveying (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. pp. 480–481. ISBN 9780070534704. Retrieved 31 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NYUEeDJcVbEC&q=%22compound+curve%22","url_text":"Surveying"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070534704","url_text":"9780070534704"}]},{"reference":"PART 1025 Track Geometry (Issue 2 – 07/10/08 ed.). Department of Planning Transport, and Infrastructure - Government of South Australia. 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dpti.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/word_doc/0004/40684/Part_1025_Rail_Track_geometry.doc","url_text":"PART 1025 Track Geometry"}]},{"reference":"\"Railroad Glossary and Definitions\". Allen Railroad. Retrieved 12 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allenrailroad.com/consulting/Railroad_Glossary.htm","url_text":"\"Railroad Glossary and Definitions\""}]},{"reference":"Glaus, Ralph (2006). \"2\". The Swiss Trolley – A Modular System for Track Surveying (PDF). ISBN 3-908440-13-0.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sgc.ethz.ch/sgc-volumes/sgk-70.pdf","url_text":"The Swiss Trolley – A Modular System for Track Surveying"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-908440-13-0","url_text":"3-908440-13-0"}]},{"reference":"\"12\". Railroad Track Standards (TM 5-628/AFR 91-44) (PDF). United States Army and United States Air Force. April 1991. pp. 12-1–12-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140327155314/http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/ARMYCOE/COETM/ARCHIVES/tm_5_628.pdf","url_text":"Railroad Track Standards (TM 5-628/AFR 91-44)"},{"url":"http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/ARMYCOE/COETM/ARCHIVES/tm_5_628.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"5\". Federal Railroad Administration Track Safety Standards Compliance Manual (PDF). Federal Railroad Administration. 1 April 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080528020612/http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/safety/tss_compliance_manual_chapter_5_final_040107.pdf","url_text":"Federal Railroad Administration Track Safety Standards Compliance Manual"},{"url":"http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/safety/tss_compliance_manual_chapter_5_final_040107.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Measuring track curvature\". ASK TRAINS. Trains magazine. Retrieved 13 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://trn.trains.com/en/Railroad%20Reference/Ask%20Trains/2011/01/Measuring%20track%20curvature.aspx","url_text":"\"Measuring track curvature\""}]},{"reference":"Mundrey, J.S. (2000). Railway track engineering (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-07-463724-1. Retrieved 14 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PzA3N6eP4TYC&pg=PA165","url_text":"Railway track engineering"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-463724-1","url_text":"978-0-07-463724-1"}]},{"reference":"Track Standards Manual - Section 8: Track Geometry (PDF). Railtrack PLC. December 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-31. Retrieved 28 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120131143623/http://www.rgsonline.co.uk/Railway_Group_Standards/Infrastructure/Railway%20Group%20Standards/GCRT5021%20Iss%205.pdf","url_text":"Track Standards Manual - Section 8: Track Geometry"},{"url":"http://www.rgsonline.co.uk/Railway_Group_Standards/Infrastructure/Railway%20Group%20Standards/GCRT5021%20Iss%205.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Klauser, Peter (October 2005). \"Operating at High Cant Deficiency\". Interface - the Journal of Wheel/Rail Interaction.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.interfacejournal.com/features/09-05/cant/1.html","url_text":"\"Operating at High Cant Deficiency\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/geometry","external_links_name":"\"geometry\""},{"Link":"http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/PubAffairs/Track_Standards_fact_sheet_FINAL.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Federal Railroad Administration Federal Track Safety Standards Fact Sheet\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PzA3N6eP4TYC&pg=PA164","external_links_name":"Railway Track Engineering"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NYUEeDJcVbEC&q=%22compound+curve%22","external_links_name":"Surveying"},{"Link":"http://www.dpti.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/word_doc/0004/40684/Part_1025_Rail_Track_geometry.doc","external_links_name":"PART 1025 Track Geometry"},{"Link":"http://www.allenrailroad.com/consulting/Railroad_Glossary.htm","external_links_name":"\"Railroad Glossary and Definitions\""},{"Link":"http://www.sgc.ethz.ch/sgc-volumes/sgk-70.pdf","external_links_name":"The Swiss Trolley – A Modular System for Track Surveying"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140327155314/http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/ARMYCOE/COETM/ARCHIVES/tm_5_628.pdf","external_links_name":"Railroad Track Standards (TM 5-628/AFR 91-44)"},{"Link":"http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/ARMYCOE/COETM/ARCHIVES/tm_5_628.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080528020612/http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/safety/tss_compliance_manual_chapter_5_final_040107.pdf","external_links_name":"Federal Railroad Administration Track Safety Standards Compliance Manual"},{"Link":"http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/safety/tss_compliance_manual_chapter_5_final_040107.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://trn.trains.com/en/Railroad%20Reference/Ask%20Trains/2011/01/Measuring%20track%20curvature.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Measuring track curvature\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PzA3N6eP4TYC&pg=PA165","external_links_name":"Railway track engineering"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120131143623/http://www.rgsonline.co.uk/Railway_Group_Standards/Infrastructure/Railway%20Group%20Standards/GCRT5021%20Iss%205.pdf","external_links_name":"Track Standards Manual - Section 8: Track Geometry"},{"Link":"http://www.rgsonline.co.uk/Railway_Group_Standards/Infrastructure/Railway%20Group%20Standards/GCRT5021%20Iss%205.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.interfacejournal.com/features/09-05/cant/1.html","external_links_name":"\"Operating at High Cant Deficiency\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Aurelius_Elliott
|
Claude Elliott (schoolmaster)
|
["1 Early life","2 First World War","3 Eton College","4 Later years","5 References","6 External links"]
|
English schoolmaster
Claude ElliottProvost of EtonIn office1949–1965Preceded byHenry MartenSucceeded byHarold Caccia, Baron CacciaHead Master of Eton CollegeIn office1933–1944Preceded byCyril AlingtonSucceeded byRobert Birley
Personal detailsBornClaude Aurelius Elliott(1888-07-27)27 July 1888British IndiaDied21 November 1972(1972-11-21) (aged 84)Gatesgarth, Buttermere, EnglandSpouseGillian BloxamChildrenNicholas Elliott
Sir Claude Aurelius Elliott OBE (27 July 1888 – 21 November 1973) was an English schoolmaster who became head master of Eton College at Windsor in Berkshire, and was later provost at the same school. An element of this later appointment is said to have been to keep an eye on his successor Robert Birley.
Early life
Elliott was born in India, the only child of Sir Charles Alfred Elliott (1835–1911), the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, and his second wife, Alice Louisa. Sir Charles had three sons and a daughter from a previous marriage. From Rokeby School, Claude Elliott was elected a King's Scholar of Eton College in 1902. He had an undistinguished scholastic career at Eton, but on going up to Trinity College, Cambridge, he discovered a natural bent as an historian, taking his BA in 1909, and becoming a fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge in 1910, and a Tutor in 1914.
On 17 June 1913, he married Gillian (d. 1966), the daughter of Frederick Turner Bloxam, chief Chancery Registrar, with whom he had a son, Nicholas Elliott (1916–1994), who worked in Military Intelligence during and after the Second World War, and who was awarded the US Legion of Merit for his services to the Office of Strategic Services.
First World War
As a boy, Elliott enjoyed mountaineering, which interest he practised in Britain, Switzerland, and France, hoping one day to climb the Caucasus and the Himalayas, but he was prevented from pursuing this by a fall in the Lake District in 1912, which broke his kneecap and damaged his hand. These injuries did not stop him climbing, but they prevented active service in the First World War. Instead, Elliott served in a Red Cross unit in Flanders in 1915, after which he spent the remainder of the War at the Admiralty, being appointed OBE in 1920 for his War service. After the War he returned to Jesus College, where he served on the university's Financial Board, the General Board, and the Council of Senate.
Eton College
Elliott was head master of Eton College from 1933 to 1949. His had been an unlikely selection. For example, he was the first head master of Eton who was not in holy orders, and neither his preaching in chapel nor his teaching in school were as impressive as those of his charismatic predecessor, Cyril Alington. However, he was an effective headmaster who was respected by the school's governing body for his sound judgement and his administrative skill. He was known to his students as "The Emperor", because of his imposing presence and his coolness towards the majority of his pupils. Elliott made no significant change to the school, believing that the selection of good and effective teachers was the school's best way forward.
During World War II, some parents suggested that Eton should be moved to a location safe from the bombs of the enemy. If London's poor could not move from London, said Elliott, the Etonians would not move from Eton. Later, in 1940, two bombs did actually fall on Eton, only just missing a library full of studying boys, but this only made him more determined to stand firm. Elliott never did move the school.
In 1949, after sixteen years as head master, Elliott was appointed Eton College's provost, a post he held until 1965. During his fifteen years as provost he launched an appeal to rebuild and modernise the college. He was responsible for the replacement of the shattered glass in the chapel windows with designs by Evie Hone and John Piper. As provost it was said that he had done more for the fabric of the school than any of his predecessors for five centuries.
Later years
On his retirement, Elliott continued mountaineering, living in Buttermere where he could see the mountains he loved so well. He was personally acquainted with all the famous climbers of his time. He made forty visits to the Alps, and numerous other expeditions in Wales, the Lake District and Skye. Had it not been for his earlier climbing injuries he would have taken part in the Everest expeditions of 1921–1924. Elliott was president of the Alpine Club from 1950 to 1952. in that capacity, he selected John Hunt to lead the successful 1953 Everest expedition.
Elliott was a successful oarsman, being a member of the Leander Club. He was knighted in 1958. He died at his home, Lower Gatesgarth, Buttermere, on 21 November 1973 aged 85.
References
^ Routledge, Norman. "The Eton Headmaster – 'Red' Robert Birley". Web of Stories – Life Stories of Remarkable People. YouTube. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
^ a b D. H. Macindoe, ‘Elliott, Sir Claude Aurelius (1888–1973)’, rev., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press (2004).
^ a b The Times, Obituary, 24 November 1973.
^ "Head Masters of Eton since 1442". Eton College. 5 January 2002. Archived from the original on 5 January 2002. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
^ "The Emperor Abdicates". Time. 3 January 1949. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012.
^ The Times, 10 December 1973.
External links
Sir Claude Aurelius Elliott on the National Archives
Sir Claude Aurelius Elliott in Time 1965
Sir Claude Aurelius Elliott in Time 1936
Academic offices
Preceded byCyril Alington
Head Master of Eton College 1933–1949
Succeeded byRobert Birley
Preceded byHenry Marten
Provost of Eton 1949–1965
Succeeded byHarold Caccia, Baron Caccia
vteHead Masters of Eton College since 1711
Andrew Snape
Henry Bland
William George
William Cooke
John Sumner
Edward Barnard
John Foster
Jonathan Davies
George Heath
Joseph Goodall
John Keate
Edward Craven Hawtrey
Charles Old Goodford
Edward Balston
James John Hornby
Edmond Warre
Edward Lyttelton
Cyril Alington
Claude Aurelius Elliott
Robert Birley
Anthony Chenevix-Trench
Michael McCrum
Eric Anderson
John Lewis
Tony Little
Simon Henderson
For Head Masters prior to 1711, see List of Head Masters of Eton College
vteProvosts of Eton College
Henry Sever
William Waynflete
John Clerk
William Westbury
Thomas Barker
Henry Bost
Roger Lupton
Roger Aldrich
Sir Thomas Smith
Henry Cole
William Bill
Richard Bruerne
William Day
Sir Henry Savile
Thomas Murray
Henry Wotton
Richard Steward
Francis Rous
Nicholas Lockyer
Nicholas Monck
John Meredith
Richard Allestree
Zachary Cradock
Henry Godolphin
Henry Bland
Stephen Sleech
Edward Barnard
William Hayward Roberts
Jonathan Davies
Joseph Goodall
John Lonsdale
Francis Hodgson
Edward Craven Hawtrey
Charles Old Goodford
James John Hornby
Edmond Warre
Montague Rhodes James
Lord Hugh Cecil
Henry Marten
Claude Aurelius Elliott
Harold Caccia, Baron Caccia
Martin Charteris, Baron Charteris of Amisfield
Antony Acland
Eric Anderson
William Waldegrave, Baron Waldegrave of North Hill
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
Other
SNAC
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"schoolmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolmaster"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"provost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_(education)"},{"link_name":"Robert Birley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Birley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Routledge-1"}],"text":"Sir Claude Aurelius Elliott OBE (27 July 1888 – 21 November 1973) was an English schoolmaster who became head master of Eton College at Windsor in Berkshire, and was later provost at the same school. An element of this later appointment is said to have been to keep an eye on his successor Robert Birley.[1]","title":"Claude Elliott (schoolmaster)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Alfred Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alfred_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"},{"link_name":"Rokeby School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokeby_Preparatory_School"},{"link_name":"King's Scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Scholar"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"Jesus College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Tutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutor"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Military Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Legion of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mac-2"}],"text":"Elliott was born in India, the only child of Sir Charles Alfred Elliott (1835–1911), the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, and his second wife, Alice Louisa. Sir Charles had three sons and a daughter from a previous marriage. From Rokeby School, Claude Elliott was elected a King's Scholar of Eton College in 1902. He had an undistinguished scholastic career at Eton, but on going up to Trinity College, Cambridge, he discovered a natural bent as an historian, taking his BA in 1909, and becoming a fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge in 1910, and a Tutor in 1914.[citation needed]On 17 June 1913, he married Gillian (d. 1966), the daughter of Frederick Turner Bloxam, chief Chancery Registrar, with whom he had a son, Nicholas Elliott (1916–1994), who worked in Military Intelligence during and after the Second World War, and who was awarded the US Legion of Merit for his services to the Office of Strategic Services.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mountaineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"link_name":"Lake District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_District"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"}],"text":"As a boy, Elliott enjoyed mountaineering, which interest he practised in Britain, Switzerland, and France, hoping one day to climb the Caucasus and the Himalayas, but he was prevented from pursuing this by a fall in the Lake District in 1912, which broke his kneecap and damaged his hand. These injuries did not stop him climbing, but they prevented active service in the First World War. Instead, Elliott served in a Red Cross unit in Flanders in 1915, after which he spent the remainder of the War at the Admiralty, being appointed OBE in 1920 for his War service. After the War he returned to Jesus College, where he served on the university's Financial Board, the General Board, and the Council of Senate.[3]","title":"First World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"holy orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_orders"},{"link_name":"charismatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charisma"},{"link_name":"Cyril Alington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Alington"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mac-2"},{"link_name":"provost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_provosts_of_Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Evie Hone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evie_Hone"},{"link_name":"John Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Piper_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Elliott was head master of Eton College from 1933 to 1949.[4] His had been an unlikely selection. For example, he was the first head master of Eton who was not in holy orders, and neither his preaching in chapel nor his teaching in school were as impressive as those of his charismatic predecessor, Cyril Alington. However, he was an effective headmaster who was respected by the school's governing body for his sound judgement and his administrative skill. He was known to his students as \"The Emperor\",[5] because of his imposing presence and his coolness towards the majority of his pupils. Elliott made no significant change to the school, believing that the selection of good and effective teachers was the school's best way forward.During World War II, some parents suggested that Eton should be moved to a location safe from the bombs of the enemy. If London's poor could not move from London, said Elliott, the Etonians would not move from Eton. Later, in 1940, two bombs did actually fall on Eton, only just missing a library full of studying boys, but this only made him more determined to stand firm. Elliott never did move the school.[2]In 1949, after sixteen years as head master, Elliott was appointed Eton College's provost, a post he held until 1965. During his fifteen years as provost he launched an appeal to rebuild and modernise the college. He was responsible for the replacement of the shattered glass in the chapel windows with designs by Evie Hone and John Piper. As provost it was said that he had done more for the fabric of the school than any of his predecessors for five centuries.[6]","title":"Eton College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buttermere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttermere"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Lake District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_District"},{"link_name":"Skye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skye"},{"link_name":"Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest"},{"link_name":"Alpine Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Club_(UK)"},{"link_name":"John Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunt,_Baron_Hunt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"},{"link_name":"Leander Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leander_Club"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"Gatesgarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatesgarth"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"On his retirement, Elliott continued mountaineering, living in Buttermere where he could see the mountains he loved so well. He was personally acquainted with all the famous climbers of his time. He made forty visits to the Alps, and numerous other expeditions in Wales, the Lake District and Skye. Had it not been for his earlier climbing injuries he would have taken part in the Everest expeditions of 1921–1924. Elliott was president of the Alpine Club from 1950 to 1952. in that capacity, he selected John Hunt to lead the successful 1953 Everest expedition.[3]Elliott was a successful oarsman, being a member of the Leander Club. He was knighted in 1958. He died at his home, Lower Gatesgarth, Buttermere, on 21 November 1973 aged 85.[citation needed]","title":"Later years"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Routledge, Norman. \"The Eton Headmaster – 'Red' Robert Birley\". Web of Stories – Life Stories of Remarkable People. YouTube. Retrieved 15 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Routledge","url_text":"Routledge, Norman"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f47GnFbgLaU","url_text":"\"The Eton Headmaster – 'Red' Robert Birley\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Head Masters of Eton since 1442\". Eton College. 5 January 2002. Archived from the original on 5 January 2002. Retrieved 15 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020105070650/http://www.etoncollege.com/eton.asp?di=1361","url_text":"\"Head Masters of Eton since 1442\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College","url_text":"Eton College"},{"url":"http://www.etoncollege.com/eton.asp?di=1361","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Emperor Abdicates\". Time. 3 January 1949. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023134933/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799627,00.html?iid=chix-sphere","url_text":"\"The Emperor Abdicates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799627,00.html?iid=chix-sphere","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f47GnFbgLaU","external_links_name":"\"The Eton Headmaster – 'Red' Robert Birley\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020105070650/http://www.etoncollege.com/eton.asp?di=1361","external_links_name":"\"Head Masters of Eton since 1442\""},{"Link":"http://www.etoncollege.com/eton.asp?di=1361","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023134933/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799627,00.html?iid=chix-sphere","external_links_name":"\"The Emperor Abdicates\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799627,00.html?iid=chix-sphere","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=P35493","external_links_name":"Sir Claude Aurelius Elliott on the"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121023135020/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,849004-1,00.html","external_links_name":"Sir Claude Aurelius Elliott in Time 1965"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081215102134/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,756776,00.html","external_links_name":"Sir Claude Aurelius Elliott in Time 1936"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/364679/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/14024904","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkdpTjyrH9mchRJg4bPQq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007374659705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95108498","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66b7bg6","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Colored_World_Series
|
1926 Colored World Series
|
["1 Background","1.1 Bacharach Giants","1.2 Chicago American Giants","1.3 Series Plans","2 Summary","3 Rosters","4 Series","4.1 Game 1","4.2 Game 2","4.3 Game 3","4.4 Game 4","4.5 Game 5","4.6 Game 6","4.7 Game 7","4.8 Game 8","4.9 Game 9","4.10 Game 10","4.11 Game 11","5 See also","6 References"]
|
1926 Colored World Series Team (Wins) Manager(s) Chicago American Giants (5) Dave Malarcher Bacharach Giants (4) Dick LundyDatesOctober 1–14VenueAtlantic City: Bacharach Park (1,2,6)Baltimore: Maryland Baseball Park (3)Philadelphia: Baker Bowl (4,5)Chicago: Schorling Park (7,8,9,10,11)Hall of FamersChicago: Bill Foster
← 1925
Colored World Series
1927 →
The 1926 Colored World Series was the championship tournament for the 1926 season of Negro league baseball. It was the third overall Series played. It matched the Chicago American Giants, champions of the Negro National League (1920–1931), and the Bacharach Giants of Atlantic City, New Jersey, champions of the Eastern Colored League. Initially planned as a best-of-nine series, two ties meant that the series went eleven games. Chicago won just once in the first six games, but games 1 and 4 had ended in ties, meaning that they only trailed three games to one when the Series shifted to Chicago. They were down to their final game after losing the eighth game, but the Chicago American Giants proceeded to win the next three games to complete the comeback and win their first ever World Series.
Claude "Red" Grier of the Bacharach Giants pitched a no-hitter in Game 3. No pitcher would throw a no-hitter in a postseason game in the major leagues until Don Larsen did so thirty years later.
Background
This was the second postseason for the Negro leagues to involve a Championship Series played prior to the World Series. The Negro National League Championship Series involved the champions of the split season in the Kansas City Monarchs (first-half) and the Chicago American Giants (second half), which like the World Series was also a best-of-nine series, with the first four games in Kansas City and the remaining games in Chicago. The Giants lost four of the first five games (with Game 4 being the only win). However, the Giants proceeded to win four consecutive games at home, however, to clinch the pennant, which included three games decided by one run and a Game 9 that ended in the fifth inning with a 5–0 win. It was their fourth league title, all done in the span of six years.
Bacharach Giants
John Henry Lloyd, who had managed the Atlantic City Bacharach Giants in 1925, left the team and signed as manager with the Lincoln Giants after the Bacharach Giants attempted to reduce his salary. The Bacharach Giants' shortstop, Dick Lundy, was promoted to player-manager in his place, returning to the post he had held in 1923 before Lloyd's arrival.
At the winter meetings, the Eastern Colored League admitted the Newark Stars (also known as the Newark ABC's) to the league as the eighth team. The seven teams that had finished the previous season were the Bacharach Giants of Atlantic City, the Baltimore Black Sox, the Brooklyn Royal Giants, the Cuban Stars (East), the Harrisburg Giants, the Hilldale Club, and the Lincoln Giants of New York. The two leagues also announced a $3,000 maximum monthly salary limit for each team. The league, then in its fourth year, was attempting to play a 70-game full-season competition, but had experienced problems in enforcing a uniform schedule. The league decided that a team if a team failed to play at least 50 league games, it would not be eligible to compete in the Colored World Series, or to have claim to the money awarded to the second or third place clubs. The season began on May 1.
Early in the season, the Bacharach Giants trailed in the race. On May 23, their record was 2–7, placing them in seventh place, trailing the league-leading Harrisburg Giants. By June 28, their record had improved to 9–12 and they had inched into sixth place, ahead of the Brooklyn Royal Giants and the last place Newark Stars. The Cuban Stars were in first place with a 10–3 record. A week later, the manager of the Newark Stars announced that they would quit the league and disband, leaving the league with seven teams. And although the Brooklyn Royal Giants remained in the league, they were rumored to be planning to leave the league the next season as they had only played six games and were disregarding the league schedule. Instead of playing league games, they were playing semi-pro teams in Brooklyn or barnstorming in upstate New York. In the month of July, the Bacharach Giants took off, winning 13 straight games, before losing to the Cuban Stars on July 26.
During August, the Cuban Stars clung to their lead in the pennant race, with the Bacharach Giants, the Harrisburg Giants, the Hilldale Club, and the Lincoln Giants all remaining in the mix. But by August 31, the Bacharach Giants had moved into first place with a 31–20 record. A week later, the Bacharach Giants were solidly in first place with a 33–20 (.623) record and four games remaining before the scheduled September 15 end of the season. The second-place Harrisburg Giants had a 25–17 (.595) record, and the third-place Hilldale Club had a 34–24 (.586) record. (Because of the unbalanced schedule, championships were awarded to the team with the highest winning percentage.) An article in the Afro-American newspaper provided a retrospective of the season, saying that with the Bacharach Giants' move from also-ran to first place, "The Bacharach Giants have astonished the world in the last six weeks."
Chicago American Giants
See also: 1926 Chicago American Giants season
Over the winter, Rube Foster, the co-owner and manager of the American Giants (as well as president of the Negro National League), engaged in a series of trades and transactions designed to overhaul and rebuild his aging team. He traded for Rube Curry, who had pitched for the victors of 1925 Negro World Series—the Hilldale Club. He traded for outfielder George Sweatt from Kansas City, pitcher Robert Poindexter and outfielder Sandy Thompson from the Birmingham Black Barons, sending away long-time American Giants players Cristóbal Torriente, Juan Padrón, and Bingo DeMoss (who went to manage the Indianapolis ABCs). From the Memphis Red Sox, which had forfeited its NNL franchise, he picked up Sanford Jackson, Charlie Williams, and catcher Pythias Russ. Third baseman Dave Malarcher was named as captain of the team.
The Memphis and the Birmingham teams, which had played in the NNL in 1925, left to join the new Negro Southern League and did not renew their franchises, which were returned to the league. Their players were distributed to other teams. A new franchise was approved for the Cleveland Elites, owned by Sam Shepard of St. Louis; Candy Jim Taylor was named as the team's manager. The league would have eight teams—the Chicago American Giants, Cleveland Elites, Cuban Stars (West), Dayton Marcos, Detroit Stars, Indianapolis ABCs, Kansas City Monarchs, and St. Louis Stars. Bullet Rogan took over as player-manager of the Monarchs, and Arvell "Bill" Riggins became the player-manager of the Detroit Stars. The schedule called for the season to open on May 1, with the league playing two halves and the winners of each half playing a league championship series.
The defending champion Monarchs jumped to an early lead in the race, winning all of their first nine games of the season and 13 of their first 15, with the American Giants in second place winning 10 of their first 13. On May 18, however, the Monarchs suffered a tragic setback when their star shortstop, Dobie Moore, was shot in the leg by a girlfriend, resulting in compound fractures that would end his professional baseball career. The American Giants immediately retook the lead in the race, with Kansas City dropping to third. But the Monarchs quickly rebounded and regained the lead, winning two consecutive series, eight of nine games, against the American Giants. The first half race finished on July 5 with Kansas City winning it with a 35–12 record. Detroit (34–17) was in second place and Chicago (28–16) in third.
Two weeks into the second half, the league's weakest team, the Dayton Marcos, withdrew from the league and folded. A week later the Cleveland Elites also quit. The Cuban Stars had initially announced that they would return early to Cuba, but when Cleveland withdrew the Stars decided to stay and allow the league to continue with six teams. Meanwhile, the American Giants jumped to an early lead in the second half race by going 22–1 in their first 23 games. In late August, American Giants manager Rube Foster experienced a nervous breakdown after several weeks of exhibiting erratic behavior. He was taken into custody at his home by police and, after several days of observation, was committed to the mental asylum at Kankakee State Hospital. Dave Malarcher took over the management of the team. With a 29–7 record, the American Giants won the second half, narrowly edging the second-place Monarchs.
The NNL League Championship Series was a best-five-of-nine contest played from September 18 to 29. The series opened in Kansas City, where the Monarchs won the first three games, 4–3, 6–5, and 5–0, before the American Giants won the fourth game 4–3.: 210–212 Traveling to Chicago to play the remainder of the series, the Monarchs won the fifth game 11–5, leaving them ahead four games to one. The Chicago Giants, however, rallied to win the next two games by scores of 2–0 (a shutout by Curry) and 4–3.: 210–212
On September 29 the Monarchs were still leading four games to three with a doubleheader scheduled. If the American Giants won, the teams would play a second, five-inning game and the winner would board the train to Atlantic City for the World Series. The teams' ace pitchers, Foster and Rogan, faced off in a great pitching duel. Both were pitching shutouts as the game went to the bottom of the ninth. Jackson beat out a roller to third, Foster sacrificed him to second, and with two outs, Thompson singled to drive in the winning run. When Rogan (the Monarchs' manager) saw that Foster was warming up to start the second game also, he decided to go back himself, taking the ball from Chet Brewer who had been scheduled to start. The decisions worked out better for the American Giants as Foster pitched his second shutout in one day. Chicago beat Kansas City 5–0, thereby clinching the league championship and a berth in the World Series.: 211
Series Plans
As late as the beginning of September, Chicago Defender sportswriter Fay Young wrote that "there might not be any world series this year" because the Cuban Stars (East) were narrowly leading the Eastern Colored League pennant race. There were concerns that the Cuban squad did not have a park and would not generate enough attendance to cover the expenses of a series. By mid-September the leagues had agreed to a best-five-of-nine-game series, with the first four games to be held in the East with games split among Atlantic City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and the last five games played in the West.
Summary
Game
Score
Date
Ballpark
Attendance
1
Chicago 3, Bacharach 3
October 1, 1926 (Friday)
Bacharach Park, Atlantic City, New Jersey
3,158
2
Chicago 7, Bacharach 6
October 2, 1926 (Saturday)
Bacharach Park, Atlantic City, New Jersey
1,956
3
Chicago 0, Bacharach 10
October 3, 1926 (Sunday)
Maryland Park, Baltimore
2,859
4
Chicago 4, Bacharach 4
October 4, 1926 (Monday)
Baker Bowl, Philadelphia
2,121
5
Chicago 5, Bacharach 7
October 5, 1926 (Tuesday)
Baker Bowl, Philadelphia
1,434
6
Chicago 4, Bacharach 6
October 6, 1926 (Wednesday)
Bacharach Park, Atlantic City, New Jersey
1,186
7
Bacharach 4, Chicago 5
October 9, 1926 (Saturday)
Schorling Park, Chicago
2,308
8
Bacharach 3, Chicago 0
October 10, 1926 (Sunday)
Schorling Park, Chicago
3,620
9
Bacharach 3, Chicago 6
October 11, 1926 (Monday)
Schorling Park, Chicago
905
10
Bacharach 0, Chicago 13
October 13, 1926 (Wednesday)
Schorling Park, Chicago
733
11
Bacharach 0, Chicago 1
October 14, 1926 (Thursday)
Schorling Park, Chicago
2,089
Rosters
Atlantic City's regular lineup consisted of Willie Jones as catcher, Chance Cummings as first baseman, Chano García as second baseman, Oliver Marcelle as third baseman, Dick Lundy as shortstop and manager, Ambrose Reid in left field, Chaney White in center field, and Luther Farrell in right field. Their starting pitchers were Rats Henderson, Claude Grier, Alonzo Mitchell, and Hubert Lockhart, and Roy Roberts was a relief pitcher. Their bench included outfielder Elias "Country" Brown and backup catcher Joe Lewis.
Chicago's regular lineup consisted of John Hines as catcher, Jim Brown as first baseman and backup catcher, Charlie Williams as second baseman, Dave Malarcher as third baseman and manager, Sanford Jackson as shortstop, Sandy Thompson in left field, George Sweatt in center field, and Floyd Gardner in right field. The pitching staff included starting pitchers Willie Foster, Rube Curry, Willie Powell, George Harney, and Webster McDonald, and relief pitcher Sam Crawford.
Series
Game 1
October 1 at Bacharach Park, Atlantic City
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
Chicago
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
8
2
Atlantic City
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
3
8
1
WP: None LP: NoneHome runs:CHI: NoneAC: Luther Farrell (1)Attendance: 3,158Boxscore
The series opener in Atlantic City ended in a 3–3 tie when it was called after nine innings due to darkness. Curry started for the American Giants and pitched into the eighth inning, when he was lifted for Foster. Henderson went the distance for the Bacharach Giants. Mayor Edward L. Bader threw out the first pitch.
In the top of the second, Jackson came to bat with the bases loaded and no outs. He reached base on a fielder's choice hit to the pitcher; Henderson's throw home was high and wide allowing Hines to score with Chicago taking a 1–0 lead. The Bacharach Giants avoided further damage when Henderson struck out Curry and Sweatt was thrown out trying to score on a passed ball.
The Bacharach Giants took the lead in the bottom of the fourth, when White, Lundy, and Farrell hit consecutive singles with two outs, driving in two runs. In the top of the sixth, the American Giants regained the lead when Jackson batted again with the bases loaded, this time with two outs. He singled to right, driving in Sweatt and Malarcher and giving Chicago a 3–2 lead.
In the bottom of the seventh, the home team evened the score when Farrell hit a one-out home run over the right field fence. In the bottom of the eighth, the Bacharach Giants threatened again, loading the bases with two outs for Farrell. Foster, who just two days earlier had pitched two shutouts in a doubleheader to clinch the championship, came in to relieve Curry and struck out Farrell. Neither team scored in the ninth, and the game was called on account of darkness.
Game 2
October 2 at Bacharach Park, Atlantic City
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
Chicago
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
9
0
Atlantic City
1
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
0
6
7
1
WP: George Harney (1–0) LP: Claude Grier (0–1)Attendance: 1,956Boxscore
The original schedule called for an off day on Saturday, October 2, but due to the tie in the first game, a second game in Atlantic City was hastily arranged. The American Giants took an early lead that the Bacharach Giants were unable to overcome, as Chicago won 7–6. Harney of the American Giants was the winning pitcher, while Grier took the loss for the Bacharach Giants.
The Bacharach Giants took a 1–0 lead in the bottom of the first on a sacrifice fly by Marcell. In the top of the second, though, the American Giants broke the game open. After five singles, a walk, and a hit batter, the American Giants had taken a 4–1 lead and had the bases loaded with two outs when Hines came to bat for the second time in the inning. Grier fell behind Hines with a 3–0 count, and Lundy brought in Lockhart to relieve and try to get the home team out of the jam. Hines then hit a triple to deep left field, driving in three and putting the American Giants ahead 7–1.
The Bacharach Giants chipped away at the American Giants lead. In the bottom of the third, Malarcher hit a double to right-center that drove in two, making the score 7–3. In the bottom of the sixth, the Bacharach Giants loaded the bases with one out after a single, a walk, and a hit batter. García singled to center, driving in two runs and knocking Harney out of the game. McDonald was brought in to relieve him, but he walked Lockhart to load the bases again. Reid then singled off the short fence in right field driving in another run, but the right fielder Gardner quickly fielded the ball and fired it home, so García retreated to third. The catcher Hines then noticed that Lockhart had rounded second, so he fired the ball to the shortstop, Jackson, picking off Lockhart. Meanwhile, García broke for home but was thrown out at the plate. During the play, García collided with Hines and the impact knocked him out for several minutes, but he was able to return to the game. The inning was over, and the American Giants still led 7–6. Chicago held on to the lead and that was the final score.
Game 3
October 3 at Maryland Baseball Park, Baltimore
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
Chicago
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
Atlantic City
4
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
X
10
14
2
WP: Claude Grier (1–1) LP: Webster McDonald (0–1)Attendance: 2,850Boxscore
On October 3, the Bacharach Giants beat the American Giants 10–0, as Claude Grier made baseball history by pitching the first no-hitter in a Colored World Series. Grier accomplished this feat the day after he had started and lost Game 2, knocked out in the second inning and giving up seven runs. While holding the American Giants hitless and striking out eight, Grier walked six batters and two American Giants reached base on errors. The Chicago Defender said that Grier "deserves all the credit in the world, although we have to remind our readers that Marcell, Lundy and Garcia pulled off some of the most phenomenal fielding that we have seen..." The losing pitcher, McDonald, went 7 innings and was charged with all 10 runs, of which four were unearned. Crawford pitched a scoreless eighth inning for the American Giants. The Atlantic City victory evened the Series at one game apiece.
The game was played in Baltimore. The weather was unusually hot, and attendance was disappointing for a Sunday game in the larger city.
In the bottom of the first, Reid led off for the Bacharach Giants reaching base and advancing to second on a throwing error by Jackson. Cummings singled to right, then Marcell bunted to a single, scoring Reid. White also tried bunting and reached base and advanced to second on a throwing error by Malarcher, with Cumming scoring. Lundy followed with a single to right scoring Marcell and White, and the home team was ahead 4–0 before having made an out.
The American Giants threatened a rally in the top of the fifth when Malarcher led off with a walk. With two outs, McDonald reached base on a sharply hit ball to first that got past Cummings. The scoring official ruled it an error, though some fans said it should have been recorded as a hit, which would have ended Grier's no-hit bid. This was followed by a walk issued to Gardner, loading the bases. But Thompson hit a come-backer to the pitcher and was thrown out, ending the inning.
In the bottom of the sixth, the Bacharach Giants scored six more runs to break the game open. García, leading off the inning, was hit by a pitch, and Grier doubled to left. Reid singled to center, scoring García. Then Cummings singled to center, driving in Grier, and Sweatt misplayed the ball allowing Reid to score and Cummings to advance to second on the error. Marcell singled, advancing Cummings to third, and White hit a sacrifice fly to score him. Lundy grounded into a fielder's choice to shortstop for the second out, and Farrell followed with a single advancing Lundy to third. Farrell and Lundy then attempted a double steal. The throw arrived to the catcher in time to tag out Lundy, but Hines dropped the ball and Lundy scored on another error (the fourth by the American Giants). Then Jones doubled, driving in Farrell to make it 10–0.
Game 4
October 4 at Baker Bowl, Philadelphia
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
Chicago
2
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
4
8
2
Atlantic City
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
4
8
0
WP: None LP: NoneAttendance: 2,121Boxscore
The fourth game ended in a 4–4 tie when the game was called due to darkness after nine innings. It was played in Philadelphia under unseasonably hot weather. Henderson started for Atlantic City and Foster for Chicago, and both starting pitchers threw complete games. Chicago Defender columnist Fay Young blamed the pair of tied games called for darkness (Games 1 and 4) on slow pace of play and the decision by Eastern Colored League officials to start the games at 3:00 rather than 2:30, remarking, "This time of year it gets dark early."
The American Giants scored twice in the top of the first. Gardner led off with a single to left, followed by a single to right by Malrcher that advanced Gardner to third. After a sacrifice bunt advanced Malarcher to second, Hines hit a fly to left that scored Gardner, while Malarcher advanced to third on the throw to the plate. Sweatt then hit a two-out single to right scoring Malarcher. They added another run in the fourth when Sweatt hit a one-out double to right-center. With two outs, Jackson doubled down the right field line driving in Sweatt and making it 3–0.
In the bottom of the fifth the Bacharach Giants scored four to take the lead. García led off with a walk, then with two outs Cummings singled. Marcell grounded to shortstop, but Jackson made a wild throw to first base, allowing García to score and the runners to advance to second and third. White singled to right, driving in both runners to tie the game. Lundy followed him with a triple to deep center scoring White and putting the Bacharach Giants ahead 4–3. In the sixth inning, the Bacharach Giants threatened to add on when García led off with a triple for the Bacharach Giants. Henderson flied out to right, and García attempted to score but was thrown out at the plate by Gardner, so the score remained 4–3.
The American Giants evened the score in the seventh. The first two batters, Jackson and Williams, both hit bunt singles. Foster hit a sacrifice bunt to advance the runners. With two outs, Jackson attempted to steal home and scored when Henderson's pitch got past the catcher, which was ruled as a passed ball. When the ninth inning ended with the score still tied, the game was called because of darkness.
Game 5
October 5 at Baker Bowl, Philadelphia
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
Chicago
3
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
5
4
3
Atlantic City
0
0
0
0
6
0
1
0
X
7
13
3
WP: Alonzo Mitchell (1–0) LP: Rube Curry (0–1)Attendance: 1,434Boxscore
Chicago American would blow a lead for the third time in five games, and this time it would cost them a win. They began the game with a lead on a series of unearned runs in the first inning that meant three runs on zero hits and three errors committed by Bacharach. Jelly Gardner started the game with a walk by pitcher Alonzo Mitchell, and a passed ball by catcher Willie Jones meant he went to second base. The next batter in Dave Malarcher would advance to first base on an error by first baseman Chance Cummings that gave Gardner enough time to score form second. A sacrifice bunt and an error led to runners on the corner, and a sacrifice groundout by George Sweatt scored Malarcher. An error by shortstop Dick Lundy on the next batter would score John Hines from second base.
The game would stay that way until the fifth inning, when Bacharach made their charge, doing so on the strength of seven hits and two errors. Starting the proceedings was Jones, who started the inning with a single off Chicago starter Rube Curry. After a flyout, pitcher Alonzo Mitchell scored the first run on his second hit of the game (he would go 3-for-4) on a triple. Ambrose Reid would hit a single to center field that would score Mitchell, and Chance Cummings followed him with a single, with an error by Curry leading to runners on second and third base with one out. Oliver Marcell broke the game open with a hit to right field that scored Reid, and an error committed by catcher John Hines led to Cummings scoring to make it 4-3 and Marcell made it to third base. A fielder's choice resulted in the second out and a runner on second base, but Dick Lundy doubled off Curry to drive in Chaney White, and Luther Farrell followed him with a single that chased out Curry from the game; he threw 4+2⁄3 innings while allowing 11 total hits and six runs with one strikeout.
Chicago inched closer in the subsequent inning, starting with a hit by Malarcher and a walk to Sandy Thompson, and they went to third and second base on a sacrifice bunt. A subsequent strikeout meant two outs for Jim Brown, but he would line a triple to right field to score two runs and narrow the deficit to 6–5. However, Sanford Jackson grounded out to the first baseman to end the inning.
Bacharach closed the scoring in the seventh inning after Chaney White had started the inning with a walk and stole second base before a two-out double by Jones drove White home. Chicago managed to get a runner on first base in the final inning on a hit by Jackson, but two force-outs closed the game out as Alonzo Mitchell finalized a 2–1 series lead for Bacharach. He pitched a complete game while allowing four hits and five runs (two earned) with three strikeouts and walks.
Game 6
October 6 at Bacharach Park, Atlantic City
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
Chicago
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
0
4
6
2
Atlantic City
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
X
6
11
1
WP: Claude Grier (2–1) LP: Willie Powell (0–1)Attendance: 1,186Boxscore
Bacharach withstood a brief rally by Chicago to close the New Jersey end of the Series with a win to go up three games to one (with two ties) in the Series.
Bacharach started the scoring in the first inning. A leadoff single by Ambrose Reid was followed by two outs but him on second base and Dick Lundy scored him hin with a double to the outfield to make it 1–0. In the next inning, Chano García lined a two-out walk, and a walk to Claude Grier was followed by a single by Reid to make it 2–0. Chicago would get their chance to even it up in the fourth inning. Dave Malarcher hit a leadoff bunt for a single, and Sandy Thompson also lined a bunt successfully for a hit (the next batter would try to bunt as well, but he only succeeded in advancing the runners). George Sweatt lined a single to left to score two runs and tie the game. A bunt led to an error and two men on with one out, but two straight outs led to the game still tied after four.
Bacharach broke the tie with a run in each of the next four innings. In the fifth, Reid had a triple to leadoff the inning and Oliver Marcell bunted him home. In the sixth, Reid had a two-run single to score Alonzo Mitchell from second base after he had a single earlier. In the seventh, Marcell had a leadoff double and Lundy would score him after his sharp grounder to the third baseman resulted in an error. In the eighth, each team scored runs. Chicago had a leadoff double by Powell and a walk by Gardner, and Hines scored Powell and Gardner on a two-out single to make it 5–4. Bacharach followed with a leadoff single by García that was eventually scored in by Chance Cummings on a double. Chicago had a leadoff walk, but the 7-8-9 hitters all hit outs to close out the game. Willie Powell pitched eight innings while allowing six runs (five earned) on twelve hits with two walks and two strikeouts. Claude Grier allowed four runs on six hits and three walks.
Game 7
October 9 at Schorling Park, Chicago
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
Atlantic City
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
0
4
8
3
Chicago
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
1
5
10
0
WP: Bill Foster (1–0) LP: Hubert Lockhart (0–1)Attendance: 2,308Boxscore
Chicago blew a lead for the fourth and final time in the Series, but a late rally gave them a win to make the series 3–2.
Bacharach started the scoring in the third after two ground outs led to Ambrose Reid at bat. He hit a double to right field, and Chance Cummings scored him in with a single to right to make it 1–0. Chicago followed in the fourth inning after having loaded the bases on a single, an error, and a hit by pitch. Charlie Williams would help score a run when starting pitcher Hubert Lockhart threw a walk. Chances for more were dashed when the runner on third was picked off, but the game was tied. On their next chance to bat in the fifth, they broke the game open. With one out, Jelly Gardner lined a single that was followed by a walk to Dave Malarcher. Sandy Thompson would line a double into left field that scored Gardner. One batter later, George Sweatt hit a triple to center that cleared the bases and gave them a 4–1 lead.
Bacharach would chip away at the lead late in the game. In the seventh inning, Willie Jones hit a leadoff double to right field. One batter later, Hubert Lockhart hit a single to left to score Jones and make it 4–2. In the eighth inning, Oliver Marcell hit a leadoff single to right field, and Chaney White followed it with a triple to left to cut the game to 4–3. A sacrifice fly by Joe Lewis score White to make it 4-4.
The game was decided in the ninth inning. Starter Hubert Lockhart had gotten the leadoff hitter to pop-out, but he was replaced after Dave Malarcher had hit a single and stole second base. Lockhart had allowed nine hits in 8+1⁄3 innings with four walks and one strikeout. He was relieved for Rats Henderson. Henderson got Sandy Thompson to strikeout to make it two outs with a runner on second for John Hines. However, a passed ball by catcher Willie Jones advanced Malarcher to third base. Hines responded with a single to right field that scored the winning run. Bill Foster had allowed four runs on eight hits with three walks and five strikeouts.
Game 8
October 10 at Schorling Park, Chicago
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
Atlantic City
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
6
0
Chicago
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
WP: Rats Henderson (1–0) LP: George Harney (1–1)Attendance: 3,620Boxscore
Bacharach inched one closer to winning the Series with a shutout win over the Giants that included a complete-game shutout by Rats Henderson. By the time of the eighth inning, Bacharach had left six runners on base combined, while Chicago had left three behind.
Country Brown started the eighth inning with a single through second base. Chance Cummings followed that up by advancing to first base on an error by first baseman Jim Brown. A wild pitch by starting pitcher George Harney meant that there was runners on third and second base, and Oliver Marcell was soon intentionally walked. With Chaney White at the plate, he belted a single to left field that left fielder Sandy Thompson would have trouble fielding after it landed, and the result was that White cleared the bases and advanced to second base. The scoring subsided afterwards on two groundouts and a flyout, but Bacharach led 3–0.
The two teams each had a chance in the ninth for further scoring. Bacharach had the bases loaded with two out on the basis of a single and two walks, but a strikeout ended the threat. Chicago responded with a leadoff walk by Jelly Gardner, but a pop-out and a force-out meant that Sandy Thompson was at first base with two out, although a single by John Hines put the tying run at the plate in George Sweatt. However, he flied out to right field to end the game. Henderson threw a complete-game shutout while allowing just three hits while striking out seven and walking two. Harney allowed three runs (one earned) on six hits while walking six and striking out two.
Game 9
October 11 at Schorling Park, Chicago
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
Atlantic City
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
3
8
1
Chicago
0
2
0
1
0
3
0
0
X
6
7
1
WP: Rube Curry (1–1) LP: Claude Grier (2–2)Attendance: 905Boxscore
Chicago mustered runs early and withstood a potential rally to stay alive in the Series.
Chicago started the second inning by getting on bases by walks to John Hines and George Sweatt. Hines was picked off second, and a ground out meant there was two outs with one on first. However, Sanford Jackson would line a triple to left field to score Sweatt, and Charlie Williams responded with a single to make it 2–0. In the fourth, a two-out double by Jim Brown was rewarded after Jackson hit a single to make it 3–0. In the sixth, walks to Hines and Sweatt led to a RBI single by Brown. Jackson would drive in a run on a fielder's choice, while a passed ball by the catcher led to another run.
Bacharach had their only scoring in the eighth. Dick Lundy singled to leadoff the inning, and Luther Farrell followed with a single. Willie Jones had a double to make it 6–1, while Chano García made it 6–3 on a single (with an error by the catcher); a double play got García out at home to end the scoring. In the ninth, they garnered a single but no further hitting to end the game.
Claude Grier threw eight innings while allowing six runs (four earned) on seven hits, six walks, and nine strikeouts. Rube Curry threw a complete game while allowing three runs on eight hits and having seven strikeouts.
Game 10
Friday, October 13, 1926 N/A at Schorling Park in Chicago, Illinois
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
Atlantic City
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
3
Chicago
0
0
0
7
4
2
0
0
0
13
12
0
WP: Willie Powell (1–1) LP: Rats Henderson (1–1)Attendance: 733Boxscore
Chicago continued their chance to stay alive in the Series with an onslaught of timely hitting to rout Bacharach. Ten batters went to bat in the fourth inning, and seven scored on seven hits and one error (committed by first baseman Chance Cummings that scored George Sweatt for the first run on a ball hit by Willie Powell) to make it 7-0 Chicago. Starter Rats Henderson (four innings, seven runs (all unearned) on nine hits with three walks and a strikeout) did not last to see the fifth inning, replaced by Roy Roberts (four innings, three hits, six runs (five earned), six walks, one strikeout). He would allow four runs to score on the basis of two hits, an error, and three walks. In the sixth inning, an error, a passed ball, and two walks meant the bases were loaded with no one out, and Jelly Gardner doubled to score two runs and close the game at 13–0. Willie Powell threw a complete-game shutout while allowing six hits with a walk and a strikeout.
Game 11
October 14 at Schorling Park, Chicago
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
Atlantic City
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
1
Chicago
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
4
2
WP: Bill Foster (2–0) LP: Hubert Lockhart (0–2)Attendance: 2,089Boxscore
The final game of the Series proved to be the most dramatic, and Chicago would win it all on a walk-off in the ninth despite Bacharach having numerous chances to score in a rematch of Game 7, which had also come down to the final inning.
Bacharach had the first glance at a run in the first inning. With two outs, Dick Lundy and Chaney White each lobbed singles to center field, and Joe Lewis walked to load the bases. However, starting pitcher Willie Foster got Chance Cummings to strike out to end the inning. The next threat was in the fourth inning for Bacharach, who started with singles by Lewis and Cummings. However, a force out and two pop-outs led to no runs. They had the next threat in the seventh when they loaded the bases with two singles and a walk, but a flyout by Chaney White to center fielder Jelly Gardner ended that threat. Chicago never even reached third base until the eighth, when Jim Brown had a walk and advanced to third on two plays for outs, but Foster soon committed an out to end the inning.
Both teams would have their chance to take the lead in the ninth inning. Bacharach gained a baserunner when Chano García hit a single, although that was followed by a strikeout and a force-out that had Country Brown at first. He would go for stealing second base, and an error by catcher Brown meant that he was on third base with two out. Oliver Marcell walked to have runners on the corners, but Lundy grounded a ball to shortstop Sanford Jackson, who threw to first baseman George Sweatt to keep the game tied at 0. In the bottom half of the frame, Jelly Gardner started it with a single to left, and he was advanced to second base on a sacrifice bunt by Dave Malarcher. With Sandy Thompson at bat, he would line a walk-off single to center field that left enough for Gardner to race to home plate and win the Series for Chicago.
Bill Foster had allowed ten hits but had thrown a complete-game shutout with seven strikeouts and three walks for Chicago; Hubert Lockhart had thrown 8+1⁄3 innings and allowed four hits with one run allowed and a strikeout and a walk.
See also
1926 World Series
References
^ "Ahead of Their Time: Negro Leagues No-Hitters – Society for American Baseball Research".
^ a b c d Holway, John B. (2001), The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues: The Other Half of Baseball History, Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, pp. 216–217, ISBN 0803820070
^ "1926 Negro League World Series".
^ "Lincoln Giants Have not Quit: Keenan Says He'll Be at League Meet", The Chicago Defender, p. 8, January 2, 1926
^ "Lloyed Will Manage N.Y. Lincoln Giants: Dick Lundy Will Assume Reins Dropped by 'Old Master' at Seashore", The Afro-American, p. 9, March 20, 1926
^ "Rube Currie Sold to American Giants: Hilldale Pitcher Sold to Chicago in Joint Meeting of Baseball Bosses: Newark Club Admitted to Eastern League: Salary Limit Is Not to Exceed $3,000 in any Club in Either League", The Afro-American, p. 8, January 16, 1926
^ "Eastern League Moguls Plan Uniform Schedule", The Chicago Defender, p. 10, May 1, 1926
^ "Eastern League", The Afro-American, p. 9, May 29, 1926
^ "Eastern League", The Afro-American, p. 9, July 3, 1926
^ "Newark Stars Quit Eastern League", The Afro-American, p. 9, July 10, 1926
^ "Bacharach Gts. Winning Streak Is Broken", The Afro-American, p. 9, July 31, 1926
^ Overmyer, James E. (2014), Black Ball and the Boardwalk: The Bacharach Giants of Atlantic City, 1916–1929, Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, pp. 153–154
^ "Eastern League", The Afro-American, p. 9, September 4, 1926
^ "Eastern League", The Afro-American, p. 9, September 11, 1926
^ "Eastern League Season Ends Sept. 15. Bacharachs Lead", The Afro-American, p. 9, September 11, 1926
^ a b "Rube Currie Comes to Am. Giants: Foster Secures Hilldale Hurler; Leagues Adjourn to Meet in Havana Next Year", The Chicago Defender, p. 8, January 16, 1926
^ "Foster Signs Two New Outfielders", The Chicago Defender, p. 9, January 23, 1926
^ a b "DeMoss to Manage Indianapolis: Torrienti Goes to Kansas City for Sweatt; Cliff Bell to Birmingham; Other Deals", The Chicago Defender, p. 10, February 13, 1926
^ "Am. Giants to Open Sunday: Currie and Tyler to Face Chicago Blues in Opener Sunday; Marlarcher Capt.", The Chicago Defender, p. 9, April 17, 1926
^ "Jim Taylor to Manage Cleveland: Move Comes as Big Surprise to St. Louis Ball Fans as Directors Meet", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, March 20, 1926
^ 1926 Season Negro National League I, Seamheads.com Negro Leagues Database
^ "Rogan to Manage Monarchs: Mendez to Be Retained as Coach; League Heads Will Meet in Chicago March 15", The Chicago Defender, p. 10, March 13, 1926
^ "St. Louis Opens in Kansas City: League Season Gets Under Way May 1; Detroit Stars Invade American Giants' Lair", The Chicago Defender, p. 9, April 24, 1926
^ "The Standing", The Chicago Defender, p. 8, May 15, 1926
^ "The Standing", The Chicago Defender, p. 10, May 22, 1926
^ "Indianapolis Knocks Monarchs Out of Lead; Moore Shot by Woman: Greatest of Shortstops Is Bullet Victim", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, May 29, 1926
^ "Monarchs Beat Fosters Four Straight: Kansas City Just too Much for American Giants; Fans Puzzled about Chicago Team", The Chicago Defender, p. 10, June 12, 1926
^ "The Standing", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, July 10, 1926
^ "Dayton Quits Western League: Cuban Stars Will Go Home Monday Night: Schedule in 2nd Half Must Be Changed", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, July 24, 1926
^ "Cuban Stars Remain But Elites Quit", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, July 31, 1926
^ "The Standing", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, August 14, 1926
^ "Rube Foster in Hospital", The Afro American, p. 9, September 4, 1926
^ "Foster, Former Baseball Star, Adjudged Insane", Chicago Tribune, p. 19, September 3, 1926
^ Lester, Larry (2012). Rube Foster in His Time: On the Field and in the Papers with Black Baseball's Greatest Visionary. Jefferson, North Carolina, and London: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 166–172. ISBN 978-1-4766-0144-1.
^ Ashwill, Gary (December 10, 2019), Negro Leagues DB Update: 1926 Negro National League, Seamheads.com Negro Leagues Database
^ "Am. Giants Win Two, Lose One to Indianapolis While Kansas City Leads Detroit", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, September 11, 1926
^ "American Giants Win Second Half: St. Louis, by Winning 9–3 from Kansas City Sunday, Gave Chicagoans the Title", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, September 18, 1926
^ Young, Frank A. (September 25, 1926), "Monarchs Lead American Giants: American Giants Find the Kansas City Club Wee Bit too Good at Baseball Game", The Chicago Defender, p. 11
^ "Atlantic City Club Ready for the World Series Play: Kansas City and Giants Still Battle", The Chicago Defender, p. 10, October 2, 1926
^ "Fay Says", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, September 4, 1926
^ "World Series Will Start Oct. 2: East to See First Games of the Series: Bacharachs Likely to Be West's Opponents", The Chicago Defender, p. 10, September 18, 1926
^ 1926 Atlantic City Bacharach Giants, Seamheads Negro League Database
^ 1926 Chicago American Giants, Seamheads Negro League Database
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Young, Frank A. (October 9, 1926), "Atlantic City Invades West, Leading Chicago 2 to 1 in World's Series", The Chicago Defender, pp. 1, 11
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Atlantic City–American Giants Series Play by Play", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, October 9, 1926
^ "Farrell Hero and Goat of First Game: Bacharach's Right Fielder Hits Homer, Strikes Out with Bases Loaded", The Afro-American, p. 15, October 9, 1926
^ a b Young, Frank A. (October 9, 1926), "Fay Says—", The Chicago Defender, p. 10
^ a b "Grier Pitches No-Hit Game; Bacharachs Lead World's Series: Grier Pitches No-Hit, No-Run Game Here", The Afro-American, p. 15, October 9, 1926
^ "Heard and Seen at the World Series", The Afro-American, p. 15, October 9, 1926
^ a b c d "Fourth Game", The Afro-American, p. 15, October 9, 1926
vteChicago American Giants 1926 Colored World Series champions
Jim Brown
Rube Curry
Bill Foster
Floyd Gardner
George Harney
John Hines
Sanford Jackson
Dave Malarcher
Webster McDonald
Robert Poindexter
Willie Powell
Pythias Russ
John Shackelford
George Sweatt
Sandy Thompson
Steel Arm Tyler
Willie Ware
Charlie Williams
Manager
Dave Malarcher
vteChicago American Giants
Operated 1910–1956
Established via split with Leland Giants (I)Also know as Leland Giants (II) and Cole's American Giants
Based in Chicago, Illinois and Indianapolis, Indiana
Franchise
Players
Seasons
Ballparks
Chicago: South Side Park (III)
Comiskey Park (I)Indianapolis: Perry Stadium
League affiliations
Negro National League (I)
Negro Southern League
Negro National League (II)
Negro American League
Hall of Famers
Cool Papa Bell
Oscar Charleston
Andy Cooper
Bill Foster
Rube Foster
Pete Hill
John Henry Lloyd
Hilton Smith
Turkey Stearnes
Mule Suttles
Cristóbal Torriente
Willie Wells
Smokey Joe Williams
Culture
East–West All-Star Game
The Chicago Defender
Rube Foster
South Side
Colored World Serieschampionships (2)
1926
1927
League pennants (6)
Negro National League: 1920
1921
1922
1926
1927Negro Southern League: 1932
Other play-offappearances
1913
1915
1916
1917
1928
1934
1937
1943
1949
Seasons (46)1910s
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920s
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930s
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940s
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950s
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956 · 1957 · 1958 · 1959
Category
vteNegro World Series1920s
1924
1925
1926
1927
1940s
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
Related
List of Negro league baseball champions
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Negro league baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_league_baseball"},{"link_name":"Chicago American Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_American_Giants"},{"link_name":"Negro National League (1920–1931)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_National_League_(1920%E2%80%931931)"},{"link_name":"Bacharach Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacharach_Giants"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Eastern Colored League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Colored_League"},{"link_name":"Claude \"Red\" Grier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Grier"},{"link_name":"no-hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-hitter"},{"link_name":"Don Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Larsen"},{"link_name":"thirty years later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Larsen%27s_perfect_game"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holway-2"}],"text":"The 1926 Colored World Series was the championship tournament for the 1926 season of Negro league baseball. It was the third overall Series played. It matched the Chicago American Giants, champions of the Negro National League (1920–1931), and the Bacharach Giants of Atlantic City, New Jersey, champions of the Eastern Colored League. Initially planned as a best-of-nine series, two ties meant that the series went eleven games. Chicago won just once in the first six games, but games 1 and 4 had ended in ties, meaning that they only trailed three games to one when the Series shifted to Chicago. They were down to their final game after losing the eighth game, but the Chicago American Giants proceeded to win the next three games to complete the comeback and win their first ever World Series.Claude \"Red\" Grier of the Bacharach Giants pitched a no-hitter in Game 3. No pitcher would throw a no-hitter in a postseason game in the major leagues until Don Larsen did so thirty years later.[1][2]","title":"1926 Colored World Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas City Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Monarchs"},{"link_name":"Chicago American Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_American_Giants"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This was the second postseason for the Negro leagues to involve a Championship Series played prior to the World Series. The Negro National League Championship Series involved the champions of the split season in the Kansas City Monarchs (first-half) and the Chicago American Giants (second half), which like the World Series was also a best-of-nine series, with the first four games in Kansas City and the remaining games in Chicago. The Giants lost four of the first five games (with Game 4 being the only win). However, the Giants proceeded to win four consecutive games at home, however, to clinch the pennant, which included three games decided by one run and a Game 9 that ended in the fifth inning with a 5–0 win. It was their fourth league title, all done in the span of six years.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Henry Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Giants"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dick Lundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Lundy_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Newark Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Stars"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Black Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Black_Sox"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Royal Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Royal_Giants"},{"link_name":"Cuban Stars (East)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Stars_(East)"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg_Giants"},{"link_name":"Hilldale Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilldale_Club"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Giants"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Bacharach Giants","text":"John Henry Lloyd, who had managed the Atlantic City Bacharach Giants in 1925, left the team and signed as manager with the Lincoln Giants after the Bacharach Giants attempted to reduce his salary.[4] The Bacharach Giants' shortstop, Dick Lundy, was promoted to player-manager in his place, returning to the post he had held in 1923 before Lloyd's arrival.[5]At the winter meetings, the Eastern Colored League admitted the Newark Stars (also known as the Newark ABC's) to the league as the eighth team. The seven teams that had finished the previous season were the Bacharach Giants of Atlantic City, the Baltimore Black Sox, the Brooklyn Royal Giants, the Cuban Stars (East), the Harrisburg Giants, the Hilldale Club, and the Lincoln Giants of New York. The two leagues also announced a $3,000 maximum monthly salary limit for each team.[6] The league, then in its fourth year, was attempting to play a 70-game full-season competition, but had experienced problems in enforcing a uniform schedule. The league decided that a team if a team failed to play at least 50 league games, it would not be eligible to compete in the Colored World Series, or to have claim to the money awarded to the second or third place clubs. The season began on May 1.[7]Early in the season, the Bacharach Giants trailed in the race. On May 23, their record was 2–7, placing them in seventh place, trailing the league-leading Harrisburg Giants.[8] By June 28, their record had improved to 9–12 and they had inched into sixth place, ahead of the Brooklyn Royal Giants and the last place Newark Stars. The Cuban Stars were in first place with a 10–3 record.[9] A week later, the manager of the Newark Stars announced that they would quit the league and disband, leaving the league with seven teams. And although the Brooklyn Royal Giants remained in the league, they were rumored to be planning to leave the league the next season as they had only played six games and were disregarding the league schedule. Instead of playing league games, they were playing semi-pro teams in Brooklyn or barnstorming in upstate New York.[10] In the month of July, the Bacharach Giants took off, winning 13 straight games, before losing to the Cuban Stars on July 26.[11][12]During August, the Cuban Stars clung to their lead in the pennant race, with the Bacharach Giants, the Harrisburg Giants, the Hilldale Club, and the Lincoln Giants all remaining in the mix. But by August 31, the Bacharach Giants had moved into first place with a 31–20 record.[13] A week later, the Bacharach Giants were solidly in first place with a 33–20 (.623) record and four games remaining before the scheduled September 15 end of the season. The second-place Harrisburg Giants had a 25–17 (.595) record, and the third-place Hilldale Club had a 34–24 (.586) record.[14] (Because of the unbalanced schedule, championships were awarded to the team with the highest winning percentage.) An article in the Afro-American newspaper provided a retrospective of the season, saying that with the Bacharach Giants' move from also-ran to first place, \"The Bacharach Giants have astonished the world in the last six weeks.\"[15]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1926 Chicago American Giants season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Chicago_American_Giants_season"},{"link_name":"Rube Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rube_Foster"},{"link_name":"Rube Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rube_Curry"},{"link_name":"Hilldale Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilldale_Club"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Curry-16"},{"link_name":"George Sweatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sweatt"},{"link_name":"Robert Poindexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Poindexter"},{"link_name":"Sandy Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Black Barons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Black_Barons"},{"link_name":"Cristóbal Torriente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Torriente"},{"link_name":"Juan Padrón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Padr%C3%B3n_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Bingo DeMoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingo_DeMoss"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis ABCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_ABCs"},{"link_name":"Memphis Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Sanford Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_Jackson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Charlie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Williams_(shortstop)"},{"link_name":"Pythias Russ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythias_Russ"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeMoss-18"},{"link_name":"Dave Malarcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Malarcher"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeMoss-18"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Elites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Elites"},{"link_name":"Candy Jim Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_Jim_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Cuban Stars (West)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Stars_(West)"},{"link_name":"Dayton Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Marcos"},{"link_name":"Detroit Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Stars"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Stars_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Bullet Rogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_Rogan"},{"link_name":"Arvell \"Bill\" Riggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Riggins"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Curry-16"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Dobie Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobie_Moore"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"mental asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insane_asylum"},{"link_name":"Kankakee State Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankakee_State_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DB_Update-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holway-2"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holway-2"},{"link_name":"doubleheader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleheader_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Chet Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Brewer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holway-2"}],"sub_title":"Chicago American Giants","text":"See also: 1926 Chicago American Giants seasonOver the winter, Rube Foster, the co-owner and manager of the American Giants (as well as president of the Negro National League), engaged in a series of trades and transactions designed to overhaul and rebuild his aging team. He traded for Rube Curry, who had pitched for the victors of 1925 Negro World Series—the Hilldale Club.[16] He traded for outfielder George Sweatt from Kansas City, pitcher Robert Poindexter and outfielder Sandy Thompson from the Birmingham Black Barons, sending away long-time American Giants players Cristóbal Torriente, Juan Padrón, and Bingo DeMoss (who went to manage the Indianapolis ABCs). From the Memphis Red Sox, which had forfeited its NNL franchise, he picked up Sanford Jackson, Charlie Williams, and catcher Pythias Russ.[17][18] Third baseman Dave Malarcher was named as captain of the team.[19]The Memphis and the Birmingham teams, which had played in the NNL in 1925, left to join the new Negro Southern League and did not renew their franchises, which were returned to the league. Their players were distributed to other teams.[18] A new franchise was approved for the Cleveland Elites, owned by Sam Shepard of St. Louis; Candy Jim Taylor was named as the team's manager.[20] The league would have eight teams—the Chicago American Giants, Cleveland Elites, Cuban Stars (West), Dayton Marcos, Detroit Stars, Indianapolis ABCs, Kansas City Monarchs, and St. Louis Stars.[21] Bullet Rogan took over as player-manager of the Monarchs, and Arvell \"Bill\" Riggins became the player-manager of the Detroit Stars. The schedule called for the season to open on May 1, with the league playing two halves and the winners of each half playing a league championship series.[22][23][16]The defending champion Monarchs jumped to an early lead in the race, winning all of their first nine games of the season and 13 of their first 15, with the American Giants in second place winning 10 of their first 13.[24][25] On May 18, however, the Monarchs suffered a tragic setback when their star shortstop, Dobie Moore, was shot in the leg by a girlfriend, resulting in compound fractures that would end his professional baseball career. The American Giants immediately retook the lead in the race, with Kansas City dropping to third.[26] But the Monarchs quickly rebounded and regained the lead, winning two consecutive series, eight of nine games, against the American Giants.[27] The first half race finished on July 5 with Kansas City winning it with a 35–12 record. Detroit (34–17) was in second place and Chicago (28–16) in third.[28]Two weeks into the second half, the league's weakest team, the Dayton Marcos, withdrew from the league and folded. A week later the Cleveland Elites also quit. The Cuban Stars had initially announced that they would return early to Cuba, but when Cleveland withdrew the Stars decided to stay and allow the league to continue with six teams.[29][30] Meanwhile, the American Giants jumped to an early lead in the second half race by going 22–1 in their first 23 games.[31] In late August, American Giants manager Rube Foster experienced a nervous breakdown after several weeks of exhibiting erratic behavior. He was taken into custody at his home by police and, after several days of observation, was committed to the mental asylum at Kankakee State Hospital.[32][33][34] Dave Malarcher took over the management of the team.[35] With a 29–7 record, the American Giants won the second half, narrowly edging the second-place Monarchs.[36][37]The NNL League Championship Series was a best-five-of-nine contest played from September 18 to 29. The series opened in Kansas City, where the Monarchs won the first three games, 4–3, 6–5, and 5–0, before the American Giants won the fourth game 4–3.[38][2]: 210–212 Traveling to Chicago to play the remainder of the series, the Monarchs won the fifth game 11–5, leaving them ahead four games to one. The Chicago Giants, however, rallied to win the next two games by scores of 2–0 (a shutout by Curry) and 4–3.[39][2]: 210–212On September 29 the Monarchs were still leading four games to three with a doubleheader scheduled. If the American Giants won, the teams would play a second, five-inning game and the winner would board the train to Atlantic City for the World Series. The teams' ace pitchers, Foster and Rogan, faced off in a great pitching duel. Both were pitching shutouts as the game went to the bottom of the ninth. Jackson beat out a roller to third, Foster sacrificed him to second, and with two outs, Thompson singled to drive in the winning run. When Rogan (the Monarchs' manager) saw that Foster was warming up to start the second game also, he decided to go back himself, taking the ball from Chet Brewer who had been scheduled to start. The decisions worked out better for the American Giants as Foster pitched his second shutout in one day. Chicago beat Kansas City 5–0, thereby clinching the league championship and a berth in the World Series.[2]: 211","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Defender"},{"link_name":"Fay Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Young_(sportswriter)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Series Plans","text":"As late as the beginning of September, Chicago Defender sportswriter Fay Young wrote that \"there might not be any world series this year\" because the Cuban Stars (East) were narrowly leading the Eastern Colored League pennant race. There were concerns that the Cuban squad did not have a park and would not generate enough attendance to cover the expenses of a series.[40] By mid-September the leagues had agreed to a best-five-of-nine-game series, with the first four games to be held in the East with games split among Atlantic City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and the last five games played in the West.[41]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Jones_(baseball,_born_1902)"},{"link_name":"catcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catcher"},{"link_name":"Chance Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_Cummings"},{"link_name":"first baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_baseman"},{"link_name":"Chano García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chano_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"second baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_baseman"},{"link_name":"Oliver Marcelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Marcelle"},{"link_name":"third baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_baseman"},{"link_name":"Dick Lundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Lundy_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"shortstop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortstop"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Reid"},{"link_name":"left field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_fielder"},{"link_name":"Chaney White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaney_White"},{"link_name":"center field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_fielder"},{"link_name":"Luther Farrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Farrell"},{"link_name":"right field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_fielder"},{"link_name":"starting pitchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starting_pitcher"},{"link_name":"Rats Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rats_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Claude Grier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Grier"},{"link_name":"Alonzo Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Hubert Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Lockhart"},{"link_name":"Roy Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Roberts_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"relief pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_pitcher"},{"link_name":"Elias \"Country\" Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Brown"},{"link_name":"Joe Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lewis_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"John Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hines_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Jim Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brown_(catcher)"},{"link_name":"Charlie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Williams_(shortstop)"},{"link_name":"Dave Malarcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Malarcher"},{"link_name":"Sanford Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_Jackson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Sandy Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Thompson"},{"link_name":"George Sweatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sweatt"},{"link_name":"Floyd Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Willie Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Foster_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Rube Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rube_Curry"},{"link_name":"Willie Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Powell"},{"link_name":"George Harney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harney_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Webster McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Sam Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Crawford_(pitcher)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Atlantic City's regular lineup consisted of Willie Jones as catcher, Chance Cummings as first baseman, Chano García as second baseman, Oliver Marcelle as third baseman, Dick Lundy as shortstop and manager, Ambrose Reid in left field, Chaney White in center field, and Luther Farrell in right field. Their starting pitchers were Rats Henderson, Claude Grier, Alonzo Mitchell, and Hubert Lockhart, and Roy Roberts was a relief pitcher. Their bench included outfielder Elias \"Country\" Brown and backup catcher Joe Lewis.[42]Chicago's regular lineup consisted of John Hines as catcher, Jim Brown as first baseman and backup catcher, Charlie Williams as second baseman, Dave Malarcher as third baseman and manager, Sanford Jackson as shortstop, Sandy Thompson in left field, George Sweatt in center field, and Floyd Gardner in right field. The pitching staff included starting pitchers Willie Foster, Rube Curry, Willie Powell, George Harney, and Webster McDonald, and relief pitcher Sam Crawford.[43]","title":"Rosters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward L. Bader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_L._Bader"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Invades-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Invades-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlaybyPlay-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Invades-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlaybyPlay-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Invades-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlaybyPlay-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Game 1","text":"The series opener in Atlantic City ended in a 3–3 tie when it was called after nine innings due to darkness. Curry started for the American Giants and pitched into the eighth inning, when he was lifted for Foster. Henderson went the distance for the Bacharach Giants. Mayor Edward L. Bader threw out the first pitch.[44]In the top of the second, Jackson came to bat with the bases loaded and no outs. He reached base on a fielder's choice hit to the pitcher; Henderson's throw home was high and wide allowing Hines to score with Chicago taking a 1–0 lead. The Bacharach Giants avoided further damage when Henderson struck out Curry and Sweatt was thrown out trying to score on a passed ball.[44][45]The Bacharach Giants took the lead in the bottom of the fourth, when White, Lundy, and Farrell hit consecutive singles with two outs, driving in two runs. In the top of the sixth, the American Giants regained the lead when Jackson batted again with the bases loaded, this time with two outs. He singled to right, driving in Sweatt and Malarcher and giving Chicago a 3–2 lead.[44][45]In the bottom of the seventh, the home team evened the score when Farrell hit a one-out home run over the right field fence. In the bottom of the eighth, the Bacharach Giants threatened again, loading the bases with two outs for Farrell. Foster, who just two days earlier had pitched two shutouts in a doubleheader to clinch the championship, came in to relieve Curry and struck out Farrell. Neither team scored in the ninth, and the game was called on account of darkness.[44][45][46]","title":"Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Invades-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Invades-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlaybyPlay-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Invades-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlaybyPlay-45"}],"sub_title":"Game 2","text":"The original schedule called for an off day on Saturday, October 2, but due to the tie in the first game, a second game in Atlantic City was hastily arranged. The American Giants took an early lead that the Bacharach Giants were unable to overcome, as Chicago won 7–6. Harney of the American Giants was the winning pitcher, while Grier took the loss for the Bacharach Giants.[44]The Bacharach Giants took a 1–0 lead in the bottom of the first on a sacrifice fly by Marcell. In the top of the second, though, the American Giants broke the game open. After five singles, a walk, and a hit batter, the American Giants had taken a 4–1 lead and had the bases loaded with two outs when Hines came to bat for the second time in the inning. Grier fell behind Hines with a 3–0 count, and Lundy brought in Lockhart to relieve and try to get the home team out of the jam. Hines then hit a triple to deep left field, driving in three and putting the American Giants ahead 7–1.[44][45]The Bacharach Giants chipped away at the American Giants lead. In the bottom of the third, Malarcher hit a double to right-center that drove in two, making the score 7–3. In the bottom of the sixth, the Bacharach Giants loaded the bases with one out after a single, a walk, and a hit batter. García singled to center, driving in two runs and knocking Harney out of the game. McDonald was brought in to relieve him, but he walked Lockhart to load the bases again. Reid then singled off the short fence in right field driving in another run, but the right fielder Gardner quickly fielded the ball and fired it home, so García retreated to third. The catcher Hines then noticed that Lockhart had rounded second, so he fired the ball to the shortstop, Jackson, picking off Lockhart. Meanwhile, García broke for home but was thrown out at the plate. During the play, García collided with Hines and the impact knocked him out for several minutes, but he was able to return to the game. The inning was over, and the American Giants still led 7–6. Chicago held on to the lead and that was the final score.[44][45]","title":"Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colored World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Invades-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlaybyPlay-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Invades-44"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fay-47"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Invades-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlaybyPlay-45"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrierPitches-48"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlaybyPlay-45"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlaybyPlay-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Invades-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlaybyPlay-45"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrierPitches-48"}],"sub_title":"Game 3","text":"On October 3, the Bacharach Giants beat the American Giants 10–0, as Claude Grier made baseball history by pitching the first no-hitter in a Colored World Series. Grier accomplished this feat the day after he had started and lost Game 2, knocked out in the second inning and giving up seven runs. While holding the American Giants hitless and striking out eight, Grier walked six batters and two American Giants reached base on errors. The Chicago Defender said that Grier \"deserves all the credit in the world, although we have to remind our readers that Marcell, Lundy and Garcia pulled off some of the most phenomenal fielding that we have seen...\" The losing pitcher, McDonald, went 7 innings and was charged with all 10 runs, of which four were unearned. Crawford pitched a scoreless eighth inning for the American Giants. The Atlantic City victory evened the Series at one game apiece.[44][45]The game was played in Baltimore. The weather was unusually hot, and attendance was disappointing for a Sunday game in the larger city.[44][47]In the bottom of the first, Reid led off for the Bacharach Giants reaching base and advancing to second on a throwing error by Jackson. Cummings singled to right, then Marcell bunted to a single, scoring Reid. White also tried bunting and reached base and advanced to second on a throwing error by Malarcher, with Cumming scoring. Lundy followed with a single to right scoring Marcell and White, and the home team was ahead 4–0 before having made an out.[44][45][48]The American Giants threatened a rally in the top of the fifth when Malarcher led off with a walk.[45] With two outs, McDonald reached base on a sharply hit ball to first that got past Cummings. The scoring official ruled it an error, though some fans said it should have been recorded as a hit, which would have ended Grier's no-hit bid.[49] This was followed by a walk issued to Gardner, loading the bases. But Thompson hit a come-backer to the pitcher and was thrown out, ending the inning.[45]In the bottom of the sixth, the Bacharach Giants scored six more runs to break the game open. García, leading off the inning, was hit by a pitch, and Grier doubled to left. Reid singled to center, scoring García. Then Cummings singled to center, driving in Grier, and Sweatt misplayed the ball allowing Reid to score and Cummings to advance to second on the error. Marcell singled, advancing Cummings to third, and White hit a sacrifice fly to score him. Lundy grounded into a fielder's choice to shortstop for the second out, and Farrell followed with a single advancing Lundy to third. Farrell and Lundy then attempted a double steal. The throw arrived to the catcher in time to tag out Lundy, but Hines dropped the ball and Lundy scored on another error (the fourth by the American Giants). Then Jones doubled, driving in Farrell to make it 10–0.[44][45][48]","title":"Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Invades-44"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fourth_Game-50"},{"link_name":"Fay Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Young_(sportswriter)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fay-47"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Invades-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlaybyPlay-45"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fourth_Game-50"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Invades-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlaybyPlay-45"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fourth_Game-50"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Invades-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlaybyPlay-45"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fourth_Game-50"}],"sub_title":"Game 4","text":"The fourth game ended in a 4–4 tie when the game was called due to darkness after nine innings. It was played in Philadelphia under unseasonably hot weather. Henderson started for Atlantic City and Foster for Chicago, and both starting pitchers threw complete games.[44][50] Chicago Defender columnist Fay Young blamed the pair of tied games called for darkness (Games 1 and 4) on slow pace of play and the decision by Eastern Colored League officials to start the games at 3:00 rather than 2:30, remarking, \"This time of year it gets dark early.\"[47]The American Giants scored twice in the top of the first. Gardner led off with a single to left, followed by a single to right by Malrcher that advanced Gardner to third. After a sacrifice bunt advanced Malarcher to second, Hines hit a fly to left that scored Gardner, while Malarcher advanced to third on the throw to the plate. Sweatt then hit a two-out single to right scoring Malarcher. They added another run in the fourth when Sweatt hit a one-out double to right-center. With two outs, Jackson doubled down the right field line driving in Sweatt and making it 3–0.[44][45][50]In the bottom of the fifth the Bacharach Giants scored four to take the lead. García led off with a walk, then with two outs Cummings singled. Marcell grounded to shortstop, but Jackson made a wild throw to first base, allowing García to score and the runners to advance to second and third. White singled to right, driving in both runners to tie the game. Lundy followed him with a triple to deep center scoring White and putting the Bacharach Giants ahead 4–3. In the sixth inning, the Bacharach Giants threatened to add on when García led off with a triple for the Bacharach Giants. Henderson flied out to right, and García attempted to score but was thrown out at the plate by Gardner, so the score remained 4–3.[44][45][50]The American Giants evened the score in the seventh. The first two batters, Jackson and Williams, both hit bunt singles. Foster hit a sacrifice bunt to advance the runners. With two outs, Jackson attempted to steal home and scored when Henderson's pitch got past the catcher, which was ruled as a passed ball. When the ninth inning ended with the score still tied, the game was called because of darkness.[44][45][50]","title":"Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jelly Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Alonzo Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Willie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Jones_(baseball,_born_1902)"},{"link_name":"Dave Malarcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Malarcher"},{"link_name":"Chance Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_Cummings"},{"link_name":"George Sweatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sweatt"},{"link_name":"Dick Lundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Lundy_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"John Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hines_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Rube Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rube_Curry"},{"link_name":"Alonzo Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Reid"},{"link_name":"Chance Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Oliver Marcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Marcell"},{"link_name":"John Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hines_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Chaney White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaney_White"},{"link_name":"Luther Farrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Farrell"},{"link_name":"Sandy Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Jim Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brown_(catcher)"},{"link_name":"Sanford Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_Jackson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Chaney White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaney_White"}],"sub_title":"Game 5","text":"Chicago American would blow a lead for the third time in five games, and this time it would cost them a win. They began the game with a lead on a series of unearned runs in the first inning that meant three runs on zero hits and three errors committed by Bacharach. Jelly Gardner started the game with a walk by pitcher Alonzo Mitchell, and a passed ball by catcher Willie Jones meant he went to second base. The next batter in Dave Malarcher would advance to first base on an error by first baseman Chance Cummings that gave Gardner enough time to score form second. A sacrifice bunt and an error led to runners on the corner, and a sacrifice groundout by George Sweatt scored Malarcher. An error by shortstop Dick Lundy on the next batter would score John Hines from second base.The game would stay that way until the fifth inning, when Bacharach made their charge, doing so on the strength of seven hits and two errors. Starting the proceedings was Jones, who started the inning with a single off Chicago starter Rube Curry. After a flyout, pitcher Alonzo Mitchell scored the first run on his second hit of the game (he would go 3-for-4) on a triple. Ambrose Reid would hit a single to center field that would score Mitchell, and Chance Cummings followed him with a single, with an error by Curry leading to runners on second and third base with one out. Oliver Marcell broke the game open with a hit to right field that scored Reid, and an error committed by catcher John Hines led to Cummings scoring to make it 4-3 and Marcell made it to third base. A fielder's choice resulted in the second out and a runner on second base, but Dick Lundy doubled off Curry to drive in Chaney White, and Luther Farrell followed him with a single that chased out Curry from the game; he threw 4+2⁄3 innings while allowing 11 total hits and six runs with one strikeout.Chicago inched closer in the subsequent inning, starting with a hit by Malarcher and a walk to Sandy Thompson, and they went to third and second base on a sacrifice bunt. A subsequent strikeout meant two outs for Jim Brown, but he would line a triple to right field to score two runs and narrow the deficit to 6–5. However, Sanford Jackson grounded out to the first baseman to end the inning.Bacharach closed the scoring in the seventh inning after Chaney White had started the inning with a walk and stole second base before a two-out double by Jones drove White home. Chicago managed to get a runner on first base in the final inning on a hit by Jackson, but two force-outs closed the game out as Alonzo Mitchell finalized a 2–1 series lead for Bacharach. He pitched a complete game while allowing four hits and five runs (two earned) with three strikeouts and walks.","title":"Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ambrose Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Reid"},{"link_name":"Dick Lundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Lundy_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Claude Grier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Grier"},{"link_name":"Dave Malarcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Malarcher"},{"link_name":"Sandy Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Thompson"},{"link_name":"George Sweatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sweatt"},{"link_name":"Oliver Marcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Marcell"},{"link_name":"Alonzo Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Chance Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Willie Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Powell"},{"link_name":"Claude Grier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Grier"}],"sub_title":"Game 6","text":"Bacharach withstood a brief rally by Chicago to close the New Jersey end of the Series with a win to go up three games to one (with two ties) in the Series.Bacharach started the scoring in the first inning. A leadoff single by Ambrose Reid was followed by two outs but him on second base and Dick Lundy scored him hin with a double to the outfield to make it 1–0. In the next inning, Chano García lined a two-out walk, and a walk to Claude Grier was followed by a single by Reid to make it 2–0. Chicago would get their chance to even it up in the fourth inning. Dave Malarcher hit a leadoff bunt for a single, and Sandy Thompson also lined a bunt successfully for a hit (the next batter would try to bunt as well, but he only succeeded in advancing the runners). George Sweatt lined a single to left to score two runs and tie the game. A bunt led to an error and two men on with one out, but two straight outs led to the game still tied after four.Bacharach broke the tie with a run in each of the next four innings. In the fifth, Reid had a triple to leadoff the inning and Oliver Marcell bunted him home. In the sixth, Reid had a two-run single to score Alonzo Mitchell from second base after he had a single earlier. In the seventh, Marcell had a leadoff double and Lundy would score him after his sharp grounder to the third baseman resulted in an error. In the eighth, each team scored runs. Chicago had a leadoff double by Powell and a walk by Gardner, and Hines scored Powell and Gardner on a two-out single to make it 5–4. Bacharach followed with a leadoff single by García that was eventually scored in by Chance Cummings on a double. Chicago had a leadoff walk, but the 7-8-9 hitters all hit outs to close out the game. Willie Powell pitched eight innings while allowing six runs (five earned) on twelve hits with two walks and two strikeouts. Claude Grier allowed four runs on six hits and three walks.","title":"Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ambrose Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Reid"},{"link_name":"Chance Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Charlie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Williams_(shortstop)"},{"link_name":"Hubert Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Lockhart"},{"link_name":"Jelly Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Dave Malarcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Malarcher"},{"link_name":"Sandy Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Thompson"},{"link_name":"George Sweatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sweatt"},{"link_name":"Willie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Jones_(baseball,_born_1902)"},{"link_name":"Hubert Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Lockhart"},{"link_name":"Oliver Marcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Marcell"},{"link_name":"Chaney White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaney_White"},{"link_name":"Hubert Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Lockhart"},{"link_name":"Dave Malarcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Malarcher"},{"link_name":"Sandy Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Thompson"},{"link_name":"John Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hines_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Willie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Jones_(baseball,_born_1902)"},{"link_name":"Bill Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Foster_(baseball)"}],"sub_title":"Game 7","text":"Chicago blew a lead for the fourth and final time in the Series, but a late rally gave them a win to make the series 3–2.Bacharach started the scoring in the third after two ground outs led to Ambrose Reid at bat. He hit a double to right field, and Chance Cummings scored him in with a single to right to make it 1–0. Chicago followed in the fourth inning after having loaded the bases on a single, an error, and a hit by pitch. Charlie Williams would help score a run when starting pitcher Hubert Lockhart threw a walk. Chances for more were dashed when the runner on third was picked off, but the game was tied. On their next chance to bat in the fifth, they broke the game open. With one out, Jelly Gardner lined a single that was followed by a walk to Dave Malarcher. Sandy Thompson would line a double into left field that scored Gardner. One batter later, George Sweatt hit a triple to center that cleared the bases and gave them a 4–1 lead.Bacharach would chip away at the lead late in the game. In the seventh inning, Willie Jones hit a leadoff double to right field. One batter later, Hubert Lockhart hit a single to left to score Jones and make it 4–2. In the eighth inning, Oliver Marcell hit a leadoff single to right field, and Chaney White followed it with a triple to left to cut the game to 4–3. A sacrifice fly by Joe Lewis score White to make it 4-4.The game was decided in the ninth inning. Starter Hubert Lockhart had gotten the leadoff hitter to pop-out, but he was replaced after Dave Malarcher had hit a single and stole second base. Lockhart had allowed nine hits in 8+1⁄3 innings with four walks and one strikeout. He was relieved for Rats Henderson. Henderson got Sandy Thompson to strikeout to make it two outs with a runner on second for John Hines. However, a passed ball by catcher Willie Jones advanced Malarcher to third base. Hines responded with a single to right field that scored the winning run. Bill Foster had allowed four runs on eight hits with three walks and five strikeouts.","title":"Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rats Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rats_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Country Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Brown"},{"link_name":"Chance Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Jim Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brown_(catcher)"},{"link_name":"George Harney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harney_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Marcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Marcell"},{"link_name":"Chaney White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaney_White"},{"link_name":"Sandy Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Jelly Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Gardner"},{"link_name":"John Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hines_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"George Sweatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sweatt"}],"sub_title":"Game 8","text":"Bacharach inched one closer to winning the Series with a shutout win over the Giants that included a complete-game shutout by Rats Henderson. By the time of the eighth inning, Bacharach had left six runners on base combined, while Chicago had left three behind.Country Brown started the eighth inning with a single through second base. Chance Cummings followed that up by advancing to first base on an error by first baseman Jim Brown. A wild pitch by starting pitcher George Harney meant that there was runners on third and second base, and Oliver Marcell was soon intentionally walked. With Chaney White at the plate, he belted a single to left field that left fielder Sandy Thompson would have trouble fielding after it landed, and the result was that White cleared the bases and advanced to second base. The scoring subsided afterwards on two groundouts and a flyout, but Bacharach led 3–0.The two teams each had a chance in the ninth for further scoring. Bacharach had the bases loaded with two out on the basis of a single and two walks, but a strikeout ended the threat. Chicago responded with a leadoff walk by Jelly Gardner, but a pop-out and a force-out meant that Sandy Thompson was at first base with two out, although a single by John Hines put the tying run at the plate in George Sweatt. However, he flied out to right field to end the game. Henderson threw a complete-game shutout while allowing just three hits while striking out seven and walking two. Harney allowed three runs (one earned) on six hits while walking six and striking out two.","title":"Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hines_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"George Sweatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sweatt"},{"link_name":"Sanford Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_Jackson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Charlie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Williams_(shortstop)"},{"link_name":"Jim Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brown_(catcher)"},{"link_name":"Dick Lundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Lundy_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Luther Farrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Farrell"}],"sub_title":"Game 9","text":"Chicago mustered runs early and withstood a potential rally to stay alive in the Series.Chicago started the second inning by getting on bases by walks to John Hines and George Sweatt. Hines was picked off second, and a ground out meant there was two outs with one on first. However, Sanford Jackson would line a triple to left field to score Sweatt, and Charlie Williams responded with a single to make it 2–0. In the fourth, a two-out double by Jim Brown was rewarded after Jackson hit a single to make it 3–0. In the sixth, walks to Hines and Sweatt led to a RBI single by Brown. Jackson would drive in a run on a fielder's choice, while a passed ball by the catcher led to another run.Bacharach had their only scoring in the eighth. Dick Lundy singled to leadoff the inning, and Luther Farrell followed with a single. Willie Jones had a double to make it 6–1, while Chano García made it 6–3 on a single (with an error by the catcher); a double play got García out at home to end the scoring. In the ninth, they garnered a single but no further hitting to end the game.Claude Grier threw eight innings while allowing six runs (four earned) on seven hits, six walks, and nine strikeouts. Rube Curry threw a complete game while allowing three runs on eight hits and having seven strikeouts.","title":"Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chance Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_Cummings"},{"link_name":"George Sweatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sweatt"},{"link_name":"Willie Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Powell"},{"link_name":"Rats Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rats_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Jelly Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Willie Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Powell"}],"sub_title":"Game 10","text":"Chicago continued their chance to stay alive in the Series with an onslaught of timely hitting to rout Bacharach. Ten batters went to bat in the fourth inning, and seven scored on seven hits and one error (committed by first baseman Chance Cummings that scored George Sweatt for the first run on a ball hit by Willie Powell) to make it 7-0 Chicago. Starter Rats Henderson (four innings, seven runs (all unearned) on nine hits with three walks and a strikeout) did not last to see the fifth inning, replaced by Roy Roberts (four innings, three hits, six runs (five earned), six walks, one strikeout). He would allow four runs to score on the basis of two hits, an error, and three walks. In the sixth inning, an error, a passed ball, and two walks meant the bases were loaded with no one out, and Jelly Gardner doubled to score two runs and close the game at 13–0. Willie Powell threw a complete-game shutout while allowing six hits with a walk and a strikeout.","title":"Series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dick Lundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Lundy_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Chaney White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaney_White"},{"link_name":"Chance Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Chaney White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaney_White"},{"link_name":"Jelly Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Jim Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Brown_(catcher)"},{"link_name":"Chano García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chano_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Country Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Brown"},{"link_name":"Oliver Marcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Marcell"},{"link_name":"Sanford Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_Jackson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"George Sweatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sweatt"},{"link_name":"Jelly Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Gardner"},{"link_name":"Dave Malarcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Malarcher"},{"link_name":"Sandy Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Thompson"},{"link_name":"walk-off single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk-off_home_run#Other_types_of_%22walk-off%22_wins"},{"link_name":"Bill Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Foster_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Hubert Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Lockhart"}],"sub_title":"Game 11","text":"The final game of the Series proved to be the most dramatic, and Chicago would win it all on a walk-off in the ninth despite Bacharach having numerous chances to score in a rematch of Game 7, which had also come down to the final inning.Bacharach had the first glance at a run in the first inning. With two outs, Dick Lundy and Chaney White each lobbed singles to center field, and Joe Lewis walked to load the bases. However, starting pitcher Willie Foster got Chance Cummings to strike out to end the inning. The next threat was in the fourth inning for Bacharach, who started with singles by Lewis and Cummings. However, a force out and two pop-outs led to no runs. They had the next threat in the seventh when they loaded the bases with two singles and a walk, but a flyout by Chaney White to center fielder Jelly Gardner ended that threat. Chicago never even reached third base until the eighth, when Jim Brown had a walk and advanced to third on two plays for outs, but Foster soon committed an out to end the inning.Both teams would have their chance to take the lead in the ninth inning. Bacharach gained a baserunner when Chano García hit a single, although that was followed by a strikeout and a force-out that had Country Brown at first. He would go for stealing second base, and an error by catcher Brown meant that he was on third base with two out. Oliver Marcell walked to have runners on the corners, but Lundy grounded a ball to shortstop Sanford Jackson, who threw to first baseman George Sweatt to keep the game tied at 0. In the bottom half of the frame, Jelly Gardner started it with a single to left, and he was advanced to second base on a sacrifice bunt by Dave Malarcher. With Sandy Thompson at bat, he would line a walk-off single to center field that left enough for Gardner to race to home plate and win the Series for Chicago.Bill Foster had allowed ten hits but had thrown a complete-game shutout with seven strikeouts and three walks for Chicago; Hubert Lockhart had thrown 8+1⁄3 innings and allowed four hits with one run allowed and a strikeout and a walk.","title":"Series"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"1926 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_World_Series"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Ahead of Their Time: Negro Leagues No-Hitters – Society for American Baseball Research\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sabr.org/bioproj/topic/ahead-of-their-time-negro-leagues-no-hitters/","url_text":"\"Ahead of Their Time: Negro Leagues No-Hitters – Society for American Baseball Research\""}]},{"reference":"Holway, John B. (2001), The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues: The Other Half of Baseball History, Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, pp. 216–217, ISBN 0803820070","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803820070","url_text":"0803820070"}]},{"reference":"\"1926 Negro League World Series\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.retrosheet.org/NegroLeagues/1926PS.html","url_text":"\"1926 Negro League World Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lincoln Giants Have not Quit: Keenan Says He'll Be at League Meet\", The Chicago Defender, p. 8, January 2, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Lloyed Will Manage N.Y. Lincoln Giants: Dick Lundy Will Assume Reins Dropped by 'Old Master' at Seashore\", The Afro-American, p. 9, March 20, 1926","urls":[{"url":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YxomAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v_0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3992%2C4302418","url_text":"\"Lloyed Will Manage N.Y. Lincoln Giants: Dick Lundy Will Assume Reins Dropped by 'Old Master' at Seashore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rube Currie Sold to American Giants: Hilldale Pitcher Sold to Chicago in Joint Meeting of Baseball Bosses: Newark Club Admitted to Eastern League: Salary Limit Is Not to Exceed $3,000 in any Club in Either League\", The Afro-American, p. 8, January 16, 1926","urls":[{"url":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WhomAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v_0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=5099%2C2643489","url_text":"\"Rube Currie Sold to American Giants: Hilldale Pitcher Sold to Chicago in Joint Meeting of Baseball Bosses: Newark Club Admitted to Eastern League: Salary Limit Is Not to Exceed $3,000 in any Club in Either League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eastern League Moguls Plan Uniform Schedule\", The Chicago Defender, p. 10, May 1, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Eastern League\", The Afro-American, p. 9, May 29, 1926","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bRomAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v_0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2043%2C6392291","url_text":"\"Eastern League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eastern League\", The Afro-American, p. 9, July 3, 1926","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vjQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3978%2C76763","url_text":"\"Eastern League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newark Stars Quit Eastern League\", The Afro-American, p. 9, July 10, 1926","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vzQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=5090%2C259479","url_text":"\"Newark Stars Quit Eastern League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bacharach Gts. Winning Streak Is Broken\", The Afro-American, p. 9, July 31, 1926","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wjQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3011%2C770929","url_text":"\"Bacharach Gts. Winning Streak Is Broken\""}]},{"reference":"Overmyer, James E. (2014), Black Ball and the Boardwalk: The Bacharach Giants of Atlantic City, 1916–1929, Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, pp. 153–154","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Eastern League\", The Afro-American, p. 9, September 4, 1926","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xzQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=4112%2C1639041","url_text":"\"Eastern League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eastern League\", The Afro-American, p. 9, September 11, 1926","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yDQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=5820%2C1817689","url_text":"\"Eastern League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eastern League Season Ends Sept. 15. Bacharachs Lead\", The Afro-American, p. 9, September 11, 1926","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yDQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3878%2C1818687","url_text":"\"Eastern League Season Ends Sept. 15. Bacharachs Lead\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rube Currie Comes to Am. Giants: Foster Secures Hilldale Hurler; Leagues Adjourn to Meet in Havana Next Year\", The Chicago Defender, p. 8, January 16, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Foster Signs Two New Outfielders\", The Chicago Defender, p. 9, January 23, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"DeMoss to Manage Indianapolis: Torrienti Goes to Kansas City for Sweatt; Cliff Bell to Birmingham; Other Deals\", The Chicago Defender, p. 10, February 13, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Am. Giants to Open Sunday: Currie and Tyler to Face Chicago Blues in Opener Sunday; Marlarcher Capt.\", The Chicago Defender, p. 9, April 17, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Jim Taylor to Manage Cleveland: Move Comes as Big Surprise to St. Louis Ball Fans as Directors Meet\", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, March 20, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"1926 Season Negro National League I, Seamheads.com Negro Leagues Database","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seamheads.com/NegroLgs/year.php?yearID=1926&lgID=NNL&tab=standings","url_text":"1926 Season Negro National League I"}]},{"reference":"\"Rogan to Manage Monarchs: Mendez to Be Retained as Coach; League Heads Will Meet in Chicago March 15\", The Chicago Defender, p. 10, March 13, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"St. Louis Opens in Kansas City: League Season Gets Under Way May 1; Detroit Stars Invade American Giants' Lair\", The Chicago Defender, p. 9, April 24, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Standing\", The Chicago Defender, p. 8, May 15, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Standing\", The Chicago Defender, p. 10, May 22, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Indianapolis Knocks Monarchs Out of Lead; Moore Shot by Woman: Greatest of Shortstops Is Bullet Victim\", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, May 29, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Monarchs Beat Fosters Four Straight: Kansas City Just too Much for American Giants; Fans Puzzled about Chicago Team\", The Chicago Defender, p. 10, June 12, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Standing\", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, July 10, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Dayton Quits Western League: Cuban Stars Will Go Home Monday Night: Schedule in 2nd Half Must Be Changed\", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, July 24, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Cuban Stars Remain But Elites Quit\", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, July 31, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Standing\", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, August 14, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Rube Foster in Hospital\", The Afro American, p. 9, September 4, 1926","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xzQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2710%2C1635439","url_text":"\"Rube Foster in Hospital\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foster, Former Baseball Star, Adjudged Insane\", Chicago Tribune, p. 19, September 3, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lester, Larry (2012). Rube Foster in His Time: On the Field and in the Papers with Black Baseball's Greatest Visionary. Jefferson, North Carolina, and London: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 166–172. ISBN 978-1-4766-0144-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Lester","url_text":"Lester, Larry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0144-1","url_text":"978-1-4766-0144-1"}]},{"reference":"Ashwill, Gary (December 10, 2019), Negro Leagues DB Update: 1926 Negro National League, Seamheads.com Negro Leagues Database","urls":[{"url":"https://seamheads.com/blog/2019/12/10/negro-leagues-db-update-1926-negro-national-league/","url_text":"Negro Leagues DB Update: 1926 Negro National League"}]},{"reference":"\"Am. Giants Win Two, Lose One to Indianapolis While Kansas City Leads Detroit\", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, September 11, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"American Giants Win Second Half: St. Louis, by Winning 9–3 from Kansas City Sunday, Gave Chicagoans the Title\", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, September 18, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"Young, Frank A. (September 25, 1926), \"Monarchs Lead American Giants: American Giants Find the Kansas City Club Wee Bit too Good at Baseball Game\", The Chicago Defender, p. 11","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_A._Young_(sportswriter)","url_text":"Young, Frank A."}]},{"reference":"\"Atlantic City Club Ready for the World Series Play: Kansas City and Giants Still Battle\", The Chicago Defender, p. 10, October 2, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Fay Says\", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, September 4, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"World Series Will Start Oct. 2: East to See First Games of the Series: Bacharachs Likely to Be West's Opponents\", The Chicago Defender, p. 10, September 18, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"1926 Atlantic City Bacharach Giants, Seamheads Negro League Database","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seamheads.com/NegroLgs/team.php?yearID=1926&teamID=AC&LGOrd=4&tab=fld","url_text":"1926 Atlantic City Bacharach Giants"}]},{"reference":"1926 Chicago American Giants, Seamheads Negro League Database","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seamheads.com/NegroLgs/team.php?yearID=1926&teamID=CAG&LGOrd=4&tab=fld","url_text":"1926 Chicago American Giants"}]},{"reference":"Young, Frank A. (October 9, 1926), \"Atlantic City Invades West, Leading Chicago 2 to 1 in World's Series\", The Chicago Defender, pp. 1, 11","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Atlantic City–American Giants Series Play by Play\", The Chicago Defender, p. 11, October 9, 1926","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Farrell Hero and Goat of First Game: Bacharach's Right Fielder Hits Homer, Strikes Out with Bases Loaded\", The Afro-American, p. 15, October 9, 1926","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zDQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=5999%2C2815879","url_text":"\"Farrell Hero and Goat of First Game: Bacharach's Right Fielder Hits Homer, Strikes Out with Bases Loaded\""}]},{"reference":"Young, Frank A. (October 9, 1926), \"Fay Says—\", The Chicago Defender, p. 10","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Grier Pitches No-Hit Game; Bacharachs Lead World's Series: Grier Pitches No-Hit, No-Run Game Here\", The Afro-American, p. 15, October 9, 1926","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zDQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=5999%2C2815879","url_text":"\"Grier Pitches No-Hit Game; Bacharachs Lead World's Series: Grier Pitches No-Hit, No-Run Game Here\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heard and Seen at the World Series\", The Afro-American, p. 15, October 9, 1926","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zDQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=4939%2C2818771","url_text":"\"Heard and Seen at the World Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fourth Game\", The Afro-American, p. 15, October 9, 1926","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zDQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6479%2C2822065","url_text":"\"Fourth Game\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/NegroLeagues/boxesetc/NgLg/B10010ACY1926.htm","external_links_name":"Boxscore"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/NegroLeagues/boxesetc/NgLg/B10020ACY1926.htm","external_links_name":"Boxscore"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/NegroLeagues/boxesetc/NgLg/B10030ACY1926.htm","external_links_name":"Boxscore"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/NegroLeagues/boxesetc/NgLg/B10040ACY1926.htm","external_links_name":"Boxscore"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/NegroLeagues/boxesetc/NgLg/B10050ACY1926.htm","external_links_name":"Boxscore"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/NegroLeagues/boxesetc/NgLg/B10060ACY1926.htm","external_links_name":"Boxscore"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/NegroLeagues/boxesetc/NgLg/B10090CAG1926.htm","external_links_name":"Boxscore"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/NegroLeagues/boxesetc/NgLg/B10100CAG1926.htm","external_links_name":"Boxscore"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/NegroLeagues/boxesetc/NgLg/B10110CAG1926.htm","external_links_name":"Boxscore"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/NegroLeagues/boxesetc/NgLg/B10130CAG1926.htm","external_links_name":"Boxscore"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/NegroLeagues/boxesetc/NgLg/B10140CAG1926.htm","external_links_name":"Boxscore"},{"Link":"https://sabr.org/bioproj/topic/ahead-of-their-time-negro-leagues-no-hitters/","external_links_name":"\"Ahead of Their Time: Negro Leagues No-Hitters – Society for American Baseball Research\""},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/NegroLeagues/1926PS.html","external_links_name":"\"1926 Negro League World Series\""},{"Link":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YxomAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v_0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3992%2C4302418","external_links_name":"\"Lloyed Will Manage N.Y. Lincoln Giants: Dick Lundy Will Assume Reins Dropped by 'Old Master' at Seashore\""},{"Link":"http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WhomAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v_0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=5099%2C2643489","external_links_name":"\"Rube Currie Sold to American Giants: Hilldale Pitcher Sold to Chicago in Joint Meeting of Baseball Bosses: Newark Club Admitted to Eastern League: Salary Limit Is Not to Exceed $3,000 in any Club in Either League\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bRomAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v_0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2043%2C6392291","external_links_name":"\"Eastern League\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vjQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3978%2C76763","external_links_name":"\"Eastern League\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vzQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=5090%2C259479","external_links_name":"\"Newark Stars Quit Eastern League\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wjQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3011%2C770929","external_links_name":"\"Bacharach Gts. Winning Streak Is Broken\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xzQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=4112%2C1639041","external_links_name":"\"Eastern League\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yDQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=5820%2C1817689","external_links_name":"\"Eastern League\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yDQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3878%2C1818687","external_links_name":"\"Eastern League Season Ends Sept. 15. Bacharachs Lead\""},{"Link":"https://www.seamheads.com/NegroLgs/year.php?yearID=1926&lgID=NNL&tab=standings","external_links_name":"1926 Season Negro National League I"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xzQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2710%2C1635439","external_links_name":"\"Rube Foster in Hospital\""},{"Link":"https://seamheads.com/blog/2019/12/10/negro-leagues-db-update-1926-negro-national-league/","external_links_name":"Negro Leagues DB Update: 1926 Negro National League"},{"Link":"https://www.seamheads.com/NegroLgs/team.php?yearID=1926&teamID=AC&LGOrd=4&tab=fld","external_links_name":"1926 Atlantic City Bacharach Giants"},{"Link":"https://www.seamheads.com/NegroLgs/team.php?yearID=1926&teamID=CAG&LGOrd=4&tab=fld","external_links_name":"1926 Chicago American Giants"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zDQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=5999%2C2815879","external_links_name":"\"Farrell Hero and Goat of First Game: Bacharach's Right Fielder Hits Homer, Strikes Out with Bases Loaded\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zDQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=5999%2C2815879","external_links_name":"\"Grier Pitches No-Hit Game; Bacharachs Lead World's Series: Grier Pitches No-Hit, No-Run Game Here\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zDQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=4939%2C2818771","external_links_name":"\"Heard and Seen at the World Series\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zDQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Z_4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6479%2C2822065","external_links_name":"\"Fourth Game\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_Tuci%C4%87
|
Zoran Tucić
|
["1 Notes","2 External links"]
|
Serbian comic-book and graphic novel creator, architect, scriptwriter and illustrator
Zoran TucićZoran Tucić 1993(photo by Milinko Stefanović)BornZoran Tucić30 October 1961 (1961-10-30) (age 62)Šabac, YugoslaviaNationalitySerbianArea(s)Artist; WriterNotable worksThe Third Argument, Vorloh
Zoran Tucić (Serbian Cyrillic: Зоран Туцић, born 30 October 1961 in Šabac) is a Serbian comic-book and graphic novel creator, architect, scriptwriter and illustrator.
He graduated from Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade with project „New Egyptian Museum, Giza, Cairo”. With Vujadin Radovanović, Rade Tovladijac and Saša Živković, he was founder of artistic group „Bauhaus 7” in Belgrade, 1981.
Published comics in Yugoslavia and ex-Yugoslav countries, Germany, USA, Netherlands, Cyprus, Italy, etc.
He is known best for his comics series "Vorloh" ("Warloch", written by Ljuan Koka, Aleksandar Timotijević) and Z. Tucić, "Niti snova o moći" („Threads of Power Dreams”, written by Koka), "The Third Argument" (based on Milorad Pavić stories, written by Zoran Stefanović) and "Adam Wild" (Gianfranco Manfredi).
He was one of the founders of Association of Comics' Artists of Serbia (Udruženje stripskih umetnika Srbije, USUS) 2010 and its first president till 2015. He lives in Belgrade.
Notes
^ „The Third Argument by Zoran Tucić, Milorad Pavić, Zoran Stefanović (info)”, Milorad Pavić Library, Project Rastko
^ "Adam Wild: il ritorno della grande avventura!", Sergio Bonelli Editore
External links
Comics creator: Zoran Tucić (in English)
Zoran Tucić at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
This profile of a comics artist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Šabac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0abac"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"comic-book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic-book"},{"link_name":"graphic novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_novel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Vujadin Radovanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vujadin_Radovanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Rade Tovladijac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rade_Tovladijac"},{"link_name":"Saša Živković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sa%C5%A1a_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ljuan Koka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ljuan_Koka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Timotijević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksandar_Timotijevi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Third Argument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Third_Argument"},{"link_name":"Milorad Pavić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milorad_Pavi%C4%87_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Zoran Stefanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_Stefanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Gianfranco Manfredi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_Manfredi"}],"text":"Zoran Tucić (Serbian Cyrillic: Зоран Туцић, born 30 October 1961 in Šabac) is a Serbian comic-book and graphic novel creator, architect, scriptwriter and illustrator.[1]He graduated from Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade with project „New Egyptian Museum, Giza, Cairo”. With Vujadin Radovanović, Rade Tovladijac and Saša Živković, he was founder of artistic group „Bauhaus 7” in Belgrade, 1981. \nPublished comics in Yugoslavia and ex-Yugoslav countries, Germany, USA, Netherlands, Cyprus, Italy, etc.He is known best for his comics series \"Vorloh\" (\"Warloch\", written by Ljuan Koka, Aleksandar Timotijević) and Z. Tucić, \"Niti snova o moći\" („Threads of Power Dreams”, written by Koka), \"The Third Argument\" (based on Milorad Pavić stories, written by Zoran Stefanović) and \"Adam Wild\"[2] (Gianfranco Manfredi).He was one of the founders of Association of Comics' Artists of Serbia (Udruženje stripskih umetnika Srbije, USUS) 2010 and its first president till 2015. He lives in Belgrade.","title":"Zoran Tucić"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"„The Third Argument by Zoran Tucić, Milorad Pavić, Zoran Stefanović (info)”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//rastko.rs/rastko/delo/15345"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Adam Wild: il ritorno della grande avventura!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sergiobonellieditore.it/gallery/18303/Adam-Wild--il-ritorno-della.html"}],"text":"^ „The Third Argument by Zoran Tucić, Milorad Pavić, Zoran Stefanović (info)”, Milorad Pavić Library, Project Rastko\n\n^ \"Adam Wild: il ritorno della grande avventura!\", Sergio Bonelli Editore","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://rastko.rs/rastko/delo/15345","external_links_name":"„The Third Argument by Zoran Tucić, Milorad Pavić, Zoran Stefanović (info)”"},{"Link":"http://www.sergiobonellieditore.it/gallery/18303/Adam-Wild--il-ritorno-della.html","external_links_name":"\"Adam Wild: il ritorno della grande avventura!\""},{"Link":"http://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/tucic_zoran.htm","external_links_name":"Comics creator: Zoran Tucić"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3290893/","external_links_name":"Zoran Tucić"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000459757868","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4094147872004875170007","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb170813047","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb170813047","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoran_Tuci%C4%87&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassofeltrio
|
Sassofeltrio
|
["1 Twin towns","2 References"]
|
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. (January 2022) Click for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|it|Sassofeltrio}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Comune in Emilia-Romagna, ItalySassofeltrioComuneComune di SassofeltrioLocation of Sassofeltrio
SassofeltrioLocation of Sassofeltrio in ItalyShow map of ItalySassofeltrioSassofeltrio (Emilia-Romagna)Show map of Emilia-RomagnaCoordinates: 43°53′N 12°31′E / 43.883°N 12.517°E / 43.883; 12.517CountryItalyRegionEmilia-RomagnaProvinceRimini (RN)FrazioniCa' Miccio, Fratte, GessoGovernment • MayorFabio MediciArea • Total21.08 km2 (8.14 sq mi)Elevation468 m (1,535 ft)Population (31 May 2022) • Total1,353 • Density64/km2 (170/sq mi)DemonymSassofeltresiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code47869Dialing code0541Patron saintSt. BlaiseSaint dayFebruary 3WebsiteOfficial website
Sassofeltrio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rimini in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 145 kilometres (90 mi) southeast of Bologna and about 21 kilometres (13 mi) south of Rimini.
On 24-25 June 2007 Sassofeltrio, alongside the nearby comune of Montecopiolo, voted in a referendum to detach from neighboring Province of Pesaro and Urbino in Marche region in favor of Province of Rimini in Emilia-Romagna, it came into effect 14 years later on 17 June 2021.
Sassofeltrio borders the following municipalities: Chiesanuova (San Marino), Faetano (San Marino), Fiorentino (San Marino), Gemmano, Mercatino Conca, Montegiardino (San Marino), Monte Grimano, Montescudo, San Leo, Verucchio.
Twin towns
Caderzone Terme, Italy
References
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.
^ "Gazzetta Ufficiale". www.gazzettaufficiale.it. Retrieved 2023-05-30.
vteEmilia-Romagna · Comuni of the Province of Rimini
Bellaria – Igea Marina
Casteldelci
Cattolica
Coriano
Gemmano
Maiolo
Misano Adriatico
Mondaino
Montecopiolo
Montefiore Conca
Montegridolfo
Montescudo-Monte Colombo
Morciano di Romagna
Novafeltria
Pennabilli
Poggio Torriana
Riccione
Rimini
Saludecio
San Clemente
San Giovanni in Marignano
San Leo
Sant'Agata Feltria
Santarcangelo di Romagna
Sassofeltrio
Talamello
Verucchio
Authority control databases
VIAF
This Marche location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Province of Rimini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Rimini"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Emilia-Romagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia-Romagna"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"Rimini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimini"},{"link_name":"Province of Pesaro and Urbino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pesaro_and_Urbino"},{"link_name":"Marche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marche"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chiesanuova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesanuova"},{"link_name":"Faetano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faetano"},{"link_name":"Fiorentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorentino"},{"link_name":"Gemmano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemmano"},{"link_name":"Mercatino Conca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercatino_Conca"},{"link_name":"Montegiardino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montegiardino"},{"link_name":"Monte Grimano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Grimano"},{"link_name":"Montescudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montescudo"},{"link_name":"San Leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Leo"},{"link_name":"Verucchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verucchio"}],"text":"Comune in Emilia-Romagna, ItalySassofeltrio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rimini in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about 145 kilometres (90 mi) southeast of Bologna and about 21 kilometres (13 mi) south of Rimini.On 24-25 June 2007 Sassofeltrio, alongside the nearby comune of Montecopiolo, voted in a referendum to detach from neighboring Province of Pesaro and Urbino in Marche region in favor of Province of Rimini in Emilia-Romagna, it came into effect 14 years later on 17 June 2021.[3]Sassofeltrio borders the following municipalities: Chiesanuova (San Marino), Faetano (San Marino), Fiorentino (San Marino), Gemmano, Mercatino Conca, Montegiardino (San Marino), Monte Grimano, Montescudo, San Leo, Verucchio.","title":"Sassofeltrio"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Caderzone Terme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caderzone_Terme"}],"text":"Caderzone Terme, Italy","title":"Twin towns"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gazzetta Ufficiale\". www.gazzettaufficiale.it. Retrieved 2023-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2021-06-16&atto.codiceRedazionale=21G00091&elenco30giorni=true","url_text":"\"Gazzetta Ufficiale\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sassofeltrio¶ms=43_53_N_12_31_E_type:city(1,292)_region:IT","external_links_name":"43°53′N 12°31′E / 43.883°N 12.517°E / 43.883; 12.517"},{"Link":"http://www.comune.sassofeltrio.pu.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","external_links_name":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""},{"Link":"https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2021-06-16&atto.codiceRedazionale=21G00091&elenco30giorni=true","external_links_name":"\"Gazzetta Ufficiale\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/249240937","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sassofeltrio&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_High_School
|
Hebrew University Secondary School
|
["1 History","2 Academics","3 Notable alumni","4 Notable faculty","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 31°46′50″N 35°11′50″E / 31.78056°N 35.19722°E / 31.78056; 35.19722Prestigious high school in Jerusalem, Israel
Entrance to Hebrew University High School
School logo
Hebrew University High School (Hebrew: התיכון ליד האוניברסיטה), commonly known as Leyada (literally "next to"), is a semi-private high school in West Jerusalem, established in 1935 by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The school is located next to the Givat Ram campus of the Hebrew University. It is considered one of the country's most prestigious and selective institutions of secondary education.
History
Founded in 1935 as Beit-Hakerem High School, it soon established a unique methodology and syllabus, carefully screening applicants through psychometric entrance exams. Over the years, the school has carried out several integration projects initially founded by Professor Karl Frankenstein (Hebrew: קרל פרנקנשטיין; born 16 February 1905, died 1990), a ground-breaking Israeli professor in special education and pedagogy. Over the years, these projects have changed names and structure and have attempted to diminish the school's social elitist stereotype. While many students come from middle- and upper-class families, there is a broad diversity of students at the school originating from a range of backgrounds, including Jewish, Arab, students from migrant families and more.
Academics
Leyada is considered one of the country's most prestigious and best achieving high schools. The school is in the process of reform and restructuring. Dr. Gilead Amir has completed his role as Principal of the six-year programme in mid-2020, with Erez Hacker becoming Principal in mid 2020, Dr. Rivka Berger was Pedagogical Director and Vice Principal. Rena Gampel was coordinator of the high school.
The school has a five-day week schedule (Sunday through Thursday), keeping facilities open on Fridays for special classes, self-study and projects. In addition to the 40+ classrooms upgraded with projectors, wi-fi and whiteboards, facilities include two 200 seat lecture halls, fully equipped physics and chemistry laboratories, a library, state-of-the-art art center, a chamber-music auditorium, a 600-seat theater, a modern professional sports center and a regulation-size basketball court.
The recent principal was Dr. Gilead Amir (class of 1970), who joined faculty in 1977 as a math teacher, and took the top position in 2003 from 35-year veteran Hana Levitte. Among the school's board of directors is Israeli Labor Party member Orna Angel, a 1980 Leyada graduate and former CEO of the Tel Aviv Port Authority.
Notable alumni
Etgar Keret
Yitzhak Navon (class of 1939) – fifth President of Israel
Yohai Ben-Nun (1942) – sixth commander of the Israeli Sea Corps
Daniel Kahneman (1951) – awarded the 2002 Nobel Prize in Economics
Aharon Barak (1954) – Professor of law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, lecturer in law at the Yale Law School, President of the Supreme Court of Israel from 1995 to 2006
Yehoram Gaon (1956) – singer and actor
Ruth Kark (1958) - Professor of Geography, Jerusalem Honor (Yakirat Yersushalyim), Herzl Prize.
David Gross (1959) – awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics
Tom Segev (1963) – journalist and historian
Meir Shalev (1966) – writer
David Grossman (1972) – author of fiction, nonfiction, and youth and children's literature
Ido Nehoshtan (1975) – sixteenth commander of the Israeli Air Force
Orit Strook (1979) – member of the Knesset for The Jewish Home party and a settler leader
Etgar Keret (1985) – writer. The title of one of his books, Kneler's Summer Camp, is a reference to the school principal at his time, Dr. Shmuel Kneler.
Gil Shwed (1986) – founder of Checkpoint
Elon Lindenstrauss (1988) – awarded the 2010 Fields medal in Mathematics
Anat Kamm (2004) – A journalist who has been convicted of providing confidential information without authorization, as part of the Anat Kamm-Uri Blau affair. Blau is another graduate of the school.
Ofer Berkowitz (1983) - Deputy Mayor of Jerusalem and head of the Jerusalem Hitorerut political party.
Eden Alene (2018) - Israel representative to Eurovision Song Contest 2021
The prime minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu, has studied in the school, but did not graduate from it, because of his family's relocation to the United States.
Notable faculty
Yeshayahu Leibowitz (1903–94), an Israeli public intellectual, professor to Biochemistry, Organic chemistry and Neurophysiology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a polymath known for his outspoken opinions on Judaism, ethics, religion and politics.
Batya Gur (1947-2005) Israeli writer.
References
^ Greetings from the School Principal Archived 2011-10-23 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Haaretz, 28-Jan-2005: To be private or not to be "
^ a b The World Today, 12-December-2006: Green line turns Israel's schools into political battleground
^ Haaretz 26-December-2006: Prestigious Jerusalem high school opens its doors city-wide, ushering in conflict in the process
^ Five-day school week? Jerusalem Post, 5-Sep-2003
^ "Interview with Daniel Kahneman". Interviews with Max Raskin. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
^ What were Benjamin Netanyahu's blissful years in Israel? - excerpt Jerusalem Post, 14 October 2022
External links
Hebrew University Secondary School website
Haaretz article, "Peretz stars in high school civics lesson"
31°46′50″N 35°11′50″E / 31.78056°N 35.19722°E / 31.78056; 35.19722
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LeyadaFront.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LogoLeyada.png"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"West Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Givat Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givat_Ram"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"Prestigious high school in Jerusalem, IsraelEntrance to Hebrew University High SchoolSchool logoHebrew University High School (Hebrew: התיכון ליד האוניברסיטה), commonly known as Leyada (literally \"next to\"), is a semi-private high school in West Jerusalem, established in 1935 by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.[1] The school is located next to the Givat Ram campus of the Hebrew University. It is considered one of the country's most prestigious and selective institutions of secondary education.[2][3]","title":"Hebrew University Secondary School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Founded in 1935 as Beit-Hakerem High School, it soon established a unique methodology and syllabus, carefully screening applicants through psychometric entrance exams. Over the years, the school has carried out several integration projects initially founded by Professor Karl Frankenstein (Hebrew: קרל פרנקנשטיין; born 16 February 1905, died 1990), a ground-breaking Israeli professor in special education and pedagogy. Over the years, these projects have changed names and structure and have attempted to diminish the school's social elitist stereotype. While many students come from middle- and upper-class families,[4] there is a broad diversity of students at the school originating from a range of backgrounds, including Jewish, Arab, students from migrant families and more.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Israeli Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Orna Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orna_Angel"}],"text":"Leyada is considered one of the country's most prestigious and best achieving high schools.[2][3] The school is in the process of reform and restructuring.[when?] Dr. Gilead Amir has completed his role as Principal of the six-year programme in mid-2020, with Erez Hacker becoming Principal in mid 2020, Dr. Rivka Berger was Pedagogical Director and Vice Principal. Rena Gampel was coordinator of the high school.The school has a five-day week schedule (Sunday through Thursday), keeping facilities open on Fridays for special classes, self-study and projects.[5] In addition to the 40+ classrooms upgraded with projectors, wi-fi and whiteboards, facilities include two 200 seat lecture halls, fully equipped physics and chemistry laboratories, a library, state-of-the-art art center, a chamber-music auditorium, a 600-seat theater, a modern professional sports center and a regulation-size basketball court.The recent principal was Dr. Gilead Amir (class of 1970), who joined faculty in 1977 as a math teacher, and took the top position in 2003 from 35-year veteran Hana Levitte. Among the school's board of directors is Israeli Labor Party member Orna Angel, a 1980 Leyada graduate and former CEO of the Tel Aviv Port Authority.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Etgar-keret-photo-by-moti-kikayon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Etgar Keret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etgar_Keret"},{"link_name":"Yitzhak Navon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Navon"},{"link_name":"Yohai Ben-Nun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohai_Ben-Nun"},{"link_name":"Israeli Sea Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Sea_Corps"},{"link_name":"Daniel Kahneman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Aharon Barak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aharon_Barak"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Yale Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Yehoram Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehoram_Gaon"},{"link_name":"Ruth Kark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Kark"},{"link_name":"Yakirat Yersushalyim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakir_Yerushalayim"},{"link_name":"David Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gross"},{"link_name":"Tom Segev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Segev"},{"link_name":"Meir Shalev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Shalev"},{"link_name":"David Grossman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grossman"},{"link_name":"Ido Nehoshtan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ido_Nehoshtan"},{"link_name":"Israeli Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Orit Strook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orit_Strook"},{"link_name":"Knesset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knesset"},{"link_name":"The Jewish Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Home"},{"link_name":"Etgar Keret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etgar_Keret"},{"link_name":"Gil Shwed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Shwed"},{"link_name":"Checkpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_Point"},{"link_name":"Elon Lindenstrauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Lindenstrauss"},{"link_name":"Fields medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_medal"},{"link_name":"Anat Kamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat_Kamm"},{"link_name":"Anat Kamm-Uri Blau affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat_Kamm-Uri_Blau_affair"},{"link_name":"Eden Alene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Alene"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2021"},{"link_name":"prime minister of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Netanyahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu"},{"link_name":"relocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relocation_(personal)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Etgar KeretYitzhak Navon (class of 1939) – fifth President of Israel\nYohai Ben-Nun (1942) – sixth commander of the Israeli Sea Corps\nDaniel Kahneman (1951) – awarded the 2002 Nobel Prize in Economics[6]\nAharon Barak (1954) – Professor of law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, lecturer in law at the Yale Law School, President of the Supreme Court of Israel from 1995 to 2006\nYehoram Gaon (1956) – singer and actor\nRuth Kark (1958) - Professor of Geography, Jerusalem Honor (Yakirat Yersushalyim), Herzl Prize.David Gross (1959) – awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics\nTom Segev (1963) – journalist and historian\nMeir Shalev (1966) – writer\nDavid Grossman (1972) – author of fiction, nonfiction, and youth and children's literature\nIdo Nehoshtan (1975) – sixteenth commander of the Israeli Air Force\nOrit Strook (1979) – member of the Knesset for The Jewish Home party and a settler leader\nEtgar Keret (1985) – writer. The title of one of his books, Kneler's Summer Camp, is a reference to the school principal at his time, Dr. Shmuel Kneler.\nGil Shwed (1986) – founder of Checkpoint\nElon Lindenstrauss (1988) – awarded the 2010 Fields medal in Mathematics\nAnat Kamm (2004) – A journalist who has been convicted of providing confidential information without authorization, as part of the Anat Kamm-Uri Blau affair. Blau is another graduate of the school.\nOfer Berkowitz (1983) - Deputy Mayor of Jerusalem and head of the Jerusalem Hitorerut political party.\nEden Alene (2018) - Israel representative to Eurovision Song Contest 2021The prime minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu, has studied in the school, but did not graduate from it, because of his family's relocation to the United States.[7]","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yeshayahu Leibowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshayahu_Leibowitz"},{"link_name":"Batya Gur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batya_Gur"}],"text":"Yeshayahu Leibowitz (1903–94), an Israeli public intellectual, professor to Biochemistry, Organic chemistry and Neurophysiology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a polymath known for his outspoken opinions on Judaism, ethics, religion and politics.\nBatya Gur (1947-2005) Israeli writer.","title":"Notable faculty"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Entrance to Hebrew University High School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/LeyadaFront.jpg/250px-LeyadaFront.jpg"},{"image_text":"School logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/60/LogoLeyada.png"},{"image_text":"Etgar Keret","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Etgar-keret-photo-by-moti-kikayon.jpg/100px-Etgar-keret-photo-by-moti-kikayon.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Leyada_%28panoramic%29.jpg/360px-Leyada_%28panoramic%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Interview with Daniel Kahneman\". Interviews with Max Raskin. Retrieved 2023-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maxraskin.com/interviews/daniel-kahneman","url_text":"\"Interview with Daniel Kahneman\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hebrew_University_Secondary_School¶ms=31_46_50_N_35_11_50_E_region:IL_type:edu","external_links_name":"31°46′50″N 35°11′50″E / 31.78056°N 35.19722°E / 31.78056; 35.19722"},{"Link":"http://www.leyada.net/51523/%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%9C","external_links_name":"Greetings from the School Principal"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111023044225/http://www.leyada.net/51523/%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%9C","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/to-be-private-or-not-to-be-1.148639","external_links_name":"Haaretz, 28-Jan-2005: To be private or not to be \""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2006/s1809724.htm","external_links_name":"The World Today, 12-December-2006: Green line turns Israel's schools into political battleground"},{"Link":"http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/805482.html","external_links_name":"Haaretz 26-December-2006: Prestigious Jerusalem high school opens its doors city-wide, ushering in conflict in the process"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160325040748/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79633463.html","external_links_name":"Five-day school week?"},{"Link":"https://www.maxraskin.com/interviews/daniel-kahneman","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Daniel Kahneman\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-719615","external_links_name":"What were Benjamin Netanyahu's blissful years in Israel? - excerpt"},{"Link":"http://leyada.net/","external_links_name":"Hebrew University Secondary School website"},{"Link":"http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/peretz-stars-in-high-school-civics-lesson-1.179142","external_links_name":"Haaretz article, \"Peretz stars in high school civics lesson\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hebrew_University_Secondary_School¶ms=31_46_50_N_35_11_50_E_region:IL_type:edu","external_links_name":"31°46′50″N 35°11′50″E / 31.78056°N 35.19722°E / 31.78056; 35.19722"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfron
|
Balfron
|
["1 History","2 Facilities","3 Transport","4 Communication","5 People from Balfron","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 56°04′18″N 4°20′14″W / 56.071775°N 4.337256°W / 56.071775; -4.337256
Human settlement in ScotlandBalfronScottish Gaelic: Both FronThe church and war memorial in BalfronBalfronLocation within the Stirling council areaPopulation2,140 (2020)OS grid referenceNS546890Civil parishBalfronCouncil areaStirlingLieutenancy areaStirling and FalkirkCountryScotlandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townGLASGOWPostcode districtG63 0xxDialling code01360PoliceScotlandFireScottishAmbulanceScottish
UK ParliamentStirlingScottish ParliamentStirling
List of places
UK
Scotland
56°04′18″N 4°20′14″W / 56.071775°N 4.337256°W / 56.071775; -4.337256
Balfron (Scottish Gaelic: Both Fron) is a village in the Stirling council area of Scotland. It is situated near Endrick Water on the A875 road, 18 miles (29 km) west of Stirling and 16 miles (26 km) north of Glasgow. Although a rural settlement, it lies within commuting distance of Glasgow, and serves as a dormitory settlement.
History
The name means 'cottage of mourning' in Gaelic. This originates from a legend that the village was attacked by wolves, which stole children out of their homes. The first documented evidence of a settlement at the site dates from 1303, when it was referred to as "Buthbren".
Balfron has an ancient oak – the Clachan Oak – where William Wallace is said to have rested and later Rob Roy is supposed to have hidden. Rob Roy's sons abducted young widow-heiress Jean Key from nearby Edinbellie and forced her to marry Robin Oig MacGregor who was hanged for the crime.
In 1789, when Robert Dunmore built Ballindalloch Cotton Works, he expanded the settlement from a hamlet of around 50 people to a bustling Industrial Revolution planned village with a population of almost 1,000 within a year.
As the cotton boom began to fail, the arrival of the Forth and Clyde Junction Railway transformed Balfron into a popular holiday resort. Testament to this was the presence of the Tontine Hotel, which stood at the corner of Buchanan Street and Cotton Street. The plethora of no longer required ex-army vehicles after World War I began the village's connection with buses which still survives today.
Balfron Tower, a high-rise residential building in London designed by Ernő Goldfinger, was named after the village in 1967.
Facilities
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Balfron has shops, a health centre, a village hall and a secondary school (Balfron High School). The town also contains a fire station, garage, ambulance depot, police station, primary school, bowling green and an 18-hole golf course. There is a branch of the Bank of Scotland. There is a gift shop – Wonderland and Doyles cafe – also situated in Balfron.
The game of golf is not a new tradition in Balfron. There had been a 9-hole course at the top of the village for many years until, in 1939, Balfron Golf Club was dissolved and the land given up for agricultural use during the 2nd World War. In 1991 Balfron Golf Society was formed to re-create a nine-hole course on the site of the original one. A 9-hole course opened in 1994 and in 2001 was extended to 18 holes.
The Secondary School (Balfron High School) opened in 2001, replacing a 1960s-era building which had previously acted as the secondary school. The new school was built as a public-private partnership (PPP) with the company Jarvis plc under the PPP policy of the Scottish Executive which was then run by the Scottish Labour Party. It and the local primary school, which has nursery provision, are located in separate buildings on the same campus and is signposted in the village as "Balfron Campus". The old school, which originated from the 19th century and was still used as classroom space until 2001 has been converted into two homes. Jarvis, the company that managed the school under the PPP arrangements, went into administration in March 2010. The administrator appointed by Jarvis approached the council with an offer from SGP Ltd to take over both the PFI (private finance initiative) contract and the facilities management contract. As part of the PPP agreement the leisure facilities of the school are open to the public outwith school hours.
Balfron Church is situated in the settlement and shares a minister with the neighbouring parish of Fintry. The catholic community is served by St Anthony's, which shares a priest with St Kessog's, in Strathblane. Strathendrick Baptist Church is also based in Balfron and meets at McLintock Hall.
There are eight listed buildings in Balfron, and a further fifteen in the area around the village.
Many youth groups work in the village including Duke of Edinburgh Award Scheme, scouts and guides.
Balfron Rovers Football Club are a Scottish association football club based in Balfron. As of 2014, they play in the Forth and Endrick Football League.
Transport
Balfron railway station was opened to serve the town in 1856. It served as a junction between the Forth and Clyde Junction Railway and the Strathendrick and Aberfoyle Railway. The station closed in 1951.
The main road in Balfron is the A875. Local bus services are provided by McGill's Scotland East.
Communication
The Balfron telephone exchange serves (approx) 970 residential premises and 55 non-residential premises.
Internet Broadband services are available, but BT Openreach have not upgraded the Balfron exchange since it was updated for ADSL Max Broadband in March 2006. 21CN WBC and fibre services are not available from this exchange. There is no Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) operator presence.
People from Balfron
Alexander 'Greek' Thomson (1817 – 1875) was born in Balfron to a father who was a bookkeeper at Ballindalloch Mill. He became an eminent Glaswegian architect and architectural theorist and a pioneer in sustainable building.
George Thomson (1819 – 1878), brother of Alexander Thomson, was born in Balfron. After an early career as an architect became a baptist missionary in Limbe, Cameroon (then known as "Victoria"), where he combined his religious activities with a passion for botany. An epiphytic orchid of the genus Pachystoma was named Pachystoma thomsonianum in his honour.
Harold and Frank Barnwell, known as the Barnwell Brothers, were also from Balfron. They began their love affair with gliders and planes in the grounds of Elcho House, Balfron and after a subsequent trip to meet the Wright Brothers in America they returned to Scotland and began building innovative designs in Bridge of Allan.
Sir William Bilsland (1847–1921) was born at Ballat, near Balfron, of forebears who had been for several centuries farmers in the neighbouring parish of Kilmaronock. He joined his brother, James, who ran a small family bakery in Anderston, Glasgow. He acquired 12 vans, as well as horses and carts, to distribute Bilslands bread all over Scotland. He later acquired other firms including Gray and Dunn biscuit manufacturers in 1912. William later became Lord Provost of Glasgow and was created a baronet in 1907.
Sir Robert Muir, FRS, FRSE, FRCP, FRCPE, RFPSG (5 July 1864 – 30 March 1959) was a Scottish physician and pathologist who carried out pioneering work in immunology, and was one of the leading figures in medical research in Glasgow in the early 20th century. Born in Balfron, he was the son of a minister.
Prof George Eason FRSE (1930-1999), Professor of Mathematics at Strathclyde University, lived with his family in Balfron.
Dr Brian Douglas Keighley was a general practitioner (GP) who practiced in Balfron for 40 years, and was the chair of the Scottish Council of the British Medical Association (BMA) from 2009 to December 2014.
Douglas N. Muir is the Senior Curator of Philately at The Postal Museum in London, formerly the British Postal Museum & Archive and a signatory to the Book of Scottish Philatelists and the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists. Muir was born in Balfron.
Brian McGinley was rated one of Scotland's top referees and was on both the FIFA and UEFA lists.
Lauren Gray (born 3 November 1991) is a Scottish curler. She won a gold medal at the 2013 World Championships for Scotland, and a bronze medal at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Great Britain. She won a gold medal at the 2017 European Championships.
Logan Gray (born 23 June 1986), brother of Lauren Gray, is a Scottish former curler. He is a two-time World Junior curling bronze medallist.
References
^ "Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
^ a b c Balfron's history Balfron Heritage Group
^ Listed Buildings in Balfron, Stirling, Scotland britishlistedbuildings.co.uk
^ "Forth and Endrick League – 2011". Killearn FC. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
^ Thomas, John; Turnock, David (1989). A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: The north of Scotland. Atlantic Transport Publishers. p. 35. ISBN 0-946537-03-8.
^ Central Scotland Police - Balfron Archived 2011-03-26 at the Wayback Machine
^ First South East & Central Scotland - Current Timetables
^ a b "Sam Knows". Broadband performance testing platform. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
^ "Balfron Telephone Exchange". Telephone Exchange. Computerdeal Limited. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
^ Alexander "Greek" Thomson Balfron Heritage Group
^ Ray Desmond & Christine Ellwood (1994). Dictionary of British and Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. CRC Press. p. 681. ISBN 0-85066-843-3.
^ James Herbert Veitch (2006). Hortus Veitchii (reprint ed.). Caradoc Doy. p. 70. ISBN 0-9553515-0-2.
^ The Balfron Heritage, Second Edition by Jim Thomson ISBN 0-9517785-1-X
^ a b "Balfron Personalities". Balfron Village. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
^ Robert Muir. Glasgow University (multitab page)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Balfron.
Balfron Heritage Group aims to promote the history of the village and parish : preserving the past – protecting the future.
vteSettlements in Stirling (council area)Cities
Stirling
Towns
Bannockburn
Bridge of Allan
Callander
Doune
Dunblane
Villages
Aberfoyle
Ashfield
Balfron
Balmaha
Balquhidder
Blanefield
Blairlogie
Buchlyvie
Cambusbarron
Cambuskenneth
Cowie
Crianlarich
Croftamie
Deanston
Drymen
Fallin
Fintry
Gargunnock
Gartmore
Killearn
Killin
Kinlochard
Kippen
Milton of Buchanan
Lochearnhead
Plean
Port of Menteith
Strathblane
Strathyre
Thornhill
Throsk
Tyndrum
Hamlets
Ardchullarie More
Ardeonaig
Arnprior
Auchlyne
Balfron Station
Boquhan
Buchanan Smithy
Carbeth
Dumgoyne
Gartness
Inverarnan
Kilmahog
Kinbuck
Milton
Mugdock
Stronachlachar
Areas of Stirling
Broomridge
Cornton
Raploch
St. Ninians
Torbrex
Other settlements
Ardchyle
Auchtubh
Blair Drummond
Brig o' Turk
Dalmary
Dalrigh
Inversnaid
Rowardennan
Ruskie
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language"},{"link_name":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_(council_area)"},{"link_name":"council area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_area"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Endrick Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endrick_Water"},{"link_name":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"}],"text":"Human settlement in ScotlandBalfron (Scottish Gaelic: Both Fron) is a village in the Stirling council area of Scotland. It is situated near Endrick Water on the A875 road, 18 miles (29 km) west of Stirling and 16 miles (26 km) north of Glasgow. Although a rural settlement, it lies within commuting distance of Glasgow, and serves as a dormitory settlement.","title":"Balfron"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-2"},{"link_name":"William Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Rob Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Roy_MacGregor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-2"},{"link_name":"Forth and Clyde Junction Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_and_Clyde_Junction_Railway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-2"},{"link_name":"Balfron Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfron_Tower"},{"link_name":"Ernő Goldfinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Goldfinger"}],"text":"The name means 'cottage of mourning' in Gaelic. This originates from a legend that the village was attacked by wolves, which stole children out of their homes. The first documented evidence of a settlement at the site dates from 1303, when it was referred to as \"Buthbren\".[2]Balfron has an ancient oak – the Clachan Oak – where William Wallace is said to have rested and later Rob Roy is supposed to have hidden. Rob Roy's sons abducted young widow-heiress Jean Key from nearby Edinbellie and forced her to marry Robin Oig MacGregor who was hanged for the crime.In 1789, when Robert Dunmore built Ballindalloch Cotton Works, he expanded the settlement from a hamlet of around 50 people to a bustling Industrial Revolution planned village with a population of almost 1,000 within a year.[2]As the cotton boom began to fail, the arrival of the Forth and Clyde Junction Railway transformed Balfron into a popular holiday resort. Testament to this was the presence of the Tontine Hotel, which stood at the corner of Buchanan Street and Cotton Street. The plethora of no longer required ex-army vehicles after World War I began the village's connection with buses which still survives today.[2]Balfron Tower, a high-rise residential building in London designed by Ernő Goldfinger, was named after the village in 1967.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balfron High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfron_High_School"},{"link_name":"Bank of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"public-private partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-private_partnership"},{"link_name":"Jarvis plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarvis_plc"},{"link_name":"private finance initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_finance_initiative"},{"link_name":"Fintry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fintry"},{"link_name":"Strathblane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathblane"},{"link_name":"listed buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Forth and Endrick Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_and_Endrick_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Balfron has shops, a health centre, a village hall and a secondary school (Balfron High School). The town also contains a fire station, garage, ambulance depot, police station, primary school, bowling green and an 18-hole golf course. There is a branch of the Bank of Scotland. There is a gift shop – Wonderland and Doyles cafe – also situated in Balfron.The game of golf is not a new tradition in Balfron. There had been a 9-hole course at the top of the village for many years until, in 1939, Balfron Golf Club was dissolved and the land given up for agricultural use during the 2nd World War. In 1991 Balfron Golf Society was formed to re-create a nine-hole course on the site of the original one. A 9-hole course opened in 1994 and in 2001 was extended to 18 holes.The Secondary School (Balfron High School) opened in 2001, replacing a 1960s-era building which had previously acted as the secondary school. The new school was built as a public-private partnership (PPP) with the company Jarvis plc under the PPP policy of the Scottish Executive which was then run by the Scottish Labour Party. It and the local primary school, which has nursery provision, are located in separate buildings on the same campus and is signposted in the village as \"Balfron Campus\". The old school, which originated from the 19th century and was still used as classroom space until 2001 has been converted into two homes. Jarvis, the company that managed the school under the PPP arrangements, went into administration in March 2010. The administrator appointed by Jarvis approached the council with an offer from SGP Ltd to take over both the PFI (private finance initiative) contract and the facilities management contract. As part of the PPP agreement the leisure facilities of the school are open to the public outwith school hours.Balfron Church is situated in the settlement and shares a minister with the neighbouring parish of Fintry. The catholic community is served by St Anthony's, which shares a priest with St Kessog's, in Strathblane. Strathendrick Baptist Church is also based in Balfron and meets at McLintock Hall.There are eight listed buildings in Balfron, and a further fifteen in the area around the village.[3]Many youth groups work in the village including Duke of Edinburgh Award Scheme, scouts and guides.Balfron Rovers Football Club are a Scottish association football club based in Balfron. As of 2014, they play in the Forth and Endrick Football League.[4]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balfron railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfron_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Forth and Clyde Junction Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_and_Clyde_Junction_Railway"},{"link_name":"Strathendrick and Aberfoyle Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathendrick_and_Aberfoyle_Railway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"A875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A875_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"McGill's Scotland East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill%27s_Scotland_East"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Balfron railway station was opened to serve the town in 1856. It served as a junction between the Forth and Clyde Junction Railway and the Strathendrick and Aberfoyle Railway. The station closed in 1951.[5]The main road in Balfron is the A875.[6] Local bus services are provided by McGill's Scotland East.[7]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sam-8"},{"link_name":"Openreach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openreach"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sam-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Balfron telephone exchange serves (approx) 970 residential premises and 55 non-residential premises.[8]Internet Broadband services are available, but BT Openreach have not upgraded the Balfron exchange since it was updated for ADSL Max Broadband in March 2006. 21CN WBC and fibre services are not available from this exchange. There is no Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) operator presence.[8][9]","title":"Communication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander 'Greek' Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Thomson"},{"link_name":"bookkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookkeeper"},{"link_name":"Glaswegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"sustainable building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_building"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"George Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Thomson_(botanist)"},{"link_name":"baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary"},{"link_name":"Limbe, Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbe,_Cameroon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Desmond-11"},{"link_name":"botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"epiphytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphytic"},{"link_name":"orchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid"},{"link_name":"Pachystoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachystoma"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HV70-12"},{"link_name":"Harold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Barnwell"},{"link_name":"Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Barnwell"},{"link_name":"Wright Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Bridge of Allan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_of_Allan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sir William Bilsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Bilsland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balfron-14"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Muir_(pathologist)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balfron-14"},{"link_name":"George Eason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eason"},{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRSE"},{"link_name":"Strathclyde University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathclyde_University"},{"link_name":"Brian Douglas Keighley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Keighley"},{"link_name":"British Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"Douglas N. Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_N._Muir"},{"link_name":"Senior Curator of Philately","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philately"},{"link_name":"British Postal Museum & Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Postal_Museum_%26_Archive"},{"link_name":"Brian McGinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_McGinlay"},{"link_name":"Lauren Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Gray"},{"link_name":"Logan Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Gray"}],"text":"Alexander 'Greek' Thomson (1817 – 1875) was born in Balfron to a father who was a bookkeeper at Ballindalloch Mill. He became an eminent Glaswegian architect and architectural theorist and a pioneer in sustainable building.[10]\nGeorge Thomson (1819 – 1878), brother of Alexander Thomson, was born in Balfron. After an early career as an architect became a baptist missionary in Limbe, Cameroon (then known as \"Victoria\"),[11] where he combined his religious activities with a passion for botany. An epiphytic orchid of the genus Pachystoma was named Pachystoma thomsonianum in his honour.[12]\nHarold and Frank Barnwell, known as the Barnwell Brothers, were also from Balfron. They began their love affair with gliders and planes in the grounds of Elcho House, Balfron and after a subsequent trip to meet the Wright Brothers in America they returned to Scotland and began building innovative designs in Bridge of Allan.[13]\nSir William Bilsland (1847–1921) was born at Ballat, near Balfron, of forebears who had been for several centuries farmers in the neighbouring parish of Kilmaronock. He joined his brother, James, who ran a small family bakery in Anderston, Glasgow. He acquired 12 vans, as well as horses and carts, to distribute Bilslands bread all over Scotland. He later acquired other firms including Gray and Dunn biscuit manufacturers in 1912. William later became Lord Provost of Glasgow and was created a baronet in 1907.[14]\nSir Robert Muir, FRS, FRSE, FRCP, FRCPE, RFPSG (5 July 1864 – 30 March 1959) was a Scottish physician and pathologist who carried out pioneering work in immunology, and was one of the leading figures in medical research in Glasgow in the early 20th century.[15] Born in Balfron, he was the son of a minister.[14]\nProf George Eason FRSE (1930-1999), Professor of Mathematics at Strathclyde University, lived with his family in Balfron.\nDr Brian Douglas Keighley was a general practitioner (GP) who practiced in Balfron for 40 years, and was the chair of the Scottish Council of the British Medical Association (BMA) from 2009 to December 2014.\nDouglas N. Muir is the Senior Curator of Philately at The Postal Museum in London, formerly the British Postal Museum & Archive and a signatory to the Book of Scottish Philatelists and the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists. Muir was born in Balfron.\nBrian McGinley was rated one of Scotland's top referees and was on both the FIFA and UEFA lists.\nLauren Gray (born 3 November 1991) is a Scottish curler. She won a gold medal at the 2013 World Championships for Scotland, and a bronze medal at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Great Britain. She won a gold medal at the 2017 European Championships.\nLogan Gray (born 23 June 1986), brother of Lauren Gray, is a Scottish former curler. He is a two-time World Junior curling bronze medallist.","title":"People from Balfron"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland\". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/population-estimates/settlements-and-localities/mid-2020","url_text":"\"Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland","url_text":"National Records of Scotland"}]},{"reference":"\"Forth and Endrick League – 2011\". Killearn FC. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222160717/http://killearnfc.webs.com/forthendrickfa.htm","url_text":"\"Forth and Endrick League – 2011\""},{"url":"http://killearnfc.webs.com/forthendrickfa.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, John; Turnock, David (1989). A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: The north of Scotland. Atlantic Transport Publishers. p. 35. ISBN 0-946537-03-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Thomas_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Thomas, John"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mMVIAAAAYAAJ&q=balfron+1951","url_text":"A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: The north of Scotland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946537-03-8","url_text":"0-946537-03-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Sam Knows\". Broadband performance testing platform. Retrieved 4 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.samknows.com/broadband/exchange/WSBAL","url_text":"\"Sam Knows\""}]},{"reference":"\"Balfron Telephone Exchange\". Telephone Exchange. Computerdeal Limited. Retrieved 4 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.telephone-exchange.co.uk/Balfron-WSBAL.html","url_text":"\"Balfron Telephone Exchange\""}]},{"reference":"Ray Desmond & Christine Ellwood (1994). Dictionary of British and Irish Botanists and Horticulturists. CRC Press. p. 681. ISBN 0-85066-843-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85066-843-3","url_text":"0-85066-843-3"}]},{"reference":"James Herbert Veitch (2006). Hortus Veitchii (reprint ed.). Caradoc Doy. p. 70. ISBN 0-9553515-0-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Herbert_Veitch","url_text":"James Herbert Veitch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortus_Veitchii","url_text":"Hortus Veitchii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caradoc_Doy&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Caradoc Doy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9553515-0-2","url_text":"0-9553515-0-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Balfron Personalities\". Balfron Village. Retrieved 12 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.balfron.org.uk/balfron-personalities/","url_text":"\"Balfron Personalities\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Balfron¶ms=56.071775_N_4.337256_W_region:GB_type:city(2140)","external_links_name":"56°04′18″N 4°20′14″W / 56.071775°N 4.337256°W / 56.071775; -4.337256"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Balfron¶ms=56.071634_N_4.337411_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Balfron","external_links_name":"NS546890"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Balfron¶ms=56.071775_N_4.337256_W_region:GB_type:city(2140)","external_links_name":"56°04′18″N 4°20′14″W / 56.071775°N 4.337256°W / 56.071775; -4.337256"},{"Link":"https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/population/population-estimates/settlements-and-localities/mid-2020","external_links_name":"\"Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland\""},{"Link":"http://www.balfronheritage.org.uk/history","external_links_name":"Balfron's history"},{"Link":"http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/scotland/stirling/balfron","external_links_name":"Listed Buildings in Balfron, Stirling, Scotland"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222160717/http://killearnfc.webs.com/forthendrickfa.htm","external_links_name":"\"Forth and Endrick League – 2011\""},{"Link":"http://killearnfc.webs.com/forthendrickfa.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mMVIAAAAYAAJ&q=balfron+1951","external_links_name":"A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain: The north of Scotland"},{"Link":"http://www.centralscotland.police.uk/localpolicing/stirling_dunblane_balfron.php","external_links_name":"Central Scotland Police - Balfron"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110326065425/http://www.centralscotland.police.uk/localpolicing/stirling_dunblane_balfron.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120406081907/http://www.firstgroup.com/ukbus/scotland_east/journey_planning/timetables/?operator=25&page=3&redirect=no","external_links_name":"First South East & Central Scotland - Current Timetables"},{"Link":"https://www.samknows.com/broadband/exchange/WSBAL","external_links_name":"\"Sam Knows\""},{"Link":"http://www.telephone-exchange.co.uk/Balfron-WSBAL.html","external_links_name":"\"Balfron Telephone Exchange\""},{"Link":"http://www.balfronheritage.org.uk/alexander","external_links_name":"Alexander \"Greek\" Thomson"},{"Link":"http://www.balfron.org.uk/balfron-personalities/","external_links_name":"\"Balfron Personalities\""},{"Link":"http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH1422&type=P","external_links_name":"Robert Muir"},{"Link":"http://www.balfronheritage.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Balfron Heritage Group"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/129471634","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007491862605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr99012640","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/e02c0a38-57e1-41bd-b4c9-1be8f113849a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Mountain_Coal_Fields
|
Eastern Kentucky Coalfield
|
["1 Geography","1.1 Counties","1.2 Major cities","2 Protected areas","2.1 Historical parks","2.2 State resort parks","2.3 State recreational parks","2.4 Other","3 Economy","3.1 Persistent poverty","3.2 Appalachian Regional Commission","4 Health","5 Post-secondary education","5.1 Public universities","5.2 Private colleges and universities","5.3 Community and technical colleges","6 Political climate","7 Notable residents","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 37°45′N 83°05′W / 37.750°N 83.083°W / 37.750; -83.083Coalfield in Kentucky, United States
"Eastern Kentucky" redirects here. For the community in Floyd County, see Eastern, Kentucky. For the university, see Eastern Kentucky University. For that school's athletic program, see Eastern Kentucky Colonels.
Counties of the Eastern Mountain Coalfields of Kentucky highlighted in red
Daniel Boone National Forest in Kentucky
Cumberland Falls in Kentucky
Breaks Interstate Park in Kentucky
The Eastern Kentucky Coalfield is part of the Central Appalachian bituminous coalfield, including all or parts of 30 Kentucky counties and adjoining areas in Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, and Tennessee. It covers an area from the Allegheny Mountains in the east across the Cumberland Plateau to the Pottsville Escarpment in the west. The region is known for its coal mining; most family farms in the region have disappeared since the introduction of surface mining in the 1940s and 1950s.
The Daniel Boone National Forest is located on rough but beautiful terrain along and east of the Pottsville Escarpment. There are many natural arches and sandstone cliffs that are excellent for rock climbing and rappeling. The Red River Gorge, part of the National Forest, is known worldwide in rock climbing circles.
The Sheltowee Trace Trail runs 260–270 mi (420–430 km) north and south, through the region.
During the American Civil War most of this region leaned toward the Union due to its makeup at the time of mostly small farmers, but more than 2,000 men from this area formed the 5th. Kentucky Vol. Inf., known as the Army of Eastern Kentucky, under Gen. Humphrey Marshall, C.S.A. During the Great Depression, New Deal programs and the organizing of the United Mine Workers of America made many of the eastern counties Democratic.
Eastern Kentucky has a rich musical heritage. Many nationally acclaimed country music singers and musicians are from the area. These include: Loretta Lynn, Crystal Gayle, The Judds, Ricky Skaggs, Keith Whitley, Patty Loveless, Dwight Yoakam, Tom T. Hall, Billy Ray Cyrus, Jean Ritchie, Sturgill Simpson, Tyler Childers, Chris Stapleton, and George S. Davis.
As of the 1980s, the only counties in the United States where over half of the population cited "English" as their only ancestry group were in the hills of eastern Kentucky (and made up nearly every county in this region). In the 1980 census, 1,267,079 Kentuckians out of a total population of 2,554,359 cited that they were of English ancestry, making them 49 percent of the state at that time. Large numbers of people of Scottish and Irish ancestry settled the area as well.
Geography
The Eastern Kentucky Coalfield covers 31 counties with a combined land area of 13,370 sq mi (34,628 km2), or about 33.1 percent of the state's land area. Its 2000 census population was 734,194 inhabitants, or about 18.2 percent of the state's population. The largest city, Ashland, has a population of 21,981. Other cities of significance in the region include Pikeville, London, and Middlesboro. The state's highest point, Black Mountain, is located in the southeastern part of the region in Harlan County.
Counties
County
FIPS code
County seat
Established
Origin
Etymology
Population
Area
Map
Bell County
013
Pineville
1867
Harlan County and Knox County
Joshua Fry Bell, Kentucky legislator (1862–1867)
30,060
361 sq mi(935 km2)
Boyd County
019
Catlettsburg
1860
Greenup County, Carter County and Lawrence County
Linn Boyd, United States Congressman (1835–1837; 1839–1855) and Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky (1859)
49,752
160 sq mi(414 km2)
Breathitt County
025
Jackson
1839
Clay County, Perry County and Estill County
John Breathitt, Governor of Kentucky (1832–1834)
16,100
495 sq mi(1,282 km2)
Carter County
043
Grayson
1838
Greenup County and Lawrence County
William Grayson Carter, Kentucky state senator (1834–1838)
26,889
411 sq mi(1,064 km2)
Clay County
051
Manchester
1807
Madison County, Floyd County, and Knox County
Green Clay (1757–1828), military general and surveyor
24,556
471 sq mi(1,220 km2)
Elliott County
063
Sandy Hook
1869
Morgan County, Lawrence County, and Carter County
John Lisle Elliott or John Milton Elliott (1820–1885), legislators
6,748
234 sq mi(606 km2)
Floyd County
071
Prestonsburg
1800
Fleming County, Montgomery County, and Mason County
John Floyd (1750–1783), surveyor and pioneer
42,441
394 sq mi(1,020 km2)
Greenup County
089
Greenup
1803
Mason County
Christopher Greenup, Governor of Kentucky (1804–1808)
36,891
346 sq mi(896 km2)
Harlan County
095
Harlan
1819
Knox County
Silas Harlan (1753–1782), soldier in the Battle of Blue Licks
33,202
467 sq mi(1,210 km2)
Jackson County
109
McKee
1858
Madison County, Estill County, Owsley County, Clay County, Laurel County, and Rockcastle County
Andrew Jackson, President of the United States (1829–1837)
13,495
346 sq mi(896 km2)
Johnson County
115
Paintsville
1843
Floyd County, Lawrence County, and Morgan County
Richard Mentor Johnson, Vice President of the United States (1837–1841)
23,445
262 sq mi(679 km2)
Knott County
119
Hindman
1884
Perry County, Letcher County, Floyd County, and Breathitt County
James Proctor Knott, Governor of Kentucky (1883–1887)
17,649
352 sq mi(912 km2)
Knox County
121
Barbourville
1799
Lincoln County
Henry Knox, United States Secretary of War (1785–1794)
31,795
388 sq mi(1,005 km2)
Laurel County
125
London
1825
Rockcastle County, Clay County, Knox County and Whitley County
Mountain laurel trees that are prominent in the area
52,715
436 sq mi(1,129 km2)
Lawrence County
127
Louisa
1821
Greenup County and Floyd County
James Lawrence (1781–1813), naval commander during the War of 1812
15,569
419 sq mi(1,085 km2)
Lee County
129
Beattyville
1870
Breathitt County, Estill County, Owsley County, and Wolfe County
Robert E. Lee (1807–1870), Confederate general or Lee County, Virginia
7,916
210 sq mi(544 km2)
Leslie County
131
Hyden
1878
Clay County, Harlan County and Perry County
Preston Leslie, Governor of Kentucky (1871–1875)
12,401
404 sq mi(1,046 km2)
Letcher County
133
Whitesburg
1842
Perry County and Harlan County
Robert P. Letcher, Governor of Kentucky (1840–1844)
25,277
339 sq mi(878 km2)
Magoffin County
153
Salyersville
1860
Floyd County, Johnson County and Morgan County
Beriah Magoffin, Governor of Kentucky (1859–1862)
13,332
310 sq mi(803 km2)
Martin County
159
Inez
1870
Floyd County, Johnson County, Pike County, and Lawrence County
John P. Martin, United States Congressman (1845–1847)
12,578
231 sq mi(598 km2)
McCreary County
147
Whitley City
1912
Pulaski County, Wayne County and Whitley County
James McCreary, Governor of Kentucky (1912–1916)
17,080
428 sq mi(1,109 km2)
Morgan County
175
West Liberty
1822
Bath County and Floyd County
Daniel Morgan (1736–1802), Revolutionary War general
13,948
381 sq mi(987 km2)
Owsley County
189
Booneville
1843
Breathitt County, Clay County, and Estill County
William Owsley, Governor of Kentucky (1844–1848)
4,858
198 sq mi(513 km2)
Perry County
193
Hazard
1820
Floyd County and Clay County
Oliver Hazard Perry (1785–1819), Admiral in the War of 1812
29,390
342 sq mi(886 km2)
Pike County
195
Pikeville
1821
Floyd County
Zebulon Pike (1779–1813), discoverer of Pike's Peak
68,736
788 sq mi(2,041 km2)
Whitley County
235
Williamsburg
1818
Knox County
William Whitley (1749–1813), Kentucky pioneer
35,865
440 sq mi(1,140 km2)
Wolfe County
237
Campton
1860
Breathitt County, Owsley County, and Powell County
Nathaniel Wolfe (1808–1865), member of the Kentucky General Assembly
7,065
223 sq mi(578 km2)
Major cities
Ashland, the region's largest city
The following list consists of Eastern Kentucky cities with populations over 4,000 according to the 2020 United States Census:
Rank
City
Population in 2020
County
1
Ashland
21,625
Boyd
2
Middlesboro
9,405
Bell
3
Corbin
7,856
Whitley and Knox
4
Pikeville
7,754
Pike
5
London
7,572
Laurel
6
Mount Sterling
7,558
Montgomery
7
Flatwoods
7,325
Greenup
8
Morehead
7,151
Rowan
9
Williamsburg
5,326
Whitley
10
Hazard
5,263
Perry
11
Paintsville
4,312
Johnson
Protected areas
Natural Bridge State Resort Park
Historical parks
Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (part)
Dr. Thomas Walker State Historic Site
State resort parks
Buckhorn Lake State Resort Park
Carter Caves State Resort Park
Cumberland Falls State Resort Park
Greenbo Lake State Resort Park
Jenny Wiley State Resort Park
Natural Bridge State Resort Park
Pine Mountain State Resort Park
State recreational parks
Levi Jackson Wilderness Road State Park in Laurel County, Kentucky
Carr Creek State Park
Dawkins Line Rail Trail
Fishtrap Lake State Park
Grayson Lake State Park
Kingdom Come State Park
Levi Jackson Wilderness Road State Park
Paintsville Lake State Park
Pine Mountain State Scenic Trail
Yatesville Lake State Park
Other
Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area (part)
Breaks Interstate Park (part)
Economy
The region's economy is centered around the natural resources available, which includes coal, timber, natural gas, and oil. Recently, tourism has become a leading industry in the region, due to the region's cultural history and the creation of state parks.
Calgon Carbon constructed the Big Sandy Plant near Ashland in 1961 and it has since become the world's largest producer of granular activated carbon. The facility produces over 100 million pounds of granular activated carbon annually.
Persistent poverty
Most of the counties in the Eastern Kentucky Coalfield are classified as "persistent poverty counties". The definition of a persistent poverty county by the Economic Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture is that 20 percent or more of the total county population has been living in poverty since the 1980 census.
A June 2014 article in The New York Times identified six counties in the Kentucky Coal Field as among the "hardest places to live in the United States." The lowest-ranking counties were Breathitt, Clay, Jackson, Lee, Leslie, and Magoffin. They ranked among the bottom ten counties nationwide. The factors which accounted for the low ranking of those six counties were unemployment, prevalence of disabilities, obesity, income, and education. The Times declared Clay County the hardest place to live in the U.S.
Appalachian Regional Commission
See also: List of Appalachian Regional Commission counties § Kentucky
The Appalachian Regional Commission was formed in 1965 to aid economic development in the Appalachian region, which was lagging far behind the rest of the nation on most economic indicators. The Appalachian region currently defined by the Commission includes 420 counties in 13 states, including all counties in Kentucky's Eastern Coalfield. The Commission gives each county one of five possible economic designations—distressed, at-risk, transitional, competitive, or attainment—with "distressed" counties being the most economically endangered and "attainment" counties being the most economically prosperous. These designations are based primarily on three indicators—three-year average unemployment rate, market income per capita, and poverty rate.
From 2012 to 2014, "Appalachian" Kentucky—which includes all of the Eastern Coalfield and several counties in South Central Kentucky and a few in the eastern part of the Bluegrass region—had a three-year average unemployment rate of 9.8%, compared with 7.6% statewide and 7.2% nationwide. In 2014, Appalachian Kentucky had a per capita market income of $18,889, compared with $28,332 statewide and $38,117 nationwide. From 2010 to 2014, Appalachian Kentucky had an average poverty rate of 25.4%—the highest of any of the ARC regions—, compared to 18.9% statewide and 15.6% nationwide. Twenty-five Eastern Mountain Coal Field counties—Bell, Breathitt, Carter, Clay, Elliott, Floyd, Harlan, Jackson, Johnson, Knott, Knox, Lawrence, Lee, Leslie, Letcher, Magoffin, Martin, McCreary, Menifee, Morgan, Owsley, Powell, Rowan, Whitley, and Wolfe—were designated "distressed," while four – Laurel, Montgomery, Perry, and Pike – were designated "at-risk." Two Eastern Coalfield counties were designated "transitional" — Boyd and Greenup. No counties in the Eastern Coalfields region were given the "attainment" designation or were designated "competitive."
The following table illustrates the economic status of each county.
County
Population (2010)
Unemployment Rate (2012–14)
Per CapitaMarket Income (2014)
Poverty Rate (2010–14)
Status (2017)
Bell
28,691
11.9%
$14,644
32.7%
Distressed
Boyd
49,542
8.6%
$24,337
19.1%
Transitional
Breathitt
13,878
13.7%
$14,386
31.5%
Distressed
Carter
27,720
12.0%
$18,014
18.7%
Distressed
Clay
21,730
13.3%
$11,531
35.7%
Distressed
Elliott
7,852
13.5%
$10,529
39.6%
Distressed
Floyd
39,451
11.7%
$18,473
29.5%
Distressed
Greenup
36,910
9.3%
$23,879
18.0%
Transitional
Harlan
29,278
15.4%
$13,620
32.1%
Distressed
Jackson
13,494
15.4%
$13,496
31.7%
Distressed
Johnson
23,356
10.1%
$19,008
25.3%
Distressed
Knott
16,346
13.5%
$14,271
26.5%
Distressed
Knox
31,883
11.9%
$15,549
33.8%
Distressed
Laurel
58,849
9.2%
$21,051
23.3%
At-Risk
Lawrence
15,860
10.5%
$15,399
23.5%
Distressed
Lee
7,887
11.7%
$11,750
33.4%
Distressed
Leslie
11,310
15.0%
$15,357
23.9%
Distressed
Letcher
24,519
14.2%
$15,955
24.5%
Distressed
Magoffin
13,333
16.3%
$11,139
26.8%
Distressed
Martin
12,929
9.4%
$14,826
33.9%
Distressed
McCreary
18,306
12.4%
$9,763
37.7%
Distressed
Menifee
6,306
11.2%
$15,656
28.8%
Distressed
Montgomery
26,499
8.2%
$23,093
25.2%
At-Risk
Morgan
13,923
10.3%
$13,451
29.7%
Distressed
Owsley
4,755
11.9%
$10,528
39.2%
Distressed
Perry
28,712
12.3%
$20,131
26.6%
Distressed
Pike
68,736
10.6%
$21,285
24.1%
At-Risk
Powell
12,613
10.1%
$18,403
27.5%
Distressed
Rowan
23,333
7.8%
$18,642
26.0%
At-Risk
Whitley
35,637
10.0%
$17,321
24.1%
Distressed
Wolfe
7,355
13.3%
$10,532
44.3%
Distressed
Health
Most of the counties in the Eastern Kentucky Coalfield rank in the lowest ten percent of U.S. counties in average life expectancy. Both men and women have average life spans that are several years less than the average life span in the United States. Moreover, many counties have seen a decline in the life expectancy of men and/or women since 1985. Average life expectancy in some counties is as low as 70 years as compared with the life expectancy of some counties in the U.S. of more than 80 years. Factors influencing the health of residents include a high prevalence of smoking and obesity and a low level of physical activity.
Post-secondary education
The Coal Building, University of Pikeville Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine
Morehead State University
Public universities
Morehead State University
Private colleges and universities
Alice Lloyd College
Clear Creek Baptist Bible College
Frontier Nursing University
Kentucky Christian University
Kentucky Mountain Bible College
University of Pikeville
Union College
University of the Cumberlands
Community and technical colleges
Ashland Community and Technical College
Big Sandy Community and Technical College
Hazard Community and Technical College
Southeast Kentucky Community and Technical College
Political climate
As a whole, East Kentucky was long a Democratic stronghold. The only two counties in the state to vote against Mitch McConnell in each of his six senatorial campaigns through 2020 have been Wolfe and Elliott Counties, both in East Kentucky. However, the region has swung dramatically to the right recently. In 2004, eleven counties in East Kentucky supported Democratic candidate John Kerry, and in 2008, even as the nation as a whole shifted Democratic, the number of East Kentucky counties supporting Democratic candidate Barack Obama fell to just four, and in 2012 fell to just one. Every county in East Kentucky supported Donald Trump in both 2016 and 2020 with at least 50% of the vote. In fact, each of the three most Republican counties in Kentucky (in terms of vote proportion) were all in East Kentucky (namely Leslie, Jackson and Martin Counties). Each gave less than a tenth of their vote to Hillary Clinton, the Democratic candidate.
Elliott County, Kentucky, serves as a good representation of the political transformation throughout the region. The county had the longest streak in the nation of any county voting Democratic, but has shifted hard to the right in recent elections. The county went from giving Democrat Barack Obama more than 60% of the vote in 2008 to giving Republican Donald Trump more than 70% of the vote just eight years later. Despite this, Democrats continue to do well in local elections, and the party maintains an overwhelming advantage in party registration. Much of this area is represented by Kentucky's 5th congressional district represented by 22-term congressman Hal Rogers, who also serves as the Dean of the United States House of Representatives.
Notable residents
Hylo Brown, bluegrass and country music singer, born in River.
June Buchanan (1887–1988), educator who worked with Alice Spencer Geddes Lloyd (see below). Co-founder of Caney Junior College, now Alice Lloyd College. Lived in Knott County from 1919 until her death.
Tyler Childers, a country, bluegrass, and folk musician from Paintsville, Kentucky.
Earle Combs (1899–1976), Hall of Fame MLB center fielder for the New York Yankees. Born in Pebworth, a community in Owsley County.
Tim Couch, former NFL quarterback. Born and raised in Hyden.
Billy Ray Cyrus (born 1961), American country music singer, songwriter and actor. Born in Flatwoods.
Richie Farmer (born 1969), basketball standout for the University of Kentucky and politician (Kentucky Commissioner of Agriculture, 2003–2011). Born and raised in Manchester.
Jim Ford, singer-songwriter, born in Johnson County.
Mary Elliott Flanery, first woman elected to a state legislature south of the Mason–Dixon line.
Crystal Gayle, country singer and younger sister of Loretta Lynn; both raised in Van Lear.
Eula Hall, Founder of the Mud Creek Clinic.
Roscoe Holcomb, American musician who lived the majority of his life in Daisy.
Silas House (born 1971), author. Born and raised in Laurel County; also lived in Leslie County during his childhood.
The Judds, a country music duo of mother Naomi (born 1946) and daughter Wynonna (born 1964). Born in Ashland.
Ashley Judd (born 1968), actress; daughter of Naomi Judd and half-sister of Wynonna Judd. Born in Ashland.
Alice Spencer Geddes Lloyd (1876–1962), social reformer who founded 100 elementary schools in the region as well as co-founding the college that now bears her name. Lived in Knott County from 1915 until her death.
Patty Loveless, country music singer. Born in Pikeville.
Loretta Lynn, country singer, raised in Van Lear.
John Pelphrey (born 1968), basketball standout for the University of Kentucky (and teammate of Farmer); former head basketball coach at the University of Arkansas, and current assistant at the University of Florida. Born in Paintsville.
Francis Gary Powers (August 17, 1929 – August 1, 1977) was an American pilot whose CIA U-2 spy plane was shot down while over the Soviet Union, causing the 1960 U-2 incident. Born in Jenkins.
Venus Ramey, Miss America, 1944. Born in Ashland.
Jeff Sheppard (born 1974), University of Kentucky basketball star (1998 NCAA Tournament Most Outstanding Player) and former player in the NBA and several European leagues. Has lived in London since he retired from play.
Benjamin F. Stapleton, Mayor of Denver, Colorado between (1923–1931) and (1935–1947). Born in Paintsville.
Gary Stewart, Country music singer and musician, 1944–2003, born in Jenkins.
Jesse Stuart, author and former poet laureate of Kentucky
Dwight Yoakam (born 1956), singer-songwriter, actor and film director. Born in Pikeville.
Sturgill Simpson, outlaw country music singer-songwriter born in Jackson in 1978
See also
Huntington-Ashland-Ironton metropolitan area
Coal mining in Kentucky
References
^ "Kentucky Atlas and Gazetteer". March 28, 2008. Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "National Digital Newspaper Program: The Kentucky Edition, More about KY-NDNP: regions". Uky.edu. November 6, 2007. Archived from the original on October 1, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
^ Eastern Mountain Coal Fields Archived October 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on January 30, 2010
^ "Climbing in the Red River Gorge". Red River Gorge. RRG Tourism. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
^ James Paul Allen and Eugene James Turner, We the People: An Atlas of America's Ethnic Diversity (Macmillan, 1988), 41.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved February 10, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "EPA County FIPS Code Listing". EPA. Archived from the original on September 22, 2004. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
^ a b c d National Association of Counties. "NACo – Find a county". Archived from the original on July 11, 2007. Retrieved July 22, 2007.
^ Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 Population Estimates U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 13, 2015
^ Calgon Carbon Big Sandy Plant Retrieved March 21, 2014.
^ "Geography of Poverty", "USDA ERS – Geography of Poverty". Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017., accessed February 17, 2017
^ Lowrey, Annie (June 29, 2014). "What's the Matter With Eastern Kentucky?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017.
^ Flippen, Alan (June 26, 2014), "Where Are the Hardest Places to Live in the U.S.?" The New York Times.
^ a b c d e f County Economic Status, Fiscal Year 2017: Appalachian Kentucky Archived May 14, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. ARC. Retrieved: July 14, 2017.
^ "Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation", "US Health Map | IHME Viz Hub". Archived from the original on February 24, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017., accessed February 17, 2017
^ a b Nelson, Eliot (May 10, 2013). "Not So Solid South: Democratic Party Survives In Rural Elliott County, Kentucky".
^ "Earle Combs / Baseball Legend". March 15, 2012. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012.
Further reading
WPA, Kentucky: A Guide to the Bluegrass State (1939); classic guide from the Federal Writers Project; covers main themes and every town online
External links
Visit Eastern Kentucky
Shaping Our Appalachian Region (SOAR)
vteEastern Kentucky Coal Field regionCounties
Bell
Boyd
Breathitt
Carter
Clay
Elliott
Floyd
Greenup
Harlan
Jackson
Johnson
Knott
Knox
Laurel
Lawrence
Lee
Leslie
Letcher
Magoffin
Martin
McCreary
Menifee
Montgomery
Morgan
Owsley
Perry
Pike
Powell
Rowan
Whitley
Wolfe
Cities and towns Over 10k
Ashland
Cities and towns5k-10k
Corbin
Flatwoods
Hazard
London
Middlesboro
Morehead
Mount Sterling
Pikeville
Williamsburg
Cities and towns1k-5k
Barbourville
Beattyville
Catlettsburg
Clay City
Coal Run Village
Cumberland
Grayson
Greenup
Harlan
Jackson
Jeffersonville
Jenkins
Louisa
Manchester
Olive Hill
Paintsville
Pineville
Prestonsburg
Raceland
Russell
Salyersville
South Shore
Stanton
West Liberty
Whitesburg
Worthington
Wurtland
Cities and townsunder 1k
Allen
Annville
Bellefonte
Benham
Blackey
Blaine
Booneville
Buckhorn
Camargo
Campton
Elkhorn City
Evarts
Fleming-Neon
Frenchburg
Hindman
Hyden
Inez
Lakeview Heights
Loyall
Lynch
Martin
McKee
Oneida
Pippa Passes
Sandy Hook
Vicco
Wallins Creek
Warfield
Wayland
Wheelwright
Statistical areas
Ashland
London
Middlesboro
Mount Sterling
See also
Kentucky portal
vteVisitor attractions of the Eastern Kentucky CoalfieldParksState
Buckhorn Lake
Carr Creek
Carter Caves
Cumberland Falls
Dawkins Line Rail Trail
Dr. Thomas Walker
Fishtrap Lake
Grayson Lake
Greenbo Lake
Jenny Wiley
Kingdom Come
Levi Jackson Wilderness Road
Natural Bridge
Paintsville Lake
Pine Mountain
Pine Mountain Trail
Yatesville Lake
Federal
Big South Fork
Cumberland Gap
Interstate
Breaks Interstate
Red River GorgeCumberland MountainsMartins Fork LakeCumberland FallsU.S. 23 Country Music Highway MuseumMuseums
Barthell Coal Mining Camp
Bell County Coal House & Museum
Bell County Historical Society Museum
Big Sandy Heritage Center
Blue Heron Coal Mining Camp
Bobby Davis Museum and Park
Breathitt County Museum
C.B. Caudill Store & History Center
Cloverfork Museum
Coal Miners' Museum
Cumberland Inn Museum
David A. Zegeer Coal-Railroad Museum
East Kentucky Science Center
Elkhorn City Railroad Museum
F.M. Stafford House
Harland Sanders Café & Museum
Hensley Settlement
Highlands Museum and Discovery Center
Kentucky Coal Mining Museum
Kentucky Folk Art Center
Knox Historical Museum
Magoffin County Pioneer Village and Museum
Marie Stewart Museum & Craft Shop
McCreary County Museum
Morgan County History Museum
Mountain Homeplace
Mountain Life Museum
Northeastern Kentucky Museum
Samuel May House
Swamp Valley Museum
U.S. 23 Country Music Highway Museum
Wolfe County History Museum
Forests
Daniel Boone
Dewey Lake
Jefferson
Kentenia
Kentucky Ridge
Robinson
Tygarts
Reservoirs
Buckhorn Lake
Carr Creek Lake
Cave Run Lake
Cranks Creek Lake
Lake Cumberland
Dewey Lake
Fishtrap Lake
Grayson Lake
Greenbo Lake
Laurel River Lake
Martins Fork Lake
Paintsville Lake
Yatesville Lake
Natural features
Black Mountain
Cumberland Falls
Cumberland Gap
Dog Slaughter Falls
Eagle Falls
Middlesboro crater
Pine Mountain
Pound Gap
Raven Rock
Red River Gorge
Tri-State Peak
Yahoo Arch
Yahoo Falls
Miscellaneous
Bad Branch Falls State Nature Preserve
Bat Cave and Cascade Caverns State Nature Preserves
Big South Fork Scenic Railway
Black Mountain Off-Road Adventure Area
Cumberland Gap Tunnel
Furnace Mountain
Kentucky Reptile Zoo
Mayo Mansion
Middle Creek Battlefield
Nada Tunnel
Pikeville Cut-Through
Pilot Knob State Nature Preserve
Sheltowee Trace Trail
vteCommonwealth of KentuckyFrankfort (capital)Topics
Index
Cuisine
Environment
climate change
Geography
History
History of education
Music
Mass media
newspapers
radio
TV
People
Religion
Symbols
seal
flag
Theater
Tourism
tourist attractions
Transportation
Category
Index
Society
Abortion
Culture
Crime
Demographics
Economy
Education
Elections
Gun laws
Homelessness
LGBT rights
Politics
Sports
Regions
Allegheny Plateau
The Bluegrass
Cumberland Mountains
Cumberland Plateau
Eastern Kentucky Coalfield
Highland Rim
The Knobs
Mississippi Plain
Northern Kentucky
Pennyroyal Plateau
The Purchase
Ridge-and-Valley
Tennessee Valley
Western Coal Fields
25 largest cities
Louisville
Lexington
Bowling Green
Owensboro
Covington
Richmond
Georgetown
Florence
Hopkinsville
Nicholasville
Elizabethtown
Independence
Henderson
Frankfort
Jeffersontown
Paducah
Radcliff
Ashland
Murray
Erlanger
Winchester
Madisonville
Mount Washington
St. Matthews
Danville
Metropolitanareas
Ashland
Bowling Green
Clarksville, TN
Elizabethtown
Evansville, IN
Lexington–Fayette
Louisville/Jefferson County
Northern Kentucky
Owensboro
Counties
Adair
Allen
Anderson
Ballard
Barren
Bath
Bell
Boone
Bourbon
Boyd
Boyle
Bracken
Breathitt
Breckinridge
Bullitt
Butler
Caldwell
Calloway
Campbell
Carlisle
Carroll
Carter
Casey
Christian
Clark
Clay
Clinton
Crittenden
Cumberland
Daviess
Edmonson
Elliott
Estill
Fayette
Fleming
Floyd
Franklin
Fulton
Gallatin
Garrard
Grant
Graves
Grayson
Green
Greenup
Hancock
Hardin
Harlan
Harrison
Hart
Henderson
Henry
Hickman
Hopkins
Jackson
Jefferson
Jessamine
Johnson
Kenton
Knott
Knox
LaRue
Laurel
Lawrence
Lee
Leslie
Letcher
Lewis
Lincoln
Livingston
Logan
Lyon
Madison
Magoffin
Marion
Marshall
Martin
Mason
McCracken
McCreary
McLean
Meade
Menifee
Mercer
Metcalfe
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Muhlenberg
Nelson
Nicholas
Ohio
Oldham
Owen
Owsley
Pendleton
Perry
Pike
Powell
Pulaski
Robertson
Rockcastle
Rowan
Russell
Scott
Shelby
Simpson
Spencer
Taylor
Todd
Trigg
Trimble
Union
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Webster
Whitley
Wolfe
Woodford
Kentucky portal
37°45′N 83°05′W / 37.750°N 83.083°W / 37.750; -83.083
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Eastern Kentucky University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Kentucky_University"},{"link_name":"Eastern Kentucky Colonels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Kentucky_Colonels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eastern-ky.png"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daniel_Boone_National_Forest_Tater_Knob.jpg"},{"link_name":"Daniel Boone National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Boone_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cumberland_Falls,_Whitley_County,_Kentucky.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cumberland Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Falls"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Breaks_Canyon_Fall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Breaks Interstate Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaks_Interstate_Park"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Allegheny Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Cumberland Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Pottsville Escarpment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottsville_Escarpment"},{"link_name":"surface mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_mining"},{"link_name":"Daniel Boone National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Boone_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"rock climbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_climbing"},{"link_name":"rappeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappeling"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Red River Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Gorge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sheltowee Trace Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheltowee_Trace_Trail"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"leaned toward the Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"5th. Kentucky Vol. Inf.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Kentucky_Infantry"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Marshall_(general)"},{"link_name":"C.S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"United Mine Workers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Mine_Workers_of_America"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Loretta Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretta_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Crystal Gayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Gayle"},{"link_name":"The Judds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Judds"},{"link_name":"Ricky Skaggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Skaggs"},{"link_name":"Keith Whitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Whitley"},{"link_name":"Patty Loveless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty_Loveless"},{"link_name":"Dwight Yoakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Yoakam"},{"link_name":"Tom T. Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_T._Hall"},{"link_name":"Billy Ray Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Ray_Cyrus"},{"link_name":"Jean Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Ritchie"},{"link_name":"Sturgill Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgill_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Tyler Childers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Childers"},{"link_name":"Chris Stapleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Stapleton"},{"link_name":"George S. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Davis"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_American"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eugene_James_Turner_1988-5"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_American"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_American"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_American"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Coalfield in Kentucky, United States\"Eastern Kentucky\" redirects here. For the community in Floyd County, see Eastern, Kentucky. For the university, see Eastern Kentucky University. For that school's athletic program, see Eastern Kentucky Colonels.Counties of the Eastern Mountain Coalfields of Kentucky highlighted in red[1][2]Daniel Boone National Forest in KentuckyCumberland Falls in KentuckyBreaks Interstate Park in KentuckyThe Eastern Kentucky Coalfield is part of the Central Appalachian bituminous coalfield, including all or parts of 30 Kentucky counties and adjoining areas in Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, and Tennessee.[3] It covers an area from the Allegheny Mountains in the east across the Cumberland Plateau to the Pottsville Escarpment in the west. The region is known for its coal mining; most family farms in the region have disappeared since the introduction of surface mining in the 1940s and 1950s.The Daniel Boone National Forest is located on rough but beautiful[citation needed] terrain along and east of the Pottsville Escarpment. There are many natural arches and sandstone cliffs that are excellent for rock climbing and rappeling.[citation needed] The Red River Gorge, part of the National Forest, is known worldwide in rock climbing circles.[4]The Sheltowee Trace Trail runs 260–270 mi (420–430 km) north and south, through the region.During the American Civil War most of this region leaned toward the Union due to its makeup at the time of mostly small farmers, but more than 2,000 men from this area formed the 5th. Kentucky Vol. Inf., known as the Army of Eastern Kentucky, under Gen. Humphrey Marshall, C.S.A. During the Great Depression, New Deal programs and the organizing of the United Mine Workers of America made many of the eastern counties Democratic.Eastern Kentucky has a rich musical heritage. Many nationally acclaimed country music singers and musicians are from the area. These include: Loretta Lynn, Crystal Gayle, The Judds, Ricky Skaggs, Keith Whitley, Patty Loveless, Dwight Yoakam, Tom T. Hall, Billy Ray Cyrus, Jean Ritchie, Sturgill Simpson, Tyler Childers, Chris Stapleton, and George S. Davis.As of the 1980s, the only counties in the United States where over half of the population cited \"English\" as their only ancestry group were in the hills of eastern Kentucky (and made up nearly every county in this region).[5] In the 1980 census, 1,267,079 Kentuckians out of a total population of 2,554,359 cited that they were of English ancestry, making them 49 percent of the state at that time. Large numbers of people of Scottish and Irish ancestry settled the area as well.[6]","title":"Eastern Kentucky Coalfield"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Pikeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikeville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Middlesboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesboro,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Black Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mountain_(Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"Harlan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_County,_Kentucky"}],"text":"The Eastern Kentucky Coalfield covers 31 counties with a combined land area of 13,370 sq mi (34,628 km2), or about 33.1 percent of the state's land area. Its 2000 census population was 734,194 inhabitants, or about 18.2 percent of the state's population. The largest city, Ashland, has a population of 21,981. Other cities of significance in the region include Pikeville, London, and Middlesboro. The state's highest point, Black Mountain, is located in the southeastern part of the region in Harlan County.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Counties","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Downtown_Ashland_Kentucky.jpg"},{"link_name":"2020 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-est-9"}],"sub_title":"Major cities","text":"Ashland, the region's largest cityThe following list consists of Eastern Kentucky cities with populations over 4,000 according to the 2020 United States Census:[9]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Natural_Bridge_(Kentucky).jpg"}],"text":"Natural Bridge State Resort Park","title":"Protected areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cumberland Gap National Historical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Gap_National_Historical_Park"},{"link_name":"Dr. Thomas Walker State Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Thomas_Walker_State_Historic_Site"}],"sub_title":"Historical parks","text":"Cumberland Gap National Historical Park (part)\nDr. Thomas Walker State Historic Site","title":"Protected areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buckhorn Lake State Resort Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckhorn_Lake_State_Resort_Park"},{"link_name":"Carter Caves State Resort Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Caves_State_Resort_Park"},{"link_name":"Cumberland Falls State Resort Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Falls_State_Resort_Park"},{"link_name":"Greenbo Lake State Resort Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenbo_Lake_State_Resort_Park"},{"link_name":"Jenny Wiley State Resort Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Wiley_State_Resort_Park"},{"link_name":"Natural Bridge State Resort Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Bridge_State_Resort_Park"},{"link_name":"Pine Mountain State Resort Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Mountain_State_Resort_Park"}],"sub_title":"State resort parks","text":"Buckhorn Lake State Resort Park\nCarter Caves State Resort Park\nCumberland Falls State Resort Park\nGreenbo Lake State Resort Park\nJenny Wiley State Resort Park\nNatural Bridge State Resort Park\nPine Mountain State Resort Park","title":"Protected areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:McHargue%E2%80%99s_Mill.jpg"},{"link_name":"Levi Jackson Wilderness Road State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Jackson_Wilderness_Road_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Laurel County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Carr Creek State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carr_Creek_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Dawkins Line Rail Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawkins_Line_Rail_Trail"},{"link_name":"Fishtrap Lake State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishtrap_Lake_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Grayson Lake State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayson_Lake_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Kingdom Come State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Come_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Levi Jackson Wilderness Road State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Jackson_Wilderness_Road_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Paintsville Lake State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintsville_Lake_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Pine Mountain State Scenic Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Mountain_State_Scenic_Trail"},{"link_name":"Yatesville Lake State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatesville_Lake_State_Park"}],"sub_title":"State recreational parks","text":"Levi Jackson Wilderness Road State Park in Laurel County, KentuckyCarr Creek State Park\nDawkins Line Rail Trail\nFishtrap Lake State Park\nGrayson Lake State Park\nKingdom Come State Park\nLevi Jackson Wilderness Road State Park\nPaintsville Lake State Park\nPine Mountain State Scenic Trail\nYatesville Lake State Park","title":"Protected areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_South_Fork_National_River_and_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"Breaks Interstate Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaks_Interstate_Park"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area (part)\nBreaks Interstate Park (part)","title":"Protected areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource"},{"link_name":"oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"state parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_parks"},{"link_name":"Calgon Carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgon_Carbon"},{"link_name":"Ashland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"granular activated carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon#Granular_activated_carbon_(GAC)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The region's economy is centered around the natural resources available, which includes coal, timber, natural gas, and oil. Recently, tourism has become a leading industry in the region, due to the region's cultural history and the creation of state parks.Calgon Carbon constructed the Big Sandy Plant near Ashland in 1961 and it has since become the world's largest producer of granular activated carbon. The facility produces over 100 million pounds of granular activated carbon annually.[10]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"persistent poverty counties\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_poverty_county"},{"link_name":"Economic Research Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Research_Service"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Persistent poverty","text":"Most of the counties in the Eastern Kentucky Coalfield are classified as \"persistent poverty counties\". The definition of a persistent poverty county by the Economic Research Service of the United States Department of Agriculture is that 20 percent or more of the total county population has been living in poverty since the 1980 census.[11]A June 2014 article in The New York Times identified six counties in the Kentucky Coal Field as among the \"hardest places to live in the United States.\" The lowest-ranking counties were Breathitt, Clay, Jackson, Lee, Leslie, and Magoffin. They ranked among the bottom ten counties nationwide. The factors which accounted for the low ranking of those six counties were unemployment, prevalence of disabilities, obesity, income, and education.[12] The Times declared Clay County the hardest place to live in the U.S.[13]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Appalachian Regional Commission counties § Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Appalachian_Regional_Commission_counties#Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Regional Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Regional_Commission"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arcdata-14"},{"link_name":"Bluegrass region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_region"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arcdata-14"}],"sub_title":"Appalachian Regional Commission","text":"See also: List of Appalachian Regional Commission counties § KentuckyThe Appalachian Regional Commission was formed in 1965 to aid economic development in the Appalachian region, which was lagging far behind the rest of the nation on most economic indicators. The Appalachian region currently defined by the Commission includes 420 counties in 13 states, including all counties in Kentucky's Eastern Coalfield. The Commission gives each county one of five possible economic designations—distressed, at-risk, transitional, competitive, or attainment—with \"distressed\" counties being the most economically endangered and \"attainment\" counties being the most economically prosperous. These designations are based primarily on three indicators—three-year average unemployment rate, market income per capita, and poverty rate.[14]From 2012 to 2014, \"Appalachian\" Kentucky—which includes all of the Eastern Coalfield and several counties in South Central Kentucky and a few in the eastern part of the Bluegrass region—had a three-year average unemployment rate of 9.8%, compared with 7.6% statewide and 7.2% nationwide.[14] In 2014, Appalachian Kentucky had a per capita market income of $18,889, compared with $28,332 statewide and $38,117 nationwide. From 2010 to 2014, Appalachian Kentucky had an average poverty rate of 25.4%—the highest of any of the ARC regions—, compared to 18.9% statewide and 15.6% nationwide. Twenty-five Eastern Mountain Coal Field counties—Bell, Breathitt, Carter, Clay, Elliott, Floyd, Harlan, Jackson, Johnson, Knott, Knox, Lawrence, Lee, Leslie, Letcher, Magoffin, Martin, McCreary, Menifee, Morgan, Owsley, Powell, Rowan, Whitley, and Wolfe—were designated \"distressed,\" while four – Laurel, Montgomery, Perry, and Pike – were designated \"at-risk.\" Two Eastern Coalfield counties were designated \"transitional\" — Boyd and Greenup. No counties in the Eastern Coalfields region were given the \"attainment\" designation or were designated \"competitive.\"The following table illustrates the economic status of each county.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Most of the counties in the Eastern Kentucky Coalfield rank in the lowest ten percent of U.S. counties in average life expectancy. Both men and women have average life spans that are several years less than the average life span in the United States. Moreover, many counties have seen a decline in the life expectancy of men and/or women since 1985. Average life expectancy in some counties is as low as 70 years as compared with the life expectancy of some counties in the U.S. of more than 80 years. Factors influencing the health of residents include a high prevalence of smoking and obesity and a low level of physical activity.[15]","title":"Health"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Pikeville_pedestrian_entrance.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Pikeville Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pikeville_Kentucky_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aduc1.jpg"}],"text":"The Coal Building, University of Pikeville Kentucky College of Osteopathic MedicineMorehead State University","title":"Post-secondary education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morehead State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morehead_State_University"}],"sub_title":"Public universities","text":"Morehead State University","title":"Post-secondary education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alice Lloyd College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Lloyd_College"},{"link_name":"Clear Creek Baptist Bible College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Creek_Baptist_Bible_College"},{"link_name":"Frontier Nursing University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier_Nursing_University"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Christian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Christian_University"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Mountain Bible College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Mountain_Bible_College"},{"link_name":"University of Pikeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pikeville"},{"link_name":"Union College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_College_(Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"University of the Cumberlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Cumberlands"}],"sub_title":"Private colleges and universities","text":"Alice Lloyd College\nClear Creek Baptist Bible College\nFrontier Nursing University\nKentucky Christian University\nKentucky Mountain Bible College\nUniversity of Pikeville\nUnion College\nUniversity of the Cumberlands","title":"Post-secondary education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashland Community and Technical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland_Community_and_Technical_College"},{"link_name":"Big Sandy Community and Technical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sandy_Community_and_Technical_College"},{"link_name":"Hazard Community and Technical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_Community_and_Technical_College"},{"link_name":"Southeast Kentucky Community and Technical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Kentucky_Community_and_Technical_College"}],"sub_title":"Community and technical colleges","text":"Ashland Community and Technical College\nBig Sandy Community and Technical College\nHazard Community and Technical College\nSoutheast Kentucky Community and Technical College","title":"Post-secondary education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mitch McConnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_McConnell"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_election_in_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfe_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Elliott Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-16"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Elliott County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-16"},{"link_name":"Kentucky's 5th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Hal Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Dean of the United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"}],"text":"As a whole, East Kentucky was long a Democratic stronghold. The only two counties in the state to vote against Mitch McConnell in each of his six senatorial campaigns through 2020 have been Wolfe and Elliott Counties, both in East Kentucky. However, the region has swung dramatically to the right recently. In 2004, eleven counties in East Kentucky supported Democratic candidate John Kerry, and in 2008, even as the nation as a whole shifted Democratic, the number of East Kentucky counties supporting Democratic candidate Barack Obama fell to just four, and in 2012 fell to just one.[16] Every county in East Kentucky supported Donald Trump in both 2016 and 2020 with at least 50% of the vote. In fact, each of the three most Republican counties in Kentucky (in terms of vote proportion) were all in East Kentucky (namely Leslie, Jackson and Martin Counties). Each gave less than a tenth of their vote to Hillary Clinton, the Democratic candidate.Elliott County, Kentucky, serves as a good representation of the political transformation throughout the region. The county had the longest streak in the nation of any county voting Democratic,[16] but has shifted hard to the right in recent elections. The county went from giving Democrat Barack Obama more than 60% of the vote in 2008 to giving Republican Donald Trump more than 70% of the vote just eight years later. Despite this, Democrats continue to do well in local elections, and the party maintains an overwhelming advantage in party registration. Much of this area is represented by Kentucky's 5th congressional district represented by 22-term congressman Hal Rogers, who also serves as the Dean of the United States House of Representatives.","title":"Political climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hylo Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylo_Brown"},{"link_name":"bluegrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegrass_music"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"June Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Alice Lloyd College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Lloyd_College"},{"link_name":"Knott County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knott_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Tyler Childers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Childers"},{"link_name":"Paintsville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintsville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Earle Combs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_Combs"},{"link_name":"Owsley County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owsley_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Tim Couch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Couch"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Hyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyden,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Billy Ray Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Ray_Cyrus"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Flatwoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatwoods,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Richie Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Farmer"},{"link_name":"University of Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Jim Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Ford"},{"link_name":"Johnson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Mary Elliott Flanery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elliott_Flanery"},{"link_name":"Mason–Dixon line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line"},{"link_name":"Crystal Gayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Gayle"},{"link_name":"Van Lear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Lear,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Eula Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eula_Hall"},{"link_name":"Mud Creek Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mud_Creek_Clinic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roscoe Holcomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Holcomb"},{"link_name":"Daisy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Silas House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silas_House"},{"link_name":"Laurel County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Leslie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"The Judds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Judds"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Naomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Judd"},{"link_name":"Wynonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynonna_Judd"},{"link_name":"Ashland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Ashley Judd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Judd"},{"link_name":"Alice Spencer Geddes Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Spencer_Geddes_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Patty Loveless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty_Loveless"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Loretta Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loretta_Lynn"},{"link_name":"John Pelphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pelphrey"},{"link_name":"teammate of Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Kentucky_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"University of Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Gators_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Paintsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintsville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Francis Gary Powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Gary_Powers"},{"link_name":"Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenkins,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Venus Ramey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Ramey"},{"link_name":"Miss America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_America"},{"link_name":"Ashland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Jeff Sheppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Sheppard"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"NCAA Tournament Most Outstanding Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_basketball_tournament_Most_Outstanding_Player"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Benjamin F. Stapleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_F._Stapleton"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"Gary Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stewart_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Jesse Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Stuart"},{"link_name":"poet laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet_laureate"},{"link_name":"Dwight Yoakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Yoakam"},{"link_name":"Pikeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikeville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Sturgill Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgill_Simpson"},{"link_name":"outlaw country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw_country"}],"text":"Hylo Brown, bluegrass and country music singer, born in River.\nJune Buchanan (1887–1988), educator who worked with Alice Spencer Geddes Lloyd (see below). Co-founder of Caney Junior College, now Alice Lloyd College. Lived in Knott County from 1919 until her death.\nTyler Childers, a country, bluegrass, and folk musician from Paintsville, Kentucky.\nEarle Combs (1899–1976), Hall of Fame MLB center fielder for the New York Yankees. Born in Pebworth, a community in Owsley County.[17]\nTim Couch, former NFL quarterback. Born and raised in Hyden.\nBilly Ray Cyrus (born 1961), American country music singer, songwriter and actor. Born in Flatwoods.\nRichie Farmer (born 1969), basketball standout for the University of Kentucky and politician (Kentucky Commissioner of Agriculture, 2003–2011). Born and raised in Manchester.\nJim Ford, singer-songwriter, born in Johnson County.\nMary Elliott Flanery, first woman elected to a state legislature south of the Mason–Dixon line.\nCrystal Gayle, country singer and younger sister of Loretta Lynn; both raised in Van Lear.\nEula Hall, Founder of the Mud Creek Clinic.\nRoscoe Holcomb, American musician who lived the majority of his life in Daisy.\nSilas House (born 1971), author. Born and raised in Laurel County; also lived in Leslie County during his childhood.\nThe Judds, a country music duo of mother Naomi (born 1946) and daughter Wynonna (born 1964). Born in Ashland.\nAshley Judd (born 1968), actress; daughter of Naomi Judd and half-sister of Wynonna Judd. Born in Ashland.\nAlice Spencer Geddes Lloyd (1876–1962), social reformer who founded 100 elementary schools in the region as well as co-founding the college that now bears her name. Lived in Knott County from 1915 until her death.\nPatty Loveless, country music singer. Born in Pikeville.\nLoretta Lynn, country singer, raised in Van Lear.\nJohn Pelphrey (born 1968), basketball standout for the University of Kentucky (and teammate of Farmer); former head basketball coach at the University of Arkansas, and current assistant at the University of Florida. Born in Paintsville.\nFrancis Gary Powers (August 17, 1929 – August 1, 1977) was an American pilot whose CIA U-2 spy plane was shot down while over the Soviet Union, causing the 1960 U-2 incident. Born in Jenkins.\nVenus Ramey, Miss America, 1944. Born in Ashland.\nJeff Sheppard (born 1974), University of Kentucky basketball star (1998 NCAA Tournament Most Outstanding Player) and former player in the NBA and several European leagues. Has lived in London since he retired from play.\nBenjamin F. Stapleton, Mayor of Denver, Colorado between (1923–1931) and (1935–1947). Born in Paintsville.\nGary Stewart, Country music singer and musician, 1944–2003, born in Jenkins.\nJesse Stuart, author and former poet laureate of Kentucky\nDwight Yoakam (born 1956), singer-songwriter, actor and film director. Born in Pikeville.\nSturgill Simpson, outlaw country music singer-songwriter born in Jackson in 1978","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/kentuckyguidetob00federich/page/n8/mode/1up"}],"text":"WPA, Kentucky: A Guide to the Bluegrass State (1939); classic guide from the Federal Writers Project; covers main themes and every town online","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Counties of the Eastern Mountain Coalfields of Kentucky highlighted in red[1][2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Eastern-ky.png/280px-Eastern-ky.png"},{"image_text":"Daniel Boone National Forest in Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Daniel_Boone_National_Forest_Tater_Knob.jpg/280px-Daniel_Boone_National_Forest_Tater_Knob.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cumberland Falls in Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cumberland_Falls%2C_Whitley_County%2C_Kentucky.JPG/280px-Cumberland_Falls%2C_Whitley_County%2C_Kentucky.JPG"},{"image_text":"Breaks Interstate Park in Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Breaks_Canyon_Fall.jpg/280px-Breaks_Canyon_Fall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ashland, the region's largest city","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Downtown_Ashland_Kentucky.jpg/220px-Downtown_Ashland_Kentucky.jpg"},{"image_text":"Natural Bridge State Resort Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Natural_Bridge_%28Kentucky%29.jpg/280px-Natural_Bridge_%28Kentucky%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Levi Jackson Wilderness Road State Park in Laurel County, Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/McHargue%E2%80%99s_Mill.jpg/280px-McHargue%E2%80%99s_Mill.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Coal Building, University of Pikeville Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/University_of_Pikeville_pedestrian_entrance.jpg/220px-University_of_Pikeville_pedestrian_entrance.jpg"},{"image_text":"Morehead State University","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Aduc1.jpg/220px-Aduc1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Red River Gorge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/View_of_Chimney_Top_Rock.JPG/100px-View_of_Chimney_Top_Rock.JPG"},{"image_text":"Cumberland Mountains","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Black_Mountain_Off-Road_Adventure_Area_Kentucky.jpg/100px-Black_Mountain_Off-Road_Adventure_Area_Kentucky.jpg"},{"image_text":"Martins Fork Lake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Martins_Fork_Lake_Kentucky.jpg/100px-Martins_Fork_Lake_Kentucky.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cumberland Falls","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cumberland_Falls_2009.jpg/100px-Cumberland_Falls_2009.jpg"},{"image_text":"U.S. 23 Country Music Highway Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/U.S._23_Country_Music_Highway_Museum.jpg/100px-U.S._23_Country_Music_Highway_Museum.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Huntington-Ashland-Ironton metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington-Ashland-Ironton_metropolitan_area"},{"title":"Coal mining in Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining_in_Kentucky"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Kentucky Atlas and Gazetteer\". March 28, 2008. Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080328072411/http://www.uky.edu/KentuckyAtlas/map-kentucky-geologic.gif","url_text":"\"Kentucky Atlas and Gazetteer\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Digital Newspaper Program: The Kentucky Edition, More about KY-NDNP: regions\". Uky.edu. November 6, 2007. Archived from the original on October 1, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uky.edu/Libraries/NDNP/regions.html","url_text":"\"National Digital Newspaper Program: The Kentucky Edition, More about KY-NDNP: regions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131001234512/http://www.uky.edu/Libraries/NDNP/regions.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Climbing in the Red River Gorge\". Red River Gorge. RRG Tourism. Retrieved August 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.redrivergorge.com/adventures/climbing/","url_text":"\"Climbing in the Red River Gorge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2012. Retrieved February 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120224233043/http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"EPA County FIPS Code Listing\". EPA. Archived from the original on September 22, 2004. Retrieved April 9, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/codes/la.html","url_text":"\"EPA County FIPS Code Listing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040922224037/http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/codes/la.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"National Association of Counties. \"NACo – Find a county\". Archived from the original on July 11, 2007. Retrieved July 22, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070711070149/http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=%2Fcffiles%2Fcounties%2Fstate.cfm&state.cfm&statecode=ky","url_text":"\"NACo – Find a county\""},{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=/cffiles/counties/state.cfm&state.cfm&statecode=ky","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"USDA ERS – Geography of Poverty\". Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170217223844/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/rural-economy-population/rural-poverty-well-being/geography-of-poverty.aspx","url_text":"\"USDA ERS – Geography of Poverty\""},{"url":"https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/rural-economy-population/rural-poverty-well-being/geography-of-poverty.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lowrey, Annie (June 29, 2014). \"What's the Matter With Eastern Kentucky?\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/29/magazine/whats-the-matter-with-eastern-kentucky.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"What's the Matter With Eastern Kentucky?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201203726/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/29/magazine/whats-the-matter-with-eastern-kentucky.html?_r=0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"US Health Map | IHME Viz Hub\". Archived from the original on February 24, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://vizhub.healthdata.org/subnational/usa","url_text":"\"US Health Map | IHME Viz Hub\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170224231038/http://vizhub.healthdata.org/subnational/usa","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Eliot (May 10, 2013). \"Not So Solid South: Democratic Party Survives In Rural Elliott County, Kentucky\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/solid-south-democratic-party-kentucky_n_3151539","url_text":"\"Not So Solid South: Democratic Party Survives In Rural Elliott County, Kentucky\""}]},{"reference":"\"Earle Combs / Baseball Legend\". March 15, 2012. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120315135039/http://earlecombs.com/Biography.htm","url_text":"\"Earle Combs / Baseball Legend\""},{"url":"http://earlecombs.com/Biography.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eastern_Kentucky_Coalfield¶ms=37_45_N_83_05_W_region:US-KY_scale:3000000","external_links_name":"37°45′N 83°05′W / 37.750°N 83.083°W / 37.750; -83.083"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21013,00","external_links_name":"013"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21019,00","external_links_name":"019"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21025,00","external_links_name":"025"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21043,00","external_links_name":"043"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21051,00","external_links_name":"051"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21063,00","external_links_name":"063"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21071,00","external_links_name":"071"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21089,00","external_links_name":"089"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21095,00","external_links_name":"095"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21109,00","external_links_name":"109"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21115,00","external_links_name":"115"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21119,00","external_links_name":"119"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21121,00","external_links_name":"121"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21125,00","external_links_name":"125"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21127,00","external_links_name":"127"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21129,00","external_links_name":"129"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21131,00","external_links_name":"131"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21133,00","external_links_name":"133"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21153,00","external_links_name":"153"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21159,00","external_links_name":"159"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21147,00","external_links_name":"147"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21175,00","external_links_name":"175"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21189,00","external_links_name":"189"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21193,00","external_links_name":"193"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21195,00","external_links_name":"195"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21235,00","external_links_name":"235"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/21237,00","external_links_name":"237"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080328072411/http://www.uky.edu/KentuckyAtlas/map-kentucky-geologic.gif","external_links_name":"\"Kentucky Atlas and Gazetteer\""},{"Link":"http://www.uky.edu/Libraries/NDNP/regions.html","external_links_name":"\"National Digital Newspaper Program: The Kentucky Edition, More about KY-NDNP: regions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131001234512/http://www.uky.edu/Libraries/NDNP/regions.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.uky.edu/Libraries/NDNP/regions.html","external_links_name":"Eastern Mountain Coal Fields"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131001234512/http://www.uky.edu/Libraries/NDNP/regions.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.redrivergorge.com/adventures/climbing/","external_links_name":"\"Climbing in the Red River Gorge\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120224233043/http://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/codes/la.html","external_links_name":"\"EPA County FIPS Code Listing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040922224037/http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/codes/la.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070711070149/http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=%2Fcffiles%2Fcounties%2Fstate.cfm&state.cfm&statecode=ky","external_links_name":"\"NACo – Find a county\""},{"Link":"http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=/cffiles/counties/state.cfm&state.cfm&statecode=ky","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 Population Estimates"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105915/http://www.kam.us.com/component/docman/doc_download/126-aaron-traylor?Itemid=","external_links_name":"Calgon Carbon Big Sandy Plant"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170217223844/https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/rural-economy-population/rural-poverty-well-being/geography-of-poverty.aspx","external_links_name":"\"USDA ERS – Geography of Poverty\""},{"Link":"https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/rural-economy-population/rural-poverty-well-being/geography-of-poverty.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/29/magazine/whats-the-matter-with-eastern-kentucky.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"What's the Matter With Eastern Kentucky?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201203726/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/29/magazine/whats-the-matter-with-eastern-kentucky.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.arc.gov/reports/region_report.asp?FIPS=21999&REPORT_ID=62","external_links_name":"County Economic Status, Fiscal Year 2017: Appalachian Kentucky"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170514022752/https://www.arc.gov/reports/region_report.asp?FIPS=21999&REPORT_ID=62","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://vizhub.healthdata.org/subnational/usa","external_links_name":"\"US Health Map | IHME Viz Hub\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170224231038/http://vizhub.healthdata.org/subnational/usa","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/solid-south-democratic-party-kentucky_n_3151539","external_links_name":"\"Not So Solid South: Democratic Party Survives In Rural Elliott County, Kentucky\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120315135039/http://earlecombs.com/Biography.htm","external_links_name":"\"Earle Combs / Baseball Legend\""},{"Link":"http://earlecombs.com/Biography.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/kentuckyguidetob00federich/page/n8/mode/1up","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716021740/http://www.visiteasternky.com/index.html","external_links_name":"Visit Eastern Kentucky"},{"Link":"http://www.soar-ky.org/","external_links_name":"Shaping Our Appalachian Region (SOAR)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Eastern_Kentucky_Coalfield¶ms=37_45_N_83_05_W_region:US-KY_scale:3000000","external_links_name":"37°45′N 83°05′W / 37.750°N 83.083°W / 37.750; -83.083"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Minneapolis_City_Council_election
|
2013 Minneapolis City Council election
|
["1 Candidates","1.1 Dropped out","2 Results","2.1 Summary","2.2 Ward 1","2.3 Ward 2","2.4 Ward 3","2.5 Ward 4","2.6 Ward 5","2.7 Ward 6","2.8 Ward 7","2.9 Ward 8","2.10 Ward 9","2.11 Ward 10","2.12 Ward 11","2.13 Ward 12","2.14 Ward 13","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Minneapolis City Council elections, 2013
← 2009
November 5, 2013 (2013-11-05)
2017 →
All 13 seats on the Minneapolis City Council7 seats needed for a majority
Majority party
Minority party
Leader
Gary Schiff(retiring)
Cam Gordon
Party
Democratic (DFL)
Green
Leader's seat
Ward 9
Ward 2
Last election
12 seats, 69.57%
1 seat, 9.76%
Seats won
12
1
Seat change
Popular vote
59,814
5,553
Percentage
79.31%
7.36%
Swing
9.74 pp
2.40 pp
Winning party's vote share by ward.
President before election
Barb Johnson
Democratic (DFL)
Elected President
Barb Johnson
Democratic (DFL)
Elections in Minnesota
General elections
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
Federal elections
Presidential elections
1860
1864
1868
1872
1876
1880
1884
1888
1892
1896
1900
1904
1908
1912
1916
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1940
1944
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
Dem
2004
Dem
2008
Dem
Rep
2012
2016
Dem
Rep
2020
Dem
Rep
2024
Dem
Rep
LMN
Senate elections
Class 1
1858
1863
1869
1875
1881
1886
1892
1899
1901 (sp)
1905
1911
1916
1922
1928
1934
1940
1946
1952
1958
1964
1970
1976
1978 (sp)
1982
1988
1994
2000
2006
2012
2018
2024
Class 2
1858
1865
1871 (sp)
1871
1877
1881 (sp)
1883
1888
1895
1901
1907
1913
1918
1923 (sp)
1924
1930
1936 (sp)
1936
1942 (sp)
1942
1948
1954
1960
1966
1972
1978
1984
1990
1996
2002
2008
2014
2018 (sp)
2020
2026
House of Representatives
1849 (Terr)
1850 (Terr)
1852 (Terr)
1854 (Terr)
1856 (Terr)
1857
1859
1860
1862
1864
1866
1868
1870
1872
1874
1876
1878
1880
1882
1884
1886
1888
1890
1892
1894
1896
1898
1900
1902
1904
1906
1908
1910
1912
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1929
5th sp
7th sp
1930
1932
1934
1936
1938
1940
1942
1944
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1977
7th sp
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
5th
6th
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
1st sp
2024
State executive elections
Gubernatorial elections
1857
1859
1861
1863
1865
1867
1869
1871
1873
1875
1877
1879
1881
1883
1886
1888
1890
1892
1894
1896
1898
1900
1902
1904
1906
1908
1910
1912
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
1932
1934
1936
1938
1940
1942
1944
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
Lieutenant gubernatorial elections
1900
1902
1904
1906
1908
1910
1912
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
1932
1934
1936
1938
1940
1942
1944
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1966
1970
Secretary of State elections
2010
2014
2018
2022
State Auditor elections
1934
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
Attorney General elections
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
State legislative elections
Senate elections
1890
1894
1898
1902
1906
1910
1976
1980
1982
1986
1990
1992
1996
2000
2002
2006
2010
2012
2016
2020
2022
2026
House of Representatives elections
1910
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
Special elections
Senate
House of Representatives
Ballot questions
2012
Amendment 1
Amendment 2
Minneapolis
General elections
2005
2009
2013
2017
2021
Mayoral elections
2005
2009
2013
2017
2021
City Council elections
2005
2009
2013
2017
2021
2023
City ballot questions
Question 2 (2021)
Saint Paul
Mayoral elections
2001
2005
2009
2013
2017
2021
vte
The 2013 Minneapolis City Council elections were held on November 5, 2013 to elect the 13 members of the Minneapolis City Council for four-year terms. 10 races produced a winner in the first round and the remaining three in the second round. Candidates affiliated with the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) won all 12 of the seats where they had fielded a candidate, and the Green Party of Minnesota won the remaining one seat.
Members were elected from single-member districts via instant-runoff voting, popularly known as ranked choice voting. Voters had the option of ranking up to three candidates. Municipal elections in Minnesota are officially nonpartisan, although candidates were able to identify with a political party on the ballot.
Candidates
Names of incumbents are italicized.
Ward
Candidate
Political party/principle
Political party endorsement(s)
1
Vincent Coffeen
Minnesota Pirate Party
Minnesota Pirate Party
Mark Fox
Independent
Kevin Reich
DFL
Minneapolis DFL
2
Cam Gordon
Green Party of Minnesota
Fifth District Green Party
Diana Newberry
Socialist Workers Party
3
Jacob Frey
DFL
Minneapolis DFL
Kristina Gronquist
Green Party of Minnesota
Fifth District Green Party
Diane Hofstede
DFL
Michael Katch
Libertarian
Libertarian Party of MinnesotaMinnesota Pirate PartyMinneapolis City Republican Committee
4
Kris Brogan
DFL
Barb Johnson
DFL
Minneapolis DFL
Dan Niesen
Republican Party of Minnesota
5
Ian Alexander
DFL
Brett Buckner
DFL
Kale Severson
Green Party of Minnesota
Fifth District Green Party
Blong Yang
DFL
Fifth Congressional District Independence Party of Minnesota
6
Abukar Abdi
DFL
Sheikh Abdul
DFL
Abdi Addow
DFL
Mahamed Cali
DFL
Robert Lilligren
DFL
Abdi Warsame
DFL
Minneapolis DFL
7
Lisa Goodman
DFL
Minneapolis DFL
8
Elizabeth Glidden
DFL
Minneapolis DFL
9
Abdi Abdulle
DFL
Alondra Cano
DFL
Minneapolis DFL
Charles Curtis
Politics with Principle
Pat Fleetham
DFL
Gregory McDonald
DFL
Ty Moore
Socialist Alternative
Fifth District Green Party
10
Lisa Bender
DFL
Minneapolis DFL
Scott Hargarten
Minnesota Pirate Party
Minnesota Pirate Party
Meg Tuthill
DFL
11
Bob Schlosser
Non-Party Affiliate
Matt Steele
Independent
Fifth Congressional District Independence Party of Minnesota
John Quincy
DFL
Minneapolis DFL
12
Charlie Casserly
Independent
Dick Franson
DFL
Ben Gisselman
DFL
Andrew Johnson
DFL
Chris Lautenschlager
Green Party of Minnesota
Fifth District Green Party
13
Missy Durant
DFL
Linea Palmisano
DFL
Minneapolis DFL
Matt Perry
DFL
David Regan
Libertarian Party of Minnesota
Bob Reuer
Independent
Minneapolis City Republican Committee
Dropped out
Ward
Candidate
Political party/principle
Political party endorsement(s)
10
Nate Griggs
Independence Party of Minnesota
Fifth Congressional District Independence Party of Minnesota
Griggs announced on October 20, 2013 that he had accepted a job offer and would no longer be running.
Results
Summary
Summary of the November 5, 2013 Minneapolis City Council elections results
Party
Candidates
1st Choice Votes
Seats
#
%
∆pp
#
∆#
%
Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party
29
59,814
79.31
9.74
12
92.31
Green Party of Minnesota
4
5,553
7.36
2.40
1
7.69
Socialist Alternative
1
1,569
2.08
2.08
0
Socialist Workers Party
1
524
0.69
0.69
0
Republican Party of Minnesota
1
501
0.66
1.84
0
Minnesota Pirate Party
2
342
0.45
0.45
0
Independence Party of Minnesota
1
226
0.30
0.94
0
Libertarian Party of Minnesota
1
199
0.26
0.17
0
Independent
7
6,057
8.03
8.21
0
Write-in
N/A
637
0.84
0.53
0
Total
75,422
100.00
—
13
±0
100.00
Valid votes
75,422
94.16
3.30
Undervotes
4,649
5.80
3.26
Overvotes
30
0.04
N/A
Turnout
80,101
33.38
13.74
Registered voters
239,985
Ward 1
Minneapolis City Council Ward 1 election, 2013
Political party/principle
Candidate
% 1st Choice
Round 1
DFL
Kevin Reich
76.08
4,268
Independent
Mark Fox
19.06
1,069
Minnesota Pirate Party
Vincent Coffeen
4.39
246
N/A
Write-ins
0.48
27
Maximum possible threshold
2,972
Valid votes
5,610
Undervotes
331
Overvotes
1
Turnout
30.93%
5,942
Registered voters
19,209
Ward 2
Minneapolis City Council Ward 2 election, 2013
Political party/principle
Candidate
% 1st Choice
Round 1
Green Party of Minnesota
Cam Gordon (incumbent)
87.14
4,060
Socialist Workers Party
Diana Newberry
11.25
524
N/A
Write-ins
1.61
75
Maximum possible threshold
2,579
Valid votes
4,659
Undervotes
497
Turnout
27.56%
5,156
Registered voters
18,705
Ward 3
Minneapolis City Council Ward 3 election, 2013
Political party/principle
Candidate
% 1st Choice
Round 1
DFL
Jacob Frey
61.31
3,722
DFL
Diane Hofstede
26.59
1,614
Libertarian
Michael Katch
5.98
363
Green Party of Minnesota
Kristina Gronquist
5.88
357
N/A
Write-ins
0.25
15
Maximum possible threshold
3,104
Valid votes
6,071
Undervotes
132
Overvotes
3
Turnout
30.99%
6,206
Registered voters
20,027
Ward 4
Minneapolis City Council Ward 4 election, 2013
Political party/principle
Candidate
% 1st Choice
Round 1
DFL
Barb Johnson
56.60
2,153
DFL
Kris Brogan
29.92
1,138
Republican Party of Minnesota
Dan Niesen
13.17
501
N/A
Write-ins
0.32
12
Maximum possible threshold
1,971
Valid votes
3,804
Undervotes
134
Overvotes
2
Turnout
23.06%
3,940
Registered voters
17,086
Ward 5
Minneapolis City Council Ward 5 election, 2013
Political party/principle
Candidate
% 1st Choice
Round 1
Round 2
% Final
DFL
Blong Yang
42.15
1,475
1,842
52.64
DFL
Ian Alexander
29.95
1,048
1,394
39.84
DFL
Brett Buckner
21.32
746
Green Party of Minnesota
Kale Severson
6.29
220
N/A
Write-ins
0.29
10
Exhausted ballots
263
7.52
Threshold
1,750
Valid votes
3,499
Undervotes
123
Turnout
23.54%
3,622
Registered voters
15,388
Ward 6
Minneapolis City Council Ward 6 election, 2013
Political party/principle
Candidate
% 1st Choice
Round 1
DFL
Abdi Warsame
63.92
3,090
DFL
Robert Lilligren (incumbent)
32.21
1,557
DFL
Abdi Addow
1.80
87
DFL
Sheikh Abdul
0.81
39
DFL
Mahamed Cali
0.52
25
DFL
Abukar Abdi
0.41
20
N/A
Write-ins
0.33
16
Maximum possible threshold
2,526
Valid votes
4,834
Undervotes
205
Overvotes
12
Turnout
33.62%
5,051
Registered voters
15,023
Ward 7
Minneapolis City Council Ward 7 election, 2013
Political party/principle
Candidate
% 1st Choice
Round 1
DFL
Lisa Goodman
94.89
5,309
N/A
Write-ins
5.11
286
Maximum possible threshold
3,298
Valid votes
5,595
Undervotes
994
Overvotes
5
Turnout
33.56%
6,594
Registered voters
19,651
Ward 8
Minneapolis City Council Ward 8 election, 2013
Political party/principle
Candidate
% 1st Choice
Round 1
DFL
Elizabeth Glidden
97.74
5,105
N/A
Write-ins
2.26
118
Maximum possible threshold
3,032
Valid votes
5,223
Undervotes
839
Overvotes
1
Turnout
35.00%
6,063
Registered voters
17,322
Ward 9
Minneapolis City Council Ward 9 election, 2013
Political party/principle
Candidate
% 1st Choice
Round 1
Round 2
% Final
DFL
Alondra Cano
40.63
1,698
1,987
47.55
Socialist Alternative
Ty Moore
37.54
1,569
1,758
42.07
Politics with Principle
Charles Curtis
8.09
338
DFL
Abdi Abdulle
6.84
1286
DFL
Pat Fleetham
3.66
153
DFL
Gregory McDonald
2.80
117
N/A
Write-ins
0.43
18
Exhausted ballots
434
10.39
Threshold
2,090
Valid votes
4,179
Undervotes
131
Turnout
34.05%
4,310
Registered voters
12,658
Ward 10
Minneapolis City Council Ward 10 election, 2013
Political party/principle
Candidate
% 1st Choice
Round 1
DFL
Lisa Bender
64.21
3,704
DFL
Meg Tuthill
30.02
1,732
Independence Party of Minnesota
Nate Griggs
3.92
226
Minnesota Pirate Party
Scott Hargarten
1.66
96
N/A
Write-ins
0.19
11
Maximum possible threshold
2,967
Valid votes
5,769
Undervotes
160
Overvotes
4
Turnout
30.49%
5,933
Registered voters
19,456
Ward 11
Minneapolis City Council Ward 11 election, 2013
Political party/principle
Candidate
% 1st Choice
Round 1
DFL
John Quincy (incumbent)
67.48
4,952
Independent
Matt Steele
27.97
2,053
Non-Party Affiliate
Bob Schlosser
4.48
329
N/A
Write-ins
0.07
5
Maximum possible threshold
3,901
Valid votes
7,339
Undervotes
460
Overvotes
1
Turnout
38.81%
7,800
Registered voters
20,100
Ward 12
Minneapolis City Council Ward 12 election, 2013
Political party/principle
Candidate
% 1st Choice
Round 1
DFL
Andrew Johnson
54.33
4,553
DFL
Ben Gisselman
17.04
1,428
Independent
Charlie Casserly
13.79
1,156
Green Party of Minnesota
Chris Lautenschlager
10.93
916
DFL
Dick Franson
3.51
294
N/A
Write-ins
0.41
34
Maximum possible threshold
4,372
Valid votes
8,381
Undervotes
360
Overvotes
1
Turnout
39.54%
8,742
Registered voters
22,108
Ward 13
Minneapolis City Council Ward 13 election, 2013
Political party/principle
Candidate
% 1st Choice
Round 1
Round 2
% Final
DFL
Linea Palmisano
42.57
4,452
5,059
48.37
DFL
Matt Perry
38.85
4,063
4,705
44.99
DFL
Missy Durant
9.43
986
Independent
Bob Reuer
7.16
749
Libertarian Party of Minnesota
David Regan
1.90
199
N/A
Write-ins
0.10
10
Exhausted ballots
695
6.64
Threshold
5,230
Valid votes
10,459
Undervotes
283
Turnout
46.20%
10,742
Registered voters
23,252
See also
Minneapolis municipal elections, 2013
Minneapolis mayoral election, 2013
Notes
^ a b A "recommendation." Not an official endorsement.
References
^ "City of Minneapolis Minnesota Election Results 2009". Minnesota Public Radio News. 2009. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
^ "Vincent Coffeen" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ a b c "Minneapolis 2013 Municipal Pirate Candidates!". Minnesota Pirate Party. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Mark Fox" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Kevin Reich" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "2013 Endorsed Candidates". Minneapolis DFL. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Cam Gordon" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ a b c d e "Candidates". Fifth District Green Party. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Diana Newberry" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Jacob Frey" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Kristina Gronquist" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Diane Hofstede" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Michael Katch" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "2013 Candidates". Libertarian Party of Minnesota. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ a b "2013 MCRC Recommended Candidates". Minneapolis City Republican Committee. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Kris Brogan" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Barbara A. "Barb" Johnson" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Dan Niesen" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Ian Alexander" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Brett Buckner" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Kale R. Severson" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Blong Yang" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ a b c "Independence: The Party of Reform". Fifth Congressional District Independence Party of Minnesota. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Abukar Abdi" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Sheikh Abdul" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Abdi Addow" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Mahamed A Cali" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Robert Lilligren" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Abdi Warsame" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Lisa Goodman" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Elizabeth Glidden" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Abdi Abdulle" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Alondra Cano" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Charles Curtis" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Pat Fleetham" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Gregory McDonald" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Ty Moore" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Lisa Bender" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Scott Hargarten" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Meg Tuthill" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Bob Schlosser" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Matt Steele" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "John Quincy" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Charlie Casserly" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ ""Dick" Franson" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Ben Gisselman" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Andrew Johnson" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Chris Lautenschlager" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Missy Durant" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Linea Palmisano" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Matt Perry" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "David Regan" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Bob Reuer" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Nate Griggs" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 22, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
^ "Announcement". Facebook. Nate Griggs for the 10th Ward. October 20, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Municipal Canvass Report". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
^ "2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 1". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
^ "2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 2". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
^ "2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 3". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
^ "2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 4". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
^ "2013 Minneapolis Municipal Election Results: City Council Ward 5". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
^ "2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 6". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
^ "2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 7". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
^ "2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 8". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
^ "2013 Minneapolis Municipal Election Results: City Council Ward 9". City of Minneapolis. November 8, 2013. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013.
^ "2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 10". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
^ "2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 11". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
^ "2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 12". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
^ "2013 Minneapolis Municipal Election Results: City Council Ward 13". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
External links
Minneapolis Elections & Voter Services
Elections & Voting - Minnesota Secretary of State
News media coverage
2013 Minneapolis elections from the Star Tribune
Election News from The Journal
Election News from the Southwest Journal
2013 Elections from My Broadsheet
vte Elections in MinnesotaGeneral elections
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
State electionsExecutive electionsGubernatorial elections
1857
1859
1861
1863
1865
1867
1869
1871
1873
1875
1877
1879
1881
1883
1886
1888
1890
1892
1894
1896
1898
1900
1902
1904
1906
1908
1910
1912
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
1932
1934
1936
1938
1940
1942
1944
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
Lieutenant gubernatorial elections
1894
1896
1898
1900
1902
1904
1906
1908
1910
1912
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1930
1932
1934
1936
1938
1940
1942
1944
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1966
1970
Secretary of State elections
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
State Auditor elections
1934
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
Attorney General elections
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
Legislative electionsSenate elections
1890
1894
1898
1902
1906
1910
1976
1980
1982
1986
1990
1992
1996
2000
2002
2006
2010
2012
2016
2020
2022
2026
House of Representatives elections
1910
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
Ballot questions
2012
Amendment 1
Amendment 2
Special elections
Senate
House of Representatives
Federal electionsPresidential elections
1860
1864
1868
1872
1876
1880
1884
1888
1892
1896
1900
1904
1908
1912
1916
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1940
1944
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
Senate electionsClass 1
1858
1863
1869
1875
1881
1886
1892
1899
1901 (sp)
1905
1911
1916
1922
1928
1934
1940
1946
1952
1958
1964
1970
1976
1978 (sp)
1982
1988
1994
2000
2006
2012
2018
2024
Class 2
1858
1865
1871 (sp)
1871
1877
1881 (sp)
1883
1888
1895
1901
1907
1913
1918
1923 (sp)
1924
1930
1936 (sp)
1936
1942 (sp)
1942
1948
1954
1960
1966
1972
1978
1984
1990
1996
2002
2008
2014
2018 (sp)
2020
House of Representatives elections
1849 (Terr)
1850 (Terr)
1852 (Terr)
1854 (Terr)
1856 (Terr)
1857
1859
1860
1862
1864
1866
1868
1870
1872
1874
1876
1878
1880
1882
1884
1886
1888
1890
1892
1894
1896
1898
1900
1902
1904
1906
1908
1910
1912
1914
1916
1918
1920
1922
1924
1926
1928
1929, 5th (sp)
1929, 7th (sp)
1930
1932
1934
1936
1938
1940
1942
1944
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1977, 7th (sp)
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2006 (5th)
2006 (6th)
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
Municipal electionsMinneapolisGeneral elections
2005
2009
2013
2017
2021
Mayoral elections
2005
2009
2013
2017
2021
City Council elections
2005
2009
2013
2017
2021
2023
Saint PaulMayoral elections
2001
2005
2009
2013
2017
2021
vte(2012 ←) 2013 United States elections (→ 2014)U.S. Senate
Massachusetts (special)
New Jersey (special)
U.S. House
Alabama
1st sp
Illinois
2nd sp
Louisiana
5th sp
Massachusetts
5th sp
Missouri
8th sp
South Carolina
1st sp
Governors
New Jersey
Virginia
Lt. Gov
Statelegislatures
New Jersey Senate
Virginia House
Mayors
Albany, NY
Albuquerque, NM
Allentown, PA
Arlington, TX
Atlanta, GA
Boston, MA
Buffalo, NY
Charlotte, NC
Cincinnati, OH
Cleveland, OH
Detroit, MI
Durham, NC
El Paso, TX
Fayetteville, NC
Fort Worth, TX
Greensboro, NC
Harrisburg, PA
Houston, TX
Jackson, MS
Jersey City, NJ
Los Angeles, CA
Manchester, NH
Miami, FL
Minneapolis, MN
New Haven, CT
New York, NY
North Las Vegas, NV
North Miami, FL
Omaha, NE
Pittsburgh, PA
Raleigh, NC
Rochester, NY
St. Paul, MN
San Antonio, TX
San Diego, CA
Seattle, WA
St. Louis, MO
St. Petersburg, FL
Winston-Salem, NC
Toledo, OH
Tulsa, OK
City
Los Angeles, CA
Minneapolis, MN
State
California
Colorado (recall)
Virginia
Attorney General
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minneapolis City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Green Party of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"single-member districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-member_district"},{"link_name":"instant-runoff voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"nonpartisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpartisanism"}],"text":"The 2013 Minneapolis City Council elections were held on November 5, 2013 to elect the 13 members of the Minneapolis City Council for four-year terms. 10 races produced a winner in the first round and the remaining three in the second round. Candidates affiliated with the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) won all 12 of the seats where they had fielded a candidate, and the Green Party of Minnesota won the remaining one seat.Members were elected from single-member districts via instant-runoff voting, popularly known as ranked choice voting. Voters had the option of ranking up to three candidates. Municipal elections in Minnesota are officially nonpartisan, although candidates were able to identify with a political party on the ballot.","title":"2013 Minneapolis City Council election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-incumbent_names-1"}],"text":"Names of incumbents are italicized.[1]","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-griggs_20131020-56"}],"sub_title":"Dropped out","text":"Griggs announced on October 20, 2013 that he had accepted a job offer and would no longer be running.[55]","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Summary","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ward 1","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ward 2","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ward 3","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ward 4","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ward 5","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ward 6","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ward 7","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ward 8","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ward 9","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ward 10","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ward 11","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ward 12","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ward 13","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unofficial_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unofficial_16-1"}],"text":"^ a b A \"recommendation.\" Not an official endorsement.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Minneapolis municipal elections, 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_municipal_elections,_2013"},{"title":"Minneapolis mayoral election, 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_mayoral_election,_2013"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"City of Minneapolis Minnesota Election Results 2009\". Minnesota Public Radio News. 2009. Retrieved October 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://minnesota.publicradio.org/collections/special/2009/election-results/city.php?city_id=43000","url_text":"\"City of Minneapolis Minnesota Election Results 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vincent Coffeen\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108071127/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112907.pdf","url_text":"\"Vincent Coffeen\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112907.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Minneapolis 2013 Municipal Pirate Candidates!\". Minnesota Pirate Party. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029050313/https://mnpirateparty.org/minneapolis-2013-municipal-pirate-candidates/","url_text":"\"Minneapolis 2013 Municipal Pirate Candidates!\""},{"url":"https://mnpirateparty.org/minneapolis-2013-municipal-pirate-candidates/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mark Fox\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108072719/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112810.pdf","url_text":"\"Mark Fox\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112810.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kevin Reich\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108070730/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112399.pdf","url_text":"\"Kevin Reich\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112399.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Endorsed Candidates\". Minneapolis DFL. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029050351/http://www.mpls.dfl.org/endorsed-candidates","url_text":"\"2013 Endorsed Candidates\""},{"url":"http://www.mpls.dfl.org/endorsed-candidates","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cam Gordon\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108080946/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112714.pdf","url_text":"\"Cam Gordon\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112714.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Candidates\". Fifth District Green Party. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://5cd.mngreens.org/Candidates/","url_text":"\"Candidates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diana Newberry\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108080345/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112647.pdf","url_text":"\"Diana Newberry\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112647.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jacob Frey\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108071500/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112079.pdf","url_text":"\"Jacob Frey\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112079.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kristina Gronquist\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108070512/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112717.pdf","url_text":"\"Kristina Gronquist\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112717.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Diane Hofstede\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108072234/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112080.pdf","url_text":"\"Diane Hofstede\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112080.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Katch\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108070733/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112881.pdf","url_text":"\"Michael Katch\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112881.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Candidates\". Libertarian Party of Minnesota. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131003060413/https://www.lpmn.org/2013-candidates/","url_text":"\"2013 Candidates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_Minnesota","url_text":"Libertarian Party of Minnesota"},{"url":"https://www.lpmn.org/2013-candidates/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2013 MCRC Recommended Candidates\". Minneapolis City Republican Committee. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.minneapolisrepublicans.org/candidates.asp","url_text":"\"2013 MCRC Recommended Candidates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kris Brogan\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108080034/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112687.pdf","url_text":"\"Kris Brogan\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112687.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Barbara A. \"Barb\" Johnson\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108070400/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112228.pdf","url_text":"\"Barbara A. \"Barb\" Johnson\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112228.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Niesen\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108074531/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112883.pdf","url_text":"\"Dan Niesen\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112883.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ian Alexander\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108081221/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112808.pdf","url_text":"\"Ian Alexander\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112808.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Brett Buckner\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108081212/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112310.pdf","url_text":"\"Brett Buckner\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112310.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kale R. Severson\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108074650/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112725.pdf","url_text":"\"Kale R. Severson\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112725.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Blong Yang\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108071954/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112650.pdf","url_text":"\"Blong Yang\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112650.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Independence: The Party of Reform\". Fifth Congressional District Independence Party of Minnesota. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131017160129/http://www.dev.partyofreform.com/","url_text":"\"Independence: The Party of Reform\""},{"url":"http://www.dev.partyofreform.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Abukar Abdi\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108073549/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112918.pdf","url_text":"\"Abukar Abdi\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112918.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sheikh Abdul\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108081203/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112882.pdf","url_text":"\"Sheikh Abdul\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112882.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Abdi Addow\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108071636/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112854.pdf","url_text":"\"Abdi Addow\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112854.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mahamed A Cali\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108075002/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112738.pdf","url_text":"\"Mahamed A Cali\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112738.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Lilligren\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108072308/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112109.pdf","url_text":"\"Robert Lilligren\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112109.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Abdi Warsame\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108071814/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112312.pdf","url_text":"\"Abdi Warsame\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112312.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lisa Goodman\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108072118/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112456.pdf","url_text":"\"Lisa Goodman\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112456.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Elizabeth Glidden\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108073618/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112303.pdf","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Glidden\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112303.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Abdi Abdulle\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108071738/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112802.pdf","url_text":"\"Abdi Abdulle\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112802.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alondra Cano\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108073717/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112084.pdf","url_text":"\"Alondra Cano\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112084.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Curtis\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108070707/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112197.pdf","url_text":"\"Charles Curtis\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112197.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pat Fleetham\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108072337/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112307.pdf","url_text":"\"Pat Fleetham\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112307.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gregory McDonald\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108074922/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112455.pdf","url_text":"\"Gregory McDonald\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112455.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ty Moore\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108073203/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112721.pdf","url_text":"\"Ty Moore\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112721.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lisa Bender\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108072242/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112144.pdf","url_text":"\"Lisa Bender\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112144.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Scott Hargarten\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108073535/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112899.pdf","url_text":"\"Scott Hargarten\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112899.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Meg Tuthill\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108074800/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112616.pdf","url_text":"\"Meg Tuthill\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112616.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Schlosser\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108075722/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112904.pdf","url_text":"\"Bob Schlosser\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112904.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Matt Steele\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108072809/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112734.pdf","url_text":"\"Matt Steele\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112734.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"John Quincy\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108075144/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112304.pdf","url_text":"\"John Quincy\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112304.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Charlie Casserly\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108075122/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112917.pdf","url_text":"\"Charlie Casserly\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112917.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Dick\" Franson\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108075351/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112074.pdf","url_text":"\"\"Dick\" Franson\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112074.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ben Gisselman\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108072611/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112600.pdf","url_text":"\"Ben Gisselman\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112600.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Andrew Johnson\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112340.pdf","url_text":"\"Andrew Johnson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Lautenschlager\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108073435/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112719.pdf","url_text":"\"Chris Lautenschlager\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112719.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Missy Durant\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108075316/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112371.pdf","url_text":"\"Missy Durant\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112371.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Linea Palmisano\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108071944/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112095.pdf","url_text":"\"Linea Palmisano\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112095.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Matt Perry\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108075431/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112129.pdf","url_text":"\"Matt Perry\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112129.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"David Regan\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108070235/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112248.pdf","url_text":"\"David Regan\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112248.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Reuer\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108080141/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112736.pdf","url_text":"\"Bob Reuer\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112736.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nate Griggs\" (PDF). Affidavit of Candidacy. City of Minneapolis. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 22, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131022170532/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112679.pdf","url_text":"\"Nate Griggs\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112679.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Announcement\". Facebook. Nate Griggs for the 10th Ward. October 20, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/NateGriggsMPLSCityCouncil/posts/530608780365653","url_text":"\"Announcement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"\"Municipal Canvass Report\". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.minneapolismn.gov/meetings/canvassing/WCMS1P-116856","url_text":"\"Municipal Canvass Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 1\". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-01","url_text":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 2\". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-02","url_text":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 3\". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-03","url_text":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 4\". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-04","url_text":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Minneapolis Municipal Election Results: City Council Ward 5\". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-05-tabulation","url_text":"\"2013 Minneapolis Municipal Election Results: City Council Ward 5\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 6\". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-06","url_text":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 6\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 7\". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-07","url_text":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 7\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 8\". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-08","url_text":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 8\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Minneapolis Municipal Election Results: City Council Ward 9\". City of Minneapolis. November 8, 2013. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131109003305/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-09-tabulation","url_text":"\"2013 Minneapolis Municipal Election Results: City Council Ward 9\""},{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-09-tabulation","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 10\". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-10","url_text":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 10\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 11\". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-11","url_text":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 11\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 12\". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-12","url_text":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 12\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Minneapolis Municipal Election Results: City Council Ward 13\". City of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-13-tabulation","url_text":"\"2013 Minneapolis Municipal Election Results: City Council Ward 13\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://minnesota.publicradio.org/collections/special/2009/election-results/city.php?city_id=43000","external_links_name":"\"City of Minneapolis Minnesota Election Results 2009\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108071127/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112907.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Vincent Coffeen\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112907.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029050313/https://mnpirateparty.org/minneapolis-2013-municipal-pirate-candidates/","external_links_name":"\"Minneapolis 2013 Municipal Pirate Candidates!\""},{"Link":"https://mnpirateparty.org/minneapolis-2013-municipal-pirate-candidates/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108072719/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112810.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mark Fox\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112810.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108070730/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112399.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kevin Reich\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112399.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029050351/http://www.mpls.dfl.org/endorsed-candidates","external_links_name":"\"2013 Endorsed Candidates\""},{"Link":"http://www.mpls.dfl.org/endorsed-candidates","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108080946/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112714.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cam Gordon\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112714.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://5cd.mngreens.org/Candidates/","external_links_name":"\"Candidates\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108080345/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112647.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Diana Newberry\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112647.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108071500/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112079.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Jacob Frey\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112079.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108070512/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112717.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kristina Gronquist\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112717.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108072234/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112080.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Diane Hofstede\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112080.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108070733/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112881.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Michael Katch\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112881.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131003060413/https://www.lpmn.org/2013-candidates/","external_links_name":"\"2013 Candidates\""},{"Link":"https://www.lpmn.org/2013-candidates/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.minneapolisrepublicans.org/candidates.asp","external_links_name":"\"2013 MCRC Recommended Candidates\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108080034/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112687.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kris Brogan\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112687.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108070400/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112228.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Barbara A. \"Barb\" Johnson\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112228.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108074531/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112883.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Dan Niesen\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112883.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108081221/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112808.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ian Alexander\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112808.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108081212/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112310.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Brett Buckner\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112310.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108074650/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112725.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kale R. Severson\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112725.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108071954/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112650.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Blong Yang\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112650.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131017160129/http://www.dev.partyofreform.com/","external_links_name":"\"Independence: The Party of Reform\""},{"Link":"http://www.dev.partyofreform.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108073549/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112918.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Abukar Abdi\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112918.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108081203/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112882.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Sheikh Abdul\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112882.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108071636/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112854.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Abdi Addow\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112854.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108075002/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112738.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mahamed A Cali\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112738.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108072308/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112109.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Robert Lilligren\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112109.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108071814/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112312.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Abdi Warsame\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112312.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108072118/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112456.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lisa Goodman\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112456.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108073618/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112303.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Elizabeth Glidden\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112303.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108071738/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112802.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Abdi Abdulle\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112802.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108073717/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112084.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Alondra Cano\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112084.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108070707/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112197.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Charles Curtis\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112197.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108072337/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112307.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Pat Fleetham\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112307.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108074922/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112455.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Gregory McDonald\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112455.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108073203/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112721.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ty Moore\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112721.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108072242/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112144.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Lisa Bender\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112144.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108073535/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112899.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Scott Hargarten\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112899.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108074800/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112616.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Meg Tuthill\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112616.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108075722/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112904.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bob Schlosser\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112904.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108072809/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112734.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Matt Steele\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112734.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108075144/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112304.pdf","external_links_name":"\"John Quincy\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112304.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108075122/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112917.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Charlie Casserly\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112917.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108075351/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112074.pdf","external_links_name":"\"\"Dick\" Franson\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112074.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108072611/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112600.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ben Gisselman\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112600.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112340.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Johnson\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108073435/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112719.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Chris Lautenschlager\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112719.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108075316/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112371.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Missy Durant\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112371.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108071944/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112095.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Linea Palmisano\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112095.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108075431/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112129.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Matt Perry\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112129.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108070235/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112248.pdf","external_links_name":"\"David Regan\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112248.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108080141/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112736.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bob Reuer\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112736.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131022170532/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112679.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Nate Griggs\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/www/groups/public/@clerk/documents/webcontent/wcms1p-112679.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/NateGriggsMPLSCityCouncil/posts/530608780365653","external_links_name":"\"Announcement\""},{"Link":"http://www.minneapolismn.gov/meetings/canvassing/WCMS1P-116856","external_links_name":"\"Municipal Canvass Report\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-01","external_links_name":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 1\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-02","external_links_name":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 2\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-03","external_links_name":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 3\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-04","external_links_name":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 4\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-05-tabulation","external_links_name":"\"2013 Minneapolis Municipal Election Results: City Council Ward 5\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-06","external_links_name":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 6\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-07","external_links_name":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 7\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-08","external_links_name":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 8\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131109003305/http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-09-tabulation","external_links_name":"\"2013 Minneapolis Municipal Election Results: City Council Ward 9\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-09-tabulation","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-10","external_links_name":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 10\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-11","external_links_name":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 11\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-12","external_links_name":"\"2013 Minneapolis Election Results: City Council Ward 12\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/results/2013/2013-ward-13-tabulation","external_links_name":"\"2013 Minneapolis Municipal Election Results: City Council Ward 13\""},{"Link":"http://vote.minneapolismn.gov/","external_links_name":"Minneapolis Elections & Voter Services"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121107175716/http://www.sos.state.mn.us/index.aspx?page=4","external_links_name":"Elections & Voting - Minnesota Secretary of State"},{"Link":"http://www.startribune.com/local/minneapolis/201243011.html","external_links_name":"2013 Minneapolis elections"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212657/http://www.journalmpls.com/elections","external_links_name":"Election News"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131022112750/http://www.southwestjournal.com/elections","external_links_name":"Election News"},{"Link":"http://www.my-broadsheet.com/2013-elections/","external_links_name":"2013 Elections"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_retail
|
Bookselling
|
["1 History","1.1 Modern era","1.2 Book sales","2 See also","3 Notes and references","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
|
Business of selling and dealing with books
"Bookstore" and "Bookseller" redirect here. For the British magazine, see The Bookseller. For the Roald Dahl short story, see The Bookseller (short story). For the publisher, see The Quarto Group. For the booking shops dealing in betting and gambling, see Bookmaker.
"Bookshop" redirects here. For other uses, see Bookshop (disambiguation).
Cărturești Carusel, a bookshop in a historical building from Bucharest (Romania), built in 1860 as a bank. Its interior combines Baroque Revival architecture with modern design
Bookshop in Marburg (Hesse, Germany)
Interior of the bookshop from the Singer House (Saint Petersburg, Russia)
Bookselling is the commercial trading of books which is the retail and distribution end of the publishing process.
People who engage in bookselling are called booksellers, bookdealers, bookpeople, bookmen, or bookwomen. The founding of libraries in c. 300 BC stimulated the energies of the Athenian booksellers.
History
Main article: History of bookselling
In Rome, toward the end of the republic, it became the fashion to have a library, and Roman booksellers carried on a flourishing trade.
The spread of Christianity naturally created a great demand for copies of the Gospels, other sacred books, and later on for missals and other devotional volumes for both church and private use. The modern system of bookselling dates from soon after the introduction of printing. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Low Countries, for a time, became the chief centre of the bookselling world. Modern book selling has changed dramatically with the advent of the Internet. Major websites such as Amazon, eBay, and other big book distributors offer affiliate programs and dominate book sales.
Modern era
Catholic Book shop in Victoria, Australia
A bookshop in the town of Sastamala (Pirkanmaa, Finland)
Atuagkat Bookstore in the city of Nuuk (Sermersooq, Greenland)
Bookstores (called bookshops in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and most of the Commonwealth, apart from Canada) may be either part of a chain, or local independent bookstores. Stores can range in size, offering several hundred to several hundred thousand titles. They may be brick and mortar stores, internet-only stores, or a combination of both. Sizes for the larger bookstores exceed half a million titles. Bookstores often sell other printed matter besides books, such as newspapers, magazines, and maps; additional product lines may vary enormously, particularly among independent bookstores. Colleges and universities often have bookstores on campus that focus on providing course textbooks and scholarly books and also sell other supplies and logo merchandise. Many on-campus bookstores are owned or operated by large commercial chains such as WHSmith, Blackwell's or Waterstone's in the United Kingdom, or Barnes & Noble College Booksellers in the United States.
Roadside book stall and bookseller, College Street, Kolkata, India.
Another common type of bookstore is the used bookstore or second-hand bookshop which buys and sells used and out-of-print books in a variety of conditions. A range of titles are available in used bookstores, including in print and out-of-print books. Book collectors tend to frequent used bookstores. Large online bookstores offer used books for sale, too. Individuals wishing to sell their used books using online bookstores agree to terms outlined by the bookstore(s): paying the online bookstore(s) a predetermined commission once the books have sold. In Paris, the Bouquinistes are antiquarian and used booksellers who have had outdoor stalls and boxes along both sides of the Seine for hundreds of years, regulated by law since the 1850s and contributing to the scenic ambiance of the city.
Book sales
Unit sales of print books in the United States were down 2.6 percent in 2023 compared to 2022, but print sales in 2023 were up 10 percent compared to 2019.
See also
Books portal
Book store shoplifting
Bookstore tourism
History of books
Independent bookstore
List of independent bookstores
Quarter bin
Notes and references
^ Centre for Economics and Business Research, Bookselling Britain: The economic contributions to - and impacts on - the economy of the UK's bookselling sector: A report for tve Booksellers Association, p12
^ Dix, T. Keith (1994). ""Public Libraries" in Ancient Rome: Ideology and Reality". Libraries & Culture. 29 (3). University of Texas Press: 282–296. JSTOR 25542662.
^ Kenyon, Frederic G. (1 October 2011). Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 101. ISBN 9781610977562.
^ Brown, Richard & Brett, Stanley. The London Bookshop. Pinner, Middlesex: Private Libraries Association, 1977 ISBN 0-900002-23-9
^ Chambers, David. English Country Bookshops. Pinner, Middlesex: Private Libraries Association, 2010 ISBN 978-0-900002-18-2
^ "The Bouquinistes of Paris". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
^ Les Cahiers français (Issues 13-24) (in French). La Documentation Française. 1957. p. 30.
^ Milliot, Jim (2024-01-05). "Print Book Sales Fell 2.6% in 2023". Publishers Weekly. PWxyz, LLC. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
Further reading
Amory, H., & Hall, D. D. (2005). Bibliography and the book trades: studies in the print culture of early New England. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Davis, Joshua Clark, "Una Mulzac, Black Woman Booksellers, and Pan-Africanism", AAIHS, September 19, 2016.
Lister, Anthony, 'William Ford: the Universal Bookseller' The Book Collector 38 (1989):343-371.
Thomas, Alan G. (1979). "Solomon Pottesman."The Book Collector 28 no 4:545-553.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bookselling.
Look up bookselling, bibliopoly, bookshop, or bookstore in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Forbes article on book collectors by Finn-Olaf Jones, December 12, 2005 (archived 14 September 2007)
India's Online Free Books Store
The International League of Antiquarian Booksellers (ILAB)
The Independent Online Booksellers Association (IOBA)
vteBooksProduction
Binding
Covers
dust jackets
Design
Editing
Illustration
Illuminated manuscripts
Printing
edition
history
incunabula
instant book
limited edition
Publishing
advance copy
hardcover
paperback
Size
Typesetting
Volume (bibliography)
Collection (publishing)
Book series
Consumption
Awards
Bestsellers
list
Bibliography
Bibliomania (tsundoku)
Bibliophilia
Bibliotherapy
Bookmarks
Bookselling
blurbs
book towns
history
used
Censorship
Clubs
Collecting
Digitizing
Bookworm (insect)
Furniture
bookcases
bookends
Library
Print culture
Reading
literacy
Reviews
By country
Brazil
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
Netherlands
Pakistan
Spain
United Kingdom
United States
Other
Genres
fictional
miniature
pop-up
textbook
Grimoire
Formats
audiobooks
Ebooks
Folio
Coffee table book
Related
Banned books
Book burning
incidents
Nazi
Book curses
Book packaging
Book swapping
Book tour
Conservation and restoration
Dog ears
History of books
scroll
codex
Intellectual property
ISBN
Novel
Outline
Preservation
The Philobiblon
World Book Day
World Book Capital
Outline
Category
Portal
Authority control databases: National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Bookseller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bookseller"},{"link_name":"The Bookseller (short story)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bookseller_(short_story)"},{"link_name":"The Quarto Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quarto_Group"},{"link_name":"Bookmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookmaker"},{"link_name":"Bookshop (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookshop_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Libraria_Carturesti_Carusel_-_Interior_ziua.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cărturești Carusel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83rture%C8%99ti_Carusel"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Baroque Revival architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marburg_asv2022-02_img06_Reitgasse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg"},{"link_name":"Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nevski_prospekt_compagnie_Singer_(1).JPG"},{"link_name":"Singer House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singer_House"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book"},{"link_name":"retail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail"},{"link_name":"publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Athenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"}],"text":"\"Bookstore\" and \"Bookseller\" redirect here. For the British magazine, see The Bookseller. For the Roald Dahl short story, see The Bookseller (short story). For the publisher, see The Quarto Group. For the booking shops dealing in betting and gambling, see Bookmaker.\"Bookshop\" redirects here. For other uses, see Bookshop (disambiguation).Cărturești Carusel, a bookshop in a historical building from Bucharest (Romania), built in 1860 as a bank. Its interior combines Baroque Revival architecture with modern designBookshop in Marburg (Hesse, Germany)Interior of the bookshop from the Singer House (Saint Petersburg, Russia)Bookselling is the commercial trading of books which is the retail and distribution end of the publishing process.[1]People who engage in bookselling are called booksellers, bookdealers, bookpeople, bookmen, or bookwomen. The founding of libraries in c. 300 BC stimulated the energies of the Athenian booksellers.","title":"Bookselling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"book distributors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_distributor"},{"link_name":"affiliate programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliate_marketing"}],"text":"In Rome, toward the end of the republic, it became the fashion to have a library, and Roman booksellers carried on a flourishing trade.[2]The spread of Christianity naturally created a great demand for copies of the Gospels, other sacred books, and later on for missals and other devotional volumes for both church and private use.[3] The modern system of bookselling dates from soon after the introduction of printing. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Low Countries, for a time, became the chief centre of the bookselling world. Modern book selling has changed dramatically with the advent of the Internet. Major websites such as Amazon, eBay, and other big book distributors offer affiliate programs and dominate book sales.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bookshopormond_b.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sastamala_-_Kirjakaupan_talo_-_20200822131657.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sastamala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastamala"},{"link_name":"Pirkanmaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirkanmaa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atuagkat.jpg"},{"link_name":"Atuagkat Bookstore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atuagkat_Bookstore"},{"link_name":"Nuuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuuk"},{"link_name":"Sermersooq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermersooq"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bookstore_chains"},{"link_name":"independent bookstores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_bookstores"},{"link_name":"brick and mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_and_mortar"},{"link_name":"newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers"},{"link_name":"magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazines"},{"link_name":"maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map"},{"link_name":"Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College"},{"link_name":"universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"textbooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbook"},{"link_name":"logo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo"},{"link_name":"WHSmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHSmith"},{"link_name":"Blackwell's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwell%27s"},{"link_name":"Waterstone's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstone%27s"},{"link_name":"Barnes & Noble College Booksellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_College_Booksellers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roadside_book_stall_and_bookseller_at_College_Street,_in_Kolkata,_West_Bengal,_India,_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty,_on_June_8,_2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"College Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Street_(Kolkata)"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"used bookstore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Used_bookstore"},{"link_name":"used","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Used_book"},{"link_name":"out-of-print books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-print_book"},{"link_name":"conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_used_book_conditions"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Book collectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_collector"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Bouquinistes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouquinistes"},{"link_name":"Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Modern era","text":"Catholic Book shop in Victoria, AustraliaA bookshop in the town of Sastamala (Pirkanmaa, Finland)Atuagkat Bookstore in the city of Nuuk (Sermersooq, Greenland)Bookstores (called bookshops in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and most of the Commonwealth, apart from Canada) may be either part of a chain, or local independent bookstores. Stores can range in size, offering several hundred to several hundred thousand titles. They may be brick and mortar stores, internet-only stores, or a combination of both. Sizes for the larger bookstores exceed half a million titles. Bookstores often sell other printed matter besides books, such as newspapers, magazines, and maps; additional product lines may vary enormously, particularly among independent bookstores. Colleges and universities often have bookstores on campus that focus on providing course textbooks and scholarly books and also sell other supplies and logo merchandise. Many on-campus bookstores are owned or operated by large commercial chains such as WHSmith, Blackwell's or Waterstone's in the United Kingdom, or Barnes & Noble College Booksellers in the United States.Roadside book stall and bookseller, College Street, Kolkata, India.Another common type of bookstore is the used bookstore or second-hand bookshop which buys and sells used and out-of-print books in a variety of conditions.[4][5] A range of titles are available in used bookstores, including in print and out-of-print books. Book collectors tend to frequent used bookstores. Large online bookstores offer used books for sale, too. Individuals wishing to sell their used books using online bookstores agree to terms outlined by the bookstore(s): paying the online bookstore(s) a predetermined commission once the books have sold. In Paris, the Bouquinistes are antiquarian and used booksellers who have had outdoor stalls and boxes along both sides of the Seine for hundreds of years, regulated by law since the 1850s and contributing to the scenic ambiance of the city.[6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Book sales","text":"Unit sales of print books in the United States were down 2.6 percent in 2023 compared to 2022, but print sales in 2023 were up 10 percent compared to 2019.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Centre for Economics and Business Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Economics_and_Business_Research"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Libraries & Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libraries_%26_Culture"},{"link_name":"University of Texas Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25542662","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25542662"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Kenyon, Frederic G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_G._Kenyon"},{"link_name":"Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MzBNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101"},{"link_name":"Wipf and Stock Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock_Publishers"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781610977562","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610977562"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Private Libraries Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Libraries_Association"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-900002-23-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900002-23-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Private Libraries Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Libraries_Association"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-900002-18-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900002-18-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"The Bouquinistes of Paris\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-bouquinistes-of-paris"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Les Cahiers français (Issues 13-24)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=YavPAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Print Book Sales Fell 2.6% in 2023\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/financial-reporting/article/94037-print-book-sales-fell-2-6-in-2023.html"},{"link_name":"Publishers Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly"}],"text":"^ Centre for Economics and Business Research, Bookselling Britain: The economic contributions to - and impacts on - the economy of the UK's bookselling sector: A report for tve Booksellers Association, p12\n\n^ Dix, T. Keith (1994). \"\"Public Libraries\" in Ancient Rome: Ideology and Reality\". Libraries & Culture. 29 (3). University of Texas Press: 282–296. JSTOR 25542662.\n\n^ Kenyon, Frederic G. (1 October 2011). Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 101. ISBN 9781610977562.\n\n^ Brown, Richard & Brett, Stanley. The London Bookshop. Pinner, Middlesex: Private Libraries Association, 1977 ISBN 0-900002-23-9\n\n^ Chambers, David. English Country Bookshops. Pinner, Middlesex: Private Libraries Association, 2010 ISBN 978-0-900002-18-2\n\n^ \"The Bouquinistes of Paris\". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 2022-05-01.\n\n^ Les Cahiers français (Issues 13-24) (in French). La Documentation Française. 1957. p. 30.\n\n^ Milliot, Jim (2024-01-05). \"Print Book Sales Fell 2.6% in 2023\". Publishers Weekly. PWxyz, LLC. Retrieved 2024-01-10.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Una Mulzac, Black Woman Booksellers, and Pan-Africanism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aaihs.org/una-mulzac-black-women-booksellers-and-pan-africanism/"}],"text":"Amory, H., & Hall, D. D. (2005). Bibliography and the book trades: studies in the print culture of early New England. University of Pennsylvania Press.\nDavis, Joshua Clark, \"Una Mulzac, Black Woman Booksellers, and Pan-Africanism\", AAIHS, September 19, 2016.\nLister, Anthony, 'William Ford: the Universal Bookseller' The Book Collector 38 (1989):343-371.\nThomas, Alan G. (1979). \"Solomon Pottesman.\"The Book Collector 28 no 4:545-553.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Cărturești Carusel, a bookshop in a historical building from Bucharest (Romania), built in 1860 as a bank. Its interior combines Baroque Revival architecture with modern design","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Libraria_Carturesti_Carusel_-_Interior_ziua.jpg/250px-Libraria_Carturesti_Carusel_-_Interior_ziua.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bookshop in Marburg (Hesse, Germany)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Marburg_asv2022-02_img06_Reitgasse.jpg/200px-Marburg_asv2022-02_img06_Reitgasse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior of the bookshop from the Singer House (Saint Petersburg, Russia)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nevski_prospekt_compagnie_Singer_%281%29.JPG/200px-Nevski_prospekt_compagnie_Singer_%281%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Catholic Book shop in Victoria, Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bookshopormond_b.jpg/220px-Bookshopormond_b.jpg"},{"image_text":"A bookshop in the town of Sastamala (Pirkanmaa, Finland)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sastamala_-_Kirjakaupan_talo_-_20200822131657.jpg/200px-Sastamala_-_Kirjakaupan_talo_-_20200822131657.jpg"},{"image_text":"Atuagkat Bookstore in the city of Nuuk (Sermersooq, Greenland)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Atuagkat.jpg/200px-Atuagkat.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roadside book stall and bookseller, College Street, Kolkata, India.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Roadside_book_stall_and_bookseller_at_College_Street%2C_in_Kolkata%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty%2C_on_June_8%2C_2022.jpg/170px-Roadside_book_stall_and_bookseller_at_College_Street%2C_in_Kolkata%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty%2C_on_June_8%2C_2022.jpg"}]
|
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg"},{"title":"Books portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Books"},{"title":"Book store shoplifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_store_shoplifting"},{"title":"Bookstore tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookstore_tourism"},{"title":"History of books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_books"},{"title":"Independent bookstore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_bookstore"},{"title":"List of independent bookstores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_independent_bookstores"},{"title":"Quarter bin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_bin"}]
|
[{"reference":"Dix, T. Keith (1994). \"\"Public Libraries\" in Ancient Rome: Ideology and Reality\". Libraries & Culture. 29 (3). University of Texas Press: 282–296. JSTOR 25542662.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libraries_%26_Culture","url_text":"Libraries & Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press","url_text":"University of Texas Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542662","url_text":"25542662"}]},{"reference":"Kenyon, Frederic G. (1 October 2011). Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 101. ISBN 9781610977562.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_G._Kenyon","url_text":"Kenyon, Frederic G."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MzBNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101","url_text":"Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock_Publishers","url_text":"Wipf and Stock Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610977562","url_text":"9781610977562"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bouquinistes of Paris\". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 2022-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-bouquinistes-of-paris","url_text":"\"The Bouquinistes of Paris\""}]},{"reference":"Les Cahiers français (Issues 13-24) (in French). La Documentation Française. 1957. p. 30.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YavPAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Les Cahiers français (Issues 13-24)"}]},{"reference":"Milliot, Jim (2024-01-05). \"Print Book Sales Fell 2.6% in 2023\". Publishers Weekly. PWxyz, LLC. Retrieved 2024-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/financial-reporting/article/94037-print-book-sales-fell-2-6-in-2023.html","url_text":"\"Print Book Sales Fell 2.6% in 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly","url_text":"Publishers Weekly"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542662","external_links_name":"25542662"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MzBNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101","external_links_name":"Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts"},{"Link":"http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-bouquinistes-of-paris","external_links_name":"\"The Bouquinistes of Paris\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YavPAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Les Cahiers français (Issues 13-24)"},{"Link":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/financial-reporting/article/94037-print-book-sales-fell-2-6-in-2023.html","external_links_name":"\"Print Book Sales Fell 2.6% in 2023\""},{"Link":"http://www.aaihs.org/una-mulzac-black-women-booksellers-and-pan-africanism/","external_links_name":"\"Una Mulzac, Black Woman Booksellers, and Pan-Africanism\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070914134621/http://members.forbes.com/fyi/2005/1212/162.html","external_links_name":"Forbes article on book collectors by Finn-Olaf Jones, December 12, 2005"},{"Link":"http://www.mypustak.com/","external_links_name":"India's Online Free Books Store"},{"Link":"http://ilab.org/","external_links_name":"The International League of Antiquarian Booksellers (ILAB)"},{"Link":"http://ioba.org/","external_links_name":"The Independent Online Booksellers Association (IOBA)"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4008626-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283235905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85015617","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114934&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaniha
|
Kaniha
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Other work","3.1 Television","3.2 Dubbing and singing career","3.3 Advertisements","4 Personal life","5 Filmography","5.1 As actress","5.2 As dubbing artist","5.3 As playback singer","6 Television","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Indian Tamil actress
For the village in Assam, see Kaniha, Kamrup.
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Kaniha" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
KanihaBornDivya VenkatasubramaniamMaduraiOther namesKanika, SravanthyAlma materBITS PilaniOccupationsActressVoice actorPlayback singerTV anchorYears active2002-presentSpouse
Shyam Radhakrishnan (m. 2008)Children1
Divya Venkatasubramaniam, better known by her stage name Kaniha, is an Indian actress who predominantly works in Malayalam and Tamil cinema along with a few Telugu and Kannada movies. Kaniha made her debut in the 2002 Tamil film Five Star.
Early life
Kaniha is born as Divya Venkata Subramaniam in a Tamil-speaking Iyer Brahmin family in Madurai. Her father Venkata Subramaniam Iyer was an engineer. She won the Tamil Nadu State Award for Educational Excellence in 1999. She pursued her Mechanical Engineering degree from 1999 to 2003 in BITS Pilani.
Having improved her singing talent since childhood by participating in pop music and light music shows, Divya was interested in performing arts. While she was still studying, she gave stage performances as a pop singer from time to time. When she was scheduled to perform at the Miss Chennai beauty pageant in 2001, she was selected to participate in the pageant after a model had backed out at the last minute. Despite lack of experience, she emerged victorious in the contest, which later paved way for a film career.
Career
Susi Ganesan spotted Kaniha on a magazine cover page and insisted on her performing the lead female role in his second feature film. Divya eventually entered the Film industry, accepting the offer, while her name was changed to Kaniha. Her debut film was the Mani Ratnam-produced Five Star (2002) with Prasanna, who made his acting debut as well, in which Kaniha portrayed a traditional village girl. She completed the entire film during her summer holidays, since she was a student.
Kaniha turned down all projects that were subsequently offered to her, including films by S. Shankar and P. C. Sreeram, and went on to complete her graduation. Even before she finished her graduation, she completed her Telugu debut film Ottesi Cheputunna during her winter vacations, acting under another stage name Sravanthi. In regard to her performance, Idlebrain wrote: "Sravanthy looks homely in the film and suited the character. She performed well. She is good at dances as well".
After completing her studies, Kaniha decided to give herself a go at the Tinsel towns. She starred in the Kannada film Annavaru (2004), a remake of Mani Ratnam's Thalapathi (1991), stepping into Kannada filmdom, too. She followed the movie with a cameo role in Cheran's Autograph. Kaniha next appeared in a comedy oriented role in a commercial film by K. S. Ravikumar, Aethiree along with Madhavan, Sada, in which she portrayed a "naughty Brahmin girl". Sify labelled her performance in the film as "outstanding". She went on to play the female lead in Dancer opposite physically disabled Kutty, following which she returned to Telugu cinema, accepting to reprise her role in the Telugu remake of Autograph, Naa Autograph, playing the same role as in the original version. She proved to be an actress to reckon with in the Kannada film Sye, a remake of Tamil film Dhill. She finally ventured into Malayalam cinema as the heroine for the campus-based film Ennitum.
Later in 2006, she appeared in her biggest project until then, Varalaru, directed again by K. S. Ravikumar, in which she shared screen space with Ajith Kumar and Asin. She won plaudits for her role as a mentally disordered girl. After a two-years gap, her most recent Kannada film Rajakumari opposite Ravichandran got released, in which she again got to play the female lead role.
After her marriage, when she was supposed to bid adieu to the film industry, Kaniha returned to Malayalam cinema in 2009, with the films Bhagyadevatha, directed by veteran Sathyan Anthikkad and starring Jayaram and Narain as well, and Pazhassi Raja, directed by reputed director Hariharan and starring Mammootty, Sarath Kumar and Padmapriya among others. While the former one, in which she played the role of a homely Christian girl, was highly successful at the box office, the latter one, a biographical historical film, in which she played the role of a queen opposite Mammootty. Her performance in Bhagyadevatha led to her winning several awards. Her rising adulation in the Malayalam industry saw her eventually sign laudable roles in the films My Big Father and Christian Brothers before she took a maternity break.
Other work
Besides acting, Kaniha has ventured into other fields, working as a dubbing artiste, playback singer and TV host, proving to be a versatile and talented person.
Television
At the prime of her career, Kaniha moved to "small screen", hosting a couple of TV shows, which she believed were a "refreshing change from movies". She had first hosted the second season of the popular comedy show Kalakka Povathu Yaaru on STAR Vijay in 2006, following which she had hosted the popular family based game show Mega Thanga Vettai, the annual Chutti Vikatan Children's Quiz Show both on Sun TV. Besides, she also played a lead role in the television serial Thiruvilayadal on Sun TV. She has judged popular reality shows like Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Njaanum, Star Singer both on Asianet. In 2015 she judged Uggram Ujjwalam a Malayalam reality show on Mazhavil Manorama.She judges Grand Magical Circus on Amrita TV.
Dubbing and singing career
Kaniha has ventured into playback singing and dubbing as well. Having a vast experience and being a professional singer before turning actress, Kaniha got the offer to sing the theme song of her debut film Five Star. She then became a dubbing artiste, dubbing for actresses Genelia D'Souza in Sachein, Sadha in Anniyan and Shriya Saran in Sivaji: The Boss.
Advertisements
Kaniha has also featured in print and TV ads of some reputed corporates. Some of them are listed below.
The Chennai Silks
Kalyan Sarees and Jewellers
Rathna Thanga Maligai
Tata Gold Plus
SPP Silks, Erode
Aachi Masala
Seemas Silks
ICL Fincorp
Mahalakshmi Silks
N Style
Personal life
Kaniha married Shyam Radhakrishnan, brother of Jayashree on 15 June 2008 who works as a US-based software engineer. They have a son Sai Rishi born in November 2010. Initially she had decided to leave the film industry, finishing her career as an actress, and to settle down in the US, stating that she, however, would complete her hitherto signed films. In January 2009 then, Kaniha, unexpectedly, announced her comeback with the Sathyan Anthikkad-directed Malayalam film Bhagyadevatha.
Filmography
Key
†
Denotes films that have not yet been released
As actress
Year
Film
Role
Language
Notes
2002
Five Star
Eashwari
Tamil
2003
Ottesi Cheputunna
Divya
Telugu
Credited as Sravanthi
Annavaru
Subbulakshmi
Kannada
2004
Aethiree
Gayathri Iyer
Tamil
Autograph
Thenmozhi Senthil
2005
Dancer
Divya
2006
Naa Autograph
Sandhya
Telugu
Sye
Renu
Kannada
Varalaru
Gayathri
Tamil
Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil
Ennittum
Sneha
Malayalam
2009
Bhagyadevatha
Daisy Benny
Rajakumari
Rajakumari
Kannada
Pazhassi Raja
Kaitheri Maakam
Malayalam
My Big Father
Ancy
2010
Drona 2010
Tulasimani
2011
Christian Brothers
Stella
2012
Cobra
Annie
Spirit
Meera
Bavuttiyude Namathil
Mariam
2013
Orissa
Chandrabhaga
Blackberry
Herself
Archived from Spirit
2014
To Noora with Love
Sainaba
How Old Are You
Susan David
Mylanchi Monchulla Veedu
Waahida
2015
Rudra Simhasanam
Mohini
O Kadhal Kanmani
Pregnant woman
Tamil
Cameo
2016
10 Kalpanakal
Sara
Malayalam
2018
Abrahaminte Santhathikal
Diana Joseph
Drama
Mercy John Chacko (Kunjumol)
2019
Lonappante Mamodeesa
Neelima
Mamangam
Chirudevi
2022
Bro Daddy
Elsy Kurian
CBI 5: The Brain
Susan George / Ambika Unnithan
Paappan
Susan
2023
Yaadhum Oore Yaavarum Kelir
Kanagarani
Tamil
2024
Weapon
Post production
As dubbing artist
Year
Film
For
Language
2005
Sachein
Genelia D'Souza
Tamil
2005
Anniyan
Sadha
2007
Sivaji: The Boss
Shriya Saran
As playback singer
Year
Title
Film
Language
Composer
Notes
2002
"Engalukku"
Five Star
Tamil
Parasuram-Radha
2021
"Thiruppavai"
Margazhi Thingal
Ravi G
Also actress in the music album
Television
Shows
Year
Program
Role
Channel
Language
2006
Kalakka Povathu Yaaru
Host
Vijay TV
Tamil
2007–2008
Mega Thangavettai
Sun TV
2008
Annual Chutti Vikatan Children's Quiz Show
2013
Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Njanum
Judge
Asianet
Malayalam
2015
Uggram Ujjwalam
Mazhavil Manorama
2016
comedy stars season 2
Asianet
2017
Grand Magical Circus
Amrita TV
2019
Kerala Dance League
2020
Snehathode Veetil Ninnu
Herself
Mazhavil Manorama
Health Desk
Asianet
2021
Red Carpet
Mentor
Amrita TV
2022
Vanakkam Tamizha
Guest
Sun TV
Tamil
Cook with Comedy
Judge
Asianet
Malayalam
2023
Pongal Vilayattu
Participant
Sun TV
Tamil
Serials
Year
Program
Role
Channel
Language
2008
Thiruvillayadal
Devi
Sun TV
Tamil
2022–2024
Ethirneechal
Eswari Gunasekaran
2022
Mad Company
Podhum Ponnu
aha
Tamil
See also
List of BITS Pilani alumni
References
^ "Annavaru - Kannada". Deccan Herald. 21 December 2003. Archived from the original on 30 December 2003. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
^ "Kaniha turns hot in Mollywood". Sify. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014.
^ "Kaniha to play female lead in Mammooty starrer Cobra". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 11 December 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
^ "The voice behind Shriya in Sivaji". Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
^ Nambidi, Parvathy (24 February 2013). "Topper meets her match". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
^ "Sandpaper - The BITSAA Magazine". BITSAA International. 2006. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
^ "Srikanth's new movie details". Idlebrain.com. 20 January 2003. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
^ "The voice behind Shriya in Sivaji". Rediff. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2009.
^ "Miss Chennai 2001". vibamisschennai.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2009.
^ a b c The voice behind Shriya in Sivaji Archived 16 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Rediff.com (31 December 2004). Retrieved 27 February 2012.
^ a b Telugu cinema Review – Naa Autograph – Sweet Memories – Ravi Teja, Bhumika Chawla, Gopika Archived 6 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Idlebrain.com (11 August 2004). Retrieved 27 February 2012.
^ Telugu Cinema – Review – Ottesi Cheputunna – Srikanth, Sivaji – E Sathi Babu – Vidya Sagar – Anil Archived 27 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Idlebrain.com (11 April 2003). Retrieved 27 February 2012.
^ Movie Review:Aethiree. Sify.com. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
^ Dancer Tamil Movie Review. IndiaGlitz (14 January 2005). Retrieved 27 February 2012.
^ Dailynews – 8 Best Actor awards in one year for Kanika!. Cinesouth.com (31 January 2010). Retrieved 27 February 2012.
^ "The voice behind Shriya in Sivaji". Rediff. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
^ "Kanika Wedding Reception". IndiaGlitz. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
^ "Kanika makes her comeback". kollywoodtoday.com. 30 January 2009. Archived from the original on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
^ "Gopika and Kanika scouting for roles". Behindwoods. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
^ "Kanika, the next big thing in Malayalam cinema". Rediff. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
^ "The hottest summer release in Malayalam". Rediff. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
^ Kumar, P. K. Ajith (20 March 2014). "On location: To Noora with Love – All about Noora". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
^ Palisetty, Ramya (18 June 2021). "Prithviraj Sukumaran announces his second directorial Bro Daddy with Mohanlal". India Today. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
^ "Suresh Gopi to reunite with Joshiy for Paapan". Cinema Express. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
^ "Kaniha joins Vijay Sethupathi – Roghanth's upcoming musical drama". Only Kollywood. 12 September 2019. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
External links
Kanika at IMDb
Kanika's profile at Nilacharal
Interview to rediff.com in May 2007
Flixster Profile
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaniha, Kamrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaniha,_Kamrup"},{"link_name":"stage name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_name"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_cinema"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_cinema"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_cinema"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaniha_turns_hot_in_Mollywood-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaniha_to_play_female_lead_in_Mammooty_starrer_Cobra-3"},{"link_name":"Five Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Star_(film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"For the village in Assam, see Kaniha, Kamrup.Divya Venkatasubramaniam, better known by her stage name Kaniha, is an Indian actress who predominantly works in Malayalam and Tamil cinema along with a few Telugu and Kannada movies.[2][3] Kaniha made her debut in the 2002 Tamil film Five Star.[4]","title":"Kaniha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyer"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Madurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer"},{"link_name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"BITS Pilani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BITS_Pilani"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Miss Chennai beauty pageant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Chennai"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Kaniha is born as Divya Venkata Subramaniam in a Tamil-speaking Iyer Brahmin family in Madurai. Her father Venkata Subramaniam Iyer was an engineer. She won the Tamil Nadu State Award for Educational Excellence in 1999. She pursued her Mechanical Engineering degree from 1999 to 2003 in BITS Pilani.[5][6][7]Having improved her singing talent since childhood by participating in pop music and light music shows, Divya was interested in performing arts. While she was still studying, she gave stage performances as a pop singer from time to time. When she was scheduled to perform at the Miss Chennai beauty pageant in 2001, she was selected to participate in the pageant after a model had backed out at the last minute.[8] Despite lack of experience, she emerged victorious in the contest,[9] which later paved way for a film career.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Susi Ganesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susi_Ganesan"},{"link_name":"Film industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_industry"},{"link_name":"Mani Ratnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Ratnam"},{"link_name":"Five Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Star_(film)"},{"link_name":"Prasanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasanna_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff2007-10"},{"link_name":"S. Shankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Shankar"},{"link_name":"P. C. Sreeram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._C._Sreeram"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff2007-10"},{"link_name":"Ottesi Cheputunna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottesi_Cheputunna"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idlebrain1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kannada film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_cinema"},{"link_name":"Mani Ratnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Ratnam"},{"link_name":"Thalapathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalapathi"},{"link_name":"Cheran's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheran_(director)"},{"link_name":"Autograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograph_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"K. S. Ravikumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._S._Ravikumar"},{"link_name":"Aethiree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethiree"},{"link_name":"Madhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Madhavan"},{"link_name":"Sada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadha"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rediff2007-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Naa Autograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naa_Autograph"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idlebrain1-11"},{"link_name":"Tamil film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_film"},{"link_name":"Dhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhill"},{"link_name":"Malayalam cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_cinema"},{"link_name":"Varalaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varalaru"},{"link_name":"Ajith Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajith_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Asin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asin"},{"link_name":"mentally disordered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder"},{"link_name":"Ravichandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravichandran_(Kannada_actor)"},{"link_name":"Malayalam cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_cinema"},{"link_name":"Bhagyadevatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagyadevatha"},{"link_name":"Sathyan Anthikkad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathyan_Anthikkad"},{"link_name":"Jayaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayaram"},{"link_name":"Narain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narain_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Pazhassi Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazhassi_Raja_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Hariharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hariharan_(director)"},{"link_name":"Mammootty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammootty"},{"link_name":"Sarath Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarath_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Padmapriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmapriya_Janakiraman"},{"link_name":"historical film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_film"},{"link_name":"Mammootty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammootty"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"My Big Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Big_Father"},{"link_name":"Christian Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Brothers_(film)"}],"text":"Susi Ganesan spotted Kaniha on a magazine cover page and insisted on her performing the lead female role in his second feature film. Divya eventually entered the Film industry, accepting the offer, while her name was changed to Kaniha. Her debut film was the Mani Ratnam-produced Five Star (2002) with Prasanna, who made his acting debut as well, in which Kaniha portrayed a traditional village girl. She completed the entire film during her summer holidays, since she was a student.[10]Kaniha turned down all projects that were subsequently offered to her, including films by S. Shankar and P. C. Sreeram,[10] and went on to complete her graduation. Even before she finished her graduation, she completed her Telugu debut film Ottesi Cheputunna during her winter vacations, acting under another stage name Sravanthi.[11] In regard to her performance, Idlebrain wrote: \"Sravanthy looks homely in the film and suited the character. She performed well. She is good at dances as well\".[12]After completing her studies, Kaniha decided to give herself a go at the Tinsel towns. She starred in the Kannada film Annavaru (2004), a remake of Mani Ratnam's Thalapathi (1991), stepping into Kannada filmdom, too. She followed the movie with a cameo role in Cheran's Autograph. Kaniha next appeared in a comedy oriented role in a commercial film by K. S. Ravikumar, Aethiree along with Madhavan, Sada, in which she portrayed a \"naughty Brahmin girl\".[10] Sify labelled her performance in the film as \"outstanding\".[13] She went on to play the female lead in Dancer opposite physically disabled Kutty,[14] following which she returned to Telugu cinema, accepting to reprise her role in the Telugu remake of Autograph, Naa Autograph, playing the same role as in the original version.[11] She proved to be an actress to reckon with in the Kannada film Sye, a remake of Tamil film Dhill. She finally ventured into Malayalam cinema as the heroine for the campus-based film Ennitum.Later in 2006, she appeared in her biggest project until then, Varalaru, directed again by K. S. Ravikumar, in which she shared screen space with Ajith Kumar and Asin. She won plaudits for her role as a mentally disordered girl. After a two-years gap, her most recent Kannada film Rajakumari opposite Ravichandran got released, in which she again got to play the female lead role.After her marriage, when she was supposed to bid adieu to the film industry, Kaniha returned to Malayalam cinema in 2009, with the films Bhagyadevatha, directed by veteran Sathyan Anthikkad and starring Jayaram and Narain as well, and Pazhassi Raja, directed by reputed director Hariharan and starring Mammootty, Sarath Kumar and Padmapriya among others. While the former one, in which she played the role of a homely Christian girl, was highly successful at the box office, the latter one, a biographical historical film, in which she played the role of a queen opposite Mammootty. Her performance in Bhagyadevatha led to her winning several awards.[15] Her rising adulation in the Malayalam industry saw her eventually sign laudable roles in the films My Big Father and Christian Brothers before she took a maternity break.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Besides acting, Kaniha has ventured into other fields, working as a dubbing artiste, playback singer and TV host, proving to be a versatile and talented person.","title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"small screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_screen"},{"link_name":"STAR Vijay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAR_Vijay"},{"link_name":"Sun TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_TV_(India)"},{"link_name":"television serial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"reality shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_shows"},{"link_name":"Asianet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asianet_(TV_channel)"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"At the prime of her career, Kaniha moved to \"small screen\", hosting a couple of TV shows, which she believed were a \"refreshing change from movies\". She had first hosted the second season of the popular comedy show Kalakka Povathu Yaaru on STAR Vijay in 2006, following which she had hosted the popular family based game show Mega Thanga Vettai, the annual Chutti Vikatan Children's Quiz Show both on Sun TV. Besides, she also played a lead role in the television serial Thiruvilayadal on Sun TV. She has judged popular reality shows like Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Njaanum, Star Singer both on Asianet. In 2015 she judged Uggram Ujjwalam a Malayalam reality show on Mazhavil Manorama.She judges Grand Magical Circus on Amrita TV.","title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genelia D'Souza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genelia_D%27Souza"},{"link_name":"Sachein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachein"},{"link_name":"Sadha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadha"},{"link_name":"Anniyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniyan"},{"link_name":"Shriya Saran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shriya_Saran"},{"link_name":"Sivaji: The Boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivaji:_The_Boss"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Dubbing and singing career","text":"Kaniha has ventured into playback singing and dubbing as well. Having a vast experience and being a professional singer before turning actress, Kaniha got the offer to sing the theme song of her debut film Five Star. She then became a dubbing artiste, dubbing for actresses Genelia D'Souza in Sachein, Sadha in Anniyan and Shriya Saran in Sivaji: The Boss.[16]","title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Advertisements","text":"Kaniha has also featured in print and TV ads of some reputed corporates. Some of them are listed below.The Chennai Silks\nKalyan Sarees and Jewellers\nRathna Thanga Maligai\nTata Gold Plus\nSPP Silks, Erode\nAachi Masala\nSeemas Silks\nICL Fincorp\nMahalakshmi Silks\nN Style","title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jayashree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayashree_(actress)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Sathyan Anthikkad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathyan_Anthikkad"},{"link_name":"Malayalam film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_cinema"},{"link_name":"Bhagyadevatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagyadevatha"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Kaniha married Shyam Radhakrishnan, brother of Jayashree on 15 June 2008 who works as a US-based software engineer.[citation needed] They have a son Sai Rishi born in November 2010. Initially she had decided to leave the film industry, finishing her career as an actress, and to settle down in the US, stating that she, however, would complete her hitherto signed films.[17] In January 2009 then, Kaniha, unexpectedly, announced her comeback with the Sathyan Anthikkad-directed Malayalam film Bhagyadevatha.[18][19][20][21]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As actress","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As dubbing artist","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As playback singer","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"ShowsSerials","title":"Television"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of BITS Pilani alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_BITS_Pilani_alumni"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Annavaru - Kannada\". Deccan Herald. 21 December 2003. Archived from the original on 30 December 2003. Retrieved 2 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031230184004/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec21/mr4.asp","url_text":"\"Annavaru - Kannada\""},{"url":"http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec21/mr4.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kaniha turns hot in Mollywood\". Sify. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140905070218/http://www.sify.com/movies/Kaniha-turns-hot-in-Mollywood-imagegallery-malayalam-jlvmW5ijjhg.html?html=5","url_text":"\"Kaniha turns hot in Mollywood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify","url_text":"Sify"},{"url":"http://www.sify.com/movies/Kaniha-turns-hot-in-Mollywood-imagegallery-malayalam-jlvmW5ijjhg.html?html=5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kaniha to play female lead in Mammooty starrer Cobra\". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 11 December 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111211132640/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/kaniha-play-female-lead-mammooty-starrer-cobra-197","url_text":"\"Kaniha to play female lead in Mammooty starrer Cobra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle","url_text":"Deccan Chronicle"},{"url":"http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/kaniha-play-female-lead-mammooty-starrer-cobra-197","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The voice behind Shriya in Sivaji\". Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm","url_text":"\"The voice behind Shriya in Sivaji\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150916132230/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nambidi, Parvathy (24 February 2013). \"Topper meets her match\". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 28 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2013/Feb/25/topper-meets-her-match-453402.html","url_text":"\"Topper meets her match\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express","url_text":"The New Indian Express"}]},{"reference":"\"Sandpaper - The BITSAA Magazine\". BITSAA International. 2006. Retrieved 26 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sandpaper.bitsaa.org/archives/links/SandpaperSpring2006/03_coverstory/Creative%20Arts.htm","url_text":"\"Sandpaper - The BITSAA Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Srikanth's new movie details\". Idlebrain.com. 20 January 2003. Retrieved 1 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news232.html","url_text":"\"Srikanth's new movie details\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlebrain.com","url_text":"Idlebrain.com"}]},{"reference":"\"The voice behind Shriya in Sivaji\". Rediff. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm","url_text":"\"The voice behind Shriya in Sivaji\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff","url_text":"Rediff"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150916132230/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Miss Chennai 2001\". vibamisschennai.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090204123516/http://vibamisschennai.com/home2001.htm","url_text":"\"Miss Chennai 2001\""},{"url":"http://www.vibamisschennai.com/home2001.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The voice behind Shriya in Sivaji\". Rediff. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm","url_text":"\"The voice behind Shriya in Sivaji\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff","url_text":"Rediff"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150916132230/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kanika Wedding Reception\". IndiaGlitz. Archived from the original on 20 June 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080620111531/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/events/15539.html","url_text":"\"Kanika Wedding Reception\""},{"url":"http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/Events/15539.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kanika makes her comeback\". kollywoodtoday.com. 30 January 2009. Archived from the original on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/actress-kaniha-makes-her-comeback/","url_text":"\"Kanika makes her comeback\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110104032102/http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/actress-kaniha-makes-her-comeback/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gopika and Kanika scouting for roles\". Behindwoods. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-09-02/gopika-13-02-09.html","url_text":"\"Gopika and Kanika scouting for roles\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090303213434/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-09-02/gopika-13-02-09.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kanika, the next big thing in Malayalam cinema\". Rediff. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://ia.rediff.com/www/movies/2009/apr/15s2-interview-with-kaniha.htm","url_text":"\"Kanika, the next big thing in Malayalam cinema\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff","url_text":"Rediff"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091021063808/http://ia.rediff.com/www/movies/2009/apr/15s2-interview-with-kaniha.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The hottest summer release in Malayalam\". Rediff. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/09sld4-a-look-at-sathyan-anthikkads-bhagyadevatha.htm","url_text":"\"The hottest summer release in Malayalam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff","url_text":"Rediff"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021140738/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/09sld4-a-look-at-sathyan-anthikkads-bhagyadevatha.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kumar, P. K. Ajith (20 March 2014). \"On location: To Noora with Love – All about Noora\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/on-location-to-noora-with-love-all-about-noora/article5809735.ece","url_text":"\"On location: To Noora with Love – All about Noora\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180219210817/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/on-location-to-noora-with-love-all-about-noora/article5809735.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Palisetty, Ramya (18 June 2021). \"Prithviraj Sukumaran announces his second directorial Bro Daddy with Mohanlal\". India Today. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prithviraj-sukumaran-announces-his-second-directorial-bro-daddy-with-mohanlal-1816663-2021-06-18","url_text":"\"Prithviraj Sukumaran announces his second directorial Bro Daddy with Mohanlal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Today","url_text":"India Today"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210619201702/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prithviraj-sukumaran-announces-his-second-directorial-bro-daddy-with-mohanlal-1816663-2021-06-18","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Suresh Gopi to reunite with Joshiy for Paapan\". Cinema Express. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/15/suresh-gopi-to-reunite-with-joshiy-for-paapan-22836.html","url_text":"\"Suresh Gopi to reunite with Joshiy for Paapan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_Express","url_text":"Cinema Express"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210305040654/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/15/suresh-gopi-to-reunite-with-joshiy-for-paapan-22836.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kaniha joins Vijay Sethupathi – Roghanth's upcoming musical drama\". Only Kollywood. 12 September 2019. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onlykollywood.com/kaniha-joins-vijay-sethupathi-roghanths-upcoming-musical-drama/","url_text":"\"Kaniha joins Vijay Sethupathi – Roghanth's upcoming musical drama\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230512081406/https://www.onlykollywood.com/kaniha-joins-vijay-sethupathi-roghanths-upcoming-musical-drama/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kaniha%22","external_links_name":"\"Kaniha\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kaniha%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kaniha%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kaniha%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kaniha%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kaniha%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031230184004/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec21/mr4.asp","external_links_name":"\"Annavaru - Kannada\""},{"Link":"http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec21/mr4.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140905070218/http://www.sify.com/movies/Kaniha-turns-hot-in-Mollywood-imagegallery-malayalam-jlvmW5ijjhg.html?html=5","external_links_name":"\"Kaniha turns hot in Mollywood\""},{"Link":"http://www.sify.com/movies/Kaniha-turns-hot-in-Mollywood-imagegallery-malayalam-jlvmW5ijjhg.html?html=5","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111211132640/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/kaniha-play-female-lead-mammooty-starrer-cobra-197","external_links_name":"\"Kaniha to play female lead in Mammooty starrer Cobra\""},{"Link":"http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/kaniha-play-female-lead-mammooty-starrer-cobra-197","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm","external_links_name":"\"The voice behind Shriya in Sivaji\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150916132230/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2013/Feb/25/topper-meets-her-match-453402.html","external_links_name":"\"Topper meets her match\""},{"Link":"https://sandpaper.bitsaa.org/archives/links/SandpaperSpring2006/03_coverstory/Creative%20Arts.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sandpaper - The BITSAA Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news232.html","external_links_name":"\"Srikanth's new movie details\""},{"Link":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm","external_links_name":"\"The voice behind Shriya in Sivaji\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150916132230/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090204123516/http://vibamisschennai.com/home2001.htm","external_links_name":"\"Miss Chennai 2001\""},{"Link":"http://www.vibamisschennai.com/home2001.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm","external_links_name":"The voice behind Shriya in Sivaji"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150916132230/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-naaautograph.html","external_links_name":"Telugu cinema Review – Naa Autograph – Sweet Memories – Ravi Teja, Bhumika Chawla, Gopika"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170706052121/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-naaautograph.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-ottesi.html","external_links_name":"Telugu Cinema – Review – Ottesi Cheputunna – Srikanth, Sivaji – E Sathi Babu – Vidya Sagar – Anil"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220127033654/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-ottesi.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140906050811/http://www.sify.com/movies/aethiree-review-tamil-13461125.html","external_links_name":"Movie Review:Aethiree"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041025004312/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/review/7252.html","external_links_name":"Dancer Tamil Movie Review"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100204071427/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/010110-2.shtml","external_links_name":"Dailynews – 8 Best Actor awards in one year for Kanika!"},{"Link":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm","external_links_name":"\"The voice behind Shriya in Sivaji\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150916132230/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080620111531/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/events/15539.html","external_links_name":"\"Kanika Wedding Reception\""},{"Link":"http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/Events/15539.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/actress-kaniha-makes-her-comeback/","external_links_name":"\"Kanika makes her comeback\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110104032102/http://www.kollywoodtoday.com/news/actress-kaniha-makes-her-comeback/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-09-02/gopika-13-02-09.html","external_links_name":"\"Gopika and Kanika scouting for roles\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090303213434/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-09-02/gopika-13-02-09.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://ia.rediff.com/www/movies/2009/apr/15s2-interview-with-kaniha.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kanika, the next big thing in Malayalam cinema\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091021063808/http://ia.rediff.com/www/movies/2009/apr/15s2-interview-with-kaniha.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/09sld4-a-look-at-sathyan-anthikkads-bhagyadevatha.htm","external_links_name":"\"The hottest summer release in Malayalam\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021140738/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/09sld4-a-look-at-sathyan-anthikkads-bhagyadevatha.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/on-location-to-noora-with-love-all-about-noora/article5809735.ece","external_links_name":"\"On location: To Noora with Love – All about Noora\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180219210817/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/on-location-to-noora-with-love-all-about-noora/article5809735.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prithviraj-sukumaran-announces-his-second-directorial-bro-daddy-with-mohanlal-1816663-2021-06-18","external_links_name":"\"Prithviraj Sukumaran announces his second directorial Bro Daddy with Mohanlal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210619201702/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prithviraj-sukumaran-announces-his-second-directorial-bro-daddy-with-mohanlal-1816663-2021-06-18","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/15/suresh-gopi-to-reunite-with-joshiy-for-paapan-22836.html","external_links_name":"\"Suresh Gopi to reunite with Joshiy for Paapan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210305040654/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/15/suresh-gopi-to-reunite-with-joshiy-for-paapan-22836.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.onlykollywood.com/kaniha-joins-vijay-sethupathi-roghanths-upcoming-musical-drama/","external_links_name":"\"Kaniha joins Vijay Sethupathi – Roghanth's upcoming musical drama\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230512081406/https://www.onlykollywood.com/kaniha-joins-vijay-sethupathi-roghanths-upcoming-musical-drama/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1701016/","external_links_name":"Kanika"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150325161718/http://www.nilacharal.com/enter/celeb/kanika.asp","external_links_name":"Kanika's profile"},{"Link":"http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm","external_links_name":"Interview to rediff.com in May 2007"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929230703/http://www.flixster.com/actor/kanika","external_links_name":"Flixster Profile"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Stewart_(musician_and_producer)
|
David Stewart
|
["1 Public servants","1.1 Great Britain","1.2 United States","1.3 Canada","2 Musicians","3 Sportspeople","4 Other people","5 See also"]
|
David Stewart may refer to:
Public servants
Great Britain
David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn (1357–c. 1386), Scottish magnate
David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (1378–1402), heir to the throne of Scotland
David Stewart (bishop) (died 1476), Bishop of Moray
David Stewart, Earl of Moray (c. 1455–1457), son of King James II of Scotland
David Stewart (RAF officer) (1890–1924), World War I flying ace
David Stewart (Scottish politician) (born 1956), Scottish politician
United States
David Stewart (Maryland politician) (1800–1858), U.S. senator from Maryland
David W. Stewart (1887–1974), U.S. senator from Iowa
Canada
J. David Stewart (1910–1988), businessperson and political figure in Prince Edward Island
David A. Stewart (politician) (1874–1947), Canadian politician
Musicians
Dave Stewart (Eurythmics) or David A. Stewart (born 1952), English musician and record producer best known for his work with Eurythmics
Dave Stewart (musician, born 1950), keyboard player with UK progressive rock bands in the 1970s and best known for his 1981 hit version of "It's My Party" with Barbara Gaskin
David Stewart (Dynamite producer), English songwriter, record producer and musician most famous for producing "Dynamite" by the South Korean band BTS
Dave Stewart (trombonist)
Sportspeople
David Stewart (footballer, born 1869) (1869–1933), Scottish footballer with Queen's Park, Scotland
Heta Stewart (1869–1909), New Zealand Māori rugby union player, also known as David Stewart
Dick Stewart (rugby union) (1871–1931), New Zealand rugby union player, also known as David Stewart
David Stewart (cricketer, born 1924), Scottish cricketer
Dave Stewart (rugby union) (1935–2022), South African rugby union player
David Stewart (footballer, born 1947) (1947–2018), Scotland international goalkeeper
David Stewart (cricketer, born 1948), Scottish cricketer
Dave Stewart (baseball) (born 1957), former pitcher in Major League Baseball and 1989 World Series MVP
Dave Stewart (footballer, born 1958), Northern Irish footballer (Hull City, Scunthorpe United, Northern Ireland)
Dave Stewart (Scottish footballer) (born 1978), Scottish footballer for Dumbarton
David Stewart (American football) (born 1982), American football player
Davie Stewart, Scottish footballer
Dave Stewart (American soccer), retired American soccer forward
Other people
David Stewart (major-general) (1772–1829), Scottish soldier and author
David Stewart (master blender) (born 1945), longest serving master blender in the drinks industry, at William Grant & Sons, Scotland
David Stewart (photographer) (born 1958), British photographer and director
Dave Stewart (Scottish footballer) (born 1978), Scottish footballer for Dumbarton
David J. Stewart (1915–1966), American Broadway, film, and television actor
David K. Stewart (1937–1997), American special effects artist, Star Trek: The Motion Picture
David O. Stewart (born 1951), American lawyer and author
David R. Stewart, acquitted suspect in the strip-search prank call scam
Dave Stewart (EastEnders), fictional character in EastEnders
See also
David Stuart (disambiguation)
All pages with titles containing David Stewart
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"David Stewart"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Public servants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stewart,_Earl_of_Strathearn"},{"link_name":"David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay"},{"link_name":"David Stewart (bishop)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stewart_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"David Stewart, Earl of Moray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stewart,_Earl_of_Moray"},{"link_name":"David Stewart (RAF officer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stewart_(RAF_officer)"},{"link_name":"David Stewart (Scottish politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stewart_(Scottish_politician)"}],"sub_title":"Great Britain","text":"David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn (1357–c. 1386), Scottish magnate\nDavid Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (1378–1402), heir to the throne of Scotland\nDavid Stewart (bishop) (died 1476), Bishop of Moray\nDavid Stewart, Earl of Moray (c. 1455–1457), son of King James II of Scotland\nDavid Stewart (RAF officer) (1890–1924), World War I flying ace\nDavid Stewart (Scottish politician) (born 1956), Scottish politician","title":"Public servants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Stewart (Maryland politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stewart_(Maryland_politician)"},{"link_name":"David W. Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_W._Stewart"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"David Stewart (Maryland politician) (1800–1858), U.S. senator from Maryland\nDavid W. Stewart (1887–1974), U.S. senator from Iowa","title":"Public servants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. David Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._David_Stewart"},{"link_name":"David A. Stewart (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Stewart_(politician)"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"J. David Stewart (1910–1988), businessperson and political figure in Prince Edward Island\nDavid A. Stewart (politician) (1874–1947), Canadian politician","title":"Public servants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Stewart (Eurythmics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Stewart_(Eurythmics)"},{"link_name":"Dave Stewart (musician, born 1950)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Stewart_(musician,_born_1950)"},{"link_name":"David Stewart (Dynamite producer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stewart_(Dynamite_producer)"},{"link_name":"Dave Stewart (trombonist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Stewart_(trombonist)"}],"text":"Dave Stewart (Eurythmics) or David A. Stewart (born 1952), English musician and record producer best known for his work with Eurythmics\nDave Stewart (musician, born 1950), keyboard player with UK progressive rock bands in the 1970s and best known for his 1981 hit version of \"It's My Party\" with Barbara Gaskin\nDavid Stewart (Dynamite producer), English songwriter, record producer and musician most famous for producing \"Dynamite\" by the South Korean band BTS\nDave Stewart (trombonist)","title":"Musicians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Stewart (footballer, born 1869)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stewart_(footballer,_born_1869)"},{"link_name":"Heta Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heta_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Dick Stewart (rugby union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Stewart_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"David Stewart (cricketer, born 1924)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stewart_(cricketer,_born_1924)"},{"link_name":"Dave Stewart (rugby union)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Stewart_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"David Stewart (footballer, born 1947)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stewart_(footballer,_born_1947)"},{"link_name":"David Stewart (cricketer, born 1948)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stewart_(cricketer,_born_1948)"},{"link_name":"Dave Stewart (baseball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Stewart_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Dave Stewart (footballer, born 1958)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Stewart_(footballer,_born_1958)"},{"link_name":"Dave Stewart (Scottish footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Stewart_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"David Stewart (American football)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stewart_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Davie Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davie_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Dave Stewart (American soccer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Stewart_(American_soccer)"}],"text":"David Stewart (footballer, born 1869) (1869–1933), Scottish footballer with Queen's Park, Scotland\nHeta Stewart (1869–1909), New Zealand Māori rugby union player, also known as David Stewart\nDick Stewart (rugby union) (1871–1931), New Zealand rugby union player, also known as David Stewart\nDavid Stewart (cricketer, born 1924), Scottish cricketer\nDave Stewart (rugby union) (1935–2022), South African rugby union player\nDavid Stewart (footballer, born 1947) (1947–2018), Scotland international goalkeeper\nDavid Stewart (cricketer, born 1948), Scottish cricketer\nDave Stewart (baseball) (born 1957), former pitcher in Major League Baseball and 1989 World Series MVP\nDave Stewart (footballer, born 1958), Northern Irish footballer (Hull City, Scunthorpe United, Northern Ireland)\nDave Stewart (Scottish footballer) (born 1978), Scottish footballer for Dumbarton\nDavid Stewart (American football) (born 1982), American football player\nDavie Stewart, Scottish footballer\nDave Stewart (American soccer), retired American soccer forward","title":"Sportspeople"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Stewart (major-general)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stewart_(major-general)"},{"link_name":"David Stewart (master blender)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stewart_(master_blender)"},{"link_name":"David Stewart (photographer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stewart_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Dave Stewart (Scottish footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Stewart_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"link_name":"David J. Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J._Stewart"},{"link_name":"David K. Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_K._Stewart"},{"link_name":"David O. Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_O._Stewart"},{"link_name":"David R. Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_R._Stewart"},{"link_name":"Dave Stewart (EastEnders)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Stewart_(EastEnders)"}],"text":"David Stewart (major-general) (1772–1829), Scottish soldier and author\nDavid Stewart (master blender) (born 1945), longest serving master blender in the drinks industry, at William Grant & Sons, Scotland\nDavid Stewart (photographer) (born 1958), British photographer and director\nDave Stewart (Scottish footballer) (born 1978), Scottish footballer for Dumbarton\nDavid J. Stewart (1915–1966), American Broadway, film, and television actor\nDavid K. Stewart (1937–1997), American special effects artist, Star Trek: The Motion Picture\nDavid O. Stewart (born 1951), American lawyer and author\nDavid R. Stewart, acquitted suspect in the strip-search prank call scam\nDave Stewart (EastEnders), fictional character in EastEnders","title":"Other people"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"David Stuart (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stuart_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"All pages with titles containing David Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22David_Stewart%22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/David_Stewart&namespace=0"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/David_Stewart&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch_5
|
iPod Touch (5th generation)
|
["1 Features","1.1 Software","1.2 Hardware","1.3 Design","1.4 Accessories","2 Reception","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
5th version of iPod Touch by Apple Inc.
iPod TouchiPod Touch (5th generation) in blueDeveloperApple Inc.ManufacturerApple Inc.Product familyiPodTypeMobile deviceRelease date
October 11, 2012 (2012-10-11) (32 and 64 GB)
May 30, 2013 (2013-05-30) (16 GB 2013)
June 26, 2014 (2014-06-26) (16 GB 2014)
LifespanOctober 11, 2012 – July 15, 2015DiscontinuedJuly 15, 2015Operating systemOriginal: iOS 6.0Last: iOS 9.3.5, released August 25, 2016 (2016-08-25)System on a chipDual-core Apple A5CPUARM dual-core Cortex-A9 Apple A5 1 GHz (underclocked to 800 MHz)Memory512 MB DRAMStorage16, 32 or 64 GB flash memoryDisplay4 in (100 mm) diagonal (16:9 aspect ratio), multi-touch display, LED backlit IPS TFT LCD, 1136×640 px at 326 PPI 800:1 contrast ratio (typical), 500 cd/m2 max. brightness (typical), fingerprint-resistant oleophobic coatingGraphicsPowerVR SGX543MP2Input
Multi-touch touchscreen display
Volume buttons
Microphone
Built-in speaker
voice control
3-axis gyroscope
3-axis Accelerometer
Camera
Rear: 5 MP back-side illuminated sensorHD video recording 1080p up to 30 frames/s with audioAperture f/2.4Facial recognition (stills only)Panorama
Front: FaceTime HD camera with 1.2 MP HD video recording 720p up to 30 frames/s with audio
Connectivity
Wi-Fi 802.11b/g/n (802.11n 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz)
Bluetooth 4.0
Power3.7 V, 3.8 Wh (1030 mAh) rechargeable lithium-ion batteryAudio: 40 hours; Video: 8 hoursOnline servicesApp Store, iTunes Store, iBookstore, iCloud, Passbook - iOS 8 and below, Wallet - iOS 9 onlyDimensions123.4 mm (4.86 in) H 58.6 mm (2.31 in) W 6.1 mm (0.24 in) DMass88 g (3.1 oz)PredecessoriPod Touch (4th generation)SuccessoriPod Touch (6th generation)RelatediPhone 4SiPhone 5iPhone 5CiPhone 5S
This article is part of a series on theiPod
Classic
Mini
Nano
Shuffle
Touch
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
List of iPod modelsvte
The fifth generation iPod Touch (stylized and marketed as the iPod touch, and colloquially known as the iPod Touch 5G, iPod Touch 5, or iPod 5) is a mobile device designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a touchscreen-based user interface. The successor to the 4th-generation iPod Touch, it was unveiled at Apple's media event alongside the iPhone 5 on September 12, 2012, and was released on October 11, 2012. It is compatible with up to iOS 9.3.5, which was released on August 25, 2016.
Like the iPhone 5, the fifth-generation iPod Touch is a slimmer, lighter model that introduces a higher-resolution, 4-inch screen to the series with 16:9 widescreen aspect ratio, similar to the iPhone 5, 5C, and 5S. Other improvements include support for recording 1080p video and panoramic still photos via the rear camera, an LED flash, Apple's A5 chip (the same chip used in the iPad Mini (1st generation), iPad 2, and iPhone 4S) and support for Apple's Siri.
The fifth-generation iPod Touch was released with more color options than its predecessors. It initially featured with a black screen and slate back and a white screen with five back color options including silver, pink, yellow, blue, and Product Red, however on the release of the iPhone 5S the slate color was changed to space gray and all the other colors remained unchanged.
The device was initially only sold in 32 GB and 64 GB models. The first 16 GB model, introduced on May 30, 2013, was only available in one color combination (black screen with a silver back) and lacks the rear iSight camera, LED flash and the iPod Touch Loop that is included in the 32 GB models. On June 26, 2014, it was replaced with a new 16 GB model that no longer omits the rear camera and full range of color options. The pricing for the iPod Touch had also changed. The 16 GB model was changed to $199 instead of $229, the 32 GB model is $249 instead of $299, and the 64 GB model is $299 instead of $399. The iPod Touch (5th generation) was officially discontinued by Apple on July 15, 2015, with the release of its successor, the iPod Touch (6th generation).
Features
Software
Main articles: iOS, iOS 6, iOS 7, iOS 8, and iOS 9Further information: iOS version history
The fifth generation iPod Touch features iOS, Apple's mobile operating system.
Initially shipped with iOS 6, which was released on September 19, 2012, it can play music, movies, television shows, eBooks, audiobooks, and podcasts and can sort its media library by songs, artists, albums, videos, playlists, genres, composers, podcasts, audiobooks, and compilations. Users can rotate their device horizontally to landscape mode to access Cover Flow. This feature shows the different album covers in a scroll-through photo library. Scrolling is achieved by swiping a finger across the screen. Alternatively, headset controls can be used to pause, play, skip, and repeat tracks. However, the EarPods that come with the iPod do not include a remote and mic.
Like the iPhone 4S and later models, the fifth generation iPod Touch was the first in the iPod Touch line-up to support Siri, which allows the user to operate the device by spoken commands. The software was improved in iOS 6 to include the ability to make restaurant reservations, launch apps, dictate Facebook or Twitter updates, retrieve movie reviews and detailed sports statistics. Some newer applications and features that came with iOS 6 included Apple Maps, Passbook and screen mirroring. AirPlay was made available, which allows screen mirroring through an Apple TV or other supported external device allows the screen of the iPod Touch to be mirrored, and was the first generation of the iPod Touch to support it.
iOS 7 was released on September 18, 2013 to all iOS devices. This generation was the only iPod Touch in the iPod Touch line-up to run iOS 7. On June 2, 2014, it was announced that the iPod Touch 5th generation would receive iOS 8 that fall. It was released on September 17, 2014.
It was confirmed on June 8, 2015, at WWDC 2015 that the iPod Touch 5th generation would support iOS 9. This makes it the first iPod touch to support 4 major versions of iOS being iOS 6, iOS 7, iOS 8 and iOS 9. Other A5-based devices will also support iOS 9 including the iPad 2 (6 major iOS versions), the iPhone 4S (5 major iOS versions) and the iPad Mini (4 major iOS versions). iOS 9.3.5 is the last update that supports the iPod Touch 5th generation as it is incompatible iOS 10 along with the iPhone 4S, iPad 2 and 3, and iPad Mini 1st generation due to hardware limitations.
Hardware
The fifth generation iPod Touch features the Apple A5 chip which is similar to the one on the iPhone 4S, iPad 2 and the iPad Mini. The chip comprises a 1 GHz dual core ARM Cortex-A9 processor and a PowerVR SGX543MP2 (2-core) GPU making it faster than the fourth generation iPod Touch, which uses the Apple A4 chip. Storage capacities are available at 32 or 64 GB with a 16 GB announced at a later date to replace the previous generation.
The Retina Display of the iPod is similar to the one on the iPhone 5, measuring 1,136 by 640 pixels with an aspect ratio of almost exactly 16:9. Measuring 4 inches diagonally, it has a display size of 6.7 square inches and a pixel density of 326 ppi which remains the same as the fourth generation. Screen icons are arranged in a matrix of 6 rows of 4 icons each. With a larger screen than the previous generation model, the fifth generation iPod Touch allows a 6th row of icons to be added to the 5 rows that were present in the fourth generation iPod Touch. However, the fifth generation iPod Touch does not include an ambient light sensor which was included in the previous generation. The new iSight camera has 5 megapixels and is capable of 1080p video recording with an illuminated sensor and a LED flash. The front-facing camera was also upgraded to 1.2 megapixels capable of 720p video compared to the VGA 0.3 megapixels front camera on the fourth generation.
Design
iPod touch 5th gen next to iPhone 6
Fifth-generation iPod touch in black
The fifth-generation iPod Touch's finish features an aluminum unibody, which is made from the same kind of anodized aluminum used in the MacBook line. With a new iSight camera and LED flash, the iPod Touch includes a new feature known as the iPod Touch Loop. At the bottom left corner of the back of the iPod Touch, there is a button that can be pressed to allow a wrist strap to attach to the iPod Touch. Other changes to the iPod Touch include the addition of colors and the return of the black Wi-Fi antenna.
A 16 GB version that did not include the iSight camera, LED flash and Loop was released on May 30, 2013. This model was replaced with a 16 GB model of the original design on June 26, 2014.
Back Color Name
Front
Camera Ring
Loop Button
Antenna
Capacities Available
Slate
Black
Black
Black
Black
32 GB64 GB
Space Gray
Silver
16 GB32 GB64 GB
Silver
White
Silver
Yellow
Blue
Pink
(PRODUCT) Red
Accessories
Main article: Lightning (connector)
Apple Lightning connector
The fifth generation iPod Touch, as well as the iPhone 5, iPod Nano (7th generation), iPad (4th generation), and iPad Mini feature a new dock connector named Lightning, replacing the 30-pin Apple dock connector which was first introduced by Apple in 2003 on the third generation iPod. The Apple Lightning connector has eight pins and all signaling is digital. The new connector also can be inserted either way, unlike the 30-pin connector which can only be inserted in one way. Adapters will be released by Apple to convert the Apple Lightning connector to the older 30-pin Apple Dock connector or USB, although not all accessories will work with the adapter as not all signals are available, in particular video output and the iPod Out feature for BMW automobiles.
Earphones known as Apple EarPods are also included with the fifth generation iPod touch and other devices announced at the Apple media event on September 12, 2012. They superseded earphones that were included with previous generation iPhones and iPods. According to technology commentators, the redesign of the earphones is aimed to improve sound quality by allowing air to travel in and out more freely. Apple states that the redesign of their earphones allows it to "rival high-end headphones that cost hundreds of dollars more". Reviews by Gizmodo and TechRadar reported that although the redesigned earphones sounded better than its predecessor, reviewers felt that the quality of sound produced was still underwhelming. Both have further stated that the EarPods pale in comparison to other earphones of a similar price.
Other accessories that were sold with the iPod Touch include the lanyard for the iPod Touch loop (not available for the 16 GB model.)
Reception
Andrew Williams from TrustedReviews noted the 5th generation iPod touch's common features with the iPhone 5, while praising the design and the respectable connectivity. Graham Barlow of TechRadar commended the improved screen, more color variants, greater quality earphones and the iPod's light weight while criticizing the "reset" of the lightning port. Scott Stein of CNET praised the enhanced camera quality and design, but remarked that the iPod touch is still weaker and outclassed compared to other iOS devices.
See also
List of iPod models
List of iOS devices
References
^ "iPod touch 5th generation review". idownloadblog.com. 11 October 2012. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013.
^ Apple Inc. "Apple - iPod Touch - Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
^ FCC Office of Engineering and Technology. "OET List Exhibits Report". US Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
^ Horwitz, Jeremy (September 1, 2010). "iPod touch 5G's Battery Is Bigger, But Is It Better?". iLounge. Archived from the original on April 6, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
^ "iPod touch – Technical specifications for iPod touch". Apple. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
^ Bell, Donald (May 30, 2013). "Camera compromise makes Apple's new 16GB iPod Touch a mixed bag". CNET. Archived from the original on June 8, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
^ "Apple adds cameras and colors to now $199 16GB iPod touch, drops 32/64GB to $249/$299". 9to5Mac. June 26, 2014. Archived from the original on June 27, 2014. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
^ "Apple ships mic-less EarPods with new iPod Touch". CNET. October 9, 2012. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
^ "Siri comes to iPod Touch". CNET. September 24, 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
^ "iOS 7 arrives September 18th". Engadget. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on September 10, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
^ McCormick, Rich (September 17, 2014). "Apple's iOS 8 is now available on iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 18, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
^ Dreyer, Pete (2012-10-26). "Apple iPod Touch 5th generation review". T3. Archived from the original on 2013-09-01. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
^ a b "Apple iPod touch (5th generation)". The Verge. October 10, 2012. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
^ "Apple - iPod touch - Features". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
^ "Apple announces new $229 16GB iPod touch: 4-inch Retina display, no rear-facing camera". The Verge. May 30, 2013. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
^ Jamerson, Joshua (June 26, 2014). "Apple Cuts Prices on iPod Touch". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
^ Lavrinc, Damon (September 14, 2012). "Apple Lightning Adaptor Kills iPod Out on BMW, Mini Models". Wired. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
^ McGlaun, Shane (September 13, 2012). "iPhone 5 won't work with some accessories even with Apple Lightning adapter". SlashGear. R3 Media. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
^ Gilbert, Jason (September 13, 2012). "Apple's Old Headphones Are Getting The Heave-Ho, And That's More Exciting Than The iPhone 5". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
^ a b Gilbert, Ben (September 12, 2012). "Apple's signature earbuds rebranded for iPhone 5 as 'EarPods'". Engadget. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
^ a b "Apple EarPods review". TechRadar. September 15, 2012. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
^ Aguilar, Mario (September 14, 2012). "Apple EarPods Review: Better! (But Still Garbage)". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
^ Williams, Andrew (May 4, 2013). "iPod touch 5th generation (2012)". trustedreviews.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2018.
^ Barlow, Graham (October 24, 2012). "iPod touch 5th Generation review". Archived from the original on February 7, 2018.
^ Stein, Scott (October 11, 2012). "iPod Touch review". CNET. Archived from the original on February 7, 2018.
External links
iPod Touch – official site
Preceded byiPod Touch (4th generation)
iPod Touch (5th generation) September 2012 - July 2015
Succeeded byiPod Touch (6th generation)
vteiOS and iOS-based products
History
Issues
Outline
HardwareiPhone
1st
3G
3GS
4
4s
5
5c
5s
6 & 6 Plus
6s & 6s Plus
7 & 7 Plus
8 & 8 Plus
X
XR
XS & XS Max
11
11 Pro & Pro Max
12 & 12 Mini
12 Pro & Pro Max
13 & 13 Mini
13 Pro & Pro Max
14 & 14 Plus
14 Pro & Pro Max
15 & 15 Plus
15 Pro & Pro Max
SE
1st
2nd
3rd
iPod Touch
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
iPad
1st
2
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Mini
1st
2
3
4
5th
6th
Air
1st
2
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Pro
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Other
Apple TV
Apple Watch
HomePod
Mini
SoftwareOS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Derived from iOS
watchOS
tvOS
iPadOS
13
14
15
16
17
18
Features
AirDrop
AirPlay
AirPrint
CarPlay
Control Center
Crash Detection
iTunes
Night Shift
Notification Center
Shazam
Siri
Spotlight
SpringBoard
VoiceOver
SDK & API
SDK
Cocoa Touch
Core Animation
HomeKit
Inter-App Audio
WebKit
GymKit
HealthKit
SwiftUI
Bundled apps
Books
Calculator
Calendar
Clock
Contacts
FaceTime
Freeform
Files
Find My
Fitness
Workouts
Health
Mindfulness
Home
Journal
Mail
Maps
Measure
Messages
Music
News
Notes
Photos
Podcasts
Reminders
Safari
Shortcuts
Stocks
Translate
TV
Voice Memos
Wallet
Weather
Watch
Discontinued
Find My Friends
Find My iPhone
Newsstand
Apple apps
Classroom
Clips
GarageBand
iMovie
iWork
Keynote
Numbers
Pages
iTunes Remote
Discontinued
Beats Music
iPhoto
Nike+iPod
Services
Arcade
Card
App Store
Music
FaceTime
Family Sharing
Game Center
iCloud
iMessage
iTunes Connect
iTunes Store
News
+
One
Pay
Push Notifications
TestFlight
TV+
Shows
Wallet
Discontinued
iAd
iLife
iTunes Radio
MobileMe
Other
Apple silicon
Controversies
300-page bill
Antennagate
Batterygate
Bendgate
Jailbreaking
FairPlay
Free and open-source apps
Games
iFund
iPhone history
iPhone hardware
Metal
Swift
WWDC
Italics denote upcoming products
Category
vteiPodModels
Classic
Photo
iPod+HP
iPod U2
Mini
Shuffle
Nano
Touch
Accessories
Headphones
iPod Hi-Fi
Nike+iPod
Socks
Software
Comparison of iPod managers
iOS
Store
iPod game
iTunes
Store
version history
Other
Advertising
Click wheel
Dock connector
vteApple hardware since 1998
Hardware lists
Macs
iPhones
iPads
MacDesktops
eMac
iMac
G3
G4
G5
Intel-based
Apple silicon
iMac Pro
Mac Mini
Mac Pro
Mac Studio
Power Mac
G3
G4
G4 Cube
G5
Xserve
Laptops
iBook
MacBook (2006–2012)
12-inch MacBook (2015–2019)
MacBook Air
Intel-based
Apple silicon
MacBook Pro
Intel-based
Apple silicon
PowerBook
G3
G4
iPhone
iPhone
2G
3G
3GS
4
4s
5
5c
5s
6, 6 Plus
6s, 6S Plus
7, 7 Plus
8, 8 Plus
X
XS, XS Max
XR
11
11 Pro, Pro Max
12, 12 Mini
12 Pro, Pro Max
13, 13 Mini
13 Pro, Pro Max
14, 14 Plus
14 Pro, Pro Max
15, 15 Plus
15 Pro, Pro Max
iPhone SE
1st
2nd
3rd
iPad
1st
2
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
iPad Mini
1st
2
3
4
5th
6th
iPad Air
1st
2
3rd
4th
5th
6th
iPad Pro
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
iPod
Classic
Mini
iPod+HP
Shuffle
Nano
Touch
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Other consumer electronics
Apple TV
Apple Vision Pro
Apple Watch
Ultra
Displays
Studio (1998–2004)
Cinema
Thunderbolt
Pro Display XDR
Studio (2022)
Accessories
AirPort
Express
Extreme
Time Capsule
AirPower (canceled)
AirTag
Headphones
AirPods
Pro
Max
iPad
Pencil
iPod
Click wheel
Nike+iPod
Socks
iSight
Keyboards
Wireless
Magic
Mice and trackpads
USB
Mighty
Magic
Magic Trackpad
Polishing Cloth
Remote
Siri Remote
Speakers
iPod Hi-Fi
SoundSticks
HomePod
Mini
SuperDrive
USB Modem
Xserve RAID
Silicon
A series
A4
A5
A5X
A6
A6X
A7
A8
A8X
A9
A9X
A10
A10X
A11
A12
A12X/A12Z
A13
A14
A15
A16
A17
H series
H1
H2
M series
M1
M2
M3
M4
R series
R1
S series
S1
S1P
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
T series
T1
T2
U series
U1
W series
W1
W2
W3
See also template: Apple hardware before 1998
vteApple Inc.
History
Outline
Timeline of products
Environment
Marketing
Supply chain
Trade unions
ProductsHardwareMac
iMac
Pro
MacBook
Air
Pro
Mini
Studio
Pro
iPod
Classic
Mini
Nano
Shuffle
Touch
iPhone
Hardware
History
iPhone models
iPad
Mini
Air
Pro
Accessories
AirPods
Pro
Max
Other
Apple SIM
AirTag
Beats
Pill
HomePod
Mini
Silicon
TV
Vision Pro
Watch
SoftwareOperatingsystems
iOS / iPadOS
iPhones
iPads
iOS history
iPadOS history
Apps
macOS
History
Server
tvOS
watchOS
bridgeOS
Darwin
Classic Mac OS
visionOS
CarPlay
Classroom
HomeKit
Core Foundation
Developer Tools
FileMaker
Final Cut Pro
X
Compressor
Motion
Logic Pro
MainStage
iLife
GarageBand
iMovie
iPhoto
iTunes
iWork
Keynote
Numbers
Pages
Mail
QuickTime
Safari
Shazam
Siri
Swift
Xcode
ServicesFinancial
Card
Pay
Wallet
Media
Arcade
Books
Music
1
Beats Music
Up Next
Festival
iTunes Radio
App
News
Newsstand
Podcasts
TV
+
originals
MLS Season Pass
Communication
FaceTime
Walkie-Talkie
iMessage
iChat
App
Game Center
Retail anddigital sales
App Store
macOS
iTunes Store
Connect
Store
Fifth Avenue
Support
AppleCare+
AASP
Certifications
Genius Bar
ProCare
One to One
Other
ID
Sign in with Apple
One
Developer
iAd
TestFlight
WWDC
iCloud
MobileMe
Find My
Fitness
Photos
Maps
Look Around
CompaniesSubsidiaries
Anobit
Apple IMC
Apple Studios
Beats
Beddit
Braeburn Capital
Claris
Acquisitions
Completed
Anobit
AuthenTec
Beats
Beddit
BIS Records
Cue
EditGrid
Emagic
FingerWorks
Intrinsity
InVisage Technologies
The Keyboard Company
Lala
Metaio
NeXT
Nothing Real
P.A. Semi
Power Computing
PrimeSense
Shazam Entertainment Limited
Siri
Texture
Topsy
Potential
Disney
Partnerships
AIM alliance
Kaleida Labs
Taligent
Akamai
Arm
DiDi
Digital Ocean
iFund
Imagination
Rockstar Consortium
Related
Advertising
"1984"
"Think different"
"Get a Mac"
iPod
Product Red
Ecosystem
Events
Criticism
Right to repair
Tax
Headquarters
Campus
Park
University
Design
IDg
Typography
Book
History
Codenames
Community
AppleMasters
Litigation
Antitrust
Non-recruiting agreements
Price-fixing ebooks
FBI encryption dispute
Epic Games
iOS app approvals
Unions
#AppleToo
Depictions of Steve Jobs
Linux
Asahi Linux
iPodLinux
Car project
PeopleExecutivesCurrent
Tim Cook (CEO)
Jeff Williams (COO)
Luca Maestri (CFO)
Katherine Adams (General Counsel)
Eddy Cue
Craig Federighi
Isabel Ge Mahe
John Giannandrea
Lisa Jackson
Greg Joswiak
Sabih Khan
Deirdre O'Brien
Dan Riccio
Phil Schiller
Johny Srouji
John Ternus
Former
Michael Scott (CEO)
Mike Markkula (CEO)
John Sculley (CEO)
Michael Spindler (CEO)
Gil Amelio (CEO)
Steve Jobs (CEO)
Jony Ive (CDO)
Angela Ahrendts
Fred D. Anderson
John Browett
Guerrino De Luca
Paul Deneve
Al Eisenstat
Tony Fadell
Scott Forstall
Ellen Hancock
Nancy R. Heinen
Ron Johnson
David Nagel
Peter Oppenheimer
Mark Papermaster
Jon Rubinstein
Bertrand Serlet
Bruce Sewell
Sina Tamaddon
Avie Tevanian
Steve Wozniak
Board ofdirectorsCurrent
Arthur D. Levinson (Chairman)
Tim Cook (CEO)
James A. Bell
Alex Gorsky
Al Gore
Andrea Jung
Ronald D. Sugar
Susan L. Wagner
Former
Mike Markkula (Chairman)
John Sculley (Chairman)
Steve Jobs (Chairman)
Gil Amelio
Fred D. Anderson
Bill Campbell
Mickey Drexler
Al Eisenstat
Larry Ellison
Robert A. Iger
Delano Lewis
Arthur Rock
Eric Schmidt
Michael Scott
Michael Spindler
Edgar S. Woolard Jr.
Jerry York
Founders
Steve Jobs
Steve Wozniak
Ronald Wayne
Italics indicate discontinued products, services, or defunct companies.
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iPod Touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch"},{"link_name":"Apple Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"touchscreen-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen"},{"link_name":"user interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface"},{"link_name":"4th-generation iPod Touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch_(4th_generation)"},{"link_name":"iPhone 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_5"},{"link_name":"16:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16:9"},{"link_name":"aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_aspect_ratio"},{"link_name":"LED flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)"},{"link_name":"Apple's A5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_A5"},{"link_name":"iPad Mini (1st generation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_Mini_(1st_generation)"},{"link_name":"iPad 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_2"},{"link_name":"iPhone 4S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_4S"},{"link_name":"Siri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri"},{"link_name":"Product Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_Red"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-specifications-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16GB_5-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"iPod Touch (6th generation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch_(6th_generation)"}],"text":"The fifth generation iPod Touch (stylized and marketed as the iPod touch, and colloquially known as the iPod Touch 5G, iPod Touch 5, or iPod 5) is a mobile device designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a touchscreen-based user interface. The successor to the 4th-generation iPod Touch, it was unveiled at Apple's media event alongside the iPhone 5 on September 12, 2012, and was released on October 11, 2012. It is compatible with up to iOS 9.3.5, which was released on August 25, 2016.Like the iPhone 5, the fifth-generation iPod Touch is a slimmer, lighter model that introduces a higher-resolution, 4-inch screen to the series with 16:9 widescreen aspect ratio, similar to the iPhone 5, 5C, and 5S. Other improvements include support for recording 1080p video and panoramic still photos via the rear camera, an LED flash, Apple's A5 chip (the same chip used in the iPad Mini (1st generation), iPad 2, and iPhone 4S) and support for Apple's Siri.The fifth-generation iPod Touch was released with more color options than its predecessors. It initially featured with a black screen and slate back and a white screen with five back color options including silver, pink, yellow, blue, and Product Red, however on the release of the iPhone 5S the slate color was changed to space gray and all the other colors remained unchanged.[5]The device was initially only sold in 32 GB and 64 GB models. The first 16 GB model, introduced on May 30, 2013, was only available in one color combination (black screen with a silver back) and lacks the rear iSight camera, LED flash and the iPod Touch Loop that is included in the 32 GB models.[6] On June 26, 2014, it was replaced with a new 16 GB model that no longer omits the rear camera and full range of color options. The pricing for the iPod Touch had also changed. The 16 GB model was changed to $199 instead of $229, the 32 GB model is $249 instead of $299, and the 64 GB model is $299 instead of $399.[7] The iPod Touch (5th generation) was officially discontinued by Apple on July 15, 2015, with the release of its successor, the iPod Touch (6th generation).","title":"iPod Touch (5th generation)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iOS version history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_version_history"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"mobile operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system"},{"link_name":"iOS 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_6"},{"link_name":"podcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"playlists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playlist"},{"link_name":"genres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre"},{"link_name":"compilations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"landscape mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_orientation"},{"link_name":"Cover Flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_Flow"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"iPhone 4S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_4S"},{"link_name":"Siri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Apple Maps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Maps"},{"link_name":"Passbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passbook_(application)"},{"link_name":"AirPlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirPlay"},{"link_name":"iOS 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-engadget_ios_7_release_date-10"},{"link_name":"iOS 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"iOS 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_10"}],"sub_title":"Software","text":"Further information: iOS version historyThe fifth generation iPod Touch features iOS, Apple's mobile operating system.Initially shipped with iOS 6, which was released on September 19, 2012, it can play music, movies, television shows, eBooks, audiobooks, and podcasts and can sort its media library by songs, artists, albums, videos, playlists, genres, composers, podcasts, audiobooks, and compilations. Users can rotate their device horizontally to landscape mode to access Cover Flow. This feature shows the different album covers in a scroll-through photo library. Scrolling is achieved by swiping a finger across the screen. Alternatively, headset controls can be used to pause, play, skip, and repeat tracks. However, the EarPods that come with the iPod do not include a remote and mic.[8]Like the iPhone 4S and later models, the fifth generation iPod Touch was the first in the iPod Touch line-up to support Siri, which allows the user to operate the device by spoken commands. The software was improved in iOS 6 to include the ability to make restaurant reservations, launch apps, dictate Facebook or Twitter updates, retrieve movie reviews and detailed sports statistics.[9] Some newer applications and features that came with iOS 6 included Apple Maps, Passbook and screen mirroring. AirPlay was made available, which allows screen mirroring through an Apple TV or other supported external device allows the screen of the iPod Touch to be mirrored, and was the first generation of the iPod Touch to support it.iOS 7 was released on September 18, 2013 to all iOS devices. This generation was the only iPod Touch in the iPod Touch line-up to run iOS 7.[10] On June 2, 2014, it was announced that the iPod Touch 5th generation would receive iOS 8 that fall. It was released on September 17, 2014.[11]It was confirmed on June 8, 2015, at WWDC 2015 that the iPod Touch 5th generation would support iOS 9. This makes it the first iPod touch to support 4 major versions of iOS being iOS 6, iOS 7, iOS 8 and iOS 9. Other A5-based devices will also support iOS 9 including the iPad 2 (6 major iOS versions), the iPhone 4S (5 major iOS versions) and the iPad Mini (4 major iOS versions). iOS 9.3.5 is the last update that supports the iPod Touch 5th generation as it is incompatible iOS 10 along with the iPhone 4S, iPad 2 and 3, and iPad Mini 1st generation due to hardware limitations.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apple A5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_A5"},{"link_name":"iPhone 4S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_4S"},{"link_name":"iPad 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_2"},{"link_name":"iPad Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_Mini"},{"link_name":"ARM Cortex-A9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A9_MPCore"},{"link_name":"Apple A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_A4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Retina Display","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina_Display"},{"link_name":"aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_aspect_ratio"},{"link_name":"display size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_size"},{"link_name":"iSight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISight"},{"link_name":"1080p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080p"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ipodreview-13"}],"sub_title":"Hardware","text":"The fifth generation iPod Touch features the Apple A5 chip which is similar to the one on the iPhone 4S, iPad 2 and the iPad Mini. The chip comprises a 1 GHz dual core ARM Cortex-A9 processor and a PowerVR SGX543MP2 (2-core) GPU making it faster than the fourth generation iPod Touch, which uses the Apple A4 chip.[12] Storage capacities are available at 32 or 64 GB with a 16 GB announced at a later date to replace the previous generation.The Retina Display of the iPod is similar to the one on the iPhone 5, measuring 1,136 by 640 pixels with an aspect ratio of almost exactly 16:9. Measuring 4 inches diagonally, it has a display size of 6.7 square inches and a pixel density of 326 ppi which remains the same as the fourth generation. Screen icons are arranged in a matrix of 6 rows of 4 icons each. With a larger screen than the previous generation model, the fifth generation iPod Touch allows a 6th row of icons to be added to the 5 rows that were present in the fourth generation iPod Touch. However, the fifth generation iPod Touch does not include an ambient light sensor which was included in the previous generation. The new iSight camera has 5 megapixels and is capable of 1080p video recording with an illuminated sensor and a LED flash. The front-facing camera was also upgraded to 1.2 megapixels capable of 720p video compared to the VGA 0.3 megapixels front camera on the fourth generation.[13]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ipodtouchfeatures-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ipod16gb-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Design","text":"The fifth-generation iPod Touch's finish features an aluminum unibody, which is made from the same kind of anodized aluminum used in the MacBook line. With a new iSight camera and LED flash, the iPod Touch includes a new feature known as the iPod Touch Loop. At the bottom left corner of the back of the iPod Touch, there is a button that can be pressed to allow a wrist strap to attach to the iPod Touch. Other changes to the iPod Touch include the addition of colors and the return of the black Wi-Fi antenna.[14]A 16 GB version that did not include the iSight camera, LED flash and Loop was released on May 30, 2013.[15] This model was replaced with a 16 GB model of the original design on June 26, 2014.[16]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lightning_connector.svg"},{"link_name":"iPhone 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_5"},{"link_name":"iPod Nano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Nano"},{"link_name":"iPad (4th generation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_(4th_generation)"},{"link_name":"iPad Mini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad_Mini"},{"link_name":"dock connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock_connector"},{"link_name":"Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_(connector)"},{"link_name":"iPod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Classic"},{"link_name":"USB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-engadget_earpods-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-techradar_earpods-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-engadget_earpods-20"},{"link_name":"Gizmodo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmodo"},{"link_name":"TechRadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechRadar"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-techradar_earpods-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ipodreview-13"}],"sub_title":"Accessories","text":"Apple Lightning connectorThe fifth generation iPod Touch, as well as the iPhone 5, iPod Nano (7th generation), iPad (4th generation), and iPad Mini feature a new dock connector named Lightning, replacing the 30-pin Apple dock connector which was first introduced by Apple in 2003 on the third generation iPod. The Apple Lightning connector has eight pins and all signaling is digital. The new connector also can be inserted either way, unlike the 30-pin connector which can only be inserted in one way. Adapters will be released by Apple to convert the Apple Lightning connector to the older 30-pin Apple Dock connector or USB, although not all accessories will work with the adapter as not all signals are available, in particular video output and the iPod Out feature for BMW automobiles.[17][18]Earphones known as Apple EarPods are also included with the fifth generation iPod touch and other devices announced at the Apple media event on September 12, 2012. They superseded earphones that were included with previous generation iPhones and iPods.[19] According to technology commentators, the redesign of the earphones is aimed to improve sound quality by allowing air to travel in and out more freely.[20][21] Apple states that the redesign of their earphones allows it to \"rival high-end headphones that cost hundreds of dollars more\".[20] Reviews by Gizmodo and TechRadar reported that although the redesigned earphones sounded better than its predecessor, reviewers felt that the quality of sound produced was still underwhelming.[22] Both have further stated that the EarPods pale in comparison to other earphones of a similar price.[21]Other accessories that were sold with the iPod Touch include the lanyard for the iPod Touch loop (not available for the 16 GB model.)[13]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iPhone 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_5"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"lightning port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_port"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"CNET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Andrew Williams from TrustedReviews noted the 5th generation iPod touch's common features with the iPhone 5, while praising the design and the respectable connectivity.[23] Graham Barlow of TechRadar commended the improved screen, more color variants, greater quality earphones and the iPod's light weight while criticizing the \"reset\" of the lightning port.[24] Scott Stein of CNET praised the enhanced camera quality and design, but remarked that the iPod touch is still weaker and outclassed compared to other iOS devices.[25]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[{"image_text":"iPod touch 5th gen next to iPhone 6","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/IPod_touch_5th_gen_next_to_iPhone_6.png/220px-IPod_touch_5th_gen_next_to_iPhone_6.png"},{"image_text":"Fifth-generation iPod touch in black","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/5th_Generation_iPod_Touch.svg/120px-5th_Generation_iPod_Touch.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Apple Lightning connector","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lightning_connector.svg/220px-Lightning_connector.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"List of iPod models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_iPod_models"},{"title":"List of iOS devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_iOS_devices"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"iPod touch 5th generation review\". idownloadblog.com. 11 October 2012. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idownloadblog.com/2012/10/11/ipod-touch-5th-generation-review/","url_text":"\"iPod touch 5th generation review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131221133232/http://www.idownloadblog.com/2012/10/11/ipod-touch-5th-generation-review/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Apple Inc. \"Apple - iPod Touch - Technical Specifications\". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apple.com/ipod-touch/specs.html","url_text":"\"Apple - iPod Touch - Technical Specifications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc","url_text":"Apple Inc"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120921232751/http://www.apple.com/ipod-touch/specs.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"FCC Office of Engineering and Technology. \"OET List Exhibits Report\". US Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved July 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/oetcf/eas/reports/ViewExhibitReport.cfm?mode=Exhibits&RequestTimeout=500&calledFromFrame=N&application_id=338019&fcc_id=%27BCG-E2407","url_text":"\"OET List Exhibits Report\""}]},{"reference":"Horwitz, Jeremy (September 1, 2010). \"iPod touch 5G's Battery Is Bigger, But Is It Better?\". iLounge. Archived from the original on April 6, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/backstage/comments/ipod-touch-4gs-battery-is-bigger-but-is-it-better/","url_text":"\"iPod touch 5G's Battery Is Bigger, But Is It Better?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110406020221/http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/backstage/comments/ipod-touch-4gs-battery-is-bigger-but-is-it-better","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"iPod touch – Technical specifications for iPod touch\". Apple. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apple.com/ipod-touch/specs.html","url_text":"\"iPod touch – Technical specifications for iPod touch\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120913072217/http://www.apple.com/ipod-touch/specs.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Donald (May 30, 2013). \"Camera compromise makes Apple's new 16GB iPod Touch a mixed bag\". CNET. Archived from the original on June 8, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://reviews.cnet.com/mp3-players/apple-ipod-touch-5th/4505-6490_7-35780957.html","url_text":"\"Camera compromise makes Apple's new 16GB iPod Touch a mixed bag\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130608053545/http://reviews.cnet.com/mp3-players/apple-ipod-touch-5th/4505-6490_7-35780957.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Apple adds cameras and colors to now $199 16GB iPod touch, drops 32/64GB to $249/$299\". 9to5Mac. June 26, 2014. Archived from the original on June 27, 2014. Retrieved June 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://9to5mac.com/2014/06/26/apple-releases-new-199-ipod-touch-includes-rear-camera/","url_text":"\"Apple adds cameras and colors to now $199 16GB iPod touch, drops 32/64GB to $249/$299\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140627215953/http://9to5mac.com/2014/06/26/apple-releases-new-199-ipod-touch-includes-rear-camera/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Apple ships mic-less EarPods with new iPod Touch\". CNET. October 9, 2012. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-19512_7-57529040-233/apple-ships-mic-less-earpods-with-new-ipod-touch/","url_text":"\"Apple ships mic-less EarPods with new iPod Touch\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021231601/http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-19512_7-57529040-233/apple-ships-mic-less-earpods-with-new-ipod-touch/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Siri comes to iPod Touch\". CNET. September 24, 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-57511516-37/siri-comes-to-ipod-touch/","url_text":"\"Siri comes to iPod Touch\""}]},{"reference":"\"iOS 7 arrives September 18th\". Engadget. September 10, 2013. Archived from the original on September 10, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2013/09/10/ios-7-arrives-september-18th","url_text":"\"iOS 7 arrives September 18th\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget","url_text":"Engadget"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130910182618/http://www.engadget.com/2013/09/10/ios-7-arrives-september-18th/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCormick, Rich (September 17, 2014). \"Apple's iOS 8 is now available on iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch\". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 18, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/17/6294897/ios-8-available-to-download-iphone-ipad-ipod-touch","url_text":"\"Apple's iOS 8 is now available on iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140918031452/http://www.theverge.com/2014/9/17/6294897/ios-8-available-to-download-iphone-ipad-ipod-touch","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dreyer, Pete (2012-10-26). \"Apple iPod Touch 5th generation review\". T3. Archived from the original on 2013-09-01. Retrieved 2013-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.t3.com/reviews/apple-ipod-touch-5th-generation-review","url_text":"\"Apple iPod Touch 5th generation review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130901184807/http://www.t3.com/reviews/apple-ipod-touch-5th-generation-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Apple iPod touch (5th generation)\". The Verge. October 10, 2012. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2012/10/10/3481678/apple-ipod-touch-review-2012","url_text":"\"Apple iPod touch (5th generation)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131005222152/http://www.theverge.com/2012/10/10/3481678/apple-ipod-touch-review-2012","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Apple - iPod touch - Features\". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apple.com/sg/ipod-touch/features/","url_text":"\"Apple - iPod touch - Features\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021072418/http://www.apple.com/sg/ipod-touch/features/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Apple announces new $229 16GB iPod touch: 4-inch Retina display, no rear-facing camera\". The Verge. May 30, 2013. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/30/4378998/16-gb-ipod-touch-specs-price-release-date","url_text":"\"Apple announces new $229 16GB iPod touch: 4-inch Retina display, no rear-facing camera\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131030160523/http://www.theverge.com/2013/5/30/4378998/16-gb-ipod-touch-specs-price-release-date","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jamerson, Joshua (June 26, 2014). \"Apple Cuts Prices on iPod Touch\". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/apple-cuts-prices-on-ipod-touch-1403788829","url_text":"\"Apple Cuts Prices on iPod Touch\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160314025926/http://www.wsj.com/articles/apple-cuts-prices-on-ipod-touch-1403788829","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lavrinc, Damon (September 14, 2012). \"Apple Lightning Adaptor Kills iPod Out on BMW, Mini Models\". Wired. Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/autopia/2012/09/apple-lightning-bmw-mini","url_text":"\"Apple Lightning Adaptor Kills iPod Out on BMW, Mini Models\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)","url_text":"Wired"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120921062107/http://www.wired.com/autopia/2012/09/apple-lightning-bmw-mini/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McGlaun, Shane (September 13, 2012). \"iPhone 5 won't work with some accessories even with Apple Lightning adapter\". SlashGear. R3 Media. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slashgear.com/iphone-5-wont-work-with-some-accessories-even-with-lightning-adapter-13247441","url_text":"\"iPhone 5 won't work with some accessories even with Apple Lightning adapter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SlashGear","url_text":"SlashGear"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120915041926/http://www.slashgear.com/iphone-5-wont-work-with-some-accessories-even-with-lightning-adapter-13247441/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Jason (September 13, 2012). \"Apple's Old Headphones Are Getting The Heave-Ho, And That's More Exciting Than The iPhone 5\". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/13/apple-headphones-iphone-5_n_1878863.html","url_text":"\"Apple's Old Headphones Are Getting The Heave-Ho, And That's More Exciting Than The iPhone 5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post","url_text":"The Huffington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120916150030/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/13/apple-headphones-iphone-5_n_1878863.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Ben (September 12, 2012). \"Apple's signature earbuds rebranded for iPhone 5 as 'EarPods'\". Engadget. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2012/09/12/apples-infamous-earbuds-rebranded-for-iphone-5-as-earpods/","url_text":"\"Apple's signature earbuds rebranded for iPhone 5 as 'EarPods'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget","url_text":"Engadget"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121105103038/http://www.engadget.com/2012/09/12/apples-infamous-earbuds-rebranded-for-iphone-5-as-earpods","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Apple EarPods review\". TechRadar. September 15, 2012. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.techradar.com/reviews/audio-visual/hi-fi-and-audio/headphones/apple-earpods-1097282/review","url_text":"\"Apple EarPods review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechRadar","url_text":"TechRadar"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022224345/http://www.techradar.com/reviews/audio-visual/hi-fi-and-audio/headphones/apple-earpods-1097282/review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Aguilar, Mario (September 14, 2012). \"Apple EarPods Review: Better! (But Still Garbage)\". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/5943222/apple-earpods-review-less-terrible-still-garbage","url_text":"\"Apple EarPods Review: Better! (But Still Garbage)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmodo","url_text":"Gizmodo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025090802/http://gizmodo.com/5943222/apple-earpods-review-less-terrible-still-garbage","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Andrew (May 4, 2013). \"iPod touch 5th generation (2012)\". trustedreviews.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/apple-ipod-touch-2012","url_text":"\"iPod touch 5th generation (2012)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005005/http://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/apple-ipod-touch-2012","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Barlow, Graham (October 24, 2012). \"iPod touch 5th Generation review\". Archived from the original on February 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.techradar.com/reviews/gadgets/ipods-and-portable-audio/ipod-and-mp3-players/ipod-touch-5th-generation-1096664/review","url_text":"\"iPod touch 5th Generation review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005313/http://www.techradar.com/reviews/gadgets/ipods-and-portable-audio/ipod-and-mp3-players/ipod-touch-5th-generation-1096664/review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stein, Scott (October 11, 2012). \"iPod Touch review\". CNET. Archived from the original on February 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnet.com/products/apple-ipod-touch-5th-generation/review/","url_text":"\"iPod Touch review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET","url_text":"CNET"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005043/https://www.cnet.com/products/apple-ipod-touch-5th-generation/review/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.idownloadblog.com/2012/10/11/ipod-touch-5th-generation-review/","external_links_name":"\"iPod touch 5th generation review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131221133232/http://www.idownloadblog.com/2012/10/11/ipod-touch-5th-generation-review/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.apple.com/ipod-touch/specs.html","external_links_name":"\"Apple - iPod Touch - Technical Specifications\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120921232751/http://www.apple.com/ipod-touch/specs.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/oetcf/eas/reports/ViewExhibitReport.cfm?mode=Exhibits&RequestTimeout=500&calledFromFrame=N&application_id=338019&fcc_id=%27BCG-E2407","external_links_name":"\"OET List Exhibits Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/backstage/comments/ipod-touch-4gs-battery-is-bigger-but-is-it-better/","external_links_name":"\"iPod touch 5G's Battery Is Bigger, But Is It Better?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110406020221/http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/backstage/comments/ipod-touch-4gs-battery-is-bigger-but-is-it-better","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.apple.com/ipod-touch/specs.html","external_links_name":"\"iPod touch – Technical specifications for iPod touch\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120913072217/http://www.apple.com/ipod-touch/specs.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://reviews.cnet.com/mp3-players/apple-ipod-touch-5th/4505-6490_7-35780957.html","external_links_name":"\"Camera compromise makes Apple's new 16GB iPod Touch a mixed bag\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130608053545/http://reviews.cnet.com/mp3-players/apple-ipod-touch-5th/4505-6490_7-35780957.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://9to5mac.com/2014/06/26/apple-releases-new-199-ipod-touch-includes-rear-camera/","external_links_name":"\"Apple adds cameras and colors to now $199 16GB iPod touch, drops 32/64GB to $249/$299\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140627215953/http://9to5mac.com/2014/06/26/apple-releases-new-199-ipod-touch-includes-rear-camera/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-19512_7-57529040-233/apple-ships-mic-less-earpods-with-new-ipod-touch/","external_links_name":"\"Apple ships mic-less EarPods with new iPod Touch\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021231601/http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-19512_7-57529040-233/apple-ships-mic-less-earpods-with-new-ipod-touch/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-57511516-37/siri-comes-to-ipod-touch/","external_links_name":"\"Siri comes to iPod Touch\""},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2013/09/10/ios-7-arrives-september-18th","external_links_name":"\"iOS 7 arrives September 18th\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130910182618/http://www.engadget.com/2013/09/10/ios-7-arrives-september-18th/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/17/6294897/ios-8-available-to-download-iphone-ipad-ipod-touch","external_links_name":"\"Apple's iOS 8 is now available on iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140918031452/http://www.theverge.com/2014/9/17/6294897/ios-8-available-to-download-iphone-ipad-ipod-touch","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.t3.com/reviews/apple-ipod-touch-5th-generation-review","external_links_name":"\"Apple iPod Touch 5th generation review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130901184807/http://www.t3.com/reviews/apple-ipod-touch-5th-generation-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2012/10/10/3481678/apple-ipod-touch-review-2012","external_links_name":"\"Apple iPod touch (5th generation)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131005222152/http://www.theverge.com/2012/10/10/3481678/apple-ipod-touch-review-2012","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.apple.com/sg/ipod-touch/features/","external_links_name":"\"Apple - iPod touch - Features\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021072418/http://www.apple.com/sg/ipod-touch/features/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2013/5/30/4378998/16-gb-ipod-touch-specs-price-release-date","external_links_name":"\"Apple announces new $229 16GB iPod touch: 4-inch Retina display, no rear-facing camera\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131030160523/http://www.theverge.com/2013/5/30/4378998/16-gb-ipod-touch-specs-price-release-date","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/apple-cuts-prices-on-ipod-touch-1403788829","external_links_name":"\"Apple Cuts Prices on iPod Touch\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160314025926/http://www.wsj.com/articles/apple-cuts-prices-on-ipod-touch-1403788829","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/autopia/2012/09/apple-lightning-bmw-mini","external_links_name":"\"Apple Lightning Adaptor Kills iPod Out on BMW, Mini Models\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120921062107/http://www.wired.com/autopia/2012/09/apple-lightning-bmw-mini/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.slashgear.com/iphone-5-wont-work-with-some-accessories-even-with-lightning-adapter-13247441","external_links_name":"\"iPhone 5 won't work with some accessories even with Apple Lightning adapter\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120915041926/http://www.slashgear.com/iphone-5-wont-work-with-some-accessories-even-with-lightning-adapter-13247441/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/13/apple-headphones-iphone-5_n_1878863.html","external_links_name":"\"Apple's Old Headphones Are Getting The Heave-Ho, And That's More Exciting Than The iPhone 5\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120916150030/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/13/apple-headphones-iphone-5_n_1878863.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2012/09/12/apples-infamous-earbuds-rebranded-for-iphone-5-as-earpods/","external_links_name":"\"Apple's signature earbuds rebranded for iPhone 5 as 'EarPods'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121105103038/http://www.engadget.com/2012/09/12/apples-infamous-earbuds-rebranded-for-iphone-5-as-earpods","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.techradar.com/reviews/audio-visual/hi-fi-and-audio/headphones/apple-earpods-1097282/review","external_links_name":"\"Apple EarPods review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022224345/http://www.techradar.com/reviews/audio-visual/hi-fi-and-audio/headphones/apple-earpods-1097282/review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://gizmodo.com/5943222/apple-earpods-review-less-terrible-still-garbage","external_links_name":"\"Apple EarPods Review: Better! (But Still Garbage)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025090802/http://gizmodo.com/5943222/apple-earpods-review-less-terrible-still-garbage","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/apple-ipod-touch-2012","external_links_name":"\"iPod touch 5th generation (2012)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005005/http://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/apple-ipod-touch-2012","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.techradar.com/reviews/gadgets/ipods-and-portable-audio/ipod-and-mp3-players/ipod-touch-5th-generation-1096664/review","external_links_name":"\"iPod touch 5th Generation review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005313/http://www.techradar.com/reviews/gadgets/ipods-and-portable-audio/ipod-and-mp3-players/ipod-touch-5th-generation-1096664/review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/products/apple-ipod-touch-5th-generation/review/","external_links_name":"\"iPod Touch review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005043/https://www.cnet.com/products/apple-ipod-touch-5th-generation/review/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.apple.com/ipod-touch","external_links_name":"iPod Touch"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Amycus
|
USS Amycus
|
["1 Construction","2 Service history","3 Post-war service","4 Awards","5 Citations","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]
|
USS Amycus (ARL-2) off San Francisco, 10 August 1943. Note the 3-inch/50-caliber gun on the extreme stern with the Bofors 40 mm L/60 gun quad mount just forward of and above it.
History
United States
NameAmycus
NamesakeKing Amykos
Orderedas a Type S3-M-K2 hull, MCE hull 1009
BuilderPermanente Metals Corporation, Richmond, California
Yard number44
Laid down17 January 1943
Launched2 April 1943
Commissioned30 July 1943
Decommissioned15 November 1946
ReclassifiedLanding Craft Repair Ship, 13 January 1943
Stricken1 June 1970
Identification
Hull symbol: ARL-2
IMO number: 8645624
Code letters: NJQW
Honors andawards 2 × battle stars
FateSold for scrapping, 13 August 1971
General characteristics
Class and typeAchelous-class repair ship
Displacement
3,900 long tons (4,000 t) (light)
4,100 long tons (4,200 t) (full load)
Length328 ft (100 m)
Beam50 ft (15 m)
Draft11 ft 2 in (3.40 m)
Installed power
2 × Electro-Motive Diesel 12-567A diesel engines
1,800 shp (1,300 kW)
Propulsion
1 × Falk main reduction gears
2 × Propellers
Speed12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph)
Complement22 officers, 233 enlisted men
Armament1 × 3-inch (76 mm)/50 caliber dual-purpose gun
2 × quad 40 millimetres (1.57 in) Bofors anti-aircraft (AA) guns
6 × twin 20 millimetres (0.79 in) Oelikon AA cannons
Service record
Part of:
United States Seventh Fleet (1943-46)Operations:
Battle of Hollandia (27 April–1 June 1944)
Lingayen Gulf landings (7–18 January 1945)
Awards:
Navy Unit Commendation
American Campaign Medal
Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal
World War II Victory Medal
Philippine Liberation Medal
USS Amycus (ARL-2) was one of 39 Achelous-class landing craft repair ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. Named for Amycus (in Greek mythology, the son of Poseidon and Melia), she was the only US Naval vessel to bear the name.
Construction
Originally projected as LST-489, an LST-1-class tank landing ship, this ship was redesignated ARL-2 and named Amycus on 13 January 1943. She was laid down on 17 January 1943, under Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 1009, by Kaiser Shipyards, Yard No. 4, Richmond, California; launched on 2 April 1943; delivered on 3 June 1943, to the Matson Navigation Company, San Francisco, for conversion to a landing craft repair ship; and commissioned on 30 July 1943.
Service history
Amycus conducted shakedown training along the California coast before departing San Diego on 20 September 1943, and heading for the South Pacific to join the Service Forces of the US 7th Fleet. She made port calls at Pago Pago, American Samoa; Nouméa, New Caledonia; Brisbane and Port of Townsville, Australia; and Milne Bay, New Guinea. On 29 November, the vessel arrived at Buna, Papua New Guinea where she joined Task Force 76 (TF 76). She remained at Buna until late April 1944, servicing and repairing small escort vessels and landing boats.
On 25 April 1944, Amycus got underway for Cape Cretin, New Guinea, where she joined a convoy bound for Hollandia. She reached that base on 3 May, and assumed duty as a repair ship and the flagship of the landing craft control officer. The ship remained in Humboldt Bay through the summer and autumn carrying out repair and tender services for various landing craft. On 20 December, Amycus left Hollandia and proceeded to Seeadler Harbor, Manus Island. A week later, she sortied with a task group destined to take part in the Lingayen Gulf landings. As her convoy crossed the South China Sea, there were numerous air raid alerts, but only one attack materialized. On 7 January 1945, two enemy planes came in low to attack. One was shot down by a screening vessel, and the other broke off her approach and escaped undamaged.
Amycus anchored in Lingayen Gulf on 9 January, and the bombardment of the Luzon beaches began at 07:00 that day. Shortly thereafter, the ship began repairing battle-damaged landing craft. During the Allied assault, Amycus fired intermittently at enemy aircraft. While at anchor on 29 January, a friendly plane accidentally jettisoned a bomb which exploded about 60 ft (18 m) off her port quarter. Shrapnel from the explosion killed three and wounded nine crew members and caused minor damage to the repair ship's hull.
Amycus remained in Lingayen Gulf through 26 June, when she sailed for Subic Bay in the Philippine Islands. Upon her arrival there, the ship operated under Service Squadron 3 at the naval base at Subic Bay. The Japanese surrender in August found Amycus still providing services at Subic Bay. She remained there until 27 October, when she shaped a course for the United States.
Post-war service
The ship reached San Francisco on 30 November 1945, and later steamed to Portland, Oregon. Decommissioned on 15 November 1946, she joined the Pacific Reserve Fleet in the Columbia River. Her name was struck from the Navy list on 1 June 1970. She was sold for scrap on 13 August 1971, to Zidell Explorations, Inc., of Portland.
Awards
Amycus earned two battle stars for her World War II service.
Citations
^ a b Kaiser No. 4 2014.
^ Navsource 2016.
^ a b c d e f g h DANFS 2015.
Bibliography
"Amycus". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
"Kaiser Permanente No. 4, Richmond CA". ShipbuildingHistory.com. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
"USS Amycus (ARL-2)". Navsource.org. 26 August 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
External links
Photo gallery of USS Amycus (ARL-2) at NavSource Naval History
vteAchelous-class repair ships United States NavyCompleted
Achelous
Amycus
Agenor
Adonis
ARL-5
ARL-6
Atlas
Egeria
Endymion
Coronis
Creon
Poseidon
Menelaus
Minos
Minotaur
Myrmidon
Numitor
Pandemus
Patroclus
Pentheus
Proserpine
Romulus
Satyr
Sphinx
Stentor
Tantalus
Typhon
Amphitrite
Askari
Bellerophon
Bellona
Chimaera
Daedalus
Gordius
Indra
Krishna
Quirinus
Remus
Achilles
Cancelled
ARL-25
ARL-34
Aeolus
Cerberus
Conus
Feronia
Chandra
Minerva
Other operators Argentine Navy
Ingeniero Hodesh / Ingeniero Iribas (ex-LSE-1)
Ingeniero Gadda (ex-LSE-2)
Republic of China Navy
Shung Shan / Wu Tai (ex-Vulcain)
Hsing An (ex-Achilles)
People's Liberation Army Navy
Dagu Shan (ex-Hsing An)
French Navy
Vulcain (ex-Agenor)
Indonesian Navy
Jaya Wijaya (ex-Askari)
Imperial Iranian Navy
Sohrab (ex-Gordius)
Republic of Korea Navy
Duk Soo (ex-Minotaur)
Philippine Navy
Aklan / Kamagong (ex-Romulus)
Narra (ex-Krishna)
Yakal (ex-Vĩnh Long)
Turkish Navy
Başaran (ex-Patroclus)
Royal Navy
LSE-1 (ex-ARL-5)
LSE-2 (ex-ARL-6)
Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela
Guayana (ex-Quirinus)
Republic of Vietnam Navy
Vĩnh Long (ex-Satyr)
List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy
vteLST-1-class tank landing shipsLST-1 — LST-99
LST-1
LST-2
LST-3
LST-4
LST-5
LST-6
LST-7
LST-8
LST-9
LST-10 / Achelous
LST-11
LST-12
LST-13
LST-14 / Varuna
LST-15 / Phaon
LST-16
LST-17
LST-18
LST-19 / LST(H)-19
LST-20
LST-21
LST-22
LST-23 / LST(H)-23
LST-24
LST-25
LST-26
LST-27
LST-28
LST-29
LST-30
LST-31 / Addison County
LST-32 / Alameda County
LST-33
LST-34
LST-35
LST-36
LST-37
LST-38 / LST(H)-38
LST-39 / YF-1079
LST-40
LST-41 / LST(H)-41
LST-42 / LST(H)-42
LST-43
LST-44
LST-45
LST-46
LST-47 / T-LST-47
LST-48
LST-49
LST-50 / ARB-13
LST-51
LST-52
LST-53 / APL-59
LST-54
LST-55
LST-56
LST-57 / Armstrong County
LST-58
LST-59
LST-60 / Atchison County
LST-61
LST-62
LST-63
LST-64
LST-65
LST-66
LST-67
LST-68
LST-69
LST-70
LST-71
LST-72
LST-73
LST-74
LST-75
LST-76
LST-77
LST-78
LST-79
LST-80
LST-81 / ARL-5
LST-82 / ARL-6
LST-83 / Adonis
LST-84 / LST(H)-84
LST-85 — LST-99 cancelled
LST-100 — LST-199
LST-100 — LST-116 cancelled
LST-117 / LST(H)-117 / T-LST-117
LST-118 / LST(H)-118
LST-119
LST-120
LST-121 / LST(H)-121
LST-122
LST-123 / LST(H)-123
LST-124
LST-125
LST-126
LST-127
LST-128
LST-129 / Cohasset
LST-130
LST-131
LST-132 / Zeus
LST-133
LST-134
LST-135 / Orestes
LST-136 / Egeria
LST-137
LST-138
LST-139
LST-140
LST-141
LST-142 — LST-156 cancelled
LST-157
LST-158
LST-159
LST-160
LST-161
LST-162
LST-163
LST-164
LST-165
LST-166
LST-167
LST-168
LST-169
LST-170
LST-171
LST-172
LST-173
LST-174
LST-175
LST-176 / T-LST-176
LST-177
LST-178
LST-179
LST-180
LST-181
LST-182 — LST-196 cancelled
LST-197
LST-198
LST-199
LST-200 — LST-299
LST-200
LST-201 / Pontus
LST-202
LST-203
LST-204
LST-205 / LST(H)-205
LST-206
LST-207
LST-208
LST-209 / T-LST-209 / Bamberg County
LST-210
LST-211
LST-212
LST-213 / LST(H)-213
LST-214
LST-215
LST-216
LST-217
LST-218
LST-219
LST-220
LST-221
LST-222 / LST(H)-222 / T-LST-222
LST-223 / LST(H)-223
LST-224
LST-225
LST-226
LST-227
LST-228
LST-229
LST-230 / T-LST-230
LST-231 / Atlas
LST-232 — LST-236 cancelled
LST-237
LST-238
LST-239
LST-240
LST-241
LST-242 / LST(H)-242
LST-243 / LST(H)-243
LST-244
LST-245
LST-246
LST-247 / LST(H)-247
LST-248 — LST-260 cancelled
LST-261
LST-262
LST-263 / Benton County
LST-264
LST-265
LST-266 / Benzie County
LST-267
LST-268 / LST(H)-268
LST-269
LST-270
LST-271
LST-272
LST-273
LST-274
LST-275
LST-276 / LST(H)-276 / T-LST-276
LST-277 / T-LST-277
LST-278 / Seaward (IX-209)
LST-279 / Berkeley County
LST-280
LST-281 / T-LST-281
LST-282
LST-283
LST-284
LST-285
LST-286
LST-287 / T-LST-287
LST-288 / Berkshire County
LST-289
LST-290
LST-291
LST-292
LST-293
LST-294
LST-295
LST-296 — LST-299 cancelled
LST-300 — LST-399
LST-300 cancelled
LST-301
LST-302
LST-303
LST-304
LST-305
LST-306 / Bernalillo County
LST-307
LST-308
LST-309
LST-310 / Aeolus
LST-311
LST-312
LST-313
LST-314
LST-315
LST-316 / Cerberus
LST-317 / Conus
LST-318
LST-319
LST-320
LST-321
LST-322
LST-323
LST-324
LST-325 / T-LST-325
LST-326
LST-327
LST-328 / Oceanus
LST-329 / Aristaeus
LST-330 / Portunus
LST-331
LST-332 / Feronia
LST-333
LST-334
LST-335
LST-336
LST-337
LST-338
LST-339
LST-340 / Spark
LST-341
LST-342
LST-343
LST-344 / Blanco County
LST-345
LST-346
LST-347
LST-348
LST-349
LST-350 / Chandra
LST-351
LST-352
LST-353
LST-354
LST-355
LST-356 / Bledsoe County
LST-357
LST-358
LST-359
LST-360
LST-361
LST-362
LST-363
LST-364
LST-365
LST-366
LST-367
LST-368
LST-369
LST-370
LST-371
LST-372
LST-373
LST-374 / Minerva
LST-375
LST-376
LST-377
LST-378
LST-379
LST-380
LST-381
LST-382
LST-383
LST-384
LST-385
LST-386
LST-387
LST-388
LST-389 / Boone County
LST-390
LST-391 / Bowman County
LST-392
LST-393
LST-394
LST-395
LST-396
LST-397
LST-398
LST-399 / T-LST-399 / IX-511
LST-400 — LST-490
LST-400 / Bradley County
LST-401
LST-402
LST-403
LST-404
LST-405
LST-406
LST-407
LST-408
LST-409
LST-410
LST-411
LST-412
LST-413
LST-414
LST-415
LST-416
LST-417
LST-418
LST-419
LST-420
LST-421
LST-422
LST-423
LST-424
LST-425
LST-426
LST-427
LST-428
LST-429
LST-430
LST-431 — LST-445 cancelled
LST-446
LST-447
LST-448
LST-449
LST-450 / LST(H)-450
LST-451
LST-452
LST-453 / Remus
LST-454
LST-455 / Achilles
LST-456 / T-LST-456
LST-457
LST-458
LST-459
LST-460
LST-461
LST-462
LST-463
LST-464 / LST(H)-464
LST-465
LST-466
LST-467
LST-468
LST-469
LST-470
LST-471
LST-472
LST-473
LST-474
LST-475
LST-476
LST-477 / LST(H)-477
LST-478
LST-479
LST-480
LST-481
LST-482 / LST(H)-482 / Branch County
LST-483 / Brewster County
LST-484
LST-485
LST-486 / LST(H)-486
LST-487
LST-488 / LST(H)-488 / T-LST-488
LST-489 / Amycus
LST-490 / Agenor
Other operators Argentine Navy
Ingeniero Hodesh / Ingeniero Iribas (ex-LSE-1)
Ingeniero Gadda (ex-LSE-2)
Chilean Navy
Commandante Toro (ex-T-LST-277)
Republic of China Navy
Chung Suo (ex-Bradley County)
Chung Chie (ex-Berkeley County)
Wu Tai (ex-Vulcain)
Hsing An (ex-Achilles)
People's Liberation Army Navy
Dagu Shan (ex-Hsing An)
Egyptian Navy
Aka (ex-LST-178)
French Navy
Laita (ex-LST-177)
Rance (ex-LST-223)
Vulcain (ex-Agenor)
Liamone (ex-LST-326)
Vire (ex-LST-347)
La Paillotte (ex-LST-382)
Hellenic Navy
Syros (ex-T-LST-325)
Rodos (ex-Bowman County)
Lemnos (ex-LST-36)
Lesbos (ex-Boone County)
Samos (ex-LST-33)
Chios (ex-LST-35)
Sakipia (ex-Ellida)
ex-LST-37
ex-LST-322
ex-LST-352
Indonesian Navy
Teluk Tomini (ex-Bledsoe County)
Marina Militare
Anteo (ex-Alameda County)
Republic of Korea Navy
Deok Bong (ex-LST-227)
Bi Bong (ex-LST-218)
Gye Bong (ex-Berkshire County)
Chang Su (ex-APL-59)
Munsan (ex-LST-120)
Royal Norwegian Navy
Ellida (ex-ARB-13)
Peruvian Navy
Chimbote (ex-LST-283)
Philippine Navy
Cotabato (ex-LST-75)
Mindoro Occidental (ex-T-LST-222)
Suriago del Norte (ex-T-LST-488)
Tarlac (ex-T-LST-47)
Laguna (ex-T-LST-230)
Samar Oriental (ex-T-LST-287)
ex-LST-72
Republic of Singapore Navy
ex-T-LST-117
Royal Navy
LST-2
LST-3
LST-4
LST-5
LST-8
LST-9
LST-11
LST-12
LST-13 / FDT-13
LST-62
LST-63
LST-64
LST-65
LST-76
LST-77
LST-79
LST-80
LSE-1 (ex-ARL-5)
LSE-2 (ex-ARL-6)
LST-157
LST-159
LST-160
LST-161
LST-162
LST-163
LST-164
LST-165
LST-173
LST-178
LST-180
LST-198
LST-199
LST-200
LST-214
LST-215 / LSE(LC)-51
LST-216 / FDT-216
LST-217 / FDT-217
LST-237
LST-238
LST-239
LST-280
LST-289
LST-301
LST-302
LST-303
LST-304
LST-305
LST-311
LST-315
LST-319
LST-320
LST-321
LST-322
LST-323
LST-324
LST-326
LST-331
LST-336
LST-337
LST-346
LST-347
LST-351
LST-352
LST-358
LST-360 / LSE(LC)-52
LST-361
LST-362
LST-363
LST-364
LST-365
LST-366
LST-367
LST-368
LST-369
LST-371
LST-373
LST-380
LST-381
LST-382
LST-383
LST-385
LST-386
LST-394
LST-401
LST-402 / LSE-53
LST-403
LST-404
LST-405
LST-406
LST-407
LST-408
LST-409
LST-410
LST-411
LST-412
LST-413
LST-414
LST-415
LST-416
LST-417
LST-418
LST-419
LST-420
LST-421
LST-422
LST-423
LST-424
LST-425
LST-426
LST-427
LST-428
LST-429
LST-430
United States Army
LST-246
Preceded by: None
Followed by: LST-491 class
List of United States Navy LSTs
List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships
vteMARCOM ships built by Kaiser Shipyards, Richmond Shipyards, Richmond, California during World War IICrater-class cargo shipsType EC2-S-C1 ships
Crater (ex-SS John James Audubon)
Adhara (ex-SS G. H. Corliss)
Aludra (ex-SS Robert T. Lincoln)
Arided (ex-SS Noah H. Swayne)
Carina (ex-SS David Davis)
Cassiopeia (ex-SS Melville W. Fuller)
Celeno (ex-SS Redfield Proctor)
Cetus (ex-SS George B. Cortelyou)
Deimos (ex-SS Chief Ouray)
Draco (ex-SS John M. Palmer)
Albireo (ex-SS John G. Nicolay)
Cor Caroli (ex-SS Betsy Ross)
Eridanus (ex-SS Luther Burbank)
Etamin (ex-SS Isaac Babbitt)
Lyra (ex-SS Cyrus Hamlin)
Ganymede (ex-SS James W. Nye)
Hyperion (ex-SS Christopher C. Andrews)
Allioth (ex-SS James Rowan)
Alkes (ex-SS Increase A. Lapham)
Grumium (ex-SS William G. McAdoo)
Azimech (ex-SS Mary Patten)
Alnitah (ex-SS John A. Logan)
Leonis (ex-SS Key Pittman)
Venus (ex-SS William Williams)
Cheleb (ex-SS Lyman J. Gage)
Prince Georges (ex-SS Richard March Hoe)
Type EC2-S-C1 shipsLiberty Ships
James Otis
John Adams
Kit Carson
Zachary Taylor
Anthony Wayne
Timothy Pickering
Stephen Hopkins
Samuel Huntington
William Ellery
Lewis Morris
John Wise
George Ross
James Smith
George Taylor
William Whipple
Oliver Wolcott
Francis Lewis
John Morton
George Read
Roger Sherman
Richard Stockton
Matthew Thornton
William Williams
Eli Whitney
Irvin MacDowell
George B. McClellan
Joseph Hooker
Ambrose E. Burnside
Peter J. McGuire
Philip H. Sheridan
David Bushnell
John Fitch
James Rumsey
John Stevens
Samuel F. B. Morse
Cyrus H. McCormick
James B. Francis
Richard Jordan Gatling
John James Audubon
John F. Appleby
Charles M. Hall
George Westinghouse
John Bartram
G. H. Corliss
Richard March Hoe
Elihu Thomson
George B. Selden
Nathaniel Bowditch
Charles M. Conrad
John B. Floyd
Joseph Holt
John M. Schofield
John A. Rawlins
George W. McCrary
Alexander Ramsey
Robert T. Lincoln
William C. Endicott
Redfield Proctor
Robert E. Peary
David Gaillard
Henry J. Raymond
William G. McAdoo
Leslie M. Shaw
George B. Cortelyou
Frederick Jackson Turner
Joseph G. Cannon
George Rogers Clark
Louis Joliet
Samuel de Champlain
John A. Logan
Pere Marquette
John M. Palmer
Richard Yates
Nancy Hanks
Edward P. Costigan
Sieur Duluth
Richard Henderson
Benjamin Bonneville
Charles Wilkes
Justin S. Morrill
Thomas Kearns
Vitus Bering
Dan Beard
Jane A. Delano
John R. Park
James B. Hickok
Hiram S. Maxim
William B. Ogden
David Dudley Field
Charles P. Steinmetz
David Starr Jordan
Jacques Laramie
Lucy Stone
Frances E. Willard
Betsy Ross
Abigail Adams
Elizabeth Blackwell
S. Hall Young
J. H. Kinkaid
Alexander Baranof
Sheldon Jackson
Edward Rowland Sill
Joaquin Miller
Lew Wallace
O. Henry
F. Marion Crawford
Joseph Rodman Drake
William Dean Howells
John Howard Payne
Andrew Furuseth
Moses Rogers
William K. Vanderbilt
James J. Hill
John Rutledge
William Cushing
John Blair
Robert H. Harrison
John McLean
Noah H. Swayne
Samuel F. Miller
David Davis
Morrison R. Waite
Melville W. Fuller
Stanley Matthews
David J. Brewer
Pierre LaClede
Frederic Remington
Walter Colton
J. Sterling Morton
George H. Dern
Key Pittman
Chief Ouray
George S. Boutwell
Benjamin H. Bristow
William Windom
Charles J. Folger
Charles S Fairchild
John G. Carlisle
Lyman J. Gage
William H. Aspinwall
Grenville M. Dodge
Julien Dubuque
Adoniram Judson
John G. Nicolay
Edward Bates
Josiah B. Grinnell
Henry H. Richardson
Nathaniel Currier
James Ives
Thomas Corwin
James Guthrie
Howell Cobb
Hugh McCulloch
SS Matthew Lyon
George D. Prentice
William A. Jones
Homer Lea
Anson Burlingame
Louis Hennepin
Josiah Snelling
George Washington Carver
Luther Burbank
George M. Pullman
Wilbur Wright
William Thornton
Glenn Curtiss
SS George Eastman
Cyrus W. Field
Isaac Babbitt
Charles E. Duryea
Benjamin Holt
Oliver Evans
Elisha Graves Otis
Knute Rockne
James J. Corbett
Walter Camp
Hobart Baker
Christy Mathewson
George Gipp
Matthew B. Brady
Edward A. MacDowell
Joseph Smith
Tecumseh
John L. Sullivan
Geronimo
James A. Bayard
Mary Cassatt
Michael Pupin
Cyrus Hamlin
Henry Bergh
John Carroll
Jonathan P. Dolliver
James Harlan
Robert Lucas
Edwin T. Meredith
Maria Sanford
Christopher C. Andrews
Leonidas Merritt
Floyd B. Olson
Irving M. Scott
Joseph S. Emery
George Berkeley
Adolph Sutro
John W Mackay
James W. Nye
William W. Mayo
John Lind
Ole E. Rolvaag
John T. McMillan
Fremont Older
Conrad Kohrs
Stephen Crane
William Beaumont
John H. Rosseter
Henry Dodge
John S. Sargent
Charles Robinson
Increase A. Lapham
Clarence King
William Prouse
M. H. De Young
Sambridge (ex-SS John E. Wilkie)
John Ross
Francis G. Newlands
Ambrose Bierce
James Fergus
William N Byers
Joshua Hendy
Marcus Daly
John Constantine
William F. Vilas
Myron T. Herrick
Ring Lardner
Horace Wells
Winfield S. Stratton
James Lick
Floyd Bennett
David Belasco
John S. Bassett
Joseph A. Holmes
Luther S. Kelly
Charles N. McGroarty
Thomas M. Cooley
John Evans
Samovar (ex-SS Frank D. Phinney)
William H. Allen
Melville E. Stone
Henry V. Alvarado
Sambre (ex-SS George Inness)
H. G. Blasdel
Thomas C. Power
William Matson
Brander Matthews
William Keith
Joseph K. Toole
Jeremiah M. Daily
Mary Patten
Hiram Bingham
William D Burnham
Antoine Saugrain
Stephen W Kearny
James Rowan
Richard Moczkowski
John Reed
Vachel Lindsay
Michael Casey
Murat Halstead
Henry Wells
James J. 0'Kelly
Reinhold Richter
William Sharon
John G. North
Simon Bamberger
Cyrus T. Brady
Samuel Brannon
Chief Charlot
Casper S. Yost
William J. Palmer
Peter Cooper Hewitt
Ethan A. Hitchcock
Mary Bickerdyke
William W. Campbell
Michael C. Kerr
Harry Leon Wilson
John W. Meldrum
Clyde L. Seavey
William A. Coulter
Louis Pasteur
William C. Ralston
Lawrence Gianella
George H. Powell
Jose J Acosta
Heber M. Creel
Millen Griffith
Otis Skinner
John Sherman
Henry R. Schoolcraft
Joseph E Wing
Harriet Monroe
Frank J. Cuhel
Daulton Mann
John Colter
Mary M. Dodge
Emile Berliner
Charles G. Coutant
John W. Hoyt
Wayne MacVeagh
Samwash (ex-SS Harmon Judson)
Henry M. Teller
Jeremiah M. Rusk
Benjamin H. Brewster
Charles E. Smith
Samore (ex-SS Charles Devens)
Louis A. Sengteller
Donald M. Dickinson
Augustus Thomas
George Sterling
William H. Moody
Henry C. Payne
George Von L. Meyer
James D. Phelan
Otto Mears
Frank Norris
Francis M. Smith
Frank A. Munsey
Frederic A. Eilers
William S. Clark
Samuel W. Williston
Edgar W. Nye
Frank C. Emerson
John W. Foster
Norman Hapgood
Bernardo O'Higgins
Norman E. Mack
Henry H. Blood
John Swett
Vernon L. Parrington
George K. Fitch
Francis A. Wardwell
Kate Douglas Wiggin
David Hewes
Ferdinand A Silcox
Sara Teasdale
James King
R. F. Peckham
Peter Trumble Rowe
Keith Vawter
James G. Maguire
Robert Louis Stevenson
Francisco M Quinones
Ferdinand Westdahl
William F. Empey
Alexander Majors
Jan Pieterszoon Coen
Augustin Daly
James H. Breasted
Walter Wyman
John Roach
Henry Adams
George Coggeshall
John lsaacson
Silvestre Escalante
George Clement Perkins
Gilbert M. Hitchcock
Henry White
Emmet D. Boyle
Alexander Woolcott
E. A. Christenson
Henry J. Waters
William E Ritter
Joe Harris
Mello Franco
William Allen White
Stephen Hopkins
Cecil G. Sellers
Norman J. Colman
William Sproule
John L. Stoddard
Frank H. Dodd
Mary Walker
J. Maurice Thompson
Walter Williams
Mary A. Livermore
George Crile
Ralph T. O'Neil
George B. McFarland
William H. Clagett
Jose Pedro Varela
Samuel L. Cobb
Edward P. Ripley
Charles J. Colden
Henry T. Scott
Ovid Butler
Jay Cooke
Terry E. Stephenson
Thomas F. Hunt
George E. Goodfellow
Justo Arosemena
Samuel Gompers
Benjamin Warner
Seaman A. Knapp
James Rolph
Antonin Dvorak
Albert A. Robinson
Richard B. Moore
Alexander Wilson
Jose C. Barbosa
Alexander Mitchell
J. C. Osgood
Frank H. Evers
James Oliver Curwood
Edward G. Acheson
Francis Wilson
Claus Spreckles
David Lubin
Frank J. Sprague
Jean P. Chouteau
Julia L. Dumont
Robert G. Cousins
George B. Porter
William Ford Nichols
Lillian Wald
George Luks
William Vaughn Moody
Oliver Kelley
Abram S. Hewitt
William Peffer
Ada Rehan
Uriah M Rose
John W Burgess
Moses G. Farer
Alfred C. True
William B. Leeds
Francisco Morazan
William D. Boyce
W. B. Rodgers
Carl B. Eielson
Alice H. Rice
Elwood Haynes
Nathan S. Davis
Morgan Robertson
John Hope
Daniel G. Reid
Cornelius Vanderbilt
James Devereux
John H. Thomas
Percy E. Foxworth
Carl G. Barth
Edwin C. Musick
Sara Bache
Hans Heg
Franz Sigel
Arthur A. Penn
Allen Johnson
George A. Pope
Joseph J. Kinyoun
Juan Pablo Duarte
John F. Shafroth
Cleveland Forbes
Sidney H. Short
E. A. Bryan
Henry M. Stephens
Willet M. Hays
Edward E. Hale
Charles John Seghers
William J. Gray
Amerigo Vespucci
George Middlemas
Robert D. Carey
H. Weir Cook
Louis Weule
Jose M. Morelos
Benjamin Waterhouse
William Schirmer
J. S. Hutchinson
Edward S. Hough
E. A. Burnett
Wallace R. Farrington
Louis Sloss
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Louis Sullivan
Lucien Labaudt
James A. Drain
Thomas F. Flaherty
Robert S. Abbott
Benjamin Carpenter
Charlotte Cushman
Henry Meiggs
Mariscal Sucre
Boulder Victory-class cargo shipsType VC2-S-AP2 ships
Boulder Victory
Provo Victory
Las Vegas Victory
Manderson Victory
Bedford Victory
Mayfield Victory
Newcastle Victory
Bucyrus Victory
Red Oak Victory
Lakewood Victory
Sgt. Andrew Miller (ex-SS Radcliffe Victory)
Sgt. Archer T. Gammon (ex-SS Yale Victory)
Sgt. Morris E. Crain (ex-SS Mills Victory)
Private Joe E. Mann (ex-SS Owensboro Victory)
Sgt. Truman Kimbro (ex-SS Hastings Victory)
Type VC2-S-AP2 shipsVictory Ships
Legion Victory
Salina Victory
Hastings Victory
Elko Victory
Durango Victory
Devils Lake Victory
Berkeley Victory
Anchorage Victory
Colorado Springs Victory
Muncie Victory
Elgin Victory
Massillon Victory
Hannibal Victory
Beatrice Victory
Halaula Victory
Logan Victory
Clearwater Victory
Anniston Victory
Moline Victory
Medina Victory
Princeton Victory
Bowdoin Victory
Wesleyan Victory
Xavier Victory
Mercer Victory
Oberlin Victory
Tulane Victory
Wake Forest Victory
Denison Victory
St. John's Victory
Virginia City Victory
Brigham Victory
Hobbs Victory
El Reno Victory
Lahaina Victory
MacMurray Victory
Northeastern Victory
Fenn Victory
Hobart Victory
Catawba Victory
Hamilton Victory
Hillsdale Victory
Ripon Victory
Carthage Victory
Newberry Victory
Enid Victory
San Mateo Victory
Greeley Victory
Berwyn Victory
Battle Creek Victory
Great Falls Victory
Lakeland Victory
Owensboro Victory
Waltham Victory
Burbank Victory
Gretna Victory
Laredo Victory
Harvard Victory
Yale Victory
Middlebury Victory
DePauw Victory
Bucknell Victory
Grinnell Victory
Mount Holyoke Victory
Duke Victory
Fordham Victory
Citadel Victory
Berea Victory
St. Lawrence Victory
Central Victory
Swarthmore Victory
Carleton Victory
Loyola Victory
Purdue Victory
Mills Victory
Barnard Victory
Radcliffe Victory
Drexel Victory
Alfred Victory
Pan American Victory
Trinity Victory
Park Victory
Fisk Victory
Grove City Victory
Hope Victory
Lafayette Victory
Marquette Victory
Hunter Victory
Augustana Victory
Berry Victory
Drake Victory
Phillips Victory
New World Victory
Adelphi Victory
Drury Victory
Allegheny Victory
Earlham Victory
Asbury Victory
Canton Victory
Lindenwood Victory
Greenville Victory-class cargo shipVC2-S-AP3 ship
Haiti Victory
Norwalk-class cargo shipType VC2-S-AP3 cargo ship
Victoria (ex-SS Ethiopia Victory)
Type VC2-S-AP3 cargo ships
Australia Victory
Ethiopia Victory
India Victory
Iraq Victory
Costa Rica Victory
Cuba Victory
Honduras Victory
Haiti Victory
Guatemala Victory
Nicaragua Victory
Haskell-class attack transportsType VC2-S-AP5 ships
Sarasota
Sherburne
Sibley
Mifflin
Talladega
Tazewell
Telfair
Missoula
Montrose
Mountrail
Natrona
Navarro
Neshoba
New Kent
Noble
Okaloosa
Okanogan
Oneida
Pickaway
Pitt
Randall
Bingham
General G. O. Squier-class transport shipsType C4-S-A1 ships
General G. O. Squier
General T. H. Bliss
General J. R. Brooke
General O. H. Ernst
General R. L. Howze
General W. M. Black
General H. L. Scott
General S. D. Sturgis
General C. G. Morton
General R. E. Callan
General M. B. Stewart
General A. W. Greely
General C. H. Muir
General H. B. Freeman
General H. F. Hodges
General Harry Taylor
General W. F. Hase
General E. T. Collins
General M. L. Hersey
General J. H. McRae
General M. M. Patrick
General W. C. Langfitt
General Omar Bundy
General R. M. Blatchford
General LeRoy Eltinge
General A. W. Brewster
General D. E. Aultman
General C. C. Ballou
General W. G. Haan
General Stuart Heintzelman
Marine Adder-class transport shipType C4-S-A3 ship
Marine Adder
Type C4-S-A3 ships
Marine Perch
Marine Swallow
Type C4-S-A4 ships
Marine Leopard
Marine Snapper
LST-1-class tank landing shipsType S3-M-K2 ships
LST-476
LST-477 / LST(H)-477
LST-478
LST-479
LST-480
LST-481
LST-482 / LST(H)-482 / Branch County
LST-483 / Brewster County
LST-484
LST-485
LST-486 / LST(H)-486
LST-487
LST-488 / LST(H)-488 / T-LST-488
Achelous-class repair shipsType S2-S2-AQ1 ships
Amycus (ex-LST-489)
Agenor (ex-LST-490)
Tacoma-class patrol frigatesType S2-S2-AQ1 ships
Tacoma
Sausalito
Hoquiam
Pasco
Albuquerque
Everett
Pocatello
Brownsville
Grand Forks
Casper
Pueblo
Grand Island
Alamosa-class cargo shipsType C1-M-AV1 ships
Alamosa
Alcona
Amador
Antrim
Autauga
Beaverhead
Beltrami
Blount
Brevard
Bullock
Cabell
Caledonia
Fairfield
Faribault
Fentress
Flagler
Miscellaneous AuxiliaryType C1-M-AV1 ships
Sgt. Curtis F. Shoup (ex-Spindle Eye)
Type C1-M-AV1 ships
Square Sinnet
Gunner's Knot
Mooring Knot
Marlingspike Hitch
Terminal Knot
Spool Sinnet
Reeving Eye
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Achelous-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achelous-class_repair_ship"},{"link_name":"landing craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_craft"},{"link_name":"repair ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repair_ship"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Amycus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amykos"},{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon"},{"link_name":"Melia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melia_(consort_of_Poseidon)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"}],"text":"USS Amycus (ARL-2) was one of 39 Achelous-class landing craft repair ships built for the United States Navy during World War II. Named for Amycus (in Greek mythology, the son of Poseidon and Melia), she was the only US Naval vessel to bear the name.[3]","title":"USS Amycus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LST-1-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LST-1-class_tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"tank landing ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"Maritime Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Commission"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Shipyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Shipyards"},{"link_name":"Richmond, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_California"},{"link_name":"Matson Navigation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matson_Navigation_Company"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"}],"text":"Originally projected as LST-489, an LST-1-class tank landing ship, this ship was redesignated ARL-2 and named Amycus on 13 January 1943. She was laid down on 17 January 1943, under Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 1009, by Kaiser Shipyards, Yard No. 4, Richmond, California; launched on 2 April 1943; delivered on 3 June 1943, to the Matson Navigation Company, San Francisco, for conversion to a landing craft repair ship; and commissioned on 30 July 1943.[3]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shakedown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakedown_cruise"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"South Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania"},{"link_name":"US 7th Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_7th_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Pago Pago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pago_Pago"},{"link_name":"American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Nouméa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Port of Townsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Townsville"},{"link_name":"Milne Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milne_Bay"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Buna, Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buna,_Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"},{"link_name":"Cape Cretin, New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Cretin,_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hollandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayapura"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"landing craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_craft"},{"link_name":"Humboldt Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yos_Sudarso_Bay"},{"link_name":"Seeadler Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeadler_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Manus Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manus_Island"},{"link_name":"Lingayen Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf"},{"link_name":"South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"},{"link_name":"Subic Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic_Bay"},{"link_name":"Philippine Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Islands"},{"link_name":"Service Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Japanese surrender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_surrender"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"}],"text":"Amycus conducted shakedown training along the California coast before departing San Diego on 20 September 1943, and heading for the South Pacific to join the Service Forces of the US 7th Fleet. She made port calls at Pago Pago, American Samoa; Nouméa, New Caledonia; Brisbane and Port of Townsville, Australia; and Milne Bay, New Guinea. On 29 November, the vessel arrived at Buna, Papua New Guinea where she joined Task Force 76 (TF 76). She remained at Buna until late April 1944, servicing and repairing small escort vessels and landing boats.[3]On 25 April 1944, Amycus got underway for Cape Cretin, New Guinea, where she joined a convoy bound for Hollandia. She reached that base on 3 May, and assumed duty as a repair ship and the flagship of the landing craft control officer. The ship remained in Humboldt Bay through the summer and autumn carrying out repair and tender services for various landing craft. On 20 December, Amycus left Hollandia and proceeded to Seeadler Harbor, Manus Island. A week later, she sortied with a task group destined to take part in the Lingayen Gulf landings. As her convoy crossed the South China Sea, there were numerous air raid alerts, but only one attack materialized. On 7 January 1945, two enemy planes came in low to attack. One was shot down by a screening vessel, and the other broke off her approach and escaped undamaged.[3]Amycus anchored in Lingayen Gulf on 9 January, and the bombardment of the Luzon beaches began at 07:00 that day. Shortly thereafter, the ship began repairing battle-damaged landing craft. During the Allied assault, Amycus fired intermittently at enemy aircraft. While at anchor on 29 January, a friendly plane accidentally jettisoned a bomb which exploded about 60 ft (18 m) off her port quarter. Shrapnel from the explosion killed three and wounded nine crew members and caused minor damage to the repair ship's hull.[3]Amycus remained in Lingayen Gulf through 26 June, when she sailed for Subic Bay in the Philippine Islands. Upon her arrival there, the ship operated under Service Squadron 3 at the naval base at Subic Bay. The Japanese surrender in August found Amycus still providing services at Subic Bay. She remained there until 27 October, when she shaped a course for the United States.[3]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Pacific Reserve Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Reserve_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Columbia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River"},{"link_name":"Navy list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_list"},{"link_name":"Zidell Explorations, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zidell_Explorations,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"}],"text":"The ship reached San Francisco on 30 November 1945, and later steamed to Portland, Oregon. Decommissioned on 15 November 1946, she joined the Pacific Reserve Fleet in the Columbia River. Her name was struck from the Navy list on 1 June 1970. She was sold for scrap on 13 August 1971, to Zidell Explorations, Inc., of Portland.[3]","title":"Post-war service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_star#Navy_warships"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"}],"text":"Amycus earned two battle stars for her World War II service.[3]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaiser_No._42014_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaiser_No._42014_1-1"},{"link_name":"Kaiser No. 4 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKaiser_No._42014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavsource2016_2-0"},{"link_name":"Navsource 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNavsource2016"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-7"},{"link_name":"DANFS 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDANFS2015"}],"text":"^ a b Kaiser No. 4 2014.\n\n^ Navsource 2016.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h DANFS 2015.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Amycus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/amycus.html"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"\"Kaiser Permanente No. 4, Richmond CA\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/emergencylarge/krichmond.htm"},{"link_name":"\"USS Amycus (ARL-2)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navsource.org/archives/10/19/1902.htm"}],"text":"\"Amycus\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\n\"Kaiser Permanente No. 4, Richmond CA\". ShipbuildingHistory.com. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2017.\n\"USS Amycus (ARL-2)\". Navsource.org. 26 August 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Amycus\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/amycus.html","url_text":"\"Amycus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships","url_text":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships"}]},{"reference":"\"Kaiser Permanente No. 4, Richmond CA\". ShipbuildingHistory.com. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/emergencylarge/krichmond.htm","url_text":"\"Kaiser Permanente No. 4, Richmond CA\""}]},{"reference":"\"USS Amycus (ARL-2)\". Navsource.org. 26 August 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/10/19/1902.htm","url_text":"\"USS Amycus (ARL-2)\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/imo:8645624","external_links_name":"8645624"},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/amycus.html","external_links_name":"\"Amycus\""},{"Link":"http://shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/emergencylarge/krichmond.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kaiser Permanente No. 4, Richmond CA\""},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/10/19/1902.htm","external_links_name":"\"USS Amycus (ARL-2)\""},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/10/19/1902.htm","external_links_name":"Photo gallery"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinxperlo
|
Dinxperlo
|
["1 Attractions","2 Transportation","3 Dutch-German border","4 Gallery","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 51°52′N 6°29′E / 51.867°N 6.483°E / 51.867; 6.483This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dinxperlo" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Town and former municipality in Gelderland, NetherlandsDinxperlo
Dinsper (Achterhoeks)Town and former municipalityChurch "De Rietstap": the smallest church in the Netherlands
FlagCoat of armsDinxperloLocation in the province of Gelderland in the NetherlandsShow map of GelderlandDinxperloDinxperlo (Netherlands)Show map of NetherlandsCoordinates: 51°51′45″N 6°29′14″E / 51.86250°N 6.48722°E / 51.86250; 6.48722CountryNetherlandsProvinceGelderlandMunicipalityAaltenArea • Total13.76 km2 (5.31 sq mi)Elevation18 m (59 ft)Population (2021) • Total8,240 • Density600/km2 (1,600/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code7091Dialing code0315
Dinxperlo (Dutch: ⓘ; Dutch Low Saxon: Dinsper) is a town and former municipality in the eastern Netherlands (Achterhoek region), situated directly at the Germany-Netherlands border.
Since 1 January 2005, Dinxperlo has been part of the municipality of Aalten. Before 2005, Dinxperlo was a separate municipality, covering the town of Dinxperlo itself and the village of De Heurne.
The name of the village probably is derived from dingspel (justice court or area) and loo (wood). A popular explanation is that in the Middle Ages there was a court in the woods here. Dinxperlo used to have a coat of arms depicting Lady Justice.
Attractions
One of the town's main attractions is the Netherlands' smallest church (Kerkje "De Rietstap"). Another is a border museum (Grenslandmuseum).
Transportation
The nearest train stations are Aalten railway station and Terborg railway station, with train service operated by Arriva every half-hour. Bus number 40 connects Dinxperlo to Terborg station and bus number 195 connects Dinxperlo to Aalten station. Both services start in the Willem van Oranjeplein. The service runs from Arnhem (Arnhem railway station) to Doetinchem and Winterswijk stopping at various places on the way.
Dutch-German border
One street in Dinxperlo, Heelweg, is partly German in the village of Suderwick, (district Borken). The road itself lies in the Netherlands, but one side of the housing zone is in Germany (where it is called Hellweg). The unique boundary line is delimited by a treaty between Germany and the Netherlands signed in April 1960, which resulted in the return of Suderwick to then West Germany on 1 August 1963 after the Netherlands annexed the village soon after the Second World War as part of claims for war reparations.
The treaty also provides for the access arrangements of those living in German territory but with only access via Heelweg which is Dutch territory. The houses there belong to the small town of Suderwick, which might be translated as "southern area". Also, Dinxperlo houses a shared Dutch-German police station.
Besides Dutch and German, at both sides of the border a common dialect is spoken, which is a variety of Low Saxon.
Gallery
Dinxperlo, sculpture of flags
Dinxperlo, church
Dinxperlo, Heelweg (exactly at the border)
References
^ a b c "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
^ "Postcodetool for 7091AA". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
^ cf. Thingspiele
^ "Dinxperlo (NL) / Suderwick (D)". grenzen.150m.com. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
^ Treaty Between The Kingdom Of The Netherlands And The Federal Republic Of Germany Concerning The Course Of The Common Frontier, The Boundary Waters, Real Property Situated Near The Frontier, Traffic Crossing The Frontier On Land And Via Inland Waters, And Other Frontier Questions (PDF), 8 April 1960, retrieved 25 October 2019
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dinxperlo.
Official website
vtePopulated places in the municipality of AaltenTowns
Aalten
Bredevoort
Villages
Dinxperlo
De Heurne
Hamlets
Heurne
Hollenberg
IJzerlo
't Klooster
List of cities, towns and villages in Gelderland
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
51°52′N 6°29′E / 51.867°N 6.483°E / 51.867; 6.483
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈdɪŋkspərloː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/Nl-Dinxperlo.ogg/Nl-Dinxperlo.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nl-Dinxperlo.ogg"},{"link_name":"Dutch Low Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Achterhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achterhoek"},{"link_name":"Germany-Netherlands border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany-Netherlands_border"},{"link_name":"Aalten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalten"},{"link_name":"De Heurne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Heurne"},{"link_name":"justice court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thing_(assembly)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Lady Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Justice"}],"text":"Town and former municipality in Gelderland, NetherlandsDinxperlo (Dutch: [ˈdɪŋkspərloː] ⓘ; Dutch Low Saxon: Dinsper) is a town and former municipality in the eastern Netherlands (Achterhoek region), situated directly at the Germany-Netherlands border.Since 1 January 2005, Dinxperlo has been part of the municipality of Aalten. Before 2005, Dinxperlo was a separate municipality, covering the town of Dinxperlo itself and the village of De Heurne.The name of the village probably is derived from dingspel (justice court or area)[3] and loo (wood). A popular explanation is that in the Middle Ages there was a court in the woods here. Dinxperlo used to have a coat of arms depicting Lady Justice.","title":"Dinxperlo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border"}],"text":"One of the town's main attractions is the Netherlands' smallest church (Kerkje \"De Rietstap\"). Another is a border museum (Grenslandmuseum).","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aalten railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalten_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Terborg railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terborg_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Arriva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva"},{"link_name":"Arnhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem"},{"link_name":"Arnhem railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Doetinchem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doetinchem"},{"link_name":"Winterswijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterswijk"}],"text":"The nearest train stations are Aalten railway station and Terborg railway station, with train service operated by Arriva every half-hour. Bus number 40 connects Dinxperlo to Terborg station and bus number 195 connects Dinxperlo to Aalten station. Both services start in the Willem van Oranjeplein. The service runs from Arnhem (Arnhem railway station) to Doetinchem and Winterswijk stopping at various places on the way.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suderwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suderwick"},{"link_name":"district Borken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borken_(district)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"annexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_annexation_of_German_territory_after_the_Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Suderwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suderwick"},{"link_name":"police station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_station"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Low Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Low_German"}],"text":"One street in Dinxperlo, Heelweg, is partly German in the village of Suderwick, (district Borken). The road itself lies in the Netherlands, but one side of the housing zone is in Germany (where it is called Hellweg).[4] The unique boundary line is delimited by a treaty between Germany and the Netherlands signed in April 1960, which resulted in the return of Suderwick to then West Germany on 1 August 1963 after the Netherlands annexed the village soon after the Second World War as part of claims for war reparations.The treaty also provides for the access arrangements of those living in German territory but with only access via Heelweg which is Dutch territory.[5] The houses there belong to the small town of Suderwick, which might be translated as \"southern area\". Also, Dinxperlo houses a shared Dutch-German police station.Besides Dutch and German, at both sides of the border a common dialect is spoken, which is a variety of Low Saxon.","title":"Dutch-German border"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dinxperlo_(NL),_Flaggenskulptur_--_2016_--_2328.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dinxperlo,_kerk_foto10_2010-07-19_15.41.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dinxperlo,_modern_straatzicht_foto4_2010-07-19_14.23.JPG"}],"text":"Dinxperlo, sculpture of flags\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDinxperlo, church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDinxperlo, Heelweg (exactly at the border)","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\". Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 13 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_excel/2021/48/kwb-2021.xls","url_text":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postcodetool for 7091AA\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool","url_text":"\"Postcodetool for 7091AA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dinxperlo (NL) / Suderwick (D)\". grenzen.150m.com. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141010224931/http://www.grenzen.150m.com/dinxperloGB.htm","url_text":"\"Dinxperlo (NL) / Suderwick (D)\""},{"url":"http://www.grenzen.150m.com/dinxperloGB.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Treaty Between The Kingdom Of The Netherlands And The Federal Republic Of Germany Concerning The Course Of The Common Frontier, The Boundary Waters, Real Property Situated Near The Frontier, Traffic Crossing The Frontier On Land And Via Inland Waters, And Other Frontier Questions (PDF), 8 April 1960, retrieved 25 October 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20508/v508.pdf","url_text":"Treaty Between The Kingdom Of The Netherlands And The Federal Republic Of Germany Concerning The Course Of The Common Frontier, The Boundary Waters, Real Property Situated Near The Frontier, Traffic Crossing The Frontier On Land And Via Inland Waters, And Other Frontier Questions"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dinxperlo¶ms=51_52_N_6_29_E_region:NL_type:city","external_links_name":"51°52′N 6°29′E / 51.867°N 6.483°E / 51.867; 6.483"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dinxperlo%22","external_links_name":"\"Dinxperlo\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dinxperlo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dinxperlo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dinxperlo%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dinxperlo%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dinxperlo%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dinxperlo¶ms=51_51_45_N_6_29_14_E_region:NL_type:city(8240)","external_links_name":"51°51′45″N 6°29′14″E / 51.86250°N 6.48722°E / 51.86250; 6.48722"},{"Link":"https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_excel/2021/48/kwb-2021.xls","external_links_name":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2021\""},{"Link":"http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool","external_links_name":"\"Postcodetool for 7091AA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141010224931/http://www.grenzen.150m.com/dinxperloGB.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dinxperlo (NL) / Suderwick (D)\""},{"Link":"http://www.grenzen.150m.com/dinxperloGB.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20508/v508.pdf","external_links_name":"Treaty Between The Kingdom Of The Netherlands And The Federal Republic Of Germany Concerning The Course Of The Common Frontier, The Boundary Waters, Real Property Situated Near The Frontier, Traffic Crossing The Frontier On Land And Via Inland Waters, And Other Frontier Questions"},{"Link":"http://www.dinxperlo.nl/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/250179794","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987009165886205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/fbdaef81-5370-4d11-8730-638dc56aa43d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dinxperlo¶ms=51_52_N_6_29_E_region:NL_type:city","external_links_name":"51°52′N 6°29′E / 51.867°N 6.483°E / 51.867; 6.483"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nethinim
|
Nethinim
|
["1 Etymology","1.1 Translations and spellings","2 Hebrew Bible","3 Interpretations","3.1 Rabbinical Judaism","3.2 Jehovah's Witnesses","4 Notes","4.1 Citations","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Temple assistants in ancient Jerusalem
Nethinim (נְתִינִים nəṯīnīm, lit. "given ones", or "subjects"), or Nathinites or Nathineans, was the name given to the Temple assistants in ancient Jerusalem. The term was applied originally in the Book of Joshua (where it is found in its verbal form) to the Gibeonites. Later, in the Book of Ezra, they are counted alongside the Avdei Shlomo ("Servants of Solomon"). It is likely that the Nethinim descended from non-Israelites. Opinion is divided as to whether the Gibeonites in Joshua are to be connected to the Nethinim of later texts. Others theorize that they were the descendants of Midianite war captives, as described in Numbers 31.
Etymology
Netinim is derived from the Canaanite verb N-T-N, "to give." The noun form occurs 18 times in the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, always in the plural (1 Chr. 9:2; Ezra 2:43,58,70; 7:7,24; 8:17,20; Neh. 3:26,31; 7:46,60,73; 10:28; 11:3,21).
Translations and spellings
In English, Nethinim is one of several Hebrew words which are transliterated rather than translated in the King James Version (1611). It is also the most common academic spelling. The form Nathinites is found in the Douay-Rheims Version and consequently in the Catholic Encyclopedia (1911) article "Nathinites".
In Greek, the Septuagint transliterates Nethinim as οἱ Ναθιναῖοι, hoi Nathinaioi (Ezra 2:43; Neh 11:3), and as Ναθινιν (Ezra 2:58); and on one occasion, translated into Greek as οἱ δεδομένοι hoi dedoménoi, "the given ones" (1 Chron 9:2). Josephus renders the term as ἰερόδουλοι ierodouloi "temple servants". The Vulgate has Latin: Nathinæi. In Syriac the Peshitta follows the Hebrew, except that 1 Chronicles 9 renders netinim with Syriac geyora pl., equivalent of Hebrew gerim.
Hebrew Bible
In the Book of Joshua, the Nethinim are mentioned in a passage concerning the "leaders (nesi'im) of the congregation", a term also utilized in the ruling assembling of post-exilic Yehud Medinata. The passage has been read as one that confers legitimacy on this class, or, alternatively, criticizing them for acting autonomously. In the latter regard, it is contended that the author of Joshua blames these leaders, independently of the priesthood, for inducting the Gibeonites into cultic service in Jerusalem. In Talmudic tradition, they became associated with the Nethinim.
The Nethinim are mentioned at the return from the Exile and particularly enumerated in Ezra 2 and Neh 7. The original form of the name was Nethunim, as in the ketiv (consonantal reading) of Ezra 8:17 (cf. Numbers 3:9), and means "given" or "dedicated," i.e., to the temple. The Talmud also uses the singular form Nathin. In all, 612 Nethinim came back from the Exile and were lodged near the "House of the Nethinim" at Ophel, towards the east wall of Jerusalem so as to be near the Temple, where they served under the Levites and were free of all tolls, from which they must have been supported. They are ordered by David and the princes to serve the Levites (Ezra 8:20). The men of Gibeon, with Melatiah the Gibeonite at their head, repaired a piece of the wall of Jerusalem near the old gate on the west side of the city (Neh. iii. 7), while the Nethinim dwelt at Ophel on the east side (ib. 26).
Many of the names enumerated in Ezra 2 for the Nethinim appear to indicate a foreign provenance, including people of Arab, Ishmaelite, Egyptian, Edomite and Aramaic ethnicities, with nicknames appropriate to slaves. Most of the names of the parents mentioned seem to be feminine in form or meaning, and suggest that the Nethinim could not trace back to any definite paternity; and this is supported by the enumeration of those who could not "show their father's house" (Ezra 2:60; Neh 7:62).
Interpretations
Rabbinical Judaism
At the time of Nehemiah and Ezra, they were fully integrated into the Judean community, and were signatories to the former's covenant. Several centuries later, their status had declined rapidly. In the 10 genealogical classes (yuhasin) set forth in the Mishnah, they are ranked above shetukim (people of whose paternity is unknown) and assufim (foundlings) but beneath mamzerim, the offspring of illicit unions, and were prohibited from marrying Israellites of good standing, though intermarriage between the last four classes, which included freed slaves, was permitted. A child of such illicit unions was defined as a natin. Whereas the Biblical prohibitions against intermarriage with the Moabites, Ammonites, Egyptians and Edomites only applied for a certain number of generations or did not apply at all to their daughters, the ban on marriage with Mamzerim and Nethinim was deemed "perpetual and applies both to males and females".
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses use the term Nethinim to refer to members not claiming to be "anointed" who are selected to assist the Governing Body.
Notes
^ Joshua 9:27
^ e.g. Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament English edition The Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament Vol.10 ed. Ringren, entry N-T-N "Netinim" mentioned pp. 102, 105, 106, 107
^ The nicknames are of the type: "Speedy, White, Crooked, Taciturn, and Faithful." (Dunham 2016, p. 134)
Citations
^ a b Dozeman 2015, p. 415.
^ Day 2007, p. 136.
^ Gordon 2016, p. 83.
^ Net Bible.
^ Orlin 2015, p. 651.
^ Strong.
^ Driscoll 1911.
^ Taylor 2009, p. 383.
^ Antiquities of the Jews, 11.1.6
^ Baumgarten 1977, p. 78, n.12.
^ Grintz 1966, p. 133.
^ Dozeman 2015, pp. 414–416.
^ Babylonian Talmud, Yebamot 71a, 78b-79a
^ Dunham 2016, p. 134.
^ a b Cohen 2010, p. 95.
^ Poppers 1958, pp. 154–155.
^ Hezser 2005, pp. 109, 137.
^ Poppers 1958, p. 155.
^ Baker 2002, p. 207.
^ Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol 9 1905, p. 233.
^ Penton 2015, p. 172.
^ Chryssides 2009, p. 62.
References
Baker, Cynthia M. (2002). Rebuilding the House of Israel: Architectures of Gender in Jewish Antiquity. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-804-74029-6.
Baumgarten, Joseph M. (1977). "The Exclusion of Netinim and Proselytes in 4Q Florilegium". Studies in Qumran Law. Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-05394-6.
Chryssides, George D. (2009). The A to Z of Jehovah's Witnesses. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-810-86891-5.
Cohen, Shaye J. D. (2010). The Significance of Yavneh and Other Essays in Jewish Hellenism. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-161-50375-7.
Day, John (2007). "Gibeon and the Gibeonites in the Old Testament". In Rezetko, Robert; Lim, Timothy Henry; Aucker, W. Brian (eds.). Reflection and Refraction: Studies in Biblical Historiography in Honour of A. Graeme Auld. Brill. pp. 113–138. ISBN 978-9-004-14512-2.
Dozeman, Thomas B. (2015). Joshua 1-12: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14975-3.
Driscoll, James F. (1911). "Nathinites" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Dunham, Kyle C. (2016). The Pious Sage in Job: Eliphaz in the Context of Wisdom Theodicy. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. ISBN 978-1-4982-8563-6.
Executive Committee of the Editorial Board; Jacobs, Joseph (1905). "Nethinim". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 233.
Gordon, Robert P. (2016). Hebrew Bible and Ancient Versions: Selected Essays of Robert P. Gordon. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-754-65617-3.
Grintz, Jehoshua M. (June 1966). "The Treaty of Joshua with the Gibeonites". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 86 (2): 113–126. doi:10.2307/596424. JSTOR 596424.
Hezser, Catherine (2005). Jewish Slavery in Antiquity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-28086-5.
"Nethinim". Net Bible.
Orlin, Eric, ed. (2015). "Netinim". Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-62552-9.
Penton, M. James (2015). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses (3rd ed.). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-442-61605-9.
Poppers, H. L. (July 1958). "The Declassé in the Babylonian Jewish Community". Jewish Social Studies. 20 (3): 153–179. JSTOR 4465617.
Strong, James. "H5411 - Nathiyn". Strong's Concordance.
Taylor, Bernard Alwyn (2009). Analytical lexicon to the Septuagint. Hendrickson. ISBN 978-1-565-63516-6.
Weinberg, Joel P. (January 1975). "Netînîm und "Söhne der Sklaven Salomos" im 6.—4. Jh. v. u. Z". Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (in German). 87 (3): 355–371. doi:10.1515/zatw.1975.87.3.355. S2CID 170746034.
External links
Jacobs, Joseph (1911). "Nethinim" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). p. 421.
Authority control databases: National
Israel
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Book of Joshua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Joshua"},{"link_name":"Gibeonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibeonite"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDozeman2015415-1"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Book of Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2007136-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon201683-4"},{"link_name":"Midianite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midianite"},{"link_name":"Numbers 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_31"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENet_Bible-5"}],"text":"Nethinim (נְתִינִים nəṯīnīm, lit. \"given ones\", or \"subjects\"), or Nathinites or Nathineans, was the name given to the Temple assistants in ancient Jerusalem. The term was applied originally in the Book of Joshua (where it is found in its verbal form) to the Gibeonites.[1][a] Later, in the Book of Ezra, they are counted alongside the Avdei Shlomo (\"Servants of Solomon\"). It is likely that the Nethinim descended from non-Israelites.[2] Opinion is divided as to whether the Gibeonites in Joshua are to be connected to the Nethinim of later texts.[3] Others theorize that they were the descendants of Midianite war captives, as described in Numbers 31.[4]","title":"Nethinim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canaanite verb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_root"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlin2015651-6"},{"link_name":"Masoretic Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretic_Text"},{"link_name":"1 Chr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Ezra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra"},{"link_name":"Neh.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrong-7"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Netinim is derived from the Canaanite verb N-T-N, \"to give.\"[5] The noun form occurs 18 times in the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, always in the plural (1 Chr. 9:2; Ezra 2:43,58,70; 7:7,24; 8:17,20; Neh. 3:26,31; 7:46,60,73; 10:28; 11:3,21).[6][b]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transliterated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transliterat"},{"link_name":"translated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/translate"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"Douay-Rheims Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douay-Rheims_Version"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriscoll1911-9"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2009383-10"},{"link_name":"1 Chron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"Josephus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Vulgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Peshitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshitta"},{"link_name":"1 Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"gerim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgarten197778,_n.12-12"}],"sub_title":"Translations and spellings","text":"In English, Nethinim is one of several Hebrew words which are transliterated rather than translated in the King James Version (1611). It is also the most common academic spelling. The form Nathinites is found in the Douay-Rheims Version and consequently in the Catholic Encyclopedia (1911) article \"Nathinites\".[7]In Greek, the Septuagint transliterates Nethinim as οἱ Ναθιναῖοι, hoi Nathinaioi[8] (Ezra 2:43; Neh 11:3), and as Ναθινιν (Ezra 2:58); and on one occasion, translated into Greek as οἱ δεδομένοι hoi dedoménoi, \"the given ones\" (1 Chron 9:2). Josephus renders the term as ἰερόδουλοι ierodouloi \"temple servants\".[9] The Vulgate has Latin: Nathinæi. In Syriac the Peshitta follows the Hebrew, except that 1 Chronicles 9 renders netinim with Syriac geyora pl., equivalent of Hebrew gerim.[10]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nesi'im","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrintz1966133-13"},{"link_name":"Yehud Medinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehud_Medinata"},{"link_name":"Gibeonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibeonites"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDozeman2015414%E2%80%93416-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDozeman2015415-1"},{"link_name":"Exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile"},{"link_name":"Ezra 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a02.htm#1"},{"link_name":"Neh 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35b07.htm#1"},{"link_name":"ketiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qere_and_Ketiv"},{"link_name":"Ezra 8:17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a08.htm#17"},{"link_name":"Numbers 3:9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0403.htm#9"},{"link_name":"Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"Levites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levites"},{"link_name":"Ezra 8:20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a08.htm#20"},{"link_name":"Neh. iii.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah_3"},{"link_name":"Ezra 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunham2016134-16"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ezra 2:60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a02.htm#60"},{"link_name":"Neh 7:62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35b07.htm#62"}],"text":"In the Book of Joshua, the Nethinim are mentioned in a passage concerning the \"leaders (nesi'im)[11] of the congregation\", a term also utilized in the ruling assembling of post-exilic Yehud Medinata. The passage has been read as one that confers legitimacy on this class, or, alternatively, criticizing them for acting autonomously. In the latter regard, it is contended that the author of Joshua blames these leaders, independently of the priesthood, for inducting the Gibeonites into cultic service in Jerusalem.[12] In Talmudic tradition,[13] they became associated with the Nethinim.[1]The Nethinim are mentioned at the return from the Exile and particularly enumerated in Ezra 2 and Neh 7. The original form of the name was Nethunim, as in the ketiv (consonantal reading) of Ezra 8:17 (cf. Numbers 3:9), and means \"given\" or \"dedicated,\" i.e., to the temple. The Talmud also uses the singular form Nathin. In all, 612 Nethinim came back from the Exile and were lodged near the \"House of the Nethinim\" at Ophel, towards the east wall of Jerusalem so as to be near the Temple, where they served under the Levites and were free of all tolls, from which they must have been supported. They are ordered by David and the princes to serve the Levites (Ezra 8:20). The men of Gibeon, with Melatiah the Gibeonite at their head, repaired a piece of the wall of Jerusalem near the old gate on the west side of the city (Neh. iii. 7), while the Nethinim dwelt at Ophel on the east side (ib. 26).Many of the names enumerated in Ezra 2 for the Nethinim appear to indicate a foreign provenance, including people of Arab, Ishmaelite, Egyptian, Edomite and Aramaic ethnicities, with nicknames appropriate to slaves.[14][c] Most of the names of the parents mentioned seem to be feminine in form or meaning, and suggest that the Nethinim could not trace back to any definite paternity; and this is supported by the enumeration of those who could not \"show their father's house\" (Ezra 2:60; Neh 7:62).","title":"Hebrew Bible"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen201095-18"},{"link_name":"Mishnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoppers1958154%E2%80%93155-19"},{"link_name":"mamzerim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamzerim"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen201095-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHezser2005109,_137-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoppers1958155-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2002207-22"},{"link_name":"Moabites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moabites"},{"link_name":"Ammonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammon"},{"link_name":"Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Edomites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edomites"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Jewish_Encyclopedia'',_Vol_91905233-23"}],"sub_title":"Rabbinical Judaism","text":"At the time of Nehemiah and Ezra, they were fully integrated into the Judean community, and were signatories to the former's covenant. Several centuries later, their status had declined rapidly.[15] In the 10 genealogical classes (yuhasin) set forth in the Mishnah, they are ranked above shetukim (people of whose paternity is unknown) and assufim (foundlings)[16] but beneath mamzerim, the offspring of illicit unions, and were prohibited from marrying Israellites of good standing,[15] though intermarriage between the last four classes, which included freed slaves,[17] was permitted.[18] A child of such illicit unions was defined as a natin.[19] Whereas the Biblical prohibitions against intermarriage with the Moabites, Ammonites, Egyptians and Edomites only applied for a certain number of generations or did not apply at all to their daughters, the ban on marriage with Mamzerim and Nethinim was deemed \"perpetual and applies both to males and females\".[20]","title":"Interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jehovah's Witnesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses"},{"link_name":"\"anointed\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_salvation#The_'anointed'"},{"link_name":"Governing Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governing_Body_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses#Helpers"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenton2015172-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChryssides200962-25"}],"sub_title":"Jehovah's Witnesses","text":"Jehovah's Witnesses use the term Nethinim to refer to members not claiming to be \"anointed\" who are selected to assist the Governing Body.[21][22]","title":"Interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Dunham 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDunham2016"}],"text":"^ Joshua 9:27\n\n^ e.g. Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament English edition The Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament Vol.10 ed. Ringren, entry N-T-N \"Netinim\" mentioned pp. 102, 105, 106, 107\n\n^ The nicknames are of the type: \"Speedy, White, Crooked, Taciturn, and Faithful.\" (Dunham 2016, p. 134)","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDozeman2015415_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDozeman2015415_1-1"},{"link_name":"Dozeman 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDozeman2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2007136_3-0"},{"link_name":"Day 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDay2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon201683_4-0"},{"link_name":"Gordon 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGordon2016"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENet_Bible_5-0"},{"link_name":"Net Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNet_Bible"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlin2015651_6-0"},{"link_name":"Orlin 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOrlin2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrong_7-0"},{"link_name":"Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStrong"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriscoll1911_9-0"},{"link_name":"Driscoll 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDriscoll1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2009383_10-0"},{"link_name":"Taylor 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTaylor2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Antiquities of the Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumgarten197778,_n.12_12-0"},{"link_name":"Baumgarten 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBaumgarten1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrintz1966133_13-0"},{"link_name":"Grintz 1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrintz1966"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDozeman2015414%E2%80%93416_14-0"},{"link_name":"Dozeman 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDozeman2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Babylonian Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunham2016134_16-0"},{"link_name":"Dunham 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDunham2016"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen201095_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen201095_18-1"},{"link_name":"Cohen 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCohen2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoppers1958154%E2%80%93155_19-0"},{"link_name":"Poppers 1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPoppers1958"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHezser2005109,_137_20-0"},{"link_name":"Hezser 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHezser2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoppers1958155_21-0"},{"link_name":"Poppers 1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPoppers1958"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2002207_22-0"},{"link_name":"Baker 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBaker2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Jewish_Encyclopedia'',_Vol_91905233_23-0"},{"link_name":"Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol 9 1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJewish_Encyclopedia,_Vol_91905"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton2015172_24-0"},{"link_name":"Penton 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPenton2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChryssides200962_25-0"},{"link_name":"Chryssides 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChryssides2009"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ a b Dozeman 2015, p. 415.\n\n^ Day 2007, p. 136.\n\n^ Gordon 2016, p. 83.\n\n^ Net Bible.\n\n^ Orlin 2015, p. 651.\n\n^ Strong.\n\n^ Driscoll 1911.\n\n^ Taylor 2009, p. 383.\n\n^ Antiquities of the Jews, 11.1.6\n\n^ Baumgarten 1977, p. 78, n.12.\n\n^ Grintz 1966, p. 133.\n\n^ Dozeman 2015, pp. 414–416.\n\n^ Babylonian Talmud, Yebamot 71a, 78b-79a\n\n^ Dunham 2016, p. 134.\n\n^ a b Cohen 2010, p. 95.\n\n^ Poppers 1958, pp. 154–155.\n\n^ Hezser 2005, pp. 109, 137.\n\n^ Poppers 1958, p. 155.\n\n^ Baker 2002, p. 207.\n\n^ Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol 9 1905, p. 233.\n\n^ Penton 2015, p. 172.\n\n^ Chryssides 2009, p. 62.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Baker, Cynthia M. (2002). Rebuilding the House of Israel: Architectures of Gender in Jewish Antiquity. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-804-74029-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wZn8BoaISD8C&pg=PA207","url_text":"Rebuilding the House of Israel: Architectures of Gender in Jewish Antiquity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_Press","url_text":"Stanford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-804-74029-6","url_text":"978-0-804-74029-6"}]},{"reference":"Baumgarten, Joseph M. (1977). \"The Exclusion of Netinim and Proselytes in 4Q Florilegium\". Studies in Qumran Law. Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-05394-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._Baumgarten","url_text":"Baumgarten, Joseph M."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k8kUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA75","url_text":"\"The Exclusion of Netinim and Proselytes in 4Q Florilegium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"Brill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-05394-6","url_text":"978-9-004-05394-6"}]},{"reference":"Chryssides, George D. (2009). The A to Z of Jehovah's Witnesses. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-810-86891-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5TtKk1cOKcAC&pg=PA62","url_text":"The A to Z of Jehovah's Witnesses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-810-86891-5","url_text":"978-0-810-86891-5"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Shaye J. D. (2010). The Significance of Yavneh and Other Essays in Jewish Hellenism. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-161-50375-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen","url_text":"Cohen, Shaye J. D."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mmj4RcszCHgC&pg=PA95","url_text":"The Significance of Yavneh and Other Essays in Jewish Hellenism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohr_Siebeck","url_text":"Mohr Siebeck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-161-50375-7","url_text":"978-3-161-50375-7"}]},{"reference":"Day, John (2007). \"Gibeon and the Gibeonites in the Old Testament\". In Rezetko, Robert; Lim, Timothy Henry; Aucker, W. Brian (eds.). Reflection and Refraction: Studies in Biblical Historiography in Honour of A. Graeme Auld. Brill. pp. 113–138. ISBN 978-9-004-14512-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Day_(Old_Testament_scholar)","url_text":"Day, John"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sfV9WXqhkWYC&pg=PA136","url_text":"\"Gibeon and the Gibeonites in the Old Testament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers","url_text":"Brill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-14512-2","url_text":"978-9-004-14512-2"}]},{"reference":"Dozeman, Thomas B. (2015). Joshua 1-12: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14975-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fKpJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA414","url_text":"Joshua 1-12: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14975-3","url_text":"978-0-300-14975-3"}]},{"reference":"Driscoll, James F. (1911). \"Nathinites\" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Nathinites","url_text":"\"Nathinites\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Dunham, Kyle C. (2016). The Pious Sage in Job: Eliphaz in the Context of Wisdom Theodicy. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. ISBN 978-1-4982-8563-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sEwJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA134","url_text":"The Pious Sage in Job: Eliphaz in the Context of Wisdom Theodicy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock","url_text":"Wipf and Stock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-8563-6","url_text":"978-1-4982-8563-6"}]},{"reference":"Executive Committee of the Editorial Board; Jacobs, Joseph (1905). \"Nethinim\". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 233.","urls":[{"url":"http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11451-nethinim","url_text":"\"Nethinim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_Singer","url_text":"Singer, Isidore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Jewish Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Robert P. (2016). Hebrew Bible and Ancient Versions: Selected Essays of Robert P. Gordon. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-754-65617-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P._Gordon","url_text":"Gordon, Robert P."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SmsGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83","url_text":"Hebrew Bible and Ancient Versions: Selected Essays of Robert P. Gordon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-754-65617-3","url_text":"978-0-754-65617-3"}]},{"reference":"Grintz, Jehoshua M. (June 1966). \"The Treaty of Joshua with the Gibeonites\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 86 (2): 113–126. doi:10.2307/596424. JSTOR 596424.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F596424","url_text":"10.2307/596424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/596424","url_text":"596424"}]},{"reference":"Hezser, Catherine (2005). Jewish Slavery in Antiquity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-28086-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w7EUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137","url_text":"Jewish Slavery in Antiquity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-28086-5","url_text":"978-0-199-28086-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Nethinim\". Net Bible.","urls":[{"url":"https://classic.net.bible.org/dictionary.php?word=NETHINIM","url_text":"\"Nethinim\""}]},{"reference":"Orlin, Eric, ed. (2015). \"Netinim\". Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-62552-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dXH4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA651","url_text":"\"Netinim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-62552-9","url_text":"978-1-134-62552-9"}]},{"reference":"Penton, M. James (2015). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses (3rd ed.). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-442-61605-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zNfTBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA172","url_text":"Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press","url_text":"University of Toronto Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-442-61605-9","url_text":"978-1-442-61605-9"}]},{"reference":"Poppers, H. L. (July 1958). \"The Declassé in the Babylonian Jewish Community\". Jewish Social Studies. 20 (3): 153–179. JSTOR 4465617.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4465617","url_text":"4465617"}]},{"reference":"Strong, James. \"H5411 - Nathiyn\". Strong's Concordance.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Strong_(theologian)","url_text":"Strong, James"},{"url":"http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H5411&t=KJV","url_text":"\"H5411 - Nathiyn\""}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Bernard Alwyn (2009). Analytical lexicon to the Septuagint. Hendrickson. ISBN 978-1-565-63516-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JNaDupoSycMC&pg=PA383","url_text":"Analytical lexicon to the Septuagint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-565-63516-6","url_text":"978-1-565-63516-6"}]},{"reference":"Weinberg, Joel P. (January 1975). \"Netînîm und \"Söhne der Sklaven Salomos\" im 6.—4. Jh. v. u. Z\". Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (in German). 87 (3): 355–371. doi:10.1515/zatw.1975.87.3.355. S2CID 170746034.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_die_alttestamentliche_Wissenschaft","url_text":"Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzatw.1975.87.3.355","url_text":"10.1515/zatw.1975.87.3.355"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170746034","url_text":"170746034"}]},{"reference":"Jacobs, Joseph (1911). \"Nethinim\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). p. 421.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nethinim","url_text":"\"Nethinim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a02.htm#1","external_links_name":"Ezra 2"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35b07.htm#1","external_links_name":"Neh 7"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a08.htm#17","external_links_name":"Ezra 8:17"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0403.htm#9","external_links_name":"Numbers 3:9"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a08.htm#20","external_links_name":"Ezra 8:20"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a02.htm#60","external_links_name":"Ezra 2:60"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35b07.htm#62","external_links_name":"Neh 7:62"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wZn8BoaISD8C&pg=PA207","external_links_name":"Rebuilding the House of Israel: Architectures of Gender in Jewish Antiquity"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k8kUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA75","external_links_name":"\"The Exclusion of Netinim and Proselytes in 4Q Florilegium\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5TtKk1cOKcAC&pg=PA62","external_links_name":"The A to Z of Jehovah's Witnesses"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mmj4RcszCHgC&pg=PA95","external_links_name":"The Significance of Yavneh and Other Essays in Jewish Hellenism"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sfV9WXqhkWYC&pg=PA136","external_links_name":"\"Gibeon and the Gibeonites in the Old Testament\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fKpJCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA414","external_links_name":"Joshua 1-12: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Nathinites","external_links_name":"\"Nathinites\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sEwJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA134","external_links_name":"The Pious Sage in Job: Eliphaz in the Context of Wisdom Theodicy"},{"Link":"http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11451-nethinim","external_links_name":"\"Nethinim\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SmsGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83","external_links_name":"Hebrew Bible and Ancient Versions: Selected Essays of Robert P. Gordon"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F596424","external_links_name":"10.2307/596424"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/596424","external_links_name":"596424"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w7EUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137","external_links_name":"Jewish Slavery in Antiquity"},{"Link":"https://classic.net.bible.org/dictionary.php?word=NETHINIM","external_links_name":"\"Nethinim\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dXH4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA651","external_links_name":"\"Netinim\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zNfTBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA172","external_links_name":"Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4465617","external_links_name":"4465617"},{"Link":"http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H5411&t=KJV","external_links_name":"\"H5411 - Nathiyn\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JNaDupoSycMC&pg=PA383","external_links_name":"Analytical lexicon to the Septuagint"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzatw.1975.87.3.355","external_links_name":"10.1515/zatw.1975.87.3.355"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170746034","external_links_name":"170746034"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nethinim","external_links_name":"\"Nethinim\""},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529285405171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Nauruan_constitutional_referendum
|
2021 Nauruan constitutional referendum
|
["1 Results","2 Aftermath","3 References"]
|
2021 Nauruan constitutional referendum
13 November 2021
Should the membership of parliament including the office of the president and ministers be reserved for Nauruans and their descendants who became Nauruan citizens in 1968 when the Constitution came into force?Results
Choice
Votes
%
Yes
4,572
71.19%
No
1,850
28.81%
Valid votes
6,422
98.95%
Invalid or blank votes
68
1.05%
Total votes
6,490
100.00%
Registered voters/turnout
7,903
82.12%
Politics of Nauru
Constitution
Human rights
LGBT rights
Institutions
Executive
President
David Adeang
Cabinet
Lionel Aingimea
Legislative
Parliament
Speaker: Marcus Stephen
Judicial
Court of Appeal
Supreme Court
Elections
Political parties
Politicians
Constituencies
Recent elections
Parliamentary: 20222025
Administrative divisions
Districts
Foreign relations
Diplomatic missions of / in Nauru
Passport
Visa requirements
Visa policy
Related topics
National symbols
FlagCoat of armsAnthem
Geography
History
Other countries
vte
A constitutional referendum was held in Nauru on 13 November 2021. The referendum was the result of government proposal to amend article 31 of the constitution to bar naturalised citizens and their descendants from becoming members of parliament, or holding the presidency or ministerial posts. The proposal was approved by 71% of voters.
Voting was compulsory, with a fine for non-voters.
Results
Voters were asked the question "Should the membership of parliament including the office of the president and ministers be reserved for Nauruans and their descendants who became Nauruan citizens in 1968 when the Constitution came into force".
Referendum results
Choice
Votes
%
Yes
4,572
71.19
No
1,850
28.81
Valid votes
6,422
98.95
Invalid or blank votes
68
1.05
Total votes
6,490
100.00
Registered voters/turnout
7,903
82.12
Source: Electoral Commission
Aftermath
Following the referendum, the government introduced a bill to amend article 31, adding four new disqualifications for becoming a member of parliament. These disqualified anyone living on the island at the time of independence who did not become a Nauruan citizen at independence, descendants of those who did not become citizens at independence, anyone gaining citizenship by naturalisation and descendants of those who gained citizenship by naturalisation.
References
^ a b c Parliament Jan-Feb 2022 Nauru Bulletin, 4 March 2022
^ Gazette 156-21: Electoral (Survey or Poll) Regulations 2021 Nauru Bulletin, 2 November 2021
vte Elections in NauruParliamentary elections
1951
1955
1959
1963
1966
1967
1968
1971
1973
1976
1977
1980
1983
1986
1987
1989
1992
1995
1997
2000
2003
2004
2007
2008
2010 (Apr)
2010 (Jun)
2013
2016
2019
2022
2025
Referendums
2010
2021
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nauru"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NB2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A constitutional referendum was held in Nauru on 13 November 2021. The referendum was the result of government proposal to amend article 31 of the constitution to bar naturalised citizens and their descendants from becoming members of parliament, or holding the presidency or ministerial posts.[1] The proposal was approved by 71% of voters.Voting was compulsory, with a fine for non-voters.[2]","title":"2021 Nauruan constitutional referendum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NB2-1"}],"text":"Voters were asked the question \"Should the membership of parliament including the office of the president and ministers be reserved for Nauruans and their descendants who became Nauruan citizens in 1968 when the Constitution came into force\".[1]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NB2-1"}],"text":"Following the referendum, the government introduced a bill to amend article 31, adding four new disqualifications for becoming a member of parliament. These disqualified anyone living on the island at the time of independence who did not become a Nauruan citizen at independence, descendants of those who did not become citizens at independence, anyone gaining citizenship by naturalisation and descendants of those who gained citizenship by naturalisation.[1]","title":"Aftermath"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://election.com.nr/2021/11/18/official-poll-results/","external_links_name":"Electoral Commission"},{"Link":"http://naurugov.nr/media/153159/nauru_bulletin__01_4march2022__235_.pdf","external_links_name":"Parliament Jan-Feb 2022"},{"Link":"http://naurugov.nr/media/151490/nauru_bulletin__06_2nov2021__231_.pdf","external_links_name":"Gazette 156-21: Electoral (Survey or Poll) Regulations 2021"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Hall_(journalist)
|
Allan Hall (journalist)
|
["1 References"]
|
British journalist
Allan Hall (10 December 1929 – 26 April 2001) was a British journalist.
Born in Hemsworth, Hall began his career in journalism with the Newcastle Journal, but soon moved to London. By the age of 27 he became editor of the Sunday Graphic for a year, then in 1959 became managing editor of the News Chronicle. In 1960, both papers closed, and Hall began writing a gossip column for the Daily Herald.
Hall remained a columnist as the Herald became The Sun, but left in 1969 when Rupert Murdoch bought the paper. He joined the Sunday Times, where he launched a lifestyle section before taking over the "Atticus" diary column. Having long had an interest in wine, being known for spending long lunches in the Connaught Rooms, he convinced editor Harold Evans to launch the Sunday Times Wine Club. By now writing regularly about wine, Hall decided in 1972 to organise an annual race to bring Beaujolais Nouveau to Britain, replicating a private race by Clement Freud (wine correspondent for The Sun) and Joseph Berkmann (agent for Georges Duboeuf) in 1970 and 1971. The race still takes place annually: the prize, a bottle of champagne, is awarded to the first competitor to arrive at The Sunday Times' offices.
In 1980, Hall moved to work for James Goldsmith's magazine NOW!, during which time he hosted a lunch at which fine wines were served. For this one meal he claimed, and was paid, expenses of more than £11,000. The magazine closed the following year, after which Hall retired to Suffolk, selling wine and offering tasting sessions. He continued writing about wine on a freelance basis, and organized wine tours of France.
References
^ a b Douglas Martin, "Allan Hall, 71, Journalist Who Inspired Beaujolais Race", The New York Times, 3 May 2001
^ a b c Michael Leapman, "Allan Hall", The Independent, 30 April 2001
Media offices
Preceded byGordon McKenzie
Editor of the Sunday Graphic 1958–1959
Succeeded byRobert Anderson
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Korea
Poland
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"Hemsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemsworth"},{"link_name":"Newcastle Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_(Newcastle_upon_Tyne_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Sunday Graphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Graphic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martin-1"},{"link_name":"News Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"gossip column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_column"},{"link_name":"Daily Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Herald_(UK_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leapman-2"},{"link_name":"The Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Rupert Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch"},{"link_name":"Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"Connaught Rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connaught_Rooms"},{"link_name":"Harold Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Evans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leapman-2"},{"link_name":"Beaujolais Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaujolais_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"Clement Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Freud"},{"link_name":"Georges Duboeuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Duboeuf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martin-1"},{"link_name":"James Goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"NOW!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOW!_(1979-81_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leapman-2"}],"text":"Allan Hall (10 December 1929 – 26 April 2001) was a British journalist.Born in Hemsworth, Hall began his career in journalism with the Newcastle Journal, but soon moved to London. By the age of 27 he became editor of the Sunday Graphic for a year,[1] then in 1959 became managing editor of the News Chronicle. In 1960, both papers closed, and Hall began writing a gossip column for the Daily Herald.[2]Hall remained a columnist as the Herald became The Sun, but left in 1969 when Rupert Murdoch bought the paper. He joined the Sunday Times, where he launched a lifestyle section before taking over the \"Atticus\" diary column. Having long had an interest in wine, being known for spending long lunches in the Connaught Rooms, he convinced editor Harold Evans to launch the Sunday Times Wine Club.[2] By now writing regularly about wine, Hall decided in 1972 to organise an annual race to bring Beaujolais Nouveau to Britain, replicating a private race by Clement Freud (wine correspondent for The Sun) and Joseph Berkmann (agent for Georges Duboeuf) in 1970 and 1971. The race still takes place annually: the prize, a bottle of champagne, is awarded to the first competitor to arrive at The Sunday Times' offices.[1]In 1980, Hall moved to work for James Goldsmith's magazine NOW!, during which time he hosted a lunch at which fine wines were served. For this one meal he claimed, and was paid, expenses of more than £11,000. The magazine closed the following year, after which Hall retired to Suffolk, selling wine and offering tasting sessions. He continued writing about wine on a freelance basis, and organized wine tours of France.[2]","title":"Allan Hall (journalist)"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E5D81538F930A35756C0A9679C8B63&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FD%2FDeaths%20(Obituaries)","external_links_name":"Allan Hall, 71, Journalist Who Inspired Beaujolais Race"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100606054037/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/allan-hall-729066.html","external_links_name":"Allan Hall"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000083910907","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/265502856","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfcPGDbcwK3dcyqgV7yh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb90250761","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018F1287","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810571795505606","external_links_name":"Poland"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metcalfa
|
Metcalfa
|
["1 Description","2 Species","3 References"]
|
Genus of planthoppers
Metcalfa
Metcalfa pruinosa
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hemiptera
Suborder:
Auchenorrhyncha
Infraorder:
Fulgoromorpha
Family:
Flatidae
Tribe:
Nephesini
Genus:
MetcalfaCaldwell & Martorell, 1951
Metcalfa is a genus of planthoppers in the Flatidae family and the tribe Nephesini. Species are essentially North American in origin, but M. pruinosa has been introduced to Europe (including Britain).
Description
Usually, adults of Metcalfa are 5.5 to 8 mm in length and 2 to 3 mm in width at the widest point.
Species
Metcalfa frigida (Metcalf & Bruner, 1948)
Metcalfa persea (Metcalf & Bruner, 1948)
Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830)
Metcalfa regularis (Fowler, 1900)
Metcalfa siboney (Metcalf & Bruner, 1948)
Nymph Metcalfa pruinosa)
References
^ FLOW: Metcalfa Caldwell & Martorell, 1951
^ Catalogue of life
^ Biolib
Taxon identifiersMetcalfa
Wikidata: Q10582870
Wikispecies: Metcalfa
BOLD: 461054
BugGuide: 7341
CoL: 62ZWQ
EoL: 98918
EPPO: 1METFG
Fauna Europaea: 152094
Fauna Europaea (new): 43b19b3c-5eb4-40c9-979b-217a72433a06
GBIF: 2068865
iNaturalist: 126210
IRMNG: 1060739
NCBI: 1185499
Open Tree of Life: 3461717
This Fulgoromorpha article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"planthoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthopper"},{"link_name":"Flatidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatidae"},{"link_name":"Nephesini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephesini"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Metcalfa is a genus of planthoppers in the Flatidae family and the tribe Nephesini. Species are essentially North American in origin, but M. pruinosa has been introduced to Europe (including Britain).[1]","title":"Metcalfa"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Usually, adults of Metcalfa are 5.5 to 8 mm in length and 2 to 3 mm in width at the widest point.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metcalfa frigida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metcalfa_frigida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Metcalfa persea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metcalfa_persea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Metcalfa pruinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metcalfa_pruinosa"},{"link_name":"Metcalfa regularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metcalfa_regularis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Metcalfa siboney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metcalfa_siboney&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metcalfa_pruinosa_(nymph).jpg"},{"link_name":"Metcalfa pruinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metcalfa_pruinosa"}],"text":"Metcalfa frigida (Metcalf & Bruner, 1948) \nMetcalfa persea (Metcalf & Bruner, 1948) \nMetcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830) \nMetcalfa regularis (Fowler, 1900) \nMetcalfa siboney (Metcalf & Bruner, 1948)[2][3]Nymph Metcalfa pruinosa)","title":"Species"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Nymph Metcalfa pruinosa)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Metcalfa_pruinosa_%28nymph%29.jpg/220px-Metcalfa_pruinosa_%28nymph%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://flow.hemiptera-databases.org/flow/?page=explorer&db=flow&lang=en&card=taxon&rank=genus&id=1324","external_links_name":"FLOW"},{"Link":"http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/metcalfa/match/1","external_links_name":"Catalogue of life"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id100939/","external_links_name":"Biolib"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=461054","external_links_name":"461054"},{"Link":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/7341","external_links_name":"7341"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/62ZWQ","external_links_name":"62ZWQ"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/98918","external_links_name":"98918"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1METFG","external_links_name":"1METFG"},{"Link":"http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:152094","external_links_name":"152094"},{"Link":"https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/43b19b3c-5eb4-40c9-979b-217a72433a06","external_links_name":"43b19b3c-5eb4-40c9-979b-217a72433a06"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2068865","external_links_name":"2068865"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/126210","external_links_name":"126210"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1060739","external_links_name":"1060739"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1185499","external_links_name":"1185499"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3461717","external_links_name":"3461717"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metcalfa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_vehicle
|
Heavy equipment
|
["1 History","1.1 From horses, through steam and diesel, to electric and robotic","2 Types","2.1 Images","3 Implements and hydromechanical work tools","4 Traction: Off-the-road tires and tracks","5 Heavy equipment operator","6 Equipment cost","6.1 Ownership cost","6.2 Operating cost","7 Models","8 Notable manufacturers","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
|
Vehicles designed for executing construction tasks
"Heavy machinery" redirects here. For other uses, see Heavy machinery (disambiguation).
"Earthmover" redirects here. For other uses, see Earthmover (disambiguation).
Further information: Equipment
Heavy equipment vehicles of various types parked near a highway construction site
Heavy equipment, heavy machinery, earthmovers, construction vehicles, or construction equipment, refers to heavy-duty vehicles specially designed to execute construction tasks, most frequently involving earthwork operations or other large construction tasks. Heavy equipment usually comprises five equipment systems: the implement, traction, structure, power train, and control/information.
Heavy equipment has been used since at least the 1st century BC when the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius described a crane in De architectura when it was powered via human or animal labor.
Heavy equipment functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the ratio between input force applied and force exerted is multiplied, making tasks which could take hundreds of people and weeks of labor without heavy equipment far less intensive in nature. Some equipment uses hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion.
The word plant, in this context, has come to mean any type of industrial equipment, including mobile equipment (e.g. in the same sense as powerplant). However, plant originally meant "structure" or "establishment" – usually in the sense of factory or warehouse premises; as such, it was used in contradistinction to movable machinery, e.g. often in the phrase "plant and equipment".
History
Further information: History of construction and History of steam road vehicles
Wheel Loaders and other industrial trucks parked
The use of heavy equipment has a long history; the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius (1st century BCE) gave descriptions of heavy equipment and cranes in ancient Rome in his treatise De architectura. The pile driver was invented around 1500. The first tunnelling shield was patented by Marc Isambard Brunel in 1818.
From horses, through steam and diesel, to electric and robotic
horse-drawn Fresno scraper digging water-supply ditch
A portable engine; a precursor to modern engineering vehicles
An early gasoline-powered tractor
Heavy equipment circa 1922
Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were drawn under human or animal power. With the advent of portable steam-powered engines the drawn machine precursors were reconfigured with the new engines, such as the combine harvester. The design of a core tractor evolved around the new steam power source into a new machine core traction engine, that can be configured as the steam tractor and the steamroller. During the 20th century, internal-combustion engines became the major power source of heavy equipment. Kerosene and ethanol engines were used, but today diesel engines are dominant. Mechanical transmission was in many cases replaced by hydraulic machinery. The early 20th century also saw new electric-powered machines such as the forklift. Caterpillar Inc. is a present-day brand from these days, starting out as the Holt Manufacturing Company. The first mass-produced heavy machine was the Fordson tractor in 1917.
The first commercial continuous track vehicle was the 1901 Lombard Steam Log Hauler. The use of tracks became popular for tanks during World War I, and later for civilian machinery like the bulldozer. The largest engineering vehicles and mobile land machines are bucket-wheel excavators, built since the 1920s.
"Until almost the twentieth century, one simple tool constituted the primary earthmoving machine: the hand shovel – moved with animal and human powered, sleds, barges, and wagons. This tool was the principal method by which material was either sidecast or elevated to load a conveyance, usually a wheelbarrow, or a cart or wagon drawn by a draft animal. In antiquity, an equivalent of the hand shovel or hoe and head basket—and masses of men—were used to move earth to build civil works. Builders have long used the inclined plane, levers, and pulleys to place solid building materials, but these labor-saving devices did not lend themselves to earthmoving, which required digging, raising, moving, and placing loose materials. The two elements required for mechanized earthmoving, then as now, were an independent power source and off-road mobility, neither of which could be provided by the technology of that time."
Container cranes were used from the 1950s and onwards, and made containerization possible.
Nowadays such is the importance of this machinery, some transport companies have developed specific equipment to transport heavy construction equipment to and from sites.
Most of the major equipment manufacturers such as Caterpillar, Volvo, Liebherr, and Bobcat have released or have been developing fully or partially electric-powered heavy equipment. Commercially-available models and R&D models were announced in 2019 and 2020.
Robotics and autonomy has been a growing concern for heavy equipment manufacturers with manufacturers beginning research and technology acquisition. A number of companies are currently developing (Caterpillar and Bobcat) or have launched (Built Robotics) commercial solutions to the market.
Types
These subdivisions, in this order, are the standard heavy equipment categorization.
Tractor
Bulldozer (dozer, track dozer)
Snowcat
Snowplow
Skidder
Tractor (wheel tractor)
Track tractor
Locomotive
Artillery tractor
Crawler-transporter
Military engineering vehicles
Grader
Grader
Excavator
Amphibious excavator
Compact excavator
Dragline excavator
Dredger
Bucket-wheel excavator
Excavator (digger)
Long reach excavator
Power shovel
Reclaimer
Suction excavator
Walking excavator
Trencher
Yarder
Backhoe
Backhoe
Backhoe loader
Timber
Feller buncher
Harvester
Forwarder
Skidder
Power saw
Track harvester
Wheel forwarder
Wheel skidder
Pipelayer
Pipelayer (sideboom)
Scraper
Fresno scraper
Scraper
Wheel tractor-scraper (belly scraper)
Mining
Construction and mining tractor
Construction and mining truck
Dumper
Dump truck
Haul truck
Mining equipment
Articulated
Articulated hauler
Compactor
Wheel dozer (soil compactor)
Soil stabilizer
Loader
Loader (payloader, front loader, wheel loader, integrated tool carrier)
Skip loader (skippy)
Track loader
Track loader
Skid-steer loader
Skid-steer loader
Material handler
Aerial work platform, Lift table
Crane
Block-setting crane
Bulk-handling crane
Crane vessel
Aerial crane
Container crane
Gantry crane
Overhead crane
Electric overhead traveling crane
Ring crane
Level luffing crane
Mobile crane
Travel lift
Forklift
Garbage truck
Grapple truck, Knuckleboom loader (trailer mount)
Straddle carrier
Sidelifter
Reach stacker
Telescopic handlers
Tow truck
Paving
Asphalt paver
Asphalt plant
Cold planer
Cure rig
Paver
Pavement milling
Pneumatic tire compactor
Roller (road roller, roller compactor)
Slipform paver
Vibratory compactor, Compactor
Underground
Roadheader
Tunnel boring machine
Underground mining equipment
Hydromatic tool
Ballast tamper
Attachments
Drilling rig
Horizontal directional drilling
Earth auger
Pile driver
Post pounder
Rotary tiller (rototiller, rotovator)
Hydraulic machinery
Highway
Tractor unit
Ballast tractor
Pushback tractor
Railcar mover
Highway 10 yard rear dump
Highway bottom dump (stiff), pup (belly train), triple
Highway end dump and side dump
Highway transfer, Transfer train
Concrete mixer
Concrete mix truck
Concrete mix dozer
Lowboy (trailer)
Street sweeper
Street sweep truck
Street sweep dozer
Images
The Caterpillar D10N bulldozer evolved from tracked-type tractors and is characterized by a steel blade attached to the front that is used to push other equipment and construction materials, such as earth.
The bucket excavator Komatsu PC210-LC.
The wheel trencher MARAIS SMC 200 R.
Iron bar reinforced foundation piles are driven with a drilling machine, concrete pump, mixer-truck, and a specialized auger that allows pumping concrete through its axis while withdrawn.
Fixed crane in a coal mine in Germany
Caterpillar D9L bulldozer, excavators and other heavy equipment vehicles parked near a quarry in Israel
Bucket wheel excavators in Garzweiler surface mine, Germany
Wheel loader
Grader cleaning and leveling
Heavy duty excavator with large bucket equipped.
Landfill compactor (tamping tip)
Komatsu Dozer pushing coal on the job site
A wheeled front loader tractor equipped with a large bucket elevated by hydraulic rams.
Folded conveyor on a tracked grinder
Military engineering vehicles
The militarized Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer allows for earthmoving projects in a combat environment. In the picture: IDF Caterpillar D9R.
The militarized Huta Stalowa Wola backhoe loader in Poland which is subsidiary of LiuGong China
Military scraper
PiPz Dachs armoured engineering vehicle of the German Army (2008)
Temporary roads deployment complex during the "Armiya 2021" exhibition
Implements and hydromechanical work tools
auger
backhoe
bale spear
broom
bulldozer blade
clam shell bucket
cold plane
demolition shears
equipment bucket
excavator bucket
forks
grapple
hydraulic hammer, hoe ram
hydraulics
hydraulic tilting bucket (4-in-1)
landscape tiller
material handling arm
mechanical pulverizer, crusher
multi processor
pavement removal bucket
pile driver
power take-off (PTO)
quick coupler
rake
ripper
rotating grab
sheep's foot compactor
skeleton bucket
snow blower
stump grinder
stump shear
thumb
tiltrotator
trencher
vibratory plate compactor
wheel saw
Traction: Off-the-road tires and tracks
Main articles: Off-the-road tire and Caterpillar track
Continuous track (circa 1909)
Caterpillar track (circa 2009)
Heavy equipment requires specialized tires for various construction applications. While many types of equipment have continuous tracks applicable to more severe service requirements, tires are used where greater speed or mobility is required. An understanding of what equipment will be used for during the life of the tires is required for proper selection. Tire selection can have a significant impact on production and unit cost. There are three types of off-the-road tires, transport for earthmoving machines, work for slow moving earthmoving machines, and load and carry for transporting as well as digging. Off-highway tires have six categories of service C compactor, E earthmover, G grader, L loader, LS log-skidder and ML mining and logging. Within these service categories are various tread types designed for use on hard-packed surface, soft surface and rock. Tires are a large expense on any construction project, careful consideration should be given to prevent excessive wear or damage.
Heavy equipment operator
Main article: Heavy equipment operator
A heavy equipment operator drives and operates heavy equipment used in engineering and construction projects. Typically only skilled workers may operate heavy equipment, and there is specialized training for learning to use heavy equipment.
Much publication about heavy equipment operators focuses on improving safety for such workers. The field of occupational medicine researches and makes recommendations about safety for these and other workers in safety-sensitive positions.
Equipment cost
Due to the small profit margins on construction projects it is important to maintain accurate records concerning equipment utilization, repairs and maintenance. The two main categories of equipment costs are ownership cost and operating cost.
Ownership cost
To classify as an ownership cost an expense must have been incurred regardless of if the equipment is used or not. These costs are as follows:
purchase expense
salvage value
tax savings from depreciation
major repairs and overhauls
property taxes
insurance
storage
Depreciation can be calculated several ways, the simplest is the straight-line method. The annual depreciation is constant, reducing the equipment value annually. The following are simple equations paraphrased from the Peurifoy & Schexnayder text:
m = some year in the future
N = equipment useful life (years)
and Dn = Annual depreciation amount
Dn = purchase price / N
Book value (BV) in year m
BVm = purchase price – (m x Dn)
example:
N = 5
purchase price = $350,000
m = 3 years from now
BV3 = $350,000 – ( 3 x $350,000/5) = $140,000
Operating cost
For an expense to be classified as an operating cost, it must be incurred through use of the equipment. These costs are as follows:
F.O.G.
Fuel
Oil: lubricants, lube oils, filters (oil, air, fuel, hydraulic)
Grease
repairs
repair parts
repair labor
tires
3rd party service contract
replacement of high-wear items
The biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a major repair or a minor repair. A major repair can change the depreciable equipment value due to an extension in service life, while a minor repair is normal maintenance. How a firm chooses to cost major and minor repairs vary from firm to firm depending on the costing strategies being used. Some firms will charge only major repairs to the equipment while minor repairs are costed to a project. Another common costing strategy is to cost all repairs to the equipment and only frequently replaced wear items are excluded from the equipment cost. Many firms keep their costing structure closely guarded as it can impact the bidding strategies of their competition. In a company with multiple semi-independent divisions, the equipment department often wants to classify all repairs as "minor" and charge the work to a job – therefore improving their 'profit' from the equipment.
Models
Main article: Model construction vehicle
Die-cast metal promotional scale models of heavy equipment are often produced for each vehicle to give to prospective customers. These are typically in 1:50 scale. The popular manufacturers of these models are Conrad and NZG in Germany, even for US vehicles.
Notable manufacturers
The largest 10 heavy equipment manufacturers in 2022
No.
Company
Country
Sales (billion USD)
Share of total
1
Caterpillar
United States
37,5
16.3%
2
Komatsu
Japan
24,7
10.7%
3
XCMG
China
13,4
5.8%
4
John Deere
United States
12,5
5.4%
5
Sany
China
11,9
5.2%
6
Volvo Construction Equipment
Sweden
9,9
4.3%
7
Liebherr
Switzerland
9,9
4.3%
8
Hitachi Construction Machinery
Japan
9,2
4.0%
9
Sandvik
Sweden
7,8
3.4%
10
JCB
United Kingdom
7,0
3.0%
Other manufacturers include:
Anhui Heli
Atlas Copco
BEML Limited
Bobcat Company
Case Construction Equipment
Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant
CNH Global
Demag
Fiat-Allis
HEPCO
HIAB
Hidromek
Hyundai Heavy Industries
Ingersoll Rand
Kubota
Kobelco
LiuGong
MARAIS
Navistar International Corporation
NCK
New Holland
Track Marshall
Orenstein and Koppel GmbH (O&K)
Paccar
Poclain
Rototilt
Shantui
ST Kinetics
Takeuchi Manufacturing
Wacker Neuson
Yanmar
Zoomlion
See also
Construction equipment theft
Non-road engine
Associated Equipment Distributors, the trade association for heavy equipment distributors
References
^ Haycraft, William R. (2011). "History of Construction Equipment". Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 137 (10): 720–723. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000374.
^ Lambert, Fred (January 29, 2019). "Caterpillar unveils an all-electric 26-ton excavator with a giant 300 kWh battery pack". Electrek. Wright’s Media. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
^ McLoud, Don (April 24, 2020). "Volvo CE gets $2M grant to test electric excavator, loader in California". Equipment World. Randall-Reilly. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
^ Gruver Doyle, Marcia (November 18, 2019). "Liebherr's prototype battery-powered LB 16 drilling rig has 10-hour run time (VIDEO)". Equipment World. Randall-Reilly. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
^ Rubenstone, Jeff (June 5, 2019). "Construction Equipment Goes Electric, But Hurdles Remain". Engineering News-Record. BNP Media. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
^ "Caterpillar Announces Acquisition of Robotic Expertise". Caterpillar. June 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
^ U.S. Department of Labor – Occupational Outlook Handbook
^ V. J. Davies, Ken Tomasin (1996). Construction Safety Handbook. Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-2519-X.
^ Peurifoy & Schexnayder "Construction Planning Equipment, and Methods" McGraw Hill 6th edition ISBN 0-07-232176-8, 2002.
^ Bartholomew, S.H. "Estimating and Bidding for Heavy Construction" CSU Chico, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-598327-4, 2000
^ "Heavy Equipment parts catalog". AGA Parts. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
^ "Construction equipment manufacturers: world equipment sales". Statista. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
External links
Media related to Heavy equipment at Wikimedia Commons
vteForestry tools and equipmentTree planting,afforestation
Caulk boots
Hoedad (hoedag)
Groasis Waterboxx
Mattock
Pottiputki
Root trainer
Seed trap
Tree planting bar (dibble bar)
Tree shelter (Tuley tube)
Tree spade
Mensuration
3D scanner
Angle gauge
Biltmore stick
Chain
Cruising rod
Diameter tape
Hemispherical photography
Inclinometer
Increment borer
Rangefinder
laser
Microtome
Relascope
Tree caliper
Wedge prism
Fire suppression
Aerial firefighting
DC-10
UAVs
Driptorch
Fire flapper
Fire rake
Fire retardant
Helitack
McLeod (rakehoe)
Pulaski
Axes
Billhook
Broadaxe
Brush hook
Froe (shake axe)
Hatchet
Labrys
Log splitter
Marking axe
Splitting maul
Saws
Bow saw
Bucksaw
Chainsaw
safety clothing
safety features
Crosscut saw
Dragsaw
Head saw
Lumber edger
Polesaw
Portable sawmill
Resaw
Two-man saw
Whipsaw
Logging
Cant hook
Feller buncher
Forwarder
Go-devil
Harvester
Helicopter
Log truck
Lombard Steam Log Hauler
Peavey
Pickaroon
Pike pole
Skid cone
Skidder
Washington Winch
Steam donkey
Yarder
swing
Other
Denailer
Firewood processor
Forest railway
Forestry mulcher
Hand compass
Hand hook
Hydraulic debarker
Log house moulder
Log pond
Log flume
Machete
Stump grinder
Chainsaw mill
Tree tyer
Tsakat
Whoopie sling
Wood-drying kiln
Woodchipper
Categories
tools
equipment
Commons
tools
equipment
WikiProject Forestry
Types of tools
Cleaning
Cutting and abrasive
Forestry
Garden
Hand
Kitchen
Machine and metalworking
Masonry
Measuring and alignment
Mining
Power
Woodworking
vteGeotechnical engineeringOffshore geotechnical engineeringInvestigation andinstrumentationField (in situ)
Core drill
Cone penetration test
Geo-electrical sounding
Permeability test
Load test
Static
Dynamic
Statnamic
Pore pressure measurement
Piezometer
Well
Ram sounding
Rock control drilling
Rotary-pressure sounding
Rotary weight sounding
Sample series
Screw plate test
Deformation monitoring
Inclinometer
Settlement recordings
Shear vane test
Simple sounding
Standard penetration test
Total sounding
Trial pit
Visible bedrock
Nuclear densometer test
Exploration geophysics
Crosshole sonic logging
Pile integrity test
Wave equation analysisLaboratory testing
Soil classification
Atterberg limits
California bearing ratio
Direct shear test
Hydrometer
Proctor compaction test
R-value
Sieve analysis
Triaxial shear test
Oedometer test
Hydraulic conductivity tests
Water content tests
SoilTypes
Clay
Silt
Sand
Gravel
Peat
Loam
Loess
Properties
Hydraulic conductivity
Water content
Void ratio
Bulk density
Thixotropy
Reynolds' dilatancy
Angle of repose
Friction angle
Cohesion
Porosity
Permeability
Specific storage
Shear strength
Sensitivity
Structures (Interaction)Natural features
Topography
Vegetation
Terrain
Topsoil
Water table
Bedrock
Subgrade
Subsoil
Earthworks
Shoring structures
Retaining walls
Gabion
Ground freezing
Mechanically stabilized earth
Pressure grouting
Slurry wall
Soil nailing
Tieback
Land development
Landfill
Excavation
Trench
Embankment
Cut
Causeway
Terracing
Cut-and-cover
Cut and fill
Fill dirt
Grading
Land reclamation
Track bed
Erosion control
Earth structure
Expanded clay aggregate
Crushed stone
Geosynthetics
Geotextile
Geomembrane
Geosynthetic clay liner
Cellular confinement
Infiltration
Foundations
Shallow
Deep
MechanicsForces
Effective stress
Pore water pressure
Lateral earth pressure
Overburden pressure
Preconsolidation pressure
Phenomena/problems
Permafrost
Frost heaving
Consolidation
Compaction
Earthquake
Response spectrum
Seismic hazard
Shear wave
Landslide analysis
Stability analysis
Mitigation
Classification
Sliding criterion
Slab stabilisation
Bearing capacity * Stress distribution in soil
Numerical analysis software
SEEP2D
STABL
SVFlux
SVSlope
UTEXAS
Plaxis
Related fields
Geology
Geochemistry
Petrology
Earthquake engineering
Geomorphology
Soil science
Hydrology
Hydrogeology
Biogeography
Earth materials
Archaeology
Agricultural science
Agrology
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Japan
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heavy machinery (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_machinery_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Earthmover (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthmover_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tzama02.jpg"},{"link_name":"heavy-duty vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy-duty_vehicle"},{"link_name":"construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction"},{"link_name":"earthwork operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"implement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Implements_and_hydromechanical_work_tools"},{"link_name":"traction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"power train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_train"},{"link_name":"ancient Roman engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_engineering"},{"link_name":"Vitruvius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius"},{"link_name":"crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_crane"},{"link_name":"De architectura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_architectura"},{"link_name":"mechanical advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantage"},{"link_name":"simple machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machine"},{"link_name":"ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio"},{"link_name":"hydraulic drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_drive_system"},{"link_name":"powerplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerplant"}],"text":"\"Heavy machinery\" redirects here. For other uses, see Heavy machinery (disambiguation).\"Earthmover\" redirects here. For other uses, see Earthmover (disambiguation).Further information: EquipmentHeavy equipment vehicles of various types parked near a highway construction siteHeavy equipment, heavy machinery, earthmovers, construction vehicles, or construction equipment, refers to heavy-duty vehicles specially designed to execute construction tasks, most frequently involving earthwork operations or other large construction tasks. Heavy equipment usually comprises five equipment systems: the implement, traction, structure, power train, and control/information.Heavy equipment has been used since at least the 1st century BC when the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius described a crane in De architectura when it was powered via human or animal labor.Heavy equipment functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the ratio between input force applied and force exerted is multiplied, making tasks which could take hundreds of people and weeks of labor without heavy equipment far less intensive in nature. Some equipment uses hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion.The word plant, in this context, has come to mean any type of industrial equipment, including mobile equipment (e.g. in the same sense as powerplant). However, plant originally meant \"structure\" or \"establishment\" – usually in the sense of factory or warehouse premises; as such, it was used in contradistinction to movable machinery, e.g. often in the phrase \"plant and equipment\".","title":"Heavy equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_construction"},{"link_name":"History of steam road vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_steam_road_vehicles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Topspot_Heavy_Equipment_Inc._03.jpg"},{"link_name":"ancient Roman engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_engineering"},{"link_name":"Vitruvius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius"},{"link_name":"heavy equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_technology#Engineering_and_construction"},{"link_name":"cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_crane"},{"link_name":"ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"treatise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise"},{"link_name":"De architectura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_architectura"},{"link_name":"pile driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pile_driver"},{"link_name":"tunnelling shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelling_shield"},{"link_name":"Marc Isambard Brunel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Isambard_Brunel"}],"text":"Further information: History of construction and History of steam road vehiclesWheel Loaders and other industrial trucks parkedThe use of heavy equipment has a long history; the ancient Roman engineer Vitruvius (1st century BCE) gave descriptions of heavy equipment and cranes in ancient Rome in his treatise De architectura. The pile driver was invented around 1500. The first tunnelling shield was patented by Marc Isambard Brunel in 1818.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fresno_scrapers_Miocene_ditch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fresno scraper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_scraper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steam_lokomobile_2_(aka).jpg"},{"link_name":"portable engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_engine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1903_Tractor.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bell_telephone_magazine_(1922)_(14569641579).jpg"},{"link_name":"portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_engine"},{"link_name":"combine harvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvester"},{"link_name":"traction engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_engine"},{"link_name":"steam tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tractor"},{"link_name":"steamroller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamroller"},{"link_name":"internal-combustion engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal-combustion_engine"},{"link_name":"Kerosene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene"},{"link_name":"ethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel"},{"link_name":"diesel engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"Mechanical transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_transmission"},{"link_name":"forklift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forklift"},{"link_name":"Caterpillar Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc."},{"link_name":"Holt Manufacturing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt_Manufacturing_Company"},{"link_name":"Fordson tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordson_tractor"},{"link_name":"continuous track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_track"},{"link_name":"Lombard Steam Log Hauler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_Steam_Log_Hauler"},{"link_name":"tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"bucket-wheel excavators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket-wheel_excavator"},{"link_name":"hand shovel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_shovel"},{"link_name":"wheelbarrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow"},{"link_name":"draft animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_animal"},{"link_name":"inclined plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclined_plane"},{"link_name":"pulleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Container cranes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_crane"},{"link_name":"containerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containerization"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"number of companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_robot#Construction_robots"},{"link_name":"Caterpillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc."},{"link_name":"Bobcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat_Company"},{"link_name":"Built Robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_Robotics"}],"sub_title":"From horses, through steam and diesel, to electric and robotic","text":"horse-drawn Fresno scraper digging water-supply ditchA portable engine; a precursor to modern engineering vehiclesAn early gasoline-powered tractorHeavy equipment circa 1922Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were drawn under human or animal power. With the advent of portable steam-powered engines the drawn machine precursors were reconfigured with the new engines, such as the combine harvester. The design of a core tractor evolved around the new steam power source into a new machine core traction engine, that can be configured as the steam tractor and the steamroller. During the 20th century, internal-combustion engines became the major power source of heavy equipment. Kerosene and ethanol engines were used, but today diesel engines are dominant. Mechanical transmission was in many cases replaced by hydraulic machinery. The early 20th century also saw new electric-powered machines such as the forklift. Caterpillar Inc. is a present-day brand from these days, starting out as the Holt Manufacturing Company. The first mass-produced heavy machine was the Fordson tractor in 1917.The first commercial continuous track vehicle was the 1901 Lombard Steam Log Hauler. The use of tracks became popular for tanks during World War I, and later for civilian machinery like the bulldozer. The largest engineering vehicles and mobile land machines are bucket-wheel excavators, built since the 1920s.\"Until almost the twentieth century, one simple tool constituted the primary earthmoving machine: the hand shovel – moved with animal and human powered, sleds, barges, and wagons. This tool was the principal method by which material was either sidecast or elevated to load a conveyance, usually a wheelbarrow, or a cart or wagon drawn by a draft animal. In antiquity, an equivalent of the hand shovel or hoe and head basket—and masses of men—were used to move earth to build civil works. Builders have long used the inclined plane, levers, and pulleys to place solid building materials, but these labor-saving devices did not lend themselves to earthmoving, which required digging, raising, moving, and placing loose materials. The two elements required for mechanized earthmoving, then as now, were an independent power source and off-road mobility, neither of which could be provided by the technology of that time.\"[1]Container cranes were used from the 1950s and onwards, and made containerization possible.Nowadays such is the importance of this machinery, some transport companies have developed specific equipment to transport heavy construction equipment to and from sites.Most of the major equipment manufacturers such as Caterpillar,[2] Volvo,[3] Liebherr,[4] and Bobcat have released or have been developing fully or partially electric-powered heavy equipment. Commercially-available models and R&D models were announced in 2019 and 2020.[5]Robotics and autonomy has been a growing concern for heavy equipment manufacturers with manufacturers beginning research and technology acquisition.[6] A number of companies are currently developing (Caterpillar and Bobcat) or have launched (Built Robotics) commercial solutions to the market.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulldozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldozer"},{"link_name":"Snowcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowcat"},{"link_name":"Snowplow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowplow"},{"link_name":"Skidder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidder"},{"link_name":"Tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor"},{"link_name":"Track tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_track"},{"link_name":"Locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive"},{"link_name":"Artillery tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_tractor"},{"link_name":"Crawler-transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawler-transporter"},{"link_name":"Military engineering vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Grader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grader"},{"link_name":"Amphibious excavator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_excavator"},{"link_name":"Compact excavator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_excavator"},{"link_name":"Dragline excavator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragline_excavator"},{"link_name":"Dredger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredger"},{"link_name":"Bucket-wheel excavator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket-wheel_excavator"},{"link_name":"Excavator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavator"},{"link_name":"Long reach excavator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_reach_excavator"},{"link_name":"Power shovel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_shovel"},{"link_name":"Reclaimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclaimer"},{"link_name":"Suction excavator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suction_excavator"},{"link_name":"Walking excavator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_excavator"},{"link_name":"Trencher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trencher_(machine)"},{"link_name":"Yarder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarder"},{"link_name":"Backhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhoe"},{"link_name":"Backhoe loader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhoe_loader"},{"link_name":"Feller buncher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feller_buncher"},{"link_name":"Harvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvester_(forestry)"},{"link_name":"Forwarder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forwarder"},{"link_name":"Skidder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidder"},{"link_name":"Power saw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw"},{"link_name":"Track harvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_harvester"},{"link_name":"Wheel forwarder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forwarder"},{"link_name":"Wheel skidder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidder"},{"link_name":"Pipelayer (sideboom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipelayer_(sideboom)"},{"link_name":"Fresno scraper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_scraper"},{"link_name":"Scraper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_tractor-scraper"},{"link_name":"Wheel tractor-scraper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_tractor-scraper"},{"link_name":"Construction and mining tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor#Engineering_tractors"},{"link_name":"Construction and mining truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_%26_Mining_Trucks#Off-road_dump_truck"},{"link_name":"Dumper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumper"},{"link_name":"Dump truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_truck"},{"link_name":"Haul truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haul_truck"},{"link_name":"Mining equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"Articulated hauler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulated_hauler"},{"link_name":"Wheel dozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_compaction"},{"link_name":"Soil stabilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_cement"},{"link_name":"Loader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loader_(equipment)"},{"link_name":"Skip loader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loader_(equipment)#Compact_front_end_loaders"},{"link_name":"Track loader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_loader"},{"link_name":"Skid-steer loader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skid-steer_loader"},{"link_name":"Aerial work platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_work_platform"},{"link_name":"Lift table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_table"},{"link_name":"Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)"},{"link_name":"Block-setting crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block-setting_crane"},{"link_name":"Bulk-handling crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk-handling_crane"},{"link_name":"Crane vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_vessel"},{"link_name":"Aerial crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_crane"},{"link_name":"Container crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_crane"},{"link_name":"Gantry crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantry_crane"},{"link_name":"Overhead crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_crane"},{"link_name":"Electric overhead traveling crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_overhead_traveling_crane"},{"link_name":"Ring crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_crane"},{"link_name":"Level luffing crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_luffing_crane"},{"link_name":"Mobile crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_crane"},{"link_name":"Travel lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_lift"},{"link_name":"Forklift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forklift"},{"link_name":"Garbage truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_truck"},{"link_name":"Grapple truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapple_truck"},{"link_name":"Knuckleboom loader (trailer mount)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)#Loader"},{"link_name":"Straddle carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straddle_carrier"},{"link_name":"Sidelifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidelifter"},{"link_name":"Reach stacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reach_stacker"},{"link_name":"Telescopic handlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopic_handlers"},{"link_name":"Tow truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tow_truck"},{"link_name":"Asphalt paver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_paver"},{"link_name":"Asphalt plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_plant"},{"link_name":"Cold planer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_planer"},{"link_name":"Cure rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete#Curing"},{"link_name":"Paver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paver_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"Pavement milling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavement_milling"},{"link_name":"Pneumatic tire compactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_roller"},{"link_name":"Roller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_roller"},{"link_name":"Slipform paver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipform"},{"link_name":"Vibratory compactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_Roller"},{"link_name":"Compactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compactor"},{"link_name":"Roadheader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadheader"},{"link_name":"Tunnel boring machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_boring_machine"},{"link_name":"Underground mining equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"Ballast tamper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast_tamper"},{"link_name":"Attachments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavator_attachments"},{"link_name":"Drilling rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_rig"},{"link_name":"Horizontal directional drilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_directional_drilling"},{"link_name":"Earth auger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_auger"},{"link_name":"Pile driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pile_driver"},{"link_name":"Post pounder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_pounder"},{"link_name":"Rotary tiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_tiller"},{"link_name":"Hydraulic machinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery"},{"link_name":"Tractor unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_unit"},{"link_name":"Ballast tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast_tractor"},{"link_name":"Pushback tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushback_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"Railcar mover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railcar_mover"},{"link_name":"Highway 10 yard rear dump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_truck#Standard_dump_truck"},{"link_name":"Highway bottom dump (stiff)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_truck#Semi_trailer_bottom_dump_truck"},{"link_name":"pup (belly train)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_truck#Truck_and_pup"},{"link_name":"triple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_truck#Double_and_triple_trailer_bottom_dump_truck"},{"link_name":"Highway end dump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_truck#Semi_trailer_end_dump_truck"},{"link_name":"side dump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_truck#Side_dump_truck"},{"link_name":"Highway transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_truck#Transfer_dump_truck"},{"link_name":"Transfer train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dump_truck#Transfer_dump_truck"},{"link_name":"Concrete mixer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_mixer"},{"link_name":"Concrete mix truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_mixer"},{"link_name":"Concrete mix dozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_mixer"},{"link_name":"Lowboy (trailer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowboy_(trailer)"},{"link_name":"Street sweeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_sweeper"},{"link_name":"Street sweep truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_sweeper"},{"link_name":"Street sweep dozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_sweeper"}],"text":"These subdivisions, in this order, are the standard heavy equipment categorization.Tractor\n\nBulldozer (dozer, track dozer)\nSnowcat\nSnowplow\nSkidder\nTractor (wheel tractor)\nTrack tractor\nLocomotive\nArtillery tractor\nCrawler-transporter\nMilitary engineering vehicles\nGrader\n\nGrader\nExcavator\n\nAmphibious excavator\nCompact excavator\nDragline excavator\nDredger\nBucket-wheel excavator\nExcavator (digger)\nLong reach excavator\nPower shovel\nReclaimer\nSuction excavator\nWalking excavator\nTrencher\nYarder\nBackhoe\n\nBackhoe\nBackhoe loader\nTimber\n\nFeller buncher\nHarvester\nForwarder\nSkidder\nPower saw\nTrack harvester\nWheel forwarder\nWheel skidder\nPipelayer\n\nPipelayer (sideboom)\nScraper\n\nFresno scraper\nScraper\nWheel tractor-scraper (belly scraper)\nMining\n\nConstruction and mining tractor\nConstruction and mining truck\nDumper\nDump truck\nHaul truck\nMining equipment\nArticulated\n\nArticulated hauler\nCompactor\n\nWheel dozer (soil compactor)\nSoil stabilizer\nLoader\n\nLoader (payloader, front loader, wheel loader, integrated tool carrier)\nSkip loader (skippy)\nTrack loader\n\nTrack loader\nSkid-steer loader\n\nSkid-steer loader\nMaterial handler\n\nAerial work platform, Lift table\nCrane\nBlock-setting crane\nBulk-handling crane\nCrane vessel\nAerial crane\nContainer crane\nGantry crane\nOverhead crane\nElectric overhead traveling crane\nRing crane\nLevel luffing crane\nMobile crane\nTravel lift\nForklift\nGarbage truck\nGrapple truck, Knuckleboom loader (trailer mount)\nStraddle carrier\nSidelifter\nReach stacker\nTelescopic handlers\nTow truck\nPaving\n\nAsphalt paver\nAsphalt plant\nCold planer\nCure rig\nPaver\nPavement milling\nPneumatic tire compactor\nRoller (road roller, roller compactor)\nSlipform paver\nVibratory compactor, Compactor\nUnderground\n\nRoadheader\nTunnel boring machine\nUnderground mining equipment\nHydromatic tool\n\nBallast tamper\nAttachments\nDrilling rig\nHorizontal directional drilling\nEarth auger\nPile driver\nPost pounder\nRotary tiller (rototiller, rotovator)\nHydraulic machinery\nHighway\n\nTractor unit\nBallast tractor\nPushback tractor\nRailcar mover\nHighway 10 yard rear dump\nHighway bottom dump (stiff), pup (belly train), triple\nHighway end dump and side dump\nHighway transfer, Transfer train\nConcrete mixer\nConcrete mix truck\nConcrete mix dozer\nLowboy (trailer)\nStreet sweeper\nStreet sweep truck\nStreet sweep dozer","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CAT-D10N-pic001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Caterpillar D10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_D10"},{"link_name":"tracked-type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_tracks"},{"link_name":"tractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor"},{"link_name":"blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade"},{"link_name":"earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Komatsu_excavator_PC210LC.JPG"},{"link_name":"excavator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SMC_200_R.jpg"},{"link_name":"MARAIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARAIS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DrillingMachine_with_ConcreteMixer_and_Pump02.jpg"},{"link_name":"piles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_foundation"},{"link_name":"concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dillingen_Kran.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TZAMA_Panorama1m.jpg"},{"link_name":"Caterpillar D9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_D9"},{"link_name":"quarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garzweiler_Tagebau-1230.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bucket wheel excavators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket_wheel_excavator"},{"link_name":"Garzweiler surface mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garzweiler_surface_mine"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Komatsu_Wheel_Loader_WA600-6,Hitachinaka_city,Japan.jpg"},{"link_name":"loader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loader_(equipment)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Komatsu_GD655_grader_(11815425133).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Visible_progress_continues_to_show_at_the_new_Folsom_Dam_auxiliary_spillway_Sept._23_as_work_on_the_approach_channel_and_downstream_chute_take_center_stage._(21087516643).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Landfill_compactor.jpg"},{"link_name":"compactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compactor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Komatsu_bulldozer_pushing_coal_in_Power_plant_Ljubljana_(winter_2017).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frontloaderorange.jpg"},{"link_name":"front loader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loader_(equipment)"},{"link_name":"tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aa_Truckconveyor_brooklane_Epart_DSCF0461.JPG"},{"link_name":"conveyor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Caterpillar D9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_D9"},{"link_name":"armored bulldozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_bulldozer"},{"link_name":"earthmoving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"IDF Caterpillar D9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDF_Caterpillar_D9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HSW_9.50_PICT0141.jpg"},{"link_name":"Huta Stalowa Wola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huta_Stalowa_Wola"},{"link_name":"backhoe loader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhoe_loader"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"LiuGong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiuGong"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Military_scraper.jpg"},{"link_name":"scraper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_tractor-scraper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pionierpanzer_Dachs_(2008).jpg"},{"link_name":"armoured engineering vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_engineering_vehicle"},{"link_name":"German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temporary_roads_deployment_complex_KRVD_during_the_%22Armiya_2021%22_exhibition_(side-rear_view).jpg"},{"link_name":"Armiya 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_(International_Military-Technical_Forum)"}],"sub_title":"Images","text":"The Caterpillar D10N bulldozer evolved from tracked-type tractors and is characterized by a steel blade attached to the front that is used to push other equipment and construction materials, such as earth.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe bucket excavator Komatsu PC210-LC.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe wheel trencher MARAIS SMC 200 R.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIron bar reinforced foundation piles are driven with a drilling machine, concrete pump, mixer-truck, and a specialized auger that allows pumping concrete through its axis while withdrawn.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFixed crane in a coal mine in Germany\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCaterpillar D9L bulldozer, excavators and other heavy equipment vehicles parked near a quarry in Israel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBucket wheel excavators in Garzweiler surface mine, Germany\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWheel loader\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGrader cleaning and leveling\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHeavy duty excavator with large bucket equipped.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLandfill compactor (tamping tip)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKomatsu Dozer pushing coal on the job site\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA wheeled front loader tractor equipped with a large bucket elevated by hydraulic rams.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFolded conveyor on a tracked grinderMilitary engineering vehicles\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe militarized Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer allows for earthmoving projects in a combat environment. In the picture: IDF Caterpillar D9R.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe militarized Huta Stalowa Wola backhoe loader in Poland which is subsidiary of LiuGong China\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMilitary scraper\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPiPz Dachs armoured engineering vehicle of the German Army (2008)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTemporary roads deployment complex during the \"Armiya 2021\" exhibition","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"auger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auger_(drill)"},{"link_name":"backhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhoe"},{"link_name":"broom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broom"},{"link_name":"bulldozer blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dozer_blade"},{"link_name":"demolition shears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition"},{"link_name":"excavator bucket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavator_bucket"},{"link_name":"forks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caster"},{"link_name":"grapple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapple_(tool)"},{"link_name":"hydraulic hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaker_(hydraulic)"},{"link_name":"hoe ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoe_ram"},{"link_name":"hydraulics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulics"},{"link_name":"material handling arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)#Mobile"},{"link_name":"pile driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pile_driver"},{"link_name":"power take-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_take-off"},{"link_name":"quick coupler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_coupler"},{"link_name":"rake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rake_(tool)"},{"link_name":"ripper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldozer#Ripper"},{"link_name":"sheep's foot compactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_roller#Drum_types"},{"link_name":"snow blower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_blower"},{"link_name":"stump grinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stump_grinder"},{"link_name":"thumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumb"},{"link_name":"tiltrotator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiltrotator"},{"link_name":"trencher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trencher_(machine)"},{"link_name":"vibratory plate compactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrator_(mechanical)"}],"text":"auger\nbackhoe\nbale spear\nbroom\nbulldozer blade\nclam shell bucket\ncold plane\ndemolition shears\nequipment bucket\nexcavator bucket\nforks\ngrapple\nhydraulic hammer, hoe ram\nhydraulics\nhydraulic tilting bucket (4-in-1)\nlandscape tiller\nmaterial handling arm\nmechanical pulverizer, crusher\nmulti processor\npavement removal bucket\npile driver\npower take-off (PTO)\nquick coupler\nrake\nripper\nrotating grab\nsheep's foot compactor\nskeleton bucket\nsnow blower\nstump grinder\nstump shear\nthumb\ntiltrotator\ntrencher\nvibratory plate compactor\nwheel saw","title":"Implements and hydromechanical work tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hornsby.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caterpillar_track_shingle.JPG"},{"link_name":"tires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire"},{"link_name":"continuous tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_track"}],"text":"Continuous track (circa 1909)Caterpillar track (circa 2009)Heavy equipment requires specialized tires for various construction applications. While many types of equipment have continuous tracks applicable to more severe service requirements, tires are used where greater speed or mobility is required. An understanding of what equipment will be used for during the life of the tires is required for proper selection. Tire selection can have a significant impact on production and unit cost. There are three types of off-the-road tires, transport for earthmoving machines, work for slow moving earthmoving machines, and load and carry for transporting as well as digging. Off-highway tires have six categories of service C compactor, E earthmover, G grader, L loader, LS log-skidder and ML mining and logging. Within these service categories are various tread types designed for use on hard-packed surface, soft surface and rock. Tires are a large expense on any construction project, careful consideration should be given to prevent excessive wear or damage.","title":"Traction: Off-the-road tires and tracks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipment_(construction)"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"skilled workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skilled_workers"},{"link_name":"occupational medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_medicine"}],"text":"A heavy equipment operator drives and operates heavy equipment used in engineering and construction projects.[7][8] Typically only skilled workers may operate heavy equipment, and there is specialized training for learning to use heavy equipment.Much publication about heavy equipment operators focuses on improving safety for such workers. The field of occupational medicine researches and makes recommendations about safety for these and other workers in safety-sensitive positions.","title":"Heavy equipment operator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"operating cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_cost"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Due to the small profit margins on construction projects it is important to maintain accurate records concerning equipment utilization, repairs and maintenance. The two main categories of equipment costs are ownership cost and operating cost.[9]","title":"Equipment cost"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"purchase expense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price"},{"link_name":"salvage value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvage_value"},{"link_name":"tax savings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MACRS"},{"link_name":"overhauls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/overhaul"},{"link_name":"property taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_taxes"},{"link_name":"insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance"},{"link_name":"Depreciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depreciation"}],"sub_title":"Ownership cost","text":"To classify as an ownership cost an expense must have been incurred regardless of if the equipment is used or not. These costs are as follows:purchase expense\nsalvage value\ntax savings from depreciation\nmajor repairs and overhauls\nproperty taxes\ninsurance\nstorageDepreciation can be calculated several ways, the simplest is the straight-line method. The annual depreciation is constant, reducing the equipment value annually. The following are simple equations paraphrased from the Peurifoy & Schexnayder text:","title":"Equipment cost"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"service life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_life"},{"link_name":"maintenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance,_repair_and_operations"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Operating cost","text":"For an expense to be classified as an operating cost, it must be incurred through use of the equipment. These costs are as follows:[10]The biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a major repair or a minor repair. A major repair can change the depreciable equipment value due to an extension in service life, while a minor repair is normal maintenance. How a firm chooses to cost major and minor repairs vary from firm to firm depending on the costing strategies being used. Some firms will charge only major repairs to the equipment while minor repairs are costed to a project. Another common costing strategy is to cost all repairs to the equipment and only frequently replaced wear items are excluded from the equipment cost. Many firms keep their costing structure closely guarded[citation needed] as it can impact the bidding strategies of their competition. In a company with multiple semi-independent divisions, the equipment department often wants to classify all repairs as \"minor\" and charge the work to a job – therefore improving their 'profit' from the equipment.","title":"Equipment cost"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Die-cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die-cast_toy"},{"link_name":"scale models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_model"},{"link_name":"1:50 scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1:50_scale"},{"link_name":"Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_(company)"},{"link_name":"NZG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZG_Models"}],"text":"Die-cast metal promotional scale models of heavy equipment are often produced for each vehicle to give to prospective customers. These are typically in 1:50 scale. The popular manufacturers of these models are Conrad and NZG in Germany, even for US vehicles.","title":"Models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Anhui Heli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui_Heli"},{"link_name":"Atlas Copco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Copco"},{"link_name":"BEML Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEML_Limited"},{"link_name":"Bobcat Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat_Company"},{"link_name":"Case Construction Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Construction_Equipment"},{"link_name":"Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Tractor_Plant"},{"link_name":"CNH Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNH_Global"},{"link_name":"Demag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demag"},{"link_name":"Fiat-Allis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat-Allis"},{"link_name":"HEPCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEPCO"},{"link_name":"HIAB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIAB"},{"link_name":"Hidromek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidromek"},{"link_name":"Hyundai Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"Ingersoll Rand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand"},{"link_name":"Kubota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubota_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Kobelco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobelco_Construction_Machinery_America"},{"link_name":"LiuGong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiuGong"},{"link_name":"MARAIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARAIS"},{"link_name":"Navistar International Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navistar_International_Corporation"},{"link_name":"NCK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCK"},{"link_name":"New Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Holland_Construction"},{"link_name":"Track Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Orenstein and Koppel GmbH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orenstein_and_Koppel_GmbH"},{"link_name":"Paccar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paccar"},{"link_name":"Poclain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poclain"},{"link_name":"Rototilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rototilt"},{"link_name":"Shantui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantui"},{"link_name":"ST Kinetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST_Kinetics"},{"link_name":"Takeuchi Manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeuchi_Manufacturing"},{"link_name":"Wacker Neuson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacker_Neuson"},{"link_name":"Yanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanmar"},{"link_name":"Zoomlion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoomlion"}],"text":"The largest 10 heavy equipment manufacturers in 2022[12]Other manufacturers include:Anhui Heli\nAtlas Copco\nBEML Limited\nBobcat Company\nCase Construction Equipment\nChelyabinsk Tractor Plant\nCNH Global\nDemag\nFiat-Allis\nHEPCO\nHIAB\nHidromek\nHyundai Heavy Industries\nIngersoll Rand\nKubota\nKobelco\nLiuGong\nMARAIS\nNavistar International Corporation\nNCK\nNew Holland\nTrack Marshall\nOrenstein and Koppel GmbH (O&K)\nPaccar\nPoclain\nRototilt\nShantui\nST Kinetics\nTakeuchi Manufacturing\nWacker Neuson\nYanmar\nZoomlion","title":"Notable manufacturers"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Heavy equipment vehicles of various types parked near a highway construction site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tzama02.jpg/300px-Tzama02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wheel Loaders and other industrial trucks parked","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Topspot_Heavy_Equipment_Inc._03.jpg/165px-Topspot_Heavy_Equipment_Inc._03.jpg"},{"image_text":"horse-drawn Fresno scraper digging water-supply ditch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fresno_scrapers_Miocene_ditch.jpg/220px-Fresno_scrapers_Miocene_ditch.jpg"},{"image_text":"A portable engine; a precursor to modern engineering vehicles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Steam_lokomobile_2_%28aka%29.jpg/220px-Steam_lokomobile_2_%28aka%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"An early gasoline-powered tractor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/1903_Tractor.JPG/220px-1903_Tractor.JPG"},{"image_text":"Heavy equipment circa 1922","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814569641579%29.jpg/220px-Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814569641579%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Continuous track (circa 1909)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hornsby.jpg/220px-Hornsby.jpg"},{"image_text":"Caterpillar track (circa 2009)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Caterpillar_track_shingle.JPG/220px-Caterpillar_track_shingle.JPG"}]
|
[{"title":"Construction equipment theft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_equipment_theft"},{"title":"Non-road engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-road_engine"},{"title":"Associated Equipment Distributors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Equipment_Distributors"}]
|
[{"reference":"Haycraft, William R. (2011). \"History of Construction Equipment\". Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 137 (10): 720–723. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1061%2F%28ASCE%29CO.1943-7862.0000374","url_text":"10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000374"}]},{"reference":"Lambert, Fred (January 29, 2019). \"Caterpillar unveils an all-electric 26-ton excavator with a giant 300 kWh battery pack\". Electrek. Wright’s Media. Retrieved July 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://electrek.co/2019/01/29/caterpillar-electric-excavator-giant-battery-pack/","url_text":"\"Caterpillar unveils an all-electric 26-ton excavator with a giant 300 kWh battery pack\""}]},{"reference":"McLoud, Don (April 24, 2020). \"Volvo CE gets $2M grant to test electric excavator, loader in California\". Equipment World. Randall-Reilly. Retrieved July 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.equipmentworld.com/volvo-ce-test-electric-excavator-loader/","url_text":"\"Volvo CE gets $2M grant to test electric excavator, loader in California\""}]},{"reference":"Gruver Doyle, Marcia (November 18, 2019). \"Liebherr's prototype battery-powered LB 16 drilling rig has 10-hour run time (VIDEO)\". Equipment World. Randall-Reilly. Retrieved July 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.equipmentworld.com/liebherrs-prototype-battery-powered-lb-16-drilling-rig-has-10-hour-run-time-video/","url_text":"\"Liebherr's prototype battery-powered LB 16 drilling rig has 10-hour run time (VIDEO)\""}]},{"reference":"Rubenstone, Jeff (June 5, 2019). \"Construction Equipment Goes Electric, But Hurdles Remain\". Engineering News-Record. BNP Media. Retrieved July 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enr.com/articles/47007-construction-equipment-goes-electric-but-hurdles-remain","url_text":"\"Construction Equipment Goes Electric, But Hurdles Remain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caterpillar Announces Acquisition of Robotic Expertise\". Caterpillar. June 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cat.com/en_GB/news/machine-press-releases/caterpillar-announces-acquisition-of-robotic-expertise.html","url_text":"\"Caterpillar Announces Acquisition of Robotic Expertise\""}]},{"reference":"V. J. Davies, Ken Tomasin (1996). Construction Safety Handbook. Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-2519-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rpzFtFbGoq0C&q=Excavator+driver&pg=RA1-PA59","url_text":"Construction Safety Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7277-2519-X","url_text":"0-7277-2519-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Heavy Equipment parts catalog\". AGA Parts. Retrieved 2020-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aga-parts.com/","url_text":"\"Heavy Equipment parts catalog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Construction equipment manufacturers: world equipment sales\". Statista. Retrieved 2023-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statista.com/statistics/280343/leading-construction-machinery-manufacturers-worldwide-based-on-sales/","url_text":"\"Construction equipment manufacturers: world equipment sales\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1061%2F%28ASCE%29CO.1943-7862.0000374","external_links_name":"10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000374"},{"Link":"https://electrek.co/2019/01/29/caterpillar-electric-excavator-giant-battery-pack/","external_links_name":"\"Caterpillar unveils an all-electric 26-ton excavator with a giant 300 kWh battery pack\""},{"Link":"https://www.equipmentworld.com/volvo-ce-test-electric-excavator-loader/","external_links_name":"\"Volvo CE gets $2M grant to test electric excavator, loader in California\""},{"Link":"https://www.equipmentworld.com/liebherrs-prototype-battery-powered-lb-16-drilling-rig-has-10-hour-run-time-video/","external_links_name":"\"Liebherr's prototype battery-powered LB 16 drilling rig has 10-hour run time (VIDEO)\""},{"Link":"https://www.enr.com/articles/47007-construction-equipment-goes-electric-but-hurdles-remain","external_links_name":"\"Construction Equipment Goes Electric, But Hurdles Remain\""},{"Link":"https://www.cat.com/en_GB/news/machine-press-releases/caterpillar-announces-acquisition-of-robotic-expertise.html","external_links_name":"\"Caterpillar Announces Acquisition of Robotic Expertise\""},{"Link":"http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos255.htm","external_links_name":"U.S. Department of Labor – Occupational Outlook Handbook"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rpzFtFbGoq0C&q=Excavator+driver&pg=RA1-PA59","external_links_name":"Construction Safety Handbook"},{"Link":"https://www.aga-parts.com/","external_links_name":"\"Heavy Equipment parts catalog\""},{"Link":"https://www.statista.com/statistics/280343/leading-construction-machinery-manufacturers-worldwide-based-on-sales/","external_links_name":"\"Construction equipment manufacturers: world equipment sales\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944427s","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944427s","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4152636-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567868105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85040480","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561513","external_links_name":"Japan"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minervarya_sahyadris
|
Minervarya sahyadris
|
["1 Distribution","2 Habitat","3 Description","4 References"]
|
Species of frog
Minervarya sahyadris
Minervarya sahyadris
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Amphibia
Order:
Anura
Family:
Dicroglossidae
Genus:
Minervarya
Species:
M. sahyadris
Binomial name
Minervarya sahyadrisDubois , Ohler, and Biju, 2001
Synonyms
Fejervarya sahyadris (Dubois, Ohler, and Biju, 2001)
Minervarya sahyadris, also known as the small cricket frog, is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae. It is endemic to central Western Ghats of kerala& Karnataka in India.
Distribution
Minervarya sahyadris is endemic to central Western Ghats and is known from Gundia River and adjacent areas in Karnataka and Kannur, Kasaragod, Kozhikode and neighboring areas in Kerala at elevations between 40 and 200 m (130 and 660 ft) above sea level.
Habitat
Fejervarya sahyadris from Madayippara, Kerala
It is a semi-aquatic, terrestrial species. It has been found from grassy areas adjacent to paddy fields, disturbed (open) moist tropical forest, stream banks and abandoned quarries. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Description
This species is about 22 mm in length and is nocturnal. It is seen in loose groups; key identifying features include pointed snout, presence of rictal gland, supratympanic fold from back of eye to shoulder, mid dorsum reddish to reddish brown in colour and minimal webbing in feet.
References
^ a b c S.D. Biju, Gajanan Dasaramji Bhuddhe, Sushil Dutta, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, Chelmala Srinivasulu, S.P. Vijayakumar (2004). "Minervarya sahyadris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T58388A11765308. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58388A11765308.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ a b c Frost, Darrel R. (2021). "Minervarya sahyadris Dubois, Ohler, and Biju, 2001". Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5531/db.vz.0001. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
^ Gururaja, K. V. (2012) Pictorial Guide to Frogs and Toads of Western Ghats. Gubbi Labs.
Taxon identifiersMinervarya sahyadris
Wikidata: Q28024219
Wikispecies: Fejervarya sahyadris
ADW: Fejervarya_sahyadris
AmphibiaWeb: 5926
AoI: 150
ARKive: minervarya-sahyadris
ASW: Minervarya-sahyadris
CoL: 43JBC
GBIF: 2430407
iNaturalist: 65470
IRMNG: 11039719
ITIS: 665084
IUCN: 58388
NCBI: 694500
Observation.org: 955376
uBio: 4805260
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog"},{"link_name":"Dicroglossidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicroglossidae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"central Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_15_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frost-2"}],"text":"Minervarya sahyadris, also known as the small cricket frog, is a species of frog in the family Dicroglossidae. It is endemic to central Western Ghats of kerala& Karnataka in India.[1][2]","title":"Minervarya sahyadris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"Gundia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundia_River"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Kannur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannur"},{"link_name":"Kasaragod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaragod"},{"link_name":"Kozhikode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"above sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_sea_level"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frost-2"}],"text":"Minervarya sahyadris is endemic to central Western Ghats and is known from Gundia River and adjacent areas in Karnataka and Kannur, Kasaragod, Kozhikode and neighboring areas in Kerala at elevations between 40 and 200 m (130 and 660 ft) above sea level.[2]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fejervarya_sahyadris_Madayippara.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"habitat loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_loss"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_15_November_2021-1"}],"text":"Fejervarya sahyadris from Madayippara, KeralaIt is a semi-aquatic, terrestrial species. It has been found from grassy areas adjacent to paddy fields, disturbed (open) moist tropical forest, stream banks and abandoned quarries. It is threatened by habitat loss.[1]","title":"Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nocturnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal"},{"link_name":"rictal gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rictal_gland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This species is about 22 mm in length and is nocturnal. It is seen in loose groups; key identifying features include pointed snout, presence of rictal gland, supratympanic fold from back of eye to shoulder, mid dorsum reddish to reddish brown in colour and minimal webbing in feet.[3]","title":"Description"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Fejervarya sahyadris from Madayippara, Kerala","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fejervarya_sahyadris_Madayippara.jpg/220px-Fejervarya_sahyadris_Madayippara.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"S.D. Biju, Gajanan Dasaramji Bhuddhe, Sushil Dutta, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, Chelmala Srinivasulu, S.P. Vijayakumar (2004). \"Minervarya sahyadris\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T58388A11765308. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58388A11765308.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/58388/11765308","url_text":"\"Minervarya sahyadris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58388A11765308.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58388A11765308.en"}]},{"reference":"Frost, Darrel R. (2021). \"Minervarya sahyadris Dubois, Ohler, and Biju, 2001\". Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5531/db.vz.0001. Retrieved 22 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Dicroglossidae/Dicroglossinae/Minervarya/Minervarya-sahyadris","url_text":"\"Minervarya sahyadris Dubois, Ohler, and Biju, 2001\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5531%2Fdb.vz.0001","url_text":"10.5531/db.vz.0001"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/58388/11765308","external_links_name":"\"Minervarya sahyadris\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58388A11765308.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58388A11765308.en"},{"Link":"https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Dicroglossidae/Dicroglossinae/Minervarya/Minervarya-sahyadris","external_links_name":"\"Minervarya sahyadris Dubois, Ohler, and Biju, 2001\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5531%2Fdb.vz.0001","external_links_name":"10.5531/db.vz.0001"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Fejervarya_sahyadris/","external_links_name":"Fejervarya_sahyadris"},{"Link":"https://amphibiaweb.org/species/5926","external_links_name":"5926"},{"Link":"http://www.indianamphibians.org/#!/sp/150","external_links_name":"150"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/minervarya/minervarya-sahyadris/","external_links_name":"minervarya-sahyadris"},{"Link":"https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Dicroglossidae/Dicroglossinae/Minervarya/Minervarya-sahyadris","external_links_name":"Minervarya-sahyadris"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/43JBC","external_links_name":"43JBC"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2430407","external_links_name":"2430407"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/65470","external_links_name":"65470"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11039719","external_links_name":"11039719"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=665084","external_links_name":"665084"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/58388","external_links_name":"58388"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=694500","external_links_name":"694500"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/955376/","external_links_name":"955376"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=4805260","external_links_name":"4805260"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_a_Lleida
|
Volta a Lleida
|
["1 List of overall winners","2 References"]
|
Volta a LleidaRace detailsDateEarly JuneRegionLleida, SpainEnglish nameTour of LleidaLocal name(s)Volta a Lleida (in Catalan)DisciplineRoadCompetitionUCI Europe Tour (2005–2008)TypeStage raceOrganiserPenya Cliclista ColominaHistoryFirst edition1942 (1942)Editions56Final edition2008First winner Baltasar Tarrós (ESP)Most wins2 wins: Baltasar Tarrós (ESP) Joan Calucho (ESP)Final winner Lars Boom (NED)
The Volta a Lleida was a road cycling stage race held in the Lleida region of Spain. It was a 2.2 category race on the UCI Europe Tour between 2005 and 2008.
List of overall winners
Volta a Lleida winners
Volta
Year
Nat
Winner
Nat
Second
Nat
Third
61
2018
Txomin Juaristi
Reinier Honig
Eusebio Pascual
60
2017
Nícolas Sessler
Iván Martínez
Iñaki Gozálbez
59
2016
Óscar Linares
Elías Tello
Jorge Bueno
58
2015
Artem Samolenkov
Dmitry Strakhov
Jorge Arcas
57
2014
Adrià Moreno
Juan de Dios González
José Guillén
2009 to 2012: suspended
56
2008
Lars Boom
Carlos Andrés Ibáñez
Wout Poels
55
2007
Francis De Greef
Klaas Sys
Alessandro Bisolti
54
2006
Mikhail Ignatiev
Manuel Jiménez
Pavel Brutt
53
2005
Branislau Samoilau
Pavel Brutt
Vicente Peiró
52
2004
Antonio Arenas
Siutsou Kanstanstin
Fernando Serrano
51
2003
Xavier Reyes
Jukka Vastaranta
Iban Latasa
50
2002
Jesús Ramírez
Santiago Segú
Tomás Lloret
49
2001
Alexander Rotar
Héctor Toledo
Volodymyr Savchenko
48
2000
Miquel Alandete
Roger Lucía
Vladimir Karpets
47
1999
Thorwald Veneberg
Frederic Ivars
Ricardo Ochoa
46
1998
José Urea
Frederic Ivars
Manu L'Hoir
45
1997
Denis Menchov
Marc Prat
Stive Vermaut
44
1996
Thierry Elissalde
Sergei Gritchenko
Manuel Guevara
43
1995
Eligio Requejo
Jacob Viladoms
Javier Otxoa
42
1994
Manuel Beltrán
Blas Giner León
Raido Kodanipork
41
1993
Sergey Suleimanov
Antonio Civantos
Luis Pérez Rodríguez
40
1992
Sergey Savinotchkin
Francisco Cerezo
39
1991
Alberto Ortiga
38
1990
Fedor Gelin
Oleg Kozlitine
37
1989
Vicente Aparicio
Félix García Casas
36
1988
Dimitri Zhdanov
Evgueni Berzin
Juan Francisco Guillén
35
1987
José Pedrero
Marc Brock
Francisco López
34
1986
Javier Ruiz
Joaquim Llach
José López
33
1985
Emili García
Javier Ruiz
Martí Urpina
32
1984
Jesús Alonso
Joaquim Llach
Alex Debremaeker
31
1983
José Luis Navarro
Juan Alberto Reig
Antonio Llopis
30
1982
Miguel Ángel Iglesias
José Luis Navarro
29
1981
Alex Debremaeker
28
1980
Jaume Vilamajó
27
1979
Antoni Coll
26
1978
Francesc Sala
Pedro Delgado
José Recio
25
1977
Pedro Larrinaga
24
1976
José Luis Mayoz
23
1975
Fernando Cabrero
22
1974
Jesús Líndez
José Nazabal
Jesús López Carril
21
1973
Ramón Medina
20
1972
Joan Pujol
19
1971
Javier Mínguez
18
1970
Josep Pesarrodona
17
1969
Antonio Martos
Manuel Blanco
Andrés Oliva
16
1968
R. Iglesias
15
1967
Joaquín Pérez
José Angueira
Fermín Andrés
14
1966
Eugenio Lisarde
13
1965
Lluís Mayoral
12
1964
Sebastià Segú
1960 to 1963: suspended
11
1959
Angelino Soler
10
1958
Domingo Ferrer
9
1957
Andreu Carulla
8
1956
Lluís Gras
7
1955
J. Casals
1949 to 1954: suspended
6
1948
Joan Calucho (2)
1947: suspended
5
1946
Emilio Mediano
4
1945
Joan Calucho
3
1944
Ramon Massana
2
1943
Baltasar Tarrós (2)
1
1942
Baltasar Tarrós
References
Official Website
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"road cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"stage race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_race"},{"link_name":"Lleida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleida_(province)"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"2.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.2"},{"link_name":"UCI Europe Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Europe_Tour"}],"text":"The Volta a Lleida was a road cycling stage race held in the Lleida region of Spain. It was a 2.2 category race on the UCI Europe Tour between 2005 and 2008.","title":"Volta a Lleida"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of overall winners"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.vuelta-lleida.com/","external_links_name":"Official Website"}]
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.